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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civry-la-For%C3%AAt
Civry-la-Forêt
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 48°52′03″N 1°37′01″E / 48.8675°N 1.6169°E / 48.8675; 1.6169Commune in Île-de-France, FranceCivry-la-ForêtCommuneThe golf club in Civry-la-ForêtLocation of Civry-la-Forêt Civry-la-ForêtShow map of FranceCivry-la-ForêtShow map of Île-de-France (region)Coordinates: 48°52′03″N 1°37′01″E / 48.8675°N 1.6169°E / 48.8675; 1.6169CountryFranceRegionÎle-de-FranceDepartmentYvelinesArrondissementMantes-la-JolieCantonBonnières-sur-SeineIntercommunalityPays houdanaisGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Elie SetiauxArea19.40 km2 (3.63 sq mi)Population (2021)357 • Density38/km2 (98/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code78163 /78910Elevation80–157 m (262–515 ft) (avg. 126 m or 413 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Saint-Barthélemy Civry-la-Forêt (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. See also Communes of the Yvelines department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 4 May 2022. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Civry-la-Forêt. vteCommunes of the Yvelines department Ablis Achères Adainville Aigremont Allainville Les Alluets-le-Roi Andelu Andrésy Arnouville-lès-Mantes Aubergenville Auffargis Auffreville-Brasseuil Aulnay-sur-Mauldre Auteuil Autouillet Bailly Bazainville Bazemont Bazoches-sur-Guyonne Béhoust Bennecourt Beynes Blaru Boinville-en-Mantois Boinville-le-Gaillard Boinvilliers Bois-d'Arcy Boissets La Boissière-École Boissy-Mauvoisin Boissy-sans-Avoir Bonnelles Bonnières-sur-Seine Bouafle Bougival Bourdonné Breuil-Bois-Robert Bréval Les Bréviaires Brueil-en-Vexin Buc Buchelay Bullion Carrières-sous-Poissy Carrières-sur-Seine La Celle-les-Bordes La Celle-Saint-Cloud Cernay-la-Ville Chambourcy Chanteloup-les-Vignes Chapet Châteaufort Chatou Chaufour-lès-Bonnières Chavenay Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt Chevreuse Choisel Civry-la-Forêt Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines Les Clayes-sous-Bois Coignières Condé-sur-Vesgre Conflans-Sainte-Honorine Courgent Cravent Crespières Croissy-sur-Seine Dammartin-en-Serve Dampierre-en-Yvelines Dannemarie Davron Drocourt Ecquevilly Élancourt Émancé Épône Les Essarts-le-Roi L'Étang-la-Ville Évecquemont La Falaise Favrieux Feucherolles Flacourt Flexanville Flins-Neuve-Église Flins-sur-Seine Follainville-Dennemont Fontenay-le-Fleury Fontenay-Mauvoisin Fontenay-Saint-Père Freneuse Gaillon-sur-Montcient Galluis Gambais Gambaiseuil Garancières Gargenville Gazeran Gommecourt Goupillières Goussonville Grandchamp Gressey Grosrouvre Guernes Guerville Guitrancourt Guyancourt Hardricourt Hargeville La Hauteville Herbeville Hermeray Houdan Houilles Issou Jambville Jouars-Pontchartrain Jouy-en-Josas Jouy-Mauvoisin Jumeauville Juziers Lainville-en-Vexin Lévis-Saint-Nom Limay Limetz-Villez Les Loges-en-Josas Lommoye Longnes Longvilliers Louveciennes Magnanville Magny-les-Hameaux Maisons-Laffitte Mantes-la-Joliesubpr Mantes-la-Ville Marcq Mareil-le-Guyon Mareil-Marly Mareil-sur-Mauldre Marly-le-Roi Maule Maulette Maurecourt Maurepas Médan Ménerville Méré Méricourt Le Mesnil-le-Roi Le Mesnil-Saint-Denis Les Mesnuls Meulan-en-Yvelines Mézières-sur-Seine Mézy-sur-Seine Millemont Milon-la-Chapelle Mittainville Moisson Mondreville Montainville Montalet-le-Bois Montchauvet Montesson Montfort-l'Amaury Montigny-le-Bretonneux Morainvilliers Mousseaux-sur-Seine Mulcent Les Mureaux Neauphle-le-Château Neauphle-le-Vieux Neauphlette Nézel Noisy-le-Roi Notre-Dame-de-la-Mer Oinville-sur-Montcient Orcemont Orgerus Orgeval Orphin Orsonville Orvilliers Osmoy Paray-Douaville Le Pecq Perdreauville Le Perray-en-Yvelines Plaisir Poigny-la-Forêt Poissy Ponthévrard Porcheville Le Port-Marly Prunay-en-Yvelines Prunay-le-Temple La Queue-les-Yvelines Raizeux Rambouilletsubpr Rennemoulin Richebourg Rochefort-en-Yvelines Rolleboise Rosay Rosny-sur-Seine Sailly Saint-Arnoult-en-Yvelines Saint-Cyr-l'École Sainte-Mesme Saint-Forget Saint-Germain-de-la-Grange Saint-Germain-en-Layesubpr Saint-Hilarion Saint-Illiers-la-Ville Saint-Illiers-le-Bois Saint-Lambert Saint-Léger-en-Yvelines Saint-Martin-de-Bréthencourt Saint-Martin-des-Champs Saint-Martin-la-Garenne Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse Saint-Rémy-l'Honoré Sartrouville Saulx-Marchais Senlisse Septeuil Soindres Sonchamp Tacoignières Le Tartre-Gaudran Le Tertre-Saint-Denis Tessancourt-sur-Aubette Thiverval-Grignon Thoiry Tilly Toussus-le-Noble Trappes Le Tremblay-sur-Mauldre Triel-sur-Seine Vaux-sur-Seine Vélizy-Villacoublay Verneuil-sur-Seine Vernouillet La Verrière Versaillespref Vert Le Vésinet Vicq Vieille-Église-en-Yvelines La Villeneuve-en-Chevrie Villennes-sur-Seine Villepreux Villette Villiers-le-Mahieu Villiers-Saint-Frédéric Viroflay Voisins-le-Bretonneux pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Yvelines geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenden_Hall_(1811_ship)
Blenden Hall
["1 Career","2 Loss","3 Post script","4 Notes","5 Citations","6 References"]
British ship History United Kingdom NameBlenden Hall NamesakeBlendon Hall Owner 1811: Swan 1812: Anderson 1813: Sheddens 1814: Anthony Greig BuilderJohn Tyson & Richard F. S. Blake, Bursledon, Hampshire Launched20 July 1811 FateWrecked 1821 General characteristics Tons burthen450, 472, or 47335⁄94, or 475 (bm) Length123 ft 9 in (37.7 m) Beam29 ft 1 in (8.9 m) Draught18 ft 0 in (5.5 m) (laden) Sail planfull-rigged Complement24 Armament2 × 9-pounder guns + 14 × 12-pounder carronades Blenden Hall (sometimes Blendon Hall) was a full-rigged ship, launched in 1811 at Bursledon, Hampshire, England. A French frigate captured her in 1813, but then abandoned her. After her recovery she returned to trade. She was wrecked in 1821 on Inaccessible Island in a notable incident. Career Blenden Hall first appears in Lloyd's Register in 1811 showing owner as Swan & Co and J. Farrier, master, with ownership changing by 1812 to Anderson & Co. In 1813 her master changed from Farrier to J. Barr, and her owner from Andersen to Sheddens. On 27 November 1813 Blenden Hall, bound for Bermuda with naval stores, and four other merchant vessels, left Portsmouth in a convoy under escort by HMS Severn. Due to a heavy storm, the five merchantmen lost contact with the convoy and its escort. On 5 December the French frigate Clorinde captured all five merchant vessels, in the Atlantic Ocean (44°30′N 10°30′W / 44.500°N 10.500°W / 44.500; -10.500). The French took off the crews of four vessels and scuttled three. They kept Lusitania as a cartel and put all their captives aboard her. In their haste, they failed to sink Blenden Hall. They then permitted Lusitania to sail to a British port. On 12 December the Falmouth packet Eliza, homebound to England from Malta, found Blenden Hall drifting. Eliza put a 10-man prize crew aboard and both set off for Falmouth. Bad weather intervened and the two separated. On 16 December Challenger came on the scene and under a dubious pretext put her own prize crew aboard Blenden Hall as well. On 18 December Challenger brought Blenden Hall into Plymouth. There, Blenden Hall was reunited with her crew, which had arrived that same day. Challenger sued for salvage on Blenden Hall, but the Admiralty Court pointed out that Eliza's crew had not required Challenger's help and dismissed the case. Barr resumed his voyage. On 1 March she was off St Michael's in company with Venelia, Parget, master, and a convoy under the escort of HMS Bulwark. Blenden Hall arrived at Jamaica on 8 June 1814 from London and Bermuda. In 1814 Captain Anthony Greig purchased Blenden Hall. At that time she received a license from the British East India Company to sail east of the Cape of Good Hope. Loss The cottage on Tristan da Cunha where the survivors took refuge On 18 May 1821 Greig sailed Blenden Hall for Bombay; she left at the same time as Ogle Castle, which arrived there on 5 October. On the way Blendan Hall encountered the merchant ship Daphne, which was on her way to Madras. The weather being dead calm, Greig spent a day on Daphne and had a "Most excellent dinner". Blendan Hall was reported to have been at Cape Verde on 8 June, but by 1 December she had not arrived at Bombay and there had been no further word of her. The reason for the lack of news was that on 22 July the weather was foggy and Blenden Hall had drifted on to the rocks at Inaccessible Island in the South Atlantic. Two seamen drowned trying to swim to shore. However all the passengers and the rest of the crew reached shore safely. Once there, they were marooned for four months. They subsisted on celery, penguins, albatroses, birds' eggs, and seal meat. On 19 October six men sailed for Tristan da Cunha on a boat or raft that the survivors had constructed; this party was never heard from again. The survivors constructed a second boat that with three men aboard reached Tristan da Cunha on 8 November. Two boats set out from the island and rescued the remainder of the survivors. After two more months the British snow Nerina called at Tristan da Cunha. On 8 January 1822 she left the island with the survivors (a sailor and a woman servant stayed behind); she landed them at Cape Town on 20 January. Post script Blenden Hall's second mate was Thomas Lyell Smyers, and her surgeon was his brother George. Thomas Smyers became a merchant in Albany, Western Australia, and owner and master of Caledonia. Notes ^ Lloyd's Registers 1811-1815 list the ship as built at "Brlntn", supposed to be an abbreviation of Bridlington, but corrects this in 1816 to "Shmtn", Southampton, which is near to Bursledon. ^ Eliza was an American-built brig of 166 tons (bm), launched in 1804. Her master was Stevens and her owner Slade. She was armed with fourteen 6 and 9-pounder guns. ^ Nerina was a snow of 206 tons (bm), launched at Sunderland in 1813. Her master was Laucchlan (or Lackland, or Lachlan), and her owner was Dixon & Co. Citations ^ a b c d e Hackman (2001), p. 254. ^ a b Lloyd's Register (1814), Seq. №B308. ^ a b Lloyd's Register (1811), Supplement, Seq.№B69.] ^ Lloyd's Register (1816). London: Gregg Press (facsimile). Retrieved 7 December 2022. ^ Lloyd's Register (1812). London: Gregg Press (facsimile). Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ Lloyd's Register (1813), Seq.№ 332. ^ a b c Senior (1911), pp. 180–182. ^ Lloyd's Register (1813), Falmouth Packets, Seq.№12. ^ Lloyd's List №4831. ^ Lloyd's List 1 April 1814. ^ a b Lloyd's List №5685. ^ Greig (1847), pp. 34–35. ^ a b Lloyd's List №5692. ^ Greig (1847), pp. 70, 89–87, & 115–116. ^ Lockhart & Greig (1930), pp. 176–185. ^ Lockhart & Greig (1930), pp. 186–193. ^ Lloyd's Register (1821), Seq. №271. ^ "Albany Public Library, Albany History Collection: Persons Biographical Summaries" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2018-01-29. References Greig, Alexander M. (1847). Fate of the Blenden Hall, East Indiaman, Captain Alexander Greig, bound to Bombay: with an account of her wreck, and the sufferings and privations endured by the survivors for six months, on the desolate islands of Inaccessible and Tristan d'Acunha, by Alexander M Greig, one of the passengers , from a Journal kept on the Islands and written with the Blood of the Penguin. New York: W. H. Colyer. Hackman, Rowan (2001). Ships of the East India Company. Gravesend, Kent: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-96-7. Lockhart, John Gilbert; Greig, Alexander M. (1930). Blenden Hall; the true story of a shipwreck, a casting away and life on a desert island. London: P. Allan. Senior, W. (1911). "The Rivals". Mariner's Mirror. 1 (5): 180–182. doi:10.1080/00253359.1911.10654516. vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1813Shipwrecks 1 Jan: Euphrates, HMS Java 7 Jan: HMS Ferret 17 Jan: Teazer 27 Jan: Daring January (unknown date): William Dent 6 Feb: Rubis 28 Feb: HMS Peacock (sinking) 22 Mar: HMS Captain 1 Apr: USS Gallatin 8 Apr: Unity 27 Apr: HMS Sir Isaac Brock 11 May: Holkar 16 May: Lord Wellington 20 May: HMS Algerine 27 May: HMS Sir Isaac Brock 28 May: York, USS General Pike 26 Jun: HMS Persian 27 Jun: Young Teazer 2 Jul: HMS Daedalus 5 Jul: Caledonian 23 Jul: Bootle, Teazer July (unknown date): HMS Herring 8 Aug: USS Hamilton, USS Scourge 23 Aug: HMS Colibri 9 Sep: HMS Alphea 11 Sep: HMS Woolwich 27 Sep: HMS Bold 20 Oct: Charming Kitty, Queen Charlotte October (unknown date): Sir Godfrey Webster, HMS Vautour 12 Nov: HMS Canso, HMS Epervier, HMS Fantome, HMS La Hogue, Paragon, Princess Mary, HMS San Domingo 13 Nov: HMS Canso, HMS Epervier, HMS Fantome, HMS La Hogue, HMS Manly, HMS San Domingo 2 Dec: USS Lady of the Lake, USS Madison 5 Dec: John O'Gaunt 20 Dec: Tartar December (unknown date): Antoinetta Other incidents 5 Feb: Aréthuse 26 Apr: Sir Godfrey Webster April (unknown date): Dart 29 May: USS General Pike, York 1 Jun: USS Chesapeake (capture) 5 Dec: Blenden Hall 1812 1814 vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1821Shipwrecks 4 Jan: Dorah, Emma 6 Jan: Cora 5 Feb: Kingsmill 6 Feb: Coromandel 20 Feb: Carlebury February (unknown date): Greyhound March (unknown date): Perseverance 29 Apr: Lord Cathcart May (unknown date): Prince Blucher 12 Jun: Jason 27 Jun: Union Island 9 Jul: Phatisalam 21 Jul: Blenden Hall July (unknown date): San Martin 27 Aug: Aurora 16 Oct: Huddart October (unknown date): Perseverance 4 Nov: Paragon 5 Nov: Savannah 10 Nov: Blenheim 16 Nov: Boddingtons 24 Nov: Stirling 8 Dec: Agincourt 23 Dec: East Indian, Juliana Unknown date: Earl Fauconberg Other incidents January (unknown date): Bulmer May (unknown date): Lady Banks 28 Sep: Egfrid 1820 1822 Transport portal
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She was wrecked in 1821 on Inaccessible Island in a notable incident.","title":"Blenden Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LR1811-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sheddens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Hill,_East_Cowes#Robert_Shedden_&_Sons"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"convoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy"},{"link_name":"HMS Severn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Severn_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Clorinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_frigate_Clorinde_(1808)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenior1911180%E2%80%93182-8"},{"link_name":"44°30′N 10°30′W / 44.500°N 10.500°W / 44.500; -10.500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blenden_Hall&params=44_30_N_10_30_W_"},{"link_name":"Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitania_(1805_ship)"},{"link_name":"cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenior1911180%E2%80%93182-8"},{"link_name":"Falmouth packet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Packet_Service"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Challenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Challenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenior1911180%E2%80%93182-8"},{"link_name":"St Michael's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Miguel_Island"},{"link_name":"HMS Bulwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Bulwark_(1807)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackman2001254-1"}],"text":"Blenden Hall first appears in Lloyd's Register in 1811 showing owner as Swan & Co and J. Farrier, master,[3] with ownership changing by 1812 to Anderson & Co.[5] In 1813 her master changed from Farrier to J. Barr, and her owner from Andersen to Sheddens.[6]On 27 November 1813 Blenden Hall, bound for Bermuda with naval stores, and four other merchant vessels, left Portsmouth in a convoy under escort by HMS Severn. Due to a heavy storm, the five merchantmen lost contact with the convoy and its escort. On 5 December the French frigate Clorinde captured all five merchant vessels,[7] in the Atlantic Ocean (44°30′N 10°30′W / 44.500°N 10.500°W / 44.500; -10.500).The French took off the crews of four vessels and scuttled three. They kept Lusitania as a cartel and put all their captives aboard her. In their haste, they failed to sink Blenden Hall. They then permitted Lusitania to sail to a British port.[7]On 12 December the Falmouth packet Eliza, homebound to England from Malta, found Blenden Hall drifting.[b] Eliza put a 10-man prize crew aboard and both set off for Falmouth. Bad weather intervened and the two separated. On 16 December Challenger came on the scene and under a dubious pretext put her own prize crew aboard Blenden Hall as well. On 18 December Challenger brought Blenden Hall into Plymouth. There, Blenden Hall was reunited with her crew, which had arrived that same day.[9] Challenger sued for salvage on Blenden Hall, but the Admiralty Court pointed out that Eliza's crew had not required Challenger's help and dismissed the case.[7]Barr resumed his voyage. On 1 March she was off St Michael's in company with Venelia, Parget, master, and a convoy under the escort of HMS Bulwark.[10] Blenden Hall arrived at Jamaica on 8 June 1814 from London and Bermuda.In 1814 Captain Anthony Greig purchased Blenden Hall. At that time she received a license from the British East India Company to sail east of the Cape of Good Hope.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_097--Lost_ships_and_lonely_seas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ogle Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogle_Castle_(1821_ship)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL5685-13"},{"link_name":"Daphne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Daphne_(1806)"},{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreig184734%E2%80%9335-14"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL5685-13"},{"link_name":"Inaccessible Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaccessible_Island"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL5692-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreig184770,_89%E2%80%9387,_&_115%E2%80%93116-16"},{"link_name":"Tristan da Cunha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhartGreig1930176%E2%80%93185-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhartGreig1930186%E2%80%93193-18"},{"link_name":"snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL5692-15"}],"text":"The cottage on Tristan da Cunha where the survivors took refugeOn 18 May 1821 Greig sailed Blenden Hall for Bombay; she left at the same time as Ogle Castle, which arrived there on 5 October.[11]On the way Blendan Hall encountered the merchant ship Daphne, which was on her way to Madras. The weather being dead calm, Greig spent a day on Daphne and had a \"Most excellent dinner\".[12]Blendan Hall was reported to have been at Cape Verde on 8 June, but by 1 December she had not arrived at Bombay and there had been no further word of her.[11] The reason for the lack of news was that on 22 July the weather was foggy and Blenden Hall had drifted on to the rocks at Inaccessible Island in the South Atlantic. Two seamen drowned trying to swim to shore. However all the passengers and the rest of the crew reached shore safely. Once there, they were marooned for four months.[13] They subsisted on celery, penguins, albatroses, birds' eggs, and seal meat.[14] On 19 October six men sailed for Tristan da Cunha on a boat or raft that the survivors had constructed; this party was never heard from again.[15] The survivors constructed a second boat that with three men aboard reached Tristan da Cunha on 8 November. Two boats set out from the island and rescued the remainder of the survivors.[16]After two more months the British snow Nerina called at Tristan da Cunha.[c] On 8 January 1822 she left the island with the survivors (a sailor and a woman servant stayed behind); she landed them at Cape Town on 20 January.[13]","title":"Loss"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albany, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonia_(1829_ship)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Blenden Hall's second mate was Thomas Lyell Smyers, and her surgeon was his brother George. Thomas Smyers became a merchant in Albany, Western Australia, and owner and master of Caledonia.[18]","title":"Post script"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Bridlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridlington"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LR1816-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"^ Lloyd's Registers 1811-1815 list the ship as built at \"Brlntn\", supposed to be an abbreviation of Bridlington, but corrects this in 1816 to \"Shmtn\", Southampton, which is near to Bursledon.[4]\n\n^ Eliza was an American-built brig of 166 tons (bm), launched in 1804. Her master was Stevens and her owner Slade. She was armed with fourteen 6 and 9-pounder guns.[8]\n\n^ Nerina was a snow of 206 tons (bm), launched at Sunderland in 1813. Her master was Laucchlan (or Lackland, or Lachlan), and her owner was Dixon & Co.[17]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackman2001254_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackman2001254_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackman2001254_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackman2001254_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackman2001254_1-4"},{"link_name":"Hackman (2001)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHackman2001"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LR1814_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LR1814_2-1"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register"},{"link_name":"(1814), Seq. №B308.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005689354?urlappend=%3Bseq=78"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LR1811_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LR1811_3-1"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005667806?urlappend=%3Bseq=599"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LR1816_4-0"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register (1816)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/HECROSU1816/page/n82/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register (1812)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/HECROSU1812/page/n75/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register (1813), Seq.№ 332.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005689347?urlappend=%3Bseq=87"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenior1911180%E2%80%93182_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenior1911180%E2%80%93182_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenior1911180%E2%80%93182_8-2"},{"link_name":"Senior (1911)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSenior1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register (1813), Falmouth Packets, Seq.№12.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005689347?urlappend=%3Bseq=644"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_List"},{"link_name":"№4831.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005785830?urlappend=%3Bseq=219"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_List"},{"link_name":"1 April 1814.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005785830?urlappend=%3Bseq=285"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LL5685_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LL5685_13-1"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's List №5685.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005730638?urlappend=%3Bseq=109"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreig184734%E2%80%9335_14-0"},{"link_name":"Greig (1847)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGreig1847"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LL5692_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LL5692_15-1"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's List №5692.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005730638?urlappend=%3Bseq=137"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreig184770,_89%E2%80%9387,_&_115%E2%80%93116_16-0"},{"link_name":"Greig (1847)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGreig1847"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhartGreig1930176%E2%80%93185_17-0"},{"link_name":"Lockhart & Greig (1930)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLockhartGreig1930"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhartGreig1930186%E2%80%93193_18-0"},{"link_name":"Lockhart & Greig (1930)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLockhartGreig1930"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register (1821), Seq. №271.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005690477?urlappend=%3Bseq=910"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Albany Public Library, Albany History Collection: Persons Biographical Summaries\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180313071204/http://history.albany.wa.gov.au/files/persons_vertical_files_biographical_summaries_31.03.2009.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//history.albany.wa.gov.au/files/persons_vertical_files_biographical_summaries_31.03.2009.pdf"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Hackman (2001), p. 254.\n\n^ a b Lloyd's Register (1814), Seq. №B308.\n\n^ a b Lloyd's Register (1811), Supplement, Seq.№B69.]\n\n^ Lloyd's Register (1816). London: Gregg Press (facsimile). Retrieved 7 December 2022.\n\n^ Lloyd's Register (1812). London: Gregg Press (facsimile). Retrieved 11 December 2022.\n\n^ Lloyd's Register (1813), Seq.№ 332.\n\n^ a b c Senior (1911), pp. 180–182.\n\n^ Lloyd's Register (1813), Falmouth Packets, Seq.№12.\n\n^ Lloyd's List №4831.\n\n^ Lloyd's List 1 April 1814.\n\n^ a b Lloyd's List №5685.\n\n^ Greig (1847), pp. 34–35.\n\n^ a b Lloyd's List №5692.\n\n^ Greig (1847), pp. 70, 89–87, & 115–116.\n\n^ Lockhart & Greig (1930), pp. 176–185.\n\n^ Lockhart & Greig (1930), pp. 186–193.\n\n^ Lloyd's Register (1821), Seq. №271.\n\n^ \"Albany Public Library, Albany History Collection: Persons Biographical Summaries\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2018-01-29.","title":"Citations"}]
[{"image_text":"The cottage on Tristan da Cunha where the survivors took refuge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/P_097--Lost_ships_and_lonely_seas.jpg/220px-P_097--Lost_ships_and_lonely_seas.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Lloyd's Register (1816). London: Gregg Press (facsimile). Retrieved 7 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/HECROSU1816/page/n82/mode/1up","url_text":"Lloyd's Register (1816)"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd's Register (1812). London: Gregg Press (facsimile). Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/HECROSU1812/page/n75/mode/1up","url_text":"Lloyd's Register (1812)"}]},{"reference":"\"Albany Public Library, Albany History Collection: Persons Biographical Summaries\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2018-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180313071204/http://history.albany.wa.gov.au/files/persons_vertical_files_biographical_summaries_31.03.2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Albany Public Library, Albany History Collection: Persons Biographical Summaries\""},{"url":"http://history.albany.wa.gov.au/files/persons_vertical_files_biographical_summaries_31.03.2009.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Greig, Alexander M. (1847). Fate of the Blenden Hall, East Indiaman, Captain Alexander Greig, bound to Bombay: with an account of her wreck, and the sufferings and privations endured by the survivors for six months, on the desolate islands of Inaccessible and Tristan d'Acunha, by Alexander M Greig, one of the passengers [and son of Captain Greig], from a Journal kept on the Islands and written with the Blood of the Penguin. New York: W. H. Colyer.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044019421171;view=1up;seq=21","url_text":"Fate of the Blenden Hall, East Indiaman, Captain Alexander Greig, bound to Bombay: with an account of her wreck, and the sufferings and privations endured by the survivors for six months, on the desolate islands of Inaccessible and Tristan d'Acunha, by Alexander M Greig, one of the passengers [and son of Captain Greig], from a Journal kept on the Islands and written with the Blood of the Penguin"}]},{"reference":"Hackman, Rowan (2001). Ships of the East India Company. Gravesend, Kent: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-96-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905617-96-7","url_text":"0-905617-96-7"}]},{"reference":"Lockhart, John Gilbert; Greig, Alexander M. (1930). Blenden Hall; the true story of a shipwreck, a casting away and life on a desert island. London: P. Allan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Senior, W. (1911). \"The Rivals\". Mariner's Mirror. 1 (5): 180–182. doi:10.1080/00253359.1911.10654516.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/2041998","url_text":"\"The Rivals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00253359.1911.10654516","url_text":"10.1080/00253359.1911.10654516"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurganinsk
Kurganinsk
["1 History","2 Administrative and municipal status","3 References","3.1 Notes","3.2 Sources"]
Coordinates: 44°52′N 40°37′E / 44.867°N 40.617°E / 44.867; 40.617Town in Krasnodar Krai, Russia Town in Krasnodar Krai, RussiaKurganinsk КурганинскTownRailway station, Kurganinsk FlagCoat of armsLocation of Kurganinsk KurganinskLocation of KurganinskShow map of RussiaKurganinskKurganinsk (Krasnodar Krai)Show map of Krasnodar KraiCoordinates: 44°52′N 40°37′E / 44.867°N 40.617°E / 44.867; 40.617CountryRussiaFederal subjectKrasnodar KraiAdministrative districtKurganinsky DistrictTownKurganinskFounded1855Town status since1961Elevation165 m (541 ft)Population (2010 Census) • Total47,970Administrative status • Capital ofKurganinsky District, Town of KurganinskMunicipal status • Municipal districtKurganinsky Municipal District • Urban settlementKurganinskoye Urban Settlement • Capital ofKurganinsky Municipal District, Kurganinskoye Urban SettlementTime zoneUTC+3 (MSK )Postal code(s)352430–352437OKTMO ID03627101001Websitewww.admkurganinsk.ru Kurganinsk (Russian: Курга́нинск) is a town and the administrative center of Kurganinsky District of Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the right bank of the Bolshaya Laba River 248 kilometers (154 mi) east of Krasnodar, the administrative center of the krai. Population: 48,194 people (2020), 47,970 (2010 Russian census); 46,618 (2002 Census); 40,763 (1989 Soviet census). History It was founded in 1855 as the stanitsa of Kurgannaya (Курга́нная) by the Cossacks. It was renamed and granted town status in 1961. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, Kurganinsk serves as the administrative center of Kurganinsky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with two rural localities, incorporated within Kurganinsky District as the Town of Kurganinsk. As a municipal division, the Town of Kurganinsk is incorporated within Kurganinsky Municipal District as Kurganinskoye Urban Settlement. References Notes ^ a b c d e f g h Reference Information #34.01-707/13-03 ^ a b c d "General Information" (in Russian). Retrieved February 24, 2018. ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. ^ a b c d e Law #768-KZ ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian) ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian). ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly. Sources Управление по взаимодействию с органами местного самоуправления Администрации Краснодарского края. Справочная информация №34.01-707/13-03 от 23 мая 2013 г. «Реестр административно-территориальных единиц Краснодарского края». (Department of Cooperation with the Organs of the Local Self-Government of the Administration of Krasnodar Krai. Reference Information #34.01-707/13-03 of May 23, 2013 Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units of Krasnodar Krai. ). Законодательное Собрание Краснодарского края. Закон №768-КЗ от 22 июля 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципального образования Курганинский район, наделении его статусом муниципального района, образовании в его составе муниципальных образований — городского и сельских поселений — и установлении их границ», в ред. Закона №1756-КЗ от 3 июня 2009 г «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Краснодарского края об установлении границ муниципальных образований». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Кубанские новости", №138, 26 августа 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Krasnodar Krai. Law #768-KZ of July 22, 2004 On the Establishment of the Borders of the Municipal Formation of Kurganinsky District, on Granting It the Status of a Municipal District, on the Establishment of the Municipal Formations—Urban and Rural Settlements—Within Its Structure and on the Establishment of Their Borders, as amended by the Law #1756-KZ of June 3, 2009 On Amending Several Legislative Acts of Krasnodar Krai on the Establishment of the Borders of the Municipal Formations. Effective as of the day of the official publication.). vteAdministrative divisions of Krasnodar KraiAdministrative center: Krasnodar • Rural localitiesDistricts Abinsky Anapsky Apsheronsky Beloglinsky Belorechensky Bryukhovetsky Dinskoy Gulkevichsky Kalininsky Kanevskoy Kavkazsky Korenovsky Krasnoarmeysky Krylovsky Krymsky Kurganinsky Kushchyovsky Labinsky Leningradsky Mostovsky Novokubansky Novopokrovsky Otradnensky Pavlovsky Primorsko-Akhtarsky Seversky Shcherbinovsky Slavyansky Starominsky Tbilissky Temryuksky Tikhoretsky Timashyovsky Tuapsinsky Uspensky Ust-Labinsky Vyselkovsky Yeysky Cities and towns Abinsk Anapa Apsheronsk Armavir Belorechensk Gelendzhik Goryachy Klyuch Gulkevichi Khadyzhensk Korenovsk Krasnodar Kropotkin Krymsk Kurganinsk Labinsk Novokubansk Novorossiysk Primorsko-Akhtarsk Slavyansk-on-Kuban Sochi Temryuk Tikhoretsk Timashevsk Tuapse Ust-Labinsk Yeysk Urban-type settlements Afipsky Akhtyrsky Chernomorsky Dzhubga Girey Ilsky Krasnaya Polyana Krasnoselsky Mostovskoy Neftegorsk Novomikhaylovsky Psebay Sirius
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"General Information\" (in Russian). Retrieved February 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.admkurganinsk.ru/region/history.php","url_text":"\"General Information\""}]},{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]},{"reference":"Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"},{"url":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","url_text":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinalco_(archeological_site)
Malinalco (archeological site)
["1 Architecture","2 Cuauhtinchan","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
CuauhtinchanLocation within MesoamericaLocationMalinalco, Mexico,  MexicoRegionMexico StateCoordinates18°56′50.96″N 99°29′26.89″W / 18.9474889°N 99.4908028°W / 18.9474889; -99.4908028HistoryPeriodsLate Preclassic to Late Classic Cuauhtinchan Archeological Zone or Malinalco Archeological Zone, located just west of the town center on a hill called Cerro de los Idolos, which rises 215 meters above the town. On its sides are a number of pre-Hispanic structures built on terraces built into the hill. The main structures are at the top. This is one of the most important Aztec sites and was discovered in 1933, and explored by José García Payón in 1935. The visible complex dates from the Aztec Empire but the site's use as a ceremonial center appears to be much older. The sanctuary complex was built from the mid 15th century to the beginnings of the 16th. To get to the Cerro de los Idolos one must climb 426 stairs up 125 meters. Along the stairway leading to the site, there are signs with area's history written in Spanish, English and Nahuatl. The site contains six buildings. The Cuauhcalli or House of the Eagles, which dates from 1501, is the main building, which is significant in that it is carved out of the hill itself. The building is in the shape of a truncated pyramid, built this way due to the lack of space on the hill. The monolithic Cuauhcalli has been compared to the Ellora in India, Petra on the shores of the Dead Sea and Abu Simbel in Egypt. This was a sanctuary for the Eagle Warriors for rites such as initiation. A thirteen-step staircase leading into this temple is flanked by side struts. and two feline sculptures that face the plaza in front. The Cuauhcalli consists of two rooms, one rectangular and the other circular, with an opening in the wall between the two. After being carved out of the rock, the walls and ceiling were covered in stucco and painted with murals, most of which are almost completely gone. In the upper part, the entrance is symbolized by the open jaws of a serpent, complete with fangs, eyes and a forked tongue, which was painted red. This upper portion is covered by a thatched roof of the grass the area is named for. Architecture Just inside of the entrance, on the east side, there is a sculpture of a serpent's head on which rests the remains of a statue of an Eagle Warrior. To the west, there is another sculpture in the shape of a large pedestal, symbolizing a tlapanhuéhuetl (war drum). Above this is a sculpture of a cipactli, which is a primeval being, occasionally called a “monster of the earth.” The cipactli is holding up a person, of which only the sandals remain. It is thought the two statues functioned as standards. Further inside is a bench that surrounds a space similar to a hemicycle. The horseshoe bench has four sculptures, the most outstanding one being an eagle that faces the entrance. Two others are also of eagles while the fourth is a jaguar. The jaguar statue has its skin spread out as if it were a mounted trophy. Behind the eagles there is a cuauhxicalli or sacred vessel in which to put the hearts of sacrifice victims, who then turn into messengers of the sun. The orientation of the building relates to the movement of the stars. Before it was covered with a thatched roof to preserve it, openings in the walls provoked light phenomena at certain times such as at the summer solstice. From here was found a large wooden huéhuetl or ceremonial war drum, which is now in the Museum of Anthropology and History in the Mexiquense Cultural Center in Toluca. At the spring and fall equinoxes some 5,000 to 7,000 people visit the site. The conical thatched roof that covers the main building is a reproduction of the kind of roof it probably had in antiquity, but the shed-like porch is less faithful to the original. Despite acts of vandalism, the interior of this building is still in good condition. Cuauhtinchan See also Teotenango Xochicalco References ^ Aguilar-Moreno 2009, p. 59 ^ a b c d "Zona Arqueológica de Malinalco Estado de México" (in Spanish). CD Travel. Archived from the original on 25 December 2007. ^ a b c d "Malinalco". Mexico Desconocido Guia Especial Pueblos con Encanto Estado de Mexico (in Spanish). Mexico City: Grupo Editorial Impresiones Aéreas: 3e8–43. 2008. ISSN 1870-9419. ^ a b c d e f Novo, Gerardo; Jorge de la Luz (2002). The State of Mexico. Mexico City: Ediciones Nueva Guia SA de CV. pp. 49–53. ISBN 968-5437-26-2. ^ "Malinalco". Mexico Desconocido Guia Estado de Mexico (in Spanish). 136. Mexico City: Grupo Editorial Impresiones Aéreas: 22–31. 2007. ISSN 1870-9400. ^ Aguilar-Moreno, Manuel (2009). "Chapter 5: Malinalco: A Place between Heaven and Earth". In Christie, Jessica Joyce (ed.). Landscapes of Origin in the Americas: Creation Narratives Linking Ancient Places and Present Communities. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. pp. 57–76. ISBN 978-0-8173-1673-0. ^ a b Aguilar-Moreno 2009, p. 64 ^ a b c d e f Noguez, Xavier (2006). "El templo monolítico de Malinalco, Estado de México" . Arqueología Mexicana (in Spanish). 78: 68–73. Archived from the original on 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2009-10-29. ^ Solis, Juan (2006-03-06). "Ambulantaje, basura y daños en las zonas arqueológicas" . El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved 2009-10-29. ^ Townsend, Richard F. (1982). "Malinalco and the Lords of Tenochtitlan". In Boone, Elizabeth H. (ed.). The Art and Iconography of Late Post-Classic Central Mexico. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 119–120. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malinalco. Archaeological Site Map "Malinalco, Archeological site, Eagle and Jaguar worrior, Mexico". Uwe Duerr. Archived from the original on 26 May 2014. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
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The main structures are at the top.[2] This is one of the most important Aztec sites and was discovered in 1933,[3] and explored by José García Payón in 1935.[4] The visible complex dates from the Aztec Empire but the site's use as a ceremonial center appears to be much older.[4] The sanctuary complex was built from the mid 15th century to the beginnings of the 16th. To get to the Cerro de los Idolos one must climb 426 stairs up 125 meters.[5] Along the stairway leading to the site, there are signs with area's history written in Spanish, English and Nahuatl. The site contains six buildings.[6] The Cuauhcalli or House of the Eagles, which dates from 1501,[7] is the main building, which is significant in that it is carved out of the hill itself.[3] The building is in the shape of a truncated pyramid,[8] built this way due to the lack of space on the hill.[2] The monolithic Cuauhcalli has been compared to the Ellora in India, Petra on the shores of the Dead Sea and Abu Simbel in Egypt.[4] This was a sanctuary for the Eagle Warriors for rites such as initiation.[3] A thirteen-step staircase leading into this temple is flanked by side struts.[4] and two feline sculptures that face the plaza in front.[8] The Cuauhcalli consists of two rooms, one rectangular and the other circular, with an opening in the wall between the two. After being carved out of the rock, the walls and ceiling were covered in stucco and painted with murals, most of which are almost completely gone.[2] In the upper part, the entrance is symbolized by the open jaws of a serpent, complete with fangs, eyes and a forked tongue, which was painted red.[4] This upper portion is covered by a thatched roof of the grass the area is named for.[8]","title":"Malinalco (archeological site)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cipactli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipactli"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noguez-8"},{"link_name":"hemicycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicycle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-G-64-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noguez-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-novo-4"},{"link_name":"cuauhxicalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuauhxicalli"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encanto-3"},{"link_name":"huéhuetl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hu%C3%A9huetl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mexiquense Cultural Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexiquense_Cultural_Center&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdtravel-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-solis-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-townsend-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noguez-8"}],"text":"Just inside of the entrance, on the east side, there is a sculpture of a serpent's head on which rests the remains of a statue of an Eagle Warrior. To the west, there is another sculpture in the shape of a large pedestal, symbolizing a tlapanhuéhuetl (war drum). Above this is a sculpture of a cipactli, which is a primeval being, occasionally called a “monster of the earth.” The cipactli is holding up a person, of which only the sandals remain.[8] It is thought the two statues functioned as standards. Further inside is a bench that surrounds a space similar to a hemicycle.[7] The horseshoe bench has four sculptures, the most outstanding one being an eagle that faces the entrance. Two others are also of eagles while the fourth is a jaguar.[8] The jaguar statue has its skin spread out as if it were a mounted trophy.[4] Behind the eagles there is a cuauhxicalli or sacred vessel in which to put the hearts of sacrifice victims, who then turn into messengers of the sun. The orientation of the building relates to the movement of the stars. Before it was covered with a thatched roof to preserve it, openings in the walls provoked light phenomena at certain times such as at the summer solstice.[3]From here was found a large wooden huéhuetl or ceremonial war drum, which is now in the Museum of Anthropology and History in the Mexiquense Cultural Center in Toluca.[2] At the spring and fall equinoxes some 5,000 to 7,000 people visit the site.[9] The conical thatched roof that covers the main building is a reproduction of the kind of roof it probably had in antiquity, but the shed-like porch is less faithful to the original.[10] Despite acts of vandalism, the interior of this building is still in good condition.[8]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DjDSCF1841.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malinalcotemple1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temple_in_Malinalco.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TemploCerroIdolos.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malinalcojaguar.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malinalcotemple.jpg"}],"title":"Cuauhtinchan"}]
[]
[{"title":"Teotenango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotenango"},{"title":"Xochicalco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xochicalco"}]
[{"reference":"\"Zona Arqueológica de Malinalco Estado de México\" [Archeological Zone of Malinalco, State of Mexico] (in Spanish). CD Travel. Archived from the original on 25 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071225214156/http://www.cdtravel.net/turismo/arque/mal.htm","url_text":"\"Zona Arqueológica de Malinalco Estado de México\""},{"url":"http://www.cdtravel.net/turismo/arque/mal.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Malinalco\". Mexico Desconocido Guia Especial Pueblos con Encanto Estado de Mexico (in Spanish). Mexico City: Grupo Editorial Impresiones Aéreas: 3e8–43. 2008. ISSN 1870-9419.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1870-9419","url_text":"1870-9419"}]},{"reference":"Novo, Gerardo; Jorge de la Luz (2002). The State of Mexico. Mexico City: Ediciones Nueva Guia SA de CV. pp. 49–53. ISBN 968-5437-26-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-5437-26-2","url_text":"968-5437-26-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Malinalco\". Mexico Desconocido Guia Estado de Mexico (in Spanish). 136. Mexico City: Grupo Editorial Impresiones Aéreas: 22–31. 2007. ISSN 1870-9400.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1870-9400","url_text":"1870-9400"}]},{"reference":"Aguilar-Moreno, Manuel (2009). \"Chapter 5: Malinalco: A Place between Heaven and Earth\". In Christie, Jessica Joyce (ed.). Landscapes of Origin in the Americas: Creation Narratives Linking Ancient Places and Present Communities. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. pp. 57–76. ISBN 978-0-8173-1673-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SS_aCCujQ3gC&pg=PA57","url_text":"57–76"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1673-0","url_text":"978-0-8173-1673-0"}]},{"reference":"Noguez, Xavier (2006). \"El templo monolítico de Malinalco, Estado de México\" [The monolithic temple of Malinalco, Mexico State]. Arqueología Mexicana (in Spanish). 78: 68–73. Archived from the original on 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2009-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100103100544/http://arqueomex.com/S2N3nMalinalco78.html","url_text":"\"El templo monolítico de Malinalco, Estado de México\""},{"url":"http://www.arqueomex.com/S2N3nMalinalco78.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Solis, Juan (2006-03-06). \"Ambulantaje, basura y daños en las zonas arqueológicas\" [Wandering vendors, trash and damage at archeological zones]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved 2009-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/cultura/w47951.html","url_text":"\"Ambulantaje, basura y daños en las zonas arqueológicas\""}]},{"reference":"Townsend, Richard F. (1982). \"Malinalco and the Lords of Tenochtitlan\". In Boone, Elizabeth H. (ed.). The Art and Iconography of Late Post-Classic Central Mexico. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 119–120.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Malinalco, Archeological site, Eagle and Jaguar worrior, Mexico\". Uwe Duerr. Archived from the original on 26 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uweduerr.com/malinalco/","url_text":"\"Malinalco, Archeological site, Eagle and Jaguar worrior, Mexico\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140526033911/http://www.uweduerr.com/malinalco/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government_Savings_Bank
Queensland Government Savings Bank
["1 History","2 Notable buildings","3 References","3.1 Attribution"]
Family Services Building, formerly the Brisbane office of the Queensland Government Savings Bank, 2015 The Queensland Government Savings Bank was a bank in Queensland, Australia. It was operated by the Queensland Government. It was also known as the Government Savings Bank of Queensland. History Poster advertising the bank The Queensland Government Savings Bank was established by one of the earliest pieces of legislation enacted by the government of the new colony of Queensland in 1861. Intended to encourage small deposit saving by working people, savings banks could be established by the gazettal of an application by ten or more house or landholders in any community of more than 500 people. In 1864, the Government Savings Bank Bill provided a government guarantee to protect trustees and deposits and to allow depositors to easily transfer accounts from one town to another. Over time it absorbed the: Moreton Bay Savings Bank (1856-1865) Ipswich Savings Bank (1861-1866) Toowoomba Savings Bank (1862-1867) The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was founded under the Commonwealth Bank Act of 1911. This empowered the Bank to transact both savings and trading business under the security of a guarantee from the Federal government. It opened its first branch for business on 15 July 1912 in Melbourne and soon opened agencies in post offices throughout Victoria. The Queensland branch was opened on 16 September 1912. Post offices were used as agencies throughout the country as they had been transferred to Commonwealth control after Federation. The Queensland Government Savings Bank merged with the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, transferring the business and assets on 8 December 1920 . Notable buildings Notable buildings occupied by the bank include: Commonwealth Bank Building, Mount Morgan Family Services Building, Brisbane Gympie Lands Office, Gympie References Banks portal ^ a b c "Commonwealth Bank (former) (entry 600746)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014. ^ "Amalgamations". Commonwealth Bank of Australia. Retrieved 11 May 2017. Attribution This Wikipedia article was originally based on "The Queensland heritage register" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the "Queensland heritage register boundaries" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Family_Services_Building,_Brisbane,_2015.JPG"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Queensland Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government"}],"text":"Family Services Building, formerly the Brisbane office of the Queensland Government Savings Bank, 2015The Queensland Government Savings Bank was a bank in Queensland, Australia. It was operated by the Queensland Government. It was also known as the Government Savings Bank of Queensland.","title":"Queensland Government Savings Bank"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:What_the_Queensland_Government_Savings_Bank_will_do_for_the_man_on_the_land.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Bank of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank_Of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"text":"Poster advertising the bankThe Queensland Government Savings Bank was established by one of the earliest pieces of legislation enacted by the government of the new colony of Queensland in 1861. Intended to encourage small deposit saving by working people, savings banks could be established by the gazettal of an application by ten or more house or landholders in any community of more than 500 people. In 1864, the Government Savings Bank Bill provided a government guarantee to protect trustees and deposits and to allow depositors to easily transfer accounts from one town to another.[1]Over time it absorbed the:[2]Moreton Bay Savings Bank (1856-1865)\nIpswich Savings Bank (1861-1866)\nToowoomba Savings Bank (1862-1867)The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was founded under the Commonwealth Bank Act of 1911. This empowered the Bank to transact both savings and trading business under the security of a guarantee from the Federal government. It opened its first branch for business on 15 July 1912 in Melbourne and soon opened agencies in post offices throughout Victoria. The Queensland branch was opened on 16 September 1912. Post offices were used as agencies throughout the country as they had been transferred to Commonwealth control after Federation. The Queensland Government Savings Bank merged with the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, transferring the business and assets on 8 December 1920 .[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commonwealth Bank Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank_Building,_Mount_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Mount Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Morgan,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"Family Services Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Services_Building"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Gympie Lands Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gympie_Lands_Office"},{"link_name":"Gympie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gympie"}],"text":"Notable buildings occupied by the bank include:Commonwealth Bank Building, Mount Morgan[1]\nFamily Services Building, Brisbane\nGympie Lands Office, Gympie","title":"Notable buildings"}]
[{"image_text":"Family Services Building, formerly the Brisbane office of the Queensland Government Savings Bank, 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Family_Services_Building%2C_Brisbane%2C_2015.JPG/220px-Family_Services_Building%2C_Brisbane%2C_2015.JPG"},{"image_text":"Poster advertising the bank","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/What_the_Queensland_Government_Savings_Bank_will_do_for_the_man_on_the_land.jpg/170px-What_the_Queensland_Government_Savings_Bank_will_do_for_the_man_on_the_land.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Commonwealth Bank (former) (entry 600746)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600746","url_text":"\"Commonwealth Bank (former) (entry 600746)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Amalgamations\". Commonwealth Bank of Australia. Retrieved 11 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commbank.com.au/about-us/our-company/history/amalgamations.html","url_text":"\"Amalgamations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank_of_Australia","url_text":"Commonwealth Bank of Australia"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_districts_of_New_South_Wales
Electoral districts of New South Wales
["1 References","2 External links"]
The New South Wales Legislative Assembly is elected from single-member electorates called districts, returning 93 members since the 1999 election. Prior to 1927 some districts returned multiple members, including 1920-1927 when all districts returned three, four or five members. Parramatta is the only district to have continuously existed since the establishment of the Assembly in 1856. Electorate Created Abolished Comments Current districts as of 2023 Albury 1880 1920 1927 Auburn 1927 Badgerys Creek 1991 1999 2023 Ballina 1894 1904 1988 Balmain 1880 1894 2 members from 1882 to 18853 members 1885-18894 members 1889-1894 1904 1991 5 members 1920-1927 2007 Bankstown 1927 Barwon 1894 1904 1927 Bathurst 1859 3 members 1920-1927 Bega 1894 1920 1988 Blacktown 1941 Blue Mountains 1968 Cabramatta 1981 Camden 1859 1920 2 members 1859-18893 members 1889-1894 1981 Campbelltown 1968 Canterbury 1859 1920 2 members 1859-1892 3 members 1882-18854 members 1885-1894 1927 Castle Hill 2007 Cessnock 1913 1920 1927 Charlestown 1971 Clarence 1859 1920 1927 Coffs Harbour 1981 Coogee 1927 Cootamundra 1904 1941 3 members 1920-1927 2015 Cronulla 1959 Davidson 1971 Drummoyne 1913 Dubbo 1894 1904 1930 East Hills 1953 Epping 1999 Fairfield 1953 Gosford 1950 Goulburn 1859 1991 3 members 1920-1927 2007 Granville 1894 1920 1927 Hawkesbury 1859 1920 2 members 1859-1880 1927 Heathcote 1971 1991 1999 Heffron 1973 Holsworthy 2015 Hornsby 1927 1991 1999 Keira 1988 Kellyville 2023 Kiama 1859 1904 1981 Kogarah 1930 Lake Macquarie 1950 Lane Cove 1904 1913 1927 Leppington 2023 Lismore 1894 1904 1913 1920 1927 Liverpool 1950 Londonderry 1988 Macquarie Fields 1988 1991 1999 Maitland 1904 3 members 1920-1927 Manly 1927 Maroubra 1950 Miranda 1971 Monaro 1856 1920 Known as Maneroo 1856-1857 1927 Mount Druitt 1971 1981 1991 Murray 1859 1999 2 members 1880-1894 3 members 1920-1927 2015 Myall Lakes 1988 Newcastle 1859 1894 3 members 1889-1894 1904 5 members 1920-1927 Newtown 1859 1894 3 members 1885-1891 4 members 1891-1894 1904 1950 2015 North Shore 1920 1927 5 members 1920-1927 1981 Northern Tablelands 1920 1927 3 members 1920-1927 1981 Oatley 1927 1930 2007 Orange 1859 1920 2 members 1880-1894 1927 Oxley 1920 1988 3 members 1920-1927 1991 Parramatta 1856 2 members 1859-1880 3 Members 1920-1927 Penrith 1973 Pittwater 1973 Port Macquarie 1988 Port Stephens 1988 Prospect 2015 Riverstone 1981 Rockdale 1927 1930 1941 Ryde 1894 1904 1913 1968 5 members 1920-1927 1981 1991 1999 Shellharbour 2007 South Coast 1927 Strathfield 1988 Summer Hill 2015 Swansea 1981 Sydney 1920 1927 5 members 2007 Tamworth 1880 1920 2 members 1880-1894 1927 Terrigal 2007 The Entrance 1988 Tweed 1894 1904 1999 Upper Hunter 1859 1894 2 members 1880-1894 1904 1920 1927 Vaucluse 1927 Wagga Wagga 1894 1904 1913 1920 1927 Wahroonga 2021 Created from Ku-ring-gai in a redistribution in 2021. Wakehurst 1962 Wallsend 1894 1904 1917 1920 1927 1930 1968 Willoughby 1894 1920 1927 1988 1991 Winston Hills 2023 Wollondilly 1904 1981 3 members 1920-1927 2007 Wollongong 1904 1920 1927 1930 1968 Wyong 1962 1973 1988 Former districts Alexandria 1904 1920 1927 1930 Allowrie 1904 1920 Alma 1894 1904 Annandale 1894 1920 1927 1950 Argyle 1856 1904 Armidale 1894 1920 1927 1981 Arncliffe 1930 1941 Ashburnham 1894 1920 1927 1950 Ashfield 1894 1920 1927 1959 1968 1999 Ashfield-Croydon 1959 1968 Balmain North 1894 1901 Balmain South 1894 1901 Balranald 1859 1894 Bass Hill 1962 1991 Bathurst (County) 1856 1859 Baulkham Hills 1991 2023 Belmore 1904 1920 Belubula 1904 1913 Bingara 1894 1920 Blayney 1904 1913 Bligh 1962 2007 Bogan 1859 1894 Bondi 1913 1920 1927 1971 Boorowa 1880 1904 spelt "Booroowa" 1899–1901 Botany 1894 1950 Bourke 1880 1904 Bowral 1894 1904 Braidwood 1859 1904 Brisbane 1859 1859 Queensland Broken Hill 1894 1913 1968 1999 Bulli 1930 1971 1991 1997 Burnett 1859 1859 Queensland Burrangong 1904 1920 Burragorang 1988 1991 Burrendong 1968 1981 Burrinjuck 1950 2015 Burwood 1894 1920 1927 1988 Byron 1913 1988 Camperdown 1904 1920 Carcoar 1859 1894 Carlingford 1988 1991 Casino 1930 1968 1971 1981 Castlereagh 1904 1920 1927 1991 Central Cumberland 1859 1894 Clarence and Darling Downs 1856 1859 Clyde 1904 1913 Cobar 1894 1920 1932 1949 1965 1968 Collaroy 1950 1973 Concord 1930 1968 Condoublin 1894 1904 Cook and Westmoreland 1856 1859 Cook's River 1941 1973 Coonamble 1894 1904 Corrimal 1968 1988 Corowa 1904 1920 1927 1950 Cowra 1894 1904 Croydon 1927 1959 Cumberland 1920 1927 3 members Cumberland Boroughs 1856 1859 Cumberland (North Riding) 1856 1859 Cumberland (South Riding) 1856 1859 Darling 1904 1913 Darling Downs 1859 1859 Queensland Darling Harbour 1904 1920 Darlinghurst 1904 1920 1950 1953 Darlington 1894 1904 Deniliquin 1894 1913 Dulwich Hill 1913 1920 1927 1968 Durham 1856 1859 3 members 1880 1920 Earlwood 1950 1991 East Camden 1858 1859 Eastern Division of Camden 1856 1857 Eastern Suburbs 1920 1927 5 members East Maitland 1859 1904 East Macquarie 1859 1894 2 members East Morton 1859 1859 Queensland East Sydney 1859 1894 4 members Eastwood 1927 1930 1950 1999 Eden 1859 1904 Called Eden-Bombala 1894-1904 Elizabeth 1981 1988 Enmore 1913 1920 1927 1930 Ermington 1991 1999 Forbes 1880 1894 2 members Fuller 1968 1981 Georges River 1930 2007 Gladesville 1981 1999 Glebe 1859 1920 1927 1941 Glen Innes 1880 1904 Gloucester 1880 1920 1927 1988 Gloucester and Macquarie 1856 1859 Goldfields North 1859 1880 Goldfields South 1859 1880 Goldfields West 1859 1880 Gordon 1904 1920 1927 1999 Gough 1904 1920 Grafton 1880 1904 Grenfell 1880 1904 Gundagai 1880 1904 Gunnedah 1880 1904 Gwydir 1859 1894 1904 1920 Hamilton 1927 1971 Hartley 1859 1920 1927 1968 Hastings 1859 1880 Hastings and Manning 1880 1894 2 members Hastings and Macleay 1894 1920 Hay 1894 1904 Hume 1859 1904 Hunter 1859 1894 Hurstville 1913 1920 1927 1999 Illawarra 1859 1904 1927 1968 1971 2007 Ingleburn 1981 1988 Inverell 1880 1904 Ipswich 1859 1859 Queensland Kahibah 1894 1920 1927 1930 1950 1971 Kembla 1968 1971 King 1904 1920 1927 1973 King and Georgiana 1856 1859 Kirribilli 1962 1981 Kurri Kurri 1927 1968 Ku-ring-gai 1973 2021 Largely replaced by the electoral division of Wahroonga. Lachlan 1859 1880 1894 1920 1927 2007 Lachlan and Lower Darling 1856 1859 Lakemba 1927 2023 Leichhardt 1894 1920 1927 1962 Leichhardt, Queensland 1859 1859 Queensland Liverpool Plains 1859 1880 1904 1920 1927 1962 Liverpool Plains and Gwydir 1856 1859 Lower Hunter 1859 1880 Lyndhurst 1913 1920 Macleay 1880 1894 Macquarie 1894 1920 Manning 1894 1904 1988 1991 Marrickville 1894 1920 1927 2015 McKell 1988 1991 Menai 1999 2015 Merrylands 1959 1962 1968 1988 Middle Harbour 1904 1920 1988 1991 Minchinbury 1988 1991 Molong 1880 1904 Moorebank 1991 1999 Moree 1894 1904 Moreton, Wide Bay, Burnett and Maranoa 1856 1857 Queensland Morpeth 1859 1894 Moruya 1894 1904 Mosman 1913 1920 1927 1991 Mudgee 1859 1920 1927 1968 Mulgoa 1988 1991 1999 Munmorah 1973 1981 Murray-Darling 1999 2015 Murrumbidgee 1856 2015 Murwillumbah 1988 1999 Namoi 1880 1894 1904 1950 Narellan 1859 1880 Narrabri 1894 1904 Nepean 1859 1904 1927 1981 Neutral Bay 1927 1962 Newcastle East 1894 1904 Newcastle West 1894 1904 New England 1859 1894 New England and Macleay 1856 1859 Newtown-Annandale 1950 1953 Newtown-Camperdown 1894 1904 Newtown-Erskine 1894 1904 Newtown-St Peters 1894 1904 Northcott 1968 1999 North Eastern Boroughs 1856 1859 North Sydney 1927 1962 Northumberland 1859 1913 Northumberland and Hunter 1856 1859 Northumberland Boroughs 1856 1859 Paddington 1859 1920 1927 1959 Paddington-Waverley 1959 1962 Patrick's Plains 1859 1894 Paterson 1859 1880 Peats 1973 2007 Petersham 1894 1920 1930 1941 Phillip 1904 1920 1927 1981 Phillip, Brisbane and Bligh 1856 1859 Port Jackson 1991 2007 Pyrmont 1904 1913 Queanbeyan 1859 1913 Quirindi 1894 1904 Raleigh 1894 1920 1927 1981 Randwick 1894 1920 1927 1971 Redfern 1880 1920 1927 1968 Richmond 1880 1913 Robertson 1894 1904 Rous 1894 1913 Roxburgh 1856 1859 Rozelle 1904 1920 1927 1930 Rylstone 1894 1904 St George 1894 1930 St Leonards 1859 1920 St Marys 1981 1999 St Vincent 1856 1859 Seven Hills 1981 1991 2015 2023 Sherbrooke 1894 1913 Shoalhaven 1859 1904 Singleton 1894 1920 Smithfield 1988 2015 Southern Boroughs 1856 1859 Southern Highlands 1988 2007 South Sydney 1880 1894 4 Members Stanley Boroughs 1856 1859 Queensland Stanley County 1856 1859 Queensland Sturt 1889 1968 3 Members 1920-1927 1971 1980 Surry Hills 1904 1920 1927 1930 Sutherland 1950 1971 1988 1999 Sydney City 1856 1857 Sydney-Belmore 1894 1904 Sydney-Bligh 1894 1904 Sydney-Cook 1894 1904 Sydney-Denison 1894 1904 Sydney-Fitzroy 1894 1904 Sydney-Flinders 1894 1904 Sydney-Gipps 1894 1904 Sydney Hamlets 1856 1859 2 members Sydney-King 1894 1904 Sydney-Lang 1894 1904 Sydney-Phillip 1894 1904 Sydney-Pyrmont 1894 1904 Temora 1927 1981 Tenterfield 1859 1920 1927 1981 The Hills 1962 2007 Toongabbie 2007 2015 Tuggerah 1981 1988 Tumut 1859 1904 University of Sydney 1876 1880 United Counties of Murray and St Vincent 1856 1859 United Pastoral Districts of Moreton, Wide Bay, Burnett, Maranoa, Leichhardt and Port Curtis 1858 1859 Queensland Uralla-Walcha 1894 1904 Wammerawa 1920 1927 Waratah 1894 1913 1930 1999 Warringah 1894 1904 Waterloo 1894 1904 Waverley 1894 1920 1927 1959 1971 1991 Wellington 1859 1904 Wellington and Bligh 1856 1859 Wellington (County) 1856 1859 Wentworth 1880 1904 Wentworthville 1962 1991 1999 2007 West Camden 1858 1859 Western Division of Camden 1856 1857 West Macquarie 1859 1904 West Maitland 1859 1904 West Moreton 1859 1859 Queensland West Sydney 1859 1894 4 members Western Boroughs 1856 1859 Western Suburbs 1920 1927 5 members Wickham 1894 1920 Wilcannia 1894 1904 Williams 1859 1880 Willyama 1913 1920 Windsor 1859 1880 Wollombi 1859 1894 Wollongong-Kembla 1941 1968 Woollahra 1894 1962 Woronora 1894 1904 1973 1988 Wynyard 1904 1913 Yaralla 1968 1981 Yass 1894 1920 1930 1950 Yass Plains 1859 1894 Young 1880 1904 1927 1981 References ^ a b "Names and boundaries of electoral districts". NSW Electoral Commission. 26 August 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2023. External links New South Wales State Electoral Commission "Former members". Parliament of New South Wales. New South Wales Election Results 1856–2007 vteGovernment of New South WalesExecutive Monarch Governor Lieutenant-Governor Executive Council Premier Deputy Premier Attorney General Treasurer Leader in the Legislative Council Cabinet Entities Police Local Government Legislative Parliament Legislative Assembly Speaker Leader MPs Electoral districts Legislative Council President MLCs Opposition Leader Judicial Chief Justice Solicitor General Supreme Court District Court Local Court Other courts and tribunals Elections 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 By-elections Electoral Commission Caretaker government Political parties Labor Coalition Liberal National Greens Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Animal Justice Legalise Cannabis Liberal Democrats One Nation Other parties vteElectoral districts of the New South Wales Legislative AssemblyLabor (45) Auburn Bankstown Bega Blacktown Blue Mountains Cabramatta Camden Campbelltown Canterbury Cessnock Charlestown Coogee East Hills Fairfield Gosford Granville Heathcote Heffron Keira Kogarah Leppington Lismore Liverpool Londonderry Macquarie Fields Maitland Maroubra Monaro Mount Druitt Newcastle Parramatta Penrith Port Stephens Prospect Riverstone Rockdale Shellharbour South Coast Strathfield Summer Hill Swansea The Entrance Wallsend Wollongong Wyong Coalition (36)Liberal (25) Albury Badgerys Creek Castle Hill Cronulla Davidson Drummoyne Epping Goulburn Hawkesbury Hornsby Holsworthy Kellyville Lane Cove Manly Miranda North Shore Oatley Pittwater Port Macquarie Ryde Terrigal Vaucluse Wahroonga Willoughby Winston Hills National (11) Bathurst Clarence Coffs Harbour Cootamundra Dubbo Myall Lakes Northern Tablelands Oxley Tamworth Tweed Upper Hunter Greens (3) Ballina Balmain Newtown Independent (9) Barwon Lake Macquarie Kiama Murray Orange Sydney Wagga Wagga Wakehurst Wollondilly vteFormer electoral districts of New South Wales Alexandria Allowrie Alma Annandale Argyle Armidale Arncliffe Ashburnham Ashfield Ashfield-Croydon Balmain North Balmain South Balranald Baulkham Hills Bass Hill Bathurst (County) Belmore Belubula Bingara Blayney Bligh The Bogan Bondi Boorowa Botany Bourke Bowral Braidwood Brisbane Broken Hill Bulli Burnett Burrangong Burragorang Burrendong Burrinjuck Burwood Byron Camperdown Carcoar Carlingford Casino Castlereagh Central Cumberland Clarence and Darling Downs Clyde Cobar Collaroy Concord Condoublin Cook and Westmoreland Cook's River Coonamble Corrimal Corowa Cowra Croydon Cumberland Cumberland Boroughs Cumberland (North Riding) Cumberland (South Riding) The Darling Darling Downs Darling Harbour Darlinghurst Darlington Deniliquin Dulwich Hill Durham Earlwood East Camden Eastern Suburbs East Macquarie East Maitland East Moreton East Sydney Eastwood Eden Eden-Bombala Elizabeth Enmore Ermington Forbes Fuller Georges River Gladesville Glebe Glen Innes Gloucester Gloucester and Macquarie Goldfields North Goldfields South Goldfields West Gordon Gough Grafton Grenfell Gundagai Gunnedah Gwydir Hamilton Hartley Hastings Hastings and Macleay Hastings and Manning Hay Hume Hunter Hurstville Illawarra Ingleburn Inverell Ipswich Kahibah Kembla King King and Georgiana Kirribilli Ku-ring-gai Kurri Kurri Lachlan Lachlan and Lower Darling Lakemba Leichhardt Leichhardt, Queensland Liverpool Plains Liverpool Plains and Gwydir Lower Hunter Lyndhurst Macleay Macquarie Maneroo Manning Marrickville McKell Menai Merrylands Middle Harbour Minchinbury Molong Moorebank Moree Moreton, Wide Bay, Burnett and Maranoa Moreton, Wide Bay, Burnett, Maranoa, Leichhardt and Port Curtis Morpeth Moruya Mosman Mudgee Mulgoa Munmorah Murray-Darling Murrumbidgee Murwillumbah Namoi Narellan Narrabri Nepean Neutral Bay Newcastle East Newcastle West New England New England and Macleay Newtown-Annandale Newtown-Camperdown Newtown-Erskine Newtown-St Peters Northcott North Eastern Boroughs North Sydney Northumberland Northumberland and Hunter Northumberland Boroughs Paddington Paddington-Waverley Patrick's Plains Paterson Peats Petersham Phillip Phillip, Brisbane and Bligh Port Jackson Pyrmont Queanbeyan Quirindi Raleigh Randwick Redfern Richmond Robertson Rous Roxburgh Rozelle Rylstone Seven Hills St George St Leonards St Marys St Vincent Sherbrooke Shoalhaven Singleton Smithfield Southern Boroughs Southern Highlands South Sydney Stanley Boroughs Stanley County Sturt Surry Hills Sutherland Sydney City Sydney-Belmore Sydney-Bligh Sydney-Cook Sydney-Denison Sydney-Fitzroy Sydney-Flinders Sydney-Gipps Sydney Hamlets Sydney-King Sydney-Lang Sydney-Phillip Sydney-Pyrmont Temora Tenterfield The Hills Toongabbie Tuggerah Tumut University of Sydney United Counties of Murray and St Vincent Uralla-Walcha Wammerawa Waratah Warringah Waterloo Waverley Wellington Wellington and Bligh Wellington (County) Wentworth Wentworthville West Camden West Macquarie West Maitland West Moreton West Sydney Western Boroughs Western Suburbs Wickham Wilcannia Williams Willyama Windsor Wollombi Wollongong-Kembla Woollahra Woronora Wynyard Yaralla Yass Yass Plains Young vteAustralian state and territory electoral districts New South Wales Victoria Queensland Western Australia South Australia Tasmania Australian Capital Territory Northern Territory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roped_solo_climbing
Rope solo climbing
["1 Description","2 Equipment","2.1 Self-belay device","2.2 Rope-solo system","3 Variations","4 Notable ascents and practitioners","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Further reading","7 External links"]
Type of solo climbing with protection This article is about a type of soloing that uses protection. For soloing with no protection, see Free solo climbing. Part of a series onClimbingSilent Partner, a common self-belay device for rope solo climbing. Lists Climbers Piolet d'Or winners IFSC victories Equipment Knots Historical events Grade milestones Eight-thousanders Terminology Types of rock climbing Aid Big wall Multi-pitch Bouldering Highball Competition Speed Free Sport Traditional Solo Free solo Deep-water solo Rope solo Top roping Types of mountaineering Alpine Mixed Via ferrata Himalayan Alpine style Expedition style Ice Dry-tooling Scrambling Hillwalking Other types Buildering Canyoning Crane Grass Commercial Parkour Pole Rock hopping Rooftopping Roof hacking Slide Tree Key actions Abseiling Belaying Leading Redpointing Jumaring Self rescuing Simul climbing Traversing Techniques Key terms Anchor First ascent FFA FFFA Grade Route Beta Guide Pitch vte Rope-solo climbing or rope-soloing (or self-belaying) is a form of solo climbing (i.e. performed alone without a climbing partner), but unlike with free solo climbing, which is also performed alone and with no climbing protection whatsoever, the rope-solo climber uses a mechanical self-belay device and rope system, which enables them to use the standard climbing protection to protect themselves in the event of a fall. Rope-soloing can be performed as free climbing in a traditional climbing or a sport climbing format. It can also be performed as aid climbing, and a modified version can be performed as top rope soloing. Due to the complexity of the self-belay system, and the greater workloads, it is still considered a hazardous technique. Versions of rope-solo climbing have been used by solo alpine climbers, including by French alpinist Catherine Destivelle, and Italian alpinist Walter Bonatti. Rope-solo climbing techniques have also been used on big wall climbing routes by climbers such as German Alexander Huber and British climber Pete Whittaker. Description Steve Bate rope soloing while aid climbing on the big wall route, Zodiac (VI 5.8 C3), on El Capitan In rope-soloing, the climber acts as if they are lead climbing, but instead of having a partner (or belayer) who can arrest the rope in the event of a fall, the climber instead uses a self-belay device and rope system that automatically stops the rope in the event of a fall. In a normal lead climbing system, the lead climber ties into one end of the rope while their second clips-into the rope via their belay device. In rope-solo climbing, this is reversed. Instead, the rope-solo climber ties one end of the rope into a secure anchor at the base of the climb (that can withstand upward forces), and they clip-into the rope via their self-belay device. As the rope-solo climber ascends, the rope pays through the self-belay device. The rope-solo climber will then clip-into either traditional, sport, or aid climbing protection as they ascend — like a normal lead climber. When the rope-solo climber reaches the top of the route, they then have to fix another anchor, abseil back down to the base of the climb and release the original anchor, and then re-ascend the fixed abseil rope — using ascenders — unclipping/taking out whatever climbing protection equipment they inserted on their earlier ascent. Thus the rope-solo climber has to do significantly more work than a normal lead climber with a climbing partner. Equipment See also: Rock-climbing equipment Self-belay device The most important piece of equipment is the self-belay device, which the climber wears near their chest/harness, which will allow the rope to pass through it as the climber is ascending, but will grip the rope tightly if it suddenly changes direction in the event of a fall. Rope-solo climbers have used various types of self-belay devices, some modified from their original purpose, including Grigris, Revos, and Silent Partners. Rope-solo system The self-belay device is only one part of a complex system designed to ensure that the rope feeds through the self-belay device properly (in both directions) and that the base anchor can handle a wide range of forces. Some of the self-belay devices also require that the climber does not invert while falling, requiring additional systems. Rope-solo climbers use a range of backup systems in case the self-belay device fails to grip and arrest the fall, which can range from making knots in the rope to employing other braking devices. Variations Backlooping system. This is a technique where the rope-solo climber dispenses with the need to abseil down each completed pitch and then re-ascend the abseil rope, by conducting the rope-solo from fixed-point to fixed-point. While faster, backlooping systems are vulnerable to the individual fixed-points, and thus a failure of a fixed-point — or the application of the backloop system — on a fall can be fatal. Top rope soloing system. This is a technique where the rope-solo climber sets up a fixed rope, anchored at the top of the climb, and using a modified progress capture device (PCD), such as a Micro Traxion or a Camp Lift, and ascends the fixed rope, allowing the rope to pass-through the PCD, but in the event of a fall, the PCD grips the rope tightly; top rope soloing can be used in big wall climbing to speed up the process. Notable ascents and practitioners Keita Kurakami rope soloing while free climbing The Nose on El Capitan Many notable solo ascents by alpinists involved modified/customized versions of rope-solo climbing, including Walter Bonatti's "Z system" self-belay that he employed in making his first solo ascent of the south-east pillar of the Aiguille du Dru, known as the Bonatti Route. Other notable rope-solo ascents by rope-solo practitioners include: Freerider 5.12d (7c) on El Capitan (1000-metres, 37 pitches) In May 2007, Canadian Stephane Perron rope-soloed Freesider in a week. In October 2013, Jorg Verhoeven  rope-soloed the route in four days. In November 2016, Pete Whittaker rope-soloed the route in just over 20 hours. The Nose 5.14a (8b+) on El Capitan (870-metres, 31 pitches) In November 2018, Japanese climber Keita Kurakami became the fifth person to free climb The Nose, and the first person to do it as a rope-solo. German climber Alexander Huber, one of the strongest rock climbers in history, made several first free ascents of extreme big wall climbing routes using the rope-solo technique, including Nirwana 8c+ (5.14c) in 2012, Mauerläufer 8b+ (5.14a) in 2018, and Ramayana 8b+ (5.14a) in 2022. In 1992, French climber Catherine Destivelle rope-soloed the first part of the traditional climbing route El Matador 5.10d (6b+), on the Devils Tower in Wyoming (she free soloed the second part), which was captured in the climbing film, Ballade à Devil's Tower. In 1992, Destivelle used rope soloing to create Voie Destivelle (VI 5.11b A5) on the west face of the Petit Dru, and was captured in the climbing film, 11 Days on the Dru. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rope solo climbing. Lead climbing Traditional climbing References ^ a b c d e f g h i j Whittaker, Pete (14 August 2018). "How to Rope Solo". UKClimbing. Retrieved 3 March 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h Black, Christian (3 February 2022). "Rope Solo Rock Climbing: Understanding How It's Done". GearJunkie. Retrieved 3 March 2023. ^ Medina, Eddie (2015). "Fall on rock, rope solo climbing". American Alpine Journal. p. 79. Retrieved 3 March 2023. ^ "Fall on rock, bolt failure, rope soloing". American Alpine Journal. 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2023. ^ Wharton, Josh (22 August 2022). "How to top rope solo". Climbing. Retrieved 3 March 2023. ^ Bonatti, Walter (2001). The Mountains of My Life. Modern Library. ISBN 9780375756405. ^ McDonald, Dougald (6 June 2007). "All free rope-solo of El Capitan". Climbing. Retrieved 3 March 2023. ^ "Jorg Verhoeven: Freerider rope solo up El Capitan in Yosemite". PlanetMountain. 22 October 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2023. ^ "Pete Whittaker / Climbing interview after all-free rope-solo up El Capitan in a day". PlanetMountain. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2023. ^ Stirling, Sarah (15 November 2016). "First-ever El Cap all-free rope-solo in a day by Pete Whittaker". British Mountaineering Council. Retrieved 3 March 2023. ^ "Watch Pete Whittaker's One-Day El Cap Free Rope-Solo". Grippped Magazine. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2023. ^ Levy, Michael (19 November 2018). "Keita Kurakami Makes First All-Free Rope-Solo (and Fifth Free Overall) Ascent of the Nose". Retrieved 3 March 2023. ^ "Fabian Buhl rope-solo 8c first ascent / Ganesha at Loferer Alm in Austria". PlanetMountain. 16 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2023. ^ "Alexander Huber rope-solo first ascent of Mauerläufer 8b+ up Waidringer Steinplatte in Austria". PlanetMountain. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2023. ^ "This Legend is 54 and Just Climbed a New 5.14 Multi-Pitch Rope-solo". Gripped Magazine. 9 September 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2023. ^ "Watch Catherine Destivelle Free-Solo Devils Tower". Gripped. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2022. One of the most rad free-solos caught on film in the 1990s ^ Stefanello, Vinicio (24 July 2017). "Catherine Destivelle, climbing and alpinism there where it is dangerous to lean out". PlanetMountain. Retrieved 11 December 2022. Further reading Kirkpatrick, Andy (December 2023). On the Line: Top Rope Solo Manual. Cragmanship. ISBN 978-1999700553. Whittaker, Pete (August 2018). "How to Rope Solo - with Pete Whittaker". UK Climbing Magazine. Kirkpatrick, Andy (April 2017). Me, Myself & I: The dark arts of big wall soloing. ISBN 978-1545122259. External links Free Climbing vs Free Solo vs Solo Climbing, HardClimbs (2023) Watch Pete Whittaker’s One-Day El Cap Free Rope-Solo, Gripped Magazine (April 2018) Guide to Rope Soloing (Parts 1 to 4) by Andy Kirkpatrick (February 2011) vteClimbingTypesRock climbingDisciplines Aid Big wall Multi-pitch Bouldering Highball Competition Speed Free Sport Traditional Solo Free solo Deep-water solo Rope solo Top roping Rock types Crack Face Slab Mountaineering Alpine Via ferrata Himalayan Alpine style Expedition style Ice Mixed Dry-tooling Scrambling Hillwalking Other Buildering Canyoning Crane Grass Commercial Parkour Pole Ropes course Rooftopping Roof and tunnel hacking Slide Tree Lists Alpine clubs Climbers Piolet d'Or winners IFSC World Cup winners IFSC World Championships winners IFSC victories Deaths Eight-thousanders Everest Equipment Brands Knots Historical events Grade milestones First ascents Technique Terminology TerminologyEquipmentRock Anchor Ascender Croll Belay device Auto belay Glasses Figure-8 Bolt Boulder mat Carabiner Maillon Climbing rope Dynamic Static Chalk Harness Fifi hook Hammer Hex Nut Copperhead Piton Portaledge Quickdraw SLDs Grigri Revo Sling SCLDs Camalot Shoes Tricam Ice and snow Alpenstock Abalakov thread Bottled oxygen Crampons Ice axe Ice tool Ice screw Mountaineering boot Rescue Avalanche cord RECCO Transeiver Snow anchor Snowshoe Action Abseiling Australian Dülfersitz Belaying Crevasse rescue Front pointing Glissading Jumaring Leading Flashing Onsighting Redpointing Roof climbing Self-rescuing Simul Spotting Traversing Tyrolean Other Ape index Approach shoe Clean Climbing route Beta Guidebook Climbing wall Chipping First ascent Pitch Topo Exposure Fall factor Grades Guides Training Bachar ladder Campus board Hangboard MediaMagazines and journals Alpine Journal Alpinist American Alpine Journal Canadian Alpine Journal Climbing Desnivel Himalayan Journal Planinski Vestnik Rock & Ice Summit Non-fiction films The Alpinist El Capitan The Dawn Wall Free Solo Hard Grit Companies Black Diamond CAMP Cascade Designs Deuter Early Winters Eastern Mountain Sports Five Ten Frostline Kits GERRY Mountain Sports Grivel Holubar Mountaineering JanSport Sierra Designs Kelty La Sportiva Lowe Alpine Mammut Marmot Mountain Works Millet Mountain Equipment Co-op Mountain Safety Research Outdoor Research Patagonia Petzl Rab REI The North Face Therm-a-Rest Wild Country OrganizationsNational Access Fund Alpine Club Alpine Club of Canada American Alpine Club Appalachian Mountain Club Austrian Alpine Club British Mountaineering Council Club Alpin Français Club Alpino Italiano Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade German Alpine Club South African Climbing Federation South Tyrol Alpine Club Swiss Alpine Club USA Climbing International International Federation of Sport Climbing (IFSC) International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA) Union Internationale des Associations de Guides de Montagnes (UIAGM) Union of International Mountain Leader Associations (UIMLA) Portal Category Commons WikiProject
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For soloing with no protection, see Free solo climbing.Rope-solo climbing or rope-soloing (or self-belaying) is a form of solo climbing (i.e. performed alone without a climbing partner), but unlike with free solo climbing, which is also performed alone and with no climbing protection whatsoever, the rope-solo climber uses a mechanical self-belay device and rope system, which enables them to use the standard climbing protection to protect themselves in the event of a fall.Rope-soloing can be performed as free climbing in a traditional climbing or a sport climbing format. It can also be performed as aid climbing, and a modified version can be performed as top rope soloing. Due to the complexity of the self-belay system, and the greater workloads, it is still considered a hazardous technique.Versions of rope-solo climbing have been used by solo alpine climbers, including by French alpinist Catherine Destivelle, and Italian alpinist Walter Bonatti. Rope-solo climbing techniques have also been used on big wall climbing routes by climbers such as German Alexander Huber and British climber Pete Whittaker.","title":"Rope solo climbing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Bate_Rope_Solo_Zodiac_El_Capitan_I.jpg"},{"link_name":"aid climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_climbing"},{"link_name":"big wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_wall_climbing"},{"link_name":"VI 5.8 C3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(climbing)"},{"link_name":"El Capitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Capitan"},{"link_name":"lead climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_climbing"},{"link_name":"belayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belayer"},{"link_name":"belay device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belay_device"},{"link_name":"anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_(climbing)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GJ-2"},{"link_name":"route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing_routes"},{"link_name":"abseil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abseil"},{"link_name":"ascenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascender_(climbing)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GJ-2"}],"text":"Steve Bate rope soloing while aid climbing on the big wall route, Zodiac (VI 5.8 C3), on El CapitanIn rope-soloing, the climber acts as if they are lead climbing, but instead of having a partner (or belayer) who can arrest the rope in the event of a fall, the climber instead uses a self-belay device and rope system that automatically stops the rope in the event of a fall. In a normal lead climbing system, the lead climber ties into one end of the rope while their second clips-into the rope via their belay device. In rope-solo climbing, this is reversed. Instead, the rope-solo climber ties one end of the rope into a secure anchor at the base of the climb (that can withstand upward forces), and they clip-into the rope via their self-belay device.[1][2]As the rope-solo climber ascends, the rope pays through the self-belay device. The rope-solo climber will then clip-into either traditional, sport, or aid climbing protection as they ascend — like a normal lead climber. When the rope-solo climber reaches the top of the route, they then have to fix another anchor, abseil back down to the base of the climb and release the original anchor, and then re-ascend the fixed abseil rope — using ascenders — unclipping/taking out whatever climbing protection equipment they inserted on their earlier ascent. Thus the rope-solo climber has to do significantly more work than a normal lead climber with a climbing partner.[1][2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock-climbing equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-climbing_equipment"}],"text":"See also: Rock-climbing equipment","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GJ-2"},{"link_name":"Grigris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigri_(climbing)"},{"link_name":"Revos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revo_(climbing)"},{"link_name":"Silent Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-locking_device#Inertial_drum_brake_ascender"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GJ-2"}],"sub_title":"Self-belay device","text":"The most important piece of equipment is the self-belay device, which the climber wears near their chest/harness, which will allow the rope to pass through it as the climber is ascending, but will grip the rope tightly if it suddenly changes direction in the event of a fall.[1][2] Rope-solo climbers have used various types of self-belay devices, some modified from their original purpose, including Grigris, Revos, and Silent Partners.[1][2]","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GJ-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GJ-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GJ-2"}],"sub_title":"Rope-solo system","text":"The self-belay device is only one part of a complex system designed to ensure that the rope feeds through the self-belay device properly (in both directions) and that the base anchor can handle a wide range of forces.[1][2] Some of the self-belay devices also require that the climber does not invert while falling,[3] requiring additional systems.[1][2] Rope-solo climbers use a range of backup systems in case the self-belay device fails to grip and arrest the fall, which can range from making knots in the rope to employing other braking devices.[1][2]","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKC-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKC-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Top rope soloing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_rope_solo_climbing"},{"link_name":"big wall climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_wall_climbing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GJ-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Backlooping system. This is a technique where the rope-solo climber dispenses with the need to abseil down each completed pitch and then re-ascend the abseil rope, by conducting the rope-solo from fixed-point to fixed-point.[1] While faster, backlooping systems are vulnerable to the individual fixed-points,[1] and thus a failure of a fixed-point — or the application of the backloop system — on a fall can be fatal.[4]Top rope soloing system. 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Whittaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Whittaker"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PM1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMC-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Nose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nose_(El_Capitan)"},{"link_name":"5.14a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing"},{"link_name":"El Capitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Capitan"},{"link_name":"free climb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_climb"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Alexander Huber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Huber"},{"link_name":"first free ascents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_free_ascent"},{"link_name":"big wall climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_wall_climbing"},{"link_name":"8c+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"8b+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"8b+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Catherine Destivelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Destivelle"},{"link_name":"traditional climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_climbing"},{"link_name":"5.10d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing"},{"link_name":"Devils Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devils_Tower"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Petit Dru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Dru"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PM5-17"}],"text":"Keita Kurakami rope soloing while free climbing The Nose on El CapitanMany notable solo ascents by alpinists involved modified/customized versions of rope-solo climbing, including Walter Bonatti's \"Z system\" self-belay that he employed in making his first solo ascent of the south-east pillar of the Aiguille du Dru, known as the Bonatti Route.[6]Other notable rope-solo ascents by rope-solo practitioners include:Freerider 5.12d (7c) on El Capitan (1000-metres, 37 pitches) In May 2007, Canadian Stephane Perron rope-soloed Freesider in a week.[7] In October 2013, Jorg Verhoeven [it] rope-soloed the route in four days.[8] In November 2016, Pete Whittaker rope-soloed the route in just over 20 hours.[9][10][11]The Nose 5.14a (8b+) on El Capitan (870-metres, 31 pitches) In November 2018, Japanese climber Keita Kurakami became the fifth person to free climb The Nose, and the first person to do it as a rope-solo.[12]German climber Alexander Huber, one of the strongest rock climbers in history, made several first free ascents of extreme big wall climbing routes using the rope-solo technique, including Nirwana 8c+ (5.14c) in 2012,[13] Mauerläufer 8b+ (5.14a) in 2018,[14] and Ramayana 8b+ (5.14a) in 2022.[15]In 1992, French climber Catherine Destivelle rope-soloed the first part of the traditional climbing route El Matador 5.10d (6b+), on the Devils Tower in Wyoming (she free soloed the second part), which was captured in the climbing film, Ballade à Devil's Tower.[16] In 1992, Destivelle used rope soloing to create Voie Destivelle (VI 5.11b A5) on the west face of the Petit Dru, and was captured in the climbing film, 11 Days on the Dru.[17]","title":"Notable ascents and practitioners"}]
[{"image_text":"Steve Bate rope soloing while aid climbing on the big wall route, Zodiac (VI 5.8 C3), on El Capitan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Steve_Bate_Rope_Solo_Zodiac_El_Capitan_I.jpg/220px-Steve_Bate_Rope_Solo_Zodiac_El_Capitan_I.jpg"},{"image_text":"Keita Kurakami rope soloing while free climbing The Nose on El Capitan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Keita_Kurakami_Rope_Soloing_The_Nose_El_Capitan.webp/220px-Keita_Kurakami_Rope_Soloing_The_Nose_El_Capitan.webp.png"}]
[{"title":"Rope solo climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rope_solo_climbing"},{"title":"Lead climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_climbing"},{"title":"Traditional climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_climbing"}]
[{"reference":"Whittaker, Pete (14 August 2018). \"How to Rope Solo\". UKClimbing. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Whittaker","url_text":"Whittaker, Pete"},{"url":"https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/skills/series/pete_whittaker/how_to_rope_solo_-_with_pete_whittaker-11160","url_text":"\"How to Rope Solo\""}]},{"reference":"Black, Christian (3 February 2022). \"Rope Solo Rock Climbing: Understanding How It's Done\". GearJunkie. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gearjunkie.com/climbing/rope-solo-rock-climbing-how-to","url_text":"\"Rope Solo Rock Climbing: Understanding How It's Done\""}]},{"reference":"Medina, Eddie (2015). \"Fall on rock, rope solo climbing\". American Alpine Journal. p. 79. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/13201213563/Fall-on-Rock-Rope-Soloing","url_text":"\"Fall on rock, rope solo climbing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Alpine_Journal","url_text":"American Alpine Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Fall on rock, bolt failure, rope soloing\". American Alpine Journal. 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/13201213409/Fall-On-Rock-Bolt-Failure-Rope-Soloing","url_text":"\"Fall on rock, bolt failure, rope soloing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Alpine_Journal","url_text":"American Alpine Journal"}]},{"reference":"Wharton, Josh (22 August 2022). \"How to top rope solo\". Climbing. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.climbing.com/skills/how-to-toprope-solo/#_pay-wall","url_text":"\"How to top rope solo\""}]},{"reference":"Bonatti, Walter (2001). The Mountains of My Life. Modern Library. ISBN 9780375756405.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bonatti","url_text":"Bonatti, Walter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375756405","url_text":"9780375756405"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Dougald (6 June 2007). \"All free rope-solo of El Capitan\". Climbing. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.climbing.com/news/all-free-rope-solo-of-el-capitan/#_pay-wall","url_text":"\"All free rope-solo of El Capitan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jorg Verhoeven: Freerider rope solo up El Capitan in Yosemite\". PlanetMountain. 22 October 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/climbing/jorg-verhoeven-freerider-rope-solo-up-el-capitan-in-yosemite.html","url_text":"\"Jorg Verhoeven: Freerider rope solo up El Capitan in Yosemite\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pete Whittaker / Climbing interview after all-free rope-solo up El Capitan in a day\". PlanetMountain. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/interviews/pete-whittaker-interview-after-all-free-rope-solo-up-el-capitan-in-a-day.html","url_text":"\"Pete Whittaker / Climbing interview after all-free rope-solo up El Capitan in a day\""}]},{"reference":"Stirling, Sarah (15 November 2016). \"First-ever El Cap all-free rope-solo in a day by Pete Whittaker\". British Mountaineering Council. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebmc.co.uk/interview-pete-whittaker-makes-first-ever-allfree-rope-solo-of-el-cap-in-a-day","url_text":"\"First-ever El Cap all-free rope-solo in a day by Pete Whittaker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mountaineering_Council","url_text":"British Mountaineering Council"}]},{"reference":"\"Watch Pete Whittaker's One-Day El Cap Free Rope-Solo\". Grippped Magazine. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gripped.com/news/watch-pete-whittakers-one-day-el-cap-free-rope-solo/","url_text":"\"Watch Pete Whittaker's One-Day El Cap Free Rope-Solo\""}]},{"reference":"Levy, Michael (19 November 2018). \"Keita Kurakami Makes First All-Free Rope-Solo (and Fifth Free Overall) Ascent of the Nose\". Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockandice.com/climbing-news/keita-kurakami-makes-first-all-free-rope-solo-and-fifth-free-overall-ascent-of-the-nose/","url_text":"\"Keita Kurakami Makes First All-Free Rope-Solo (and Fifth Free Overall) Ascent of the Nose\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fabian Buhl rope-solo 8c first ascent / Ganesha at Loferer Alm in Austria\". PlanetMountain. 16 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/climbing/fabian-buhl-rope-solo-8c-first-ascent-ganesha-at-loferer-alm-in-austria.html","url_text":"\"Fabian Buhl rope-solo 8c first ascent / Ganesha at Loferer Alm in Austria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alexander Huber rope-solo first ascent of Mauerläufer 8b+ up Waidringer Steinplatte in Austria\". PlanetMountain. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/climbing/alexander-huber-rope-solo-first-ascent-mauerlaufer-waidringer-steinplatte-austria.html","url_text":"\"Alexander Huber rope-solo first ascent of Mauerläufer 8b+ up Waidringer Steinplatte in Austria\""}]},{"reference":"\"This Legend is 54 and Just Climbed a New 5.14 Multi-Pitch Rope-solo\". Gripped Magazine. 9 September 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gripped.com/news/this-legend-is-54-and-just-climbed-a-new-5-14-multi-pitch/","url_text":"\"This Legend is 54 and Just Climbed a New 5.14 Multi-Pitch Rope-solo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch Catherine Destivelle Free-Solo Devils Tower\". Gripped. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2022. One of the most rad free-solos caught on film in the 1990s","urls":[{"url":"https://gripped.com/video/watch-catherine-destivelle-free-solo-devils-tower/","url_text":"\"Watch Catherine Destivelle Free-Solo Devils Tower\""}]},{"reference":"Stefanello, Vinicio (24 July 2017). \"Catherine Destivelle, climbing and alpinism there where it is dangerous to lean out\". PlanetMountain. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/alpinism/catherine-destivelle-climbing-and-alpinism-there-where-it-is-dangerous-to-lean-out.html","url_text":"\"Catherine Destivelle, climbing and alpinism there where it is dangerous to lean out\""}]},{"reference":"Kirkpatrick, Andy (December 2023). On the Line: Top Rope Solo Manual. Cragmanship. ISBN 978-1999700553.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Kirkpatrick","url_text":"Kirkpatrick, Andy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1999700553","url_text":"978-1999700553"}]},{"reference":"Whittaker, Pete (August 2018). \"How to Rope Solo - with Pete Whittaker\". UK Climbing Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Whittaker","url_text":"Whittaker, Pete"},{"url":"https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/skills/series/pete_whittaker/how_to_rope_solo_-_with_pete_whittaker-11160","url_text":"\"How to Rope Solo - with Pete Whittaker\""}]},{"reference":"Kirkpatrick, Andy (April 2017). Me, Myself & I: The dark arts of big wall soloing. ISBN 978-1545122259.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Kirkpatrick","url_text":"Kirkpatrick, Andy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1545122259","url_text":"978-1545122259"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_caucus
Congressional caucus
["1 Party caucuses and conferences in the United States Congress","2 Ideological conferences","3 Racial and ethnic caucuses","4 ERA Caucus","5 LGBT+ caucus","6 Interest group caucuses","7 Rules","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References"]
Group of members of the US Congress For a list of caucuses, see Caucuses of the United States Congress. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Congressional caucus" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A congressional caucus is a group of members of the United States Congress that meet to pursue common legislative objectives. Formally, caucuses are formed as congressional member organizations (CMOs) through the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate and governed under the rules of these chambers. In addition to the term "caucus", they are sometimes called conferences (especially Republican ones), coalitions, study groups, task forces, or working groups. Many other countries use the term parliamentary group; the Parliament of the United Kingdom has many all-party parliamentary groups. Party caucuses and conferences in the United States Congress The largest caucuses are the party caucuses comprising all members of one house from one party (either the Democrats or the Republicans) in addition to any independent members who may caucus with either party. These are the House Democratic Caucus, House Republican Conference, Senate Democratic Caucus and Senate Republican Conference. The caucuses meet regularly in closed sessions for both the House of Representatives and the Senate to set legislative agendas, select committee members and chairs and hold elections to choose various floor leaders. They also oversee the four Hill committees, political party committees that work to elect members of their own party to Congress. Ideological conferences Democratic Party (212)   Congressional Progressive Caucus: 73 seats   NDC and CPC: 23 seats  New Democrat Coalition: 70 seats   BDC and NDC: 5 seats   Blue Dog Coalition: 5 seats   Other Democrats: 36 seats Vacant (6)   Vacant (6) Republican Party (217)   Other Republicans: 14 seats   Republican Study Committee: 162 seats   RSC and Freedom Caucus: 17 seats   Freedom Caucus: 24 seats(Excluding Republican Governance Group) Ideological congressional caucuses can represent a political party within a political party. In the United States two-party dominant political system, these congressional caucuses help congregate and advance the ideals of a more focused ideology within the two major relatively big tent political parties. Some caucuses are organized political factions with a common ideological orientation. Most ideological caucuses are confined to the House of Representatives. The rosters of large caucuses are usually listed publicly. Members of Congress are not restricted to a single ideological caucus, creating overlaps between the organisations. Racial and ethnic caucuses Among the most visible caucuses are those composed of members sharing the same race or ethnic group. The most high profile of these represent people of color. The Congressional Black Caucus, Congressional Hispanic Caucus, and the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus also form the Congressional Tri Caucus when they sit together. The Congressional Black Caucus for African-Americans The two Hispanic caucuses: The Congressional Hispanic Caucus for Hispanic Democrats only (Hispanic Republicans are barred from membership per 2000s rule change) The Congressional Hispanic Conference for Hispanic Republicans, who formerly belonged to the Hispanic Caucus but later formed their own caucus due to being barred The Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus represents members who are Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders but are open to other members as well White Americans / European Americans are the only racial ethnic group that lacks a caucus. ERA Caucus The ERA Caucus (Equal Rights Amendment Caucus) was formed March 28, 2023, by representatives Ayanna Pressley and Cori Bush to affirm the Equal Rights Amendment as the 28th amendment of the U.S. Constitution, having met all requirements of Article V in 2020 with the ratification by the 38th state, Virginia. The Caucus has quickly grown to be one of the largest in the U.S. House of Representatives, standing at 69 members in May 2023. The ERA Caucus quickly showed their support of the ERA, marching on April 28, 2023 to the Senate in support of S.J. Res 4, the bill to affirm the ERA. LGBT+ caucus The formation of the Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus was announced on June 4, 2008, by openly gay members of congress Tammy Baldwin and Barney Frank. The mission of the caucus is to work for LGBT rights, the repeal of laws discriminatory against LGBT persons, the elimination of hate-motivated violence, and improved health and well-being for all persons, regardless of sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression. The caucus serves as a resource for Members of Congress, their staffs, and the public on LGBT issues. The LGBT Equality Caucus admits any member who is willing to advance LGBT rights, regardless of their sexual identity or orientation; it has historically been co-chaired by every openly-LGBT member of the House. The caucus had 194 members, all of them Democrats, in the 118th United States Congress. Interest group caucuses The most common caucuses consist of members united as an interest group. These are often bipartisan (comprising both Democrats and Republicans) and bicameral (comprising both Representatives and Senators). Examples like the Congressional Bike Caucus works to promote cycling and the Senate Taiwan Caucus promotes strong relationships with Taiwan. Rules The House Committee on House Administration (HCHA) prescribes certain rules for Congressional Member Organizations (CMOs). Each Congress, CMOs must electronically register with the Committee on House Administration, providing the name of the caucus, a statement of purpose, the CMO officers and the employee designated to work on issues related to the CMO. The HCHA rules include the following: Members of both the House and Senate may participate in CMO, but at least one of the officers of the CMO must be a Member of the House. The participation of Senators in a CMO does not impact the scope of authorized CMO activities in any regard. CMOs have no separate corporate or legal identity. A CMO is not an employing authority. The Members' Representational Allowance may not directly support a CMO as an independent entity. A CMO may not be assigned separate office space. Neither CMOs nor individual members may accept goods, funds, or services from private organizations or individuals to support the CMO. Members may use personal funds to support the CMO. A member of a CMO may utilize employees (including shared employees) and official resources under the control of the member to assist the CMO in carrying out its legislative objectives, but no employees may be appointed in the name of a CMO. CMOs may not use the frank (congressional free mailing) privilege, nor may a member lend their frank to a CMO. A member may use official resources for communications related to the purpose of a CMO. Any such communications must comply with the franking regulations. Members may devote a section of their official website to CMO issues, but CMOs may not have independent web pages. A member may use inside mail to communicate information related to a CMO. Members may prepare material related to CMO issues for dissemination. Official funds may not be used to print or pay for stationery for the CMO. Members may refer to their membership in a CMO on their official stationery. See also All-party parliamentary group Caucuses of the United States Congress Factions in the Democratic Party (United States) Factions in the Republican Party (United States) Notes ^ Here, Congress refers to an elected set of Congresspersons spanning from one congressional election to the next. The 114th Congress lasted from January 3, 2015 to January 3, 2017. ^ a b The Freedom caucus does not publish its member roster and the actual count may therefore be higher. References ^ "Congressional Member Organizations: Their Purpose and Activities, History, and Formation" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. January 26, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ "All-party Parliamentary Groups". BBC News. August 20, 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ Hawkings, David (January 19, 2016). "The House's Ideology, in Seven Circles". Roll Call. Retrieved January 6, 2021. ^ Savery, Hunter. "New House caucus pushes for ratification of Equal Rights Amendment". Capital News Service. Retrieved May 26, 2023. ^ Pressley, Ayanna. "Pressley, Bush Launch First-Ever Congressional Equal Rights Amendment Caucus". Official Rep. Pressley website. Retrieved May 26, 2023. ^ Pressley, Ayanna. "Tweet of march to Senate on ERA". Twitter. Retrieved May 26, 2023. ^ "House Members Form LGBT Equality Caucus: Goal is Equality for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) Americans" (Press release). LGBT Equality Caucus. June 4, 2008. Archived from the original on December 11, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2013. ^ "U.S. House Members Form First Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus", The Advocate, February 5, 2008, retrieved April 7, 2010 ^ a b "Mission". LGBT Equality Caucus. June 12, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2019. vteIdeological caucuses in the United States Congress Factions in the Democratic Party Factions in the Republican Party HouseRepublicans (217) Republican Study Committee (156) Republican Main Street Caucus (70) Freedom Caucus (45) Republican Governance Group (42) Second Amendment Caucus (14) Liberty Caucus (9) Democrats (213) New Democrat Coalition (98) Congressional Progressive Caucus (96) Labor Caucus (95) Medicare for All Caucus (58) Congressional Freethought Caucus (17) Blue Dog Coalition (10) Bipartisan Climate Solutions Caucus (64) Problem Solvers Caucus (63) Senate Climate Solutions Caucus (13) * Republican Main Street Caucus (5) Congressional Progressive Caucus (1) Caucuses with no known membership as of the 117th Congress do not have memberships listed. vteUnited States Congress House of Representatives Senate Joint session (117th ← 118th → 119th) Lists of United States Congress Members and leadersMembershipMembers By length of service By shortness of service Youngest members Non-voting members Unseated members Senate Members seniority Dean Former Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. Resigned Appointed Switched parties House Members seniority Dean Former Expelled, censured, and reprimanded Served a single term Lost re-election in a primary Switched parties Elected but did not serve New members 90th (1967) 91st (1969) 92nd (1971) 93rd (1973) 94th (1975) 95th (1977) 96th (1979) 97th (1981) 98th (1983) 99th (1985) 100th (1987) 101st (1989) 102nd (1991) 103rd (1993) 104th (1995) 105th (1997) 106th (1999) 107th (2001) 108th (2003) 109th (2005) 110th (2007) 111th (2009) 112th (2011) 113th (2013) 114th (2015) 115th (2017) 116th (2019) 117th (2021) 118th (2023) LeadersSenate President list President pro tempore list Leaders Democratic Caucus Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair Republican Conference Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair House Speaker list Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Gerrymandering GroupsCongressional caucus Caucuses of the United States Congress Ethnic and racial African-American members Senate House Black Caucus Arab and Middle Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members list Hispanic Caucus Hispanic Conference Jewish members Congressional Jewish Caucus Native American members Gender and sexual identity LGBT members Equality Caucus Women Senate House Issues Caucus current House Occupation Physicians Religion Buddhist members Hindu members Jewish members Mormon (LDS) members Muslim members Quaker members Sikh members Related By length of service historically Current members by wealth From multiple states Died in office 1790–1899 1900–1949 1950–1999 2000–present Killed or wounded in office Party switchers Slave owners Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, mediaPowers Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Senate-specific Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions Media C-SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Capitol Complex (Capitol Hill)Legislativeoffices Congressional staff Gov. Accountability Office (GAO) Comptroller General Architect of the Capitol Cap. Police Board Cap. Guide Service Congr. Budget Office (CBO) Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR) Library of Congress Gov. Publishing Office (GPO) Technology Assessment OfficesSenate Curator Historical Library House Congr. Ethics Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Legislative Counsel Library EmployeesSenate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library ofCongress Congressional Research Service reports Copyright Office Register of Copyrights Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Gov.Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory U.S. Gov. Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Building Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way VP's Room VP Bust Collection OfficebuildingsSenate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Otherfacilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Related Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying vteLobbying in the United StatesHistoryTopics Direct lobbying Political action committee Hybrid PAC 527 organization Campaign finance (reform) Legislative scorecard Major industrial and business lobbies Agricultural Energy Health Insurance Organized labor Pharmaceutical Software Tobacco Transportation Major single-issue lobbies Administration Abortion Environmental Federal leadership Feminism Foreign policy Guns Immigration LGBT Retirees Taxes Diaspora and ethnic lobbies Arab Egypt Libya Saudi Arabia Armenia China Cuba (Anti Castro) Greece Ireland Israel Jewish lobby Anti-Israel lobby Pakistan Turkey Japan See also Congressional caucus
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caucuses of the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucuses_of_the_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambers_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"coalitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalitions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"parliamentary group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_group"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"all-party parliamentary groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-party_parliamentary_group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For a list of caucuses, see Caucuses of the United States Congress.A congressional caucus is a group of members of the United States Congress that meet to pursue common legislative objectives. Formally, caucuses are formed as congressional member organizations (CMOs) through the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate and governed under the rules of these chambers. In addition to the term \"caucus\", they are sometimes called conferences (especially Republican ones), coalitions, study groups, task forces, or working groups.[1] Many other countries use the term parliamentary group; the Parliament of the United Kingdom has many all-party parliamentary groups.[2]","title":"Congressional caucus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caucuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus"},{"link_name":"party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"House Democratic Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus"},{"link_name":"House Republican Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Republican_Conference"},{"link_name":"Senate Democratic Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus"},{"link_name":"Senate Republican Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference"},{"link_name":"closed sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congressional_committee"},{"link_name":"floor leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_leader"},{"link_name":"Hill committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_committee"},{"link_name":"political party committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party_committee"},{"link_name":"party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States"}],"text":"The largest caucuses are the party caucuses comprising all members of one house from one party (either the Democrats or the Republicans) in addition to any independent members who may caucus with either party. These are the House Democratic Caucus, House Republican Conference, Senate Democratic Caucus and Senate Republican Conference. The caucuses meet regularly in closed sessions for both the House of Representatives and the Senate to set legislative agendas, select committee members and chairs and hold elections to choose various floor leaders. They also oversee the four Hill committees, political party committees that work to elect members of their own party to Congress.","title":"Party caucuses and conferences in the United States Congress"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_House_of_Representatives_2024_by_caucus.svg"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Congressional Progressive Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus"},{"link_name":"NDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition"},{"link_name":"CPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus"},{"link_name":"New Democrat Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition"},{"link_name":"BDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition"},{"link_name":"NDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Blue Dog Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republican Study Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee"},{"link_name":"RSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee"},{"link_name":"Freedom Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Caucus"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unlisted-3"},{"link_name":"Freedom Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Caucus"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unlisted-3"},{"link_name":"Republican Governance Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group"},{"link_name":"big tent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_tent"},{"link_name":"political factions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_faction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hawkings_2016-4"}],"text":"Democratic Party (212)   Congressional Progressive Caucus: 73 seats   NDC and CPC: 23 seats  New Democrat Coalition: 70 seats   BDC and NDC: 5 seats   Blue Dog Coalition: 5 seats   Other Democrats: 36 seats Vacant (6)   Vacant (6) Republican Party (217)   Other Republicans: 14 seats   Republican Study Committee: 162 seats   RSC and Freedom Caucus: 17 seats[a]   Freedom Caucus: 24 seats[a](Excluding Republican Governance Group)Ideological congressional caucuses can represent a political party within a political party. In the United States two-party dominant political system, these congressional caucuses help congregate and advance the ideals of a more focused ideology within the two major relatively big tent political parties. Some caucuses are organized political factions with a common ideological orientation.[3] Most ideological caucuses are confined to the House of Representatives. The rosters of large caucuses are usually listed publicly. Members of Congress are not restricted to a single ideological caucus, creating overlaps between the organisations.","title":"Ideological conferences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)"},{"link_name":"ethnic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group"},{"link_name":"people of color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_color"},{"link_name":"Congressional Black Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus"},{"link_name":"African-Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic"},{"link_name":"Congressional Hispanic Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Caucus"},{"link_name":"Congressional Hispanic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Asian_Pacific_American_Caucus"},{"link_name":"Asian Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American"},{"link_name":"White Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americans"},{"link_name":"European Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Americans"}],"text":"Among the most visible caucuses are those composed of members sharing the same race or ethnic group. The most high profile of these represent people of color. The Congressional Black Caucus, Congressional Hispanic Caucus, and the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus also form the Congressional Tri Caucus when they sit together.The Congressional Black Caucus for African-Americans\nThe two Hispanic caucuses:\nThe Congressional Hispanic Caucus for Hispanic Democrats only (Hispanic Republicans are barred from membership per 2000s rule change)\nThe Congressional Hispanic Conference for Hispanic Republicans, who formerly belonged to the Hispanic Caucus but later formed their own caucus due to being barred\nThe Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus represents members who are Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders but are open to other members as wellWhite Americans / European Americans are the only racial ethnic group that lacks a caucus.","title":"Racial and ethnic caucuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayanna Pressley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayanna_Pressley"},{"link_name":"Cori Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cori_Bush"},{"link_name":"Equal Rights Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The ERA Caucus (Equal Rights Amendment Caucus) was formed March 28, 2023, by representatives Ayanna Pressley and Cori Bush to affirm the Equal Rights Amendment as the 28th amendment of the U.S. Constitution,[4] having met all requirements of Article V in 2020 with the ratification by the 38th state, Virginia.[5] The Caucus has quickly grown to be one of the largest in the U.S. House of Representatives, standing at 69 members in May 2023.The ERA Caucus quickly showed their support of the ERA, marching on April 28, 2023 to the Senate in support of S.J. Res 4, the bill to affirm the ERA.[6]","title":"ERA Caucus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Equality_Caucus"},{"link_name":"openly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"Tammy Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Barney Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Frank"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights"},{"link_name":"hate-motivated violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crimes"},{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"gender identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity"},{"link_name":"gender expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_expression"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mission-10"},{"link_name":"Members of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mission-10"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"118th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress"}],"text":"The formation of the Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus was announced on June 4, 2008, by openly gay members of congress Tammy Baldwin and Barney Frank.[7][8] The mission of the caucus is to work for LGBT rights, the repeal of laws discriminatory against LGBT persons, the elimination of hate-motivated violence, and improved health and well-being for all persons, regardless of sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression.[9] The caucus serves as a resource for Members of Congress, their staffs, and the public on LGBT issues.[9]The LGBT Equality Caucus admits any member who is willing to advance LGBT rights, regardless of their sexual identity or orientation; it has historically been co-chaired by every openly-LGBT member of the House. The caucus had 194 members, all of them Democrats, in the 118th United States Congress.","title":"LGBT+ caucus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interest group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_group"},{"link_name":"bipartisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartisanship"},{"link_name":"bicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism"},{"link_name":"Congressional Bike Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Bike_Caucus"},{"link_name":"cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling"},{"link_name":"Senate Taiwan Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Taiwan_Caucus"}],"text":"The most common caucuses consist of members united as an interest group. These are often bipartisan (comprising both Democrats and Republicans) and bicameral (comprising both Representatives and Senators). Examples like the Congressional Bike Caucus works to promote cycling and the Senate Taiwan Caucus promotes strong relationships with Taiwan.","title":"Interest group caucuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House Committee on House Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_House_Administration"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"statement of purpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_of_purpose"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"legal identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_personality"},{"link_name":"frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franking"}],"text":"The House Committee on House Administration (HCHA) prescribes certain rules for Congressional Member Organizations (CMOs). Each Congress,[nb 1] CMOs must electronically register with the Committee on House Administration, providing the name of the caucus, a statement of purpose, the CMO officers and the employee[clarification needed] designated to work on issues related to the CMO. The HCHA rules include the following:Members of both the House and Senate may participate in CMO, but at least one of the officers of the CMO must be a Member of the House. The participation of Senators in a CMO does not impact the scope of authorized CMO activities in any regard.\nCMOs have no separate corporate or legal identity. A CMO is not an employing authority. The Members' Representational Allowance may not directly support a CMO as an independent entity. A CMO may not be assigned separate office space.\nNeither CMOs nor individual members may accept goods, funds, or services from private organizations or individuals to support the CMO. Members may use personal funds to support the CMO.\nA member of a CMO may utilize employees (including shared employees) and official resources under the control of the member to assist the CMO in carrying out its legislative objectives, but no employees may be appointed in the name of a CMO.\nCMOs may not use the frank (congressional free mailing) privilege, nor may a member lend their frank to a CMO.\nA member may use official resources for communications related to the purpose of a CMO. Any such communications must comply with the franking regulations.\nMembers may devote a section of their official website to CMO issues, but CMOs may not have independent web pages.\nA member may use inside mail to communicate information related to a CMO.\nMembers may prepare material related to CMO issues for dissemination.\nOfficial funds may not be used to print or pay for stationery for the CMO.\nMembers may refer to their membership in a CMO on their official stationery.","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"114th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/114th_Congress"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Unlisted_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Unlisted_3-1"}],"text":"^ Here, Congress refers to an elected set of Congresspersons spanning from one congressional election to the next. The 114th Congress lasted from January 3, 2015 to January 3, 2017.^ a b The Freedom caucus does not publish its member roster and the actual count may therefore be higher.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Democratic Party (212)   Congressional Progressive Caucus: 73 seats   NDC and CPC: 23 seats  New Democrat Coalition: 70 seats   BDC and NDC: 5 seats   Blue Dog Coalition: 5 seats   Other Democrats: 36 seats Vacant (6)   Vacant (6) Republican Party (217)   Other Republicans: 14 seats   Republican Study Committee: 162 seats   RSC and Freedom Caucus: 17 seats[a]   Freedom Caucus: 24 seats[a](Excluding Republican Governance Group)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/United_States_House_of_Representatives_2024_by_caucus.svg/220px-United_States_House_of_Representatives_2024_by_caucus.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"All-party parliamentary group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-party_parliamentary_group"},{"title":"Caucuses of the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucuses_of_the_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"title":"Factions in the Republican Party (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Congressional Member Organizations: Their Purpose and Activities, History, and Formation\" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. January 26, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40683.pdf","url_text":"\"Congressional Member Organizations: Their Purpose and Activities, History, and Formation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service","url_text":"Congressional Research Service"}]},{"reference":"\"All-party Parliamentary Groups\". BBC News. August 20, 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/guides/newsid_81000/81876.stm","url_text":"\"All-party Parliamentary Groups\""}]},{"reference":"Hawkings, David (January 19, 2016). \"The House's Ideology, in Seven Circles\". Roll Call. Retrieved January 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rollcall.com/news/hawkings/houses-ideology-seven-circles","url_text":"\"The House's Ideology, in Seven Circles\""}]},{"reference":"Savery, Hunter. \"New House caucus pushes for ratification of Equal Rights Amendment\". Capital News Service. Retrieved May 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cnsmaryland.org/2023/03/28/new-house-caucus-pushes-for-ratification-of-equal-rights-amendment/","url_text":"\"New House caucus pushes for ratification of Equal Rights Amendment\""}]},{"reference":"Pressley, Ayanna. \"Pressley, Bush Launch First-Ever Congressional Equal Rights Amendment Caucus\". Official Rep. Pressley website. Retrieved May 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pressley.house.gov/2023/03/28/pressley-bush-launch-first-ever-congressional-equal-rights-amendment-caucus/","url_text":"\"Pressley, Bush Launch First-Ever Congressional Equal Rights Amendment Caucus\""}]},{"reference":"Pressley, Ayanna. \"Tweet of march to Senate on ERA\". Twitter. Retrieved May 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/ERACaucus/status/1651628601161261060?s=20","url_text":"\"Tweet of march to Senate on ERA\""}]},{"reference":"\"House Members Form LGBT Equality Caucus: Goal is Equality for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) Americans\" (Press release). LGBT Equality Caucus. June 4, 2008. Archived from the original on December 11, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121211215507/http://lgbt.polis.house.gov/samplePress.shtml","url_text":"\"House Members Form LGBT Equality Caucus: Goal is Equality for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) Americans\""},{"url":"http://lgbt.polis.house.gov/samplePress.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. House Members Form First Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus\", The Advocate, February 5, 2008, retrieved April 7, 2010","urls":[{"url":"http://www.advocate.com/article.aspx?id=42769","url_text":"\"U.S. House Members Form First Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)","url_text":"The Advocate"}]},{"reference":"\"Mission\". LGBT Equality Caucus. June 12, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://lgbt-cicilline.house.gov/mission","url_text":"\"Mission\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein_Yari
Hossein Yari
["1 Filmography","2 References","3 External links"]
Iranian actor This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hossein YariBorn (1968-12-18) December 18, 1968 (age 55)Malayer, IranYears active1980–presentHeight1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)Children3 Hossein Yari (also Hosein Yari, Persian: حسین یاری; born 1968 in Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian actor. He started acting in theatre first, then joined the Iranian TV. Filmography Blue Whale - 2019 Wishbone - 2017 Mazar-i-Sharif - 2017 Baradar - 2016 Hooshe Siah 2 (Dark Intelligence 2) - 2013 Abrhaye Arghavani (Crimson Clouds) - 2011 Yek Satr Vagheiat (One Line of Truth) - 2011 Sa'adat Abad (Felicity Land) - 2010 Hooshe Siah - 2010 Mim Mesle Madar (M For Mother) - 2006 Dame sobh (Day Break) - 2005 Naqmeh - 2002 Shabe Dahom (Tenth Night; TV series) - 2002 Maryame Moghaddas (Holy Mary) - 2000 Boloogh (Maturity) - 1999 The Men of Angelos - 1998 Silence Fly - 1998 Donyaye Varuneh (Upside-down World) - 1997 Sor'at (Speed) - 1995 Akharin Marhaleh (The Last Stage) - 1995 Hamleh Beh H3 (Attack on H3) - 1994 Mantagheh Mamnoon'e (Forbidden Zone) - 1994 Jaye Amin - 1993 Goriz (Escape) - 1992 Atash dar Kharman - 1991 Hoor dar Atash - 1991 References ^ "Iran's "Wishbone" Wins Best Feature Film Award at Hollywood's WIND Film Festicval". Payvand. March 13, 2017. ^ "Award for 'Mazar-i-Sharif' at Australia Film Festival". Financial Tribune. March 12, 2017. External links Hossein Yari at the Iranian internet movie database sourehcinema (Persian) vteCrystal Simorgh for Best Supporting Actor No Winner 1983 Parviz Parastui (1984) No Winner 1985 Esmaeil Mohammadi (1986) Saeed Poursamimi (1987) Saeed Poursamimi (1988) Mahmoud Jafari (1989) Akbar Abdi (1990) Saeed Poursamimi (1991) Majid Mozaffari (1992) Jahanbakhsh Soltani (1993) Jafar Dehghan (1994) Ali Mosaffa (1995) Hossein Yari (1996) Amin Tarokh (1997) Reza Kianian (1998) Hossein Mahjoub (1999) Hamid Farrokhnezhad (2000) Dariush Arjmand (2001) Ezzatolah Entezami (2002) Not Awarded 2003 Kambiz Dirbaz (2004) Khosrow Shakibai (2005) Hamid Lolayi (2006) Afshin Hashemi (2007) Mohsen Tanabandeh (2008) Alireza Khamseh (2009) Mehdi Faghih (2010) Hamed Behdad (2011) Akbar Abdi (2012) Rambod Javan (2013) Babak Hamidian (2014) Houman Seyyedi (2015) Navid Mohammadzadeh (2016) Navid Mohammadzadeh (2017) Jamshid Hashempour (2018) Ali Nassirian (2019) Amir Aghaei (2020) Pouria Rahimi Sam (2021) Nader Soleimani (2022) Sajjad Babaee (2023) Behzad Khalaj (2024) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States This article about an Iranian actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Blue
In Blue
["1 Track listing","1.1 Special edition","2 Personnel","2.1 The band","2.2 Featuring","2.3 Guest musicians","2.4 Production","3 Charts","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","3.3 Decade-end chart","4 Certifications","5 Release history","6 References"]
For other uses, see In Blue (disambiguation). 2000 studio album by the CorrsIn BlueInternational standard edition cover. The U.S. cover uses the same image as the special edition.Studio album by the CorrsReleased17 July 2000 (2000-07-17)StudioWestland Studios (Dublin, Ireland) Windmill Lane Studios (Dublin) Sully Sound (Vaud, Switzerland)GenrePop rockCeltic fusionLength58:55LabelAtlantic143ProducerThe CorrsRobert John "Mutt" LangeAnthony DrennanMitchell FroomBilly FarrellTim MartinJohn HughesThe Corrs chronology The Corrs Unplugged(1999) In Blue(2000) Best of The Corrs(2001) Singles from In Blue "Breathless"Released: June 2000 "Irresistible"Released: September 2000 "Give Me a Reason"Released: February 2001 "All the Love in the World"Released: 11 June 2001 Alternate coverspecial edition Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicentertainment.ieEntertainment WeeklyC−NME5/10 In Blue is the third studio album by Irish pop rock band the Corrs, released in 2000 which saw the band become known in the United States. The title of the album comes from a lyric in the song "Give Me a Reason". As well as the UK number one single "Breathless", the album also contains new versions of "Radio" and "At Your Side", which had appeared on their previous album The Corrs Unplugged. Mutt Lange co-wrote and produced three songs from the album. Several of the tracks were used in various television programmes and films: "Rebel Heart" as the theme for the TV miniseries of the same name; "One Night" in Mad About Mambo; "At Your Side" in Say It Isn't So and the trailer for the film The Holiday; and "All the Love in the World" in the film America's Sweethearts. At the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards, "Breathless" was nominated for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, while "Rebel Heart" was nominated for Best Pop Instrumental Performance. Track listing All tracks are written by the Corrs, with additional writing by Robert John "Mutt" Lange on tracks 1, 5 and 7No.TitleProducer(s)Length1."Breathless"Robert John "Mutt" Lange3:282."Give Me a Reason"Andrea CorrSharon CorrCaroline CorrJim Corr3:293."Somebody for Someone"The CorrsDFHMMitchell Froom (add.)4:004."Say"The CorrsFroom4:335."All the Love in the World"Lange4:226."Radio"The CorrsDFHMFroom (add.)4:147."Irresistible"Lange3:408."One Night"The CorrsDFHMFroom (add.)4:389."All in a Day"The Corrs3:4310."At Your Side"The CorrsFroom3:5511."No More Cry"The CorrsDFHMFroom (add.)2:5912."Rain"The CorrsDFHMFroom (add.)4:1513."Give It All Up"The CorrsFroom (add.)3:2814."Hurt Before"The CorrsFroom4:0515."Rebel Heart" (instrumental)The CorrsBilly FarrellJohn HughesFroom (add.)4:06 Latin American bonus tracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length16."Una Noche" (featuring Alejandro Sanz)The CorrsAlejandro SanzThe CorrsDFHMFroom (add.)4:3017."Judy"The CorrsThe CorrsDFHM2:40 Australian bonus trackNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length16."Judy"The CorrsThe CorrsDFHM2:40 Special edition Disc oneNo.TitleLength1."Breathless"3:282."Give Me a Reason"3:293."Somebody for Someone"4:004."Say"4:335."All the Love in the World"4:226."Radio"4:147."Irresistible"3:408."One Night"4:389."All in a Day"3:4310."At Your Side"3:5511."No More Cry"2:5912."Rain"4:1513."Give It All Up"3:2814."Hurt Before"4:0515."Rebel Heart"4:0616."Judy"2:40 Disc twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Somebody for Someone" (acoustic version)The Corrs3:242."No More Cry" (acoustic version)The Corrs2:533."Radio" (acoustic version)The Corrs4:144."At Your Side" (acoustic version)The Corrs3:505."Love in the Milky Way"The CorrsOliver LeiberJohn Shanks4:016."Looking in the Eyes of Love"KostasTricia Walker4:327."Haste to the Wedding" (live instrumental)Traditional5:008."So Young" (live (bonus track on some issues))The Corrs7:34 Personnel The band Andrea Corr – lead vocals, tin whistle Caroline Corr – drums, bodhran, piano, vocals Jim Corr – guitar, keyboards, piano, vocals Sharon Corr – violin, vocals Featuring Anthony Drennan – guitars, lead guitar Keith Duffy – bass guitar Guest musicians Ronan Dooney – trumpet Paul Duffy – saxophone Mitchell Froom – keyboards Billy Farrell – keyboards Fiachra Trench – string arrangement Production Producers: The Corrs, Robert John "Mutt" Lange, DFHM, Mitchell Froom, Billy Farrell, John Hughes Engineer: Tim Martin Assistant engineer: Frances Murphy Mixing: Adam Olmsted, Mike Shipley Pre-programming: Richard Meyer aka Swayd Programming: Richard Meyer aka Swayd, Cory Churko, Oisin Murry String arrangements: Fiachra Trench Production consultant: Mitchell Froom Art direction: Elizabeth Barrett Design: Andrea Brooks Photography: Rankin, Norman Jean Roy Charts Weekly charts Chart (2000) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 1 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 1 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 2 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 1 Canadian Albums (RPM) 5 Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI) 4 Danish Albums (Tracklisten) 2 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 2 European Albums (Billboard) 1 Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) 2 French Albums (SNEP) 2 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 1 Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ) 10 Irish Albums (IRMA) 1 Italian Albums (FIMI) 2 Japanese Albums (Oricon) 11 Malaysian Albums (RIM) 1 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 2 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 1 Polish Albums (ZPAV) 20 Portuguese Albums (AFP) 1 Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) 1 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 1 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 1 UK Albums (OCC) 1 US Billboard 200 21 Year-end charts Chart (2000) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) 11 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 6 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 12 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 9 Canadian Albums (Nielsen SoundScan) 105 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 12 European Albums (Music & Media) 5 Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) 129 French Albums (SNEP) 22 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 4 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 15 Portuguese Albums (AFP) 6 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 7 UK Albums (OCC) 16 US Billboard 200 119 Chart (2001) Position Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 99 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 69 UK Albums (OCC) 102 Decade-end chart Chart (2000–2009) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) 85 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) 4× Platinum 280,000^ Austria (IFPI Austria) 2× Platinum 100,000* Belgium (BEA) Platinum 50,000* Canada (Music Canada) Platinum 100,000^ Denmark (IFPI Danmark) 2× Platinum   Finland — 16,872 France (SNEP) Platinum 300,000* Germany (BVMI) 3× Gold 450,000^ Hong Kong (IFPI Hong Kong) Gold   Indonesia Platinum   Ireland (IRMA) 6× Platinum 90,000^ Italy (FIMI) 2× Platinum 200,000* Japan (RIAJ) Gold 100,000^ Malaysia Platinum   Mexico (AMPROFON) Gold 75,000^ Netherlands (NVPI) Platinum 80,000^ New Zealand (RMNZ) 4× Platinum 60,000^ Norway (IFPI Norway) Platinum 50,000* Philippines (PARI) Gold 20,000* Portugal (AFP) Gold 20,000^ Singapore (RIAS) 2× Platinum 30,000* Spain (PROMUSICAE) 3× Platinum 300,000^ Sweden (GLF) Platinum 80,000^ Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) Platinum 50,000^ Taiwan (RIT) Gold 25,000* Thailand Gold   United Kingdom (BPI) 3× Platinum 900,000^ United States (RIAA) Platinum 1,000,000^ Summaries Europe (IFPI) 3× Platinum 3,000,000* * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Release history Region Date Format Australia 10 July 2000 CD United Kingdom 17 July 2000 CD, cassette 20 November 2000 special edition CD and cassette 26 August 2002 DVD audio Argentina 1 June 2001 CD Germany / Ireland 17 November 2000 special edition CD Japan 12 July 2000 CD References ^ In Blue at AllMusic ^ "Music Review – The Corrs – In Blue". Entertainment.ie. 17 July 2000. Retrieved 1 September 2015. ^ "In Blue". ew.com. 11 September 2000. Retrieved 1 September 2015. ^ "NME Reviews – In Blue". NME. 12 September 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2015. ^ "Australiancharts.com – The Corrs – In Blue". Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "Austriancharts.at – The Corrs – In Blue" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "Ultratop.be – The Corrs – Talk On Corners" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 March 2016. ^ "Ultratop.be – The Corrs – In Blue" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "Top Albums/CDs – Volume 71, No. 14, 7 Aug 2000". RPM. 7 August 2000. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "Top National Sellers" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 17, no. 40. 30 September 2000. p. 13. Retrieved 7 August 2020 – via American Radio History. ^ a b c "Hits of the World". Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 13. 2 September 2000. p. 58. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Corrs – In Blue" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "The Corrs: In Blue" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "Lescharts.com – The Corrs – In Blue". Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "The Corrs – In Blue Album". Offizielle Deutsche Charts (in German). Media Control Charts. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 2000. 30. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved 12 April 2016. ^ Home Run For The Corrs. GfK. 7 October 2005. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ "Italiancharts.com – The Corrs – In Blue". Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "Hits of the World". Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 13. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 9 September 2000. p. 51. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "Charts.nz – The Corrs – In Blue". Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – The Corrs – In Blue". Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". OLiS. Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 12 April 2016. ^ a b "Vendas de discos 2000". Top Disco Blog. 13 April 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ a b Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 8480486392. ^ "Swedishcharts.com – The Corrs – In Blue". Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "Swisscharts.com – The Corrs – In Blue". Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "Corrs | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "The Corrs Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 100 Albums 2000". ARIA. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ "Jahreshitparade 2000". Ö3 Austria Top 40 (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2000". Ultratop (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ "Rapports annuels 2000". Ultratop (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ "Canada's Top 200 Albums of 2000". Jam!. Archived from the original on 6 September 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2022. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Album 2000". MegaCharts (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ "Year in Focus – European Top 100 Albums 2000" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 17, no. 52. 23 December 2000. p. 9. OCLC 29800226. Retrieved 19 January 2019 – via American Radio History. ^ a b "Myydyimmät ulkomaiset albumit vuonna 2000". The Official Finnish Charts (in Finnish). Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ "Classement Albums – année 2000" (in French). SNEP. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2004. ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts – 2000" (in German). GfK. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ "Top Selling Albums of 2000". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2000". Swiss Hitparade. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ "End of Year Album Charts – 2001". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 April 2016. ^ "The Corrs – Billboard Chart History – Billboard 200 Albums (Year-end)". Billboard. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2001". Ultratop. Retrieved 9 October 2021. ^ "Rapports Annuels 2001". Ultratop. Retrieved 9 October 2021. ^ "The Official UK Albums Chart 2001" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ "2009 ARIA End of Decade Albums Chart". ARIA. January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2020. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2001 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Westlife Sixth No. 1, Against All Odds + The Corrs". Showbiz.ie. 25 September 2000. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – albums 2000". Ultratop. Hung Medien. ^ "Canadian album certifications – The Corrs – In Blue". Music Canada. ^ "French album certifications – The Corrs – In Blue" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved 12 February 2019. Select THE CORRS and click OK.  ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (The Corrs; 'In Blue')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. ^ "Music & Media" (PDF). Americanradiohistory.com. 9 December 2000. Retrieved 22 March 2022. ^ "Japanese album certifications – ザ・コアーズ – イン・ブルー" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Select 2000年8月 on the drop-down menu ^ "Certificaciones" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Type The Corrs in the box under the ARTISTA column heading and In Blue in the box under the TÍTULO column heading. ^ "Dutch album certifications – The Corrs – In Blue" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Enter In Blue in the "Artiest of titel" box. ^ "New Zealand album certifications – The Corrs – In Blue". Recorded Music NZ. ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 2001" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2011. ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('In Blue')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. ^ "British album certifications – The Corrs – In Blue". British Phonographic Industry. ^ "American album certifications – The Corrs – In Blue". Recording Industry Association of America. ^ "IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 2000". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. vteThe Corrs Andrea Corr Caroline Corr Sharon Corr Jim Corr Studio albums Forgiven, Not Forgotten Talk on Corners In Blue Borrowed Heaven Home White Light Jupiter Calling Compilation andremix albums Best of The Corrs Dreams: The Ultimate Corrs Collection The Works Live albums Live Unplugged VH1 Presents: The Corrs Live in Dublin Singles "Runaway" "Forgiven, Not Forgotten" "The Right Time" "Love to Love You" "Only When I Sleep" "I Never Loved You Anyway" "What Can I Do" "Dreams" "What Can I Do (Remix)" "So Young" "Runaway (Remix)" "Radio" "Old Town" "Breathless" "Irresistible" "Give Me a Reason" "All the Love in the World" "Would You Be Happier?" "When the Stars Go Blue" "Summer Sunshine" "Angel" "Long Night" "Heart Like a Wheel/Old Town" "Goodbye" Guest singles "I Know My Love" Other music "Rebel Heart" Videography "The Corrs: Live at the Royal Albert Hall" "The Corrs: Live at Lansdowne Road" "Unplugged" Concert tours Forgiven, Not Forgotten Tour Talk on Corners Tour In Blue Tour Borrowed Heaven Tour Related articles Discography Awards Ten Feet High Dream of You Lifelines The Same Sun Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In Blue (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Blue_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"pop rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rock"},{"link_name":"the Corrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corrs"},{"link_name":"Give Me a Reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_Me_a_Reason_(The_Corrs_song)"},{"link_name":"Breathless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathless_(The_Corrs_song)"},{"link_name":"Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(The_Corrs_song)"},{"link_name":"The Corrs Unplugged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corrs_Unplugged"},{"link_name":"Mutt Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_John_%22Mutt%22_Lange"},{"link_name":"Rebel Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Heart_(The_Corrs_song)"},{"link_name":"of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Heart_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mad About Mambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_About_Mambo"},{"link_name":"Say It Isn't So","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_It_Isn%27t_So_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holiday"},{"link_name":"All the Love in the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Love_in_the_World_(The_Corrs_song)"},{"link_name":"America's Sweethearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Sweethearts"},{"link_name":"43rd Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Breathless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathless_(The_Corrs_song)"},{"link_name":"Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Pop_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group"},{"link_name":"Rebel Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Heart_(The_Corrs_song)"},{"link_name":"Best Pop Instrumental Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Pop_Instrumental_Performance"}],"text":"For other uses, see In Blue (disambiguation).2000 studio album by the CorrsIn Blue is the third studio album by Irish pop rock band the Corrs, released in 2000 which saw the band become known in the United States. The title of the album comes from a lyric in the song \"Give Me a Reason\". As well as the UK number one single \"Breathless\", the album also contains new versions of \"Radio\" and \"At Your Side\", which had appeared on their previous album The Corrs Unplugged. Mutt Lange co-wrote and produced three songs from the album.Several of the tracks were used in various television programmes and films: \"Rebel Heart\" as the theme for the TV miniseries of the same name; \"One Night\" in Mad About Mambo; \"At Your Side\" in Say It Isn't So and the trailer for the film The Holiday; and \"All the Love in the World\" in the film America's Sweethearts. At the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards, \"Breathless\" was nominated for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, while \"Rebel Heart\" was nominated for Best Pop Instrumental Performance.","title":"In Blue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Corrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corrs"},{"link_name":"Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_John_%22Mutt%22_Lange"},{"link_name":"Breathless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathless_(The_Corrs_song)"},{"link_name":"Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_John_%22Mutt%22_Lange"},{"link_name":"Give Me a Reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_Me_a_Reason_(The_Corrs_song)"},{"link_name":"Andrea Corr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Corr"},{"link_name":"Sharon Corr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Corr"},{"link_name":"Caroline Corr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Corr"},{"link_name":"Jim Corr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Corr"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Froom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Froom"},{"link_name":"All the Love in the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Love_in_the_World_(The_Corrs_song)"},{"link_name":"Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(The_Corrs_song)"},{"link_name":"Irresistible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irresistible_(The_Corrs_song)"},{"link_name":"Rebel Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Heart_(The_Corrs_song)"},{"link_name":"John Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hughes_(Irish_musician)"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Sanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Sanz"}],"text":"All tracks are written by the Corrs, with additional writing by Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange on tracks 1, 5 and 7No.TitleProducer(s)Length1.\"Breathless\"Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange3:282.\"Give Me a Reason\"Andrea CorrSharon CorrCaroline CorrJim Corr3:293.\"Somebody for Someone\"The CorrsDFHMMitchell Froom (add.)4:004.\"Say\"The CorrsFroom4:335.\"All the Love in the World\"Lange4:226.\"Radio\"The CorrsDFHMFroom (add.)4:147.\"Irresistible\"Lange3:408.\"One Night\"The CorrsDFHMFroom (add.)4:389.\"All in a Day\"The Corrs3:4310.\"At Your Side\"The CorrsFroom3:5511.\"No More Cry\"The CorrsDFHMFroom (add.)2:5912.\"Rain\"The CorrsDFHMFroom (add.)4:1513.\"Give It All Up\"The CorrsFroom (add.)3:2814.\"Hurt Before\"The CorrsFroom4:0515.\"Rebel Heart\" (instrumental)The CorrsBilly FarrellJohn HughesFroom (add.)4:06Latin American bonus tracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length16.\"Una Noche\" (featuring Alejandro Sanz)The CorrsAlejandro SanzThe CorrsDFHMFroom (add.)4:3017.\"Judy\"The CorrsThe CorrsDFHM2:40Australian bonus trackNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length16.\"Judy\"The CorrsThe CorrsDFHM2:40","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breathless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathless_(The_Corrs_song)"},{"link_name":"Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(The_Corrs_song)"},{"link_name":"Rebel Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Heart_(The_Corrs_song)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Leiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Leiber"},{"link_name":"John Shanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shanks"},{"link_name":"Kostas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostas_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Haste to the Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haste_to_the_Wedding_(jig)"},{"link_name":"So Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Young_(The_Corrs_song)"}],"sub_title":"Special edition","text":"Disc oneNo.TitleLength1.\"Breathless\"3:282.\"Give Me a Reason\"3:293.\"Somebody for Someone\"4:004.\"Say\"4:335.\"All the Love in the World\"4:226.\"Radio\"4:147.\"Irresistible\"3:408.\"One Night\"4:389.\"All in a Day\"3:4310.\"At Your Side\"3:5511.\"No More Cry\"2:5912.\"Rain\"4:1513.\"Give It All Up\"3:2814.\"Hurt Before\"4:0515.\"Rebel Heart\"4:0616.\"Judy\"2:40Disc twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Somebody for Someone\" (acoustic version)The Corrs3:242.\"No More Cry\" (acoustic version)The Corrs2:533.\"Radio\" (acoustic version)The Corrs4:144.\"At Your Side\" (acoustic version)The Corrs3:505.\"Love in the Milky Way\"The CorrsOliver LeiberJohn Shanks4:016.\"Looking in the Eyes of Love\"KostasTricia Walker4:327.\"Haste to the Wedding\" (live instrumental)Traditional5:008.\"So Young\" (live (bonus track on some issues))The Corrs7:34","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrea Corr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Corr"},{"link_name":"tin whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_whistle"},{"link_name":"Caroline Corr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Corr"},{"link_name":"bodhran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhran"},{"link_name":"Jim Corr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Corr"},{"link_name":"Sharon Corr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Corr"}],"sub_title":"The band","text":"Andrea Corr – lead vocals, tin whistle\nCaroline Corr – drums, bodhran, piano, vocals\nJim Corr – guitar, keyboards, piano, vocals\nSharon Corr – violin, vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Drennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Drennan"},{"link_name":"Keith Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Duffy_(bassist)"}],"sub_title":"Featuring","text":"Anthony Drennan – guitars, lead guitar\nKeith Duffy – bass guitar","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mitchell Froom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Froom"},{"link_name":"Fiachra Trench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiachra_Trench"}],"sub_title":"Guest musicians","text":"Ronan Dooney – trumpet\nPaul Duffy – saxophone\nMitchell Froom – keyboards\nBilly Farrell – keyboards\nFiachra Trench – string arrangement","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Meyer_(producer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richard Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Meyer_(producer)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Producers: The Corrs, Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange, DFHM, Mitchell Froom, Billy Farrell, John Hughes\nEngineer: Tim Martin\nAssistant engineer: Frances Murphy\nMixing: Adam Olmsted, Mike Shipley\nPre-programming: Richard Meyer aka Swayd\nProgramming: Richard Meyer aka Swayd, Cory Churko, Oisin Murry\nString arrangements: Fiachra Trench\nProduction consultant: Mitchell Froom\nArt direction: Elizabeth Barrett\nDesign: Andrea Brooks\nPhotography: Rankin, Norman Jean Roy","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Blue&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_The_Corrs-5"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_The_Corrs-6"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Flanders_The_Corrs-7"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Wallonia_The_Corrs-8"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPM-9"},{"link_name":"ČNS IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracklisten"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOTW-11"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_The_Corrs-12"},{"link_name":"European Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Top_100_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOTW-11"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Finland_The_Corrs-13"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_France_The_Corrs-14"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_Charts"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GER-15"},{"link_name":"MAHASZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Hungary_The_Corrs-16"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRE-17"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Italy_The_Corrs-18"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOTW-11"},{"link_name":"RIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOTWM-19"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_The_Corrs-20"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_The_Corrs-21"},{"link_name":"ZPAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Poland_-22"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portugal-23"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spain-24"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_The_Corrs-25"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_The_Corrs-26"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK_Corrs-27"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_The_Corrs-28"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Blue&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finland-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portugal-23"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Blue&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARIA_end_of_Decade-46"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2000)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[5]\n\n1\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[6]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[7]\n\n2\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[8]\n\n1\n\n\nCanadian Albums (RPM)[9]\n\n5\n\n\nCzech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[10]\n\n4\n\n\nDanish Albums (Tracklisten)[11]\n\n2\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[12]\n\n2\n\n\nEuropean Albums (Billboard)[11]\n\n1\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[13]\n\n2\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[14]\n\n2\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[15]\n\n1\n\n\nHungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[16]\n\n10\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[17]\n\n1\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[18]\n\n2\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[11]\n\n11\n\n\nMalaysian Albums (RIM)[19]\n\n1\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[20]\n\n2\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[21]\n\n1\n\n\nPolish Albums (ZPAV)[22]\n\n20\n\n\nPortuguese Albums (AFP)[23]\n\n1\n\n\nSpanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[24]\n\n1\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[25]\n\n1\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[26]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[27]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[28]\n\n21\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2000)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[29]\n\n11\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[30]\n\n6\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[31]\n\n12\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[32]\n\n9\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Nielsen SoundScan)[33]\n\n105\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[34]\n\n12\n\n\nEuropean Albums (Music & Media)[35]\n\n5\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[36]\n\n129\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[37]\n\n22\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[38]\n\n4\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[39]\n\n15\n\n\nPortuguese Albums (AFP)[23]\n\n6\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[40]\n\n7\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[41]\n\n16\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[42]\n\n119\n\n\n\n\nChart (2001)\n\nPosition\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[43]\n\n99\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[44]\n\n69\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[45]\n\n102\n\nDecade-end chart[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2000–2009)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[46]\n\n85","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamb_(disambiguation)
Iamb
["1 Meter and poetry","1.1 Classical poetry and quantitative verse","1.2 Accentual-syllabic and syllabic verse","2 Other uses","3 See also"]
Not to be confused with Lamb (disambiguation). "Iambs" redirects here. Not to be confused with Iams. Iamb, iambus, or iambic may refer to: Look up iamb in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Meter and poetry Classical poetry and quantitative verse Iamb (poetry) Choliamb Iambus (genre) Accentual-syllabic and syllabic verse Iambic trimeter Iambic tetrameter Iambic pentameter Iambic hexameter, or the alexandrine Iambic heptameter, or the fourteener Other uses Iamb (band) Iambic key/keyer Iambic Productions Dionysius Iambus , grammarian See also Iambe Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Iamb.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Aminoactinomycin_D
7-Aminoactinomycin D
["1 Applications","2 Actinomycin D","3 References","4 Gallery","5 External links"]
7-Aminoactinomycin D Names Other names 7-Amino-actinomycin D Identifiers CAS Number 7240-37-1 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image Beilstein Reference 5915844 ChEBI CHEBI:52304 Y ChemSpider 21326185 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.163.188 EC Number 635-285-6 PubChem CID 16218991 UNII DXS32PH95R Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID30903974 InChI InChI=1S/C62H87N13O16/c1-26(2)42-59(85)74-21-17-19-36(74)57(83)70(13)24-38(76)72(15)48(28(5)6)61(87)89-32(11)44(55(81)66-42)68-53(79)34-23-35(63)30(9)51-46(34)65-47-40(41(64)50(78)31(10)52(47)91-51)54(80)69-45-33(12)90-62(88)49(29(7)8)73(16)39(77)25-71(14)58(84)37-20-18-22-75(37)60(86)43(27(3)4)67-56(45)82/h23,26-29,32-33,36-37,42-45,48-49H,17-22,24-25,63-64H2,1-16H3,(H,66,81)(H,67,82)(H,68,79)(H,69,80)/t32-,33-,36+,37+,42-,43-,44+,45+,48+,49+/m1/s1 YKey: YXHLJMWYDTXDHS-IRFLANFNSA-N YInChI=1/C62H87N13O16/c1-26(2)42-59(85)74-21-17-19-36(74)57(83)70(13)24-38(76)72(15)48(28(5)6)61(87)89-32(11)44(55(81)66-42)68-53(79)34-23-35(63)30(9)51-46(34)65-47-40(41(64)50(78)31(10)52(47)91-51)54(80)69-45-33(12)90-62(88)49(29(7)8)73(16)39(77)25-71(14)58(84)37-20-18-22-75(37)60(86)43(27(3)4)67-56(45)82/h23,26-29,32-33,36-37,42-45,48-49H,17-22,24-25,63-64H2,1-16H3,(H,66,81)(H,67,82)(H,68,79)(H,69,80)/t32-,33-,36+,37+,42-,43-,44+,45+,48+,49+/m1/s1Key: YXHLJMWYDTXDHS-IRFLANFNBD SMILES O=C3C(C)=C2OC1=C(C)C(N)=CC(C(N(C(N(C7=O)(C)C)=O)(C)OC(((C)C)N(C)C(CN(C)(6N7CCC6)=O)=O)=O)=O)=C1N=C2C(C(N(C(N((C)C)C4=O)=O)(C)OC(((C)C)N(C)C(CN(C)(5N4CCC5)=O)=O)=O)=O)=C3N Properties Chemical formula C62H87N13O16 Molar mass 1270.43 g/mol Appearance Red to dark purple powder Hazards GHS labelling: Pictograms Signal word Danger Hazard statements H300, H310, H315, H319, H330, H335, H350, H360 Precautionary statements P201, P202, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P281, P284, P301+P310, P302+P350, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P312, P320, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P361, P362, P363, P403+P233, P405, P501 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound 7-Aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) is a fluorescent chemical compound with a strong affinity for DNA. It is used as a fluorescent marker for DNA in fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. It intercalates in double-stranded DNA, with a high affinity for GC-rich regions, making it useful for chromosome banding studies. Applications With an absorption maximum at 546 nm, 7-AAD is efficiently excited using a 543 nm helium–neon laser; it can also be excited with somewhat lower efficiency using a 488 nm or 514 nm argon laser lines. Its emission has a very large Stokes shift with a maximum in the deep red: 647 nm. 7-AAD is therefore compatible with most blue and green fluorophores – and even many red fluorophores – in multicolour applications. 7-AAD does not readily pass through intact cell membranes; if it is to be used as a stain for imaging DNA fluorescence, the cell membrane must be permeabilized or disrupted. This method can be used in combination with formaldehyde fixation of samples. 7-AAD is also used as a cell viability stain. Cells with compromised membranes will stain with 7-AAD, while live cells with intact cell membranes will remain dark. Viability of the cells in flow cytometry should be around 95% but not less than 90%. Flow cytometry using 7-AAD, wherein a lower signal indicates viable cells. Therefore, this case shows good viability. Actinomycin D Main article: Actinomycin The related compound actinomycin D is nonfluorescent, but binds DNA in the same way as 7-AAD. Its absorbance changes when bound to DNA, and it can be used as a stain in conventional transmission microscopy. References ^ 7-Aminoactinomycin D at Interchim ^ Liu X; Chen H; Patel D (1991). "Solution structure of actinomycin-DNA complexes: drug intercalation at isolated G-C sites". J Biomol NMR. 1 (4): 323–47. doi:10.1007/BF02192858. PMID 1841703. S2CID 40569430. ^ Latt S (1977). "Fluorescent probes of chromosome structure and replication". Can J Genet Cytol. 19 (4): 603–23. doi:10.1139/g77-065. PMID 76502. ^ "Flow cytometry (FACS) staining protocol (Cell surface staining)". Yale School of Medicine - Yale Flow Cytometry. Retrieved 2023-10-17. Gallery Absorptions External links Structure from Invitrogen MSDS Archived 2014-08-06 at the Wayback Machine
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Everest
James Everest
["1 Early life and career","2 First-class career","3 Legacy","4 References","5 External links"]
New Zealand cricketer Jim EverestPersonal informationFull nameJames Kerse EverestBorn(1918-03-28)28 March 1918Hamilton, New ZealandDied28 September 1992(1992-09-28) (aged 74)Hamilton, New ZealandBattingLeft-handedBowlingRight-arm mediumRoleOpening batsmanDomestic team information YearsTeam1954-55 – 1955-56Auckland1956-57Northern Districts Career statistics Competition First-class Matches 13 Runs scored 809 Batting average 36.77 100s/50s 2/4 Top score 104 Catches/stumpings 2/0Source: Cricinfo, 17 June 2018 James Kerse Everest (28 March 1918 – 28 September 1992) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played first-class cricket for Auckland and Northern Districts between 1954 and 1957. Early life and career Jim Everest was born in Hamilton and attended Hamilton Technical College. He was part of the first Waikato team to win the Hawke Cup. He scored 53 and 16 when they successfully challenged Manawatu in a close match in February 1938 and remained in the team that held the trophy until they lost to Manawatu in January 1940. In World War II he served as a private in the New Zealand 24th Battalion in the Mediterranean campaigns and was taken prisoner. He continued to play for Waikato after the war, captaining them when they regained the Hawke Cup for the first time since 1940 in the last match of the 1950–51 season. He also played for the new Northern Districts team in its first non-first-class matches. In 1953-54 he played in the Northern Districts teams that beat Auckland twice in three-day matches. First-class career In 1954–55, at the age of 36, Everest finally made his first-class debut, playing for Auckland. Auckland lost all four matches in the Plunket Shield, but Everest was their second-highest-scoring batsman, with 221 runs at an average of 27.62. He scored Auckland's only century, 103 against Canterbury in the third match, out of a team total of 202. In the 1955–56 season he scored 212 runs for Auckland at 42.40, finishing seventh in the national Plunket Shield averages. In 1956-57 Northern Districts were admitted to the Plunket Shield and played their first game against Auckland. Everest was one of the four members of the Northern Districts team for the first game who had previously played for Auckland (the others were Bernard Graham, Allen Lissette and Eric Petrie). The other seven members of the team were making their first-class debuts. Petrie, the captain, won the toss and decided to bat first, and Everest faced the first ball. He made 69, the highest score in a rain-affected draw. Having made Northern Districts' first fifty, Everest also made their first century, in the fourth match, against Canterbury. Again it was the highest score of the match. Everest was one of the leading batsmen of the 1956-57 Plunket Shield season, with 376 runs at an average of 41.77, with one century and three fifties. He was also the outstanding batsman of the Hawke Cup season. He scored 49 and 29 when he captained Waikato to victory over Northland and the title, followed with 41 and 101 not out when they beat Thames Valley, and finished the season by scoring 264 against Manawatu, falling only eight runs short of the Hawke Cup record. He was named Batsman of the Year in the 1957 New Zealand Cricket Almanack. Legacy Everest played no representative cricket after 1956–57. His Wisden obituary noted that at the time of his brief and late first-class career there were "complaints that his ability and powers of concentration should have won him consideration for a Test place long before". In recognition of his important place in Northern Districts' early years, the official history written by Winston Hooper in 2006 to mark 50 seasons of first-class cricket for Northern Districts is called Everest to Vettori: The ND Story. References ^ "James Everest". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 7 June 2016. ^ "School Cricket". Waikato Times: 6. 24 March 1934. ^ "Hawke Cup 1937-38". CricketArchive. Retrieved 27 April 2017. ^ "Hawke Cup 1939-40". CricketArchive. Retrieved 27 April 2017. ^ "James Kerse Everest". Auckland War Memorial Museum. Retrieved 27 April 2017. ^ "Wairarapa v Waikato 1950-51". CricketArchive. Retrieved 27 April 2017. ^ "Other matches in New Zealand 1953-54". CricketArchive. Retrieved 27 April 2017. ^ "Batting and fielding for Auckland, Plunket Shield 1954-55". CricketArchive. Retrieved 27 April 2017. ^ "Auckland v Canterbury 1954-55". CricketArchive. Retrieved 27 April 2017. ^ "Batting and fielding in Plunket Shield 1955-56". CricketArchive. Retrieved 27 April 2017. ^ "Northern Districts v Auckland 1956-57". CricketArchive. Retrieved 27 April 2017. ^ "Northern Districts v Canterbury 1956-57". CricketArchive. Retrieved 27 April 2017. ^ "Batting and fielding in Plunket Shield 1956-57". CricketArchive. Retrieved 27 April 2017. ^ "Batting and fielding in Hawke Cup 1956-57". CricketArchive. Retrieved 24 May 2024. ^ a b Wisden 1993, p. 1273. ^ "Everest to Vettori". The Best Little Book Store. Retrieved 27 April 2017. External links James Everest at ESPNcricinfo James Everest at CricketArchive (subscription required)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Northern Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Districts_men%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"}],"text":"James Kerse Everest (28 March 1918 – 28 September 1992) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played first-class cricket for Auckland and Northern Districts between 1954 and 1957.[1]","title":"James Everest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Technical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_High_School,_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hawke Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke_Cup"},{"link_name":"Manawatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manawatu_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"New Zealand 24th Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Battalion_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Northern Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Districts_men%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Jim Everest was born in Hamilton and attended Hamilton Technical College.[2] He was part of the first Waikato team to win the Hawke Cup. He scored 53 and 16 when they successfully challenged Manawatu in a close match in February 1938 and remained in the team that held the trophy until they lost to Manawatu in January 1940.[3][4]In World War II he served as a private in the New Zealand 24th Battalion in the Mediterranean campaigns and was taken prisoner.[5]He continued to play for Waikato after the war, captaining them when they regained the Hawke Cup for the first time since 1940 in the last match of the 1950–51 season.[6] He also played for the new Northern Districts team in its first non-first-class matches. In 1953-54 he played in the Northern Districts teams that beat Auckland twice in three-day matches.[7]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plunket Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunket_Shield"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bernard Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Graham"},{"link_name":"Allen Lissette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Lissette"},{"link_name":"Eric Petrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Petrie"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hawke Cup record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke_Cup#Records"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCA-15"}],"text":"In 1954–55, at the age of 36, Everest finally made his first-class debut, playing for Auckland. Auckland lost all four matches in the Plunket Shield, but Everest was their second-highest-scoring batsman, with 221 runs at an average of 27.62.[8] He scored Auckland's only century, 103 against Canterbury in the third match, out of a team total of 202.[9] In the 1955–56 season he scored 212 runs for Auckland at 42.40, finishing seventh in the national Plunket Shield averages.[10]In 1956-57 Northern Districts were admitted to the Plunket Shield and played their first game against Auckland. Everest was one of the four members of the Northern Districts team for the first game who had previously played for Auckland (the others were Bernard Graham, Allen Lissette and Eric Petrie). The other seven members of the team were making their first-class debuts. Petrie, the captain, won the toss and decided to bat first, and Everest faced the first ball. He made 69, the highest score in a rain-affected draw.[11] Having made Northern Districts' first fifty, Everest also made their first century, in the fourth match, against Canterbury. Again it was the highest score of the match.[12]Everest was one of the leading batsmen of the 1956-57 Plunket Shield season, with 376 runs at an average of 41.77, with one century and three fifties.[13] He was also the outstanding batsman of the Hawke Cup season. He scored 49 and 29 when he captained Waikato to victory over Northland and the title, followed with 41 and 101 not out when they beat Thames Valley, and finished the season by scoring 264 against Manawatu, falling only eight runs short of the Hawke Cup record.[14] He was named Batsman of the Year in the 1957 New Zealand Cricket Almanack.[15]","title":"First-class career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisden_Cricketers%27_Almanack"},{"link_name":"Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCA-15"},{"link_name":"Vettori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Vettori"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Everest played no representative cricket after 1956–57. His Wisden obituary noted that at the time of his brief and late first-class career there were \"complaints that his ability and powers of concentration should have won him consideration for a Test place long before\".[15]In recognition of his important place in Northern Districts' early years, the official history written by Winston Hooper in 2006 to mark 50 seasons of first-class cricket for Northern Districts is called Everest to Vettori: The ND Story.[16]","title":"Legacy"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_combat
Land warfare
["1 Land forces","1.1 Infantry","1.2 Combat vehicles","1.3 Artillery","2 Combined arms","3 By landscape and climate","4 Notes","5 Further reading"]
Military combat on land This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Land warfare" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2010) United States Marine Corps infantry supported by armored fighting vehicles during a mechanized operations exercise in 2015 Part of a series onWarOutline History Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical castles Early modern pike and shot napoleonic Late modern industrial fourth-gen Military Organization Command and control Defense ministry Army Navy Air force Marines Coast guard Space force Reserves Regular / Irregular Ranks Specialties: Staff Engineers Intelligence Reconnaissance Medical Military police Land units: Infantry Armor Cavalry Artillery Special forces Signal corps Naval units: Warships Submarines Aircraft carriers Landing craft Auxiliary ships Air units: Fighters Bombers Command Close air support Electronic-warfare Reconnaissance Combat systems: Fire-control system Fire-control radar Director (military) Combat information center Sonar Radar Historical: Ship gun fire-control Gun data computer Torpedo data computer Development: Basic training Military manoeuvrers Combat training Battlespace Aerospace Air Airborne Space Land Cold-region Desert Jungle Mountain Urban Subterranean Tunnel Sea Amphibious Blue Brown Green Surface Underwater Cyber Information Weapons Air defence Armor Artillery Barrage Biological Camouflage Cavalry Horses Air cavalry Chemical Combined arms Conventional Cyber Denial Disinformation Drone / Robot Electromagnetic Infantry Loitering Missile Music Nuclear Psychological Radiological Unconventional TacticsList of military tactics Aerial Airlift Air assault Airbridge Airdrop Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counterinsurgency Defeat in detail Foxhole Drone Envelopment Guerrilla Morale Naval Rapid dominance Siege Swarm Screen Tactical objective Target saturation Trench Withdrawal Operational Military operation Operations research Blitzkrieg Expeditionary Deep operation Maneuver Operational manoeuvre group Raid StrategyList of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive Culminating Defence in depth Fabian Empty fort Mosaic Deception Defensive Depth Goal Nuclear Naval Offensive Scorched earth Grand strategy Asymmetric Blockade Broken-backed Class Cold war Colonial Conquest Containment Divide and conquer Economic Endemic Fleet in being Irregular Liberation Limited Network-centric New generation Perpetual Political Princely Proxy Religious Resource Strategic Succession Technology Theater Total war World war Administrative Branch Policy Staff Training Service Sociology Organization Area of responsibility Chain of command Command and control Doctrine Principles of war Economy of force Medicine Engineers Intelligence Ranks Technology and equipment Personnel Recruitment counter Conscription Training Specialism Women Children Transgender harassment Conscientious objector Volunteer foreign Mercenary Logistics History Military–industrial complex Arms industry Materiel Supply-chain management Base MOB FOB Outpost Science Power projection Loss-of-strength gradient Lanchester's laws Force multiplication Law Court-martial Geneva Conventions Geneva Protocol Islamic rules Justice Perfidy Jewish laws on war Right of conquest Rules of engagement Martial law War crime Theory Air supremacy Appeasement Command of the sea Deterrence theory Full-spectrum dominance Overmatch Unrestricted Warfare Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force War games Non-warfare Arms control Counter-insurgency deterrence Disaster response Grey-zone Gunboat diplomacy Humanitarian aid Law enforcement Low-intensity conflict Military engineering Multilateralism Peacekeeping Peacebuilding Peace through strength Show of force Culture Awards and decorations Warrior caste War film Military science fiction War novel Anti-war movement Foot drill War song Uniform Wargame Related Women in war War resister War studies Horses in warfare Wartime sexual violence Fifth column Lists Battles Military occupations Military terms Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers vte Land warfare or ground warfare is the process of military operations eventuating in combat that takes place predominantly on the battlespace land surface of the planet. Land warfare is categorized by the use of large numbers of combat personnel employing a diverse set of combat skills, methods and a wide variety of weapon systems and equipment, conducted in diverse terrains and weather environments. Land warfare, by the virtue of being conducted in defence of urban and rural population areas, dominates the study of war, and is a focus for most national defence policy planning and financial considerations. Land warfare in history has undergone several distinct transitions in conduct from large concentration of largely untrained and irregularly armed populace used in frontal assaults to current employment of combined arms concepts with highly trained regular troops using a wide variety of organisational, weapon and information systems, and employing a variety of strategic, operational and tactical doctrines. Although the land combat in the past was conducted by the combat arms of the armed forces, since World War II it has largely involved three distinct types of combat units: infantry, armour, and artillery. These arms, since the Age of Sail, have used amphibious warfare concepts and methods to project power from the seas and oceans, and since the wide introduction of military transport aircraft and helicopters have used airborne forces and vertical envelopment to the variety of doctrines used to prosecute warfare on land. Land forces This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Land warfare" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A Churchill tank with British Army soldiers during Operation Epsom of World War II in 1944 Land forces include personnel, weapons platforms, vehicles, and support elements operating on land to accomplish assigned missions and tasks. Infantry Main article: Infantry Infantry are soldiers who fight primarily on foot with small arms in organized military units, though they may be transported to the battlefield by ships, automobiles, skis, cargo planes, or other means. Combat vehicles Main article: Combat vehicle Combat vehicles provide the means to mobilize heavy firepower to engage opposing forces including other combat vehicles. Combat vehicles are usually equipped for driving in rugged terrain. They are usually protected against other common threats with armor and other countermeasures. Examples of combat vehicles include main battle tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, and self-propelled artillery. Artillery Main article: Artillery Historically, artillery (from French artillerie) refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. The term also describes ground-based troops with the primary function of manning such weapons. The word is derived from the Old French verb attilier, meaning "to equip". This term includes coastal artillery which traditionally defended coastal areas against seaborne attack and controlled the passage of ships using their ability to deny access through the threat of coastal fire. It also includes land-based field artillery. With the advent of powered flight at the start of the 20th century, artillery also included ground-based anti-aircraft batteries. Combined arms Main article: Combined arms Combined arms is an approach to warfare which seeks to integrate different arms of a military to achieve mutually complementary effects, such as, self-propelled artillery, mechanized infantry, aircraft and so forth. By landscape and climate Arctic warfare Desert warfare Jungle warfare Mountain warfare Urban warfare Notes ^ Kott, Alexander (2018-08-24). "Ground Warfare in 2050: How It Might Look". Archived from the original on June 1, 2022. ^ "Department of Defense - Definition of "Land Forces"". Archived from the original on 2007-03-14. Retrieved 2006-08-12. Further reading Christopher Tuck. Understanding Land Warfare. London–NY: Routledge, 2014. Authority control databases: National Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marines_Participate_in_a_Mechanized_Operations_Course_Exercise_150615-M-TI204-216.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"armored fighting vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"mechanized operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_arms"},{"link_name":"combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat"},{"link_name":"battlespace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlespace"},{"link_name":"planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"terrains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain"},{"link_name":"weather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather"},{"link_name":"defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_(military)"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history"},{"link_name":"national defence policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_defence_policy"},{"link_name":"Land warfare in history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history"},{"link_name":"frontal assaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_assault"},{"link_name":"combined arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_arms"},{"link_name":"operational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_doctrine"},{"link_name":"combat arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_arms"},{"link_name":"armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_forces"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_forces"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"Age of Sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Sail"},{"link_name":"amphibious warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare"},{"link_name":"seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea"},{"link_name":"oceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean"},{"link_name":"military transport aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft"},{"link_name":"helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"airborne forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_forces"},{"link_name":"vertical envelopment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_envelopment"},{"link_name":"doctrines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_doctrine"}],"text":"United States Marine Corps infantry supported by armored fighting vehicles during a mechanized operations exercise in 2015Land warfare or ground warfare is the process of military operations eventuating in combat that takes place predominantly on the battlespace land surface of the planet.[1]Land warfare is categorized by the use of large numbers of combat personnel employing a diverse set of combat skills, methods and a wide variety of weapon systems and equipment, conducted in diverse terrains and weather environments. Land warfare, by the virtue of being conducted in defence of urban and rural population areas, dominates the study of war, and is a focus for most national defence policy planning and financial considerations.Land warfare in history has undergone several distinct transitions in conduct from large concentration of largely untrained and irregularly armed populace used in frontal assaults to current employment of combined arms concepts with highly trained regular troops using a wide variety of organisational, weapon and information systems, and employing a variety of strategic, operational and tactical doctrines.Although the land combat in the past was conducted by the combat arms of the armed forces, since World War II it has largely involved three distinct types of combat units: infantry, armour, and artillery. These arms, since the Age of Sail, have used amphibious warfare concepts and methods to project power from the seas and oceans, and since the wide introduction of military transport aircraft and helicopters have used airborne forces and vertical envelopment to the variety of doctrines used to prosecute warfare on land.","title":"Land warfare"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Churchill_tank_of_7th_Royal_Tank_Regiment,_31st_Tank_Brigade,_supporting_infantry_of_8th_Royal_Scots_during_Operation_%27Epsom%27,_Normandy,_28_June_1944._B6124.jpg"},{"link_name":"Churchill tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_tank"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Operation Epsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Epsom"},{"link_name":"Land forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_forces"},{"link_name":"personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personnel"},{"link_name":"weapons platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_platform"},{"link_name":"vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A Churchill tank with British Army soldiers during Operation Epsom of World War II in 1944Land forces include personnel, weapons platforms, vehicles, and support elements operating on land to accomplish assigned missions and tasks.[2]","title":"Land forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers"},{"link_name":"small arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_arms"},{"link_name":"military units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_unit"},{"link_name":"ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship"},{"link_name":"automobiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile"},{"link_name":"skis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski"}],"sub_title":"Infantry","text":"Infantry are soldiers who fight primarily on foot with small arms in organized military units, though they may be transported to the battlefield by ships, automobiles, skis, cargo planes, or other means.","title":"Land forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Combat vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_vehicle"},{"link_name":"terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain"},{"link_name":"armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_armour"},{"link_name":"countermeasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countermeasure"},{"link_name":"main battle tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battle_tank"},{"link_name":"infantry fighting vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"self-propelled artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery"}],"sub_title":"Combat vehicles","text":"Combat vehicles provide the means to mobilize heavy firepower to engage opposing forces including other combat vehicles. Combat vehicles are usually equipped for driving in rugged terrain. They are usually protected against other common threats with armor and other countermeasures.Examples of combat vehicles include main battle tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, and self-propelled artillery.","title":"Land forces"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Artillery","text":"Historically, artillery (from French artillerie) refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. The term also describes ground-based troops with the primary function of manning such weapons. The word is derived from the Old French verb attilier, meaning \"to equip\".This term includes coastal artillery which traditionally defended coastal areas against seaborne attack and controlled the passage of ships using their ability to deny access through the threat of coastal fire. It also includes land-based field artillery. With the advent of powered flight at the start of the 20th century, artillery also included ground-based anti-aircraft batteries.","title":"Land forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Combined arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_arms"},{"link_name":"warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"},{"link_name":"self-propelled artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery"},{"link_name":"mechanized infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanized_infantry"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"}],"text":"Combined arms is an approach to warfare which seeks to integrate different arms of a military to achieve mutually complementary effects, such as, self-propelled artillery, mechanized infantry, aircraft and so forth.","title":"Combined arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arctic warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_warfare"},{"link_name":"Desert warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_warfare"},{"link_name":"Jungle warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_warfare"},{"link_name":"Mountain warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_warfare"},{"link_name":"Urban warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_warfare"}],"text":"Arctic warfare\nDesert warfare\nJungle warfare\nMountain warfare\nUrban warfare","title":"By landscape and climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Ground Warfare in 2050: How It Might Look\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1059045"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220601065910/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1059045"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Department of Defense - Definition of \"Land Forces\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070314042751/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/l/02966.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/l/02966.html"}],"text":"^ Kott, Alexander (2018-08-24). \"Ground Warfare in 2050: How It Might Look\". Archived from the original on June 1, 2022.\n\n^ \"Department of Defense - Definition of \"Land Forces\"\". Archived from the original on 2007-03-14. Retrieved 2006-08-12.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190472#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569470"}],"text":"Christopher Tuck. Understanding Land Warfare. London–NY: Routledge, 2014.Authority control databases: National \nJapan","title":"Further reading"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Kott, Alexander (2018-08-24). \"Ground Warfare in 2050: How It Might Look\". Archived from the original on June 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1059045","url_text":"\"Ground Warfare in 2050: How It Might Look\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220601065910/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1059045","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Department of Defense - Definition of \"Land Forces\"\". Archived from the original on 2007-03-14. Retrieved 2006-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070314042751/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/l/02966.html","url_text":"\"Department of Defense - Definition of \"Land Forces\"\""},{"url":"http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/l/02966.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_Uprising_(1794)
Greater Poland uprising (1794)
["1 Origins","2 Rebellion","3 References"]
Armed uprising of the Polish population For other uprisings in Greater Poland, see Greater Poland Uprisings (disambiguation). Greater Poland uprising of 1794Part of Kościuszko UprisingDateAugust–December 1794LocationGreater PolandResult Prussian victoryBelligerents Kingdom of Prussia Polish–Lithuanian CommonwealthCommanders and leaders Frederick William II Philipp von Schwerin Jan Dąbrowski Antoni Madaliński vteKościuszko Uprising Racławice Warsaw Uprising Vilnius Uprising Lipniszki Greater Poland Uprising Szczekociny Chełm Rajgród Błonie First Warsaw Krupczyce Terespol Maciejowice Kobyłka Praga (Second Battle of Warsaw) The 1794 Greater Poland uprising (Polish: Powstanie Wielkopolskie 1794 roku) was a military insurrection by Poles in Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) against Kingdom of Prussia which had taken possession of this territory after the 1793 Second Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Origins Józef Niemojewski, leader of the uprising The outbreak of Kościuszko Uprising in central Poland in March 1794 served as the spark for the formation of Polish military units in the Prussian partition, as Poles in Wielkopolska hoped to liberate their region. Initially, Tadeusz Kościuszko, who had initiated the fight against Russians in central Poland did not want to support the Greater Poland Uprising in the hope of avoiding a two front war (at the time, Kingdom of Prussia was nominally in an alliance with Poland against Russia). As a result, the planned insurrection in Wielkopolska almost ended before it could start. However, the situation changed in June 1794 when the Prussians declared their support for Tsarist Russia and offered them military support in suppressing Kościuszko (after his victory at the Battle of Racławice). As a result, the Supreme National Council issued a proclamation To the Citizens of Greater Poland calling them to arms. Rebellion The initial center of the uprising was the Kujawy region. The command was given to Józef Niemojewski, although many of the units in the field operated independently. Initial clashes took place on 20 August. On 22 August the insurrectionists took Gniezno and General Paweł Skórzewski took Konin and other towns in the area soon after. As a result, the King of Prussia, Frederick William II was forced to withdraw some of his forces from central Poland which were besieging Warsaw. A Polish corps under Jan Henryk Dąbrowski captured Bydgoszcz on 2 October and entered Pomerania almost unopposed. Dąbrowski planned to winter in Bydgoszcz and then move through Toruń, but because of Kościuszko's defeat at the Battle of Maciejowice he decided instead to evacuate Wielkopolska and make his way into central Poland. Although thanks to the mobility of his forces he evaded being encircled by a much less mobile Prussian army, the Prussians recaptured most of the gains made by the insurrectionists in the previous few months. General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski, one of the leaders of the uprising Dąbrowski unsuccessfully tried to convince Kościuszko's successor, Tomasz Wawrzecki to move the insurrection from central Poland to the Prussian partition. On 17 November 1794, the last Polish units in central Poland capitulated to the Russians at Radoszyce. In Wielkopolska sporadic guerrilla fighting continued until mid-December. The uprising almost got a second life when a hero of the fighting in Warsaw and one of Kościuszko's colonels, the shoemaker Jan Kiliński (who had been born in Trzemeszno), arrived in Wielkopolska to try to reorganize the Polish forces. However, he was soon captured by the Prussians and handed over to the Russians. With the end of the uprising, Dąbrowski was offered commissions in the Russian and Prussian armies but turned these down and emigrated abroad. He went on to organize the Polish Legions in Italy which fought alongside Napoleon in subsequent wars. Niemojewski also emigrated to France and served in Napoleon's army where he eventually attained the rank of Brigadier General. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Marek Rezler, "Powstanie Wielkopolskie", Rebis, Poznan, 2008, pg. 12-15 ^ Marek Rezler, "Powstanie Wielkopolskie", Rebis, Poznan, 2008, pg. 12 "Insurrectionist units were formed, however, initially these did not have the support of Tadeusz Kościuszko, who wished to avoid a war on two fronts" ^ Jerzy Topolski, "An outline history of Poland", Interpress, 1986, pg. 144, ^ a b Hugh Chisholm, "The Encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 15", The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, 1911, pg. 915, ^ William Fiddian Reddaway, "The Cambridge history of Poland: from Augustus II to Pilsudski (1697-1935), Volume 1", CUP Archive, 1950, pg. 172, ^ Piotr Stefan Wandycz, "The lands of partitioned Poland, 1795-1918", University of Washington Press, 1974, pg. 25, ^ Norman Davies, "God's playground: a history of Poland in two volumes", Oxford University Press, 2005, , pg. 216 ^ Henry L. Gaidis, "Napoleon's Lithuanian Forces", Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences, Volume 30, No.1 - Spring 1984, vteUprisings in Greater Poland 1794 1806 1846 1848 1918–1919 vtePolish wars and conflictsGeneral and related Early modern warfare History of the Polish Army History of Polish intelligence services List of wars involving Poland Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Polish Armed Forces Warfare in Medieval Poland Piast Poland Polish–Veletian War Battle of Cedynia German–Polish War (1003–1018) Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis German–Polish War (1028–1031) Miecław's Rebellion 1072 war against Bohemia Siege of Głogów 1146 war against Germany 1156 war against Germany Galicia–Volhynia Wars Mongol invasions First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41) Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60) Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88) Battle of Legnica Jagiellon PolandPolish–Teutonic wars Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) Battle of Płowce Great War Battle of Grunwald Hunger War (1414) Gollub War (1422) Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435) Thirteen Years' War War of the Priests Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521) Władysław the White's rebellion Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) Battle of Grotniki 1444 war against the Ottomans Battle of Varna Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522) Battle of Orsha Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537) Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland CommonwealthPolish–Swedish wars Livonian War campaign of Stephen Báthory Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570) War against Sigismund Battle of Stångebro Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629 Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611 Battle of Kircholm Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618 Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625 Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629 Second Northern War The Deluge Great Northern War Danzig rebellion Battle of Lubieszów Siege of Danzig (1577) War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588) Battle of Byczyna 1589 Tatar Invasion Kosiński uprising 1593 Tatar Invasion Nalyvaiko Uprising Moldavian Magnate Wars Polish–Muscovite War of 1605–1618 Battle of Kłuszyn Zebrzydowski rebellion Thirty Years' War Battle of Humenné Polish–Ottoman wars Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621 Battle of Chocim (1621) Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634 Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671) Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676 Battle of Chocim (1673) Great Turkish War War of the Holy League 1683–1699 Battle of Vienna 1624 Tatar Invasion Zhmaylo uprising Fedorovych uprising Smolensk War Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633) Pavlyuk uprising Ostryanyn uprising 1644 Tatar Invasion Khmelnytsky Uprising Battle of Berestechko Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667 War of the Polish Succession War of the Bar Confederation Polish–Russian War of 1792 Kościuszko Uprising Poland partitioned Denisko uprising Napoleonic Wars Peninsular War War of the Fourth Coalition Prussian campaign War of the Fifth Coalition Austro-Polish War War of the Sixth Coalition French invasion of Russia Greater Poland uprising (1848) November Uprising January Uprising World War I fighting in Poland on the Eastern Front Second Republic Polish–Ukrainian War Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919) Polish–Czechoslovak War First Silesian Uprising Polish–Soviet War Battle of Warsaw Kiev offensive Second Silesian Uprising Polish–Lithuanian War Third Silesian Uprising World War II in Poland World War II Eastern Front Invasion of Poland Polish history,  resistance, and contributions during World War II Ghetto uprisings Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Białystok Ghetto uprising Częstochowa Ghetto uprising Italian Campaign Operation Tempest Operation Ostra Brama Lwów uprising Warsaw Uprising People's Republic Racibórz Conflict Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Third Republic War in Afghanistan Operation Uphold Democracy Iraq War 2003 invasion of Iraq Occupation of Iraq Russian invasion of Ukraine Military aid to Ukraine
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greater Poland Uprisings (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_Uprisings_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Kościuszko Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Racławice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rac%C5%82awice"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising_(1794)"},{"link_name":"Vilnius Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius_Uprising_(1794)"},{"link_name":"Lipniszki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lipniszki"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_Uprising_(1794)"},{"link_name":"Szczekociny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Szczekociny"},{"link_name":"Chełm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Che%C5%82m"},{"link_name":"Rajgród","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rajgr%C3%B3d_(1794)"},{"link_name":"Błonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_B%C5%82onie_(1794)"},{"link_name":"First Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Warsaw_(1794)"},{"link_name":"Krupczyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Krupczyce"},{"link_name":"Terespol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Terespol"},{"link_name":"Maciejowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maciejowice"},{"link_name":"Kobyłka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Koby%C5%82ka"},{"link_name":"Praga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Praga"},{"link_name":"Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"Wielkopolska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielkopolska"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"1793 Second Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland"}],"text":"For other uprisings in Greater Poland, see Greater Poland Uprisings (disambiguation).vteKościuszko Uprising\nRacławice\nWarsaw Uprising\nVilnius Uprising\nLipniszki\nGreater Poland Uprising\nSzczekociny\nChełm\nRajgród\nBłonie\nFirst Warsaw\nKrupczyce\nTerespol\nMaciejowice\nKobyłka\nPraga (Second Battle of Warsaw)The 1794 Greater Poland uprising (Polish: Powstanie Wielkopolskie 1794 roku) was a military insurrection by Poles in Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) against Kingdom of Prussia which had taken possession of this territory after the 1793 Second Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.","title":"Greater Poland uprising (1794)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_J%C3%B3zef_Niemojewski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Józef Niemojewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Niemojewski"},{"link_name":"Kościuszko Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Prussian partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_partition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rezler-1"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Kościuszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Battle of Racławice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rac%C5%82awice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rezler-1"},{"link_name":"Supreme National Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_National_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rezler-1"}],"text":"Józef Niemojewski, leader of the uprisingThe outbreak of Kościuszko Uprising in central Poland in March 1794 served as the spark for the formation of Polish military units in the Prussian partition, as Poles in Wielkopolska hoped to liberate their region.[1] Initially, Tadeusz Kościuszko, who had initiated the fight against Russians in central Poland did not want to support the Greater Poland Uprising in the hope of avoiding a two front war (at the time, Kingdom of Prussia was nominally in an alliance with Poland against Russia).[2] As a result, the planned insurrection in Wielkopolska almost ended before it could start. However, the situation changed in June 1794 when the Prussians declared their support for Tsarist Russia and offered them military support in suppressing Kościuszko (after his victory at the Battle of Racławice).[1] As a result, the Supreme National Council issued a proclamation To the Citizens of Greater Poland calling them to arms.[1]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kujawy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujawy"},{"link_name":"Józef Niemojewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Niemojewski"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rezler-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Topol-3"},{"link_name":"Gniezno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gniezno"},{"link_name":"Paweł Skórzewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Sk%C3%B3rzewski"},{"link_name":"Konin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rezler-1"},{"link_name":"King of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Frederick William II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-old-4"},{"link_name":"Jan Henryk Dąbrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Henryk_D%C4%85browski"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rezler-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-old-4"},{"link_name":"Toruń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Battle of Maciejowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maciejowice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rezler-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rezler-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Henryk_D%C4%85browski.PNG"},{"link_name":"Jan Henryk Dąbrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Henryk_D%C4%85browski"},{"link_name":"Tomasz Wawrzecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Wawrzecki"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rezler-1"},{"link_name":"Radoszyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radoszyce,_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jan Kiliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kili%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Trzemeszno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzemeszno"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rezler-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rezler-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Polish Legions in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies-7"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Brigadier General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_General"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The initial center of the uprising was the Kujawy region. The command was given to Józef Niemojewski, although many of the units in the field operated independently.[1] Initial clashes took place on 20 August.[3] On 22 August the insurrectionists took Gniezno and General Paweł Skórzewski took Konin and other towns in the area soon after.[1] As a result, the King of Prussia, Frederick William II was forced to withdraw some of his forces from central Poland which were besieging Warsaw.[4]A Polish corps under Jan Henryk Dąbrowski captured Bydgoszcz on 2 October and entered Pomerania almost unopposed.[1][4] Dąbrowski planned to winter in Bydgoszcz and then move through Toruń, but because of Kościuszko's defeat at the Battle of Maciejowice he decided instead to evacuate Wielkopolska and make his way into central Poland.[1] Although thanks to the mobility of his forces he evaded being encircled by a much less mobile Prussian army, the Prussians recaptured most of the gains made by the insurrectionists in the previous few months.[1]General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski, one of the leaders of the uprisingDąbrowski unsuccessfully tried to convince Kościuszko's successor, Tomasz Wawrzecki to move the insurrection from central Poland to the Prussian partition.[1] On 17 November 1794, the last Polish units in central Poland capitulated to the Russians at Radoszyce.[5] In Wielkopolska sporadic guerrilla fighting continued until mid-December. The uprising almost got a second life when a hero of the fighting in Warsaw and one of Kościuszko's colonels, the shoemaker Jan Kiliński (who had been born in Trzemeszno), arrived in Wielkopolska to try to reorganize the Polish forces.[1] However, he was soon captured by the Prussians and handed over to the Russians.[1]With the end of the uprising, Dąbrowski was offered commissions in the Russian and Prussian armies but turned these down and emigrated abroad.[6] He went on to organize the Polish Legions in Italy which fought alongside Napoleon in subsequent wars.[7] Niemojewski also emigrated to France and served in Napoleon's army where he eventually attained the rank of Brigadier General.[8]","title":"Rebellion"}]
[{"image_text":"Józef Niemojewski, leader of the uprising","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/POL_J%C3%B3zef_Niemojewski.jpg/150px-POL_J%C3%B3zef_Niemojewski.jpg"},{"image_text":"General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski, one of the leaders of the uprising","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Jan_Henryk_D%C4%85browski.PNG/150px-Jan_Henryk_D%C4%85browski.PNG"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pylFAAAAIAAJ&q=Dabrowski+battle+Maciejowice","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MvctAAAAIAAJ&dq=Jan+Henryk+Dabrowski&pg=PA915","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=As43AAAAIAAJ&dq=Radoszyce+Kosciuszko&pg=PA172","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TVMmGKsbWJ4C&dq=Jan+Henryk+Dabrowski&pg=PA25","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9Tbed6iMNLEC&dq=Jan+Henryk+Dabrowski&pg=PA216","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"http://www.eilatgordinlevitan.com/kovno/kovno_pages/kovno_stories_napoleon.html","external_links_name":"[6]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhnyaya_Maktama
Nizhnyaya Maktama
["1 History","2 Administrative and municipal status","3 References","3.1 Notes","3.2 Sources"]
Coordinates: 54°52′N 52°27′E / 54.867°N 52.450°E / 54.867; 52.450You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (May 2024) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Russian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 929 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ru|Нижняя Мактама}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Urban-type settlement in Tatarstan, RussiaNizhnyaya Maktama Нижняя МактамаUrban-type settlement FlagCoat of armsLocation of Nizhnyaya Maktama Nizhnyaya MaktamaLocation of Nizhnyaya MaktamaShow map of RussiaNizhnyaya MaktamaNizhnyaya Maktama (Tatarstan)Show map of TatarstanCoordinates: 54°52′N 52°27′E / 54.867°N 52.450°E / 54.867; 52.450CountryRussiaFederal subjectTatarstanAdministrative districtAlmetyevsky DistrictUrban-type settlement status since1966Population (2010 Census) • Total9,924 • Estimate (2018)10,089 (+1.7%)Municipal status • Municipal districtAlmetyevsky Municipal District • Urban settlementNizhnyaya Maktama Urban Settlement • Capital ofNizhnyaya Maktama Urban SettlementTime zoneUTC+3 (MSK )Postal code(s)423440OKTMO ID92608105051 Nizhnyaya Maktama population2010 Census9,9242002 Census10,5801989 Census7,4151979 Census6,366 Nizhnyaya Maktama (Russian: Ни́жняя Мактама́; Tatar: Түбән Мактама) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Almetyevsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 9,924. History It was granted urban-type settlement status in 1966. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, the urban-type settlement of Nizhnyaya Maktama is subordinated to Almetyevsky District. As a municipal division, Nizhnyaya Maktama, together with one rural locality (the selo of Tikhonovka), is incorporated within Almetyevsky Municipal District as Nizhnyaya Maktama Urban Settlement. References Notes ^ a b c d Order #01-02/9 ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019. ^ a b c d Law #9-ZRT ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian) ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian). ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г. Национальный состав населения по регионам России (XLS). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года (in Russian). 1979 – via Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. Sources Министерство юстиции Республики Татарстан. Приказ №01-02/9 от 4 февраля 2014 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов в Республике Татарстан», в ред. Приказа №01-02/160 от 11 марта 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Приказ Министерства юстиции Республики Татарстан от 04.02.2014 №01-02/9 "Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов в Республике Татарстан"». Опубликован: Официальный сайт правовой информации Министерства юстиции Республики Татарстан (http://pravo.tatarstan.ru), 27 февраля 2014 г. (Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Tatarstan. Order #01-02/9 of February 4, 2014 On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and Inhabited Localities in the Republic of Tatarstan, as amended by the Order #01-02/160 of March 11, 2015 On Amending the Order of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Tatarstan #01-02/9 of February 4, 2014 "On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and Inhabited Localities in the Republic of Tatarstan". ). Государственный Совет Республики Татарстан. Закон №9-ЗРТ от 31 января 2005 г. «Об установлении границ территорий и статусе муниципального образования "Альметьевский муниципальный район" и муниципальных образований в его составе», в ред. Закона №149-ЗРТ от 30 декабря 2014 г. «Об изменении границ территорий отдельных муниципальных образований и внесении изменений в Закон Республики Татарстан "Об установлении границ территорий и статусе муниципального образования "Альметьевский муниципальный район" и муниципальных образований в его составе"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Республика Татарстан", №№18–19, 1 февраля 2005 г. (State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan. Law #9-ZRT of January 31, 2005 On Establishing the Borders of the Territories and the Status of the Municipal Formation of "Almetyevsky Municipal District" and of the Municipal Formations It Comprises, as amended by the Law #149-ZRT of December 30, 2014 On Changing the Borders of the Territories of Several Municipal Formations and on Amending the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On Establishing the Borders of the Territories and the Status of the Municipal Formation of "Almetyevsky Municipal District" and of the Municipal Formations It Comprises". Effective as of the official publication date.). vteAdministrative divisions of TatarstanCapital: Kazan • Rural localitiesDistricts Agryzsky Aksubayevsky Aktanyshsky Alexeyevsky Alkeyevsky Almetyevsky Apastovsky Arsky Atninsky Aznakayevsky Baltasinsky Bavlinsky Bugulminsky Buinsky Cheremshansky Chistopolsky Drozhzhanovsky Kamsko-Ustyinsky Kaybitsky Kukmorsky Laishevsky Leninogorsky Mamadyshsky Mendeleyevsky Menzelinsky Muslyumovsky Nizhnekamsky Novosheshminsky Nurlatsky Pestrechinsky Rybno-Slobodsky Sabinsky Sarmanovsky Spassky Tetyushsky Tukayevsky Tyulyachinsky Verkhneuslonsky Vysokogorsky Yelabuzhsky Yutazinsky Zainsky Zelenodolsky Cities and towns Agryz Almetyevsk Arsk Aznakayevo Bavly Bolgar Bugulma Buinsk Chistopol Kazan Laishevo Leninogorsk Mamadysh Mendeleyevsk Menzelinsk Naberezhnye Chelny Nizhnekamsk Nurlat Tetyushi Yelabuga Zainsk Zelenodolsk Urban-type settlements Aksubayevo Aktyubinsky Alexeyevskoye Apastovo Baltasi Bogatye Saby Dzhalil Kamskiye Polyany Kamskoye Ustye Karabash Kukmor Kuybyshevsky Zaton Nizhniye Vyazovye Nizhnyaya Maktama Rybnaya Sloboda Tenishevo Urussu Vasilyevo
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_language"},{"link_name":"urban locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"urban-type settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban-type_settlement"},{"link_name":"Almetyevsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almetyevsky_District"},{"link_name":"Republic of Tatarstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Tatarstan"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"2010 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Census-2"}],"text":"Urban-type settlement in Tatarstan, RussiaNizhnyaya Maktama (Russian: Ни́жняя Мактама́; Tatar: Түбән Мактама) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Almetyevsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 9,924.[2]","title":"Nizhnyaya Maktama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"It was granted urban-type settlement status in 1966.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"framework of administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions"},{"link_name":"urban-type settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban-type_settlement"},{"link_name":"Almetyevsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almetyevsky_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTatarstan_admlist-1"},{"link_name":"municipal division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Tikhonovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tikhonovka,_Republic_of_Tatarstan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTatarstanAlmetyevskyD_mun-4"}],"text":"Within the framework of administrative divisions, the urban-type settlement of Nizhnyaya Maktama is subordinated to Almetyevsky District.[1] As a municipal division, Nizhnyaya Maktama, together with one rural locality (the selo of Tikhonovka), is incorporated within Almetyevsky Municipal District as Nizhnyaya Maktama Urban Settlement.[4]","title":"Administrative and municipal status"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar","url_text":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\""}]},{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]},{"reference":"Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"},{"url":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","url_text":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г. Национальный состав населения по регионам России [All Union Population Census of 1979. Ethnic composition of the population by regions of Russia] (XLS). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года [All-Union Population Census of 1979] (in Russian). 1979 – via Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_79.xls","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г. Национальный состав населения по регионам России"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nizhnyaya_Maktama&params=54_52_N_52_27_E_type:city(9924)_region:RU","external_links_name":"54°52′N 52°27′E / 54.867°N 52.450°E / 54.867; 52.450"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fru.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0&sl=ru&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nizhnyaya_Maktama&params=54_52_N_52_27_E_type:city(9924)_region:RU","external_links_name":"54°52′N 52°27′E / 54.867°N 52.450°E / 54.867; 52.450"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","external_links_name":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar","external_links_name":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\""},{"Link":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","external_links_name":"\"Об исчислении времени\""},{"Link":"http://vinfo.russianpost.ru/servlet/department","external_links_name":"Поиск объектов почтовой связи"},{"Link":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","external_links_name":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"},{"Link":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","external_links_name":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"},{"Link":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_79.xls","external_links_name":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г. Национальный состав населения по регионам России"},{"Link":"http://pravo.tatarstan.ru/","external_links_name":"http://pravo.tatarstan.ru"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_stratocumulus
Marine stratocumulus
["1 See also","2 References"]
Type of cloud Marine stratocumulusAbbreviationScClassificationFamily C (Low-level)PrecipitationDrizzle Marine stratocumulus is a type of stratocumulus cloud that form in the stable air off the west coast of major land masses. The Earth spins on its axis, which results in the Coriolis force pushing the ocean surface water away from the coast in the mid-latitudes. This results in upwelling of cold water from below that creates a pool of cool water at the surface, which in turn cools the air directly above it. The surface cooling results in a large temperature inversion at the top of the marine layer. As the temperature is cooled to the dewpoint, water vapor condenses upon available cloud condensation nuclei, and forms a cloud. The stability of the marine layer prevents deep convection, and thus stratiform clouds are formed. Climate scientists are currently investigating the detailed structure of marine stratocumulus clouds in an attempt to understand their effect on the climate. See also Oceanic climate Actinoform cloud June Gloom References ^ "Marine Stratocumulus Clouds in the Pacific Northwest". NASA. 2006-09-29. Archived from the original on 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2008-11-01. ^ "Study probes clouds' climate role". BBC. 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2008-11-01. ^ "British scientists go cloud-hopping in the Pacific to improve climate predictions". Retrieved 2008-11-01. This cloud–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stratocumulus cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud"},{"link_name":"Coriolis force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_force"},{"link_name":"mid-latitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-latitudes"},{"link_name":"upwelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwelling"},{"link_name":"temperature inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_inversion"},{"link_name":"marine layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_layer"},{"link_name":"dewpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewpoint"},{"link_name":"stratiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratus_cloud"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Marine stratocumulus is a type of stratocumulus cloud that form in the stable air off the west coast of major land masses. The Earth spins on its axis, which results in the Coriolis force pushing the ocean surface water away from the coast in the mid-latitudes. This results in upwelling of cold water from below that creates a pool of cool water at the surface, which in turn cools the air directly above it. The surface cooling results in a large temperature inversion at the top of the marine layer. As the temperature is cooled to the dewpoint, water vapor condenses upon available cloud condensation nuclei, and forms a cloud. The stability of the marine layer prevents deep convection, and thus stratiform clouds are formed.[1]Climate scientists are currently investigating the detailed structure of marine stratocumulus clouds in an attempt to understand their effect on the climate.[2][3]","title":"Marine stratocumulus"}]
[]
[{"title":"Oceanic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate"},{"title":"Actinoform cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinoform_cloud"},{"title":"June Gloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Gloom"}]
[{"reference":"\"Marine Stratocumulus Clouds in the Pacific Northwest\". NASA. 2006-09-29. Archived from the original on 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2008-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061007131536/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov//Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17421","url_text":"\"Marine Stratocumulus Clouds in the Pacific Northwest\""},{"url":"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17421","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Study probes clouds' climate role\". BBC. 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2008-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7682836.stm","url_text":"\"Study probes clouds' climate role\""}]},{"reference":"\"British scientists go cloud-hopping in the Pacific to improve climate predictions\". Retrieved 2008-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncas.ac.uk/communications/vocals_campaign_08.html","url_text":"\"British scientists go cloud-hopping in the Pacific to improve climate predictions\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061007131536/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov//Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17421","external_links_name":"\"Marine Stratocumulus Clouds in the Pacific Northwest\""},{"Link":"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17421","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7682836.stm","external_links_name":"\"Study probes clouds' climate role\""},{"Link":"http://www.ncas.ac.uk/communications/vocals_campaign_08.html","external_links_name":"\"British scientists go cloud-hopping in the Pacific to improve climate predictions\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_stratocumulus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesar-e_Eskandari
Nesar-e Eskandari
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 32°49′04″N 50°25′27″E / 32.81778°N 50.42417°E / 32.81778; 50.42417Village in Isfahan, IranNesar-e Eskandari نسار اسکندریvillageNesar-e EskandariCoordinates: 32°49′04″N 50°25′27″E / 32.81778°N 50.42417°E / 32.81778; 50.42417Country IranProvinceIsfahanCountyFaridanBakhshCentralRural DistrictZayandeh Rud-e ShomaliPopulation (2006) • Total682Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Nesar-e Eskandari (Persian: نسار اسکندری, also Romanized as Nesār-e Eskandarī; also known as Eskandarī-ye Nesā‘, Nesār, and Nisār) is a village in Zayandeh Rud-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Faridan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 682, in 162 families. References ^ Nesar-e Eskandari can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3076835" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Faridan CountyCapital Daran DistrictsCentralCities Damaneh Daran Rural Districts and villagesDalankuh Darreh Bid Qafar Tarrar Varzaq Badjan Chehel Khaneh Dehaq Derakhtak Ganjeh Hasur Khalaj Nahr-e Khalaj Ozun Bolagh Qudjanak Quhak Varzaq-e Jonubi(South Varzaq) Chigan Gharghan Khuygan-e Sofla Mughan Nanadegan Nemagerd Qaleh-ye Malek Savaran Seftejan Zayandeh Rud-e Shomali(North Zayandeh Rud) Adegan Bolemir Eskandari-ye Baraftab Nesar-e Eskandari Singerd Iran portal This Faridan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Zayandeh Rud-e Shomali Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayandeh_Rud-e_Shomali_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Faridan_County)"},{"link_name":"Faridan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faridan_County"},{"link_name":"Isfahan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Isfahan, IranNesar-e Eskandari (Persian: نسار اسکندری, also Romanized as Nesār-e Eskandarī; also known as Eskandarī-ye Nesā‘, Nesār, and Nisār)[1] is a village in Zayandeh Rud-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Faridan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 682, in 162 families.[2]","title":"Nesar-e Eskandari"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/10.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Sites_of_Tochigi_Prefecture
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Tochigi)
["1 National Historic Sites","2 Prefectural Historic Sites","3 Municipal Historic Sites","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) This list is of the Historic Sites of Japan located within the Prefecture of Tochigi. National Historic Sites As of 1 December 2022, thirty-eight Sites have been designated as being of national significance (including two *Special Historic Sites). Site Municipality Comments Image Coordinates Type Ref. *Ōya Stone Buddhas大谷磨崖仏Ōya magaibutsu Utsunomiya Heian/Kamakura period bas-relief carvings Ōya Stone Buddhas 36°35′47″N 139°49′15″E / 36.59628589°N 139.82087223°E / 36.59628589; 139.82087223 (Ōya Stone Buddhas) 3 470 *Nikkō Cedar Avenue日光杉並木街道 附 並木寄進碑Nikkō sugi namiki kaidō tsuketari namiki kishin hi Nikkō, Kanuma designation includes an associated monument; also a Special Natural Monument Nikkō Cedar Avenue 36°44′41″N 139°42′24″E / 36.74480711°N 139.70672905°E / 36.74480711; 139.70672905 (Nikkō Cedar Avenue) 6 467 Atagozuka Kofun愛宕塚古墳Atagozuka kofun Mibu Kofun period tumulus Atagozuka Kofun 36°25′58″N 139°48′36″E / 36.43274062°N 139.81009779°E / 36.43274062; 139.81009779 (Atagozuka Kofun) 1 473 Otomefudōhara Tile Kiln ruins乙女不動原瓦窯跡Otomefudōhara kawara gama ato Oyama late Nara / early Heian period kiln Otomefudōhara Tile Kiln ruins 36°15′44″N 139°45′22″E / 36.26216387°N 139.75607572°E / 36.26216387; 139.75607572 (Otomefudōhara Tile Kiln ruins) 6 490 Shimotsuke Provincial Capital ruins下野国庁跡Shimotsuke kokuchō ato Tochigi late Nara / early Heian period Kokufu Shimotsuke Provincial Capital ruins 36°22′46″N 139°47′06″E / 36.37951983°N 139.78496843°E / 36.37951983; 139.78496843 (Shimotsuke Provincial Capital ruins) 2 493 Shimotsuke Kokubun-ji ruins下野国分寺跡Shimotsuke Kokubunji ato Shimotsuke provincial temple of Shimotsuke Province Shimotsuke Kokubunji ruins 36°23′08″N 139°48′23″E / 36.3856028°N 139.80645383°E / 36.3856028; 139.80645383 (Shimotsuke Kokubunji ruins) 3 463 Shimotsuke Kokubunni-ji ruins下野国分尼寺跡Shimotsuke Kokubunniji ato Shimotsuke provincial nunnery of Shimotsuke Province Shimotsuke Kokubunniji ruins 36°23′08″N 139°48′46″E / 36.38555768°N 139.81272169°E / 36.38555768; 139.81272169 (Shimotsuke Kokubunniji ruins) 3 485 Shimotsuke Yakushi-ji ruins下野薬師寺跡Shimotsuke Yakushiji ato Shimotsuke Nara period temple ruins Shimotsuke Yakushiji ruins 36°24′06″N 139°52′34″E / 36.40163687°N 139.87605499°E / 36.40163687; 139.87605499 (Shimotsuke Yakushiji ruins) 3 462 Kabasaki-ji ruins樺崎寺跡Kabasaki-ji ato Ashikaga Kamakura period temple ruins Kabasaki-ji ruins 36°21′41″N 139°29′39″E / 36.36145405°N 139.49413806°E / 36.36145405; 139.49413806 (Kabasaki-ji ruins) 3 3312 Ushizuka Kofun牛塚古墳Ushizuka kofun Mibu Kofun period tumulus Ushizuka Kofun 36°26′14″N 139°48′28″E / 36.43720413°N 139.80765731°E / 36.43720413; 139.80765731 (Ushizuka Kofun) 1 475 Azuma Kofun吾妻古墳Azuma kofun Tochigi, Mibu Kofun period tumulus Azuma Kofun 36°24′16″N 139°48′41″E / 36.40440697°N 139.81129956°E / 36.40440697; 139.81129956 (Azuma Kofun) 1 487 Negoyadai Site根古谷台遺跡Negoyadai iseki Utsunomiya Jōmon period settlement ruins Negoyadai Site 36°32′07″N 139°49′58″E / 36.53521323°N 139.83268526°E / 36.53521323; 139.83268526 (Negoyadai Site) 1 495 Sanuki Stone Buddha佐貫石仏Sanuki sekibutsu Shioya Sanuki Stone Buddha 36°45′01″N 139°47′58″E / 36.75015043°N 139.79939357°E / 36.75015043; 139.79939357 (Sanuki Stone Buddha) 3 471 Sakuramachi Jin'ya桜町陣屋跡Sakuramachi jin'ya ato Mooka Edo period fortified residence Sakuramachi Jin'ya 36°24′29″N 140°00′53″E / 36.40812471°N 140.01473978°E / 36.40812471; 140.01473978 (Sakuramachi Jin'ya) 2 478 Samuraizuka Kofun侍塚古墳Samuraizuka Kofun Ōtawara designation comprises Kami-Samuraizuka Kofun (上侍塚古) and Shimo-Samuraizuka Kofun (下侍塚古墳) Samuraizuka Kofun 36°48′47″N 140°07′22″E / 36.81299589°N 140.12285662°E / 36.81299589; 140.12285662 (Samuraizuka Kofun) 1 483 Teranohigashi Site寺野東遺跡Teranohigashi iseki Oyama Teranohigashi Site 36°19′36″N 139°52′52″E / 36.3266784°N 139.88109287°E / 36.3266784; 139.88109287 (Teranohigashi Site) 1 497 Kurumazuka Kofun車塚古墳Kurumazuka Kofun Mibu Kofun period tumulus Kurumazuka Kofun 36°26′14″N 139°48′33″E / 36.4371922°N 139.80906448°E / 36.4371922; 139.80906448 (Kurumazuka Kofun) 1 474 Kogane Ichirizuka小金井一里塚Kogane ichirizuka Shimotsuke Edo period highway marker Kogane Ichirizuka 36°22′40″N 139°50′28″E / 36.37769523°N 139.84121077°E / 36.37769523; 139.84121077 (Kogane Ichirizuka) 6 466 Oyama clan Castle Sites小山氏城跡Oyama-shi shiro ato Oyama designations comprises the sites of Washi Castle (鷲城跡), Gion Castle (祇園城跡), and Nakakuki Castle (中久喜城跡) Oyama clan Castle Sites 36°19′09″N 139°48′00″E / 36.31904891°N 139.80002237°E / 36.31904891; 139.80002237 (Oyama clan Castle Sites) 2 496 Kamikōnushi-Mobara Kanga ruins上神主・茂原官衙遺跡Kamikōnushi・Mobara kanga iseki Utsunomiya, Kaminokawa Nara-Heian period local government complex ruins Kamikōnushi-Mobara Kanga ruins 36°27′54″N 139°53′01″E / 36.46510465°N 139.88362172°E / 36.46510465; 139.88362172 (Kamikōnushi-Mobara Kanga ruins) 2 3374 Mibu Ichirizuka壬生一里塚Mibu ichirizuka Mibu Edo period highway marker Mibu Ichirizuka 36°24′57″N 139°48′12″E / 36.41595821°N 139.80333482°E / 36.41595821; 139.80333482 (Mibu Ichirizuka) 6 476 Senju-ji Precincts専修寺境内Senjuji keidai Mooka Senjuji Precincts 36°23′38″N 140°01′23″E / 36.39390055°N 140.02316754°E / 36.39390055; 140.02316754 (Senjuji Precincts) 3 486 Ashio Copper Mine足尾銅山跡Ashio dōzan ato Nikkō designation includes the Tsūdō Mine (通洞坑) and Utsuno Magazine (宇都野火薬庫跡) Ashio Copper Mine 36°38′01″N 139°26′16″E / 36.63357244°N 139.43782197°E / 36.63357244; 139.43782197 (Ashio Copper Mine) 6 00003567 Ashikaga Gakkō足利学校跡（聖廟及び附属建物を含む)Ashikaga Gakkō Ashikaga designation includes the shrine and annex Ashikaga Gakkō 36°20′09″N 139°27′12″E / 36.33596196°N 139.45326788°E / 36.33596196; 139.45326788 (Ashikaga Gakkō) 4 464 Ashikaga Family Residence足利氏宅跡（鑁阿寺）Banna-ji Ashikaga Ashikaga Family Residence (Banna-ji) 36°20′15″N 139°27′08″E / 36.3374865°N 139.45209568°E / 36.3374865; 139.45209568 (Ashikaga Family Residence (Banna-ji)) 2, 8 468 Chausuyama Kofun茶臼山古墳Chausuyama kofun Mibu Kofun period tumulus 36°29′23″N 139°46′41″E / 36.48975728°N 139.77803597°E / 36.48975728; 139.77803597 (Chausuyama Kofun) 1 484 Chōjagadaira Kanga ruins長者ヶ平官衙遺跡附東山道跡Chōjagadaira kanga iseki tsuketari Tōsandō ato Nasukarasuyama, Sakura 36°40′53″N 140°02′45″E / 36.681257°N 140.045857°E / 36.681257; 140.045857 (Chōjagadaira Kanga ruins) 2, 6 00003619 Karanogosho Cave Tomb唐御所横穴Karanogosho yokoana Nakagawa Kofun period cave tomb Karanogosho Cave Tomb 36°44′37″N 140°09′24″E / 36.74374352°N 140.15670115°E / 36.74374352; 140.15670115 (Karanogosho Cave Tomb) 1 479 Fujimoto Kannonyama Kofun藤本観音山古墳Fujimoto Kannonyama kofun Ashikaga Kofun period tumulus Fujimoto Kannonyama Kofun 36°18′02″N 139°26′09″E / 36.30045543°N 139.43592193°E / 36.30045543; 139.43592193 (Fujimoto Kannonyama Kofun) 1 00003498 Nasu Kanga ruins那須官衙遺跡Nasu Kanga iseki Nakagawa Nasu Kanga ruins 36°46′52″N 140°06′35″E / 36.78113347°N 140.10971512°E / 36.78113347; 140.10971512 (Nasu Kanga ruins) 2 488 Nasu Ogawa Kofun Cluster那須小川古墳群Nasu Ogawa kofun-gun Nakagawa designation includes Komagata Ōzuka Kofun (駒形大塚古墳), Yoshida Yuzen Jinja Kofun Cluster (吉田温泉神社古墳群), and Nasu Hachimanzuka Kofun Cluster (那須八幡塚古墳群) 36°45′41″N 140°07′16″E / 36.76138948°N 140.12099424°E / 36.76138948; 140.12099424 (Nasu Ogawa Kofun Cluster) 1 492 Nasu Kanda Castle ruins那須神田城跡Nasu Kanda-jō ato Nakagawa Heian period castle ruins 36°45′07″N 140°07′38″E / 36.75190939°N 140.12711209°E / 36.75190939; 140.12711209 (Nasu Kanda Castle ruins) 2 494 Shrines and Temples of Nikkō日光山内Nikkō-san nai Nikkō UNESCO World Heritage Site Shrines and Temples of Nikkō 36°45′31″N 139°35′52″E / 36.75856905°N 139.59791194°E / 36.75856905; 139.59791194 (Shrines and Temples of Nikkō) 3 3211 Tobiyama Castle ruins飛山城跡Tobiyama-jō ato Utsunomiya Kamakura period castle ruins Tobiyama Castle ruins 36°33′20″N 139°57′58″E / 36.55552262°N 139.96612171°E / 36.55552262; 139.96612171 (Tobiyama Castle ruins) 2 489 Biwazuka Kofun琵琶塚古墳Biwazuka kofun Oyama Kofun period tumulus Biwazuka Kofun 36°22′29″N 139°48′25″E / 36.37468713°N 139.80699858°E / 36.37468713; 139.80699858 (Biwazuka Kofun) 1 472 Marishitenzuka Kofun摩利支天塚古墳Marishitenzuka kofun Oyama Kofun period tumulus Marishitenzuka Kofun 36°22′20″N 139°48′21″E / 36.37224358°N 139.80596052°E / 36.37224358; 139.80596052 (Marishitenzuka Kofun) 1 491 Karasawayama Castle ruins唐沢山城跡Karasawayama-jō ato Sano Karasawayama Castle ruins 36°18′52″N 139°34′42″E / 36.31448861°N 139.57844416°E / 36.31448861; 139.57844416 (Karasawayama Castle ruins) 2 00003835 Karasuyama Castle Site烏山城跡Karasuyama-jō ato Nasukarasuyama 36°39′51″N 140°08′51″E / 36.664232°N 140.147582°E / 36.664232; 140.147582 (Karasuyama Castle Site) This list is complete and up to date as of December 2022. Prefectural Historic Sites As of 1 May 2022, forty-nine Sites have been designated as being of prefectural importance. Site Municipality Comments Image Coordinates Type Ref. Tsukayama Kofun塚山古墳Tsukayama kofun Utsunomiya 36°30′22″N 139°51′39″E / 36.506027°N 139.860833°E / 36.506027; 139.860833 (Tsukayama Kofun) Sendazuka Kofun千駄塚古墳Sendazuka kofun Oyama 36°16′55″N 139°46′29″E / 36.281982°N 139.774654°E / 36.281982; 139.774654 (Sendazuka Kofun) Ōzukadai Kofun大塚台古墳Ōzukadai kofun Haga 36°34′59″N 140°03′34″E / 36.583176°N 140.059440°E / 36.583176; 140.059440 (Ōzukadai Kofun) Hyōtanzuka Kofun瓢箪塚古墳Hyōtanzuka kofun Mooka 36°25′25″N 139°59′20″E / 36.423523°N 139.988785°E / 36.423523; 139.988785 (Hyōtanzuka Kofun) Kazatozuka Kofun風戸塚古墳Kazatozuka kofun Mashiko 36°29′11″N 140°05′45″E / 36.486401°N 140.095875°E / 36.486401; 140.095875 (Kazatozuka Kofun) Nagaoka Hyakuana Kofun長岡百穴古墳Nagaoka Hyakuana kofun Utsunomiya 36°35′47″N 139°52′50″E / 36.596270°N 139.880676°E / 36.596270; 139.880676 (Nagaoka Hyakuana Kofun) Hachimanyama Kofun Cluster八幡山古墳群Hachimanyama kofun-gun Ashikaga 36°19′26″N 139°26′09″E / 36.323908°N 139.435794°E / 36.323908; 139.435794 (Hachimanyama Kofun Cluster) Myōtetsu Zenji Grave妙哲禅師の墓 附 墓碑Myōtetsu Zenji no haka tsuketari bohi Utsunomiya 36°39′15″N 139°49′35″E / 36.654115°N 139.826281°E / 36.654115; 139.826281 (Myōtetsu Zenji Grave) Sesshō-seki殺生石Sesshō seki Nasu 37°05′59″N 140°00′02″E / 37.099688°N 140.000539°E / 37.099688; 140.000539 (Sesshō-seki) Kamenokozuka Kofun亀の子塚古墳Kamenokozuka kofun Haga 36°30′06″N 140°01′05″E / 36.501668°N 140.018005°E / 36.501668; 140.018005 (Kamenokozuka Kofun) Sasazuka Kofun笹塚古墳Sasazuka kofun Utsunomiya 36°28′53″N 139°53′53″E / 36.481398°N 139.898164°E / 36.481398; 139.898164 (Sasazuka Kofun) Ōzuka Kofun大塚古墳Ōzuka kofun Utsunomiya 36°35′27″N 139°52′26″E / 36.590833°N 139.873889°E / 36.590833; 139.873889 (Ōzuka Kofun) Ōmasuzuka Kofun大桝塚古墳Ōmasuzuka kofun Sano 36°19′31″N 139°35′35″E / 36.325161°N 139.593101°E / 36.325161; 139.593101 (Ōmasuzuka Kofun) Tanaka Shōzō Former Residence田中正造旧宅Tanaka Shōzō kyū-taku Sano 36°20′16″N 139°33′16″E / 36.337642°N 139.554552°E / 36.337642; 139.554552 (Tanaka Shōzō Former Residence) Ninomiya Sontoku Grave二宮尊徳の墓Ninomiya Sontoku no haka Nikkō 36°43′32″N 139°41′21″E / 36.725591°N 139.689059°E / 36.725591; 139.689059 (Ninomiya Sontoku Grave) Atagozuka Kofun愛宕塚古墳Atagozuka kofun Oyama 36°18′55″N 139°49′18″E / 36.315298°N 139.821582°E / 36.315298; 139.821582 (Atagozuka Kofun) Bishamonyama Kofun毘沙門山古墳Bishamonyama kofun Oyama 36°17′28″N 139°44′45″E / 36.290993°N 139.745793°E / 36.290993; 139.745793 (Bishamonyama Kofun) Ōuchi Haiji Site and Tōhōdadō大内廃寺跡 附 塔法田堂跡Ōuchi Haiji ato tsuketari Tōhōdadō ato Mooka 36°28′32″N 140°01′47″E / 36.475549°N 140.029775°E / 36.475549; 140.029775 (Bishamonyama Kofun) Shōdō Shōnin Birthplace日光開山勝道上人誕生地Nikkō kaizan Shōdō shōnin tanjō-chi Mooka at Butsusei-ji (仏生寺) 36°24′27″N 140°03′13″E / 36.407373°N 140.053507°E / 36.407373; 140.053507 (Shōdō Shōnin Birthplace) Fujiyama Kofun富士山古墳Fujiyama kofun Mibu 36°29′19″N 139°46′56″E / 36.488610°N 139.782314°E / 36.488610; 139.782314 (Fujiyama Kofun) Nagatsuka Kofun長塚古墳Nagatsuka kofun Mibu 36°28′36″N 139°46′18″E / 36.476576°N 139.771553°E / 36.476576; 139.771553 (Nagatsuka Kofun) Kamezuka Kofun亀塚古墳Kamezuka kofun Mibu 36°29′58″N 139°49′51″E / 36.499374°N 139.830852°E / 36.499374; 139.830852 (Kamezuka Kofun) Ōtsuka Kofun大塚古墳Ōzuka kofun Nogi 36°12′52″N 139°45′02″E / 36.214571°N 139.750514°E / 36.214571; 139.750514 (Ōtsuka Kofun) Kanayamazuka Kofun金山塚古墳Kanayamazuka kofun Iwafune 36°18′03″N 139°41′58″E / 36.300739°N 139.699531°E / 36.300739; 139.699531 (Kanayamazuka Kofun) Nishihara Kofun西原古墳Nishihara kofun Sakura 36°44′43″N 139°58′57″E / 36.745272°N 139.982539°E / 36.745272; 139.982539 (Nishihara Kofun) Niwatorizuka Kofun鶏塚古墳Niwatorizuka kofun Mooka 36°28′57″N 140°01′51″E / 36.482597°N 140.030901°E / 36.482597; 140.030901 (Niwatorizuka Kofun) Yoneyama Kofun米山古墳Yoneyama kofun Sano 36°19′32″N 139°36′31″E / 36.325550°N 139.608700°E / 36.325550; 139.608700 (Yoneyama Kofun) Nyūjōzuka Kofun入定塚古墳Nyūjōzuka kofun Mashiko 36°29′14″N 140°05′55″E / 36.487178°N 140.098600°E / 36.487178; 140.098600 (Nyūjōzuka Kofun) Oyake Kofun Cluster小宅古墳群Oyake kofun-gun Mashiko 36°30′38″N 140°06′47″E / 36.510516°N 140.112934°E / 36.510516; 140.112934 (Oyake Kofun Cluster) Nakamura Castle Site中村城跡Nakamura-jō ato Mooka 36°24′34″N 139°57′26″E / 36.409376°N 139.957119°E / 36.409376; 139.957119 (Nakamura Castle Site) Koyama Castle Site児山城跡Koyama-jō ato Shimotsuke 36°26′51″N 139°51′08″E / 36.447575°N 139.852298°E / 36.447575; 139.852298 (Koyama Castle Site) Jinzen Tomoe Inn深山巴の宿Jinzen Tomoe no juku Kanuma 36°38′53″N 139°30′27″E / 36.647935°N 139.507484°E / 36.647935; 139.507484 (Jinzen Tomoe Inn) Tenjinyama Kofun天神山古墳Tenjinyama kofun Mooka 36°22′50″N 140°00′40″E / 36.380661°N 140.011053°E / 36.380661; 140.011053 (Tenjinyama Kofun) Gozenbara Castle Site御前原城跡Gozenbara-jō ato Yaita 36°47′20″N 139°56′41″E / 36.788855°N 139.944663°E / 36.788855; 139.944663 (Gozenbara Castle Site) Nogi Maresuke Residence at Nasu乃木希典那須野旧宅Nogi Maresuki Nasu no kyū-taku Nasushiobara 36°53′15″N 140°00′10″E / 36.887610°N 140.002910°E / 36.887610; 140.002910 (Nogi Maresuke Residence at Nasu) Murakami Castle Site村上城跡Murakami-jō ato Ichikai 36°33′27″N 140°07′08″E / 36.557395°N 140.118985°E / 36.557395; 140.118985 (Murakami Castle Site) Utsunomiya Family Grave Site宇都宮家の墓所Utsunomiya-ke bosho Mashiko 36°27′07″N 140°08′11″E / 36.452011°N 140.136387°E / 36.452011; 140.136387 (Utsunomiya Family Grave Site) Senbon Castle Site千本城跡Senbon-jō ato Motegi 36°34′35″N 140°09′09″E / 36.576490°N 140.152545°E / 36.576490; 140.152545 (Senbon Castle Site) Tsukayama-nishi Kofun塚山西古墳Tsukayama-nishi kofun Utsunomiya 36°30′21″N 139°51′35″E / 36.505756°N 139.859803°E / 36.505756; 139.859803 (Tsukayama-nishi Kofun) Tsukayama-minami Kofun塚山南古墳Tsukayama-minami kofun Utsunomiya 36°30′18″N 139°51′37″E / 36.504928°N 139.860367°E / 36.504928; 139.860367 (Tsukayama-minami Kofun) Saimyō-ji Precinct西明寺境内Saimyōji keidai Mashiko 36°27′10″N 140°07′02″E / 36.452735°N 140.117311°E / 36.452735; 140.117311 (Saimyōji Precinct) Hosokawa Clan Graves細川家の墓所Hosokawa-ke no haka Motegi at Nōji-in (能持院) 36°32′33″N 140°12′07″E / 36.542570°N 140.202069°E / 36.542570; 140.202069 (Hosokawa Clan Graves) Maruzuka Kofun丸塚古墳Maruzuka kofun Shimotsuke 36°23′31″N 139°48′41″E / 36.391959°N 139.811454°E / 36.391959; 139.811454 (Maruzuka Kofun) Atagozuka Kofun愛宕塚古墳Atagozuka kofun Shimotsuke 36°23′31″N 139°48′36″E / 36.391924°N 139.810081°E / 36.391924; 139.810081 (Atagozuka Kofun) Shakadō Junshi Graves and Fudai Family Graves釈迦堂殉死の墓及び譜代家臣の墓Shakadō junshi no haka oyobi Fudai-ka shin no haka Nikkō at Rinnō-ji 36°45′16″N 139°36′03″E / 36.754565°N 139.600825°E / 36.754565; 139.600825 (Shakadō Junshi Graves and Fudai Family Graves) Mumo Castle Site武茂城跡（乾徳寺境内を含む）Mumo-jō ato (Kentokuji keidai o fukumu) Nakagawa designation includes the precinct of Kentoku-ji (乾徳寺) 36°44′31″N 140°10′22″E / 36.741910°N 140.172844°E / 36.741910; 140.172844 (Mumo Castle Site) Horikoshi Site堀越遺跡Horikoshi iseki Yaita 36°49′34″N 139°55′01″E / 36.826016°N 139.917026°E / 36.826016; 139.917026 (Horikoshi Site) Prefectural Office Moat県庁堀 附 漕渠Kenchō bori tsuketari sōkyo Tochigi 36°22′52″N 139°43′48″E / 36.381171°N 139.729882°E / 36.381171; 139.729882 (Prefectural Office Moat) Sengenzuka Kofun浅間塚古墳Sengenzuka kofun Mashiko 36°29′12″N 140°05′04″E / 36.486614°N 140.084402°E / 36.486614; 140.084402 (Sengenzuka Kofun) This list is complete and up to date as of December 2022. Municipal Historic Sites As of 1 May 2022, a further four hundred and five Sites have been designated as being of municipal importance. vteHistoric Sites of JapanHokkaidō Hokkaidō Tōhoku Aomori Iwate Miyagi Akita Yamagata Fukushima Kantō Ibaraki Tochigi Gunma Saitama Chiba Tōkyō Kanagawa Chūbu Niigata Toyama Ishikawa Fukui Yamanashi Nagano Gifu Shizuoka Aichi Kansai Mie Shiga Kyōto Ōsaka Hyōgo Nara Wakayama Chūgoku Tottori Shimane Okayama Hiroshima Yamaguchi Shikoku Tokushima Kagawa Ehime Kōchi Kyūshū Fukuoka Saga Nagasaki Kumamoto Ōita Miyazaki Kagoshima Okinawa Okinawa 1 See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to National historic sites in Tochigi prefecture. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prefectural Historic Sites in Tochigi Prefecture. Cultural Properties of Japan Shimotsuke Province Tochigi Prefectural Museum List of Places of Scenic Beauty of Japan (Tochigi) References ^ "Cultural Properties for Future Generations". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 27 December 2022. ^ 史跡名勝天然記念物 (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 1 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022. ^ "Database of National Cultural Properties: 史跡名勝天然記念物 (史跡, 特別史跡 栃木県)" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 27 December 2022. ^ 国指定等文化財 (in Japanese). Tochigi Prefectural Board of Education. Retrieved 27 December 2022. ^ "Shrines and Temples of Nikko". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 August 2014. ^ 都道府県別指定等文化財件数（都道府県分） (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 1 May 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022. ^ 県指定等文化財 (in Japanese). Tochigi Prefecture. Retrieved 27 December 2022. ^ 都道府県別指定等文化財件数（市町村分） (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 1 May 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022. External links Cultural Properties of Tochigi Prefecture (in Japanese)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_%28Tochigi%29"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Tochigi)"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Tochigi)"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Tochigi)"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Tochigi)"},{"link_name":"Historic Sites of 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Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Special_Places_of_Scenic_Beauty,_Special_Historic_Sites_and_Special_Natural_Monuments"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"As of 1 December 2022, thirty-eight Sites have been designated as being of national significance (including two *Special Historic Sites).[2][3][4]This list is complete and up to date as of December 2022.","title":"National Historic Sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"As of 1 May 2022, forty-nine Sites have been designated as being of prefectural importance.[6][7]This list is complete and up to date as of December 2022.","title":"Prefectural Historic Sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Historic_Sites_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Historic_Sites_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historic_Sites_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Historic Sites of 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//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Saga)"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Nagasaki)"},{"link_name":"Kumamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Kumamoto)"},{"link_name":"Ōita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(%C5%8Cita)"},{"link_name":"Miyazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Miyazaki)"},{"link_name":"Kagoshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Kagoshima)"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Okinawa)"}],"text":"As of 1 May 2022, a further four hundred and five Sites have been designated as being of municipal importance.[8]vteHistoric Sites of JapanHokkaidō\nHokkaidō\n Tōhoku\nAomori\nIwate\nMiyagi\nAkita\nYamagata\nFukushima\nKantō\nIbaraki\nTochigi\nGunma\nSaitama\nChiba\nTōkyō\nKanagawa\nChūbu\nNiigata\nToyama\nIshikawa\nFukui\nYamanashi\nNagano\nGifu\nShizuoka\nAichi\nKansai\nMie\nShiga\nKyōto\nŌsaka\nHyōgo\nNara\nWakayama\nChūgoku\nTottori\nShimane\nOkayama\nHiroshima\nYamaguchi\nShikoku\nTokushima\nKagawa\nEhime\nKōchi\nKyūshū\nFukuoka\nSaga\nNagasaki\nKumamoto\nŌita\nMiyazaki\nKagoshima\nOkinawa\nOkinawa\n1","title":"Municipal Historic Sites"}]
[{"image_text":"Ōya Stone Buddhas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Utsunomiya_Oya-ji_Temple.JPG/150px-Utsunomiya_Oya-ji_Temple.JPG"},{"image_text":"Nikkō Cedar Avenue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Suginamiki2.jpg/112px-Suginamiki2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Atagozuka Kofun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Atagozuka-kofun_%28Mibu%29-1.JPG/150px-Atagozuka-kofun_%28Mibu%29-1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Otomefudōhara Tile Kiln ruins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Otomefudohara_Tile_Kiln_ruins.jpg/150px-Otomefudohara_Tile_Kiln_ruins.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shimotsuke Provincial Capital ruins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Shimotukekokucho-ato_zenkei.jpg/150px-Shimotukekokucho-ato_zenkei.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shimotsuke Kokubunji ruins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%E4%B8%8B%E9%87%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%86%E5%AF%BA%E8%B7%A1_%E4%BC%BD%E8%97%8D.jpg/150px-%E4%B8%8B%E9%87%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%86%E5%AF%BA%E8%B7%A1_%E4%BC%BD%E8%97%8D.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shimotsuke Kokubunniji ruins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%E4%B8%8B%E9%87%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%86%E5%B0%BC%E5%AF%BA%E8%B7%A1_%E9%87%91%E5%A0%82%E8%B7%A1.jpg/150px-%E4%B8%8B%E9%87%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%86%E5%B0%BC%E5%AF%BA%E8%B7%A1_%E9%87%91%E5%A0%82%E8%B7%A1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shimotsuke Yakushiji ruins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%E4%B8%8B%E9%87%8E%E8%96%AC%E5%B8%AB%E5%AF%BA_%E5%9B%9E%E5%BB%8A%E7%A4%8E%E7%9F%B3.jpg/150px-%E4%B8%8B%E9%87%8E%E8%96%AC%E5%B8%AB%E5%AF%BA_%E5%9B%9E%E5%BB%8A%E7%A4%8E%E7%9F%B3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kabasaki-ji ruins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kabasaki-dera_garden_remains.jpg/150px-Kabasaki-dera_garden_remains.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ushizuka Kofun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ushizuka-kofun_%28Mibu%29-1.JPG/150px-Ushizuka-kofun_%28Mibu%29-1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Azuma Kofun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Azuma-kofun_zenkei.JPG/150px-Azuma-kofun_zenkei.JPG"},{"image_text":"Negoyadai Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Negoyadai_ruins.jpg/150px-Negoyadai_ruins.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sanuki Stone Buddha","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sanuki_Sekibutsu.jpg/100px-Sanuki_Sekibutsu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sakuramachi Jin'ya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ruins_of_Sakuramatchi_Jin%27ya_02.JPG/150px-Ruins_of_Sakuramatchi_Jin%27ya_02.JPG"},{"image_text":"Samuraizuka Kofun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/20090421%E4%B8%8B%E4%BE%8D%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3.jpg/150px-20090421%E4%B8%8B%E4%BE%8D%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Teranohigashi Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Terahigashi_Site.jpg/150px-Terahigashi_Site.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kurumazuka Kofun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kurumazuka-kofun_%28Mibu%29-1.JPG/150px-Kurumazuka-kofun_%28Mibu%29-1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Kogane Ichirizuka","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koganei_Ichirizuka%2C_Tochigi.jpg/150px-Koganei_Ichirizuka%2C_Tochigi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oyama clan Castle Sites","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Oyam-jo.entrance.2.JPG/150px-Oyam-jo.entrance.2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Kamikōnushi-Mobara Kanga ruins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Historical_Government_Buildings_Site_of_Kamikonushi_%26_Mobara_01.jpg/150px-Historical_Government_Buildings_Site_of_Kamikonushi_%26_Mobara_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mibu Ichirizuka","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mibu_Ichirizuka.JPG/150px-Mibu_Ichirizuka.JPG"},{"image_text":"Senjuji Precincts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Honji-Senju-ji_Somon.JPG/150px-Honji-Senju-ji_Somon.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ashio Copper Mine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tsudo_compressor_station.jpg/150px-Tsudo_compressor_station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ashikaga Gakkō","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ashikaga_school_historic_site.jpg/150px-Ashikaga_school_historic_site.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ashikaga Family Residence (Banna-ji)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Historic_site_of_Ashikaga_family%27s_residence.jpg/150px-Historic_site_of_Ashikaga_family%27s_residence.jpg"},{"image_text":"Karanogosho Cave Tomb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Karanogosho_yokoana_kofun.jpg/150px-Karanogosho_yokoana_kofun.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fujimoto Kannonyama Kofun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fujimotokannonyamakofun.jpg/150px-Fujimotokannonyamakofun.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nasu Kanga ruins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nasu_kanga.jpg/150px-Nasu_kanga.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shrines and Temples of Nikkō","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NikkoShinkyo5593.jpg/150px-NikkoShinkyo5593.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tobiyama Castle ruins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tobiyama_Castle_Front_Entrance.jpg/150px-Tobiyama_Castle_Front_Entrance.jpg"},{"image_text":"Biwazuka Kofun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Biwazuka-kofun_zenkei.JPG/150px-Biwazuka-kofun_zenkei.JPG"},{"image_text":"Marishitenzuka Kofun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Marishitenzuka-kofun_stairs.JPG/150px-Marishitenzuka-kofun_stairs.JPG"},{"image_text":"Karasawayama Castle ruins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Karasawayama_Shrine.JPG/150px-Karasawayama_Shrine.JPG"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Lumber_and_Mining_Company
Missouri Lumber and Mining Company
["1 Formation","2 New mill","3 Grandin","4 Prosperity","5 Company town","6 Decline","7 Historic resources","7.1 Sixth Street Historic District","8 Map","9 Notes","10 Further reading","11 References"]
Coordinates: 36°49′46″N 90°49′36″W / 36.82944°N 90.82667°W / 36.82944; -90.82667 Missouri Lumber and Mining CompanyIndustryLumberFounded1880FoundersO.H.P. Williams, E.B. Bishop, J.L. Livingston, Jahu HunterDefunct1919FateClosedHeadquartersGrandin, Missouri, United States (until 1910)ProductsDimensional lumber, shingles, lath E.B. Grandin in 1873 United States historic placeHistoric Resources of the Missouri Lumber and Mining CompanyU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district Location in MissouriShow map of MissouriLocation in United StatesShow map of the United StatesLocationGrandin, MissouriCoordinates36°49′46″N 90°49′36″W / 36.82944°N 90.82667°W / 36.82944; -90.82667Area9.9 acres (4.0 ha)Built1888 (1888)-1909MPSMissouri Lumber and Mining Company MRANRHP reference No.64000398Added to NRHPOctober 14, 1980 Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) 300m330yds   Listed buildings in Missouri Mining and Lumber Company Historic Resources (see below for a detailed map)  Purple indicates commercial building  Blue indicates pond  Red indicates Sixth Street Historic District house Green indicates other house The Missouri Lumber and Mining Company (MLM) was a large timber corporation with headquarters and primary operations in southeast Missouri. The company was formed by Pennsylvania lumbermen who were eager to exploit the untapped timber resources of the Missouri Ozarks to supply lumber, primarily used in construction, to meet the demand of U.S. westward expansion. Its primary operations were centered in Grandin, a company town it built starting c. 1888. The lumber mill there grew to be the largest in the country at the turn of the century and Grandin's population peaked around 2,500 to 3,000. As the timber resources were exhausted, the company had to abandon Grandin around 1910. It continued timber harvesting in other parts of Missouri for another decade. While some of the buildings in Grandin were relocated, many of the remaining buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as part of the state's historic preservation plan which considered the MLM a significant technological and economic contributor to Missouri. Formation In the 1860s, O.H.P. Williams, who was in the lumber business in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and his son-in-law, Elijah Bishop Grandin, who had prospered in the oil business in Tidioute, heard of the valuable timber in the Courtois Hills of Missouri and began purchasing land in Ripley County. They purchased an additional 30,000 acres (12,000 ha) in Carter County in the 1870s, for an average cost of $1/acre, and joined with two others from Tidioute, John Livingston Grandin (Elija's brother) and Jahu Hunter, a lumber and oilman, to form the company. In addition to the inexpensive land, the investors thought the generally poor population would be eager to work for the company. They also felt that the milder winters would allow for year-round operation, unlike what they were used to in Pennsylvania. Another factor was proximity to the Great Plains states, a region with an expanding population and few trees. The Missouri Lumber and Mining Company was incorporated in 1880. All four partners remained in Pennsylvania while John Barber White, a successful Tidioute mill operator, was hired to move to Missouri and run the company as its general manager. Timberland was also amassed in Shannon, Reynolds, Butler, and Wayne counties. The land included thousands of acres of short-leaf Southern yellow pine as well as smaller amounts of hardwoods. In 1879 and 1880, White was able to buy land at Sheriff's sales for as little as five cents per acre. The first lumber mill was built on the Black River in Wayne County and named White's Mill after the company's manager. The location is near the current city of Williamsville, Missouri and could mill six million board feet of lumber annually. It was difficult to transport the lumber for sale as the closest railroad was 10–15 mi (16–24 km) away at Mill Spring. Lumber had to be moved to the Iron Mountain Railroad depot there first by teamsters with oxcarts and then loaded onto railcard for transport to market. The company tried for many years to obtain direct rail access to the mill, but Iron Mountain refused to provide it. In 1884, despite owning 100,000 acres (40,000 ha) of timberland in the county, the mill was never able to utilize its capacity and was closed because of the transportation issue. The mill had had 125 employees who were laid off. New mill The company then turned its attention to Carter County, where its holding had grown to 100,000 acres (40,000 ha) with additional acreage in adjacent Ripley County. It identified a desirable mill location and sought the needed rail access. The company made a distribution deal with the Kansas City, Fort Scott and Memphis Railway (KFS&M). The KFS&M had already built a line from Springfield to Thayer in 1882. The railroad agreed to construct an 81 mi (130 km) spur from this line running from Willow Springs, Missouri to MLMs land in the Current River Valley in exchange for a guaranteed minimum amount of lumber shipments. A five-year agreement between the companies in February 1887 specified that MLM would ship all its lumber going west of the Mississippi on the KFS&M or its affiliates. The MLM also agree to have a mill operational by the time the line was complete. The spur, organized as the Current River Railroad was completed in 1888. Later that year, the Cape Girardeau Southwestern Railroad extended a line from the east allowing the mill to more directly supply eastern markets as well. The Cape Girardeau line met the Current River line in Hunter, Missouri, about 5 mi (8.0 km) from the Current River terminus at the MLM mill site. MLM established an operation ten miles south of White's mill on Toliver Pond. The pond was a flooded 3.5-acre (1.4 ha) sinkhole which could hold 500,000 ft (150,000 m) of logs waiting to be milled. The location, near the upper Little Black River, was connected via river valley to other large timber holdings at Beaver Dam Creek. White's mill was dismantled and moved to the new location. A locomotive was brought to the site from Williamsville where it was dismantled and hauled by ox-teams the final 22 mi (35 km) along with other machinery and enough iron rails to build 6-mile (9.7 km) of logging railroad. The effort was "unprecedented" and culminated in a $250,000 complex of mills and kilns. Grandin Just west of the complex, MLM established the new town of Grandin, named after company founder E.B. Grandin. The company had 175 employees in 1889, including locals and skilled workers such as sawyers recruited from outside the region. This location, an unincorporated private company town was the company headquarters for about twenty years. The town was planned by a company architect/engineer with a main street that had the company store, a hospital, hotel and other commercial buildings, surrounded by large lawns and decorative landscaping. Residential streets were laid out for up to 1000 houses. Just outside of town were a railway roundhouse, blacksmith and other machine shops. Between the town and the mills on the east was an 80 acres (32 ha) lumberyard. The headquarters building was the town's financial center where employees were paid monthly on the tenth. It had a vault and teller booth. Prosperity MLM log train, c. 1910 There were six million board feet of lumber in the Grandin yard waiting to be shipped when the railroad arrived in June 1888. Production reached 32 million board feet in 1892 and averaged 60 million annually after 1895. More mills, both saw and planing, were added in 1892 and in 1894 it was asserted, by at least one local newspaper, to be the largest mill (by production) in the country. MLM used an extensive network of tram railways, built with standard gauge track, 300 log cars and 6 locomotives to move logs to the mill. Using standard gauge allowed the log cars to be transported the final leg to the mill over the Current Railroad tracks. It also floated logs on rivers and streams, primarily the Current River. Above Chicopee, where the Current River Railroad crossed the river, mules dragged logs to the bank where they were floated downstream in flotillas up to 15 miles (24 km) long. At Chicopee, the logs were dragged out of the river and loaded onto railcars. Only trees measuring 11 inches (28 cm) in diameter or greater were felled. The largest were nearly four feet. All logs were left to soak in Toliver Pond for several days before sawing to remove dirt that would dull saw blades. Logs were brought from the pond to the saws by conveyor. The mills included circular, band, and head saws driven by steam power. In addition to dimensional lumber, the mills produced shingles and lath. The company marketed its pine as "Beaver Dam Soft Pine", after Beaver Dam Creek, and used a beaver as its trademark. The name became well known throughout the U.S. lumber market. MLM lumber was sold from Ohio westward into the plains states, with most being sold west of the Mississippi; half of its 1901 production went to Kansas City lumber dealers. In 1890, White became president of the Southern Lumber Manufactures' Association, which worked to negotiate better rates with the railroads, standardize lumber grading and prices. A year later, White moved his office from the company headquarters in Grandin to Kansas City where other big lumber companies were located. White consolidated the region's lumber industry in 1897 as leader of the Missouri Land and Lumber Exchange, a cartel which set production and prices. The company was so powerful that it was able to raise lumber prices ten times in 1899 and control lumber prices nationwide. The company grew and had approximately 1000 employees in Grandin in 1900, and peaked at 1500 five years later. One out of every six Carter County residents worked for the company. The company recruited skilled workers from other regions of the country that also had large timber operations and used mostly locals for unskilled work. Smaller operations were located in Hunter (named after founder Jahu Hunter) and Fremont, both located on the Current River Railroad. Company town MLM houses in Grandin, Missouri, c. 1910 In addition to the headquarters building and other commercial and service structures in Grandin, MLM built homes that it rented to employees with families. Over 475 houses were built, which it rented for $1 per room per month. Many were two-story, with painted weatherboard siding, and gable roofs. These houses were two room-wide, one room-deep rectangular structures, often with front porches and rear lean-tos added. Single women were housed in a company-owned boarding house, where the company could maintain "its vision of morality". There were also two boarding houses for men. The boarding house rent was $18 per month including meals. Most single men lived in more primitive shacks or cabins that rented for $2 - $2.50 per month. Initially, they were pre-fabricated and transported to Grandin by railcar. Larger homes for company officials and supervisors rented for $5 - $10 monthly. The company hotel had few guests and was mostly used for employee housing. MLM's control of all housing in Grandin meant it had significant influence in the company town. It provided assistance to widows of men killed on the job for up to two years in most cases. The company acted to some extent as if the people of Grandin were its dependents. However, its decisions were not made without regard to maintaining profitability. MLM constructed a sidewalk on the town main street in 1906 to aid commerce in the company stores, but it refused to add sidewalks on residential side streets. The company also built the town's school and was involved in its operation, with company officials usually filling the role of school board president and approving the hiring of teachers and other important decisions. It brought telephone service to the town to improve the company's communications efficiency. A line connected Grandin with the county seat of Centerville. MLM initially refused to allow phones in private homes but later relented. Other amenities provided by the company included a library and churches of various denominations. Church support include paying the salary of the ministers. Various other social organization were supported by the company, such as the Knights of King Arthur, to "promote a healthy and productive workforce". It supported recreation facilities, baseball teams, and even an ice-skating rink. White in 1905 From around 1890, MLM staffed a small hospital with doctors to maintain the health and productivity of its workers and their families. Funded by a monthly fee ($0.75 for single workers and $1.25 for those with families, collected from each employee), the clinic provided unlimited health care. MLM was a pioneer of company-sponsored health care. The clinic grew to a staff of ten, including a dentist. The company even provided a small mobile health facility, moved on railroad flatcar, to take health care into the work camps in the forest. Serious injuries and deaths were not uncommon, particularly among railroad workers. Although the majority of positions were held by men, the MLM used many women as stenographers and clerks, putting the company "in the forefront of the feminization of office work" in the 1890s. The company required character references for all workers. Grandin's population peaked at 2,500 to 3,000 people, 1,200 directly employed by MLM. Decline MLM mill complex in Grandin, Missouri, 1903 The Grandin mill was ranked as the world's largest by capacity in 1900 & 1901, with the ability to produce 75 million board feet per year, although the most it ever produced was just under 66 million in 1901. Production fell rapidly, reaching about 37,000,000 board feet in 1904. A fire in 1905 destroyed a secondary mill, after which the main mill started 24-hour operation, which used 90 rail cars per day of logs. Over time, it became more difficult to purchase timberland and to cut timber at profitable prices. Land prices increased rapidly when local landowners became aware of the value of their trees. It was important for timberland to be near the railroad as the cost of extending logging tramlines through the difficult terrain was estimated at $1,000 per mile Much of the timber in the county was cut with the land being then repurposed for agriculture. The industry did not manage the forests to support future harvest. Missouri tax law discouraged this as it taxed cut and uncut land at the same rate; it was not profitable to replant and wait decades for a new crop. The land had to be sold after the initial harvest. Except for heightened output during World War II, yearly production in the region declined until the 1960s. By 1900, there were few trees left near the Grandin mill and operations moved northward. Land acquisitions were primarily in Shannon County. The new owner of the KSF&M, the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway offered a reduced rate for lumber shipped from northwest Shannon County. MLM built the Grandin and Northwestern Railroad to connect the Current Railroad to its logging camp in Shannon County, more than 60 mi (97 km) from Grandin. By 1906, the company began to plan for leaving Grandin. The mill was only operating four days per week in late 1907. Even with SLSF's discounted shipping rate, the shipping costs were still too high to ship logs from Shannon County to Grandin for processing, especially after lumber prices fell during the recession of 1907. With the supply of nearby trees diminishing rapidly over the next several years, the last logs in the area were cut in 1909 and the mill was closed in 1910. The mill and many of the houses in Grandin were moved to the new mill location which became West Eminence. The last stockholder meeting in Grandin was in September 1910. The company disposed of the remaining homes and lots in Grandin for $50 - $100, most being sold to individuals. MLM operations continued at West Eminence and Hunter for around another ten years. The company owners also owned timerland in Louisiana, and was considering buying land in the Pacific Northwest, however operations in other states were conducted with different companies including the Louisiana Central Lumber Company and Grandin Coast Lumber Company (of Seattle). MLM's operations in the state ended in 1919 when it sold the West Eminence mill. MLM had more deforested land than it could sell and was still disposing of land into the 1930s. At one time, MLM considering donating land to the federal government to establish a national park. Historic resources During the period the Missouri Lumber and Mining Company was active in Grandin, it contributed significantly both to the Missouri timber industry and the national economy, employing technology of a state and scale never before seen in the Ozark region. The surviving structures associated with the company in Grandin were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as examples of the theme of technology as outlined in the "Missouri's State Historic Preservation Plan". The historic resources of the MLM were listed on the National Register in 1980. Included are Toliver Pond and 29 buildings constructed during the company's presence in Grandin between 1888 and 1909. There are 29 buildings, six of which are close together and listed as the Sixth Street Historic District. The six houses in the historic district are listed under the reference number of the district, while the pond and other 23 buildings are listed under individual numbers. However, all 30 places are described only in the MLM Historic Resources Multiple Property Submission for the thematic nomination; there are no further detailed nomination forms for any of the places. Name Image Reference Number Location Description Mrs. Louis Bedell House 80002324 3rd & Maple Sts.36°49′55″N 90°49′15″W / 36.831944°N 90.820833°W / 36.831944; -90.820833 A two-story, vernacular frame dwelling with a gable roof and weatherboard siding and one-story wing. The building contains 12 rooms and a wraparound porch with an enclosed railing. It was originally known as Whitehall and used as the women's boarding house. Earl Boyer House 80002325 5th & Maple Sts. 36°49′43″N 90°49′18″W / 36.828626°N 90.821721°W / 36.828626; -90.821721 A one-story, vernacular frame dwelling with a front porch, lean-to in back, and composition siding. J. W. Gibson House 80002326 6th & Pine Sts. 36°49′51″N 90°49′45″W / 36.830786°N 90.829077°W / 36.830786; -90.829077 A one-story, vernacular frame dwelling with an extra gabled wing in back and lean-to porch in front. The exterior walls are treated with shingle siding. Delia Greensfelder House 80002327 4th & Cherry Sts. 36°49′48″N 90°49′20″W / 36.830127°N 90.822283°W / 36.830127; -90.822283 A one-story, vernacular frame dwelling with a front porch, lean-to in back, and weatherboard siding Loretta Herrington House 80002328 5th * Cherry Sts. 36°49′45″N 90°49′22″W / 36.829095°N 90.822659°W / 36.829095; -90.822659 A two-story, vernacular frame dwelling with a front porch and shingle siding. James Hinton House 80002329 1st & Walnut Sts. 36°50′01″N 90°49′11″W / 36.833513°N 90.819837°W / 36.833513; -90.819837 A two-story, vernacular frame dwelling with a front porch, lean-to in back and gable roof. The walls have shingle siding. Nettie Jacobson House 80002330 6th and Oak Sts. 36°49′50″N 90°49′38″W / 36.830437°N 90.827359°W / 36.830437; -90.827359 A one-story, vernacular frame dwelling with a front porch, lean-to in back, and weatherboard siding. Nola Kitterman House 80002331 6th & Poplar Sts. 36°49′54″N 90°49′52″W / 36.831723°N 90.831127°W / 36.831723; -90.831127 A one-story, vernacular frame dwelling with a front porch, lean-to in back, and shingle siding. Wallace Knapp House 80002332 6th & Elm Sts. 36°49′49″N 90°49′36″W / 36.830186°N 90.826767°W / 36.830186; -90.826767 A one-story, vernacular frame dwelling with a front porch, lean-to in back, and shingle siding. Buford Lawhorn House 80002333 6th & Pine Sts. 36°49′52″N 90°49′44″W / 36.831153°N 90.828778°W / 36.831153; -90.828778 A one-story, vernacular frame dwelling with a screened-in front porch and garage added on the west. The walls are treated with shingle siding. Iva Lewis House 80002334 6th & Pine Sts. 36°49′50″N 90°49′43″W / 36.830561°N 90.828553°W / 36.830561; -90.828553 A one-story, vernacular frame dwelling with a front porch and shingle siding. There is an extension on the west, covered with white composition siding. Masonic Lodge 80002335 5th and Elm Sts. 36°49′50″N 90°49′33″W / 36.830424°N 90.825821°W / 36.830424; -90.825821 A two-story, rectangular, vernacular frame building with a small, one story addition in the rear. The exterior is treated with white painted weatherboard, and the gables are decorated with stickwork. Interior walls are treated with pine paneling. The building's foundation is of local stone and concrete blocks. The building was the company office building, constructed in 1889 from local pine. It contained twelve rooms, the ones on the first floor elegantly finished with pine paneling. It was donated in 1910 to the Masonic lodge and was used from 1920 to 1959 by the Bank of Grandin. Grandin lodge No. 579 now meets in another building. Terry Mays House 80002336 6th & Plum Sts. 36°49′44″N 90°49′27″W / 36.829009°N 90.824136°W / 36.829009; -90.824136 A one-story, vernacular frame dwelling with shingle siding and small, gable roofed front porch. Thornton McNew House 80002337 6th & Spruce Sts. 36°49′54″N 90°49′48″W / 36.831570°N 90.829862°W / 36.831570; -90.829862 A one-story, vernacular frame dwelling with a lean-to in back and shingle siding. Toliver Pond(Mill Pond) 80002338 East 3rd St.36°49′53″N 90°48′47″W / 36.831485°N 90.812962°W / 36.831485; -90.812962 A natural spring-fed pond covers, about 3.5 acres (1.4 ha) and 60 ft (18 m) deep. Della Nance House 80002339 6th & Pine St. 36°49′51″N 90°49′42″W / 36.830931°N 90.828427°W / 36.830931; -90.828427 A one-story, vernacular frame dwelling with an enclosed porch and extra wing on the west. The walls are treated with composition board. Hazel Owens House 80002340 5th & Pine Sts.36°49′53″N 90°49′41″W / 36.831487°N 90.828022°W / 36.831487; -90.828022 A two-story, "L"-plan, vernacular frame dwelling with a gable roof and weatherboard siding. There is a screened-in front porch. It was the company hotel and retains its hotel-like appearance and still has 22 interior rooms. Ernie Phillips House 80002341 3rd & Cherry Sts. 36°49′53″N 90°49′20″W / 36.831488°N 90.822229°W / 36.831488; -90.822229 A one-story, vernacular frame dwelling with a gable roof and weatherboard siding. The west side has been extended by about ten feet. Alvis Powers House 80002342 2nd & Walnut Sts. 36°49′58″N 90°49′13″W / 36.832828°N 90.820358°W / 36.832828; -90.820358 A two-story, vernacular frame dwelling with a front porch, lean-to in back, gable roof and weatherboard, and composition board siding. Hazel Shoat House 80002343 5th & Oak Sts. 36°49′51″N 90°49′37″W / 36.830902°N 90.826942°W / 36.830902; -90.826942 A 1 1/2-story, vernacular frame dwelling with an enclosed, gable roofed front porch and large wing in back. The roof is gabled, and the walls are sided with weatherboard. Sixth Street Historic District 80002344 6th St., from Pine to Elm Sts. 36°49′46″N 90°49′36″W / 36.829444°N 90.826667°W / 36.829444; -90.826667 Six consecutive houses. See below for individual descriptions. James Smith House 80002345 6th & Cherry Sts. 36°49′43″N 90°49′24″W / 36.828639°N 90.823399°W / 36.828639; -90.823399 A one-story, vernacular frame dwelling with weatherboard siding, a lean-to room and porch. Lawrence Smith House 80002346 3rd & Walnut Sts. 36°49′55″N 90°49′11″W / 36.831936°N 90.819843°W / 36.831936; -90.819843 A two-story, vernacular frame dwelling with a one-story wing, gable roof, and shingle siding. William F. Smith House 80002347 6th & Ash Sts. 36°49′44″N 90°49′31″W / 36.828995°N 90.825197°W / 36.828995; -90.825197 A one-story, vernacular frame dwelling with a front porch and weatherboard siding. Lee Tucker House 80002348 3rd St. 36°49′57″N 90°49′31″W / 36.832538°N 90.825146°W / 36.832538; -90.825146 A one-story, vernacular frame dwelling with a lean-to in back, a gable roof, and weatherboard siding. Sixth Street Historic District The following houses make up the Sixth Street Historic District: Name Image Location Description John Rongey House 6th and Oak Sts.36°49′49″N 90°49′39″W / 36.830149°N 90.827544°W / 36.830149; -90.827544 A two-story, vernacular frame dwelling with weatherboard siding, gable roof, and lean-to in back. A porch encloses the north and west sides. Joe Deaton House 6th St. 36°49′48″N 90°49′38″W / 36.829880°N 90.827240°W / 36.829880; -90.827240 A one-story, vernacular frame dwelling enlarged by the addition of a gabled wing (possibly another one story cabin). The house is sided with weatherboard, and has a front porch. Clarence Graham House 6th and Elm Sts. 36°49′47″N 90°49′37″W / 36.829797°N 90.826872°W / 36.829797; -90.826872 A two-story, vernacular frame dwelling with weatherboard siding, front porch, and one story wing in back. Roofs are gabled and of corrugated metal. Everett Nance House 6th and Elm Sts. 36°49′46″N 90°49′36″W / 36.829523°N 90.826564°W / 36.829523; -90.826564 A two-story, vernacular frame dwelling with gable roof and weatherboard siding. There is a one-story front porch and a two-story addition on the southwest corner. Cynthia McKinney House 6th St. (between Ash & Elm) 36°49′46″N 90°49′34″W / 36.829513°N 90.826201°W / 36.829513; -90.826201 A two-story, vernacular frame dwelling with gable roof, weatherboard siding, and two-story gabled wing in back. Bill McDowell House 6th and Ash Sts. 36°49′46″N 90°49′33″W / 36.829314°N 90.825760°W / 36.829314; -90.825760 A two-story, vernacular frame dwelling with weatherboard siding, gable roof, front porch, and lean-to in back. Map 150m160yds 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  Listed buildings in Missouri Mining and Lumber Company Historic Resources  Purple indicates commercial building  Blue indicates pond  Red indicates Sixth Street Historic District house Green indicates other house1 Mrs. Louis Bedell House (Whitehall, the women's boarding house)2 Earl Boyer House3 J. W. Gibson House4 Delia Greensfelder House5 Loretta Herrington House6 James Hinton House7 Nettie Jacobson House8 Nola Kitterman House9 Wallace Knapp House10 Buford Lawhorn House11 Iva Lewis House12 Masonic Lodge (company headquarters building)13 Terry Mays House14 Thornton McNew House15 Toliver Pond16 Della Nance House17 Hazel Owens House (company hotel)18 Ernie Phillips House19 Alvis Powers House20 Hazel Shoat House21 John Rongey House22 Joe Deaton House23 Clarence Graham House24 Everett Nance House25 Cynthia McKinney House26 Bill McDowell House27 James Smith House28 Lawrence Smith House29 William F. Smith House30 Lee Tucker House Notes ^ American Lumberman estimate in 1903, 2,000,000 ft (610,000 m) were actually recovered from the pond in 1909 but it is not clear if this includes sunken logs ^ still present in 1980 ^ The MPS form discusses 37 places, but the inventory list shows seven houses were stricken without rewriting the text. The inventory numbers the places 1..37, with 2, 21, 22, 23, 26, 32, & 34 stricken. The "Site Distribution Map" has shows only numbers 1-28; 29-37 are missing ^ a b c d e f g h i Satellite imagery in 2020 shows a vacant lot Further reading Ponder, Jerry (1898). Grandin, Hunter, West Eminence, and the Missouri Lumber and Mining Company. Ponder Books. ASIN B0006E26LQ. Hill, Leslie G. (1949). History of the Missouri Lumber and Mining Company, 1880-1909 (Thesis). University of Missouri. References ^ "National Register Information System – (#64000398)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Benac, David (November 1, 2010). Conflict in the Ozarks: Hill Folk, Industrialists, and Government in Missouri's Courtois Hills. Truman State University Press. ISBN 978-1-935503-12-5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "The Ozark Riverways and the "New South": Hinterland Development and Exploitation, 1870-1920". Ozark Historic Resource Study. 6. National Park Service. Retrieved January 5, 2020. ^ a b "Grandin Mo. and Its Great Industry" (PDF). sh1mo.org. The State Historical society of Missouri. Retrieved January 4, 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Missouri Lumber and Mining Company Historic Resources (Partial Inventory)" (PDF). Missouri Department of Natural Resources. February 1976. Retrieved January 5, 2020. ^ a b c d "The Mill at Grandin". watersheds.org. Retrieved January 5, 2020. ^ a b c d e "Missouri Lumber and Mining Company" (PDF). sh1mo.org. The State Historical society of Missouri. Retrieved January 4, 2020. ^ a b Wood, Larry (February 20, 2016). "It's All in the Past: The lumber industry in the Ozarks". The Rolla Daily NEws. Retrieved January 5, 2020. ^ "John Barber White Dies at a Hospital in Kansas City". Springfield Leader and Press. Springfield, Missouri. January 6, 1923. p. 5. Retrieved January 8, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002324)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002325)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002326)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002327)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002328)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002329)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002330)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002331)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002332)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002333)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002334)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002335)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "Grandin #579". Retrieved January 5, 2020. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002336)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002337)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002338)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002339)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002340)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002341)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002342)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002343)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002344)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002345)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002346)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002347)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register Information System – (#80002348)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
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Grandin in 1873United States historic placeMap all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)300m330yds\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n  Listed buildings in Missouri Mining and Lumber Company Historic Resources (see below for a detailed map)  Purple indicates commercial building  Blue indicates pond  Red indicates Sixth Street Historic District house Green indicates other houseThe Missouri Lumber and Mining Company (MLM) was a large timber corporation with headquarters and primary operations in southeast Missouri. The company was formed by Pennsylvania lumbermen who were eager to exploit the untapped timber resources of the Missouri Ozarks to supply lumber, primarily used in construction, to meet the demand of U.S. westward expansion. Its primary operations were centered in Grandin, a company town it built starting c. 1888. The lumber mill there grew to be the largest in the country at the turn of the century and Grandin's population peaked around 2,500 to 3,000. As the timber resources were exhausted, the company had to abandon Grandin around 1910. It continued timber harvesting in other parts of Missouri for another decade. While some of the buildings in Grandin were relocated, many of the remaining buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as part of the state's historic preservation plan which considered the MLM a significant technological and economic contributor to Missouri.","title":"Missouri Lumber and Mining Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Elijah Bishop Grandin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Bishop_Grandin"},{"link_name":"Tidioute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidioute,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Courtois Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtois_Hills"},{"link_name":"Ripley County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripley_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co1-2"},{"link_name":"Carter County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"},{"link_name":"John Livingston Grandin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Livingston_Grandin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co1-2"},{"link_name":"Great Plains states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"},{"link_name":"John Barber White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barber_White"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co1-2"},{"link_name":"Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"short-leaf Southern yellow pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_echinata"},{"link_name":"hardwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwood"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sh2-4"},{"link_name":"Sheriff's sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff%27s_sale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"},{"link_name":"lumber mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber_mill"},{"link_name":"Black River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_River_(Arkansas%E2%80%93Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Williamsville, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"board feet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_feet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co1-2"},{"link_name":"Mill Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Spring,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"},{"link_name":"Iron Mountain Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Iron_Mountain_and_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"teamsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamster"},{"link_name":"oxcarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullock_cart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"}],"text":"In the 1860s, O.H.P. Williams, who was in the lumber business in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and his son-in-law, Elijah Bishop Grandin, who had prospered in the oil business in Tidioute, heard of the valuable timber in the Courtois Hills of Missouri and began purchasing land in Ripley County.[2] They purchased an additional 30,000 acres (12,000 ha) in Carter County in the 1870s, for an average cost of $1/acre,[3] and joined with two others from Tidioute, John Livingston Grandin (Elija's brother) and Jahu Hunter, a lumber and oilman, to form the company.[2]In addition to the inexpensive land, the investors thought the generally poor population would be eager to work for the company. They also felt that the milder winters would allow for year-round operation, unlike what they were used to in Pennsylvania. Another factor was proximity to the Great Plains states, a region with an expanding population and few trees.[3]The Missouri Lumber and Mining Company was incorporated in 1880.[3] All four partners remained in Pennsylvania while John Barber White, a successful Tidioute mill operator, was hired to move to Missouri and run the company as its general manager.[2]Timberland was also amassed in Shannon, Reynolds, Butler, and Wayne counties. The land included thousands of acres of short-leaf Southern yellow pine as well as smaller amounts of hardwoods.[4] In 1879 and 1880, White was able to buy land at Sheriff's sales for as little as five cents per acre.[3]The first lumber mill was built on the Black River in Wayne County and named White's Mill after the company's manager. The location is near the current city of Williamsville, Missouri and could mill six million board feet of lumber annually.[2] It was difficult to transport the lumber for sale as the closest railroad was 10–15 mi (16–24 km) away at Mill Spring.[3] Lumber had to be moved to the Iron Mountain Railroad depot there first by teamsters with oxcarts and then loaded onto railcard for transport to market.[2]The company tried for many years to obtain direct rail access to the mill, but Iron Mountain refused to provide it. In 1884, despite owning 100,000 acres (40,000 ha) of timberland in the county, the mill was never able to utilize its capacity and was closed because of the transportation issue. The mill had had 125 employees who were laid off.[3]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas City, Fort Scott and Memphis Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Fort_Scott_and_Memphis_Railway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Thayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thayer,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Willow Springs, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Springs,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Current River Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_River_(Ozarks)"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"},{"link_name":"Current River Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_River_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"},{"link_name":"Cape Girardeau Southwestern Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Girardeau_Southwestern_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co1-2"},{"link_name":"Hunter, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"},{"link_name":"Toliver Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toliver_Pond"},{"link_name":"sinkhole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhole"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Little Black River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Black_River_(Arkansas)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beaver Dam Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverdam_Creek_(Little_Black_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive"},{"link_name":"Williamsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"logging railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging_railroad"},{"link_name":"kilns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiln"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"}],"text":"The company then turned its attention to Carter County, where its holding had grown to 100,000 acres (40,000 ha) with additional acreage in adjacent Ripley County. It identified a desirable mill location and sought the needed rail access. The company made a distribution deal with the Kansas City, Fort Scott and Memphis Railway (KFS&M).[3] The KFS&M had already built a line from Springfield to Thayer in 1882. The railroad agreed to construct an 81 mi (130 km) spur from this line running from Willow Springs, Missouri to MLMs land in the Current River Valley in exchange for a guaranteed minimum amount of lumber shipments. A five-year agreement between the companies in February 1887 specified that MLM would ship all its lumber going west of the Mississippi on the KFS&M or its affiliates. The MLM also agree to have a mill operational by the time the line was complete.[3] The spur, organized as the Current River Railroad was completed in 1888.[3] Later that year, the Cape Girardeau Southwestern Railroad extended a line from the east allowing the mill to more directly supply eastern markets as well.[2] The Cape Girardeau line met the Current River line in Hunter, Missouri, about 5 mi (8.0 km) from the Current River terminus at the MLM mill site.[3]MLM established an operation ten miles south of White's mill on Toliver Pond. The pond was a flooded 3.5-acre (1.4 ha) sinkhole which could hold 500,000 ft (150,000 m)[a] of logs waiting to be milled. The location, near the upper Little Black River, was connected via river valley to other large timber holdings at Beaver Dam Creek. White's mill was dismantled and moved to the new location. A locomotive was brought to the site from Williamsville where it was dismantled and hauled by ox-teams the final 22 mi (35 km) along with other machinery and enough iron rails to build 6-mile (9.7 km) of logging railroad. The effort was \"unprecedented\" and culminated in a $250,000 complex of mills and kilns.[3]","title":"New mill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grandin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandin,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"sawyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawyer_(occupation)"},{"link_name":"unincorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"company town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_town"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"},{"link_name":"railway roundhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_roundhouse"},{"link_name":"blacksmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith"},{"link_name":"machine shops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_shop"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhp-7"}],"text":"Just west of the complex, MLM established the new town of Grandin, named after company founder E.B. Grandin. The company had 175 employees in 1889, including locals and skilled workers such as sawyers recruited from outside the region. This location, an unincorporated private company town was the company headquarters for about twenty years.[3]The town was planned by a company architect/engineer with a main street that had the company store, a hospital, hotel and other commercial buildings, surrounded by large lawns and decorative landscaping. Residential streets were laid out for up to 1000 houses. Just outside of town were a railway roundhouse, blacksmith and other machine shops. Between the town and the mills on the east was an 80 acres (32 ha) lumberyard.[3] The headquarters building was the town's financial center where employees were paid monthly on the tenth. It had a vault and teller booth.[b][5]","title":"Grandin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MLM_train-1910.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"},{"link_name":"planing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planing_mill"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"},{"link_name":"tram railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramway_(industrial)"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"Chicopee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicopee,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"},{"link_name":"circular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_saw"},{"link_name":"band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandsaw"},{"link_name":"head saws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_saw"},{"link_name":"shingles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_shingle"},{"link_name":"lath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lath"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ws-8"},{"link_name":"beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhp-7"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City"},{"link_name":"cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co1-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sh1-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co1-2"},{"link_name":"Fremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rdn-10"}],"text":"MLM log train, c. 1910There were six million board feet of lumber in the Grandin yard waiting to be shipped when the railroad arrived in June 1888. Production reached 32 million board feet in 1892 and averaged 60 million annually after 1895.[3] More mills, both saw and planing, were added in 1892 and in 1894 it was asserted, by at least one local newspaper, to be the largest mill (by production) in the country.[3]MLM used an extensive network of tram railways, built with standard gauge track, 300 log cars and 6 locomotives to move logs to the mill. Using standard gauge allowed the log cars to be transported the final leg to the mill over the Current Railroad tracks. It also floated logs on rivers and streams, primarily the Current River. Above Chicopee, where the Current River Railroad crossed the river, mules dragged logs to the bank where they were floated downstream in flotillas up to 15 miles (24 km) long. At Chicopee, the logs were dragged out of the river and loaded onto railcars.[3]Only trees measuring 11 inches (28 cm) in diameter or greater were felled. The largest were nearly four feet. All logs were left to soak in Toliver Pond for several days before sawing to remove dirt that would dull saw blades. Logs were brought from the pond to the saws by conveyor. The mills included circular, band, and head saws driven by steam power. In addition to dimensional lumber, the mills produced shingles and lath.[6]The company marketed its pine as \"Beaver Dam Soft Pine\", after Beaver Dam Creek, and used a beaver as its trademark. The name became well known throughout the U.S. lumber market. MLM lumber was sold from Ohio westward into the plains states, with most being sold west of the Mississippi; half of its 1901 production went to Kansas City lumber dealers.[5]In 1890, White became president of the Southern Lumber Manufactures' Association, which worked to negotiate better rates with the railroads, standardize lumber grading and prices. A year later, White moved his office from the company headquarters in Grandin to Kansas City where other big lumber companies were located. White consolidated the region's lumber industry in 1897 as leader of the Missouri Land and Lumber Exchange, a cartel which set production and prices.[2] The company was so powerful that it was able to raise lumber prices ten times in 1899 and control lumber prices nationwide.[7]The company grew and had approximately 1000 employees in Grandin in 1900, and peaked at 1500 five years later. One out of every six Carter County residents worked for the company. The company recruited skilled workers from other regions of the country that also had large timber operations and used mostly locals for unskilled work.[2]Smaller operations were located in Hunter (named after founder Jahu Hunter) and Fremont, both located on the Current River Railroad.[8]","title":"Prosperity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MLM_houses-1910.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ws-8"},{"link_name":"lean-tos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean-to"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhp-7"},{"link_name":"boarding house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_house"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co1-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ws-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhp-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ws-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhp-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhp-7"},{"link_name":"company town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_town"},{"link_name":"Centerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centerville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Knights of King Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_King_Arthur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co1-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Barber_White.png"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sh1-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co1-2"},{"link_name":"stenographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenographers"},{"link_name":"clerks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co1-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rdn-10"}],"text":"MLM houses in Grandin, Missouri, c. 1910In addition to the headquarters building and other commercial and service structures in Grandin, MLM built homes that it rented to employees with families. Over 475 houses were built, which it rented for $1 per room per month.[6] Many were two-story, with painted weatherboard siding, and gable roofs. These houses were two room-wide, one room-deep rectangular structures, often with front porches and rear lean-tos added.[5]Single women were housed in a company-owned boarding house, where the company could maintain \"its vision of morality\".[2] There were also two boarding houses for men. The boarding house rent was $18 per month including meals.[6][5] Most single men lived in more primitive shacks or cabins that rented for $2 - $2.50 per month.[6] Initially, they were pre-fabricated and transported to Grandin by railcar.[5] Larger homes for company officials and supervisors rented for $5 - $10 monthly. The company hotel had few guests and was mostly used for employee housing.[5]MLM's control of all housing in Grandin meant it had significant influence in the company town. It provided assistance to widows of men killed on the job for up to two years in most cases. The company acted to some extent as if the people of Grandin were its dependents. However, its decisions were not made without regard to maintaining profitability. MLM constructed a sidewalk on the town main street in 1906 to aid commerce in the company stores, but it refused to add sidewalks on residential side streets. The company also built the town's school and was involved in its operation, with company officials usually filling the role of school board president and approving the hiring of teachers and other important decisions. It brought telephone service to the town to improve the company's communications efficiency. A line connected Grandin with the county seat of Centerville. MLM initially refused to allow phones in private homes but later relented. Other amenities provided by the company included a library and churches of various denominations. Church support include paying the salary of the ministers. Various other social organization were supported by the company, such as the Knights of King Arthur, to \"promote a healthy and productive workforce\". It supported recreation facilities, baseball teams, and even an ice-skating rink.[2]White in 1905From around 1890, MLM staffed a small hospital with doctors to maintain the health and productivity of its workers and their families. Funded by a monthly fee ($0.75 for single workers and $1.25 for those with families, collected from each employee), the clinic provided unlimited health care. MLM was a pioneer of company-sponsored health care. The clinic grew to a staff of ten, including a dentist. The company even provided a small mobile health facility, moved on railroad flatcar, to take health care into the work camps in the forest.[7] Serious injuries and deaths were not uncommon, particularly among railroad workers.[2]Although the majority of positions were held by men, the MLM used many women as stenographers and clerks, putting the company \"in the forefront of the feminization of office work\" in the 1890s.[2] The company required character references for all workers.[2] Grandin's population peaked at 2,500 to 3,000 people, 1,200 directly employed by MLM.[8]","title":"Company town"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MLM_Grandin_mill.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sh1-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co1-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhp-7"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co1-2"},{"link_name":"Shannon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"St. Louis and San Francisco Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_and_San_Francisco_Railway"},{"link_name":"Grandin and Northwestern Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grandin_and_Northwestern_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"recession of 1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1907"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sh1-9"},{"link_name":"West Eminence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Eminence,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhp-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sh2-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sh1-9"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co1-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jbw-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrs-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co1-2"}],"text":"MLM mill complex in Grandin, Missouri, 1903The Grandin mill was ranked as the world's largest by capacity in 1900 & 1901, with the ability to produce 75 million board feet per year, although the most it ever produced was just under 66 million in 1901. Production fell rapidly, reaching about 37,000,000 board feet in 1904. A fire in 1905 destroyed a secondary mill, after which the main mill started 24-hour operation, which used 90 rail cars per day of logs.[7]Over time, it became more difficult to purchase timberland and to cut timber at profitable prices. Land prices increased rapidly when local landowners became aware of the value of their trees. It was important for timberland to be near the railroad as the cost of extending logging tramlines through the difficult terrain was estimated at $1,000 per mile [2]Much of the timber in the county was cut with the land being then repurposed for agriculture. The industry did not manage the forests to support future harvest. Missouri tax law discouraged this as it taxed cut and uncut land at the same rate; it was not profitable to replant and wait decades for a new crop. The land had to be sold after the initial harvest.[5] Except for heightened output during World War II, yearly production in the region declined until the 1960s.[2]By 1900, there were few trees left near the Grandin mill and operations moved northward. Land acquisitions were primarily in Shannon County. The new owner of the KSF&M, the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway offered a reduced rate for lumber shipped from northwest Shannon County. MLM built the Grandin and Northwestern Railroad to connect the Current Railroad to its logging camp in Shannon County, more than 60 mi (97 km) from Grandin. By 1906, the company began to plan for leaving Grandin. The mill was only operating four days per week in late 1907. Even with SLSF's discounted shipping rate, the shipping costs were still too high to ship logs from Shannon County to Grandin for processing, especially after lumber prices fell during the recession of 1907. With the supply of nearby trees diminishing rapidly over the next several years, the last logs in the area were cut in 1909 and the mill was closed in 1910.[7] The mill and many of the houses in Grandin were moved to the new mill location which became West Eminence.[3]\nThe last stockholder meeting in Grandin was in September 1910. The company disposed of the remaining homes and lots in Grandin for $50 - $100, most being sold to individuals.[5]MLM operations continued at West Eminence and Hunter[4] for around another ten years.[7] The company owners also owned timerland in Louisiana, and was considering buying land in the Pacific Northwest,[2] however operations in other states were conducted with different companies including the Louisiana Central Lumber Company and Grandin Coast Lumber Company (of Seattle).[9] MLM's operations in the state ended in 1919 when it sold the West Eminence mill.[3]MLM had more deforested land than it could sell and was still disposing of land into the 1930s. At one time, MLM considering donating land to the federal government to establish a national park.[2]","title":"Decline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhp-7"},{"link_name":"Sixth Street Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Street_Historic_District_(Grandin,_Missouri)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhp-7"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"During the period the Missouri Lumber and Mining Company was active in Grandin, it contributed significantly both to the Missouri timber industry and the national economy, employing technology of a state and scale never before seen in the Ozark region. The surviving structures associated with the company in Grandin were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as examples of the theme of technology as outlined in the \"Missouri's State Historic Preservation Plan\".[5]The historic resources of the MLM were listed on the National Register in 1980. Included are Toliver Pond and 29 buildings constructed during the company's presence in Grandin between 1888 and 1909. There are 29 buildings, six of which are close together and listed as the Sixth Street Historic District.[5]The six houses in the historic district are listed under the reference number of the district, while the pond and other 23 buildings are listed under individual numbers. However, all 30 places are described only in the MLM Historic Resources Multiple Property Submission for the thematic nomination; there are no further detailed nomination forms for any of the places.[c]","title":"Historic resources"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sixth Street Historic District","text":"The following houses make up the Sixth Street Historic District:","title":"Historic resources"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/16/36.831/-90.823/en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.openstreetmap.org/copyright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/16/36.831/-90.823/en"}],"text":"150m160yds\n30\n29\n28\n27\n26\n25\n24\n23\n22\n21\n20\n19\n18\n17\n16\n15\n14\n13\n12\n11\n10\n9\n8\n7\n6\n5\n4\n3\n\n2\n\n1  Listed buildings in Missouri Mining and Lumber Company Historic Resources  Purple indicates commercial building  Blue indicates pond  Red indicates Sixth Street Historic District house Green indicates other house1 Mrs. Louis Bedell House (Whitehall, the women's boarding house)2 Earl Boyer House3 J. W. Gibson House4 Delia Greensfelder House5 Loretta Herrington House6 James Hinton House7 Nettie Jacobson House8 Nola Kitterman House9 Wallace Knapp House10 Buford Lawhorn House11 Iva Lewis House12 Masonic Lodge (company headquarters building)13 Terry Mays House14 Thornton McNew House15 Toliver Pond16 Della Nance House17 Hazel Owens House (company hotel)18 Ernie Phillips House19 Alvis Powers House20 Hazel Shoat House21 John Rongey House22 Joe Deaton House23 Clarence Graham House24 Everett Nance House25 Cynthia McKinney House26 Bill McDowell House27 James Smith House28 Lawrence Smith House29 William F. Smith House30 Lee Tucker House","title":"Map"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"American Lumberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Lumberman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_15-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_15-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_15-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_15-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_15-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_15-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_15-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_15-8"}],"text":"^ American Lumberman estimate in 1903, 2,000,000 ft (610,000 m) were actually recovered from the pond in 1909 but it is not clear if this includes sunken logs\n\n^ still present in 1980\n\n^ The MPS form discusses 37 places, but the inventory list shows seven houses were stricken without rewriting the text. The inventory numbers the places 1..37, with 2, 21, 22, 23, 26, 32, & 34 stricken. The \"Site Distribution Map\" has shows only numbers 1-28; 29-37 are missing\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Satellite imagery in 2020 shows a vacant lot","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B0006E26LQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B0006E26LQ"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"}],"text":"Ponder, Jerry (1898). Grandin, Hunter, West Eminence, and the Missouri Lumber and Mining Company. Ponder Books. ASIN B0006E26LQ.\nHill, Leslie G. (1949). History of the Missouri Lumber and Mining Company, 1880-1909 (Thesis). University of Missouri.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"E.B. Grandin in 1873","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/HENRY%281873%29_p502_Elijah_Bishop_Grandin%2C_DIDIOUTE_%28PA%29.jpg/220px-HENRY%281873%29_p502_Elijah_Bishop_Grandin%2C_DIDIOUTE_%28PA%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"MLM log train, c. 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MLM_train-1910.jpg/300px-MLM_train-1910.jpg"},{"image_text":"MLM houses in Grandin, Missouri, c. 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/MLM_houses-1910.jpg/300px-MLM_houses-1910.jpg"},{"image_text":"White in 1905","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/John_Barber_White.png/220px-John_Barber_White.png"},{"image_text":"MLM mill complex in Grandin, Missouri, 1903","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/MLM_Grandin_mill.jpg/300px-MLM_Grandin_mill.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Ponder, Jerry (1898). Grandin, Hunter, West Eminence, and the Missouri Lumber and Mining Company. Ponder Books. ASIN B0006E26LQ.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006E26LQ","url_text":"B0006E26LQ"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Leslie G. (1949). History of the Missouri Lumber and Mining Company, 1880-1909 (Thesis). University of Missouri.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri","url_text":"University of Missouri"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#64000398)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/64000398","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#64000398)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Benac, David (November 1, 2010). Conflict in the Ozarks: Hill Folk, Industrialists, and Government in Missouri's Courtois Hills. Truman State University Press. ISBN 978-1-935503-12-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yeCcAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Conflict in the Ozarks: Hill Folk, Industrialists, and Government in Missouri's Courtois Hills"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935503-12-5","url_text":"978-1-935503-12-5"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ozark Riverways and the \"New South\": Hinterland Development and Exploitation, 1870-1920\". Ozark Historic Resource Study. 6. National Park Service. Retrieved January 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/ozar/hrs6.htm","url_text":"\"The Ozark Riverways and the \"New South\": Hinterland Development and Exploitation, 1870-1920\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Grandin Mo. and Its Great Industry\" (PDF). sh1mo.org. The State Historical society of Missouri. Retrieved January 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.shsmo.org/manuscripts/rolla/r0894.pdf","url_text":"\"Grandin Mo. and Its Great Industry\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Missouri Lumber and Mining Company Historic Resources (Partial Inventory)\" (PDF). Missouri Department of Natural Resources. February 1976. Retrieved January 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnr.mo.gov/shpo/nps-nr/64000398.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Missouri Lumber and Mining Company Historic Resources (Partial Inventory)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Mill at Grandin\". watersheds.org. Retrieved January 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.watersheds.org/farm/grandin.htm","url_text":"\"The Mill at Grandin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Missouri Lumber and Mining Company\" (PDF). sh1mo.org. The State Historical society of Missouri. Retrieved January 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.shsmo.org/manuscripts/columbia/c3875.pdf","url_text":"\"Missouri Lumber and Mining Company\""}]},{"reference":"Wood, Larry (February 20, 2016). \"It's All in the Past: The lumber industry in the Ozarks\". The Rolla Daily NEws. Retrieved January 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.therolladailynews.com/news/20160220/its-all-in-past-lumber-industry-in-ozarks","url_text":"\"It's All in the Past: The lumber industry in the Ozarks\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Barber White Dies at a Hospital in Kansas City\". Springfield Leader and Press. Springfield, Missouri. January 6, 1923. p. 5. Retrieved January 8, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/41907993/springfield_leader_and_press/","url_text":"\"John Barber White Dies at a Hospital in Kansas City\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002324)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002324","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002324)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002325)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002325","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002325)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002326)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002326","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002326)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002327)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002327","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002327)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002328)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002328","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002328)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002329)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002329","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002329)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002330)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002330","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002330)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002331)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002331","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002331)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002332)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002332","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002332)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002333)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002333","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002333)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002334)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002334","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002334)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002335)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002335","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002335)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Grandin #579\". Retrieved January 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://my.momason.org/public_lodges/lodge/10579","url_text":"\"Grandin #579\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002336)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002336","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002336)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002337)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002337","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002337)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002338)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002338","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002338)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002339)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002339","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002339)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002340)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002340","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002340)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002341)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002341","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002341)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002342)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002342","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002342)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002343)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002343","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002343)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002344)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002344","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002344)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002345)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002345","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002345)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002346)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002346","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002346)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002347)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002347","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002347)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002348)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002348","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#80002348)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Drozdovskij
Yuri Drozdovskij
["1 Personal life","2 References","3 External links"]
Ukrainian chess grandmaster (born 1984) Yuri DrozdovskijFull nameЮрій Анатолійович ДроздовськийCountry UkraineBorn (1984-05-22) May 22, 1984 (age 40)Odesa, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet UnionTitleGrandmaster (2004)FIDE rating2616 (June 2024)Peak rating2627 (September 2009) Yuri Drozdovskij (Ukrainian: Юрій Дроздовський, romanized: Yuriy Drozdovskyi, born 22 May 1984 in Odesa) is a Ukrainian chess Grandmaster. He won the European Rapid Championship in 2006 and tied for first place at Cappelle-la-Grande in 2007. Drozdovskij was equal first (losing out on tie-break to Pavel Tregubov) at the 4th Pivdenny Bank Cup 2008, a rapid tournament held annually in Odesa. This was an outstanding result, as he finished ahead of Boris Gelfand, Ruslan Ponomariov, Anatoly Karpov and Viktor Korchnoi. In 2009 he was a member of the bronze medal-winning Ukrainian team at the European Team Chess Championship. His current Elo rating is 2614. Personal life Since 2009 Yuri Drozdovskij is married to Ukrainian chess grandmaster Natalia Zdebskaya. In recent years, he put his professional chess career on hold in order to concentrate on his professional activities (banking). References ^ Crowther, Mark (2 June 2008). "4th Pivdenny Bank Chess Cup". London Chess Centre. Retrieved 29 June 2009. ^ "Novi Sad: Azerbaijan wins Gold – by one rook move". ChessBase. 31 October 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2010. External links Yuri Drozdovskij player profile and games at Chessgames.com Yuri, Drozdovskij Achievements at GrossClub.com Archived 28 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine This biographical article relating to a Ukrainian chess figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Crowther, Mark (2 June 2008). \"4th Pivdenny Bank Chess Cup\". London Chess Centre. Retrieved 29 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic708.html#5","url_text":"\"4th Pivdenny Bank Chess Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Novi Sad: Azerbaijan wins Gold – by one rook move\". ChessBase. 31 October 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5877","url_text":"\"Novi Sad: Azerbaijan wins Gold – by one rook move\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frightened_Lady_(1932_film)
The Frightened Lady (1932 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
1932 film The Frightened LadyHunter directing NesbittDirected byT. Hayes HunterWritten byAngus MacPhail Bryan Edgar Wallace Edgar Wallace (play)Produced byMichael BalconStarringEmlyn WilliamsCathleen NesbittGordon Harker Belle ChrystallProductioncompanyGainsborough PicturesDistributed byBritish Lion Film CorporationRelease dateMarch 1932 (London) (UK)Running time87 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish The Frightened Lady is a 1932 British thriller film directed by T. Hayes Hunter and starring Emlyn Williams, Cathleen Nesbitt, Norman McKinnel and Belle Chrystall. It was adapted by Bryan Edgar Wallace from his father Edgar Wallace's 1931 play The Case of the Frightened Lady, which was adapted again later for a 1940 film. The film is also known as Criminal at Large in the United States. Plot A young woman goes to stay at the house of Lord Lebanon, but two murders in quick succession lead to the arrival of detectives and cause the woman to fear for her life. Cast Emlyn Williams as Lord Lebanon Cathleen Nesbitt as Lady Lebanon Norman McKinnel as Chief Inspector Tanner Gordon Harker as Sergeant Totty Belle Chrystall as Aisla Crane Cyril Raymond as Sergeant Ferraby Finlay Currie as Brooks Percy Parsons as Gilder Julian Royce as Kelver Reception Emlyn William's performance was voted best in a British film for 1932. The New York Times found it "considerably more diverting on the stage than it is on the screen...It is a rugged shocker, and when it was not stripped of some of its good scenes it kept the spectator guessing...It is, however, a talented performance that Mr. Williams gives. Cathleen Nesbit does very well as the somewhat sinister dowager Lady Lebanon and Norman McKinnel, although handicapped by the direction, lends a certain distinction to the rôle of Tanner." References ^ "The Frightened Lady". BFI. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. ^ "The Frightened Lady". britmovie.co.uk. ^ ""SUNSHINE SUSIE"". The Daily News (HOME ed.). Perth. 19 August 1933. p. 19. Retrieved 4 March 2013 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Mordaunt Hall (20 December 1933). "Criminal at Large – A British Pictorial Version of the Late Edgar Wallace's Play "Criminal at Large."". The New York Times. External links Criminal at Large at IMDb vteFilms directed by T. Hayes Hunter Lime Kiln Field Day (1913) The Seats of the Mighty (1914) The Crimson Stain Mystery (1916) The Border Legion (1918) Desert Gold (1919) The Cup of Fury (1920) Earthbound (1920) The Light in the Clearing (1921) The Recoil (1924) Trouping with Ellen (1924) Damaged Hearts (1924) The Sky Raider (1925) Wildfire (1925) One of the Best (1927) A South Sea Bubble (1928) The Triumph of the Scarlet Pimpernel (1928) The Silver King (1929) The Man They Couldn't Arrest (1931) The Calendar (1931) The Frightened Lady (1932) White Face (1932) Sally Bishop (1932) The Ghoul (1933) Warn London (1934) The Green Pack (1934) Josser on the Farm (1934) vteEdgar WallaceNovels The Four Just Men (1905) Angel Esquire (1908) The Council of Justice (1908) Captain Tatham (1909) The Duke in the Suburbs (1909) The Nine Bears (1910) Private Selby (1912) The Fourth Plague (1913) Grey Timothy (1913) The River of Stars (1913) The Man Who Bought London (1915) The Melody of Death (1915) A Debt Discharged (1916) The Tomb of Ts'in (1916) The Just Men of Cordova (1917) The Secret House (1917) The Clue of the Twisted Candle (1918) Down Under Donovan (1918) The Man Who Knew (1918) Those Folk of Bulboro (1918) The Green Rust (1919) Kate Plus Ten (1919) The Daffodil Mystery (1920) Jack O'Judgment (1920) The Book of All Power (1921) The Law of the Four Just Men (1921) The Angel of Terror (1922) The Crimson Circle (1922) The Flying Fifty-Five (1922) Mr. Justice Maxell (1922) The Valley of Ghosts (1922) The Clue of the New Pin (1923) The Green Archer (1923) The Missing Million (1923) The Dark Eyes of London (1924) Double Dan (1924) The Face in the Night (1924) Room 13 (1924) The Sinister Man (1924) The Three Oak Mystery (1924) Blue Hand (1925) The Fellowship of the Frog (1925) The Mind of Mr. J. G. Reeder (1925) The Strange Countess (1925) The Three Just Men (1925) The Avenger (1926) Barbara on Her Own (1926) The Black Abbot (1926) The Northing Tramp (1926) The Terrible People (1926) The Yellow Snake (1926) The Big Foot (1927) Terror Keep (1927) The Traitor's Gate (1927) The Squeaker (1927) The Forger (1927) Again the Three (1928) The Gunner (1928) Four Square Jane (1929) The Green Ribbon (1929) The India-Rubber Men (1929) The Calendar (1930) The Clue of the Silver Key (1930) The Lady of Ascot (1930) The Man at the Carlton (1931) The Guv'nor and Other Short Stories (1932) Plays An African Millionaire (1904) M'Lady (1921) Double Dan (1927) The Terror (1927) The Man Who Changed His Name (1928) The Calendar (1929) Persons Unknown (1929) On the Spot (1930) The Mouthpiece (1930) Smoky Cell (1930) The Old Man (1931) Screenplays The Valley of Ghosts (1928) The Hound of the Baskervilles (1932) King Kong (1933) AdaptationsJ. G. Reeder Mr. Reeder in Room 13 (1938) The Mind of Mr. Reeder (1939) The Missing People (1940) The Mind of Mr. J.G. Reeder (1969, TV series) The Four Just Men The Four Just Men (1921) The Four Just Men (1939) The Four Just Men (1959, TV series) Edgar Wallace Mysteries Urge to Kill (1960) Clue of the Twisted Candle (1960) The Malpas Mystery (1960) Marriage of Convenience (1960) The Clue of the New Pin (1961) Man at the Carlton Tower (1961) The Fourth Square (1961) Man Detained (1961) Attempt to Kill (1961) Clue of the Silver Key (1961) Never Back Losers (1961) Partners in Crime (1961) The Sinister Man (1961) Time to Remember (1962) Playback (1962) Solo for Sparrow (1962) Locker Sixty-Nine (1962) Incident at Midnight (1963) Return to Sender (1963) Ricochet (1963) Accidental Death (1963) Five to One (1963) The Verdict (1964) We Shall See (1964) Act of Murder (1964) Change Partners (1965) Rialto Films Der Frosch mit der Maske (1959) The Crimson Circle (1960) The Avenger (1960) The Terrible People (1960) The Green Archer (1961) The Dead Eyes of London (1961) The Devil's Daffodil (1961) The Forger of London (1961) The Strange Countess (1961) The Puzzle of the Red Orchid (1962) The Door with Seven Locks (1962) The Inn on the River (1962) The Curse of the Yellow Snake (1963) The Squeaker (1963) The Black Abbot (1963) The Indian Scarf (1963) Room 13 (1964) The Curse of the Hidden Vault (1964) Der Hexer (1964) The Traitor's Gate (1964) Neues vom Hexer (1965) The Sinister Monk (1965) The Hunchback of Soho (1966) The Trygon Factor (1966) Creature with the Blue Hand (1967) The Monk with the Whip (1967) The Hound of Blackwood Castle (1968) Im Banne des Unheimlichen (1968) The Gorilla of Soho (1968) Double Face (1969) The Man with the Glass Eye (1969) The Body in the Thames (1971) Other The Man Who Bought London (1916) The Green Terror (1919) Pallard the Punter (1919) Angel Esquire (1919) Wanted at Headquarters (1920) The River of Stars (1921) The Crimson Circle (1922) Down Under Donovan (1922) Melody of Death (1922) The Diamond Man (1924) The Flying Fifty-Five (1924) The Green Archer (1925 serial) The Great Unknown (1927) The Terror (1928) Mark of the Frog (1928 serial) Chick (1928) The Forger (1928) The Terrible People (1928 serial) The Ringer (1928) The Man Who Changed His Name (1928) The Flying Squad (1929) The Crimson Circle (1929) The Clue of the New Pin (1929) Red Aces (1930) The Squeaker (1930) The Yellow Mask (1930) The Ringer (1931) To Oblige a Lady (1931) The Calendar (1931) The Old Man (1931) The Squeaker (1931) The Flying Squad (1932) The Frightened Lady (1932) The Ringer (1932) The Menace (1932) White Face (1932) Giallo (1933) The Jewel (1933) Before Dawn (1933) The Double (1934) Mystery Liner (1934) The Green Pack (1934) The Feathered Serpent (1934) The Lad (1935) Sanders of the River (1935) Born to Gamble (1935) Chick (1936) Educated Evans (1936) The Crimson Circle (1936) Prison Breaker (1936) Strangers on Honeymoon (1936) The Frog (1937) The Squeaker (1937) The Gaunt Stranger (1938) Dangerous to Know (1938) Kate Plus Ten (1938) Thank Evans (1938) The Terror (1938) The Return of the Frog (1938) Flying Fifty-Five (1939) The Dark Eyes of London (1939) The Case of the Frightened Lady (1940) The Door with Seven Locks (1940) The Flying Squad (1940) The Green Archer (1940 serial) The Missing Million (1942) The Calendar (1948) The Ringer (1952) The Avenger (1960) Death Drums Along the River (1963) Coast of Skeletons (1964) Circus of Fear (1966) Five Golden Dragons (1967) The Devil Came from Akasava (1970) The Bloodstained Butterfly (1971) What Have You Done to Solange? (1972) Seven Blood-Stained Orchids (1972) Television Educated Evans (1957–58) The Mixer (1992) Family Mary Jane Richards (mother) Marriott Edgar (half-brother) Bryan Edgar Wallace (son) This article related to a British film of the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a 1930s thriller film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_film"},{"link_name":"T. Hayes Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Hayes_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Emlyn Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emlyn_Williams"},{"link_name":"Cathleen Nesbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathleen_Nesbitt"},{"link_name":"Norman McKinnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_McKinnel"},{"link_name":"Belle Chrystall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Chrystall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1940 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_of_the_Frightened_Lady_(film)"}],"text":"The Frightened Lady is a 1932 British thriller film directed by T. Hayes Hunter and starring Emlyn Williams, Cathleen Nesbitt, Norman McKinnel and Belle Chrystall.[1] It was adapted by Bryan Edgar Wallace from his father Edgar Wallace's 1931 play The Case of the Frightened Lady, which was adapted again later for a 1940 film.The film is also known as Criminal at Large in the United States.","title":"The Frightened Lady (1932 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A young woman goes to stay at the house of Lord Lebanon, but two murders in quick succession lead to the arrival of detectives and cause the woman to fear for her life.[2]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emlyn Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emlyn_Williams"},{"link_name":"Cathleen Nesbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathleen_Nesbitt"},{"link_name":"Norman McKinnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_McKinnel"},{"link_name":"Gordon Harker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Harker"},{"link_name":"Belle Chrystall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Chrystall"},{"link_name":"Cyril Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Raymond"},{"link_name":"Finlay Currie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlay_Currie"},{"link_name":"Percy Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Julian Royce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Royce"}],"text":"Emlyn Williams as Lord Lebanon\nCathleen Nesbitt as Lady Lebanon\nNorman McKinnel as Chief Inspector Tanner\nGordon Harker as Sergeant Totty\nBelle Chrystall as Aisla Crane\nCyril Raymond as Sergeant Ferraby\nFinlay Currie as Brooks\nPercy Parsons as Gilder\nJulian Royce as Kelver","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Emlyn William's performance was voted best in a British film for 1932.[3]The New York Times found it \"considerably more diverting on the stage than it is on the screen...It is a rugged shocker, and when it was not stripped of some of its good scenes it kept the spectator guessing...It is, however, a talented performance that Mr. Williams gives. Cathleen Nesbit does very well as the somewhat sinister dowager Lady Lebanon and Norman McKinnel, although handicapped by the direction, lends a certain distinction to the rôle of Tanner.\"[4]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_men%27s_university_basketball_team
Serbian men's university basketball team
["1 History","2 Competitive record","2.1 Representing Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro","2.2 Representing Serbia","3 Coaches","3.1 FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro","3.2 Serbia","4 Past rosters","4.1 Representing Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro","4.2 Representing Serbia","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Main article: Serbia men's national basketball team Serbian men's university basketball team Medal record Representing  Yugoslavia 2001 Beijing 1999 Palma de Mallorca Representing  Serbia and Montenegro 2003 Daegu 2005 İzmir Representing  Serbia 2009 Belgrade 2011 Shenzhen 2007 Bangkok 2013 Kazan The Serbian men's university basketball team (Serbian: Мушка универзитетска кошаркашка репрезентација Србије / Muška univerzitetska košarkaška reprezentacija Srbije) is the men's basketball team, administered by Basketball Federation of Serbia, that represents Serbia in the Summer Universiade men's basketball tournament. The university team competed as FR Yugoslavia from 1993 to 2001, and as Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 to 2005. History See also: Yugoslavia men's university basketball team Competitive record Main article: Basketball at the Summer Universiade Representing Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro Year Pos. GP W L Ref. 1959–1991 Part of SFR Yugoslavia As FR Yugoslavia 1993 Buffalo, NY Suspended 1995 Fukuoka Did not participate 1997 Sicily Did not participate 1999 Palma de Mallorca 2001 Beijing As Serbia and Montenegro 2003 Daegu 2005 İzmir Total 4/7 Representing Serbia Year Pos. GP W L Ref. 2007 Bangkok 8 7 1 2009 Belgrade 7 6 1 2011 Shenzhen 7 6 1 2013 Kazan 8 7 1 2015 Gwangju 9th 8 6 2 2017 Taipei 4th 8 5 3 2019 Naples Did not participate 2023 Chengdu TBD Total 6/7 46 37 9 Coaches FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro Years Head Coach Assistant Coach(es) 1999 Nenad Trajković Branislav Jemc 2001 Petar Rodić 2003 Vlade Đurović 2005 Velimir Gašić Serbia Years Head Coach Assistant Coach(es) 2007–2009 Aleksandar Kesar Saša Nikitović 2011 Luka Pavićević Goran Miljković 2012 Dejan Mijatović Đorđe Adžić, Zoran Todorović 2013 Oliver Popović Vladimir Đokić, Zoran Todorović 2015 Vanja Guša Zoran Todorović, Filip Socek 2017 Zoran Todorović Ivan Smiljanić, Marko Dimitrijević 2019 Miodrag Rajković Past rosters Representing Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro 1999 Tournament 2001 Tournament 2003 Tournament 2005 Tournament Ognjen AškrabićŽarko ČabarkapaGoran ČakićMarko KijacMarko PekovićNenad PištoljevićVanja PlisnićVladimir RončevićMladen ŠekularacVladimir TicaLuka VučinićMiloš Vujanić Ognjen AškrabićVule AvdalovićGoran ČakićStevan NađfejiPetar PopovićAleksandar SmiljanićJovo StanojevićVladimir TicaSlobodan TošićLuka VučinićMiloš VujanićIvan Zoroski Milan BralovićMile IlićBranko JorovićBojan KrstovićMilan MajstorovićVukašin MandićMarko MarinovićMladen PantićVanja PlisnićBojan PopovićIvan TodorovićNikola Vasić Nenad BogdanovićIvan BošnjakDušan ĐorđevićMilan DozetVladimir GolubovićFeliks KojadinovićStrahinja MiloševićVanja PlisnićMarko ŠćekićMilenko TepićIvan IvanovićIlija Zolotović Representing Serbia 2007 Tournament 2009 Tournament 2011 Tournament 2013 Tournament 2015 Tournament 2017 Tournament Vukašin AleksićDejan BorovnjakUroš DuvnjakVuk IvanovićĐorđe MičićIgor MijajlovićStrahinja MiloševićIvan PaunićMiljan RakićMarko SimonovićČedomir VitkovacVladan Vukosavljević Nikola KoprivicaMilan MačvanNemanja ProtićNemanja BjelicaMarko KešeljStrahinja MiloševićVukašin AleksićMiroslav RaduljicaMarko SimonovićIvan PaunićDejan BorovnjakVladimir Štimac 4 Mladen Jeremić5 Marko Ljubičić6 Stefan Živanović7 Sava Lešić8 Miloš Dimić9 Stefan Birčević10 Duško Bunić11 Vladimir Lučić12 Luka Drča13 Nikola Cvetinović14 Nikola Dragović15 Vladimir Štimac 4 Dejan Đokić5 Stefan Jović6 Miloš Dimić7 Nikola Malešević8 Đorđe Drenovac9 Nikola Kalinić10 Stefan Živanović11 Đorđe Majstorović12 Đorđe Gagić13 Ivan Smiljanić14 Nikola Marković15 Darko Balaban 4 Stefan Pot5 Jovan Novak6 Nikola Pešaković7 Ognjen Dobrić8 Dušan Kutlešić 9 Saša Avramović10 Petar Torlak11 Aleksandar Marelja12 Nikola Jovanović13 Đorđe Drenovac14 Nemanja Todorović15 Milan Milovanović 5 Strahinja Jovanović6 Andrija Šarenac7 Nemanja Nenadić8 Nikola Pavlović9 Aleksa Nikolić10 Ilija Đoković11 Miloš Vraneš12 Veljko Brkić13 Andrija Matić14 Milenko Veljković15 Marko Tejić20 Novak Topalović See also Serbia at the 2011 Summer Universiade Serbia at the 2013 Summer Universiade 2009 Summer Universiade Serbia men's national under-20 basketball team Serbia men's national under-19 basketball team Serbia men's national under-18 basketball team Serbia men's national under-17 basketball team Serbia men's national under-16 basketball team References ^ "SRB 68 vs 55 CAN" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2018. ^ "CAN 74 vs 87 SRB" (PDF). universiade2013.sportresult.com. Retrieved 8 July 2018. ^ "Nova pobeda košarkaša na Univerzijadi". b92.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018. ^ "Kvalitetan turnir i teški rivali". usss.org.rs. Retrieved 21 July 2018. ^ "Univerzitetska 2017". kss.rs. Retrieved 8 July 2018. ^ "SRB 61 vs 93 USA" (PDF). data.2017.gov.taipei. Retrieved 8 July 2018. External links Basketball Federation of Serbia vte Basketball in Serbia Federation Player of the Year League system List of venues Clubs with titles National teamsMen Serbia U20 U19 U18 U17 U16 University 3x3 U23 U18 Women Serbia U20 U18 & U19 U16 & U17 University 3x3 League competitionsMen Adriatic First League Adriatic Second League First League Second League First Regional League Second Regional League Women Adriatic League First League Second League First Regional League Cup competitionsMen Adriatic Supercup Radivoj Korać Cup Cup of Serbia Women Milan Ciga Vasojević Cup Category vte National sports teams of Serbia 3x3 basketball F M M U-18 American football Badminton Baseball Basketball F F U-20 F U-19 F U-17 University M M U-20 M U-19 M U-18 M U-17 M U-16 University Beach handball F M Beach soccer Cricket Football F F U-19 F U-17 M M U-21 M U-20 M U-19 M U-17 Futsal Handball F M M-Y Ice hockey M M U-20 M U-18 W Korfball Rugby league Rugby union F F7 M M7 Softball Tennis F M X Volleyball F F U-23 F U-20 F U-18 M M U-21 M U-19 Water polo F M Olympics Paralympics European Games Mediterranean Games Universiade
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"Basketball Federation of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Federation_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Universiade"}],"text":"The Serbian men's university basketball team (Serbian: Мушка универзитетска кошаркашка репрезентација Србије / Muška univerzitetska košarkaška reprezentacija Srbije) is the men's basketball team, administered by Basketball Federation of Serbia, that represents Serbia in the Summer Universiade men's basketball tournament.The university team competed as FR Yugoslavia from 1993 to 2001, and as Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 to 2005.","title":"Serbian men's university basketball team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslavia men's university basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_men%27s_university_basketball_team"}],"text":"See also: Yugoslavia men's university basketball team","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serbian_men%27s_university_basketball_team&action=edit&section=3"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1959_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1991_Summer_Universiade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"SFR Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_men%27s_university_basketball_team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"1993 Buffalo, NY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1993_Summer_Universiade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"1995 Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1995_Summer_Universiade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"1997 Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1997_Summer_Universiade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"1999 Palma de Mallorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1999_Summer_Universiade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"2001 Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2001_Summer_Universiade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"2003 Daegu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2003_Summer_Universiade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"2005 İzmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2005_Summer_Universiade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serbian_men%27s_university_basketball_team&action=edit&section=4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"2007 Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2007_Summer_Universiade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"2009 Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2009_Summer_Universiade_%E2%80%93_Men"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"2011 Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2011_Summer_Universiade_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"2013 Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"2015 Gwangju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2015_Summer_Universiade_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei"},{"link_name":"2017 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Serbia[edit]\n\n\n\nYear\n\nPos.\n\nGP\n\nW\n\nL\n\nRef.\n\n\n 2007 Bangkok\n\n8\n7\n1\n\n\n\n\n 2009 Belgrade\n\n7\n6\n1\n\n\n\n\n 2011 Shenzhen\n\n7\n6\n1\n\n\n\n\n 2013 Kazan\n\n8\n7\n1\n\n\n\n\n 2015 Gwangju\n9th\n8\n6\n2\n\n\n\n\n 2017 Taipei\n4th\n8\n5\n3\n\n\n\n\n 2019 Naples\nDid not participate\n\n\n\n\n 2023 Chengdu\nTBD\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n6/7\n46\n37\n9","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro","title":"Coaches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Serbia","title":"Coaches"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Past rosters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Representing Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro","title":"Past rosters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Representing Serbia","title":"Past rosters"}]
[]
[{"title":"Serbia at the 2011 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_at_the_2011_Summer_Universiade"},{"title":"Serbia at the 2013 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade"},{"title":"2009 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Summer_Universiade"},{"title":"Serbia men's national under-20 basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_men%27s_national_under-20_basketball_team"},{"title":"Serbia men's national under-19 basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_men%27s_national_under-19_basketball_team"},{"title":"Serbia men's national under-18 basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_men%27s_national_under-18_basketball_team"},{"title":"Serbia men's national under-17 basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_men%27s_national_under-17_basketball_team"},{"title":"Serbia men's national under-16 basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_men%27s_national_under-16_basketball_team"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciao_maschio
Bye Bye Monkey
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception and release","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"]
1978 Italian-French comedy-drama film Bye Bye MonkeyItalian theatrical release posterDirected byMarco FerreriWritten byMarco FerreriGérard BrachRafael AzconaProduced byMaurice BernartStarringGérard DepardieuMarcello MastroianniJames CocoGail LawrenceGeraldine FitzgeraldCinematographyLuciano TovoliEdited byRuggero MastroianniMusic byPhilippe SardeDistributed byKoch Lorber Films (DVD)Release date 24 February 1978 (1978-02-24) (Italy) Running time114 min.CountriesItalyFranceLanguageEnglish Bye Bye Monkey (Italian: Ciao maschio, French: Rêve de singe) is a 1978 Italian-French comedy-drama film, directed by Marco Ferreri and starring Gérard Depardieu, Marcello Mastroianni, James Coco, Gail Lawrence and Geraldine Fitzgerald. It is about a man who finds a baby chimpanzee in a giant King Kong prop and decides to raise it like a son. It was filmed in English and shot in Long Island, New York. As this was a French-Italian co-production, French and Italian dubbed versions were made for their respective countries' theatrical releases. Plot The film is set in a darkly surreal and dystopian version of New York City, that is mostly devoid of humans and populated only by rats and a few eccentrics. Lafayette is a young French electrician, living on his own in a basement. He works for Andreas Flaxman, the cynical owner of a waxwork museum. The museum is dedicated to recreating scenes from the Roman Empire. He works alongside his friend the sculptor Luigi Nocello. Nocello maintains the varied and often macabre wax displays, such as the Crucifixion of Jesus and the Assassination of Julius Caesar, which fill the museum. Lafayette also works as a lighting technician for a feminist theatre group. After rehearsal one day, the women in the group discuss their next project and decide to improvise a piece about rape for their next production, contending that women are just as capable of violence as men are; in the middle of their discussion, they knock Lafayette unconscious with a bottle of Coca-Cola, pin him down, and the attractive Angelica volunteers to rape Lafayette. Beside the Hudson River, amidst a construction site of Battery Park City, Lafayette meets Luigi and a band of eccentrics. The group finds an abandoned baby chimpanzee in the palm of a giant King Kong sculpture. Lafayette decides to adopt the chimpanzee. When he brings the chimp with him to the museum, Flaxman warns him that the chimp will rob him of his freedom, if he does not get rid of it. Flaxman is approached by the mysterious Paul Jefferson of the State Foundation for Psychological Research. He convinces the initially resistant Flaxman to transform the face of the sculpture Julius Caesar into the face of John F. Kennedy. Angelica, who has become enamored with Lafayette, moves into his sordid flat and shares in the care of the infant chimp. However, when Lafayette does not respond to the news that she is pregnant, she moves out. Alone again, he returns one day to find his baby ape eaten by rats. In total despair and needing human contact, he breaks into the waxwork museum but is met with hostility by the owner. The two fight and a fire, presumably caused by faulty wiring, consumes them both. Later, we see Angelica on the shore. She plays happily with her child. Cast Gérard Depardieu as Gerard Lafayette Marcello Mastroianni as Luigi Nocello James Coco as Andreas Flaxman Geraldine Fitzgerald as Mrs. Toland Abigail Clayton as Angelica (as Gail Lawrence) Stefania Casini as Feminist Actress Mimsy Farmer as Feminist Actress Avon Long as Miko Francesca De Sapio as Feminist Actress Enrico Blasi Reception and release On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 60% based on 5 critics, with an average rating of 6.20/10. Jesús Fernández Santos of El País said that "The film's true interest resides, above all, in the effective scenes of dark humor and in the general idea of the script, which is surely Marco Ferreri's most ambitious one to date". On 14 July 2009, the film was released on DVD by Koch Lorber Films, a division of Entertainment One. Awards The film was presented at the official competition of the 1978 Cannes Film Festival and received the Grand Prize of the Jury, in tie with Jerzy Skolimowski's The Shout. References ^ "NY Times: Bye Bye Monkey". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2009. ^ "Bye Bye Monkey (1978)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved 8 July 2021. ^ "El último hombre" . El País (in Spanish). 12 October 1978. Retrieved 8 July 2021. ^ "Bye Bye Monkey". DVD Talk. Retrieved 8 July 2021. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Bye Bye Monkey". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2009. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Bye Bye Monkey. Bye Bye Monkey at IMDb Bye Bye Monkey at AllMovie vteFilms directed by Marco Ferreri El Pisito El Cochecito The Conjugal Bed "Il professore" in Countersex The Ape Woman Break Up Marcia nuziale Her Harem Il seme dell'uomo Dillinger Is Dead L'udienza Liza Don't Touch the White Woman! La Grande Bouffe The Last Woman Bye Bye Monkey Seeking Asylum Tales of Ordinary Madness The Story of Piera The Future Is Woman I Love You The House of Smiles The Flesh Diary of a Maniac vteCannes Film Festival Grand Prix1967–2000 Accident / I Even Met Happy Gypsies (1967) Ådalen 31 (1969) Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion (1970) Johnny Got His Gun / Taking Off (1971) Solaris (1972) The Mother and the Whore (1973) Arabian Nights (1974) The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser (1975) Cría Cuervos / The Marquise of O (1976) Bye Bye Monkey / The Shout (1978) Siberiade (1979) My American Uncle (1980) Light Years Away (1981) The Night of the Shooting Stars (1982) Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983) Diary for My Children (1984) Birdy (1985) The Sacrifice (1986) Repentance (1987) A World Apart (1988) Cinema Paradiso / Too Beautiful for You (1989) The Sting of Death / Tilaï (1990) La Belle Noiseuse (1991) The Stolen Children (1992) Faraway, So Close! (1993) Burnt by the Sun / To Live (1994) Ulysses' Gaze (1995) Breaking the Waves (1996) The Sweet Hereafter (1997) Life Is Beautiful (1998) Humanité (1999) Devils on the Doorstep (2000) 2001–present The Piano Teacher (2001) The Man Without a Past (2002) Uzak (2003) Oldboy (2004) Broken Flowers (2005) Flanders (2006) The Mourning Forest (2007) Gomorrah (2008) A Prophet (2009) Of Gods and Men (2010) The Kid with a Bike / Once Upon a Time in Anatolia (2011) Reality (2012) Inside Llewyn Davis (2013) The Wonders (2014) Son of Saul (2015) It's Only the End of the World (2016) BPM (Beats per Minute) (2017) BlacKkKlansman (2018) Atlantics (2019) Compartment No. 6 / A Hero (2021) Close / Stars at Noon (2022) The Zone of Interest (2023) All We Imagine as Light (2024) vteKing KongCharacters King Kong Carl Denham Jack Driscoll Godzilla Monsterverse Gorosaurus Mechani-Kong American filmsLive action King Kong (1933) Son of Kong (1933) King Kong (1976) King Kong Lives (1986) King Kong (2005) Kong: Skull Island (2017) Godzilla vs. Kong (2021) Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (2024) Animated The Mighty Kong (1998) Japanese filmsToho Co., Ltd King Kong vs. Godzilla (1962) King Kong Escapes (1967) Unauthorized/lost Wasei Kingu Kongu (1933) The King Kong That Appeared in Edo (1938) Related films The Lost World (1925) Ingagi (1930) Creation (1931, unfinished) Mighty Joe Young (1949) Konga (1961) The Mighty Gorga (1969) Mighty Joe Young (1998) Ready Player One (2018) Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019) Television The King Kong Show (1966–1969) Kong: The Animated Series (2000–2001) Kong: King of the Apes (2016–2018) Skull Island (2023) Stage King Kong (2013) Attractions Kong (1972; rebuilt 2015) King Kong Encounter (1986) Kongfrontation (1990) King Kong: 360 3-D (2010) Skull Island: Reign of Kong (2016) Video games King Kong (1982) King Kong 2: Ikari no Megaton Punch (1986) King Kong 2: Yomigaeru Densetsu (1986) Konami Wai Wai World (1988) Peter Jackson's King Kong: The Official Game of the Movie (2005) Skull Island: Rise of Kong (2023) Related King Kong in popular culture Comics Skull Island Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo Co., Ltd. King Kong vs. Tarzan Monsterverse Godzilla (franchise) Tarzan and Jane, "Return of the King" (2018) Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"Marco Ferreri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Ferreri"},{"link_name":"Gérard Depardieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu"},{"link_name":"Marcello Mastroianni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Mastroianni"},{"link_name":"James Coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Coco"},{"link_name":"Gail Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Geraldine Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"King Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"}],"text":"Bye Bye Monkey (Italian: Ciao maschio, French: Rêve de singe) is a 1978 Italian-French comedy-drama film, directed by Marco Ferreri and starring Gérard Depardieu, Marcello Mastroianni, James Coco, Gail Lawrence and Geraldine Fitzgerald.[1] It is about a man who finds a baby chimpanzee in a giant King Kong prop and decides to raise it like a son. It was filmed in English and shot in Long Island, New York. As this was a French-Italian co-production, French and Italian dubbed versions were made for their respective countries' theatrical releases.","title":"Bye Bye Monkey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dystopian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopia"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Crucifixion of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Assassination of Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"Battery Park City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_Park_City"},{"link_name":"King Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"}],"text":"The film is set in a darkly surreal and dystopian version of New York City, that is mostly devoid of humans and populated only by rats and a few eccentrics. Lafayette is a young French electrician, living on his own in a basement. He works for Andreas Flaxman, the cynical owner of a waxwork museum. The museum is dedicated to recreating scenes from the Roman Empire. He works alongside his friend the sculptor Luigi Nocello. Nocello maintains the varied and often macabre wax displays, such as the Crucifixion of Jesus and the Assassination of Julius Caesar, which fill the museum.Lafayette also works as a lighting technician for a feminist theatre group. After rehearsal one day, the women in the group discuss their next project and decide to improvise a piece about rape for their next production, contending that women are just as capable of violence as men are; in the middle of their discussion, they knock Lafayette unconscious with a bottle of Coca-Cola, pin him down, and the attractive Angelica volunteers to rape Lafayette.Beside the Hudson River, amidst a construction site of Battery Park City, Lafayette meets Luigi and a band of eccentrics. The group finds an abandoned baby chimpanzee in the palm of a giant King Kong sculpture. Lafayette decides to adopt the chimpanzee. When he brings the chimp with him to the museum, Flaxman warns him that the chimp will rob him of his freedom, if he does not get rid of it.Flaxman is approached by the mysterious Paul Jefferson of the State Foundation for Psychological Research. He convinces the initially resistant Flaxman to transform the face of the sculpture Julius Caesar into the face of John F. Kennedy.Angelica, who has become enamored with Lafayette, moves into his sordid flat and shares in the care of the infant chimp. However, when Lafayette does not respond to the news that she is pregnant, she moves out. Alone again, he returns one day to find his baby ape eaten by rats. In total despair and needing human contact, he breaks into the waxwork museum but is met with hostility by the owner. The two fight and a fire, presumably caused by faulty wiring, consumes them both. Later, we see Angelica on the shore. She plays happily with her child.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gérard Depardieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu"},{"link_name":"Marcello Mastroianni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Mastroianni"},{"link_name":"James Coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Coco"},{"link_name":"Geraldine Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Abigail Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Clayton"},{"link_name":"Stefania Casini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefania_Casini"},{"link_name":"Mimsy Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimsy_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Avon Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_Long"},{"link_name":"Francesca De Sapio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_De_Sapio"},{"link_name":"Enrico Blasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Blasi"}],"text":"Gérard Depardieu as Gerard Lafayette\nMarcello Mastroianni as Luigi Nocello\nJames Coco as Andreas Flaxman\nGeraldine Fitzgerald as Mrs. Toland\nAbigail Clayton as Angelica (as Gail Lawrence)\nStefania Casini as Feminist Actress\nMimsy Farmer as Feminist Actress\nAvon Long as Miko\nFrancesca De Sapio as Feminist Actress\nEnrico Blasi","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"El País","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Entertainment One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_One"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 60% based on 5 critics, with an average rating of 6.20/10.[2]Jesús Fernández Santos of El País said that \"The film's true interest resides, above all, in the effective scenes of dark humor and in the general idea of the script, which is surely Marco Ferreri's most ambitious one to date\".[3]On 14 July 2009, the film was released on DVD by Koch Lorber Films, a division of Entertainment One.[4]","title":"Reception and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1978 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Grand Prize of the Jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Cannes_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Skolimowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Skolimowski"},{"link_name":"The Shout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shout"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The film was presented at the official competition of the 1978 Cannes Film Festival and received the Grand Prize of the Jury, in tie with Jerzy Skolimowski's The Shout.[5]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADlton_Alves_da_Silva
Salvador (footballer)
["1 Teams","2 Titles","3 References","4 External links"]
Brazilian footballer This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) SalvadorPersonal informationFull name Milton Alves da SilvaDate of birth (1931-10-16)October 16, 1931Place of birth Porto Alegre, BrazilDate of death January 1, 1973(1973-01-01) (aged 41)Place of death São Paulo, BrazilSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1950 Palmeiras 1950–1951 Grêmio 1951–1955 Internacional 1955–1960 Peñarol 1961 River Plate 1962 Estudiantes de La Plata 1965 Metropol Medal record Campeonato Paulista 1950 Campeonato Gaúcho 1952 Campeonato Gaúcho 1953 Campeonato Gaúcho 1955 Uruguayan Primera División 1958 Uruguayan Primera División 1959 Uruguayan Primera División 1960 Copa Libertadores 1960 *Club domestic league appearances and goals Mílton Alves da Silva (born October 16, 1931 - 1979), known as Salvador, was a Brazilian former football player. He was born in Porto Alegre, Brazil, and played for clubs in Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. He died in São Paulo. Teams Palmeiras 1950 Grêmio 1950-1951 Internacional 1951-1955 Peñarol 1955-1960 River Plate 1961 Estudiantes de La Plata 1962 Metropol 1965 Titles Internacional 1951, 1952, 1953 and 1955 (Rio Grande do Sul State Championship) Peñarol 1958, 1959 and 1960 (Uruguayan Primera División Championship), 1960 (Copa Libertadores de América) References ^ https://www.copalibertadores.com/pt-br/noticias/salvador-o-primeiro-jogador-brasileiro-a-entrar-em-campo-e/1g0tgkxcj9uta1idkx9cjawnas External links Profile at mamvs.narod.ru Portals: Biography Brazil Association football This biographical article related to a Brazilian association football midfielder born in the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Porto Alegre, Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alegre,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"}],"text":"Mílton Alves da Silva (born October 16, 1931 - 1979[1]), known as Salvador, was a Brazilian former football player. He was born in Porto Alegre, Brazil, and played for clubs in Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. He died in São Paulo.","title":"Salvador (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palmeiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_Palmeiras"},{"link_name":"Grêmio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%AAmio_Foot-Ball_Porto_Alegrense"},{"link_name":"Internacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Club_Internacional"},{"link_name":"Peñarol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.A._Pe%C3%B1arol"},{"link_name":"River Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate"},{"link_name":"Estudiantes de La Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudiantes_de_La_Plata"},{"link_name":"Metropol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Metropol"}],"text":"Palmeiras 1950\nGrêmio 1950-1951\nInternacional 1951-1955\nPeñarol 1955-1960\nRiver Plate 1961\nEstudiantes de La Plata 1962\nMetropol 1965","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Club_Internacional"},{"link_name":"Peñarol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.A._Pe%C3%B1arol"}],"text":"Internacional 1951, 1952, 1953 and 1955 (Rio Grande do Sul State Championship)\nPeñarol 1958, 1959 and 1960 (Uruguayan Primera División Championship), 1960 (Copa Libertadores de América)","title":"Titles"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Angelos_of_Syrmia
John Angelos of Syrmia
["1 Life","2 Issue","3 Ancestors","4 References","5 Sources"]
Byzantine prince John AngelosGovernor of SyrmiaReign1227–1253Predecessornew creationSuccessorRostislav Mikhailovich (?) Bornc. 1193Died1253 (Aged 59-60)Noble familyAngelosSpouse(s)Matilda of ViandenIssueMaria Angelina of SyrmiaFatherIsaac II AngelosMotherMargaret of Hungary John Angelos or Angelus (Greek: Ἰωάννης Ἄγγελος, Hungarian: Angelos János; c. 1193 – 1253), also known as Good John (Greek: Καλοϊωάννης / Kaloiōannēs, Hungarian: Kaloján), was a Byzantine prince who migrated to Hungary, and served as governor of various southern regions, including Syrmia, from 1227 until 1253, during the reign of Hungarian kings Andrew II and Béla IV, who were his maternal relatives. Life John Angelos was the son of Isaac II Angelos, the Byzantine Emperor from 1185 to 1195, and again from 1203 to 1204; and Margaret of Hungary, the daughter of King Béla III (r. 1172–1196) and sister of King Emeric (r. 1196–1204). John had three older half-siblings from his father's first marriage: Anna-Euphrosyne, Irene Angelina and Alexios IV Angelos, while he had a younger full brother, Manuel Angelos (b. after 1195 – d. 1212). The family found refuge in the Hungarian court in 1222. King Andrew II of Hungary (r. 1205–1235), his uncle, gave him "Syrmia and beyond", i.e. south of the Sava river, including Belgrade and Macsó, which he ruled until 1253. In 1221, Pope Honorius III demanded that the "heretics" (Bogomils) be exterminated in Bosnia. His chaplain Aconcio was unable to gain any followers in Ragusa, and died while in Bosnia. Ugrin Csák, the Archbishop of Kalocsa, proposed to Andrew II of Hungary that he would lead the Bosnian Crusade, and the king and pope promised him all lands that he would clear of heretics. Ugrin overrated himself, and instead gave 200 silver marks to John Angelos, the ruler of Syrmia, to perform the task. John took the money but never acted against the Bogomils, despite being reminded of his obligation by Pope Honorius III in 1227. King Béla IV appointed John Angelos as the governor of Syrmia, and Rostislav Mikhailovich as the governor of Slavonia, securing his southern boundaries while heading towards the Adriatic. Another source claims that he ruled Syrmia and Bačka from ca. 1230. He died by 1253, since documents related to marriage of his daughter Maria mention him as deceased. Issue John was married to Matilda of Vianden (ca. 1216–), daughter of Henry I, Count of Vianden and Margaret Courtenay, Matilda's mother Margaret was daughter of Peter Courtenay, Latin emperor of Constantinople, and thus sister of Latin emperors Robert and Baldwin II. Their daughter Maria was married to "Anselm of Keu". Their marriage licenses were issued in 1253 and 1254, by the papal chancellery. The first document mentions the marriage "inter Anselmum de Keu ac Mariam, natam Matildis dominae de Posaga, natae comitissae Viennensis", while the second document mentions "Maria, nate quondam Calojohanni" and also mentions Maria's maternal uncle as "imperatore Constantinopolitano, eiusdem Matildis avunculo". Those data allowed Gordon McDaniel to identify Maria's father as John Angelos, lord of Syrmia, and Maria's mother as Matilda, daughter of Henry I, Count of Vianden and Margaret Courtenay (sister of the Latin emperors Robert and Baldwin II). Identity of Maria's husband was a subject of several genealogical and historical studies, that tried to resolve complex questions related to attribution of sources on at least two persons (father and son) who had the same name: Anseau de Cayeux. Gordon McDaniel proposed that Maria, daughter of John Angelos, is the same person as Maria, who is mentioned in several sources from the 1270s and 1280s as widow of Anseau de Cayeux, and also as sister of queen Jelena of Serbia. Based on that assumption, he concluded that Jelena's father was John Angelos of Syrmia. In the summer of 1280, king Charles I of Sicily issued a document, allowing lady Maria to travel from Apulia to Serbia, to visit her sister, the queen of Serbia (Latin: Quia nobilis mulier domina Maria de Chaurs cum filio suo et familia eiusdem domine intendit transfretare ad presens ad partes Servie visura dominam reginam Servie sororem suam). In later documents, issued in 1281, Maria was mentioned by king Charles as his cousin (Latin: nobilis mulier Maria domina Chau consanguinea nostra carissima), and widow of Anselm "de Chau" (Latin: nobilem mulierem Mariam relictam quondam nobilis viri Anselmi de Chau). If those assumptions are correct, John Angelos would be maternal grandfather of Serbian kings Stefan Dragutin and Stefan Milutin. Ancestors Ancestors of John Angelos of Syrmia 16. Manuel Angelos 8. Constantine Angelos 4. Andronikos Doukas Angelos 18. Alexios I Komnenos 9. Theodora Komnene 19. Irene Doukaina 2. Isaac II Angelos 5. Euphrosyne Kastamonitissa 1. John Angelos 24. Béla II of Hungary 12. Géza II of Hungary 25. Jelena Vukanović 6. Béla III of Hungary 26. Mstislav I of Kiev 13. Euphrosyne of Kiev 27. Liubava Dmitirievna 3. Margaret of Hungary 28. Hervé II of Donzy 14. Raynald of Châtillon 29. Ermengarde de Montjay 7. Agnes of Antioch 30. Bohemond II of Antioch 15. Constance of Antioch 31. Alice of Antioch References ^ Z. J. Kosztolnyik (1996). Hungary in the thirteenth century. East European Monographs. ISBN 9780880333368. Szerem region Beyond ^ Moravcsik 1970, p. 94. ^ Henry Charles Lea (1956). A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (Complete). Library of Alexandria. pp. 993–. ISBN 978-1-4655-2724-0. ^ Ungarn-Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift für die Kunde Ungarns und verwandte Gebiete, Volume 12. Hase und Koehler Verlag. 1984. The efforts of Bela IV! to secure his southern boundary while moving toward the Adriatic included establishing leaders in Srem (John Angelos) and Slavonia (Rostislav Mikhailovich) who were not only capable but also closely connected to the ... ^ Historisches Jahrbuch. K. Alber. 1951. Seit ungefähr 1230 war (Kalo-)Johannes Angelos, ein Sohn des byzantinischen Kaisers IsaaklI. Angelos Herr von Syrmien und Gomes von Bacs. Eine noch größere Rolle spielte dann Rostislav Michailo- witsch, der Sohn des von den Tataren ... ^ a b c McDaniel 1984, p. 43. ^ McDaniel 1986, p. 196. ^ McDaniel 1984. ^ McDaniel 1986. ^ Angold 2011. ^ Petrovitch 2015. ^ Bácsatyai 2017. ^ McDaniel 1984, p. 43–50. ^ Petrovitch 2015, p. 171. Sources Angold, Michael (2011). "The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1261: Marriage Strategies". Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 47–68. ISBN 9781409410980. Bácsatyai, Dániel (2017). "A 13. századi francia–magyar kapcsolatok néhány kérdése" (PDF). Századok. 151 (2): 237–278. Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587. Berger, Élie (1897). Les Registres d'Innocent IV. Vol. 3. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Bourel, Charles (1895). Registres d'Alexandre IV. Vol. 1. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915. Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526. London & New York: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781850439776. Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1975). The Bosnian Church: A New Interpretation: A Study of the Bosnian Church and Its Place in State and Society from the 13th to the 15th Centuries. Boulder: East European Quarterly. ISBN 9780914710035. Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) . The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604. Коматина, Ивана; Коматина, Предраг (2018). "Византијски и угарски Срем од X до XIII века" . Зборник радова Византолошког института (in Serbian). 55: 141–164. McDaniel, Gordon L. (1984). "On Hungarian-Serbian Relations in the Thirteenth Century: John Angelos and Queen Jelena" (PDF). Ungarn-Jahrbuch. 12 (1982-1983): München, 1984: 43–50. McDaniel, Gordon L. (1986). "The House of Anjou and Serbia". Louis the Great: King of Hungary and Poland. Boulder: East European Monographs. pp. 191–200. ISBN 9780880330879. Moravcsik, Gyula (1970). Byzantium and the Magyars. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. Petrovitch, Nicolas (2015). "La reine de Serbie Hélène d'Anjou et la maison de Chaources". Crusades. 14: 167–182. doi:10.1080/28327861.2015.12220366. ISBN 9781472468413. S2CID 257002925.
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John had three older half-siblings from his father's first marriage: Anna-Euphrosyne, Irene Angelina and Alexios IV Angelos, while he had a younger full brother, Manuel Angelos (b. after 1195 – d. 1212).The family found refuge in the Hungarian court in 1222.[1]King Andrew II of Hungary (r. 1205–1235), his uncle, gave him \"Syrmia and beyond\", i.e. south of the Sava river, including Belgrade and Macsó, which he ruled until 1253.[2]In 1221, Pope Honorius III demanded that the \"heretics\" (Bogomils) be exterminated in Bosnia. His chaplain Aconcio was unable to gain any followers in Ragusa, and died while in Bosnia. Ugrin Csák, the Archbishop of Kalocsa, proposed to Andrew II of Hungary that he would lead the Bosnian Crusade, and the king and pope promised him all lands that he would clear of heretics. Ugrin overrated himself, and instead gave 200 silver marks to John Angelos, the ruler of Syrmia, to perform the task. John took the money but never acted against the Bogomils, despite being reminded of his obligation by Pope Honorius III in 1227.[3]King Béla IV appointed John Angelos as the governor of Syrmia, and Rostislav Mikhailovich as the governor of Slavonia, securing his southern boundaries while heading towards the Adriatic.[4] Another source claims that he ruled Syrmia and Bačka from ca. 1230.[5]He died by 1253, since documents related to marriage of his daughter Maria mention him as deceased.[6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matilda of Vianden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_of_Vianden,_Lady_of_Po%C5%BEega"},{"link_name":"Henry I, Count of Vianden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Count_of_Vianden"},{"link_name":"Margaret Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret,_Marchioness_of_Namur"},{"link_name":"Peter Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_II_of_Courtenay"},{"link_name":"Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Courtenay"},{"link_name":"Baldwin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel198443-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel1986196-7"},{"link_name":"Henry I, Count of Vianden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Count_of_Vianden"},{"link_name":"Margaret Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret,_Marchioness_of_Namur"},{"link_name":"Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I,_Latin_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Baldwin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Latin_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel198443-6"},{"link_name":"Anseau de Cayeux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anseau_de_Cayeux"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel1984-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel1986-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngold2011-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovitch2015-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB%C3%A1csatyai2017-12"},{"link_name":"Jelena of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel198443%E2%80%9350-13"},{"link_name":"Charles I of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulia"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovitch2015171-14"},{"link_name":"Stefan Dragutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Dragutin"},{"link_name":"Stefan Milutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Milutin"}],"text":"John was married to Matilda of Vianden (ca. 1216–), daughter of Henry I, Count of Vianden and Margaret Courtenay, Matilda's mother Margaret was daughter of Peter Courtenay, Latin emperor of Constantinople, and thus sister of Latin emperors Robert and Baldwin II.[6][7]Their daughter Maria was married to \"Anselm of Keu\". Their marriage licenses were issued in 1253 and 1254, by the papal chancellery. The first document mentions the marriage \"inter Anselmum de Keu ac Mariam, natam Matildis dominae de Posaga, natae comitissae Viennensis\", while the second document mentions \"Maria, nate quondam Calojohanni\" and also mentions Maria's maternal uncle as \"imperatore Constantinopolitano, eiusdem Matildis avunculo\". Those data allowed Gordon McDaniel to identify Maria's father as John Angelos, lord of Syrmia, and Maria's mother as Matilda, daughter of Henry I, Count of Vianden and Margaret Courtenay (sister of the Latin emperors Robert and Baldwin II).[6]Identity of Maria's husband was a subject of several genealogical and historical studies, that tried to resolve complex questions related to attribution of sources on at least two persons (father and son) who had the same name: Anseau de Cayeux.[8][9][10][11][12]Gordon McDaniel proposed that Maria, daughter of John Angelos, is the same person as Maria, who is mentioned in several sources from the 1270s and 1280s as widow of Anseau de Cayeux, and also as sister of queen Jelena of Serbia. Based on that assumption, he concluded that Jelena's father was John Angelos of Syrmia.[13]In the summer of 1280, king Charles I of Sicily issued a document, allowing lady Maria to travel from Apulia to Serbia, to visit her sister, the queen of Serbia (Latin: Quia nobilis mulier domina Maria de Chaurs cum filio suo et familia eiusdem domine intendit transfretare ad presens ad partes Servie visura dominam reginam Servie sororem suam). In later documents, issued in 1281, Maria was mentioned by king Charles as his cousin (Latin: nobilis mulier Maria domina Chau consanguinea nostra carissima), and widow of Anselm \"de Chau\" (Latin: nobilem mulierem Mariam relictam quondam nobilis viri Anselmi de Chau).[14]If those assumptions are correct, John Angelos would be maternal grandfather of Serbian kings Stefan Dragutin and Stefan Milutin.","title":"Issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constantine Angelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Angelos"},{"link_name":"Andronikos Doukas Angelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_Angelos"},{"link_name":"Alexios I Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"Theodora Komnene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_Komnene_(daughter_of_Alexios_I)"},{"link_name":"Irene Doukaina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Doukaina"},{"link_name":"Isaac II Angelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos"},{"link_name":"Euphrosyne Kastamonitissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrosyne_Kastamonitissa"},{"link_name":"Béla II of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Géza II of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Jelena Vukanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_of_Serbia,_Queen_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Béla III of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Mstislav I of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_I_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"Euphrosyne of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrosyne_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"Liubava Dmitirievna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liubava_Dmitrievna"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Raynald of Châtillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon"},{"link_name":"Agnes of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Bohemond II of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemond_II_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Constance of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Alice of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_of_Antioch"}],"text":"Ancestors of John Angelos of Syrmia 16. Manuel Angelos 8. Constantine Angelos 4. Andronikos Doukas Angelos 18. Alexios I Komnenos 9. Theodora Komnene 19. Irene Doukaina 2. Isaac II Angelos 5. Euphrosyne Kastamonitissa 1. John Angelos 24. Béla II of Hungary 12. Géza II of Hungary 25. Jelena Vukanović 6. Béla III of Hungary 26. Mstislav I of Kiev 13. Euphrosyne of Kiev 27. Liubava Dmitirievna 3. Margaret of Hungary 28. Hervé II of Donzy 14. Raynald of Châtillon 29. Ermengarde de Montjay 7. Agnes of Antioch 30. Bohemond II of Antioch 15. Constance of Antioch 31. Alice of Antioch","title":"Ancestors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angold, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Angold"},{"link_name":"Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=p_mazcfdpVIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781409410980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409410980"},{"link_name":"\"A 13. századi francia–magyar kapcsolatok néhány kérdése\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.masodikandras.hu/download/a-13-szazadi-francia-magyar-kapcsolatok-nehany-kerdese.pdf"},{"link_name":"Bataković, Dušan T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Histoire du peuple serbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782825119587","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782825119587"},{"link_name":"Berger, Élie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Berger"},{"link_name":"Les Registres d'Innocent IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8567702"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Registres d'Alexandre IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lesregistresdale01cathuoft"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Ćirković, Sima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"The Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781405142915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405142915"},{"link_name":"The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vEJNBqanT_8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781850439776","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850439776"},{"link_name":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr."},{"link_name":"The Bosnian Church: A New Interpretation: A Study of the Bosnian Church and Its Place in State and Society from the 13th to the 15th Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8sDYAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780914710035","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780914710035"},{"link_name":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr."},{"link_name":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0472082604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472082604"},{"link_name":"\"Византијски и угарски Срем од X до XIII века\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0584-98881855141K"},{"link_name":"\"On Hungarian-Serbian Relations in the Thirteenth Century: John Angelos and Queen Jelena\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//epa.oszk.hu/01500/01536/00012/pdf/UJ_1982_1983_043-050.pdf"},{"link_name":"Louis the Great: King of Hungary and Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=s80hAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780880330879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880330879"},{"link_name":"Moravcsik, Gyula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_Moravcsik"},{"link_name":"Byzantium and the Magyars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uyAiAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"\"La reine de Serbie Hélène d'Anjou et la maison de Chaources\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=p2o2CwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/28327861.2015.12220366","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F28327861.2015.12220366"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781472468413","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472468413"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"257002925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257002925"}],"text":"Angold, Michael (2011). \"The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1261: Marriage Strategies\". Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 47–68. ISBN 9781409410980.\nBácsatyai, Dániel (2017). \"A 13. századi francia–magyar kapcsolatok néhány kérdése\" (PDF). Századok. 151 (2): 237–278.\nBataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587.\nBerger, Élie (1897). Les Registres d'Innocent IV. Vol. 3. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nBourel, Charles (1895). Registres d'Alexandre IV. Vol. 1. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nĆirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.\nEngel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526. London & New York: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781850439776.\nFine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1975). The Bosnian Church: A New Interpretation: A Study of the Bosnian Church and Its Place in State and Society from the 13th to the 15th Centuries. Boulder: East European Quarterly. ISBN 9780914710035.\nFine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604.\nКоматина, Ивана; Коматина, Предраг (2018). \"Византијски и угарски Срем од X до XIII века\" [The Byzantine and Hungarian Syrmia in the 10th-13th Centuries]. Зборник радова Византолошког института (in Serbian). 55: 141–164.\nMcDaniel, Gordon L. (1984). \"On Hungarian-Serbian Relations in the Thirteenth Century: John Angelos and Queen Jelena\" (PDF). Ungarn-Jahrbuch. 12 (1982-1983): München, 1984: 43–50.\nMcDaniel, Gordon L. (1986). \"The House of Anjou and Serbia\". Louis the Great: King of Hungary and Poland. Boulder: East European Monographs. pp. 191–200. ISBN 9780880330879.\nMoravcsik, Gyula (1970). Byzantium and the Magyars. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.\nPetrovitch, Nicolas (2015). \"La reine de Serbie Hélène d'Anjou et la maison de Chaources\". Crusades. 14: 167–182. doi:10.1080/28327861.2015.12220366. ISBN 9781472468413. S2CID 257002925.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Z. J. Kosztolnyik (1996). Hungary in the thirteenth century. East European Monographs. ISBN 9780880333368. Szerem region Beyond","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PdtnAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Hungary in the thirteenth century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880333368","url_text":"9780880333368"}]},{"reference":"Henry Charles Lea (1956). A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (Complete). Library of Alexandria. pp. 993–. ISBN 978-1-4655-2724-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EPjFVpl1YLsC&pg=PT993","url_text":"A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (Complete)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-2724-0","url_text":"978-1-4655-2724-0"}]},{"reference":"Ungarn-Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift für die Kunde Ungarns und verwandte Gebiete, Volume 12. Hase und Koehler Verlag. 1984. The efforts of Bela IV! to secure his southern boundary while moving toward the Adriatic included establishing leaders in Srem (John Angelos) and Slavonia (Rostislav Mikhailovich) who were not only capable but also closely connected to the ...","urls":[]},{"reference":"Historisches Jahrbuch. K. Alber. 1951. Seit ungefähr 1230 war (Kalo-)Johannes Angelos, ein Sohn des byzantinischen Kaisers IsaaklI. Angelos Herr von Syrmien und Gomes von Bacs. Eine noch größere Rolle spielte dann Rostislav Michailo- witsch, der Sohn des von den Tataren ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VzPTAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Historisches Jahrbuch"}]},{"reference":"Angold, Michael (2011). \"The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1261: Marriage Strategies\". Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 47–68. ISBN 9781409410980.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Angold","url_text":"Angold, Michael"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p_mazcfdpVIC","url_text":"Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409410980","url_text":"9781409410980"}]},{"reference":"Bácsatyai, Dániel (2017). \"A 13. századi francia–magyar kapcsolatok néhány kérdése\" (PDF). Századok. 151 (2): 237–278.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.masodikandras.hu/download/a-13-szazadi-francia-magyar-kapcsolatok-nehany-kerdese.pdf","url_text":"\"A 13. századi francia–magyar kapcsolatok néhány kérdése\""}]},{"reference":"Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87","url_text":"Bataković, Dušan T."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC","url_text":"Histoire du peuple serbe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782825119587","url_text":"9782825119587"}]},{"reference":"Berger, Élie (1897). Les Registres d'Innocent IV. Vol. 3. Paris.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Berger","url_text":"Berger, Élie"},{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8567702","url_text":"Les Registres d'Innocent IV"}]},{"reference":"Bourel, Charles (1895). Registres d'Alexandre IV. Vol. 1. Paris.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lesregistresdale01cathuoft","url_text":"Registres d'Alexandre IV"}]},{"reference":"Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Ćirković, Sima"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC","url_text":"The Serbs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405142915","url_text":"9781405142915"}]},{"reference":"Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526. London & New York: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781850439776.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vEJNBqanT_8C","url_text":"The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850439776","url_text":"9781850439776"}]},{"reference":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1975). The Bosnian Church: A New Interpretation: A Study of the Bosnian Church and Its Place in State and Society from the 13th to the 15th Centuries. Boulder: East European Quarterly. ISBN 9780914710035.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.","url_text":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8sDYAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Bosnian Church: A New Interpretation: A Study of the Bosnian Church and Its Place in State and Society from the 13th to the 15th Centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780914710035","url_text":"9780914710035"}]},{"reference":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.","url_text":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC","url_text":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472082604","url_text":"0472082604"}]},{"reference":"Коматина, Ивана; Коматина, Предраг (2018). \"Византијски и угарски Срем од X до XIII века\" [The Byzantine and Hungarian Syrmia in the 10th-13th Centuries]. Зборник радова Византолошког института (in Serbian). 55: 141–164.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0584-98881855141K","url_text":"\"Византијски и угарски Срем од X до XIII века\""}]},{"reference":"McDaniel, Gordon L. (1984). \"On Hungarian-Serbian Relations in the Thirteenth Century: John Angelos and Queen Jelena\" (PDF). Ungarn-Jahrbuch. 12 (1982-1983): München, 1984: 43–50.","urls":[{"url":"http://epa.oszk.hu/01500/01536/00012/pdf/UJ_1982_1983_043-050.pdf","url_text":"\"On Hungarian-Serbian Relations in the Thirteenth Century: John Angelos and Queen Jelena\""}]},{"reference":"McDaniel, Gordon L. (1986). \"The House of Anjou and Serbia\". Louis the Great: King of Hungary and Poland. Boulder: East European Monographs. pp. 191–200. ISBN 9780880330879.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s80hAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Louis the Great: King of Hungary and Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880330879","url_text":"9780880330879"}]},{"reference":"Moravcsik, Gyula (1970). Byzantium and the Magyars. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_Moravcsik","url_text":"Moravcsik, Gyula"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uyAiAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Byzantium and the Magyars"}]},{"reference":"Petrovitch, Nicolas (2015). \"La reine de Serbie Hélène d'Anjou et la maison de Chaources\". Crusades. 14: 167–182. doi:10.1080/28327861.2015.12220366. ISBN 9781472468413. S2CID 257002925.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2o2CwAAQBAJ","url_text":"\"La reine de Serbie Hélène d'Anjou et la maison de Chaources\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F28327861.2015.12220366","url_text":"10.1080/28327861.2015.12220366"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472468413","url_text":"9781472468413"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257002925","url_text":"257002925"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Whisky_a_Go_Go:_The_Complete_Recordings
Live at the Whisky a Go Go: The Complete Recordings
["1 Background","2 Production and release","3 Critical reception","4 Awards","5 References"]
2016 live album by Otis ReddingLive at the Whisky a Go Go: The Complete RecordingsLive album by Otis ReddingReleasedOctober 21, 2016RecordedApril 8–10, 1966VenueWhisky a Go Go, Los AngelesGenreSoul musicLabelStax Live at the Whisky a Go Go: The Complete Recordings is a live album by Otis Redding, recorded at the Whisky a Go Go in Los Angeles, California, in 1966. Encompassing shorter previous releases, this digitally remixed edition includes all of Redding's performances from his three-night engagement at the venue. The album won a Grammy Award for Best Album Notes. Background The recordings were made from a series of seven performances that Redding played over three successive nights (April 8–10, 1966) at the Whisky a Go Go on Sunset Strip in Los Angeles. He was backed by his ten-piece touring band, the Otis Redding Revue. Earlier albums, including In Person at the Whisky a Go Go (1968) and Good to Me: Live at the Whisky a Go Go, Vol. 2 (1983), had featured selections from the shows, but the 2016 release comprehensively captures all seven performances in their entirety. Production and release Original 4-track tapes of the shows were newly mixed by audio engineer Seth Presant. The finished product was released through Redding's original Stax Records label (now a subsidiary of Concord Records) on October 21, 2016. The 6-disc box set was also made available as a digital download, and excerpts were pressed on limited edition vinyl LPs. Critical reception A rarity in its completeness, Live at the Whisky A Go Go: The Complete Recordings has been praised for preserving "vital live soul from an era where the sound was in its prime but was rarely recorded", and the album has been called "in a word, essential". The performances themselves have been described as "explosively transcendent" There is arguably a surfeit of material on the collection – "there are, count them, ten separate versions of 'Satisfaction' that even the most hardcore Redding and/or Rolling Stones fans may find to be more than enough", noted one reviewer from Jambands, while another from BlackGrooves remarked, "I’m not convinced that Redding would have wanted the complete package released the performances just weren’t good and consistent enough". In contrast, the reviewer from Pitchfork wrote, "Listening to the sets back to back, it’s hard to hear where the band allegedly strays off path: Whatever flaws that may exist in a given track tend to melt away in the context of a full set". Awards Writer Lynell George won the award for Best Album Notes at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards. References ^ a b c Paul, John (November 29, 2016). "Otis Redding: Live at the Whisky a Go Go: The Complete Recordings". PopMatters. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. ^ a b c d Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (November 3, 2016). "Otis Redding: Live at the Whisky a Go Go: The Complete Recordings". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017. ^ a b c d Fine, Tom (December 1, 2016). "Otis Redding – Live at the Whisky A Go-Go, The Complete Recordings". BlackGrooves. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. ^ Live at the Whisky a Go Go: The Complete Recordings at AllMusic. Retrieved March 6, 2018. ^ Sutton, Larson (October 28, 2016). "Live at the Whisky A Go Go: The Complete recordings". Jambands. Archived from the original on November 13, 2016. ^ Lewis, Randy (January 28, 2018). "Local writer Lynell George wins Grammy for 'Otis Redding Live at the Whisky A Go Go'". Los Angeles Times. ^ Chow, Andrew R. (January 28, 2018). "Grammy 2018 Winners: Full List". The New York Times. vteOtis ReddingStudio albums Pain in My Heart The Great Otis Redding Sings Soul Ballads Otis Blue The Soul Album Complete & Unbelievable: The Otis Redding Dictionary of Soul King & Queen Posthumous albums The Dock of the Bay The Immortal Otis Redding Love Man Tell the Truth Live albums Live in Europe In Person at the Whisky a Go Go Monterey International Pop Festival Good to Me: Live at the Whisky a Go Go, Vol. 2 Live at the Whisky a Go Go: The Complete Recordings Compilation albums The History of Otis Redding The Dock of the Bay – The Definitive Collection The Very Best of Otis Redding, Vol. 1 Otis! The Definitive Otis Redding Dreams to Remember: The Otis Redding Anthology Remember Me Singles "These Arms of Mine" "Mr. Pitiful" "I've Been Loving You Too Long" "Respect" / "Ole Man Trouble" "Satisfaction" "Try a Little Tenderness" "Tramp" "Knock on Wood" "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" "You Left the Water Running" Related topics Discography Shake! Otis at Monterey "Otis" (song)
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The album won a Grammy Award for Best Album Notes.","title":"Live at the Whisky a Go Go: The Complete Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whisky a Go Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky_a_Go_Go"},{"link_name":"Sunset Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Strip"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erlewine-2"},{"link_name":"In Person at the Whisky a Go Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Person_at_the_Whisky_a_Go_Go"},{"link_name":"Good to Me: Live at the Whisky a Go Go, Vol. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_to_Me:_Live_at_the_Whisky_a_Go_Go,_Vol._2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erlewine-2"}],"text":"The recordings were made from a series of seven performances that Redding played over three successive nights (April 8–10, 1966) at the Whisky a Go Go on Sunset Strip in Los Angeles.[1] He was backed by his ten-piece touring band, the Otis Redding Revue.[2] Earlier albums, including In Person at the Whisky a Go Go (1968) and Good to Me: Live at the Whisky a Go Go, Vol. 2 (1983), had featured selections from the shows, but the 2016 release comprehensively captures all seven performances in their entirety.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4-track tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitrack_recording"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine-3"},{"link_name":"Stax Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stax_Records"},{"link_name":"Concord Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-4"}],"text":"Original 4-track tapes of the shows were newly mixed by audio engineer Seth Presant.[3] The finished product was released through Redding's original Stax Records label (now a subsidiary of Concord Records) on October 21, 2016.[3] The 6-disc box set was also made available as a digital download, and excerpts were pressed on limited edition vinyl LPs.[3][4]","title":"Production and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erlewine-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul-1"},{"link_name":"Satisfaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(I_Can%27t_Get_No)_Satisfaction"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine-3"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erlewine-2"}],"text":"A rarity in its completeness, Live at the Whisky A Go Go: The Complete Recordings has been praised for preserving \"vital live soul from an era where the sound was in its prime but was rarely recorded\",[2] and the album has been called \"in a word, essential\".[1] The performances themselves have been described as \"explosively transcendent\"[1]There is arguably a surfeit of material on the collection – \"there are, count them, ten separate versions of 'Satisfaction' that even the most hardcore Redding and/or Rolling Stones fans may find to be more than enough\", noted one reviewer from Jambands,[5] while another from BlackGrooves remarked, \"I’m not convinced that Redding would have wanted the complete package released [because] the performances just weren’t good and consistent enough\".[3] In contrast, the reviewer from Pitchfork wrote, \"Listening to the sets back to back, it’s hard to hear where the band allegedly strays off path: Whatever flaws that may exist in a given track tend to melt away in the context of a full set\".[2]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lynell George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lynell_George&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Best Album Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Album_Notes"},{"link_name":"60th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Writer Lynell George won the award for Best Album Notes at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.[6][7]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_of_the_Black_Wolves
Cry of the Black Wolves
["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]
1972 film Cry of the Black WolvesGerman film posterGermanDer Schrei der schwarzen Wölfe Directed byHarald ReinlWritten byKurt NachmannRolf OlsenBased onThe Son of the Wolfby Jack LondonProduced byKarl SpiehsStarringRon ElyRaimund HarmstorfGila von WeitershausenCinematographyFranz Xaver LederleEdited byEva ZeynMusic byGerhard HeinzProductioncompanyLisa FilmDistributed byConstantin FilmRelease date 4 October 1972 (1972-10-04) Running time89 minutesCountryWest GermanyLanguageGerman The Cry of the Black Wolves (German: Der Schrei der schwarzen Wölfe) is a 1972 West German western adventure film directed by Harald Reinl and starring Ron Ely, Raimund Harmstorf, and Gila von Weitershausen. The film's sets were designed by the art director Rolf Zehetbauer. Location shooting took place in Austrian Tyrol. Cast Ron Ely as Bill Robinson Raimund Harmstorf as Jack Harper Gila von Weitershausen as Frona Williams Arthur Brauss as Tornado Kid Angelica Ott as Betty Tayler Jean-Claude Hoffmann as Jimmy Hans Terofal as Stumpey Catharina Conti as Akaena Carl Lange as Nicholas Morse Alexander Grill as Forester Dan van Husen as Joe Heinrich Schweiger as Sam Jenkins Kurt Bülau as Ray Murdock Tony Berger as Mike Williams Günter Clemens as Tom Lafferty Karin Lorson as Sara Untine Fröhlich as Polly References ^ Hake, Sabine (2009). Bock, Hans-Michael; Bergfelder, Tim (eds.). The Concise Cinegraph: Encyclopaedia of German Cinema. New York, NY: Berghahn Books. p. 390. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1x76dm6. ISBN 978-1571816559. JSTOR j.ctt1x76dm6. S2CID 252868046. External links Cry of the Black Wolves at IMDb vteFilms directed by Harald Reinl Mountain Crystal (1949) The Crucifix Carver of Ammergau (1952) The Monastery's Hunter (1953) Rose-Girl Resli (1954) The Silent Angel (1954) As Long as You Live (1955) The Twins from Zillertal (1957) The Green Devils of Monte Cassino (1958) U 47 – Kapitänleutnant Prien (1958) Der Frosch mit der Maske (1959) Paradise for Sailors (1959) We Will Never Part (1960) The Return of Doctor Mabuse (1961) The Forger of London (1961) Treasure of the Silver Lake (1962) Apache Gold (1963) The Strangler of Blackmoor Castle (1963) The White Spider (1963) Last of the Renegades (1964) Room 13 (1964) The Desperado Trail (1965) The Last Tomahawk (1965) The Blood Demon (1967) Death and Diamonds (1968) The Valley of Death (1968) Death in the Red Jaguar (1968) Dead Body on Broadway (1969) We'll Take Care of the Teachers (1970) The Tiger Gang (1971) Holidays in Tyrol (1971) Who Laughs Last, Laughs Best (1971) Cry of the Black Wolves (1972) The Heath Is Green (1972) Hubertus Castle (1973) The Bloody Vultures of Alaska (1973) No Gold for a Dead Diver (1974) The Hunter of Fall (1974) This article related to a German film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_film"},{"link_name":"adventure film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film"},{"link_name":"Harald Reinl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Reinl"},{"link_name":"Ron Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Ely"},{"link_name":"Raimund Harmstorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimund_Harmstorf"},{"link_name":"Gila von Weitershausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_von_Weitershausen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Rolf Zehetbauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Zehetbauer"},{"link_name":"Location shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_shooting"},{"link_name":"Austrian Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrol_(state)"}],"text":"The Cry of the Black Wolves (German: Der Schrei der schwarzen Wölfe) is a 1972 West German western adventure film directed by Harald Reinl and starring Ron Ely, Raimund Harmstorf, and Gila von Weitershausen.[1]The film's sets were designed by the art director Rolf Zehetbauer. Location shooting took place in Austrian Tyrol.","title":"Cry of the Black Wolves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ron Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Ely"},{"link_name":"Raimund Harmstorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimund_Harmstorf"},{"link_name":"Gila von Weitershausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_von_Weitershausen"},{"link_name":"Arthur Brauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Brauss"},{"link_name":"Angelica Ott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_Ott"},{"link_name":"Carl Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Lange_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Grill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Grill"},{"link_name":"Dan van Husen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_van_Husen"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Schweiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schweiger"}],"text":"Ron Ely as Bill Robinson\nRaimund Harmstorf as Jack Harper\nGila von Weitershausen as Frona Williams\nArthur Brauss as Tornado Kid\nAngelica Ott as Betty Tayler\nJean-Claude Hoffmann as Jimmy\nHans Terofal as Stumpey\nCatharina Conti as Akaena\nCarl Lange as Nicholas Morse\nAlexander Grill as Forester\nDan van Husen as Joe\nHeinrich Schweiger as Sam Jenkins\nKurt Bülau as Ray Murdock\nTony Berger as Mike Williams\nGünter Clemens as Tom Lafferty\nKarin Lorson as Sara\nUntine Fröhlich as Polly","title":"Cast"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)
Divine Service (Lutheran)
["1 Definition and origins","1.1 United States","2 Liturgy","2.1 Preparatory Service","2.2 Service of the Word","2.3 Service of the Sacrament","3 Eastern Rite Lutheran liturgies","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Lutheran liturgy For the service in the Eastern Orthodox Church, see Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article contains instructions, advice, or how-to content. Please help rewrite the content so that it is more encyclopedic or move it to Wikiversity, Wikibooks, or Wikivoyage. (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series onLutheranism Background Christianity Start of the Reformation Reformation Protestantism Doctrine and theology Bible Old Testament New Testament Creeds Apostles' Creed Nicene Creed Athanasian Creed Book of Concord Augsburg Confession Apology of the Augsburg Confession Luther's Small / Large Catechism Smalcald Articles Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope Formula of Concord Distinctive theological concepts Theology of Martin Luther Justification Law and Gospel Sola gratia Sola scriptura Christology Sanctification Two kingdoms catholicity Two states of the Church Priesthood of all believers Divine Providence Marian theology Theology of the Cross Sacramental Union Other relevant topics Homosexuality Sacraments and worship Baptism Eucharist Confession Confirmation Matrimony Anointing of the Sick Holy Orders Divine Service Matins Vespers Liturgical calendar Calendar of saints Lutheran hymn Lutheran hymnwriters Normative principle Lutheran art Organization Confessional EvangelicalLutheran Conference Global Confessional &Missional Lutheran Forum International Lutheran Council Lutheran World Federation Denominations Lutheranism by region Movements History of Lutheranism Crypto-Lutherans Gnesio-Lutherans Lutheran orthodoxy Pietists Radical Pietism Haugeans Laestadians Finnish Awakening Old Lutherans Neo-Lutherans High church Lutherans Confessional Lutheranism Key figuresMissionaries John Campanius Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg Hans Egede Johann Heinrich Callenberg Johann Phillip Fabricius Paul Henkel John Christian Frederick Heyer Karl Graul Martti Rautanen Wilhelm Sihler F. C. D. Wyneken Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder Lars Olsen Skrefsrud Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen Onesimos Nesib Paul Olaf Bodding Johann Flierl Christian Keyser Jens Christensen Bible Translators Martin Luther Casiodoro de Reina Kjell Magne Yri Onesimos Nesib Aster Ganno Kristian Osvald Viderø Jákup Dahl Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg Johann Phillip Fabricius William Tyndale John Rogers George Constantine Jozef Roháček Johannes Avetaranian Guðbrandur Þorláksson Ludvig Olsen Fossum Hans Egede / Paul Egede Otto Fabricius Nils Vibe Stockfleth Olaus Petri / Laurentius Petri Martti Rautanen Primož Trubar Jurij Dalmatin Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen Sebastian Krelj Mikael Agricola Norwegian Bible Society Swedish Bible Society Samuel Ludwik Zasadius Stanislovas Rapolionis Laurentius Andreae Hans Tausen Olaf M. Norlie Jonas Bretkūnas Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder Antonio Brucioli Mikołaj Jakubica Matthias Bel Johann Ernst Glück William F. Beck Theologians Martin Luther / Katharina von Bora Philip Melanchthon Johannes Bugenhagen Johannes Brenz Justus Jonas Hans Tausen Laurentius Petri Olaus Petri Mikael Agricola Matthias Flacius Martin Chemnitz Johann Gerhard Abraham Calovius Johannes Andreas Quenstedt Johann Wilhelm Baier Philipp Spener David Hollaz August Hermann Francke Henry Muhlenberg Lars Levi Laestadius Charles Porterfield Krauth C. F. W. Walther Søren Kierkegaard Albrecht Ritschl Wilhelm Herrmann F. W. Stellhorn Rudolf Otto Ernst Troeltsch Rudolf Bultmann Paul Tillich Hermann Sasse Dietrich Bonhoeffer Wolfhart Pannenberg Robert Jenson vte The Divine Service (German: Gottesdienst) is a title given to the Eucharistic liturgy as used in the various Lutheran churches. It has its roots in the Pre-Tridentine Mass as revised by Martin Luther in his Formula missae ("Form of the Mass") of 1523 and his Deutsche Messe ("German Mass") of 1526. It was further developed through the Kirchenordnungen ("church orders") of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that followed in Luther's tradition. The term "Divine Service" is popularly used among the more conservative Lutheran churches and organizations of the United States and Canada. In the more progressive denominations, such as The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the terms "Holy Communion" or "the Eucharist" are much more commonly used. Other Lutheran rites are also in use, such as those used in the Byzantine Rite Lutheran Churches, such as the Ukrainian Lutheran Church and Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia. In these Churches, the term "Divine Liturgy" is used. Definition and origins In the parts of North American Lutheranism that use it, the term "Divine Service" supplants more usual English-speaking Lutheran names for the Mass: "The Service" or "The Holy Communion." The term is a calque of the German word Gottesdienst (literally "God-service" or "service of God"), the standard German word for worship. As in the English phrase "service of God," the genitive in "Gottesdienst" is arguably ambiguous. It can be read as an objective genitive (service rendered to God) or a subjective genitive (God's "service" to people). While the objective genitive is etymologically more plausible, Lutheran writers frequently highlight the ambiguity and emphasize the subjective genitive. This is felt to reflect the belief, based on Lutheran doctrine regarding justification, that the main actor in the Divine Service is God himself and not man, and that in the most important aspect of evangelical worship God is the subject and we are the objects: that the Word and Sacrament are gifts that God gives to his people in their worship. Although the term Mass was used by early Lutherans (the Augsburg Confession states that "we do not abolish the Mass but religiously keep and defend it") and Luther's two chief orders of worship are entitled "Formula Missae" and "Deutsche Messe"—such use has decreased in English usage except among Evangelical Catholics and "High Church Lutherans". Also, Lutherans have historically used the terms "Gottesdienst" or "The Service" to distinguish their Service from the worship of other protestants, which has been viewed as focusing more on the faithful bringing praise and thanksgiving to God. In Lutheran Church of Finland term Mass (in Finnish: ”Messu”) is still used as a name of divine service. United States The Lutheran liturgy currently used in the United States traces its development back to the work of Beale M. Schmucker, George Wenner and Edward Horn. Their work took place in the context of a wider North American confessional revival. Between 1876 and 1883, various Lutheran synods expressed an interest in creating a common worship service. This led to the creation of a Joint Committee in 1884 which included representatives of the General Synod and General Council, the two dominant pan-Lutheran groups. This committee appointed Schmucker, Wenner and Horn who began their work in April 1884. A year later, they brought a draft to the General Synod's convention which modified and approved the following order: Introit, Kyrie, Gloria in Excelsis, Collect, Epistle, Gradual with Alleluia Or Tract during Lent), Gospel, Nicene Creed, Sermon, General Prayer, Preface, Sanctus and Benedictus qui Venit, Exhortation to Communicants, Lord's Prayer and Words of Institution, Agnus Dei, Distribution, Collect of Thanksgiving, Nunc Dimittis, Benedicamus Domino, Benediction. In 1887, the three men presented their final draft to the Joint Committee. This final draft used the King James Version language and Anglican (Book of Common Prayer) translations of the Kyrie, Gloria, Creeds, Prefaces, Lord's Prayer, and Collects. It also included the Nunc Dimittis as an option. The final draft, with minor edits, was approved by the various synods in 1888 and has become known as The Common Service and formed the basis for every major Lutheran hymnal and worship book into the late twentieth century. Liturgy Preparatory Service Processional hymn is sung. The people stand. During this hymn, the pastor and those assisting him/her (such as the acolytes) process into the sanctuary from the narthex. The Invocation begins the Divine Service. For the Invocation and the Preparatory Service, the pastor is to stand at the foot of the altar steps, advancing to the altar at the Introit. He speaks the Trinitarian formula, as the Sign of the Cross is made by all. The Confession follows "In the Confession (Lat. "Confiteor"), we kneel humbly before our God, acknowledging our sin and seeking purification of our Spirit. In the Declaration of Grace that follows, we receive from God Himself the assurance of God's mercy and grace that enables us to focus on our loving God." Both the congregation and the pastor kneel as the following is said: Pastor: If we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. Congregation: But if we confess our sins, God who is faithful and just will forgive our sins and cleanse us from all unrighteousness. (moment of silence for personal examination) Pastor: Let us then confess our sins to God our Father. All: Most merciful God, we confess that we are by nature sinful and unclean. We have sinned against you in thought, word, and deed, by what we have done and by what we have left undone. We have not loved You with our whole heart; we have not loved our neighbors as ourselves. We justly deserve Your present and eternal punishment. For the sake of Your Son, Jesus Christ, have mercy on us. Forgive us, renew us, and lead us, so that we may delight in Your will and walk in Your ways to the glory of your Holy Name. Amen. Pastor: Almighty God in His mercy has given His Son to die for you and for His sake forgives you all your sins. As a called and ordained servant of Christ, and by His authority, I therefore forgive you all your sins in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. . All: Amen. Service of the Word Martin Luther celebrating the Divine Service (predella of the 1547 altar by Lucas Cranach the Elder and Younger in St. Mary's Church, Wittenberg, Germany) The Introit is sung. "The Introit (Lat. "entrance") marks the actual beginning of the Service of the Day. It strikes the keynote theme of the entire Service, recognizing the glory of God and announcing God's grace using pertinent verses, usually from the Psalms. The Introit consists of an Antiphon, followed by a Psalm verse, followed by the Gloria Patri. The Antiphon is then repeated for emphasis." It is during the Introit that the choir, ministers (bishop, pastors (presbyters), deacons), and celebrant process to the chancel. Bowing to the altar, they move to their seats. The celebrant approaches the altar and bow to kiss it. All remain standing. The Kyrie is chanted by a deacon. "In the Kýrie Eléison (Gr. "O Lord, have mercy"), we pray to God for grace and help in time of need. It expresses our humility and appreciation of our own weakness and need in a sinful world." The Gloria in Excelsis Deo follows. "The Gloria in Excelsis (Lat. "Glory to God in the highest") is the angelic hymn announcing the birth of our Savior Jesus Christ to the shepherds. In it, we join in the hymn of the angels in celebration of the Father's gift of His Son." During Advent and Lent the Gloria in Excelsis is omitted. In its place in Advent, "O come, O come, Emmanuel" is commonly sung. In Lent, "Vexilla Regis" commonly takes its place. Next is the Dominus Vobiscum and the day's Collect. "The Dominus Vobiscum is a reciprocal chanted prayer of the Pastor for his people and of the congregation for its Pastor before we together offer our petitions to God. It reflects the special relationship of love between the Pastor and congregation... The Collect sums up, or "collects", all the prayers of the church into one short prayer and suggests the theme of the day or season." After the collect, all may be seated. The first reading (commonly an Old Testament passage) is read. During Easter and its season a passage from the book of Acts of the Apostles is read. After the reading the person chants "The Word of the Lord", to which the congregation replies "Thanks be to God". Today the common practice is that the readings (excluding the Gospel) are read by lay people. Next, the Gradual is sung by the cantor and/or choir. "The Gradual, so-named because it was originally sung from a step (Lat. "gradus") of the altar, provides a musical echo to the passage just read and a transition to the next lesson." The gradual is psalm that is sung in meditation on the first reading. The Epistle reading is announced and read. "The Epistle (Gr. "letter") is usually taken from the letters of the Apostles. Frequently, this lesson does not relate directly to the Gospel. Usually, it bears practical and serious thoughts for daily living." The Alleluia and verse is now sung by cantor and people. "The Alleluia (Heb. "Praise the Lord") is a song of joy at the hearing of the Word of God. The accompanying verse usually reflects the mood of the day." During Lent, the Alleluia is omitted and is replaced with a tract. All rise at the singing of the Alleluia and remain standing while the Gospel is read. The Gospel reading is chanted or spoken. Traditionally the role of a deacon. "At the announcement of the Gospel, we sing the Gloria Tibi, Domine (Lat. "Glory to you, O Lord"), joyfully affirming our recognition of the real presence of Christ. After hearing our Savior's Good News, we respond with words of praise in the Laus Tibi, Christe (Lat. "Praise to you, O Christ")." The Hymn of the day is sung next. This hymn outlines the theme of the day and is the chief hymn of the Divine Service, so it is chosen very carefully. Following, the people may be seated. Sermon (also called "homily" or "postil"). "In the Sermon, the preacher "rightly divides (or interprets) the Word of truth." The Sermon contains elements of the two great doctrines of the Bible: the Law, which tells us how we are to live, and the Gospel, which proclaims forgiveness of our sins, by grace, through faith, for Christ's sake. The Gospel predominates in the Sermon. The Sermon usually relates to the lessons of the day." After the sermon the people stand and the pastor says the Votum (Lat. "we desire"): "The peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus." The Nicene Creed is spoken. "The Creed (Lat. "I believe") is our individual, public confession of faith, spoken with the "one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church". It is a statement of Christianity's most basic and fundamental beliefs, witnessing to the unity and universality of the Church. It does not specifically mean "The Roman Catholic Church" The Collection and Offertory follow. After the offerings have been collected they are given to the pastor, who presents it at the altar. "We joyfully offer to God a portion of His gifts to us, as an outward response of our faith in Him." After the collection, the Offertory is sung. "In the words of David, we ask God to cleanse our hearts, to keep us in the one true faith and to grant us the full joy of salvation." The Prayer of the Faithful is next, with petitions offered by a deacon. "In the Prayer of the Faithful, the Church performs its priestly role (which is communal and not individual) by representing the people of the world before God in prayer. The "Prayer of the Church" is therefore not the prayer of individuals for themselves nor the congregation for itself but is indeed the prayer of the Church for the world, the work of the Church, and the Church itself." Service of the Sacrament Main article: Eucharist in the Lutheran Church The Preface is chanted. "The Preface begins the Office of Holy Communion. It begins with a simple but powerful dialogue between the pastor and the congregation, which unites the whole body of believers in reverence, adoration, joy and thanksgiving in anticipation of the Sacrament. This is followed by the Common Preface, which begins "It is truly good, right and salutary" and ends with "Therefore with angels and archangels," thus uniting the Church with angelic host. In between is the Proper Preface, which is variable." The Sanctus and Benedictus are sung. "In the Sanctus (Lat. "Holy"), we join with the "Angels, Archangels and all the company of heaven" in proclaiming the glory of the Father (first sentence), praising Christ our Savior (second sentence) and singing the song of the children of Jerusalem as they welcomed the Messiah on the first Palm Sunday (third sentence)." The Anaphora follows. "The reverent, unadorned use of the Anaphora focuses all our thoughts on the acts and words or Christ and expresses the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in, with and under the bread and wine. Here, God is dealing with us in a loving manner, reminding us that Christ died for our sins." Below is an example form: Pastor: You are indeed holy, almighty and merciful God; you are most holy, and great is the majesty of your glory. You so loved the world that you gave your only Son, that whoever believes in him may not perish but have eternal life. Having come into the world, he fulfilled for us your holy will and accomplished our salvation. Our Lord Jesus Christ, on the night when He was betrayed, took bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it and gave it to his disciples and said, 'Take; eat; this is my body, given for you. This do in remembrance of me.' In the same way, also, He took the cup after supper, and when He had given thanks, He gave it to them saying, 'Drink of it all of you. This cup is the New Testament in My Blood, shed for you for the forgiveness of sins. This do as often as you drink it, in remembrance of Me.' Remembering, therefore, his salutary command, his life-giving Passion and death, his glorious resurrection and ascension, and his promise to come again, we give thanks to you, Lord God Almighty, not as we ought, but as we are able; and we implore you mercifully to accept our praise and thanksgiving, and, with your Word and Holy Spirit, to bless us, your servants, and these your own gifts of bread and wine; that we and all who share in the + body and blood of your Son may be filled with heavenly peace and joy, and receiving the forgiveness of sin, may be + sanctified in soul and body, and have our portion with all your saints. People: Amen. Pastor: As often as we eat this bread and drink this cup, we proclaim the Lord's death until He comes. People: Amen. Come, Lord Jesus. Pastor: O Lord Jesus Christ, only Son of the Father, in giving us Your body and blood to eat and to drink, You lead us to remember and confess Your holy cross and passion, Your blessed death, Your rest in the tomb, Your resurrection from the dead, Your ascension into heaven, and Your coming for the final judgment. Many Lutheran churches forego the use of a eucharistic prayer which encircle Jesus' words of institution and instead progress from the Sanctus to the Words of Institution to the Lord's Prayer to the Agnus Dei and on to the distribution. Widely respected Lutheran liturgical scholar and theologian Oliver K. Olson wrote; "The danger of the eucharistic prayer is not primarily its text, but its direction." and "Including human words in the consecration means enclosing the words of institution (like a sandwich) within a human prayer. Making the words of institution into part of a prayer results in a change of direction. That means that the liturgy is initiated by humans and directed toward God." The danger of this mistaken direction of the action at this point of the service is that Lutherans are unanimous in the belief that the Lord's Supper is solely God's service to us and the use of the eucharistic prayer may lead to an unintended teaching of it being a human action toward God that results in its efficacy rather than it being merely our Holy Spirit given faith that clings to Christ's promised, "for you". The Lord's Prayer follows. "As children, we address our God as "Our Father", praying as our Lord Jesus Christ himself taught us to pray." Next is the Pax Domini. "The Pax Domini (Lat. "Peace of the Lord") is the same greeting spoken by the risen Christ to His disciples on Easter evening. It is the final blessing before we approach the altar to receive the gift of Christ's body and blood." The Agnus Dei follows. "The Agnus Dei (Lat. "Lamb of God") is our hymn of adoration to our Savior Jesus Christ who is truly present for us in the Sacrament. The Agnus Dei recalls the testimony of John the Baptist when he pointed to Jesus and proclaimed: "Behold the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world."" The Distribution is next. The congregation is to remain kneeling in adoration during the distribution. The pastor first receives communion and then "those who will be assisting him". "By Christ's own words, "Given and shed for you for the remission of sins", in the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper God offers, gives, and seals for us forgiveness of sins, life and salvation." The manner of receiving the Eucharist differs throughout the world. Sometimes there is a cushioned area at the front of the church where the congregation can come to the front to kneel and receive this sacrament. Typically, the pastor distributes the host and an assistant (the deacon) then distributes the wine. The congregation departs and may make the sign of the cross. In other Lutheran churches, the process is much like the Post-Vatican II form used in the Catholic Church, the eucharistic minister (most commonly the pastor) and his assistants/deacons line up, with the eucharistic minister in the center, holding the hosts, and the two assistants on either side, holding the chalices. The people process to the front in lines and receive the Eucharist standing When a person receives the bread, the eucharistic minister may say "The Body of Christ, given for you." When a person receives the wine, the assistant/deacon may say "The Blood of Christ, shed for you." Following this, the people make the sign of the cross (if they choose to) and return to their places in the congregation. In dismissing the communicants, the pastor commonly says, "The body and blood of our Lord strengthen and preserve you steadfast in the true faith to life everlasting." The communicants may say "Amen". Silent prayer is appropriate after being dismissed. "The Dismissal reassures communicants of the efficacy of the Lord's Supper in creating life-saving faith in Christ." The nunc dimittis is sung next as a postcommunion canticle "In singing the Nunc Dimittis, (Lat. "Now you dismiss"), we stand with Simeon as he looked upon the baby Jesus, in awe of the profound mystery that the Father would give His only Son in the flesh for the salvation of our souls. Having just received the Lord's Supper, we have truly seen Thy Salvation, which prepared before the face of all people." The postcommunion collect follows. "The Versicle calls us to give thanks and introduces the Thanksgiving Collect. In the Collect, we thank God for His life-saving Sacrament and pray that His gift of faith offered therein causes us to change our life and enables us to love God and love others." The Benedicamus Domino is sung: Celebrant: "Let us bless the Lord." People: Thanks be to God. The Benediction (from Numbers 6:24) and the Amen is chanted. "More than a prayer for blessing, the Benediction imparts a blessing in God's name, giving positive assurance of the grace and peace of God to all who receive it in faith. The words of the Benediction are those that the God gave to Moses (the Aaronic Blessing) and those used by Christ at the Ascension. The final word that falls on our ears from our gracious God is "peace", affirming our reconciliation to God through the blood of Jesus Christ... We conclude the Divine Service with a triple Amen, that is, "Yea, yea, it shall be so", which expresses our firm faith in the forgiveness of sins by God's grace through Jesus Christ as heard and experienced in the Word and Sacrament of the Divine Service just ended." The recessional hymn is sung. The pastor and his assistants process into the narthex. The ite missa est concludes the Divine Service. Before the congregation departs, the deacon walks back into the sanctuary and says, "Go in peace to love and serve the Lord" (or similar words) as the people respond, "Thanks be to God." Eastern Rite Lutheran liturgies The predominant rite used by the Lutheran Churches is a Western one based on the Formula Missae ("Form of the Mass") although other Lutheran liturgies are also in use, such as those used in the Byzantine Rite Lutheran Churches, such as the Ukrainian Lutheran Church and Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia. Gallery This section contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images. Please help improve the section by removing excessive or indiscriminate images or by moving relevant images beside adjacent text, in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Communion setting at an Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) worship service An ELCA pastor elevating the chalice Eucharistic reception at a church in the LCMS Eucharistic reception at a church in the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) An ELCA congregation kneeling as the congregation receives the Eucharist See also Agenda (liturgy) Eucharistic theologies contrasted References ^ E.g., John T. Pless, 1987, "Six Theses on Liturgy and Evangelism," Archived December 23, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, Conference on Liturgy and Outreach, Concordia College: "n worship God is at work to serve His people with His Word and Sacraments. Evangelical worship is Gottesdienst (subjective genitive), Divine service." ^ Article 24 Archived 2008-09-15 at the Wayback Machine of the Augsburg Confession, Book of Concord. ^ LMCS ^ ^ The History of the Common Service (RTF), WELS. ^ The Common Service: 1888–1988, WELS. ^ Processional Cross from LCMS.org. ^ a b The Conduct of the Service by the Rev. Dr. Arthur Carl Piepkorn Archived 2009-05-28 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y How Lutherans Worship Archived 2011-03-24 at the Wayback Machine, Lutherans Online. ^ (Lutheran Service Book, Divine Service I) ^ 2 Timothy 2:15. ^ (Lutheran Service Book, Divine Service I,III, Lutheran Book of Worship) ^ Olson, Oliver K. (2007). Reclaiming the Lutheran Liturgical Heritage. Minneapolis: Bronze Bow Publishing. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-1-932458-55-8. ^ Luke 24:36 and John 20:19 ^ Lutheran Worship, Divine Service I ^ Catholic Communion process from the Roman Rite Mass Archived January 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ Hämmerli, Maria; Mayer, Jean-François (23 May 2016). Orthodox Identities in Western Europe: Migration, Settlement and Innovation. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 9781317084914. External links An Explanation of The Common Service (1908) Ordnung des Haupt-Gottesdienstes, Kirchenbuch für Evangelisch-Lutherische Gemeinden in North America. Published by the General Council. 1st ed. Philadelphia: J. L. Fike, 1877 (1911). — ELCA Archives – Hymnals The Service or The Communion, The Wartburg Hymnal for Church, Home, and School. Authorized by the (German) Iowa Synod. O. Harwig, ed. Chicago: Wartburg Publishing House, 1918. — ELCA Archives – Hymnals The Morning Service (1893), Church Book for the use of Evangelical Lutheran congregations. Authorized by the General Council of the Lutheran Church in North America. Philadelphia: Lutheran Book Store, 1868. Music edition (with music selected and arranged by Harriet Reynolds Krauth) Philadelphia: Lutheran Book Store, 1872; 2d ed., 1884; 3d ed., revised and enlarged, J. K. Schyrock, 1893. — ELCA Archives – Hymnals The Morning Service, (1893) The Conduct of the Service, by Arthur Carl Piepkorn (rev. ed. 1965) A Brief Exposition of the Divine Service The Lutheran Sources of the Common Service by Edward T. Horn, The Lutheran Quarterly (1891) Taking Divine Service into the Week Church of Sweden Service Book in English The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland - services in English Liturgy of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark in English The Order for Worship with Holy Communion in the Church of Norway The German Mass and Order of Divine Service, by Martin Luther, January 1526 Lutheran Liturgies from Martin Luther to Wilhelm Löhe by Vernon P. Kleinig, Concordia Theological Quarterly, April 1998 Liturgical Developments in Sweden and Finland in the Era of Lutheran Orthodoxy (1593-1700) by Toivo Harjunpää (JSTOR) Portal: Christianity vteLutheranismLuther's Small Catechism The Ten Commandments Apostle's Creed Lord's Prayer Sacrament of Holy Baptism Confession Sacrament of the Eucharist Chief articles of faithin the Augsburg Confession I. God II. Original Sin III. The Son of God IV. Justification By Faith V. The Office of Preaching VI. Of The New Obedience VII. Of The Church VIII. What the Church Is IX. Of Baptism X. Of the Lord's Supper XI. Of Confession XII. Of Repentance XIII. Of the Use of the Sacraments XIV. XV. Ecclesiastical Usages XVI. Of Civil Affairs XVII. Of Christ's Return to Judgment XVIII. Of Free Will XIX. Of the Cause of Sin XX. Of Good Works XXI. Of the Worship of the Saints Practices Divine Service Confirmation Common table prayer Sign of The Cross Matins Vespers Easter Vigil Liturgical Calendar Wreath of Christ Movements Gnesio-Lutherans Crypto-Calvinism Philippists Sacramentarians Ubiquitarians Lutheran orthodoxy Pietism Laestadianism Old Lutherans Neo-Lutheranism High Church Lutheranism Evangelical Catholicism Confessional Lutherans vteOrder of the Divine Service in LutheranismPreparatory Service Entrance hymn and Trinitarian formula (known as the Invocation) Penitential Act including the Confiteor and Declaration of Grace (or Asperges on Easter) The Service of the Word Introit Gloria Patri Kýrie Gloria Dominus vobiscum Oremus Collect Old Testament reading gradual (or Responsorial Psalm) Epistle Alleluia (tract during Lent) Gospel Hymn of the day Homily or Postil (Sermon) Nicene Creed (Athanasian Creed on Trinity Sunday) Offertory Prayers of the Faithful The Service of the Eucharist Preface (Sursum corda / Sanctus / Hosanna) Eucharistic Prayer (Epiclesis / Words of Institution / Memorial Acclamation) Lord's Prayer Sign of peace / pax (elevation) Agnus Dei Distribution Nunc dimittis Postcommunion Benedicamus Domino Benediction Dismissal Ite, missa est Participants Acolyte bishop cantor choir crucifer deacon elder laity lector Pastor (or Priest) usher Parts of the Sanctuary altar altar bell altar crucifix altar rail kneeler piscina processional cross tabernacle Candles altar candle paschal candle sanctuary lamp votive candle Liturgical vessels ciborium chalice cruet Liturgical objects collection basket holy water incense (use) paten sacramental bread (wafer) sacramental wine thurible Vestments alb chasuble dalmatic geneva gown humeral veil stole surplice tunicle Liturgical books and hymnals Christian Worship (1993) Christian Worship (2021) Common Service Book (1917) Evangelical Lutheran Hymn-Book (1912) Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary (1996) Evangelical Lutheran Worship (2006) Lutheran Book of Worship (1978) The Lutheran Hymnal (1941) Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement (1989) Lutheran Service Book (2006) Lutheran Worship (1982) ReClaim Hymnal (2006) Service Book and Hymnal (1958) vteMartin Luther Bibliography Resources about Martin Luther Worksh Ninety-five Theses (1517) Sermon on Indulgences and Grace (1518) To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520) On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520) On the Freedom of a Christian (1520) Against Henry, King of the English (1522) Luther Bible (1522, 1534) The Adoration of the Sacrament (1523) Formula missae (1523) Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants (1525) On the Bondage of the Will (1525) The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics (1526) Deutsche Messe (1526) Confession Concerning Christ's Supper (1528) On War Against the Turk (1529) Small Catechism (1529) Articles of Schwabach (1529) Large Catechism (1529) Smalcald Articles (1537) On the Councils and the Church (1539) On the Jews and Their Lies (1543) Vom Schem Hamphoras (1543) Luther's Table Talk (1566) Weimar edition of Luther's works List of hymns First Lutheran hymnal (1524) Erfurt Enchiridion (1524) Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn (1524) "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" (1529) "Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam" (1543) Topicsand events Reformation Lutheranism Heidelberg Disputation, 1518 Leipzig Debate, 1519 Exsurge Domine, 1520 Diet of Worms, 1521 Decet Romanum Pontificem, 1521 Marburg Colloquy, 1529 Augsburg Confession, 1530 Luther's canon Theology of Martin Luther Theology of the Cross Priesthood of all believers Sola fide Sola scriptura Two kingdoms Beerwolf (1539) Law and Gospel Marian theology Eucharist in Lutheranism Sacramental union Words of Institution Antisemitism Propaganda during the Reformation Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo (1537 edition) People Hans and Margarethe Luther (parents) Katharina von Bora (wife) Magdalena Luther (daughter) Paul Luther (son) Albert of Brandenburg Bartholomaeus Arnoldi Erasmus Georg Rörer Johann Cochlaeus Johann Reuchlin Johann von Staupitz Justus Jonas Karl von Miltitz Andreas Karlstadt Philip Melanchthon Pope Leo X Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick the Wise Albrecht VII. von Mansfeld Luther sites All Saints' Church, Wittenberg Stadtkirche Wittenberg Lutherhaus Lutherstädte Martin Luther's Birth House Martin Luther's Death House Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg) St. Augustine's Monastery Veste Coburg (Fortress) Wartburg Castle Film and theatre Martin Luther (1923 film) Luther (1928 film) Martin Luther (1953 film) Luther (1961 play) Luther (1964 film) Luther (1974 film) Martin Luther, Heretic (1983 film) Luther (2003 film) Luther and I (2017 film) Luther Monuments Luther Monument, Washington D.C. Luther Monument, Worms Related Luther rose Theologia Germanica
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Service_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Eucharistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"Pre-Tridentine Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"Formula missae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_missae"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Messe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Messe"},{"link_name":"Kirchenordnungen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchenordnungen"},{"link_name":"conservative Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessional_Lutheran"},{"link_name":"the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran Church in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Rite Lutheran Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Rite_Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Lutheran Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Lutheran_Church"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Divine Liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Liturgy"}],"text":"For the service in the Eastern Orthodox Church, see Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy).The Divine Service (German: Gottesdienst) is a title given to the Eucharistic liturgy as used in the various Lutheran churches. It has its roots in the Pre-Tridentine Mass as revised by Martin Luther in his Formula missae (\"Form of the Mass\") of 1523 and his Deutsche Messe (\"German Mass\") of 1526. It was further developed through the Kirchenordnungen (\"church orders\") of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that followed in Luther's tradition.The term \"Divine Service\" is popularly used among the more conservative Lutheran churches and organizations of the United States and Canada. In the more progressive denominations, such as The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the terms \"Holy Communion\" or \"the Eucharist\" are much more commonly used.Other Lutheran rites are also in use, such as those used in the Byzantine Rite Lutheran Churches, such as the Ukrainian Lutheran Church and Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia. In these Churches, the term \"Divine Liturgy\" is used.","title":"Divine Service (Lutheran)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lutheranism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"calque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"genitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case"},{"link_name":"etymologically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"justification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_(theology)"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Augsburg Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Formula Missae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_missae"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Messe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Messe"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Catholics#Lutheran_Evangelical_Catholicity"},{"link_name":"High Church Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Church_Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_worship"},{"link_name":"protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In the parts of North American Lutheranism that use it, the term \"Divine Service\" supplants more usual English-speaking Lutheran names for the Mass: \"The Service\" or \"The Holy Communion.\" The term is a calque of the German word Gottesdienst (literally \"God-service\" or \"service of God\"), the standard German word for worship.As in the English phrase \"service of God,\" the genitive in \"Gottesdienst\" is arguably ambiguous. It can be read as an objective genitive (service rendered to God) or a subjective genitive (God's \"service\" to people). While the objective genitive is etymologically more plausible, Lutheran writers frequently highlight the ambiguity and emphasize the subjective genitive.[1] This is felt to reflect the belief, based on Lutheran doctrine regarding justification, that the main actor in the Divine Service is God himself and not man, and that in the most important aspect of evangelical worship God is the subject and we are the objects: that the Word and Sacrament are gifts that God gives to his people in their worship.Although the term Mass was used by early Lutherans (the Augsburg Confession states that \"we do not abolish the Mass but religiously keep and defend it\"[2]) and Luther's two chief orders of worship are entitled \"Formula Missae\" and \"Deutsche Messe\"—such use has decreased in English usage except among Evangelical Catholics and \"High Church Lutherans\". Also, Lutherans have historically used the terms \"Gottesdienst\" or \"The Service\" to distinguish their Service from the worship of other protestants, which has been viewed as focusing more on the faithful bringing praise and thanksgiving to God.[3] In Lutheran Church of Finland term Mass (in Finnish: ”Messu”) is still used as a name of divine service.[4]","title":"Definition and origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beale M. Schmucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beale_M._Schmucker"},{"link_name":"confessional revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Porterfield_Krauth#The_Confessional_Revival"},{"link_name":"General Synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Synod_(Lutheran)"},{"link_name":"General Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Council_(Lutheran)"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"Book of Common Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer"},{"link_name":"Nunc Dimittis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunc_Dimittis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"The Lutheran liturgy currently used in the United States traces its development back to the work of Beale M. Schmucker, George Wenner and Edward Horn. Their work took place in the context of a wider North American confessional revival. Between 1876 and 1883, various Lutheran synods expressed an interest in creating a common worship service. This led to the creation of a Joint Committee in 1884 which included representatives of the General Synod and General Council, the two dominant pan-Lutheran groups. This committee appointed Schmucker, Wenner and Horn who began their work in April 1884. A year later, they brought a draft to the General Synod's convention which modified and approved the following order: Introit, Kyrie, Gloria in Excelsis, Collect, Epistle, Gradual with Alleluia Or Tract during Lent), Gospel, Nicene Creed, Sermon, General Prayer, Preface, Sanctus and Benedictus qui Venit, Exhortation to Communicants, Lord's Prayer and Words of Institution, Agnus Dei, Distribution, Collect of Thanksgiving, Nunc Dimittis, Benedicamus Domino, Benediction. In 1887, the three men presented their final draft to the Joint Committee. This final draft used the King James Version language and Anglican (Book of Common Prayer) translations of the Kyrie, Gloria, Creeds, Prefaces, Lord's Prayer, and Collects. It also included the Nunc Dimittis as an option. The final draft, with minor edits, was approved by the various synods in 1888 and has become known as The Common Service and formed the basis for every major Lutheran hymnal and worship book into the late twentieth century.[5][6]","title":"Definition and origins"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Liturgy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Processional hymn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processional_hymn"},{"link_name":"acolytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acolyte"},{"link_name":"sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"narthex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narthex"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piepkorn-8"},{"link_name":"Trinitarian formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarian_formula"},{"link_name":"Sign of the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_of_the_Cross"},{"link_name":"Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession_(Lutheran_Church)"},{"link_name":"Lat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Confiteor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confiteor"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Grace"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piepkorn-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-service-10"}],"sub_title":"Preparatory Service","text":"Processional hymn is sung.\nThe people stand. During this hymn, the pastor and those assisting him/her (such as the acolytes) process into the sanctuary from the narthex.[7]\nThe Invocation begins the Divine Service.\nFor the Invocation and the Preparatory Service, the pastor is to stand at the foot of the altar steps, advancing to the altar at the Introit.[8] He speaks the Trinitarian formula, as the Sign of the Cross is made by all.\nThe Confession follows\n\"In the Confession (Lat. \"Confiteor\"), we kneel humbly before our God, acknowledging our sin and seeking purification of our Spirit. In the Declaration of Grace that follows, we receive from God Himself the assurance of God's mercy and grace that enables us to focus on our loving God.\"[9] Both the congregation and the pastor kneel[8] as the following is said:Pastor: If we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us.\nCongregation: But if we confess our sins, God who is faithful and just will forgive our sins and cleanse us from all unrighteousness.\n(moment of silence for personal examination)\nPastor: Let us then confess our sins to God our Father.\nAll: Most merciful God, we confess that we are by nature sinful and unclean. We have sinned against you in thought, word, and deed, by what we have done and by what we have left undone. We have not loved You with our whole heart; we have not loved our neighbors as ourselves. We justly deserve Your present and eternal punishment. For the sake of Your Son, Jesus Christ, have mercy on us. Forgive us, renew us, and lead us, so that we may delight in Your will and walk in Your ways to the glory of your Holy Name. Amen.\nPastor: Almighty God in His mercy has given His Son to die for you and for His sake forgives you all your sins. As a called and ordained servant of Christ, and by His authority, I therefore forgive you all your sins in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. .[10]\nAll: Amen.","title":"Liturgy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luther-Predigt-LC-WB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"predella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predella"},{"link_name":"Lucas Cranach the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtkirche_Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"Introit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introit"},{"link_name":"Psalms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalms"},{"link_name":"Antiphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiphon"},{"link_name":"Gloria Patri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Patri"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"presbyters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyter"},{"link_name":"deacons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"Kyrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrie"},{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"Gr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"Gloria in Excelsis Deo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_in_Excelsis_Deo"},{"link_name":"birth of our Savior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"Advent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent"},{"link_name":"Lent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent"},{"link_name":"O come, O come, Emmanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_come,_O_come,_Emmanuel"},{"link_name":"Vexilla Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexilla_Regis"},{"link_name":"Dominus Vobiscum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominus_Vobiscum"},{"link_name":"Collect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collect"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Acts of the Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles"},{"link_name":"Gradual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradual"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"Epistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"Alleluia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleluia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tract_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"Hymn of the day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn_of_the_day"},{"link_name":"Sermon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon"},{"link_name":"homily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homily"},{"link_name":"postil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postil"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"Votum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votum"},{"link_name":"Nicene Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed"},{"link_name":"one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"Offertory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offertory"},{"link_name":"offerings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/offering"},{"link_name":"altar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"Prayer of the Faithful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Intercessions"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"}],"sub_title":"Service of the Word","text":"Martin Luther celebrating the Divine Service (predella of the 1547 altar by Lucas Cranach the Elder and Younger in St. Mary's Church, Wittenberg, Germany)The Introit is sung.\n\"The Introit (Lat. \"entrance\") marks the actual beginning of the Service of the Day. It strikes the keynote theme of the entire Service, recognizing the glory of God and announcing God's grace using pertinent verses, usually from the Psalms. The Introit consists of an Antiphon, followed by a Psalm verse, followed by the Gloria Patri. The Antiphon is then repeated for emphasis.\"[9] It is during the Introit that the choir, ministers (bishop, pastors (presbyters), deacons), and celebrant process to the chancel. Bowing to the altar, they move to their seats. The celebrant approaches the altar and bow to kiss it. All remain standing.\nThe Kyrie is chanted by a deacon.\n\"In the Kýrie Eléison (Gr. \"O Lord, have mercy\"), we pray to God for grace and help in time of need. It expresses our humility and appreciation of our own weakness and need in a sinful world.\"[9]\nThe Gloria in Excelsis Deo follows.\n\"The Gloria in Excelsis (Lat. \"Glory to God in the highest\") is the angelic hymn announcing the birth of our Savior Jesus Christ to the shepherds. In it, we join in the hymn of the angels in celebration of the Father's gift of His Son.\"[9] During Advent and Lent the Gloria in Excelsis is omitted. In its place in Advent, \"O come, O come, Emmanuel\" is commonly sung. In Lent, \"Vexilla Regis\" commonly takes its place.\nNext is the Dominus Vobiscum and the day's Collect.\n\"The Dominus Vobiscum is a reciprocal chanted prayer of the Pastor for his people and of the congregation for its Pastor before we together offer our petitions to God. It reflects the special relationship of love between the Pastor and congregation... The Collect sums up, or \"collects\", all the prayers of the church into one short prayer and suggests the theme of the day or season.\"[9] After the collect, all may be seated.\nThe first reading (commonly an Old Testament passage) is read.\nDuring Easter and its season a passage from the book of Acts of the Apostles is read. After the reading the person chants \"The Word of the Lord\", to which the congregation replies \"Thanks be to God\". Today the common practice is that the readings (excluding the Gospel) are read by lay people.\nNext, the Gradual is sung by the cantor and/or choir.\n\"The Gradual, so-named because it was originally sung from a step (Lat. \"gradus\") of the altar, provides a musical echo to the passage just read and a transition to the next lesson.\"[9] The gradual is psalm that is sung in meditation on the first reading.\nThe Epistle reading is announced and read.\n\"The Epistle (Gr. \"letter\") is usually taken from the letters of the Apostles. Frequently, this lesson does not relate directly to the Gospel. Usually, it bears practical and serious thoughts for daily living.\"[9]\nThe Alleluia and verse is now sung by cantor and people.\n\"The Alleluia (Heb. \"Praise the Lord\") is a song of joy at the hearing of the Word of God. The accompanying verse usually reflects the mood of the day.\"[9] During Lent, the Alleluia is omitted and is replaced with a tract. All rise at the singing of the Alleluia and remain standing while the Gospel is read.\nThe Gospel reading is chanted or spoken. Traditionally the role of a deacon.\n\"At the announcement of the Gospel, we sing the Gloria Tibi, Domine (Lat. \"Glory to you, O Lord\"), joyfully affirming our recognition of the real presence of Christ. After hearing our Savior's Good News, we respond with words of praise in the Laus Tibi, Christe (Lat. \"Praise to you, O Christ\").\"[9]\nThe Hymn of the day is sung next.\nThis hymn outlines the theme of the day and is the chief hymn of the Divine Service, so it is chosen very carefully. Following, the people may be seated.\nSermon (also called \"homily\" or \"postil\").\n\"In the Sermon, the preacher \"rightly divides (or interprets) the Word of truth.[11]\" The Sermon contains elements of the two great doctrines of the Bible: the Law, which tells us how we are to live, and the Gospel, which proclaims forgiveness of our sins, by grace, through faith, for Christ's sake. The Gospel predominates in the Sermon. The Sermon usually relates to the lessons of the day.\"[9] After the sermon the people stand and the pastor says the Votum (Lat. \"we desire\"): \"The peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus.\"\nThe Nicene Creed is spoken.\n\"The Creed (Lat. \"I believe\") is our individual, public confession of faith, spoken with the \"one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church\". It is a statement of Christianity's most basic and fundamental beliefs, witnessing to the unity and universality of the Church. It does not specifically mean \"The Roman Catholic Church\"[9]\nThe Collection and Offertory follow.\nAfter the offerings have been collected they are given to the pastor, who presents it at the altar. \"We joyfully offer to God a portion of His gifts to us, as an outward response of our faith in Him.\"[9] After the collection, the Offertory is sung. \"In the words of David, we ask God to cleanse our hearts, to keep us in the one true faith and to grant us the full joy of salvation.\"[9]\nThe Prayer of the Faithful is next, with petitions offered by a deacon.\n\"In the Prayer of the Faithful, the Church performs its priestly role (which is communal and not individual) by representing the people of the world before God in prayer. The \"Prayer of the Church\" is therefore not the prayer of individuals for themselves nor the congregation for itself but is indeed the prayer of the Church for the world, the work of the Church, and the Church itself.\"[9]","title":"Liturgy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Preface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preface_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursum_corda"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"Sanctus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctus"},{"link_name":"Benedictus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_(canticle)"},{"link_name":"Palm Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Sunday"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"Anaphora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Real Presence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Presence"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lord's Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"Pax Domini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"Agnus Dei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnus_Dei"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"adoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharistic_adoration"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"host","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"chalices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalice_(cup)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"nunc dimittis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunc_dimittis"},{"link_name":"postcommunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcommunion"},{"link_name":"Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"postcommunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcommunion"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"Benediction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediction"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Aaronic Blessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestly_Blessing"},{"link_name":"Ascension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-online-9"},{"link_name":"ite missa est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ite_missa_est"},{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"}],"sub_title":"Service of the Sacrament","text":"The Preface is chanted.\n\"The Preface begins the Office of Holy Communion. It begins with a simple but powerful dialogue between the pastor and the congregation, which unites the whole body of believers in reverence, adoration, joy and thanksgiving in anticipation of the Sacrament. This is followed by the Common Preface, which begins \"It is truly good, right and salutary\" and ends with \"Therefore with angels and archangels,\" thus uniting the Church with angelic host. In between is the Proper Preface, which is variable.\"[9]\nThe Sanctus and Benedictus are sung.\n\"In the Sanctus (Lat. \"Holy\"), we join with the \"Angels, Archangels and all the company of heaven\" in proclaiming the glory of the Father (first sentence), praising Christ our Savior (second sentence) and singing the song of the children of Jerusalem as they welcomed the Messiah on the first Palm Sunday (third sentence).\"[9]\nThe Anaphora follows.\n\"The reverent, unadorned use of the Anaphora focuses all our thoughts on the acts and words or Christ and expresses the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in, with and under the bread and wine. Here, God is dealing with us in a loving manner, reminding us that Christ died for our sins.\"[9] Below is an example form:[12]Pastor: You are indeed holy, almighty and merciful God; you are most holy, and great is the majesty of your glory. You so loved the world that you gave your only Son, that whoever believes in him may not perish but have eternal life. Having come into the world, he fulfilled for us your holy will and accomplished our salvation. \nOur Lord Jesus Christ, on the night when He was betrayed, took bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it and gave it to his disciples and said, 'Take; eat; this is my body, given for you. This do in remembrance of me.' In the same way, also, He took the cup after supper, and when He had given thanks, He gave it to them saying, 'Drink of it all of you. This cup is the New Testament in My Blood, shed for you for the forgiveness of sins. This do as often as you drink it, in remembrance of Me.'\nRemembering, therefore, his salutary command, his life-giving Passion and death, his glorious resurrection and ascension, and his promise to come again, we give thanks to you, Lord God Almighty, not as we ought, but as we are able; and we implore you mercifully to accept our praise and thanksgiving, and, with your Word and Holy Spirit, to bless us, your servants, and these your own gifts of bread and wine; that we and all who share in the + body and blood of your Son may be filled with heavenly peace and joy, and receiving the forgiveness of sin, may be + sanctified in soul and body, and have our portion with all your saints.\nPeople: Amen.\nPastor: As often as we eat this bread and drink this cup, we proclaim the Lord's death until He comes.\nPeople: Amen. Come, Lord Jesus.\nPastor: O Lord Jesus Christ, only Son of the Father, in giving us Your body and blood to eat and to drink, You lead us to remember and confess Your holy cross and passion, Your blessed death, Your rest in the tomb, Your resurrection from the dead, Your ascension into heaven, and Your coming for the final judgment.Many Lutheran churches forego the use of a eucharistic prayer which encircle Jesus' words of institution and instead progress from the Sanctus to the Words of Institution to the Lord's Prayer to the Agnus Dei and on to the distribution. Widely respected Lutheran liturgical scholar and theologian Oliver K. Olson wrote; \"The danger of the eucharistic prayer is not primarily its text, but its direction.\" and \"Including human words in the consecration means enclosing the words of institution (like a sandwich) within a human prayer. Making the words of institution into part of a prayer results in a change of direction. That means that the liturgy is initiated by humans and directed toward God.\"[13] The danger of this mistaken direction of the action at this point of the service is that Lutherans are unanimous in the belief that the Lord's Supper is solely God's service to us and the use of the eucharistic prayer may lead to an unintended teaching of it being a human action toward God that results in its efficacy rather than it being merely our Holy Spirit given faith that clings to Christ's promised, \"for you\".The Lord's Prayer follows.\n\"As children, we address our God as \"Our Father\", praying as our Lord Jesus Christ himself taught us to pray.\"[9]\nNext is the Pax Domini.\n\"The Pax Domini (Lat. \"Peace of the Lord\") is the same greeting spoken by the risen Christ to His disciples on Easter evening.[14] It is the final blessing before we approach the altar to receive the gift of Christ's body and blood.\"[9]\nThe Agnus Dei follows.\n\"The Agnus Dei (Lat. \"Lamb of God\") is our hymn of adoration to our Savior Jesus Christ who is truly present for us in the Sacrament. The Agnus Dei recalls the testimony of John the Baptist when he pointed to Jesus and proclaimed: \"Behold the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world.\"\"[9]\nThe Distribution is next.\nThe congregation is to remain kneeling in adoration during the distribution. The pastor first receives communion and then \"those who will be assisting him\".[15] \"By Christ's own words, \"Given and shed for you for the remission of sins\", in the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper God offers, gives, and seals for us forgiveness of sins, life and salvation.\"[9] The manner of receiving the Eucharist differs throughout the world. Sometimes there is a cushioned area at the front of the church where the congregation can come to the front to kneel and receive this sacrament. Typically, the pastor distributes the host and an assistant (the deacon) then distributes the wine. The congregation departs and may make the sign of the cross. In other Lutheran churches, the process is much like the Post-Vatican II form used in the Catholic Church,[16] the eucharistic minister (most commonly the pastor) and his assistants/deacons line up, with the eucharistic minister in the center, holding the hosts, and the two assistants on either side, holding the chalices. The people process to the front in lines and receive the Eucharist standing When a person receives the bread, the eucharistic minister may say \"The Body of Christ, given for you.\" When a person receives the wine, the assistant/deacon may say \"The Blood of Christ, shed for you.\" Following this, the people make the sign of the cross (if they choose to) and return to their places in the congregation.In dismissing the communicants, the pastor commonly says, \"The body and blood of our Lord strengthen and preserve you steadfast in the true faith to life everlasting.\" The communicants may say \"Amen\". Silent prayer is appropriate after being dismissed. \"The Dismissal reassures communicants of the efficacy of the Lord's Supper in creating life-saving faith in Christ.\"[9]The nunc dimittis is sung next as a postcommunion canticle\n\"In singing the Nunc Dimittis, (Lat. \"Now you dismiss\"), we stand with Simeon as he looked upon the baby Jesus, in awe of the profound mystery that the Father would give His only Son in the flesh for the salvation of our souls. Having just received the Lord's Supper, we have truly seen Thy Salvation, which [God] prepared before the face of all people.\"[9]\nThe postcommunion collect follows.\n\"The Versicle calls us to give thanks and introduces the Thanksgiving Collect. In the Collect, we thank God for His life-saving Sacrament and pray that His gift of faith offered therein causes us to change our life and enables us to love God and love others.\"[9]The Benedicamus Domino is sung:Celebrant: \"Let us bless the Lord.\"People: Thanks be to God.The Benediction (from Numbers 6:24) and the Amen is chanted.\n\"More than a prayer for blessing, the Benediction imparts a blessing in God's name, giving positive assurance of the grace and peace of God to all who receive it in faith. The words of the Benediction are those that the God gave to Moses (the Aaronic Blessing) and those used by Christ at the Ascension. The final word that falls on our ears from our gracious God is \"peace\", affirming our reconciliation to God through the blood of Jesus Christ... We conclude the Divine Service with a triple Amen, that is, \"Yea, yea, it shall be so\", which expresses our firm faith in the forgiveness of sins by God's grace through Jesus Christ as heard and experienced in the Word and Sacrament of the Divine Service just ended.\"[9]\nThe recessional hymn is sung.\nThe pastor and his assistants process into the narthex.\nThe ite missa est concludes the Divine Service.\nBefore the congregation departs, the deacon walks back into the sanctuary and says, \"Go in peace to love and serve the Lord\" (or similar words) as the people respond, \"Thanks be to God.\"","title":"Liturgy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Formula Missae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_missae"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Rite Lutheran Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Rite_Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Lutheran Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Lutheran_Church"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4mmerliMayer2016-17"}],"text":"The predominant rite used by the Lutheran Churches is a Western one based on the Formula Missae (\"Form of the Mass\") although other Lutheran liturgies are also in use, such as those used in the Byzantine Rite Lutheran Churches, such as the Ukrainian Lutheran Church and Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia.[17]","title":"Eastern Rite Lutheran liturgies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EucharistELCA.JPG"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran Church in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elca_eucharistic_elevation.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Communion3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ekd_eucharist.jpg"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Church in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kneeling_at_Angelica_Lutheran_Church.jpg"}],"text":"Communion setting at an Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) worship service\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn ELCA pastor elevating the chalice\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEucharistic reception at a church in the LCMS\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEucharistic reception at a church in the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn ELCA congregation kneeling as the congregation receives the Eucharist","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Martin Luther celebrating the Divine Service (predella of the 1547 altar by Lucas Cranach the Elder and Younger in St. Mary's Church, Wittenberg, Germany)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Luther-Predigt-LC-WB.jpg/335px-Luther-Predigt-LC-WB.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Agenda (liturgy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_(liturgy)"},{"title":"Eucharistic theologies contrasted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharistic_theologies_contrasted"}]
[{"reference":"Olson, Oliver K. (2007). Reclaiming the Lutheran Liturgical Heritage. Minneapolis: Bronze Bow Publishing. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-1-932458-55-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932458-55-8","url_text":"978-1-932458-55-8"}]},{"reference":"Hämmerli, Maria; Mayer, Jean-François (23 May 2016). Orthodox Identities in Western Europe: Migration, Settlement and Innovation. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 9781317084914.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317084914","url_text":"9781317084914"}]}]
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Dr. Arthur Carl Piepkorn"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090528053016/http://www.lexorandi.org/piepkorn.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lutheransonline.com/servlet/lo_ProcServ/dbpage=page&mode=display&gid=20052995655655607101111555&pg=20053264518475013601111555","external_links_name":"How Lutherans Worship"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110324191349/http://www.lutheransonline.com/servlet/lo_ProcServ/dbpage%3Dpage%26mode%3Ddisplay%26gid%3D20052995655655607101111555%26pg%3D20053264518475013601111555","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.davidmacd.com/catholic/catholic_mass_full_text.htm#communion","external_links_name":"Catholic Communion process from the Roman Rite Mass"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100110111444/http://www.davidmacd.com/catholic/catholic_mass_full_text.htm#communion","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0FYrAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22preface+to+the+common+service%22&pg=PA6","external_links_name":"An Explanation of The Common Service"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090831125038/http://archive.elca.org/archives/hymnals/GC-Iowa_Kirchenbuch_fur_Evangelisch-Lutherische_Gemeinden_liturgy.pdf","external_links_name":"Ordnung des Haupt-Gottesdienstes"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091010080032/http://archive.elca.org/archives/hymnals/hymnals.html","external_links_name":"ELCA Archives – Hymnals"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090831124926/http://archive.elca.org/archives/hymnals/Wartburg_Hymnal_Holy_Communion_liturgy.pdf","external_links_name":"The Service or The Communion"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091010080032/http://archive.elca.org/archives/hymnals/hymnals.html","external_links_name":"ELCA Archives – Hymnals"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090831125055/http://archive.elca.org/archives/hymnals/GC_Church_Book_for_use_of_Ev_Lutheran_congregations_liturgy.pdf","external_links_name":"The Morning Service (1893)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091010080032/http://archive.elca.org/archives/hymnals/hymnals.html","external_links_name":"ELCA Archives – Hymnals"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N31KoOfAmhQC","external_links_name":"The Morning Service"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090528053016/http://www.lexorandi.org/piepkorn.html","external_links_name":"The Conduct of the Service"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310205704/http://www.lutheransonline.com/servlet/CpsServlet/dbpage%3Dpage%26mode%3Ddisplay%26gid%3D20052995655655607101111555%26pg%3D20053264518475013601111555","external_links_name":"A Brief Exposition of the Divine Service"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081024193516/http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/701","external_links_name":"The Lutheran Sources of the Common Service"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060515015036/http://www.ctsfw.edu/academics/faculty/pless/DS_Into_Week.html","external_links_name":"Taking Divine Service into the Week"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070630181214/http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/gudstjanstbanken/service_book/index.htm","external_links_name":"Church of Sweden Service Book in English"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070607161635/http://www.evl.fi/kkh/to/kjmk/engl/jp-engl.html","external_links_name":"The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland - services in English"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070418070926/http://www.interchurch.dk/liturgy/liturgy.php","external_links_name":"Liturgy of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark in English"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130224050716/http://www.kirken.no/english/engelsk.cfm?artid=6015","external_links_name":"The Order for Worship with Holy Communion in the Church of Norway"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310203120/http://www.lutheransonline.com/servlet/CpsServlet/dbpage%3Dpage%26mode%3Ddisplay%26gid%3D20052995655655607101111555%26pg%3D20053304374519596101111555","external_links_name":"The German Mass and Order of Divine Service, by Martin Luther, January 1526"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172448/http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/1165","external_links_name":"Lutheran Liturgies from Martin Luther to Wilhelm Löhe"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/pss/3163183","external_links_name":"Liturgical Developments in Sweden and Finland in the Era of Lutheran Orthodoxy (1593-1700)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Forrest
Allan Forrest
["1 Life and career","2 Partial filmography","3 References","4 External links"]
American actor (1885–1941) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Allan Forrest" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2013) Allan ForrestForrest in 1917BornAllan Forrest Fisher(1885-09-01)September 1, 1885Brooklyn, New York, U.S.DiedJuly 25, 1941(1941-07-25) (aged 55)Detroit, Michigan, U.S.Resting placeForest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1914–1932Spouses Ann Little ​ ​(m. 1916; div. 1918)​ Lottie Pickford ​ ​(m. 1922; div. 1928)​ Allan Forrest Fisher (September 1, 1885 – July 25, 1941) was an American silent film actor. Life and career Allan Forrest Fisher starred in 119 films, mostly silent, between 1913 and 1932. He appeared in films such as The Torch Bearer, with actress Charlotte Burton. in 1916, he married actress Ann Little; they were divorced in 1918. On January 8, 1922, Forrest married actress Lottie Pickford in Hollywood. They divorced in 1928. Partial filmography Allan Forrest and Mary Miles Minter in "A Bit of Jade" (1918) Allan Forrest and Mary Miles Minter in "Powers That Prey" (1918) Allan Forrest and Lottie Pickford in "They Shall Pay" (1921) Called Back (1914) The Ruby Circle (1914) The Sign of the Spade (1916) Dulcie's Adventure (1916) Periwinkle (1917) Melissa of the Hills (1917) Charity Castle (1917) Her Country's Call (1917) Peggy Leads the Way (1917) The Mate of the Sally Ann (1917) Beauty and the Rogue (1918) Powers That Prey (1918) A Bit of Jade (1918) Social Briars (1918) The Ghost of Rosy Taylor (1918) The Eyes of Julia Deep (1918) Rosemary Climbs the Heights (1918) The Amazing Impostor (1919) The Intrusion of Isabel (1919) A Bachelor's Wife (1919) Yvonne from Paris (1919) Over the Garden Wall (1919) Li Ting Lang (1920) The Purple Cipher (1920) Cheated Love (1921) The Invisible Fear (1921) The Hole in the Wall (1921) The Man from Lost River (1921) What Women Will Do (1921) The Forgotten Woman (1921) They Shall Pay (1921) Tillie (1922) Very Truly Yours (1922) Lights of the Desert (1922) The New Teacher (1922) Seeing's Believing (1922) The Heart Specialist (1922) Long Live the King (1923) Crinoline and Romance (1923) A Noise in Newboro (1923) The Siren of Seville (1924) Don't Doubt Your Husband (1924) In Love with Love (1924) Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall (1924) The Dressmaker from Paris (1925) Pampered Youth (1925) Rose of the World (1925) The Prince of Pilsen (1926) The Carnival Girl (1926) Two Can Play (1926) Fifth Avenue (1926) The Phantom Bullet (1926) Summer Bachelors (1926) The Desert Bride (1928) Sally of the Scandals (1928) The Winged Horseman (1929) The Phantom Express (1932) References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Allan Forrest. ^ Allan Forrest; kinotv.com Retrieved November 30, 2017 ^ "Lottie Pickford Divorced". The New York Times. February 17, 1928. p. 25. Retrieved November 14, 2020 – via ProQuest. External links Allan Forrest at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Allan Forrest Fisher (September 1, 1885 – July 25, 1941) was an American silent film actor.[1]","title":"Allan Forrest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Torch Bearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Torch_Bearer"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Burton"},{"link_name":"Ann Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Little"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lottie Pickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottie_Pickford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Allan Forrest Fisher starred in 119 films, mostly silent, between 1913 and 1932. He appeared in films such as The Torch Bearer, with actress Charlotte Burton.in 1916, he married actress Ann Little;[citation needed] they were divorced in 1918. On January 8, 1922, Forrest married actress Lottie Pickford in Hollywood. They divorced in 1928.[2]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bit_of_Jade_1.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Powers_That_Prey_(1918)_-_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:They_Shall_Pay_(1921)_-_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Called Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Called_Back_(1914_American_film)"},{"link_name":"The Ruby Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ruby_Circle_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Sign of the Spade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sign_of_the_Spade"},{"link_name":"Dulcie's Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulcie%27s_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Periwinkle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periwinkle_(film)"},{"link_name":"Melissa of the Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_of_the_Hills"},{"link_name":"Charity Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Castle"},{"link_name":"Her Country's Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Country%27s_Call"},{"link_name":"Peggy Leads the Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Leads_the_Way"},{"link_name":"The Mate of the Sally Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mate_of_the_Sally_Ann"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Rogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Rogue"},{"link_name":"Powers That Prey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powers_That_Prey"},{"link_name":"A Bit of Jade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bit_of_Jade"},{"link_name":"Social Briars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Briars"},{"link_name":"The Ghost of Rosy Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghost_of_Rosy_Taylor"},{"link_name":"The Eyes of Julia Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eyes_of_Julia_Deep"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Climbs the Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Climbs_the_Heights"},{"link_name":"The Amazing Impostor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Impostor"},{"link_name":"The Intrusion of Isabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Intrusion_of_Isabel"},{"link_name":"A Bachelor's Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bachelor%27s_Wife"},{"link_name":"Yvonne from Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_from_Paris"},{"link_name":"Over the Garden Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Garden_Wall_(1919_film)"},{"link_name":"Li Ting Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ting_Lang"},{"link_name":"The Purple Cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Purple_Cipher"},{"link_name":"Cheated Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheated_Love"},{"link_name":"The Invisible Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invisible_Fear"},{"link_name":"The Hole in the Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hole_in_the_Wall_(1921_film)"},{"link_name":"The Man from Lost River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_from_Lost_River"},{"link_name":"What Women Will Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Women_Will_Do"},{"link_name":"The Forgotten Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forgotten_Woman_(1921_film)"},{"link_name":"They Shall Pay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Shall_Pay"},{"link_name":"Tillie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillie_(film)"},{"link_name":"Very Truly Yours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Truly_Yours"},{"link_name":"Lights of the Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lights_of_the_Desert"},{"link_name":"The New Teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Teacher_(1922_film)"},{"link_name":"Seeing's Believing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeing%27s_Believing"},{"link_name":"The Heart Specialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_Specialist_(1922_film)"},{"link_name":"Long Live the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Live_the_King_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"Crinoline and Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinoline_and_Romance"},{"link_name":"A Noise in Newboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Noise_in_Newboro"},{"link_name":"The Siren of Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Siren_of_Seville"},{"link_name":"Don't Doubt Your Husband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Doubt_Your_Husband"},{"link_name":"In Love with Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Love_with_Love_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Vernon_of_Haddon_Hall_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Dressmaker from Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dressmaker_from_Paris"},{"link_name":"Pampered Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampered_Youth"},{"link_name":"Rose of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_of_the_World_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"The Prince of Pilsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_of_Pilsen"},{"link_name":"The Carnival Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carnival_Girl"},{"link_name":"Two Can Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Can_Play"},{"link_name":"Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Phantom Bullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_Bullet"},{"link_name":"Summer Bachelors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Bachelors"},{"link_name":"The Desert Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Desert_Bride_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"Sally of the Scandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_of_the_Scandals"},{"link_name":"The Winged Horseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winged_Horseman"},{"link_name":"The Phantom Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_Express_(1932_film)"}],"text":"Allan Forrest and Mary Miles Minter in \"A Bit of Jade\" (1918)Allan Forrest and Mary Miles Minter in \"Powers That Prey\" (1918)Allan Forrest and Lottie Pickford in \"They Shall Pay\" (1921)Called Back (1914)\nThe Ruby Circle (1914)\nThe Sign of the Spade (1916)\nDulcie's Adventure (1916)\nPeriwinkle (1917)\nMelissa of the Hills (1917)\nCharity Castle (1917)\nHer Country's Call (1917)\nPeggy Leads the Way (1917)\nThe Mate of the Sally Ann (1917)\nBeauty and the Rogue (1918)\nPowers That Prey (1918)\nA Bit of Jade (1918)\nSocial Briars (1918)\nThe Ghost of Rosy Taylor (1918)\nThe Eyes of Julia Deep (1918)\nRosemary Climbs the Heights (1918)\nThe Amazing Impostor (1919)\nThe Intrusion of Isabel (1919)\nA Bachelor's Wife (1919)\nYvonne from Paris (1919)\nOver the Garden Wall (1919)\nLi Ting Lang (1920)\nThe Purple Cipher (1920)\nCheated Love (1921)\nThe Invisible Fear (1921)\nThe Hole in the Wall (1921)\nThe Man from Lost River (1921)\nWhat Women Will Do (1921)\nThe Forgotten Woman (1921)\nThey Shall Pay (1921)\nTillie (1922)\nVery Truly Yours (1922)\nLights of the Desert (1922)\nThe New Teacher (1922)\nSeeing's Believing (1922)\nThe Heart Specialist (1922)\nLong Live the King (1923)\nCrinoline and Romance (1923)\nA Noise in Newboro (1923)\nThe Siren of Seville (1924)\nDon't Doubt Your Husband (1924)\nIn Love with Love (1924)\nDorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall (1924)\nThe Dressmaker from Paris (1925)\nPampered Youth (1925)\nRose of the World (1925)\nThe Prince of Pilsen (1926)\nThe Carnival Girl (1926)\nTwo Can Play (1926)\nFifth Avenue (1926)\nThe Phantom Bullet (1926)\nSummer Bachelors (1926)\nThe Desert Bride (1928)\nSally of the Scandals (1928)\nThe Winged Horseman (1929)\nThe Phantom Express (1932)","title":"Partial filmography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsha_Judkins
Marsha Judkins
["1 Early life and career","2 Political career and elections","3 Notable legislation","4 2022 sponsored legislation","5 References"]
American politician Marsha JudkinsMember of the Utah House of Representatives from the 61st districtIncumbentAssumed office July 2018Preceded byKeith Grover Personal detailsPolitical partyRepublican Marsha Judkins is an American politician serving in the Utah House of Representatives, representing District 61. During the 2022 General Session, she served on the Social Services Appropriations Committee, House Health and Human Services Committee, and the House Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Committee. Early life and career Marsha and her husband Randy reside in Provo. Marsha Judkins graduated from Bingham High School in South Jordan. She went on to earn a B.A. in Political Science with a minor in Mathematics from Brigham Young University. Eventually, Judkins returned to BYU and earned a Masters in Public Administration. After graduating, she worked as a Children’s Librarian at the Provo City Library, and then began teaching math at a private college in Salt Lake City. She currently teaches part-time in the Developmental Math Department at UVU. Political career and elections In 2012, Marsha was elected to the Provo City School Board and served for one term. In June 2018, Keith Grover was appointed to fill a vacancy in the Utah Senate. This created a vacancy in the House. In July 2018, Judkins was appointed to fill out the rest of the term. She had already secured the party's nomination to run for the seat in the November 2018 general election by winning the primary with 60% of the vote. In the November 2018 general election, Judkins defeated Eric Chase of the United Utah Party with 78.72 percent of the popular vote. In the November 2022 general election, Judkins defeated opponent Michael Anderson with 76.21% of the popular vote. Notable legislation 2022- Marsha Judkins co-sponsored HB 11, which banned transgender school-aged girls from participating in school sports. The bill was vetoed by Governor Cox before being overridden by the legislature. 2022- Representative Judkins ran HB 113 which requires the State Board of Education to annually review standards and guidelines related to establishing disability classifications, permits disability program money to be used for facilities construction and alteration under certain circumstances, and amends a formula related to add-on weighted pupil units for students with disabilities. 2022- Judkins ran HB 138 which modifies the age that a minor housed in a detention facility awaiting trial is transferred to an adult jail, and requires a minor who is committed to prison by a district court be provisionally housed with the Division of Juvenile Justice Services until the minor is 25 years old. 2022 sponsored legislation Bill Status HB 11- Student Eligibility In Interscholastic Activities House override Governor's veto 3/25/22 HB 112- Animal Fighting Penalties House/ filed 3/4/22 HB 113- Students with Disabilities Funding Revisions House/ to Governor 3/10/22 HB 136- Motor Vehicle Insurance Revisions House/ filed 3/4/22 HB 138- Juvenile Justice Modifications House/ to Governor 3/10/22 HB 192- Former Offender Employment Amendments House/ filed 3/4/22 HB 359- Eviction Records Amendments House/ to Governor 3/10/2022 HB 459- HIV Testing Modifications House/ filed 3/4/22 References ^ "Marsha Judkins". Salt Lake City, Utah: Utah State Legislature. Retrieved March 12, 2022. ^ Provo Daily Herald, January 28, 2019 ^ “Utah County Republicans select Marsha Judkins to fill legislative vacancy,” Daily Herald, Jul 12, 2018 ^ "Utah’s 2018 Midterm Elections Rundown," Daily Utah Chronicle, November 9, 2018 ^ "Utah Election Preliminary Results", May 12, 2023 ^ "HB 11 - banning transgender school-aged girls from playing youth sports - will be tested in court". 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2022-10-23. ^ "Gov. Cox: Why I'm vetoing HB11". 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-10-23. ^ "H.B. 113 Students with Disabilities Funding Revisions". Utah State Legislature. 2022-03-03. ^ "H.B. 138 Juvenile Justice Modifications". Utah State Legislature. 2022-03-03. vteMembers of the Utah House of Representatives65th State Legislature (2023) Speaker of the House Mike Schultz (R) Majority Leader Jefferson Moss (R) Minority Leader Angela Romero (D) ▌Thomas Peterson (R) ▌Mike Petersen (R) ▌Dan Johnson (R) ▌Kera Birkeland (R) ▌Casey Snider (R) ▌Matthew Gwynn (R) ▌Ryan Wilcox (R) ▌Jason Kyle (R) ▌Cal Musselman (R) ▌Rosemary Lesser (D) ▌Katy Hall (R) ▌Mike Schultz (R) ▌Karen Peterson (R) ▌Karianne Lisonbee (R) ▌Ariel Defay (R) ▌Trevor Lee (R) ▌Stewart Barlow (R) ▌Paul Cutler (R) ▌Raymond Ward (R) ▌Melissa Garff Ballard (R) ▌Sandra Hollins (D) ▌Jennifer Dailey-Provost (D) ▌Brian King (D) ▌Joel Briscoe (D) ▌Angela Romero (D) ▌Matt MacPherson (R) ▌Anthony Loubet (R) ▌Tim Jimenez (R) ▌Bridger Bolinder (R) ▌Judy Weeks-Rohner (R) ▌Brett Garner (D) ▌Sahara Hayes (D) ▌Doug Owens (D) ▌Carol Spackman Moss (D) ▌Mark Wheatley (D) ▌James Dunnigan (R) ▌Ashlee Matthews (D) ▌Cheryl Acton (R) ▌Ken Ivory (R) ▌Andrew Stoddard (D) ▌Gay Lynn Bennion (D) ▌Robert Spendlove (R) ▌Steve Eliason (R) ▌Jordan Teuscher (R) ▌Susan Pulsipher (R) ▌Jeff Stenquist (R) ▌Mark Strong (R) ▌James Cobb (R) ▌Candice Pierucci (R) ▌Stephanie Gricius (R) ▌Jefferson Moss (R) ▌Cory Maloy (R) ▌Kay Christofferson (R) ▌Brady Brammer (R) ▌Jon Hawkins (R) ▌Val Peterson (R) ▌Nelson Abbott (R) ▌Keven Stratton (R) ▌Mike Kohler (R) ▌Tyler Clancy (R) ▌Marsha Judkins (R) ▌Norm Thurston (R) ▌Stephen Whyte (R) ▌Jeff Burton (R) ▌Doug Welton (R) ▌Steven Lund (R) ▌Christine Watkins (R) ▌Scott Chew (R) ▌Phil Lyman (R) ▌Carl Albrecht (R) ▌Rex Shipp (R) ▌Joseph Elison (R) ▌Colin Jack (R) ▌R. Neil Walter (R) ▌Walt Brooks (R) ▌Republican (61) ▌Democratic (14) Utah State Legislature Utah House of Representatives Utah State Senate
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utah House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Marsha Judkins is an American politician serving in the Utah House of Representatives, representing District 61. During the 2022 General Session, she served on the Social Services Appropriations Committee, House Health and Human Services Committee, and the House Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Committee.[1]","title":"Marsha Judkins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Provo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"UVU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Valley_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Marsha and her husband Randy reside in Provo. Marsha Judkins graduated from Bingham High School in South Jordan. She went on to earn a B.A. in Political Science with a minor in Mathematics from Brigham Young University. Eventually, Judkins returned to BYU and earned a Masters in Public Administration. After graduating, she worked as a Children’s Librarian at the Provo City Library, and then began teaching math at a private college in Salt Lake City. She currently teaches part-time in the Developmental Math Department at UVU.[2]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"United Utah Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Utah_Party"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 2012, Marsha was elected to the Provo City School Board and served for one term.In June 2018, Keith Grover was appointed to fill a vacancy in the Utah Senate. This created a vacancy in the House. In July 2018, Judkins was appointed to fill out the rest of the term. She had already secured the party's nomination to run for the seat in the November 2018 general election by winning the primary with 60% of the vote.[3] In the November 2018 general election, Judkins defeated Eric Chase of the United Utah Party with 78.72 percent of the popular vote.[4] In the November 2022 general election, Judkins defeated opponent Michael Anderson with 76.21% of the popular vote.[5]","title":"Political career and elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HB 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//le.utah.gov/~2022/bills/static/HB0011.html"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"HB 113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//le.utah.gov/~2022/bills/static/HB0113.html"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"HB 138","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//le.utah.gov/~2022/bills/static/HB0138.html"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"2022- Marsha Judkins co-sponsored HB 11, which banned transgender school-aged girls from participating in school sports.[6] The bill was vetoed by Governor Cox[7] before being overridden by the legislature.\n2022- Representative Judkins ran HB 113 which requires the State Board of Education to annually review standards and guidelines related to establishing disability classifications, permits disability program money to be used for facilities construction and alteration under certain circumstances, and amends a formula related to add-on weighted pupil units for students with disabilities.[8]\n2022- Judkins ran HB 138 which modifies the age that a minor housed in a detention facility awaiting trial is transferred to an adult jail, and requires a minor who is committed to prison by a district court be provisionally housed with the Division of Juvenile Justice Services until the minor is 25 years old.[9]","title":"Notable legislation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2022 sponsored legislation"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"https://le.utah.gov/~2022/bills/static/HB0011.html","external_links_name":"HB 11"},{"Link":"https://le.utah.gov/~2022/bills/static/HB0113.html","external_links_name":"HB 113"},{"Link":"https://le.utah.gov/~2022/bills/static/HB0138.html","external_links_name":"HB 138"},{"Link":"https://le.utah.gov/~2022/bills/static/HB0011.html","external_links_name":"HB 11"},{"Link":"https://le.utah.gov/~2022/bills/static/HB0112.html","external_links_name":"HB 112"},{"Link":"https://le.utah.gov/~2022/bills/static/HB0113.html","external_links_name":"HB 113"},{"Link":"https://le.utah.gov/~2022/bills/static/HB0136.html","external_links_name":"HB 136"},{"Link":"https://le.utah.gov/~2022/bills/static/HB0138.html","external_links_name":"HB 138"},{"Link":"https://le.utah.gov/~2022/bills/static/HB0192.html","external_links_name":"HB 192"},{"Link":"https://le.utah.gov/~2022/bills/static/HB0359.html","external_links_name":"HB 359"},{"Link":"https://le.utah.gov/~2022/bills/static/HB0459.html","external_links_name":"HB 459"},{"Link":"http://house.utah.gov/rep/JUDKIM/","external_links_name":"\"Marsha Judkins\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldextra.com/marsha-judkins/article_22d596fe-5e3a-5bc2-9762-f56c56dee7dd.html","external_links_name":"Provo Daily Herald, January 28, 2019"},{"Link":"https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/elections/utah-county-republicans-select-marsha-judkins-to-fill-legislative-vacancy/article_62c63182-4082-549e-b535-009183e4dedd.html","external_links_name":"“Utah County Republicans select Marsha Judkins to fill legislative vacancy,” Daily Herald, Jul 12, 2018"},{"Link":"http://dailyutahchronicle.com/2018/11/09/utahs-2018-midterm-elections-rundown/","external_links_name":"\"Utah’s 2018 Midterm Elections Rundown,\" Daily Utah Chronicle, November 9, 2018"},{"Link":"https://electionresults.utah.gov/elections/house/61?searchRace=61&showReportingPrecinct=true&topMenu=&sideMenu=5&electionPhase=Primary","external_links_name":"\"Utah Election Preliminary Results\", May 12, 2023"},{"Link":"https://www.kpcw.org/regional/2022-06-01/hb-11-banning-transgender-school-aged-girls-from-playing-youth-sports-will-be-tested-in-court","external_links_name":"\"HB 11 - banning transgender school-aged girls from playing youth sports - will be tested in court\""},{"Link":"https://governor.utah.gov/2022/03/24/gov-cox-why-im-vetoing-hb11/","external_links_name":"\"Gov. Cox: Why I'm vetoing HB11\""},{"Link":"https://le.utah.gov/~2022/bills/static/HB0113.html","external_links_name":"\"H.B. 113 Students with Disabilities Funding Revisions\""},{"Link":"https://le.utah.gov/~2022/bills/static/HB0138.html","external_links_name":"\"H.B. 138 Juvenile Justice Modifications\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst
Arbeitsrat für Kunst
["1 Aims","2 Actions","2.1 Exhibitions","2.2 Publications","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
The Arbeitsrat für Kunst (German: 'Workers council for art' or 'Art Soviet') was a union of architects, painters, sculptors and art writers, who were based in Berlin from 1918 to 1921. It developed as a response to the Workers and Soldiers councils and was dedicated to bringing current developments and tendencies in architecture and art to a broader population. The Arbeitsrat worked closely with the Novembergruppe and the Deutscher Werkbund. Some of the architects represented in the Arbeitsrat united in the Glass Chain, or joined the correspondence group, Der Ring. Many members were important founders of the Bauhaus. Individual members informed the most important German academy of art of the time, the Staatliche Akademie für Kunst und Kunstgewerbe Breslau, as well as the Bauhaus. Aims Art and the people must form an entity. Art shall no longer be a luxury of the few but should be enjoyed and experienced by the broad masses. The aim is an alliance of the arts under the wing of great architecture. Flyer dated March 1st 1919 Their demands were: the acknowledgment of all tasks of building as public and not private tasks, the abolition of all official privileges, the establishment of community centers as places to exchange art and ideas, the dissolution of the Academy of the arts and the Prussian national art commission, the release of architectural, plastics, painting and handicraft commissions from national patronage, the promotion of museums as education places, the removal of artistically worthless monuments and the formation of a state body to oversee and promote education in the arts. The Arbeitsrat reacted to the unpalatable situation concerning orders for young architects, who were lost in the First world war. Actions The Arbeitsrat recruited the public to participate in its art and architectural exhibitions and publications. Its exhibitions were open for non-architects and also for non-members of the group to take part, with designs, models, sketches and sculptures. Exhibitions "Ausstellung für unbekannte Architekten",(Exhibition for unknown architects ) Berlin und Weimar, 1919 "Neues Bauen" (New building), Berlin, 1920 Publications Bruno Taut: Ein Architektur-Programm. (An architectural programme) Berlin 1918 Paul Rudolf Henning: Ton. Ein Aufruf von P. R. Henning. Zweite Flugschrift des Arbeitsrats für Kunst (Clay/tone/sound. A call by P.R. Henning. Second Pamphlet of the work advice for art ). Berlin ca. 1918 Arbeitsrat für Kunst (Hrsg.): Arbeitsrat für Kunst. Flugblatt (Arbeitsrat für Kunst. Leaflet). Envelope with woodcut by Max Pechstein, Berlin 1919 Arbeitsrat für Kunst (Hrsg.): Ja! Stimmen des Arbeitsrates für Kunst in Berlin (Yes! Voices of the Art Society in Berlin). Berlin 1919 Arbeitsrat für Kunst (Hrsg.): Ruf zum Bauen: zweite Buchpublikation des Arbeiterrats für Kunst (Call for building: Second book publication of the Arbeitsrats für Kunst). Berlin 1920 Otto Bartning: Ein Unterrichtsplan für Architektur und bildende Künste (An instruction plan for architecture and the visual arts) Notes ^ Hans Scharoun - Organic Functionalism Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine References Karl Ernst Osthaus: Reden und Schriften. Folkwang – Werkbund – Arbeitsrat. König, Köln 2002. ISBN 3-88375-560-5 Regine Prange: Architekturphantasie ohne Architektur? Der Arbeitsrat für Kunst und seine Ausstellungen, in: Thorsten Scheer, Josef Paul Kleihues, Paul Kahlfeldt (Hrsg.): Bauen in Berlin: 1900–2000. Stadt der Architektur. Architektur der Stadt 1900–2000. Nicolai, Berlin 2000. ISBN 3-87584-013-5 Manfred Schlösser: Arbeitsrat für Kunst: Berlin 1918–1921. Akademie der Künste, Berlin 1980. ISBN 3-88331-916-3 Eberhard Steneberg: Arbeitsrat für Kunst. Berlin 1918–1921. Marzona, Düsseldorf 1987. ISBN 3-921420-33-4 External links Katrin Husmann: Der Arbeitsrat für Kunst Uwe M. Schneede: Die abgesonderte Welt. Hermann Finsterlin und die Gläserne Kette This page was translated from the German Wikipedia at:- de:Arbeitsrat für Kunst. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time
In Search of Lost Time
["1 Initial publication","2 Synopsis","2.1 Volume One: Swann's Way","2.2 Volume Two: In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower","2.3 Volume Three: The Guermantes Way","2.4 Volume Four: Sodom and Gomorrah","2.5 Volume Five: The Prisoner","2.6 Volume Six: The Fugitive","2.7 Volume Seven: Time Regained","3 Themes","3.1 Memory","3.2 Separation anxiety","3.3 Nature of art","3.4 Homosexuality","4 Critical reception","5 Main characters","6 English-language translations","6.1 Scott Moncrieff and subsequent revisions","6.2 Penguin Proust","6.3 Oxford Proust","6.4 Individual translators","7 Adaptations","8 References in popular culture","9 See also","10 Notes and references","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
1913–1927 novel in seven volumes by Marcel Proust "Remembrance of Things Past", "À la recherche du temps perdu", and "Swann's Way" redirect here. For the play, see Remembrance of Things Past (play). For the film, see À la recherche du temps perdu (film). For other uses, see Swans Way (disambiguation). In Search of Lost Time (Remembrance of Things Past) A first galley proof of À la recherche du temps perdu: Du côté de chez Swann with Proust's handwritten correctionsAuthorMarcel ProustOriginal titleÀ la recherche du temps perduTranslatorsC. K. Scott MoncrieffStephen HudsonTerence KilmartinLydia DavisJames GrieveLanguageFrenchGenreModernistSet inParis and Normandy, 1890s–1900sPublisherGrasset and GallimardPublication date1913–1927Publication placeFrancePublished in English1922–1931Pages4,215OCLC6159648Dewey Decimal843.912LC ClassPQ2631.R63TranslationIn Search of Lost Time (Remembrance of Things Past) at WikisourceWord count = 1,267,069 In Search of Lost Time (French: À la recherche du temps perdu), first translated into English as Remembrance of Things Past, and sometimes referred to in French as La Recherche (The Search), is a novel in seven volumes by French author Marcel Proust. This early 20th-century work is his most prominent, known both for its length and its theme of involuntary memory. The most famous example of this is the "episode of the madeleine", which occurs early in the first volume. The novel gained fame in English in translations by C. K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin as Remembrance of Things Past. The title In Search of Lost Time, a literal rendering of the French, became ascendant after D. J. Enright adopted it for his revised translation published in 1992. In Search of Lost Time follows the narrator's recollections of childhood and experiences into adulthood in late 19th-century and early 20th-century high-society France. Proust began to shape the novel in 1909; he continued to work on it until his final illness in the autumn of 1922 forced him to break off. Proust established the structure early on, but even after volumes were initially finished, he continued to add new material and edited one volume after another for publication. The last three of the seven volumes contain oversights and fragmentary or unpolished passages, as they existed only in draft form at the death of the author. His brother Robert oversaw editing and publication of these parts. The work was published in France between 1913 and 1927. Proust paid to publish the first volume (with Éditions Grasset) after it had been turned down by leading editors who had been offered the manuscript in longhand. Many of its ideas, motifs and scenes were anticipated in Proust's unfinished novel Jean Santeuil (1896–1899), though the perspective and treatment there are different, and in his unfinished hybrid of philosophical essay and story, Contre Sainte-Beuve (1908–09). The novel had great influence on twentieth-century literature; some writers have sought to emulate it, others to parody it. For the centenary of the French publication of the novel's first volume, American author Edmund White pronounced In Search of Lost Time "the most respected novel of the twentieth century." Initial publication NRF edition of Du côté de chez Swann, 1917 The novel was initially published in seven volumes: Swann's Way (Du côté de chez Swann, sometimes translated as The Way by Swann's) (1913) was rejected by a number of publishers, including Fasquelle, Ollendorff, and the Nouvelle Revue Française (NRF). André Gide was famously given the manuscript to read to advise NRF on publication and, leafing through the seemingly endless collection of memories and philosophizing or melancholic episodes, came across a few minor syntactic errors, which made him decide to turn the work down in his audit. Proust eventually arranged with the publisher Grasset to pay the cost of publication himself. When published, the book was advertised as the first of a three-volume novel (Bouillaguet and Rogers, 316–7). Du côté de chez Swann is divided into four parts: "Combray I" (sometimes referred to in English as the "Overture"), "Combray II", "Un Amour de Swann" ("Swann in Love"), and "Noms de pays: le nom" ("Names of places: the name"). A third-person novella within Du côté de chez Swann, "Un Amour de Swann" is sometimes published as a volume by itself. As it forms the self-contained story of Charles Swann's love affair with Odette de Crécy and is relatively short, it is generally considered a good introduction to the work and is often a set text in French schools. "Combray I" is similarly excerpted; it ends with the famous madeleine cake episode, introducing the theme of involuntary memory. In early 1914 Gide, who had been involved in NRF's rejection of the book, wrote to Proust to apologize and to offer congratulations on the novel. "For several days I have been unable to put your book down ... The rejection of this book will remain the most serious mistake ever made by the NRF and, since I bear the shame of being very much responsible for it, one of the most stinging and remorseful regrets of my life" (Tadié, 611).Gallimard (the publishing arm of NRF) offered to publish the remaining volumes, but Proust chose to stay with Grasset. In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower (À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs, also translated as Within a Budding Grove) (1919), was scheduled to be published in 1914 but was delayed by the onset of World War I. At the same time, Grasset's firm was closed down when the publisher went into military service. This freed Proust to move to Gallimard, where all of the subsequent volumes were published. Meanwhile, the novel kept growing in length and in conception. When published, this volume was awarded the Prix Goncourt in 1919. The Guermantes Way (Le Côté de Guermantes) (1920/1921) was originally published in two volumes as Le Côté de Guermantes I and Le Côté de Guermantes II. Sodom and Gomorrah (Sodome et Gomorrhe, sometimes translated as Cities of the Plain) (1921/1922) was originally published in two volumes. The first forty pages of Sodome et Gomorrhe initially appeared at the end of Le Côté de Guermantes II (Bouillaguet and Rogers, 942), the remainder appearing as Sodome et Gomorrhe I (1921) and Sodome et Gomorrhe II (1922). It was the last volume over which Proust supervised publication before his death in November 1922. The publication of the remaining volumes was carried out by his brother, Robert Proust, and Jacques Rivière.1923 edition of La Prisonnière. It is labelled as "Tome VI" as Sodom et Gomorrhe was originally published in two volumes. The Prisoner (La Prisonnière, also translated as The Captive) (1923) is the first volume of the section within In Search of Lost Time known as "le Roman d'Albertine" ("the Albertine novel"). The name "Albertine" first appears in Proust's notebooks in 1913. The material in volumes 5 and 6 were developed during the hiatus between the publication of volumes 1 and 2 and they are a departure of the original three-volume series originally planned by Proust. This is the first of Proust's books published posthumously. Early editions describe La Prisonnière as the third volume of Sodome et Gomorrhe. The Fugitive (Albertine disparue, also titled La Fugitive, sometimes translated as The Sweet Cheat Gone ] or Albertine Gone) (1925) is the second and final volume in "le Roman d'Albertine" and the second volume published after Proust's death. It is the most editorially vexed volume. As noted, the final three volumes of the novel were published posthumously, and without Proust's final corrections and revisions. The first edition, based on Proust's manuscript, was published as Albertine disparue to prevent it from being confused with Rabindranath Tagore's La Fugitive (1921). The first authoritative edition of the novel in French (1954), also based on Proust's manuscript, used the title La Fugitive. The second, even more authoritative French edition (1987–89), uses the title Albertine disparue and is based on an unmarked typescript acquired in 1962 by the Bibliothèque Nationale. To complicate matters, after the death in 1986 of Proust's niece, Suzy Mante-Proust, her son-in-law discovered among her papers a typescript that had been corrected and annotated by Proust. The late changes Proust made include a small, crucial detail and the deletion of approximately 150 pages. This version was published as Albertine disparue in France in 1987. Finding Time Again (Le Temps retrouvé, also translated as Time Regained and The Past Recaptured) (1927) is the final volume in Proust's novel. Much of the final volume was written at the same time as Swann's Way, but was revised and expanded during the course of the novel's publication to account for, to a greater or lesser success, the then unforeseen material now contained in the middle volumes (Terdiman, 153n3). This volume includes a noteworthy episode describing Paris during the First World War. Synopsis The novel recounts the experiences of the Narrator (who is never definitively named) while he is growing up, learning about art, participating in society, and falling in love. Volume One: Swann's Way Wikiquote has quotations related to Swann's Way. Illiers, the country town overlooked by a church steeple where Proust spent time as a child and which he described as "Combray" in the novel. The town adopted the name Illiers-Combray in homage. Portrait of Mme. Geneviève Bizet, née Geneviève Halévy, by Jules-Élie Delaunay, in Musée d'Orsay (1878). She served as partial inspiration for the character of Odette. The Narrator begins by noting, "For a long time, I went to bed early." He comments on the way in which sleep seems to alter one's surroundings, and the way habit makes one indifferent to them. He remembers being in his room in the family's country home in Combray, while downstairs his parents entertain their friend Charles Swann, an elegant man of Jewish origin with strong ties to society. Due to Swann's visit, the Narrator is deprived of his mother's goodnight kiss, but he gets her to spend the night reading to him. This memory is the only one he has of Combray until years later the taste of a madeleine cake dipped in tea inspires a nostalgic incident of involuntary memory. He remembers having a similar snack as a child with his invalid aunt Léonie, and it leads to more memories of Combray. He describes their servant Françoise, who is uneducated but possesses an earthy wisdom and a strong sense of both duty and tradition. He meets an elegant "lady in pink" while visiting his uncle Adolphe. He develops a love of the theater, especially the actress Berma, and his awkward Jewish friend Bloch introduces him to the works of the writer Bergotte. He learns Swann made an unsuitable marriage but has social ambitions for his beautiful daughter Gilberte. Legrandin, a snobbish friend of the family, tries to avoid introducing the boy to his well-to-do sister. The Narrator describes two routes for country walks the child and his parents often enjoyed: the way past Swann's home (the Méséglise way), and the Guermantes way, both containing scenes of natural beauty. Taking the Méséglise way, he sees Gilberte Swann standing in her yard with a lady in white, Mme. Swann, and her supposed lover: Baron de Charlus, a friend of Swann's. Gilberte makes a gesture that the Narrator interprets as a rude dismissal. During another walk, he spies a lesbian scene involving Mlle. Vinteuil, daughter of a composer, and her friend. The Guermantes way is symbolic of the Guermantes family, the nobility of the area. The Narrator is awed by the magic of their name and is captivated when he first sees Mme. de Guermantes. He discovers how appearances conceal the true nature of things and tries writing a description of some nearby steeples. Lying in bed, he seems transported back to these places until he awakens. Mme. Verdurin is an autocratic hostess who, aided by her husband, demands total obedience from the guests in her "little clan". One guest is Odette de Crécy, a former courtesan, who has met Swann and invites him to the group. Swann is too refined for such company, but Odette gradually intrigues him with her unusual style. A sonata by Vinteuil, which features a "little phrase", becomes the motif for their deepening relationship. The Verdurins host M. de Forcheville; their guests include Cottard, a doctor; Brichot, an academic; Saniette, the object of scorn; and a painter, M. Biche. Swann grows jealous of Odette, who now keeps him at arm's length, and suspects an affair between her and Forcheville, aided by the Verdurins. Swann seeks respite by attending a society concert that includes Legrandin's sister and a young Mme. de Guermantes; the "little phrase" is played and Swann realizes Odette's love for him is gone. He tortures himself wondering about her true relationships with others, but his love for her, despite renewals, gradually diminishes. He moves on and marvels that he ever loved a woman who was not his type. At home in Paris, the Narrator dreams of visiting Venice or the church in Balbec, a resort, but he is too unwell and instead takes walks in the Champs-Élysées. There he meets and befriends Gilberte. He holds her father, now married to Odette, in the highest esteem, and is awed by the beautiful sight of Mme. Swann strolling in public. Years later, the old sights of the area are long gone, and he laments the fleeting nature of places. Volume Two: In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower Wikiquote has quotations related to In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower. The beach at Cabourg, a seaside resort that was the model for Balbec in the novel The Narrator's parents invite M. de Norpois, a diplomat colleague of the Narrator's father, to dinner. With Norpois's intervention, the Narrator is finally allowed to go and see the Berma perform in a play, but is disappointed by her acting. Afterwards, at dinner, he watches Norpois, who is extremely diplomatic and correct at all times, expound on society and art. The Narrator gives him a draft of his writing, but Norpois gently indicates it is not good. The Narrator continues to go to the Champs-Élysées and play with Gilberte. Her parents distrust him, so he writes to them in protest. He and Gilberte wrestle and he has an orgasm. Gilberte invites him to tea, and he becomes a regular at her house. He observes Mme. Swann's inferior social status, Swann's lowered standards and indifference towards his wife, and Gilberte's affection for her father. The Narrator contemplates how he has attained his wish to know the Swanns, and savors their unique style. At one of their parties he meets and befriends Bergotte, who gives his impressions of society figures and artists. But the Narrator is still unable to start writing seriously. His friend Bloch takes him to a brothel, where there is a Jewish prostitute named Rachel. He showers Mme. Swann with flowers, being almost on better terms with her than with Gilberte. One day, he and Gilberte quarrel and he decides never to see her again. However, he continues to visit Mme. Swann, who has become a popular hostess, with her guests including Mme. Bontemps, who has a niece named Albertine. The Narrator hopes for a letter from Gilberte repairing their friendship, but gradually feels himself losing interest. He breaks down and plans to reconcile with her, but spies from afar someone resembling her walking with a boy and gives her up for good. He stops visiting her mother also, who is now a celebrated beauty admired by passersby, and years later he can recall the glamour she displayed then. Two years later, the Narrator, his grandmother, and Françoise set out for the seaside town of Balbec. The Narrator is almost totally indifferent to Gilberte now. During the train ride, his grandmother, who only believes in proper books, lends him her favorite: the Letters of Mme. de Sévigné. At Balbec, the Narrator is disappointed with the church and uncomfortable in his unfamiliar hotel room, but his grandmother comforts him. He admires the seascape, and learns about the colorful staff and customers around the hotel: Aimé, the discreet headwaiter; the lift operator; M. de Stermaria and his beautiful young daughter; and M. de Cambremer and his wife, Legrandin's sister. His grandmother encounters an old friend, the blue-blooded Mme. de Villeparisis, and they renew their friendship. The three of them go for rides in the country, openly discussing art and politics. The Narrator longs for the country girls he sees alongside the roads, and has a strange feeling—possibly memory, possibly something else—while admiring a row of three trees. Mme. de Villeparisis is joined by her glamorous great-nephew Robert de Saint-Loup, who is involved with an unsuitable woman. Despite initial awkwardness, the Narrator and his grandmother become good friends with him. Bloch, the childhood friend from Combray, turns up with his family, and acts in typically inappropriate fashion. Saint-Loup's ultra-aristocratic and extremely rude uncle the Baron de Charlus arrives. The Narrator discovers Mme. de Villeparisis, her nephew M. de Charlus, and his nephew Saint-Loup are all of the Guermantes family. Charlus ignores the Narrator, but later visits him in his room and lends him a book. The next day, the Baron speaks shockingly informally to him, then demands the book back. The Narrator ponders Saint-Loup's attitude towards his aristocratic roots, and his relationship with his mistress, a mere actress whose recital bombed horribly with his family. One day, the Narrator sees a "little band" of teenage girls strolling beside the sea, and becomes infatuated with them, along with an unseen hotel guest named Mlle. Simonet. He joins Saint-Loup for dinner and reflects on how drunkenness affects his perceptions. Later they meet the painter Elstir, and the Narrator visits his studio. The Narrator marvels at Elstir's method of renewing impressions of ordinary things, as well as his connections with the Verdurins (he is "M. Biche") and Mme. Swann. He discovers the painter knows the teenage girls, particularly one dark-haired beauty who is Albertine Simonet. Elstir arranges an introduction, and the Narrator becomes friends with her, as well as her friends Andrée, Rosemonde, and Gisèle. The group goes for picnics and tours the countryside, as well as playing games, while the Narrator reflects on the nature of love as he becomes attracted to Albertine. Despite her rejection, they become close, although he still feels attracted to the whole group. At summer's end, the town closes up, and the Narrator is left with his image of first seeing the girls walking beside the sea. Volume Three: The Guermantes Way Élisabeth, Countess Greffulhe (1905), by Philip de László, who served as the model for the character of the Duchesse de Guermantes The Narrator's family has moved to an apartment connected with the Guermantes residence. Françoise befriends a fellow tenant, the tailor Jupien and his niece. The Narrator is fascinated by the Guermantes and their life, and is awed by their social circle while attending another Berma performance. He begins staking out the street where Mme. de Guermantes walks every day, to her evident annoyance. He decides to visit her nephew Saint-Loup at his military base, to ask to be introduced to her. After noting the landscape and his state of mind while sleeping, the Narrator meets and attends dinners with Saint-Loup's fellow officers, where they discuss the Dreyfus Affair and the art of military strategy. But the Narrator returns home after receiving a call from his aging grandmother. Mme. de Guermantes declines to see him, and he also finds he is still unable to begin writing. Saint-Loup visits on leave, and they have lunch and attend a recital with his actress mistress: Rachel, the Jewish prostitute, toward whom the unsuspecting Saint-Loup is crazed with jealousy. The Narrator then goes to Mme. de Villeparisis's salon, which is considered second-rate despite its public reputation. Legrandin attends and displays his social climbing. Bloch stridently interrogates M. de Norpois about the Dreyfus Affair, which has ripped all of society asunder, but Norpois diplomatically avoids answering. The Narrator observes Mme. de Guermantes and her aristocratic bearing, as she makes caustic remarks about friends and family, including the mistresses of her husband, who is M. de Charlus's brother. Mme. Swann arrives, and the Narrator remembers a visit from Morel, the son of his uncle Adolphe's valet, who revealed that the "lady in pink" was Mme. Swann. Charlus asks the Narrator to leave with him, and offers to make him his protégé. At home, the Narrator's grandmother has worsened, and while walking with him she suffers a stroke. The family seeks out the best medical help, and she is often visited by Bergotte, himself unwell, but she dies, her face reverting to its youthful appearance. Several months later, Saint-Loup, now single, convinces the Narrator to ask out the Stermaria daughter, newly divorced. Albertine visits; she has matured and they share a kiss. The Narrator then goes to see Mme. de Villeparisis, where Mme. de Guermantes, whom he has stopped following, invites him to dinner. The Narrator daydreams of Mme. de Stermaria, but she abruptly cancels, although Saint-Loup rescues him from despair by taking him to dine with his aristocratic friends, who engage in petty gossip. Saint-Loup passes on an invitation from Charlus to come visit him. The next day, at the Guermantes's dinner party, the Narrator admires their Elstir paintings, then meets the cream of society, including the Princess of Parma, who is an amiable simpleton. He learns more about the Guermantes: their hereditary features; their less-refined cousins the Courvoisiers; and Mme. de Guermantes's celebrated humor, artistic tastes, and exalted diction (although she does not live up to the enchantment of her name). The discussion turns to gossip about society, including Charlus and his late wife; the affair between Norpois and Mme. de Villeparisis; and aristocratic lineages. Leaving, the Narrator visits Charlus, who falsely accuses him of slandering him. The Narrator stomps on Charlus's hat and storms out, but Charlus is strangely unperturbed and gives him a ride home. Months later, the Narrator is invited to the Princesse de Guermantes's party. He tries to verify the invitation with M. and Mme. de Guermantes, but first sees something he will describe later. They will be attending the party but do not help him, and while they are chatting, Swann arrives. Now a committed Dreyfusard, he is very sick and nearing death, but the Guermantes assure him he will outlive them. Volume Four: Sodom and Gomorrah The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, John Martin, 1852. The fourth volume opens with a discussion of the inhabitants of the two Biblical "cities of the plain". The Narrator describes what he had seen earlier: while waiting for the Guermantes to return so he could ask about his invitation, he saw Charlus encounter Jupien in their courtyard. The two then went into Jupien's shop and had intercourse. The Narrator reflects on the nature of "inverts", and how they are like a secret society, never able to live in the open. He compares them to flowers, whose reproduction through the aid of insects depends solely on happenstance. Arriving at the Princesse's party, his invitation seems valid as he is greeted warmly by her. He sees Charlus exchanging knowing looks with the diplomat Vaugoubert, a fellow invert. After several tries, the Narrator manages to be introduced to the Prince de Guermantes, who then walks off with Swann, causing speculation on the topic of their conversation. Mme. de Saint-Euverte tries to recruit guests for her party the next day, but is subjected to scorn from some of the Guermantes. Charlus is captivated by the two young sons of M. de Guermantes's newest mistress. Saint-Loup arrives and mentions the names of several promiscuous women to the Narrator. Swann takes the Narrator aside and reveals the Prince wanted to admit his and his wife's pro-Dreyfus leanings. Swann is aware of his old friend Charlus's behavior, then urges the Narrator to visit Gilberte, and departs. The Narrator leaves with M. and Mme. de Guermantes, and heads home for a late-night meeting with Albertine. He grows frantic when first she is late and then calls to cancel, but he convinces her to come. He writes an indifferent letter to Gilberte, and reviews the changing social scene, which now includes Mme. Swann's salon centered on Bergotte. He decides to return to Balbec, after learning the women mentioned by Saint-Loup will be there. At Balbec, grief at his grandmother's suffering, which was worse than he knew, overwhelms him. He ponders the intermittencies of the heart and the ways of dealing with sad memories. His mother, even sadder, has become more like his grandmother in homage. Albertine is nearby and they begin spending time together, but he starts to suspect her of lesbianism and of lying to him about her activities. He fakes a preference for her friend Andrée to make her become more trustworthy, and it works, but he soon suspects her of knowing several scandalous women at the hotel, including Léa, an actress. On the way to visit Saint-Loup, they meet Morel, the valet's son who is now an excellent violinist, and then the aging Charlus, who falsely claims to know Morel and goes to speak to him. The Narrator visits the Verdurins, who are renting a house from the Cambremers. On the train with him is the little clan: Brichot, who explains at length the derivation of the local place-names; Cottard, now a celebrated doctor; Saniette, still the butt of everyone's ridicule; and a new member, Ski. The Verdurins are still haughty and dictatorial toward their guests, who are as pedantic as ever. Charlus and Morel arrive together, and Charlus's true nature is barely concealed. The Cambremers arrive, and the Verdurins barely tolerate them. Back at the hotel, the Narrator ruminates on sleep and time, and observes the amusing mannerisms of the staff, who are mostly aware of Charlus's proclivities. The Narrator and Albertine hire a chauffeur and take rides in the country, leading to observations about new forms of travel as well as country life. The Narrator is unaware that the chauffeur and Morel are acquainted, and he reviews Morel's amoral character and plans towards Jupien's niece. The Narrator is jealously suspicious of Albertine but grows tired of her. She and the Narrator attend evening dinners at the Verdurins, taking the train with the other guests; Charlus is now a regular, despite his obliviousness to the clan's mockery. He and Morel try to maintain the secret of their relationship, and the Narrator recounts a ploy involving a fake duel that Charlus used to control Morel. The passing station stops remind the Narrator of various people and incidents, including two failed attempts by the Prince de Guermantes to arrange liaisons with Morel; a final break between the Verdurins and Cambremers; and a misunderstanding between the Narrator, Charlus, and Bloch. The Narrator has grown weary of the area and prefers others over Albertine, but she reveals to him as they leave the train that she has plans with Mlle. Vinteuil and her friend (the lesbians from Combray), which plunges him into despair. He invents a story about a broken engagement of his, to convince her to go to Paris with him, and after hesitating she suddenly agrees to go immediately. The Narrator tells his mother: he must marry Albertine. Volume Five: The Prisoner Léontine Lippmann (1844–1910), better known by her married name of Madame Arman or Madame Arman de Caillavet, was the model for Proust's Madame Verdurin. The Narrator is living with Albertine in his family's apartment, to Françoise's distrust and his absent mother's chagrin. He marvels that he has come to possess her, but has grown bored with her. He mostly stays home, but has enlisted Andrée to report on Albertine's whereabouts, as his jealousy remains. The Narrator gets advice on fashion from Mme. de Guermantes, and encounters Charlus and Morel visiting Jupien and his niece, who is being married off to Morel despite his cruelty towards her. One day, the Narrator returns from the Guermantes and finds Andrée just leaving, claiming to dislike the smell of their flowers. Albertine, who is more guarded to avoid provoking his jealousy, is maturing into an intelligent and elegant young lady. The Narrator is entranced by her beauty as she sleeps, and is only content when she is not out with others. She mentions wanting to go to the Verdurins, but the Narrator suspects an ulterior motive and analyzes her conversation for hints. He suggests she go instead to the Trocadéro with Andrée, and she reluctantly agrees. The Narrator compares dreams to wakefulness, and listens to the street vendors with Albertine, then she departs. He remembers trips she took with the chauffeur, then learns Léa the notorious actress will be at the Trocadero too. He sends Françoise to retrieve Albertine, and while waiting, he muses on music and Morel. When she returns, they go for a drive, while he pines for Venice and realizes she feels captive. He learns of Bergotte's final illness. That evening, he sneaks off to the Verdurins to try to discover the reason for Albertine's interest in them. He encounters Brichot on the way, and they discuss Swann, who has died. Charlus arrives and the Narrator reviews the Baron's struggles with Morel, then learns Mlle. Vinteuil and her friend are expected (although they do not come). Morel joins in performing a septet by Vinteuil, which evokes commonalities with his sonata that only the composer could create. Mme. Verdurin is furious that Charlus has taken control of her party; in revenge the Verdurins persuade Morel to repudiate him, and Charlus falls temporarily ill from the shock. Returning home, the Narrator and Albertine fight about his solo visit to the Verdurins, and she denies having affairs with Léa or Mlle. Vinteuil, but admits she lied on occasion to avoid arguments. He threatens to break it off, but they reconcile. He appreciates art and fashion with her, and ponders her mysteriousness. But his suspicion of her and Andrée is renewed, and they quarrel. After two awkward days and a restless night, he resolves to end the affair, but in the morning Françoise informs him: Albertine has asked for her boxes and left. Volume Six: The Fugitive The Narrator is anguished at Albertine's departure and absence. He dispatches Saint-Loup to convince her aunt Mme. Bontemps to send her back, but Albertine insists the Narrator should ask, and she will gladly return. The Narrator lies and replies he is done with her, but she just agrees with him. He writes to her that he will marry Andrée, then hears from Saint-Loup of the failure of his mission to the aunt. Desperate, he begs Albertine to return, but receives word: she has died in a riding accident. He receives two last letters from her: one wishing him and Andrée well, and one asking if she can return. The Narrator plunges into suffering amid the many different memories of Albertine, intimately linked to all of his everyday sensations. He recalls a suspicious incident she told him of at Balbec, and asks Aimé, the headwaiter, to investigate. He recalls their history together and his regrets, as well as love's randomness. Aimé reports back: Albertine often engaged in affairs with girls at Balbec. The Narrator sends him to learn more, and he reports other liaisons with girls. The Narrator wishes he could have known the true Albertine, whom he would have accepted. He begins to grow accustomed to the idea of her death, despite constant reminders that renew his grief. Andrée admits her own lesbianism but denies being with Albertine. The Narrator knows he will forget Albertine, just as he has forgotten Gilberte. He happens to meet Gilberte again; her mother Mme. Swann became Mme. de Forcheville and Gilberte is now part of high society, received by the Guermantes. The Narrator publishes an article in Le Figaro. Andrée visits him and confesses her relations with Albertine. She also explains the truth behind Albertine's departure: her aunt wanted her to marry another man. The Narrator and his mother visit Venice, which enthralls him. They happen to see Norpois and Mme. de Villeparisis there. A telegram signed from Albertine arrives, but the Narrator is indifferent. Returning home, the Narrator and his mother receive surprising news: Gilberte will marry Saint-Loup, and Jupien's niece will be adopted by Charlus and then married to Legrandin's nephew, an invert. There is much discussion of these marriages among society. The Narrator visits Gilberte in her new home where he also realizes that the telegram was from her, not Albertine, who is not alive, and is shocked to learn of Saint-Loup's affair with Morel, among others. He despairs for their friendship. Volume Seven: Time Regained Robert de Montesquiou, the main inspiration for Baron de Charlus in À la recherche du temps perdu The Narrator is staying with Gilberte at her home near Combray. They go for walks, on one of which he is stunned to learn the Méséglise way and the Guermantes way are actually linked. Gilberte also tells him she was attracted to him when young, and had made a suggestive gesture to him as he watched her. Also, it was Léa she was walking with the evening he had planned to reconcile with her. He considers Saint-Loup's nature and reads an account of the Verdurins' salon, deciding he has no talent for writing. The scene shifts to a night in 1916, during World War I, when the Narrator has returned to Paris from a stay in a sanatorium and is walking the streets during a blackout. He reflects on the changed norms of art and society, with the Verdurins now highly esteemed. He recounts a 1914 visit from Saint-Loup, who was trying to enlist secretly. He recalls descriptions of the fighting he subsequently received from Saint-Loup and Gilberte, whose home was threatened. He describes a call paid on him a few days previously by Saint-Loup; they discussed military strategy. Now on the dark street, the Narrator encounters Charlus, who has completely surrendered to his impulses. Charlus reviews Morel's betrayals and his own temptation to seek vengeance; critiques Brichot's new fame as a writer, which has ostracized him from the Verdurins; and admits his general sympathy with Germany. The last part of the conversation draws a crowd of suspicious onlookers. After parting the Narrator seeks refuge in what appears to be a hotel, where he sees someone who looks familiar leaving. Inside, he discovers it to be a male brothel, and spies Charlus using the services. The proprietor turns out to be Jupien, who expresses a perverse pride in his business. A few days later, news comes that Saint-Loup has been killed in combat. The Narrator pieces together that Saint-Loup had visited Jupien's brothel, and ponders what might have been had he lived. Years later, again in Paris, the Narrator goes to a party at the house of the Prince de Guermantes. On the way he sees Charlus, now a mere shell of his former self, being helped by Jupien. The paving stones at the Guermantes house inspire another incident of involuntary memory for the Narrator, quickly followed by two more. Inside, while waiting in the library, he discerns their meaning: by putting him in contact with both the past and present, the impressions allow him to gain a vantage point outside time, affording a glimpse of the true nature of things. He realizes his whole life has prepared him for the mission of describing events as fully revealed, and (finally) resolves to begin writing. Entering the party, he is shocked at the disguises old age has given to the people he knew, and at the changes in society. Legrandin is now an invert, but is no longer a snob. Bloch is a respected writer and vital figure in society. Morel has reformed and become a respected citizen. Mme. de Forcheville is the mistress of M. de Guermantes. Mme. Verdurin has married the Prince de Guermantes after both their spouses died. Rachel is the star of the party, abetted by Mme. de Guermantes, whose social position has been eroded by her affinity for theater. Gilberte introduces her daughter to the Narrator; he is struck by the way the daughter encapsulates both the Méséglise and Guermantes ways within herself. He is spurred to writing, with help from Françoise and despite signs of approaching death. He realizes that every person carries within them the accumulated baggage of their past, and concludes that to be accurate he must describe how everyone occupies an immense range "in Time". Themes À la recherche made a decisive break with the 19th-century realist and plot-driven novel, populated by people of action and people representing social and cultural groups or morals. Although parts of the novel could be read as an exploration of snobbery, deceit, jealousy and suffering, and although it contains a multitude of realistic details, the focus is not on the development of a tight plot or of a coherent evolution but on a multiplicity of perspectives and on the formation of experience. The protagonists of the first volume (the narrator as a boy and Swann) are, by the standards of 19th-century novels, remarkably introspective and passive, nor do they trigger action from other leading characters; to contemporary readers, reared on Honoré de Balzac, Victor Hugo and Leo Tolstoy, they would not function as centers of a plot. While there is an array of symbolism in the work, it is rarely defined through explicit "keys" leading to moral, romantic or philosophical ideas. The significance of what is happening is often placed within the memory or in the inner contemplation of what is described. This focus on the relationship between experience, memory and writing and the radical de-emphasizing of the outward plot, have become staples of the modern novel but were almost unheard of in 1913. Roger Shattuck elucidates an underlying principle in understanding Proust and the various themes present in his novel: Thus the novel embodies and manifests the principle of intermittence: to live means to perceive different and often conflicting aspects of reality. This iridescence never resolves itself completely into a unitive point of view. Accordingly, it is possible to project out of the Search itself a series of putative and intermittent authors ... The portraitist of an expiring society, the artist of romantic reminiscence, the narrator of the laminated "I," the classicist of formal structure—all these figures are to be found in Proust ... Memory The role of memory is central to the novel, introduced with the famous madeleine episode in the first section of the novel and in the last volume, Time Regained, a flashback similar to that caused by the madeleine is the beginning of the resolution of the story. Throughout the work many similar instances of involuntary memory, triggered by sensory experiences such as sights, sounds and smells conjure important memories for the narrator and sometimes return attention to an earlier episode of the novel. Although Proust wrote contemporaneously with Sigmund Freud, with there being many points of similarity between their thought on the structures and mechanisms of the human mind, neither author read the other. The madeleine episode reads: No sooner had the warm liquid mixed with the crumbs touched my palate than a shudder ran through me and I stopped, intent upon the extraordinary thing that was happening to me. An exquisite pleasure had invaded my senses, something isolated, detached, with no suggestion of its origin. And at once the vicissitudes of life had become indifferent to me, its disasters innocuous, its brevity illusory—this new sensation having had on me the effect which love has of filling me with a precious essence; or rather this essence was not in me it was me. ... Whence did it come? What did it mean? How could I seize and apprehend it? ... And suddenly the memory revealed itself. The taste was that of the little piece of madeleine which on Sunday mornings at Combray (because on those mornings I did not go out before mass), when I went to say good morning to her in her bedroom, my aunt Léonie used to give me, dipping it first in her own cup of tea or tisane. The sight of the little madeleine had recalled nothing to my mind before I tasted it. And all from my cup of tea. Gilles Deleuze believed that the focus of Proust was not memory and the past but the narrator's learning the use of "signs" to understand and communicate ultimate reality, thereby becoming an artist. While Proust was bitterly aware of the experience of loss and exclusion—loss of loved ones, loss of affection, friendship and innocent joy, which are dramatized in the novel through recurrent jealousy, betrayal and the death of loved ones—his response to this, formulated after he had discovered Ruskin, was that the work of art can recapture the lost and thus save it from destruction, at least in our minds. Art triumphs over the destructive power of time. This element of his artistic thought is clearly inherited from romantic platonism, but Proust crosses it with a new intensity in describing jealousy, desire and self-doubt. (Note the last quatrain of Baudelaire's poem "Une Charogne": "Then, O my beauty! say to the worms who will / Devour you with kisses, / That I have kept the form and the divine essence / Of my decomposed love!") Separation anxiety Proust begins his novel with the statement, "For a long time I used to go to bed early." This leads to lengthy discussion of his anxiety at leaving his mother at night and his attempts to force her to come and kiss him goodnight, even on nights when the family has company, culminating in a spectacular success, when his father suggests that his mother stay the night with him after he has waylaid her in the hall when she is going to bed. His anxiety leads to manipulation, much like the manipulation employed by his invalid aunt Léonie and all the lovers in the entire book, who use the same methods of petty tyranny to manipulate and possess their loved ones. Nature of art The nature of art is a motif in the novel and is often explored at great length. Proust sets forth a theory of art in which we are all capable of producing art, if by this we mean taking the experiences of life and transforming them in a way that shows understanding and maturity. Writing, painting, and music are also discussed at great length. Morel the violinist is examined to give an example of a certain type of "artistic" character, along with other fictional artists like the novelist Bergotte, the composer Vinteuil, and the painter Elstir. As early as the Combray section of Swann's Way, the narrator is concerned with his ability to write, since he desires to pursue a writing career. The transmutation of the experience of a scene in one of the family's usual walks into a short descriptive passage is described and the sample passage given. The narrator presents this passage as an early sample of his own writing, in which he has only had to alter a few words. The question of his own genius relates to all the passages in which genius is recognized or misunderstood because it presents itself in the guise of a humble friend, rather than a passionate artiste. The question of taste or judgement in art is also an important theme, as exemplified by Swann's exquisite taste in art, which is often hidden from his friends who do not share it or subordinated to his love interests. Homosexuality Questions pertaining to homosexuality appear throughout the novel, particularly in the later volumes. The first arrival of this theme comes in the Combray section of Swann's Way, where the daughter of the piano teacher and composer Vinteuil is seduced, and the narrator observes her having lesbian relations in front of the portrait of her recently deceased father. The narrator invariably suspects his lovers of liaisons with other women, a repetition of the suspicions held by Charles Swann about his mistress and eventual wife, Odette, in "Swann's Way". The first chapter of "Cities of the Plain" ("Sodom and Gomorrah") includes a detailed account of a sexual encounter between M. de Charlus, the novel's most prominent male homosexual, and his tailor. Critics have often observed that while the character of the narrator is ostensibly heterosexual, Proust intimates that the narrator is a closeted homosexual. The narrator's manner towards male homosexuality is consistently aloof, yet the narrator is unaccountably knowledgeable. This strategy enables Proust to pursue themes related to male homosexuality—in particular the nature of closetedness—from both within and without a homosexual perspective. Proust does not designate Charlus's homosexuality until the middle of the novel, in "Cities"; afterwards the Baron's ostentatiousness and flamboyance, of which he is blithely unaware, completely absorb the narrator's perception. Lesbianism, on the other hand, tortures Swann and the narrator because it presents an inaccessible world. Whereas male homosexual desire is recognizable, insofar as it encompasses male sexuality, Odette's and Albertine's lesbian trysts represent Swann and the narrator's painful exclusion from characters they desire. There is much debate as to how great a bearing Proust's sexuality has on understanding these aspects of the novel. Although many of Proust's close family and friends suspected that he was homosexual, Proust never admitted this. It was only after his death that André Gide, in his publication of correspondence with Proust, made public Proust's homosexuality. In response to Gide's criticism that he hid his actual sexuality within his novel, Proust told Gide that "one can say anything so long as one does not say 'I'." Proust's intimate relations with such individuals as Alfred Agostinelli and Reynaldo Hahn are well-documented, though Proust was not "out and proud", except perhaps in close-knit social circles. In 1949, the critic Justin O'Brien published an article in the Publications of the Modern Language Association called "Albertine the Ambiguous: Notes on Proust's Transposition of Sexes", in which he proposed that some female characters are best understood as actually referring to young men. Strip off the feminine ending of the names of the Narrator's lovers, Albertine, Gilberte, and Andrée, and one has their masculine counterparts. This theory has become known as the "transposition of sexes theory" in Proust criticism, but it has been challenged in Epistemology of the Closet (1990) by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and in Proust's Lesbianism (1999) by Elisabeth Ladenson. Feminized forms of masculine names were and are commonplace in French. Critical reception In Search of Lost Time is considered, by many scholars and critics, to be the definitive modern novel. It has had a profound effect on subsequent writers, such as the British authors who were members of the Bloomsbury Group. Virginia Woolf wrote in 1922: "Oh if I could write like that!" Edith Wharton wrote that "Every reader enamoured of the art must brood in amazement over the way in which Proust maintains the balance between these two manners—the broad and the minute. His endowment as a novelist—his range of presentation combined with mastery of his instruments—has probably never been surpassed." During Proust's lifetime, on the other hand, while he would achieve success, he would also face criticism from critics of his work. According to Cambridge University Press," Proust's reception during his lifetime is always set against the backdrop of often-hostile criticism, frequently based on the myth of the sickly, reclusive snob writing from the safety of his cork-lined room." Harold Bloom wrote that In Search of Lost Time is now "widely recognized as the major novel of the twentieth century". Vladimir Nabokov, in a 1965 interview, named the greatest prose works of the 20th century as, in order, "Joyce's Ulysses, Kafka's Transformation , Bely's Petersburg, and the first half of Proust's fairy tale In Search of Lost Time". J. Peder Zane's book The Top Ten: Writers Pick Their Favorite Books, collates 125 "top 10 greatest books of all time" lists by prominent living writers; In Search of Lost Time is placed eighth. In the 1960s, Swedish literary critic Bengt Holmqvist described the novel as "at once the last great classic of French epic prose tradition and the towering precursor of the 'nouveau roman'", indicating the vogue of new, experimental French prose but also, by extension, other post-war attempts to fuse different planes of location, temporality and fragmented consciousness within the same novel. Michael Dirda wrote that "To its admirers, it remains one of those rare encyclopedic summas, like Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, the essays of Montaigne or Dante's Commedia, that offer insight into our unruly passions and solace for life's miseries." Pulitzer Prize-winning author Michael Chabon has called it his favorite book. Proust's influence (in parody) is seen in Evelyn Waugh's A Handful of Dust (1934), in which Chapter 1 is entitled "Du Côté de Chez Beaver" and Chapter 6 "Du Côté de Chez Tod". Waugh did not like Proust: in letters to Nancy Mitford in 1948, he wrote, "I am reading Proust for the first time ... and am surprised to find him a mental defective" and later, "I still think insane ... the structure must be sane & that is raving." Another hostile critic is Kazuo Ishiguro, who said in an interview: "To be absolutely honest, apart from the opening volume of Proust, I find him crushingly dull." Since the publication in 1992 of a revised English translation by The Modern Library, based on a new definitive French edition (1987–89), interest in Proust's novel in the English-speaking world has increased. Two substantial new biographies have appeared in English, by Edmund White and William C. Carter, and at least two books about the experience of reading Proust have appeared, Alain de Botton's How Proust Can Change Your Life and Phyllis Rose's The Year of Reading Proust. The Proust Society of America, founded in 1997, has three chapters: at The New York Mercantile Library, the Mechanic's Institute Library in San Francisco, and the Boston Athenæum Library. Furthermore, in 2016, The Proust Society of Greenwich, a non-profit organization was created to accommodate reading and discussing Proust to readers all over the world through monthly online sessions. Main characters Main characters of the novel. Blue lines denote acquaintances and pink lines love interests. The Narrator's household The Narrator: A sensitive young man who wishes to become a writer, whose identity is kept vague. In volume 5, The Captive, he addresses the reader thus: "Now she began to speak; her first words were 'darling' or 'my darling,' followed by my Christian name, which, if we give the narrator the same name as the author of this book, would produce 'darling Marcel' or 'my darling Marcel.'" (Proust, 64) The Narrator's father: A diplomat who initially discourages the Narrator from writing. The Narrator's mother: A supportive woman who worries for her son's career. Bathilde Amédée: The narrator's grandmother. Her life and death greatly influence her daughter and grandson. Aunt Léonie: A sickly woman whom the Narrator visits during stays at Combray. Uncle Adolphe: The Narrator's great-uncle, who has many actress friends. Françoise: The Narrator's faithful, stubborn maid. The Guermantes Palamède, Baron de Charlus: An aristocratic, decadent aesthete with many antisocial habits. Model is Robert de Montesquiou. Oriane, Duchesse de Guermantes: The toast of Paris high society. She lives in the fashionable Faubourg St. Germain. Models are Comtesse Greffulhe and Laure de Chevigné . Robert de Saint-Loup: An army officer and the narrator's best friend. Despite his patrician birth (he is the nephew of M. de Guermantes) and affluent lifestyle, Saint-Loup has no great fortune of his own until he marries Gilberte. Models are Gaston de Cavaillet and Clement de Maugny. Marquise de Villeparisis: The aunt of the Baron de Charlus. She is an old friend of the Narrator's grandmother. Basin, Duc de Guermantes: Oriane's husband and Charlus's brother. He is a pompous man with a succession of mistresses. Prince de Guermantes: The cousin of the Duc and Duchess. Princesse de Guermantes: Wife of the Prince. The Swanns Charles Swann: A friend of the narrator's family (he is modeled on at least two of Proust's friends, Charles Haas and Charles Ephrussi). His political views on the Dreyfus Affair and marriage to Odette ostracize him from much of high society. Odette de Crécy: A beautiful Parisian courtesan. Odette is also referred to as Mme. Swann, the lady in pink, and in the final volume, Mme. de Forcheville. Gilberte Swann: The daughter of Swann and Odette. She takes the name of her adopted father, M. de Forcheville, after Swann's death, and then becomes Mme. de Saint-Loup following her marriage to Robert de Saint-Loup, which joins Swann's Way and the Guermantes Way. Artists Elstir: A famous painter whose renditions of sea and sky echo the novel's theme of the mutability of human life. Modeled on Claude Monet. Bergotte: A well-known writer whose works the narrator has admired since childhood. The models are Anatole France and Paul Bourget. Vinteuil: An obscure musician who gains posthumous recognition for composing a beautiful, evocative sonata, known as the Vinteuil Sonata. Berma: A famous actress who specializes in roles by Jean Racine. The Verdurins' "Little Clan" Madame Verdurin (Sidonie Verdurin): A poseur and a salonnière who rises to the top of society through inheritance, marriage, and sheer single-mindedness. One of the models is Madame Arman de Caillavet. M. Verdurin: The husband of Mme. Verdurin, who is her faithful accomplice. Cottard: A doctor who is very good at his work. Brichot: A pompous academic. Saniette: A palaeographer who is subjected to ridicule by the clan. M. Biche: A painter who is later revealed to be Elstir. The "little band" of Balbec girls Albertine Simonet: A privileged orphan of average beauty and intelligence. The narrator's romance with her is the subject of much of the novel. Andrée: Albertine's friend, whom the Narrator occasionally feels attracted to. Gisèle and Rosemonde: Other members of the little band. Octave: Also known as "I'm a wash-out", a rich boy who leads an idle existence at Balbec and is involved with several of the girls. Model is a young Jean Cocteau. Others Charles Morel: The son of a former servant of the narrator's uncle and a gifted violinist. He profits greatly from the patronage of the Baron de Charlus and later Robert de Saint-Loup. Rachel: A prostitute and actress who is the mistress of Robert de Saint-Loup. Marquis de Norpois: A diplomat and friend of the Narrator's father. He is involved with Mme. de Villeparisis. Albert Bloch: A pretentious Jewish friend of the Narrator, later a successful playwright; an alter ego of Marcel. Jupien: A tailor who has a shop in the courtyard of the Guermantes hotel. He lives with his niece. Madame Bontemps: Albertine's aunt and guardian. Legrandin: A snobbish friend of the Narrator's family. Engineer and man of letters. Marquis and Marquise de Cambremer: Provincial gentry who live near Balbec. Mme. de Cambremer is Legrandin's sister. Mlle. Vinteuil: Daughter of the composer Vinteuil. She has a wicked friend who encourages her to lesbianism. Léa: A notorious lesbian actress in residence at Balbec. English-language translations The first six volumes were first translated into English by the Scotsman C. K. Scott Moncrieff under the title Remembrance of Things Past, a phrase taken from Shakespeare's Sonnet 30; this was the first translation of the Recherche into another language. The individual volumes were Swann's Way, in two books (1922), Within a Budding Grove, in two books (1924), The Guermantes Way, in two books (1925), Cities of the Plain, in two books (1927), The Captive (1929), and The Sweet Cheat Gone (1930). The final volume, Le Temps retrouvé, was initially published in English in the UK as Time Regained (1931), translated by Stephen Hudson (a pseudonym of Sydney Schiff), and in the US as The Past Recaptured (1932) in a translation by Frederick Blossom. There were thus eleven books in the original English translation. Although cordial with Scott Moncrieff, Proust grudgingly remarked in a letter that Remembrance eliminated the correspondence between Temps perdu and Temps retrouvé (Painter, 352). Terence Kilmartin revised the Scott Moncrieff translation in 1981, using the new French edition of 1954. An additional revision by D. J. Enright—that is, a revision of a revision—was published by the Modern Library in 1992. It is based on the "La Pléiade" edition of the French text (1987–89), and rendered the title of the novel more literally as In Search of Lost Time. It also includes an index/concordance to the novel compiled by Terence Kilmartin that was published in 1983 as the Reader's Guide to the Remembrance of Things Past. The guide contains four indices: fictional characters from the novels; actual persons; places; and themes. In 1995, Penguin undertook a fresh translation based on the "La Pléiade" French text (published in 1987–89) of In Search of Lost Time by a team of seven different translators overseen by editor Christopher Prendergast. The six volumes were published in Britain under the Allen Lane imprint in 2002, each volume under the name of a separate translator, the first volume being American writer Lydia Davis, and the others under English translators and one Australian, James Grieve. The first four volumes were published in the US under the Viking imprint as hardcover editions in 2003–2004, while the entire set is available in paperback under the Penguin Classics imprint. Both the Modern Library and Penguin translations provide a detailed plot synopsis at the end of each volume. The last volume of the Modern Library edition, Time Regained, also includes Kilmartin's "A Guide to Proust", a set of four indexes covering the (fictional) characters, (real) persons, places (both real and fictional), and themes in the novel. The Modern Library volumes include a handful of endnotes, and alternative versions of some of the novel's famous episodes. The Penguin volumes each provide an extensive set of brief, non-scholarly endnotes that help identify cultural references perhaps unfamiliar to contemporary English readers. Reviews that discuss the merits of both translations can be found online at the Observer, the Telegraph, The New York Review of Books, The New York Times, TempsPerdu.com, and Reading Proust. Since 2013, Yale University Press has been publishing a new revision of Scott Moncrieff's translation, edited and annotated by William C. Carter, at the rate of one volume every two or three years. After a partial translation of the first volume in 2018, since 2023 Oxford University Press is publishing a new, complete translation by Brian Nelson, edited by Adam Watt. Scott Moncrieff and subsequent revisions Remembrance of Things Past, translated by C. K. Scott Moncrieff. London: Chatto & Windus. Ten books: Swann's Way, in two books (1922), Within a Budding Grove, in two books (1924), The Guermantes Way, in two books (1925), Cities of the Plain, in two books (1927), The Captive (1929), and The Sweet Cheat Gone (1930). Remembrance of Things Past, translated by C. K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, with Andreas Mayor (Time Regained). New York: Random House, 1981 (3 vols). ISBN 0-394-71243-9 Three books: Vol. 1: Swann's Way; Within a Budding Grove—Vol. 2: The Guermantes Way; Cities of the Plain—Vol. 3: The Captive; The Fugitive; Time Regained In Search of Lost Time, translated by C. K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, with Andreas Mayor (Time Regained). Revised by D.J. Enright. London: Chatto and Windus, New York: The Modern Library, 1992. Based on the French "La Pléiade" edition (1987–89). ISBN 0-8129-6964-2 Six books: Swann's Way—Within a Budding Grove—The Guermantes Way—Sodom and Gomorrah—The Captive; The Fugitive—Time Regained. In Search of Lost Time, translated by C. K. Scott Moncrieff, edited and annotated by William C. Carter (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2021, 2023). In progress: Swann's Way ISBN 978-0300185430; In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower ISBN 978-0300185423; The Guermantes Way ISBN 978-0300186192; Sodom and Gomorrah ISBN 978-0300186208; The Captive and The Fugitive ISBN 978-0300186215 Penguin Proust In Search of Lost Time (General Editor: Christopher Prendergast), translated by Lydia Davis, James Grieve, Mark Treharne, John Sturrock, Carol Clark, Peter Collier, & Ian Patterson. London: Allen Lane, 2002 (6 vols). Based on the French "La Pléiade" edition (1987–89), except The Fugitive, which is based on the 1954 definitive French edition. The first four volumes have been published in New York by Viking, 2003–04. Six books: The Way by Swann's (in the U.S., Swann's Way) ISBN 0-14-243796-4; In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower ISBN 0-14-303907-5; The Guermantes Way ISBN 0-14-303922-9; Sodom and Gomorrah ISBN 0-14-303931-8; The Prisoner; and The Fugitive – Finding Time Again. Oxford Proust The Swann Way by Brian Nelson (Oxford, 2023) Individual translators Volume 1 A Search for Lost Time: Swann's Way by James Grieve (Australian National University, 1982) Swann's Way by Richard Howard (Macmillan, 1992) The Way by Swann's (UK) / Swann's Way (US) by Lydia Davis (Allen Lane, 2002) Swann in Love by Brian Nelson (Oxford, 2018) - partial translation of Volume 1 Swann in Love by Lucy Raitz (Pushkin, 2022) - partial translation of Volume 1 The Swann Way by Brian Nelson (Oxford, 2023) Volumes 2–5 In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower by James Grieve (Allen Lane, 2002) The Guermantes Way by Mark Treharne (Allen Lane, 2002) Sodom and Gomorrah by John Sturrock (Allen Lane, 2002) The Captive by Carol Clark (Allen Lane, 2002) Volume 6 Albertine Gone by Terence Kilmartin (Chatto & Windus, 1989) The Fugitive by Peter Collier (Allen Lane, 2002) Volume 7 Time Regained by Stephen Hudson (Sydney Schiff) (Chatto & Windus, 1931) The Past Recaptured by Frederick Blossom (Random House, 1932) The Past Recaptured by Andreas Mayor (Random House, 1970) Finding Time Again by Ian Patterson (Allen Lane, 2002) Time Regained by David Whiting (Naxos AudioBooks, 2012) Adaptations Print The Proust Screenplay, a film adaptation by Harold Pinter published in 1978 (never filmed). Remembrance of Things Past, Part One: Combray; Part Two: Within a Budding Grove, vol. 1; Part Three: Within a Budding Grove, vol. 2; and Part Four: Un amour de Swann, vol. 1 are graphic novel adaptations by Franco-Belgian comics artist Stéphane Heuet in 1988. Albertine, a parallel novel based on a rewriting of Albertine by Jacqueline Rose. Vintage UK, 2002. Audio Remembrance of Things Past narrated by Neville Jason for Naxos Audiobooks, abridged 1995-2002, unabridged 2010-2012. Film Basileus Quartet (Quartetto Basileus), a 1982 film by Fabio Carpi, uses segments from Sodom and Gomorrah and Time Regained. Swann in Love (Un Amour de Swann), a 1984 film by Volker Schlöndorff starring Jeremy Irons and Ornella Muti. Time Regained (Le Temps retrouvé), a 1999 film by Raúl Ruiz starring Catherine Deneuve, Emmanuelle Béart, and John Malkovich. La Captive, a 2000 film by Chantal Akerman. Television Les Cent Livres des Hommes : "Du côté de chez Swann", a 1971 episode by Claude Santelli starring Marie-Christine Barrault and Isabelle Huppert. The Modern World: Ten Great Writers: "Marcel Proust's 'A la recherche du temps perdu'", a 1988 episode by Nigel Wattis starring Roger Rees. À la recherche du temps perdu (2011) by Nina Companéez, a four-hour, two-part French TV movie that covers all seven volumes. Stage Proust ou les intermittences du coeur, a ballet by Roland Petit. Premiered at Opéra de Monte-Carlo in 1974 by Ballet National de Marseille. A Waste of Time, by Philip Prowse and Robert David MacDonald. A 4-hour long adaptation with a huge cast. Dir. by Philip Prowse at the Glasgow Citizens' Theatre in 1980, revived 1981 plus European tour. Remembrance of Things Past, by Harold Pinter and Di Trevis, based on Pinter's The Proust Screenplay. Dir. by Trevis (who had acted in A Waste of Time – see above) at the Royal National Theatre in 2000. Eleven Rooms of Proust, adapted and directed by Mary Zimmerman. A series of 11 vignettes from In Search of Lost Time, staged throughout an abandoned factory in Chicago. My Life with Albertine, a 2003 Off-Broadway musical with book by Richard Nelson, music by Ricky Ian Gordon, and lyrics by both. Du côté de chez Proust, a 2005 solo performance adapted and acted by Jacques Sereys, directed by Jean-Luc Tardieu , performed again in 2012 at the Comédie-Française. Le Côté de Guermantes, adapted and directed by Christophe Honoré, created in 2020 at Comédie-Française's Théâtre Marigny, with Loïc Corbery, Laurent Lafitte and Dominique Blanc. Radio The Proust Screenplay, a radio play adapted from Harold Pinter's screenplay by Michael Bakewell, directed by Ned Chaillet, featuring Pinter as narrator, broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on May 11, 1997. In Search of Lost Time dramatised by Michael Butt for The Classic Serial, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 between February 6, 2005 and March 13, 2005. Starring James Wilby, it condensed the entire series into six episodes. Although considerably shortened, it received excellent reviews. Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time, translated from French and dramatised by Timberlake Wertenbaker and broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2019, with Derek Jacobi as the narrator. References in popular culture In Howard Hawks's The Big Sleep (1946), Vivian Rutledge (Lauren Bacall) tells Philip Marlowe (Humphrey Bogart), "So you do get up. I was beginning to think you worked in bed, like Marcel Proust." Andy Warhol's 1955 book A La Recherche du Shoe Perdu marked Warhol's "transition from commercial to gallery artist". The British television series Monty Python's Flying Circus (1969–1974) references the book and its author in two episodes. In the "Fish Licence" sketch, Mr. Praline mentions that Proust "had an 'addock" as a pet fish, and warns, when his listener laughs, "if you're calling the author of À la recherche du temps perdu a looney, I shall have to ask you to step outside!" In another sketch entitled "The All-England Summarize Proust Competition", contestants are required to summarize all of Proust's seven volumes of the novel in 15 seconds. Science fiction author Gene Wolfe cited Proust as an influence, saying: "Proust, of course, was obsessed with some of the same things I deal with in The Book of the New Sun – memory and the way memory affects us." The opening line of his novella The Fifth Head of Cerberus is a parphrase of the first sentence of Swann's Way. The 1998 television series Serial Experiments Lain concludes with an allusion to the madeleine episode of Lost Time. In Larry McMurtry's 1999 novel Duane's Depressed, Duane Moore's therapist assigns him the task of reading the Proust novel. She tells him, "The reason I made you read Proust is because it's still the greatest catalogue of the varieties of disappointment human beings feel." In the third episode of the third season of The Sopranos, "Fortunate Son" (2001), Tony Soprano has a breakthrough about the role the smell of meat plays in triggering his panic attacks, which his therapist, Dr. Jennifer Melfi, likens to Proust's madeleines. In Haruki Murakami's 1Q84 (2009), the main character Aomame spends an entire fall locked in an apartment, where the book becomes her only entertainment. Aomame's days are spent eating, sleeping, working out, staring off the balcony to the city below and the Moon above, and slowly reading through Lost Time. In Ruth Ozeki's A Tale for the Time Being (2013), a French edition of the novel is turned into a diary by a handicraft saleswoman in Harajuku. The diary is bought by protagonist Nao Yasutani, and later discovered by Ruth when it washes ashore in British Columbia. See also Novels portal Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century Mono no aware Notes and references Notes ^ Edmund White, "Proust the Passionate Reader", The New York Review of Books (April 4, 2013), p. 20. ^ Walter de la Mare (on Wikisource), The Ghost (anthologized in Collected poems, 1901-1918 and Motley) Archived 2019-08-18 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 18th August 2019. ^ Calkins, Mark. Chronology of Proust's Life Archived 2006-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. TempsPerdu.com Archived 2012-08-12 at the Wayback Machine. May 25, 2005. ^ Shattuck, Roger. Marcel Proust. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982, p. 6 ^ Bragg, Melvyn. "In Our Time: Proust". BBC Radio 4. April 17, 2003. See also Malcolm Bowie, "Freud, Proust, and Lacan: Theory as Fiction," Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. For differences between Freud and Proust, see Joshua Landy, "Philosophy As Fiction: Self, Deception, and Knowledge in Proust," New York: Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 29, 165. ^ Ronald Bogue, Deleuze and Guattari, p. 36. Archived 2023-04-07 at the Wayback Machine See also Culler, Structuralist Poetics, p. 122. Archived 2023-04-17 at the Wayback Machine ^ "...the by now authentically banal exposure of Proust's narrator as a closeted homosexual" Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. "Proust and the Spectacle of the Closet", in Epistemology of the Closet. Berkeley: University of California, 1990. 223. ^ a b Lucey, Michael. "Proust's Queer Metalapses" Never Say I: Sexuality and the First Person in Colette, Gide, and Proust. Durham: Duke University Pess, 2006. 218. ^ O'Brien, Justin (1949). "Albertine the Ambiguous: Notes on Proust's Transposition of Sexes". PMLA. 64 (5): 933–952. doi:10.2307/459544. ISSN 0030-8129. JSTOR 459544. S2CID 163853078. ^ Ladenson, Elisabeth (1999). Proust's Lesbianism. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3595-1. ^ "Published Reviews". Library Thing. Archived from the original on 2024-02-16. Retrieved 2024-02-14. ^ Bragg, Melvyn. "In Our Time: Proust" Archived 2006-03-10 at the Wayback Machine. BBC Radio 4. April 17, 2003. ^ 2:525 ^ Wharton, Edith. The Writing of Fiction. ^ Elsner, Anna Magdalena (2013). "Chapter 24 - Critical reception during Proust's lifetime". Cambridge University Press. pp. 183–190. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139135023.029. ISBN 978-1-316-62624-5. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024. ^ Farber, Jerry. "Scott Moncrieff's Way: Proust in Translation" Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine. Proust Said That. Issue No. 6. Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine March 1997. ^ "Nabokov's interview. (05) TV-13 NY ". Lib.ru. Archived from the original on 2020-11-08. Retrieved 2014-01-02. ^ Grossman, Lev. "The 10 Greatest Books of All Time". Time. January 15, 2007. ^ Holmqvist, B. 1966, Den moderna litteraturen, Bonniers förlag, Stockholm ^ Dirda, Michael (2005). Bound to Please. W. W. Norton. ^ The Morning News LLC; www.themorningnews.org (May 24, 1963). "Michael Chabon". The Morning News. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2014-01-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Troubled Legacies, ed. Allan Hepburn, p. 256 ^ Charlotte Mosley, ed. (1996). The Letters of Nancy Mitford and Evelyn Waugh. Hodder & Stoughton. ^ Maddie Crum (March 3, 2015). "Kazuo Ishiguro On Memory, Censorship And Why Proust Is Overrated". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 2019-12-18. Retrieved 2019-12-18. ^ "The Mercantile Library • Proust Society". Mercantilelibrary.org. November 9, 2013. Archived from the original on June 24, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2014. ^ Proust Society of America Archived June 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ Alexander, Patrick (2009-09-22). Marcel Proust's Search for Lost Time: A Reader's Guide to The Remembrance of Things Past. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 289. ISBN 978-0307472328. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2020-11-12. ^ Clifford, Becky (2023-09-14). "Translating Proust again". OUPblog. Archived from the original on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2023-11-29. ^ Beugnet and Marion Schmid, 206 ^ Schmid, Marion (2013-04-01). "Proust at the Ballet: Literature and Dance in Dialogue". French Studies. 67 (2). Oxford University Press: 184–198. doi:10.1093/fs/kns309. hdl:20.500.11820/1b662a7d-ee23-4390-84b5-13bb9036da37. ISSN 1468-2931. Archived from the original on 2021-07-10. Retrieved 2021-06-02. ^ Productions: Remembrance of Things Past. NationalTheatre.org Archived 2015-10-07 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 25, 2006. ^ Robert Hanks (May 17, 1997). "Giving Proust the Pinter treatment". Independent. Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2014-01-02. ^ Reviews of radio adaptation Archived August 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time". BBC Radio 4. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019. ^ "The Big Sleep (1946) - Lauren Bacall as Vivian Rutledge - IMDb". IMDb. Archived from the original on 2022-09-05. Retrieved 2022-09-05. ^ Smith, John W., Pamela Allara, and Andy Warhol. Possession Obsession: Andy Warhol and Collecting. Pittsburgh, PA: Andy Warhol Museum, 2002, p. 46. ISBN 0-9715688-0-4 ^ a b Chapman, Graham; Cleese, John; Gilliam, Terry; Idle, Eric; Jones, Terry; Palin, Michael (1990) . Monty Python's Flying Circus: Just the Words. London: Mandarin. ISBN 0-7493-0226-7. ^ McCaffery, Larry (November 1988). "On Encompassing the Entire Universe: An Interview With Gene Wolfe". Science Fiction Studies. Archived from the original on 2006-08-14. Retrieved 2022-09-05. ^ Houston, Robert (January 7, 1999). "Happy Trails". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021. ^ Smith, Kyle (March 28, 2021). "The Underappreciated Genius of Larry McMurtry". National Review. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved March 30, 2021. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "All this from a slice of gabagool?". YouTube. June 8, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2021. ^ Murakami, Haruki, 1Q84: Book Three (Vintage Books: 2011), p. 29. ^ Ozeki, Ruth, A Tale For The Time. Bibliography Bouillaguet, Annick and Rogers, Brian G. Dictionnaire Marcel Proust. Paris: Honoré Champion, 2004. ISBN 2-7453-0956-0 Douglas-Fairbank, Robert. "In search of Marcel Proust" Archived 2006-02-08 at the Wayback Machine in the Guardian, November 17, 2002. Kilmartin, Terence. "Note on the Translation." Remembrance of Things Past. Vol. 1. New York: Vintage, 1981: ix–xii. ISBN 0-394-71182-3 Painter, George. Marcel Proust: A Biography. Vol. 2. New York: Random House, 1959. ISBN 0-394-50041-5 Proust, Marcel. (Carol Clark, Peter Collier, trans.) The Prisoner and The Fugitive. London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2003. ISBN 0-14-118035-8 Shattuck, Roger. Proust's Binoculars. Chatto & Windus London, 1964. Shattuck, Roger. Proust's Way: A Field Guide To in Search of Lost Time. New York: W W Norton, 2000. ISBN 0-393-32180-0 Tadié, J-Y. (Euan Cameron, trans.) Marcel Proust: A Life. New York: Penguin Putnam, 2000. ISBN 0-14-100203-4 Terdiman, Richard. Present Past: Modernity and the Memory Crisis. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1993. ISBN 0-8014-8132-5 Woolf, Virginia. The Letters of Virginia Woolf. Eds. Nigel Nicolson and Joanne Trautmann. 7 vols. New York: Harcourt, 1976, 1977. Beugnet, Martin and Schmid, Marion. Proust at the Movies. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004. Further reading Carter, William C. Marcel Proust: A Life. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-300-08145-6 De Botton, Alain. How Proust Can Change Your Life. New York: Pantheon 1997. ISBN 0-679-44275-8 Deleuze, Gilles. Proust and Signs. (Translation by Richard Howard.) George Braziller, Inc. 1972. Karpeles, Eric. Paintings in Proust: A Visual Companion to in Search of Lost Time. Thames & Hudson, 2008. ISBN 978-0500238547 O'Brien, Justin. "Albertine the Ambiguous: Notes on Proust's Transposition of Sexes", PMLA 64: 933–52, 1949. Pugh, Anthony. The Birth of A la recherche du temps perdu, French Forum Publishers, 1987. Pugh, Anthony. The Growth of A la recherche du temps perdu: A Chronological Examination of Proust's Manuscripts from 1909 to 1914, University of Toronto Press, 2004 (two volumes). Rose, Phyllis. The Year of Reading Proust. New York: Scribner, 1997. ISBN 0-684-83984-9 Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. Epistemology of the Closet. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. ISBN 0-520-07874-8 White, Edmund. Marcel Proust. New York: Penguin US, 1999. ISBN 0-670-88057-4 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to In Search of Lost Time. French Wikisource has original text related to this article: In Search of Lost Time Wikisource has original text related to this article: Remembrance of Things Past In Search of Lost Time at Standard Ebooks Project Gutenberg: Proust ebooks in French and English In Search of Lost Time book series at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Alarecherchedutempsperdu.com: French text TempsPerdu.com: a site devoted to the novel Reading Proust: translations and resources in English, including the "Penguin Proust" and the new edition from Yale University Press. University of Adelaide Library : electronic versions of the original novels and the translations of C. K. Scott Moncrieff Gregory, Woods. "Proust, Marcel (1871–1922): À la recherche du temps perdu". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2007. Marcel Proust – À la Recherche du Temps Perdu – Œuvre Intégrale (FR): Vidéo – Audio Book 17 tomes. Public Domain. vteMarcel Proust's In Search of Lost TimeFilm Swann in Love (1984) Time Regained (1999) À la recherche du temps perdu (2011) Stage Remembrance of Things Past (2000) My Life with Albertine (2003) Related Albertine vteThe writings of Marcel ProustIn Search of Lost Time Du côté de chez Swann À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs Le Côté de Guermantes Sodome et Gomorrhe La Prisonnière Albertine disparue Le Temps retrouvé Novels and essays Les plaisirs et les jours Pastiches et mélanges Contre Sainte-Beuve Jean Santeuil vteModernismMovements Acmeism Art Deco Art Nouveau Ashcan School Constructivism Cubism Dada Expressionism Der Blaue Reiter Die Brücke Music Fauvism Functionalism Bauhaus Futurism Imagism Lettrism Neoplasticism De Stijl Orphism Surrealism Symbolism Synchromism Tonalism Literary artsLiterature Apollinaire Barnes Beckett Bely Breton Broch Bulgakov Chekhov Conrad Döblin Forster Faulkner Flaubert Ford Gide Hamsun Hašek Hemingway Hesse Joyce Kafka Koestler Lawrence Mann Mansfield Marinetti Musil Dos Passos Platonov Porter Proust Stein Svevo Unamuno Woolf Poetry Akhmatova Aldington Auden Cavafy Cendrars Crane H.D. Desnos Eliot Éluard Elytis George Jacob Lorca Lowell (Amy) Lowell (Robert) Mallarmé Moore Owen Pessoa Pound Rilke Seferis Stevens Thomas Tzara Valéry Williams Yeats Works In Search of Lost Time (1913–1927) The Metamorphosis (1915) Ulysses (1922) The Waste Land (1922) The Magic Mountain (1924) Mrs Dalloway (1925) The Sun Also Rises (1926) The Master and Margarita (1928–1940) The Sound and the Fury (1929) Visual artsPainting Albers Arp Balthus Bellows Boccioni Bonnard Brâncuși Braque Calder Cassatt Cézanne Chagall Chirico Claudel Dalí Degas Kooning Delaunay Delaunay Demuth Dix Doesburg Duchamp Dufy Ensor Ernst Gauguin Giacometti van Gogh Goncharova Gris Grosz Höch Hopper Kahlo Kandinsky Kirchner Klee Kokoschka Léger Magritte Malevich Manet Marc Matisse Metzinger Miró Modigliani Mondrian Monet Moore Munch Nolde O'Keeffe Picabia Picasso Pissarro Ray Redon Renoir Rodin Rousseau Schiele Seurat Signac Sisley Soutine Steichen Stieglitz Toulouse-Lautrec Vuillard Wood Film Akerman Aldrich Antonioni Avery Bergman Bresson Buñuel Carné Cassavetes Chaplin Clair Cocteau Dassin Deren Dovzhenko Dreyer Edwards Eisenstein Epstein Fassbinder Fellini Flaherty Ford Fuller Gance Godard Hitchcock Hubley Jones Keaton Kubrick Kuleshov Kurosawa Lang Losey Lupino Marker Minnelli Murnau Ozu Pabst Pudovkin Ray (Nicholas) Ray (Satyajit) Resnais Renoir Richardson Rossellini Sirk Sjöström Sternberg Tarkovsky Tati Trnka Truffaut Varda Vertov Vigo Welles Wiene Wood Architecture Breuer Bunshaft Gaudí Gropius Guimard Horta Hundertwasser Johnson Kahn Le Corbusier Loos Melnikov Mendelsohn Nervi Neutra Niemeyer Rietveld Saarinen Steiner Sullivan Tatlin Mies Wright Works A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1886) Mont Sainte-Victoir (1887) The Starry Night (1889) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) The Dance (1909–1910) Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912) Black Square (1915) The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) Ballet Mécanique (1923) Battleship Potemkin (1925) Metropolis (1927) Un Chien Andalou (1929) Villa Savoye (1931) Fallingwater (1936) Citizen Kane (1941) Meshes of the Afternoon (1943) PerformingartsMusic Antheil Bartók Berg Berio Boulanger Boulez Copland Debussy Dutilleux Feldman Górecki Hindemith Honegger Ives Janáček Ligeti Lutosławski Milhaud Nono Partch Russolo Satie Schaeffer Schoenberg Scriabin Stockhausen Strauss Stravinsky Szymanowski Varèse Villa-Lobos Webern Weill Theatre Anderson Anouilh Artaud Beckett Brecht Chekhov Ibsen Jarry Kaiser Maeterlinck Mayakovsky O'Casey O'Neill Osborne Pirandello Piscator Strindberg Toller Wedekind Wilder Witkiewicz Dance Balanchine Cunningham Diaghilev Duncan Fokine Fuller Graham Holm Laban Massine Nijinsky Shawn Sokolow St. Denis Tamiris Wiesenthal Wigman Works Don Juan (1888) Ubu Roi (1896) Verklärte Nacht (1899) Pelléas et Mélisande (1902) Salome (1905) The Firebird (1910) Afternoon of a Faun (1912) The Rite of Spring (1913) Fountain (1917) Six Characters in Search of an Author (1921) The Threepenny Opera (1928) Waiting for Godot (1953) Related American modernism Armory Show Avant-garde Ballets Russes Bloomsbury Group Buddhist modernism Classical Hollywood cinema Degenerate art Ecomodernism Experimental film Film noir Fourth dimension in art Fourth dimension in literature Grosvenor School of Modern Art Hanshinkan Modernism High modernism Hippie modernism Impressionism Music Literature Post- Incoherents International Style Late modernism Late modernity List of art movements List of avant-garde artists List of modernist poets Maximalism Modernity Neo-primitivism Neo-romanticism New Hollywood New Objectivity Poetic realism Postmodern music Postmodernism Film Television Pulp noir Reactionary modernism Metamodernism Remodernism Second Viennese School Structural film Underground film Vulgar modernism ← Romanticism Category Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Sweden Greece Croatia Poland Other MusicBrainz work 2 IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Remembrance of Things Past (play)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_of_Things_Past_(play)"},{"link_name":"À la recherche du temps perdu (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu_(film)"},{"link_name":"Swans Way (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swans_Way_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Marcel Proust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Proust"},{"link_name":"involuntary memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_memory"},{"link_name":"madeleine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_(cake)"},{"link_name":"C. K. Scott Moncrieff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._K._Scott_Moncrieff"},{"link_name":"Terence Kilmartin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Kilmartin"},{"link_name":"D. J. Enright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._J._Enright"},{"link_name":"high-society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_society_(social_class)"},{"link_name":"Éditions Grasset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Grasset"},{"link_name":"motifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motif_(literature)"},{"link_name":"unfinished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfinished_work"},{"link_name":"Jean Santeuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Santeuil"},{"link_name":"Contre Sainte-Beuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contre_Sainte-Beuve"},{"link_name":"twentieth-century literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth-century_literature_in_English"},{"link_name":"parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"Edmund White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_White"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"Remembrance of Things Past\", \"À la recherche du temps perdu\", and \"Swann's Way\" redirect here. For the play, see Remembrance of Things Past (play). For the film, see À la recherche du temps perdu (film). For other uses, see Swans Way (disambiguation).In Search of Lost Time (French: À la recherche du temps perdu), first translated into English as Remembrance of Things Past, and sometimes referred to in French as La Recherche (The Search), is a novel in seven volumes by French author Marcel Proust. This early 20th-century work is his most prominent, known both for its length and its theme of involuntary memory. The most famous example of this is the \"episode of the madeleine\", which occurs early in the first volume.The novel gained fame in English in translations by C. K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin as Remembrance of Things Past. The title In Search of Lost Time, a literal rendering of the French, became ascendant after D. J. Enright adopted it for his revised translation published in 1992.In Search of Lost Time follows the narrator's recollections of childhood and experiences into adulthood in late 19th-century and early 20th-century high-society France. Proust began to shape the novel in 1909; he continued to work on it until his final illness in the autumn of 1922 forced him to break off. Proust established the structure early on, but even after volumes were initially finished, he continued to add new material and edited one volume after another for publication. The last three of the seven volumes contain oversights and fragmentary or unpolished passages, as they existed only in draft form at the death of the author. His brother Robert oversaw editing and publication of these parts.The work was published in France between 1913 and 1927. Proust paid to publish the first volume (with Éditions Grasset) after it had been turned down by leading editors who had been offered the manuscript in longhand. Many of its ideas, motifs and scenes were anticipated in Proust's unfinished novel Jean Santeuil (1896–1899), though the perspective and treatment there are different, and in his unfinished hybrid of philosophical essay and story, Contre Sainte-Beuve (1908–09).The novel had great influence on twentieth-century literature; some writers have sought to emulate it, others to parody it. For the centenary of the French publication of the novel's first volume, American author Edmund White pronounced In Search of Lost Time \"the most respected novel of the twentieth century.\"[1]","title":"In Search of Lost Time"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proust_1917.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nouvelle Revue Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_Revue_Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"André Gide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide"},{"link_name":"Grasset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Grasset"},{"link_name":"three-volume novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-volume_novel"},{"link_name":"Bouillaguet and Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_BandR"},{"link_name":"Combray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combray"},{"link_name":"involuntary memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_memory"},{"link_name":"Tadié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Tadi%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Prix Goncourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Goncourt"},{"link_name":"Bouillaguet and Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_BandR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proust_La_Prisonniere_1923.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walter de la Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_la_Mare"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque Nationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale"},{"link_name":"Terdiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Terdiman"}],"text":"NRF edition of Du côté de chez Swann, 1917The novel was initially published in seven volumes:Swann's Way (Du côté de chez Swann, sometimes translated as The Way by Swann's) (1913) was rejected by a number of publishers, including Fasquelle, Ollendorff, and the Nouvelle Revue Française (NRF). André Gide was famously given the manuscript to read to advise NRF on publication and, leafing through the seemingly endless collection of memories and philosophizing or melancholic episodes, came across a few minor syntactic errors, which made him decide to turn the work down in his audit. Proust eventually arranged with the publisher Grasset to pay the cost of publication himself. When published, the book was advertised as the first of a three-volume novel (Bouillaguet and Rogers, 316–7). Du côté de chez Swann is divided into four parts: \"Combray I\" (sometimes referred to in English as the \"Overture\"), \"Combray II\", \"Un Amour de Swann\" (\"Swann in Love\"), and \"Noms de pays: le nom\" (\"Names of places: the name\"). A third-person novella within Du côté de chez Swann, \"Un Amour de Swann\" is sometimes published as a volume by itself. As it forms the self-contained story of Charles Swann's love affair with Odette de Crécy and is relatively short, it is generally considered a good introduction to the work and is often a set text in French schools. \"Combray I\" is similarly excerpted; it ends with the famous madeleine cake episode, introducing the theme of involuntary memory. In early 1914 Gide, who had been involved in NRF's rejection of the book, wrote to Proust to apologize and to offer congratulations on the novel. \"For several days I have been unable to put your book down ... The rejection of this book will remain the most serious mistake ever made by the NRF and, since I bear the shame of being very much responsible for it, one of the most stinging and remorseful regrets of my life\" (Tadié, 611).Gallimard (the publishing arm of NRF) offered to publish the remaining volumes, but Proust chose to stay with Grasset.\nIn the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower (À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs, also translated as Within a Budding Grove) (1919), was scheduled to be published in 1914 but was delayed by the onset of World War I. At the same time, Grasset's firm was closed down when the publisher went into military service. This freed Proust to move to Gallimard, where all of the subsequent volumes were published. Meanwhile, the novel kept growing in length and in conception. When published, this volume was awarded the Prix Goncourt in 1919.\nThe Guermantes Way (Le Côté de Guermantes) (1920/1921) was originally published in two volumes as Le Côté de Guermantes I and Le Côté de Guermantes II.\nSodom and Gomorrah (Sodome et Gomorrhe, sometimes translated as Cities of the Plain) (1921/1922) was originally published in two volumes. The first forty pages of Sodome et Gomorrhe initially appeared at the end of Le Côté de Guermantes II (Bouillaguet and Rogers, 942), the remainder appearing as Sodome et Gomorrhe I (1921) and Sodome et Gomorrhe II (1922). It was the last volume over which Proust supervised publication before his death in November 1922. The publication of the remaining volumes was carried out by his brother, Robert Proust, and Jacques Rivière.1923 edition of La Prisonnière. It is labelled as \"Tome VI\" as Sodom et Gomorrhe was originally published in two volumes.\nThe Prisoner (La Prisonnière, also translated as The Captive) (1923) is the first volume of the section within In Search of Lost Time known as \"le Roman d'Albertine\" (\"the Albertine novel\"). The name \"Albertine\" first appears in Proust's notebooks in 1913. The material in volumes 5 and 6 were developed during the hiatus between the publication of volumes 1 and 2 and they are a departure of the original three-volume series originally planned by Proust. This is the first of Proust's books published posthumously. Early editions describe La Prisonnière as the third volume of Sodome et Gomorrhe.\nThe Fugitive (Albertine disparue, also titled La Fugitive, sometimes translated as The Sweet Cheat Gone [the last line of Walter de la Mare's poem \"The Ghost\"[2]] or Albertine Gone) (1925) is the second and final volume in \"le Roman d'Albertine\" and the second volume published after Proust's death. It is the most editorially vexed volume. As noted, the final three volumes of the novel were published posthumously, and without Proust's final corrections and revisions. The first edition, based on Proust's manuscript, was published as Albertine disparue to prevent it from being confused with Rabindranath Tagore's La Fugitive (1921).[3] The first authoritative edition of the novel in French (1954), also based on Proust's manuscript, used the title La Fugitive. The second, even more authoritative French edition (1987–89), uses the title Albertine disparue and is based on an unmarked typescript acquired in 1962 by the Bibliothèque Nationale. To complicate matters, after the death in 1986 of Proust's niece, Suzy Mante-Proust, her son-in-law discovered among her papers a typescript that had been corrected and annotated by Proust. The late changes Proust made include a small, crucial detail and the deletion of approximately 150 pages. This version was published as Albertine disparue in France in 1987.\nFinding Time Again (Le Temps retrouvé, also translated as Time Regained and The Past Recaptured) (1927) is the final volume in Proust's novel. Much of the final volume was written at the same time as Swann's Way, but was revised and expanded during the course of the novel's publication to account for, to a greater or lesser success, the then unforeseen material now contained in the middle volumes (Terdiman, 153n3). This volume includes a noteworthy episode describing Paris during the First World War.","title":"Initial publication"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The novel recounts the experiences of the Narrator (who is never definitively named) while he is growing up, learning about art, participating in society, and falling in love.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swann's Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Swann%27s_Way"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illiers-Combray.jpg"},{"link_name":"Illiers-Combray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illiers-Combray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Straus,_Genevi%C3%A8ve_-_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Geneviève Halévy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Hal%C3%A9vy"},{"link_name":"Jules-Élie Delaunay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules-%C3%89lie_Delaunay"},{"link_name":"Musée d'Orsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay"},{"link_name":"madeleine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_(cake)"},{"link_name":"involuntary memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_memory"},{"link_name":"courtesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesan"},{"link_name":"sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata"},{"link_name":"Vinteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinteuil_Sonata"},{"link_name":"motif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motif_(music)"},{"link_name":"Champs-Élysées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es"}],"sub_title":"Volume One: Swann's Way","text":"Wikiquote has quotations related to Swann's Way.Illiers, the country town overlooked by a church steeple where Proust spent time as a child and which he described as \"Combray\" in the novel. The town adopted the name Illiers-Combray in homage.Portrait of Mme. Geneviève Bizet, née Geneviève Halévy, by Jules-Élie Delaunay, in Musée d'Orsay (1878). She served as partial inspiration for the character of Odette.The Narrator begins by noting, \"For a long time, I went to bed early.\" He comments on the way in which sleep seems to alter one's surroundings, and the way habit makes one indifferent to them. He remembers being in his room in the family's country home in Combray, while downstairs his parents entertain their friend Charles Swann, an elegant man of Jewish origin with strong ties to society. Due to Swann's visit, the Narrator is deprived of his mother's goodnight kiss, but he gets her to spend the night reading to him. This memory is the only one he has of Combray until years later the taste of a madeleine cake dipped in tea inspires a nostalgic incident of involuntary memory. He remembers having a similar snack as a child with his invalid aunt Léonie, and it leads to more memories of Combray. He describes their servant Françoise, who is uneducated but possesses an earthy wisdom and a strong sense of both duty and tradition. He meets an elegant \"lady in pink\" while visiting his uncle Adolphe. He develops a love of the theater, especially the actress Berma, and his awkward Jewish friend Bloch introduces him to the works of the writer Bergotte. He learns Swann made an unsuitable marriage but has social ambitions for his beautiful daughter Gilberte. Legrandin, a snobbish friend of the family, tries to avoid introducing the boy to his well-to-do sister. The Narrator describes two routes for country walks the child and his parents often enjoyed: the way past Swann's home (the Méséglise way), and the Guermantes way, both containing scenes of natural beauty. Taking the Méséglise way, he sees Gilberte Swann standing in her yard with a lady in white, Mme. Swann, and her supposed lover: Baron de Charlus, a friend of Swann's. Gilberte makes a gesture that the Narrator interprets as a rude dismissal. During another walk, he spies a lesbian scene involving Mlle. Vinteuil, daughter of a composer, and her friend. The Guermantes way is symbolic of the Guermantes family, the nobility of the area. The Narrator is awed by the magic of their name and is captivated when he first sees Mme. de Guermantes. He discovers how appearances conceal the true nature of things and tries writing a description of some nearby steeples. Lying in bed, he seems transported back to these places until he awakens.Mme. Verdurin is an autocratic hostess who, aided by her husband, demands total obedience from the guests in her \"little clan\". One guest is Odette de Crécy, a former courtesan, who has met Swann and invites him to the group. Swann is too refined for such company, but Odette gradually intrigues him with her unusual style. A sonata by Vinteuil, which features a \"little phrase\", becomes the motif for their deepening relationship. The Verdurins host M. de Forcheville; their guests include Cottard, a doctor; Brichot, an academic; Saniette, the object of scorn; and a painter, M. Biche. Swann grows jealous of Odette, who now keeps him at arm's length, and suspects an affair between her and Forcheville, aided by the Verdurins. Swann seeks respite by attending a society concert that includes Legrandin's sister and a young Mme. de Guermantes; the \"little phrase\" is played and Swann realizes Odette's love for him is gone. He tortures himself wondering about her true relationships with others, but his love for her, despite renewals, gradually diminishes. He moves on and marvels that he ever loved a woman who was not his type.At home in Paris, the Narrator dreams of visiting Venice or the church in Balbec, a resort, but he is too unwell and instead takes walks in the Champs-Élysées. There he meets and befriends Gilberte. He holds her father, now married to Odette, in the highest esteem, and is awed by the beautiful sight of Mme. Swann strolling in public. Years later, the old sights of the area are long gone, and he laments the fleeting nature of places.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/In_the_Shadow_of_Young_Girls_in_Flower"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CabourgPlage.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cabourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabourg"},{"link_name":"Mme. de Sévigné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de_Rabutin-Chantal,_marquise_de_S%C3%A9vign%C3%A9"}],"sub_title":"Volume Two: In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower","text":"Wikiquote has quotations related to In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower.The beach at Cabourg, a seaside resort that was the model for Balbec in the novelThe Narrator's parents invite M. de Norpois, a diplomat colleague of the Narrator's father, to dinner. With Norpois's intervention, the Narrator is finally allowed to go and see the Berma perform in a play, but is disappointed by her acting. Afterwards, at dinner, he watches Norpois, who is extremely diplomatic and correct at all times, expound on society and art. The Narrator gives him a draft of his writing, but Norpois gently indicates it is not good. The Narrator continues to go to the Champs-Élysées and play with Gilberte. Her parents distrust him, so he writes to them in protest. He and Gilberte wrestle and he has an orgasm. Gilberte invites him to tea, and he becomes a regular at her house. He observes Mme. Swann's inferior social status, Swann's lowered standards and indifference towards his wife, and Gilberte's affection for her father. The Narrator contemplates how he has attained his wish to know the Swanns, and savors their unique style. At one of their parties he meets and befriends Bergotte, who gives his impressions of society figures and artists. But the Narrator is still unable to start writing seriously. His friend Bloch takes him to a brothel, where there is a Jewish prostitute named Rachel. He showers Mme. Swann with flowers, being almost on better terms with her than with Gilberte. One day, he and Gilberte quarrel and he decides never to see her again. However, he continues to visit Mme. Swann, who has become a popular hostess, with her guests including Mme. Bontemps, who has a niece named Albertine. The Narrator hopes for a letter from Gilberte repairing their friendship, but gradually feels himself losing interest. He breaks down and plans to reconcile with her, but spies from afar someone resembling her walking with a boy and gives her up for good. He stops visiting her mother also, who is now a celebrated beauty admired by passersby, and years later he can recall the glamour she displayed then.Two years later, the Narrator, his grandmother, and Françoise set out for the seaside town of Balbec. The Narrator is almost totally indifferent to Gilberte now. During the train ride, his grandmother, who only believes in proper books, lends him her favorite: the Letters of Mme. de Sévigné. At Balbec, the Narrator is disappointed with the church and uncomfortable in his unfamiliar hotel room, but his grandmother comforts him. He admires the seascape, and learns about the colorful staff and customers around the hotel: Aimé, the discreet headwaiter; the lift operator; M. de Stermaria and his beautiful young daughter; and M. de Cambremer and his wife, Legrandin's sister. His grandmother encounters an old friend, the blue-blooded Mme. de Villeparisis, and they renew their friendship. The three of them go for rides in the country, openly discussing art and politics. The Narrator longs for the country girls he sees alongside the roads, and has a strange feeling—possibly memory, possibly something else—while admiring a row of three trees. Mme. de Villeparisis is joined by her glamorous great-nephew Robert de Saint-Loup, who is involved with an unsuitable woman. Despite initial awkwardness, the Narrator and his grandmother become good friends with him. Bloch, the childhood friend from Combray, turns up with his family, and acts in typically inappropriate fashion. Saint-Loup's ultra-aristocratic and extremely rude uncle the Baron de Charlus arrives. The Narrator discovers Mme. de Villeparisis, her nephew M. de Charlus, and his nephew Saint-Loup are all of the Guermantes family. Charlus ignores the Narrator, but later visits him in his room and lends him a book. The next day, the Baron speaks shockingly informally to him, then demands the book back. The Narrator ponders Saint-Loup's attitude towards his aristocratic roots, and his relationship with his mistress, a mere actress whose recital bombed horribly with his family. One day, the Narrator sees a \"little band\" of teenage girls strolling beside the sea, and becomes infatuated with them, along with an unseen hotel guest named Mlle. Simonet. He joins Saint-Loup for dinner and reflects on how drunkenness affects his perceptions. Later they meet the painter Elstir, and the Narrator visits his studio. The Narrator marvels at Elstir's method of renewing impressions of ordinary things, as well as his connections with the Verdurins (he is \"M. Biche\") and Mme. Swann. He discovers the painter knows the teenage girls, particularly one dark-haired beauty who is Albertine Simonet. Elstir arranges an introduction, and the Narrator becomes friends with her, as well as her friends Andrée, Rosemonde, and Gisèle. The group goes for picnics and tours the countryside, as well as playing games, while the Narrator reflects on the nature of love as he becomes attracted to Albertine. Despite her rejection, they become close, although he still feels attracted to the whole group. At summer's end, the town closes up, and the Narrator is left with his image of first seeing the girls walking beside the sea.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth,_Comtesse_Greffulhe_1905_,_by_Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Élisabeth, Countess Greffulhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Greffulhe"},{"link_name":"Philip de László","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Dreyfus Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair"},{"link_name":"salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(gathering)"}],"sub_title":"Volume Three: The Guermantes Way","text":"Élisabeth, Countess Greffulhe (1905), by Philip de László, who served as the model for the character of the Duchesse de GuermantesThe Narrator's family has moved to an apartment connected with the Guermantes residence. Françoise befriends a fellow tenant, the tailor Jupien and his niece. The Narrator is fascinated by the Guermantes and their life, and is awed by their social circle while attending another Berma performance. He begins staking out the street where Mme. de Guermantes walks every day, to her evident annoyance. He decides to visit her nephew Saint-Loup at his military base, to ask to be introduced to her. After noting the landscape and his state of mind while sleeping, the Narrator meets and attends dinners with Saint-Loup's fellow officers, where they discuss the Dreyfus Affair and the art of military strategy. But the Narrator returns home after receiving a call from his aging grandmother. Mme. de Guermantes declines to see him, and he also finds he is still unable to begin writing. Saint-Loup visits on leave, and they have lunch and attend a recital with his actress mistress: Rachel, the Jewish prostitute, toward whom the unsuspecting Saint-Loup is crazed with jealousy. The Narrator then goes to Mme. de Villeparisis's salon, which is considered second-rate despite its public reputation. Legrandin attends and displays his social climbing. Bloch stridently interrogates M. de Norpois about the Dreyfus Affair, which has ripped all of society asunder, but Norpois diplomatically avoids answering. The Narrator observes Mme. de Guermantes and her aristocratic bearing, as she makes caustic remarks about friends and family, including the mistresses of her husband, who is M. de Charlus's brother. Mme. Swann arrives, and the Narrator remembers a visit from Morel, the son of his uncle Adolphe's valet, who revealed that the \"lady in pink\" was Mme. Swann. Charlus asks the Narrator to leave with him, and offers to make him his protégé. At home, the Narrator's grandmother has worsened, and while walking with him she suffers a stroke.The family seeks out the best medical help, and she is often visited by Bergotte, himself unwell, but she dies, her face reverting to its youthful appearance. Several months later, Saint-Loup, now single, convinces the Narrator to ask out the Stermaria daughter, newly divorced. Albertine visits; she has matured and they share a kiss. The Narrator then goes to see Mme. de Villeparisis, where Mme. de Guermantes, whom he has stopped following, invites him to dinner. The Narrator daydreams of Mme. de Stermaria, but she abruptly cancels, although Saint-Loup rescues him from despair by taking him to dine with his aristocratic friends, who engage in petty gossip. Saint-Loup passes on an invitation from Charlus to come visit him. The next day, at the Guermantes's dinner party, the Narrator admires their Elstir paintings, then meets the cream of society, including the Princess of Parma, who is an amiable simpleton. He learns more about the Guermantes: their hereditary features; their less-refined cousins the Courvoisiers; and Mme. de Guermantes's celebrated humor, artistic tastes, and exalted diction (although she does not live up to the enchantment of her name). The discussion turns to gossip about society, including Charlus and his late wife; the affair between Norpois and Mme. de Villeparisis; and aristocratic lineages. Leaving, the Narrator visits Charlus, who falsely accuses him of slandering him. The Narrator stomps on Charlus's hat and storms out, but Charlus is strangely unperturbed and gives him a ride home. Months later, the Narrator is invited to the Princesse de Guermantes's party. He tries to verify the invitation with M. and Mme. de Guermantes, but first sees something he will describe later. They will be attending the party but do not help him, and while they are chatting, Swann arrives. Now a committed Dreyfusard, he is very sick and nearing death, but the Guermantes assure him he will outlive them.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)"},{"link_name":"inverts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"}],"sub_title":"Volume Four: Sodom and Gomorrah","text":"The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, John Martin, 1852. The fourth volume opens with a discussion of the inhabitants of the two Biblical \"cities of the plain\".The Narrator describes what he had seen earlier: while waiting for the Guermantes to return so he could ask about his invitation, he saw Charlus encounter Jupien in their courtyard. The two then went into Jupien's shop and had intercourse. The Narrator reflects on the nature of \"inverts\", and how they are like a secret society, never able to live in the open. He compares them to flowers, whose reproduction through the aid of insects depends solely on happenstance. Arriving at the Princesse's party, his invitation seems valid as he is greeted warmly by her. He sees Charlus exchanging knowing looks with the diplomat Vaugoubert, a fellow invert. After several tries, the Narrator manages to be introduced to the Prince de Guermantes, who then walks off with Swann, causing speculation on the topic of their conversation. Mme. de Saint-Euverte tries to recruit guests for her party the next day, but is subjected to scorn from some of the Guermantes. Charlus is captivated by the two young sons of M. de Guermantes's newest mistress. Saint-Loup arrives and mentions the names of several promiscuous women to the Narrator. Swann takes the Narrator aside and reveals the Prince wanted to admit his and his wife's pro-Dreyfus leanings. Swann is aware of his old friend Charlus's behavior, then urges the Narrator to visit Gilberte, and departs. The Narrator leaves with M. and Mme. de Guermantes, and heads home for a late-night meeting with Albertine. He grows frantic when first she is late and then calls to cancel, but he convinces her to come. He writes an indifferent letter to Gilberte, and reviews the changing social scene, which now includes Mme. Swann's salon centered on Bergotte.He decides to return to Balbec, after learning the women mentioned by Saint-Loup will be there. At Balbec, grief at his grandmother's suffering, which was worse than he knew, overwhelms him. He ponders the intermittencies of the heart and the ways of dealing with sad memories. His mother, even sadder, has become more like his grandmother in homage. Albertine is nearby and they begin spending time together, but he starts to suspect her of lesbianism and of lying to him about her activities. He fakes a preference for her friend Andrée to make her become more trustworthy, and it works, but he soon suspects her of knowing several scandalous women at the hotel, including Léa, an actress. On the way to visit Saint-Loup, they meet Morel, the valet's son who is now an excellent violinist, and then the aging Charlus, who falsely claims to know Morel and goes to speak to him. The Narrator visits the Verdurins, who are renting a house from the Cambremers. On the train with him is the little clan: Brichot, who explains at length the derivation of the local place-names; Cottard, now a celebrated doctor; Saniette, still the butt of everyone's ridicule; and a new member, Ski. The Verdurins are still haughty and dictatorial toward their guests, who are as pedantic as ever. Charlus and Morel arrive together, and Charlus's true nature is barely concealed. The Cambremers arrive, and the Verdurins barely tolerate them.Back at the hotel, the Narrator ruminates on sleep and time, and observes the amusing mannerisms of the staff, who are mostly aware of Charlus's proclivities. The Narrator and Albertine hire a chauffeur and take rides in the country, leading to observations about new forms of travel as well as country life. The Narrator is unaware that the chauffeur and Morel are acquainted, and he reviews Morel's amoral character and plans towards Jupien's niece. The Narrator is jealously suspicious of Albertine but grows tired of her. She and the Narrator attend evening dinners at the Verdurins, taking the train with the other guests; Charlus is now a regular, despite his obliviousness to the clan's mockery. He and Morel try to maintain the secret of their relationship, and the Narrator recounts a ploy involving a fake duel that Charlus used to control Morel. The passing station stops remind the Narrator of various people and incidents, including two failed attempts by the Prince de Guermantes to arrange liaisons with Morel; a final break between the Verdurins and Cambremers; and a misunderstanding between the Narrator, Charlus, and Bloch. The Narrator has grown weary of the area and prefers others over Albertine, but she reveals to him as they leave the train that she has plans with Mlle. Vinteuil and her friend (the lesbians from Combray), which plunges him into despair. He invents a story about a broken engagement of his, to convince her to go to Paris with him, and after hesitating she suddenly agrees to go immediately. The Narrator tells his mother: he must marry Albertine.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caillavet,_L%C3%A9ontine_de.jpg"},{"link_name":"Léontine Lippmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ontine_Lippmann"},{"link_name":"Trocadéro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro,_Paris"}],"sub_title":"Volume Five: The Prisoner","text":"Léontine Lippmann (1844–1910), better known by her married name of Madame Arman or Madame Arman de Caillavet, was the model for Proust's Madame Verdurin.The Narrator is living with Albertine in his family's apartment, to Françoise's distrust and his absent mother's chagrin. He marvels that he has come to possess her, but has grown bored with her. He mostly stays home, but has enlisted Andrée to report on Albertine's whereabouts, as his jealousy remains. The Narrator gets advice on fashion from Mme. de Guermantes, and encounters Charlus and Morel visiting Jupien and his niece, who is being married off to Morel despite his cruelty towards her. One day, the Narrator returns from the Guermantes and finds Andrée just leaving, claiming to dislike the smell of their flowers. Albertine, who is more guarded to avoid provoking his jealousy, is maturing into an intelligent and elegant young lady. The Narrator is entranced by her beauty as she sleeps, and is only content when she is not out with others. She mentions wanting to go to the Verdurins, but the Narrator suspects an ulterior motive and analyzes her conversation for hints. He suggests she go instead to the Trocadéro with Andrée, and she reluctantly agrees. The Narrator compares dreams to wakefulness, and listens to the street vendors with Albertine, then she departs. He remembers trips she took with the chauffeur, then learns Léa the notorious actress will be at the Trocadero too. He sends Françoise to retrieve Albertine, and while waiting, he muses on music and Morel. When she returns, they go for a drive, while he pines for Venice and realizes she feels captive. He learns of Bergotte's final illness. That evening, he sneaks off to the Verdurins to try to discover the reason for Albertine's interest in them. He encounters Brichot on the way, and they discuss Swann, who has died. Charlus arrives and the Narrator reviews the Baron's struggles with Morel, then learns Mlle. Vinteuil and her friend are expected (although they do not come). Morel joins in performing a septet by Vinteuil, which evokes commonalities with his sonata that only the composer could create. Mme. Verdurin is furious that Charlus has taken control of her party; in revenge the Verdurins persuade Morel to repudiate him, and Charlus falls temporarily ill from the shock. Returning home, the Narrator and Albertine fight about his solo visit to the Verdurins, and she denies having affairs with Léa or Mlle. Vinteuil, but admits she lied on occasion to avoid arguments. He threatens to break it off, but they reconcile. He appreciates art and fashion with her, and ponders her mysteriousness. But his suspicion of her and Andrée is renewed, and they quarrel. After two awkward days and a restless night, he resolves to end the affair, but in the morning Françoise informs him: Albertine has asked for her boxes and left.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Figaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro"}],"sub_title":"Volume Six: The Fugitive","text":"The Narrator is anguished at Albertine's departure and absence. He dispatches Saint-Loup to convince her aunt Mme. Bontemps to send her back, but Albertine insists the Narrator should ask, and she will gladly return. The Narrator lies and replies he is done with her, but she just agrees with him. He writes to her that he will marry Andrée, then hears from Saint-Loup of the failure of his mission to the aunt. Desperate, he begs Albertine to return, but receives word: she has died in a riding accident. He receives two last letters from her: one wishing him and Andrée well, and one asking if she can return. The Narrator plunges into suffering amid the many different memories of Albertine, intimately linked to all of his everyday sensations. He recalls a suspicious incident she told him of at Balbec, and asks Aimé, the headwaiter, to investigate. He recalls their history together and his regrets, as well as love's randomness. Aimé reports back: Albertine often engaged in affairs with girls at Balbec. The Narrator sends him to learn more, and he reports other liaisons with girls. The Narrator wishes he could have known the true Albertine, whom he would have accepted. He begins to grow accustomed to the idea of her death, despite constant reminders that renew his grief. Andrée admits her own lesbianism but denies being with Albertine. The Narrator knows he will forget Albertine, just as he has forgotten Gilberte.He happens to meet Gilberte again; her mother Mme. Swann became Mme. de Forcheville and Gilberte is now part of high society, received by the Guermantes. The Narrator publishes an article in Le Figaro. Andrée visits him and confesses her relations with Albertine. She also explains the truth behind Albertine's departure: her aunt wanted her to marry another man. The Narrator and his mother visit Venice, which enthralls him. They happen to see Norpois and Mme. de Villeparisis there. A telegram signed from Albertine arrives, but the Narrator is indifferent. Returning home, the Narrator and his mother receive surprising news: Gilberte will marry Saint-Loup, and Jupien's niece will be adopted by Charlus and then married to Legrandin's nephew, an invert. There is much discussion of these marriages among society. The Narrator visits Gilberte in her new home where he also realizes that the telegram was from her, not Albertine, who is not alive, and is shocked to learn of Saint-Loup's affair with Morel, among others. He despairs for their friendship.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montesquiou,_Robert_de_-_Boldini.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert de Montesquiou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Montesquiou"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"sanatorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanatorium"}],"sub_title":"Volume Seven: Time Regained","text":"Robert de Montesquiou, the main inspiration for Baron de Charlus in À la recherche du temps perduThe Narrator is staying with Gilberte at her home near Combray. They go for walks, on one of which he is stunned to learn the Méséglise way and the Guermantes way are actually linked. Gilberte also tells him she was attracted to him when young, and had made a suggestive gesture to him as he watched her. Also, it was Léa she was walking with the evening he had planned to reconcile with her. He considers Saint-Loup's nature and reads an account of the Verdurins' salon, deciding he has no talent for writing.The scene shifts to a night in 1916, during World War I, when the Narrator has returned to Paris from a stay in a sanatorium and is walking the streets during a blackout. He reflects on the changed norms of art and society, with the Verdurins now highly esteemed. He recounts a 1914 visit from Saint-Loup, who was trying to enlist secretly. He recalls descriptions of the fighting he subsequently received from Saint-Loup and Gilberte, whose home was threatened. He describes a call paid on him a few days previously by Saint-Loup; they discussed military strategy. Now on the dark street, the Narrator encounters Charlus, who has completely surrendered to his impulses. Charlus reviews Morel's betrayals and his own temptation to seek vengeance; critiques Brichot's new fame as a writer, which has ostracized him from the Verdurins; and admits his general sympathy with Germany. The last part of the conversation draws a crowd of suspicious onlookers. After parting the Narrator seeks refuge in what appears to be a hotel, where he sees someone who looks familiar leaving. Inside, he discovers it to be a male brothel, and spies Charlus using the services. The proprietor turns out to be Jupien, who expresses a perverse pride in his business. A few days later, news comes that Saint-Loup has been killed in combat. The Narrator pieces together that Saint-Loup had visited Jupien's brothel, and ponders what might have been had he lived.Years later, again in Paris, the Narrator goes to a party at the house of the Prince de Guermantes. On the way he sees Charlus, now a mere shell of his former self, being helped by Jupien. The paving stones at the Guermantes house inspire another incident of involuntary memory for the Narrator, quickly followed by two more. Inside, while waiting in the library, he discerns their meaning: by putting him in contact with both the past and present, the impressions allow him to gain a vantage point outside time, affording a glimpse of the true nature of things. He realizes his whole life has prepared him for the mission of describing events as fully revealed, and (finally) resolves to begin writing. Entering the party, he is shocked at the disguises old age has given to the people he knew, and at the changes in society. Legrandin is now an invert, but is no longer a snob. Bloch is a respected writer and vital figure in society. Morel has reformed and become a respected citizen. Mme. de Forcheville is the mistress of M. de Guermantes. Mme. Verdurin has married the Prince de Guermantes after both their spouses died. Rachel is the star of the party, abetted by Mme. de Guermantes, whose social position has been eroded by her affinity for theater. Gilberte introduces her daughter to the Narrator; he is struck by the way the daughter encapsulates both the Méséglise and Guermantes ways within herself. He is spurred to writing, with help from Françoise and despite signs of approaching death. He realizes that every person carries within them the accumulated baggage of their past, and concludes that to be accurate he must describe how everyone occupies an immense range \"in Time\".","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honoré de Balzac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"Leo Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"symbolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Roger Shattuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Shattuck"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"À la recherche made a decisive break with the 19th-century realist and plot-driven novel, populated by people of action and people representing social and cultural groups or morals. Although parts of the novel could be read as an exploration of snobbery, deceit, jealousy and suffering, and although it contains a multitude of realistic details, the focus is not on the development of a tight plot or of a coherent evolution but on a multiplicity of perspectives and on the formation of experience. The protagonists of the first volume (the narrator as a boy and Swann) are, by the standards of 19th-century novels, remarkably introspective and passive, nor do they trigger action from other leading characters; to contemporary readers, reared on Honoré de Balzac, Victor Hugo and Leo Tolstoy, they would not function as centers of a plot. While there is an array of symbolism in the work, it is rarely defined through explicit \"keys\" leading to moral, romantic or philosophical ideas. The significance of what is happening is often placed within the memory or in the inner contemplation of what is described. This focus on the relationship between experience, memory and writing and the radical de-emphasizing of the outward plot, have become staples of the modern novel but were almost unheard of in 1913.Roger Shattuck elucidates an underlying principle in understanding Proust and the various themes present in his novel:Thus the novel embodies and manifests the principle of intermittence: to live means to perceive different and often conflicting aspects of reality. This iridescence never resolves itself completely into a unitive point of view. Accordingly, it is possible to project out of the Search itself a series of putative and intermittent authors ... The portraitist of an expiring society, the artist of romantic reminiscence, the narrator of the laminated \"I,\" the classicist of formal structure—all these figures are to be found in Proust ...[4]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"madeleine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_(cake)"},{"link_name":"flashback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(literary_technique)"},{"link_name":"involuntary memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_memory"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gilles Deleuze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ruskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"platonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonism"},{"link_name":"Baudelaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Memory","text":"The role of memory is central to the novel, introduced with the famous madeleine episode in the first section of the novel and in the last volume, Time Regained, a flashback similar to that caused by the madeleine is the beginning of the resolution of the story. Throughout the work many similar instances of involuntary memory, triggered by sensory experiences such as sights, sounds and smells conjure important memories for the narrator and sometimes return attention to an earlier episode of the novel. Although Proust wrote contemporaneously with Sigmund Freud, with there being many points of similarity between their thought on the structures and mechanisms of the human mind, neither author read the other.[5]The madeleine episode reads:No sooner had the warm liquid mixed with the crumbs touched my palate than a shudder ran through me and I stopped, intent upon the extraordinary thing that was happening to me. An exquisite pleasure had invaded my senses, something isolated, detached, with no suggestion of its origin. And at once the vicissitudes of life had become indifferent to me, its disasters innocuous, its brevity illusory—this new sensation having had on me the effect which love has of filling me with a precious essence; or rather this essence was not in me it was me. ... Whence did it come? What did it mean? How could I seize and apprehend it? ... And suddenly the memory revealed itself. The taste was that of the little piece of madeleine which on Sunday mornings at Combray (because on those mornings I did not go out before mass), when I went to say good morning to her in her bedroom, my aunt Léonie used to give me, dipping it first in her own cup of tea or tisane. The sight of the little madeleine had recalled nothing to my mind before I tasted it. And all from my cup of tea.Gilles Deleuze believed that the focus of Proust was not memory and the past but the narrator's learning the use of \"signs\" to understand and communicate ultimate reality, thereby becoming an artist.[6] While Proust was bitterly aware of the experience of loss and exclusion—loss of loved ones, loss of affection, friendship and innocent joy, which are dramatized in the novel through recurrent jealousy, betrayal and the death of loved ones—his response to this, formulated after he had discovered Ruskin, was that the work of art can recapture the lost and thus save it from destruction, at least in our minds.[citation needed] Art triumphs over the destructive power of time. This element of his artistic thought is clearly inherited from romantic platonism, but Proust crosses it with a new intensity in describing jealousy, desire and self-doubt. (Note the last quatrain of Baudelaire's poem \"Une Charogne\": \"Then, O my beauty! say to the worms who will / Devour you with kisses, / That I have kept the form and the divine essence / Of my decomposed love!\")[citation needed]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Separation anxiety","text":"Proust begins his novel with the statement, \"For a long time I used to go to bed early.\" This leads to lengthy discussion of his anxiety at leaving his mother at night and his attempts to force her to come and kiss him goodnight, even on nights when the family has company, culminating in a spectacular success, when his father suggests that his mother stay the night with him after he has waylaid her in the hall when she is going to bed.His anxiety leads to manipulation, much like the manipulation employed by his invalid aunt Léonie and all the lovers in the entire book, who use the same methods of petty tyranny to manipulate and possess their loved ones.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nature of art","text":"The nature of art is a motif in the novel and is often explored at great length. Proust sets forth a theory of art in which we are all capable of producing art, if by this we mean taking the experiences of life and transforming them in a way that shows understanding and maturity. Writing, painting, and music are also discussed at great length. Morel the violinist is examined to give an example of a certain type of \"artistic\" character, along with other fictional artists like the novelist Bergotte, the composer Vinteuil, and the painter Elstir.As early as the Combray section of Swann's Way, the narrator is concerned with his ability to write, since he desires to pursue a writing career. The transmutation of the experience of a scene in one of the family's usual walks into a short descriptive passage is described and the sample passage given. The narrator presents this passage as an early sample of his own writing, in which he has only had to alter a few words. The question of his own genius relates to all the passages in which genius is recognized or misunderstood because it presents itself in the guise of a humble friend, rather than a passionate artiste.The question of taste or judgement in art is also an important theme, as exemplified by Swann's exquisite taste in art, which is often hidden from his friends who do not share it or subordinated to his love interests.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucey-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucey-8"},{"link_name":"Alfred Agostinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Agostinelli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reynaldo Hahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynaldo_Hahn"},{"link_name":"Justin O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_O%27Brien_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Publications of the Modern Language Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publications_of_the_Modern_Language_Association"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Kosofsky_Sedgwick"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Homosexuality","text":"Questions pertaining to homosexuality appear throughout the novel, particularly in the later volumes. The first arrival of this theme comes in the Combray section of Swann's Way, where the daughter of the piano teacher and composer Vinteuil is seduced, and the narrator observes her having lesbian relations in front of the portrait of her recently deceased father.The narrator invariably suspects his lovers of liaisons with other women, a repetition of the suspicions held by Charles Swann about his mistress and eventual wife, Odette, in \"Swann's Way\". The first chapter of \"Cities of the Plain\" (\"Sodom and Gomorrah\") includes a detailed account of a sexual encounter between M. de Charlus, the novel's most prominent male homosexual, and his tailor. Critics have often observed that while the character of the narrator is ostensibly heterosexual, Proust intimates that the narrator is a closeted homosexual.[7][8] The narrator's manner towards male homosexuality is consistently aloof, yet the narrator is unaccountably knowledgeable. This strategy enables Proust to pursue themes related to male homosexuality—in particular the nature of closetedness—from both within and without a homosexual perspective. Proust does not designate Charlus's homosexuality until the middle of the novel, in \"Cities\"; afterwards the Baron's ostentatiousness and flamboyance, of which he is blithely unaware, completely absorb the narrator's perception. Lesbianism, on the other hand, tortures Swann and the narrator because it presents an inaccessible world. Whereas male homosexual desire is recognizable, insofar as it encompasses male sexuality, Odette's and Albertine's lesbian trysts represent Swann and the narrator's painful exclusion from characters they desire.There is much debate as to how great a bearing Proust's sexuality has on understanding these aspects of the novel. Although many of Proust's close family and friends suspected that he was homosexual, Proust never admitted this. It was only after his death that André Gide, in his publication of correspondence with Proust, made public Proust's homosexuality. In response to Gide's criticism that he hid his actual sexuality within his novel, Proust told Gide that \"one can say anything so long as one does not say 'I'.\"[8] Proust's intimate relations with such individuals as Alfred Agostinelli and Reynaldo Hahn are well-documented, though Proust was not \"out and proud\", except perhaps in close-knit social circles.In 1949, the critic Justin O'Brien published an article in the Publications of the Modern Language Association called \"Albertine the Ambiguous: Notes on Proust's Transposition of Sexes\", in which he proposed that some female characters are best understood as actually referring to young men.[9] Strip off the feminine ending of the names of the Narrator's lovers, Albertine, Gilberte, and Andrée, and one has their masculine counterparts. This theory has become known as the \"transposition of sexes theory\" in Proust criticism, but it has been challenged in Epistemology of the Closet (1990) by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and in Proust's Lesbianism (1999) by Elisabeth Ladenson.[10] Feminized forms of masculine names were and are commonplace in French.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bloomsbury Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Virginia Woolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Edith Wharton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Harold Bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Bloom"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Nabokov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov"},{"link_name":"Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Ulysses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Kafka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka"},{"link_name":"The Metamorphosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Metamorphosis"},{"link_name":"Bely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Bely"},{"link_name":"Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburg_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"J. Peder Zane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Peder_Zane"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"nouveau roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_roman"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Michael Dirda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dirda"},{"link_name":"Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales"},{"link_name":"essays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays_(Montaigne)"},{"link_name":"Montaigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne"},{"link_name":"Dante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri"},{"link_name":"Commedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"Michael Chabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Chabon"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh"},{"link_name":"A Handful of Dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Handful_of_Dust"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Nancy Mitford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Mitford"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mitford-23"},{"link_name":"Kazuo Ishiguro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Modern Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Library"},{"link_name":"Edmund White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_White"},{"link_name":"Alain de Botton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Botton"},{"link_name":"New York Mercantile Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mercantile_Library"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Mechanic's Institute Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Mechanics%27_Institute"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Boston Athenæum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Athen%C3%A6um"},{"link_name":"The Proust Society of Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//proustsociety.org/"}],"text":"In Search of Lost Time is considered, by many scholars and critics, to be the definitive modern novel.[11] It has had a profound effect on subsequent writers, such as the British authors who were members of the Bloomsbury Group.[12] Virginia Woolf wrote in 1922: \"Oh if I could write like that!\"[13] Edith Wharton wrote that \"Every reader enamoured of the art must brood in amazement over the way in which Proust maintains the balance between these two manners—the broad and the minute. His endowment as a novelist—his range of presentation combined with mastery of his instruments—has probably never been surpassed.\"[14] During Proust's lifetime, on the other hand, while he would achieve success, he would also face criticism from critics of his work. According to Cambridge University Press,\" Proust's reception during his lifetime is always set against the backdrop of often-hostile criticism, frequently based on the myth of the sickly, reclusive snob writing from the safety of his cork-lined room.\"[15]Harold Bloom wrote that In Search of Lost Time is now \"widely recognized as the major novel of the twentieth century\".[16] Vladimir Nabokov, in a 1965 interview, named the greatest prose works of the 20th century as, in order, \"Joyce's Ulysses, Kafka's Transformation [usually called The Metamorphosis], Bely's Petersburg, and the first half of Proust's fairy tale In Search of Lost Time\".[17] J. Peder Zane's book The Top Ten: Writers Pick Their Favorite Books, collates 125 \"top 10 greatest books of all time\" lists by prominent living writers; In Search of Lost Time is placed eighth.[18] In the 1960s, Swedish literary critic Bengt Holmqvist described the novel as \"at once the last great classic of French epic prose tradition and the towering precursor of the 'nouveau roman'\", indicating the vogue of new, experimental French prose but also, by extension, other post-war attempts to fuse different planes of location, temporality and fragmented consciousness within the same novel.[19] Michael Dirda wrote that \"To its admirers, it remains one of those rare encyclopedic summas, like Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, the essays of Montaigne or Dante's Commedia, that offer insight into our unruly passions and solace for life's miseries.\"[20] Pulitzer Prize-winning author Michael Chabon has called it his favorite book.[21]Proust's influence (in parody) is seen in Evelyn Waugh's A Handful of Dust (1934), in which Chapter 1 is entitled \"Du Côté de Chez Beaver\" and Chapter 6 \"Du Côté de Chez Tod\".[22] Waugh did not like Proust: in letters to Nancy Mitford in 1948, he wrote, \"I am reading Proust for the first time ... and am surprised to find him a mental defective\" and later, \"I still think [Proust] insane ... the structure must be sane & that is raving.\"[23] Another hostile critic is Kazuo Ishiguro, who said in an interview: \"To be absolutely honest, apart from the opening volume of Proust, I find him crushingly dull.\"[24]Since the publication in 1992 of a revised English translation by The Modern Library, based on a new definitive French edition (1987–89), interest in Proust's novel in the English-speaking world has increased. Two substantial new biographies have appeared in English, by Edmund White and William C. Carter, and at least two books about the experience of reading Proust have appeared, Alain de Botton's How Proust Can Change Your Life and Phyllis Rose's The Year of Reading Proust. The Proust Society of America, founded in 1997, has three chapters: at The New York Mercantile Library,[25] the Mechanic's Institute Library in San Francisco,[26] and the Boston Athenæum Library. Furthermore, in 2016, The Proust Society of Greenwich, a non-profit organization was created to accommodate reading and discussing Proust to readers all over the world through monthly online sessions.","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proust_Main_Characters.svg"},{"link_name":"Christian name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_name"},{"link_name":"Proust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Proust"},{"link_name":"aristocratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)"},{"link_name":"aesthete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthete"},{"link_name":"Robert de Montesquiou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Montesquiou"},{"link_name":"Comtesse Greffulhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Greffulhe"},{"link_name":"Laure de Chevigné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laure_de_Chevign%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laure_de_Chevign%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Gaston de Cavaillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Arman_de_Caillavet"},{"link_name":"Charles Ephrussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ephrussi"},{"link_name":"Dreyfus Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair"},{"link_name":"courtesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesan"},{"link_name":"Claude Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"Anatole France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_France"},{"link_name":"Paul Bourget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bourget"},{"link_name":"Vinteuil Sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinteuil_Sonata"},{"link_name":"Jean Racine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Racine"},{"link_name":"Madame Arman de Caillavet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ontine_Lippmann"},{"link_name":"Jean Cocteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cocteau"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"alter ego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_ego"}],"text":"Main characters of the novel. Blue lines denote acquaintances and pink lines love interests.The Narrator's householdThe Narrator: A sensitive young man who wishes to become a writer, whose identity is kept vague. In volume 5, The Captive, he addresses the reader thus: \"Now she began to speak; her first words were 'darling' or 'my darling,' followed by my Christian name, which, if we give the narrator the same name as the author of this book, would produce 'darling Marcel' or 'my darling Marcel.'\" (Proust, 64)\nThe Narrator's father: A diplomat who initially discourages the Narrator from writing.\nThe Narrator's mother: A supportive woman who worries for her son's career.\nBathilde Amédée: The narrator's grandmother. Her life and death greatly influence her daughter and grandson.\nAunt Léonie: A sickly woman whom the Narrator visits during stays at Combray.\nUncle Adolphe: The Narrator's great-uncle, who has many actress friends.\nFrançoise: The Narrator's faithful, stubborn maid.The GuermantesPalamède, Baron de Charlus: An aristocratic, decadent aesthete with many antisocial habits. Model is Robert de Montesquiou.\nOriane, Duchesse de Guermantes: The toast of Paris high society. She lives in the fashionable Faubourg St. Germain. Models are Comtesse Greffulhe and Laure de Chevigné [fr].\nRobert de Saint-Loup: An army officer and the narrator's best friend. Despite his patrician birth (he is the nephew of M. de Guermantes) and affluent lifestyle, Saint-Loup has no great fortune of his own until he marries Gilberte. Models are Gaston de Cavaillet and Clement de Maugny.\nMarquise de Villeparisis: The aunt of the Baron de Charlus. She is an old friend of the Narrator's grandmother.\nBasin, Duc de Guermantes: Oriane's husband and Charlus's brother. He is a pompous man with a succession of mistresses.\nPrince de Guermantes: The cousin of the Duc and Duchess.\nPrincesse de Guermantes: Wife of the Prince.The SwannsCharles Swann: A friend of the narrator's family (he is modeled on at least two of Proust's friends, Charles Haas and Charles Ephrussi). His political views on the Dreyfus Affair and marriage to Odette ostracize him from much of high society.\nOdette de Crécy: A beautiful Parisian courtesan. Odette is also referred to as Mme. Swann, the lady in pink, and in the final volume, Mme. de Forcheville.\nGilberte Swann: The daughter of Swann and Odette. She takes the name of her adopted father, M. de Forcheville, after Swann's death, and then becomes Mme. de Saint-Loup following her marriage to Robert de Saint-Loup, which joins Swann's Way and the Guermantes Way.ArtistsElstir: A famous painter whose renditions of sea and sky echo the novel's theme of the mutability of human life. Modeled on Claude Monet.\nBergotte: A well-known writer whose works the narrator has admired since childhood. The models are Anatole France and Paul Bourget.\nVinteuil: An obscure musician who gains posthumous recognition for composing a beautiful, evocative sonata, known as the Vinteuil Sonata.\nBerma: A famous actress who specializes in roles by Jean Racine.The Verdurins' \"Little Clan\"Madame Verdurin (Sidonie Verdurin): A poseur and a salonnière who rises to the top of society through inheritance, marriage, and sheer single-mindedness. One of the models is Madame Arman de Caillavet.\nM. Verdurin: The husband of Mme. Verdurin, who is her faithful accomplice.\nCottard: A doctor who is very good at his work.\nBrichot: A pompous academic.\nSaniette: A palaeographer who is subjected to ridicule by the clan.\nM. Biche: A painter who is later revealed to be Elstir.The \"little band\" of Balbec girlsAlbertine Simonet: A privileged orphan of average beauty and intelligence. The narrator's romance with her is the subject of much of the novel.\nAndrée: Albertine's friend, whom the Narrator occasionally feels attracted to.\nGisèle and Rosemonde: Other members of the little band.\nOctave: Also known as \"I'm a wash-out\", a rich boy who leads an idle existence at Balbec and is involved with several of the girls. Model is a young Jean Cocteau.[27]OthersCharles Morel: The son of a former servant of the narrator's uncle and a gifted violinist. He profits greatly from the patronage of the Baron de Charlus and later Robert de Saint-Loup.\nRachel: A prostitute and actress who is the mistress of Robert de Saint-Loup.\nMarquis de Norpois: A diplomat and friend of the Narrator's father. He is involved with Mme. de Villeparisis.\nAlbert Bloch: A pretentious Jewish friend of the Narrator, later a successful playwright; an alter ego of Marcel.\nJupien: A tailor who has a shop in the courtyard of the Guermantes hotel. He lives with his niece.\nMadame Bontemps: Albertine's aunt and guardian.\nLegrandin: A snobbish friend of the Narrator's family. Engineer and man of letters.\nMarquis and Marquise de Cambremer: Provincial gentry who live near Balbec. Mme. de Cambremer is Legrandin's sister.\nMlle. Vinteuil: Daughter of the composer Vinteuil. She has a wicked friend who encourages her to lesbianism.\nLéa: A notorious lesbian actress in residence at Balbec.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. K. Scott Moncrieff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._K._Scott_Moncrieff"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Sonnet 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet_30"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Terence Kilmartin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Kilmartin"},{"link_name":"D. J. Enright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._J._Enright"},{"link_name":"Modern Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Library"},{"link_name":"index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"concordance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordance_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"Allen Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Lane"},{"link_name":"Lydia Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Davis"},{"link_name":"James Grieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grieve_(Australian_translator)"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Press"},{"link_name":"Penguin Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Classics"},{"link_name":"Yale University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Brian Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Nelson_(literature_professor)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The first six volumes were first translated into English by the Scotsman C. K. Scott Moncrieff under the title Remembrance of Things Past, a phrase taken from Shakespeare's Sonnet 30; this was the first translation of the Recherche into another language. The individual volumes were Swann's Way, in two books (1922), Within a Budding Grove, in two books (1924), The Guermantes Way, in two books (1925), Cities of the Plain, in two books (1927), The Captive (1929), and The Sweet Cheat Gone (1930). The final volume, Le Temps retrouvé, was initially published in English in the UK as Time Regained (1931), translated by Stephen Hudson (a pseudonym of Sydney Schiff), and in the US as The Past Recaptured (1932) in a translation by Frederick Blossom. There were thus eleven books in the original English translation. Although cordial with Scott Moncrieff, Proust grudgingly remarked in a letter that Remembrance eliminated the correspondence between Temps perdu and Temps retrouvé (Painter, 352). Terence Kilmartin revised the Scott Moncrieff translation in 1981, using the new French edition of 1954. An additional revision by D. J. Enright—that is, a revision of a revision—was published by the Modern Library in 1992. It is based on the \"La Pléiade\" edition of the French text (1987–89), and rendered the title of the novel more literally as In Search of Lost Time. It also includes an index/concordance to the novel compiled by Terence Kilmartin that was published in 1983 as the Reader's Guide to the Remembrance of Things Past. The guide contains four indices: fictional characters from the novels; actual persons; places; and themes.In 1995, Penguin undertook a fresh translation based on the \"La Pléiade\" French text (published in 1987–89) of In Search of Lost Time by a team of seven different translators overseen by editor Christopher Prendergast. The six volumes were published in Britain under the Allen Lane imprint in 2002, each volume under the name of a separate translator, the first volume being American writer Lydia Davis, and the others under English translators and one Australian, James Grieve. The first four volumes were published in the US under the Viking imprint as hardcover editions in 2003–2004, while the entire set is available in paperback under the Penguin Classics imprint.Both the Modern Library and Penguin translations provide a detailed plot synopsis at the end of each volume. The last volume of the Modern Library edition, Time Regained, also includes Kilmartin's \"A Guide to Proust\", a set of four indexes covering the (fictional) characters, (real) persons, places (both real and fictional), and themes in the novel. The Modern Library volumes include a handful of endnotes, and alternative versions of some of the novel's famous episodes. The Penguin volumes each provide an extensive set of brief, non-scholarly endnotes that help identify cultural references perhaps unfamiliar to contemporary English readers. Reviews that discuss the merits of both translations can be found online at the Observer, the Telegraph, The New York Review of Books, The New York Times, TempsPerdu.com, and Reading Proust.Since 2013, Yale University Press has been publishing a new revision of Scott Moncrieff's translation, edited and annotated by William C. Carter, at the rate of one volume every two or three years.After a partial translation of the first volume in 2018, since 2023 Oxford University Press is publishing a new, complete translation by Brian Nelson, edited by Adam Watt.[28]","title":"English-language translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. K. Scott Moncrieff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._K._Scott_Moncrieff"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-394-71243-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-71243-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8129-6964-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-6964-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0300185430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300185430"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0300185423","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300185423"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0300186192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300186192"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0300186208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300186208"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0300186215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300186215"}],"sub_title":"Scott Moncrieff and subsequent revisions","text":"Remembrance of Things Past, translated by C. K. Scott Moncrieff. London: Chatto & Windus.\nTen books: Swann's Way, in two books (1922), Within a Budding Grove, in two books (1924), The Guermantes Way, in two books (1925), Cities of the Plain, in two books (1927), The Captive (1929), and The Sweet Cheat Gone (1930).\nRemembrance of Things Past, translated by C. K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, with Andreas Mayor (Time Regained). New York: Random House, 1981 (3 vols). ISBN 0-394-71243-9\nThree books: Vol. 1: Swann's Way; Within a Budding Grove—Vol. 2: The Guermantes Way; Cities of the Plain—Vol. 3: The Captive; The Fugitive; Time Regained\nIn Search of Lost Time, translated by C. K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, with Andreas Mayor (Time Regained). Revised by D.J. Enright. London: Chatto and Windus, New York: The Modern Library, 1992. Based on the French \"La Pléiade\" edition (1987–89). ISBN 0-8129-6964-2\nSix books: Swann's Way—Within a Budding Grove—The Guermantes Way—Sodom and Gomorrah—The Captive; The Fugitive—Time Regained.\nIn Search of Lost Time, translated by C. K. Scott Moncrieff, edited and annotated by William C. Carter (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2021, 2023).\nIn progress: Swann's Way ISBN 978-0300185430; In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower ISBN 978-0300185423; The Guermantes Way ISBN 978-0300186192; Sodom and Gomorrah ISBN 978-0300186208; The Captive and The Fugitive ISBN 978-0300186215","title":"English-language translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-243796-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-243796-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-303907-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303907-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-303922-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303922-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-303931-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303931-8"}],"sub_title":"Penguin Proust","text":"In Search of Lost Time (General Editor: Christopher Prendergast), translated by Lydia Davis, James Grieve, Mark Treharne, John Sturrock, Carol Clark, Peter Collier, & Ian Patterson. London: Allen Lane, 2002 (6 vols). Based on the French \"La Pléiade\" edition (1987–89), except The Fugitive, which is based on the 1954 definitive French edition. The first four volumes have been published in New York by Viking, 2003–04.\nSix books: The Way by Swann's (in the U.S., Swann's Way) ISBN 0-14-243796-4; In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower ISBN 0-14-303907-5; The Guermantes Way ISBN 0-14-303922-9; Sodom and Gomorrah ISBN 0-14-303931-8; The Prisoner; and The Fugitive – Finding Time Again.","title":"English-language translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Nelson_(literature_professor)"}],"sub_title":"Oxford Proust","text":"The Swann Way by Brian Nelson (Oxford, 2023)","title":"English-language translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Grieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grieve_(Australian_translator)"},{"link_name":"Richard Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Howard"},{"link_name":"Lydia Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Davis"},{"link_name":"Brian Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Nelson_(literature_professor)"},{"link_name":"Terence Kilmartin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Kilmartin"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hudson"}],"sub_title":"Individual translators","text":"Volume 1A Search for Lost Time: Swann's Way by James Grieve (Australian National University, 1982)\nSwann's Way by Richard Howard (Macmillan, 1992)\nThe Way by Swann's (UK) / Swann's Way (US) by Lydia Davis (Allen Lane, 2002)\nSwann in Love by Brian Nelson (Oxford, 2018) - partial translation of Volume 1\nSwann in Love by Lucy Raitz (Pushkin, 2022) - partial translation of Volume 1\nThe Swann Way by Brian Nelson (Oxford, 2023)Volumes 2–5In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower by James Grieve (Allen Lane, 2002)\nThe Guermantes Way by Mark Treharne (Allen Lane, 2002)\nSodom and Gomorrah by John Sturrock (Allen Lane, 2002)\nThe Captive by Carol Clark (Allen Lane, 2002)Volume 6Albertine Gone by Terence Kilmartin (Chatto & Windus, 1989)\nThe Fugitive by Peter Collier (Allen Lane, 2002)Volume 7Time Regained by Stephen Hudson (Sydney Schiff) (Chatto & Windus, 1931)\nThe Past Recaptured by Frederick Blossom (Random House, 1932)\nThe Past Recaptured by Andreas Mayor (Random House, 1970)\nFinding Time Again by Ian Patterson (Allen Lane, 2002)\nTime Regained by David Whiting (Naxos AudioBooks, 2012)","title":"English-language translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harold Pinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinter"},{"link_name":"graphic novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel"},{"link_name":"Franco-Belgian comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Heuet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Heuet"},{"link_name":"Albertine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_(Rose_novel)"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Rose"},{"link_name":"Vintage UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_UK"},{"link_name":"Neville Jason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Jason"},{"link_name":"Naxos Audiobooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos_(company)"},{"link_name":"Basileus Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basileus_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Fabio Carpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Carpi"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Swann in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swann_in_Love_(film)"},{"link_name":"Volker Schlöndorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Schl%C3%B6ndorff"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Irons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Irons"},{"link_name":"Ornella Muti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornella_Muti"},{"link_name":"Time Regained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Regained_(film)"},{"link_name":"Raúl Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Ruiz_(director)"},{"link_name":"Catherine Deneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve"},{"link_name":"Emmanuelle Béart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuelle_B%C3%A9art"},{"link_name":"John Malkovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Malkovich"},{"link_name":"La Captive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Captive"},{"link_name":"Chantal Akerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal_Akerman"},{"link_name":"Les Cent Livres des Hommes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Cent_Livres_des_Hommes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Cent_Livres_des_Hommes"},{"link_name":"Claude Santelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Santelli"},{"link_name":"Marie-Christine Barrault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Christine_Barrault"},{"link_name":"Isabelle Huppert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Huppert"},{"link_name":"The Modern World: Ten Great Writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Modern_World:_Ten_Great_Writers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nigel Wattis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigel_Wattis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roger Rees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Rees"},{"link_name":"À la recherche du temps perdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu_(film)"},{"link_name":"Nina Companéez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Compan%C3%A9ez"},{"link_name":"ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet"},{"link_name":"Roland Petit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Petit"},{"link_name":"Opéra de Monte-Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Monte-Carlo"},{"link_name":"Ballet National de Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_National_de_Marseille"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Philip Prowse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Prowse"},{"link_name":"Robert David MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_David_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Citizens' Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Citizens%27_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Remembrance of Things Past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_of_Things_Past_(play)"},{"link_name":"Harold Pinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinter"},{"link_name":"Di Trevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_Trevis"},{"link_name":"Royal National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Mary Zimmerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Zimmerman"},{"link_name":"My Life with Albertine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Life_with_Albertine"},{"link_name":"Off-Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway"},{"link_name":"Richard Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nelson_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Ricky Ian Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Ian_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Du côté de chez Proust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_chez_Proust&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jacques Sereys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Sereys"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Tardieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Luc_Tardieu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Tardieu"},{"link_name":"Comédie-Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Le Côté de Guermantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_Guermantes"},{"link_name":"Christophe Honoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Honor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Comédie-Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Théâtre Marigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Marigny"},{"link_name":"Loïc Corbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Corbery"},{"link_name":"Laurent Lafitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Lafitte"},{"link_name":"Dominique Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Blanc"},{"link_name":"The Proust Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Chaillet#The_Proust_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"radio play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_play"},{"link_name":"Harold Pinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinter"},{"link_name":"Michael Bakewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bakewell"},{"link_name":"Ned Chaillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Chaillet"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_3"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Michael Butt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Butt"},{"link_name":"The Classic Serial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Classic_Serial"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"James Wilby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilby"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Timberlake Wertenbaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timberlake_Wertenbaker"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Derek Jacobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Jacobi"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"PrintThe Proust Screenplay, a film adaptation by Harold Pinter published in 1978 (never filmed).\nRemembrance of Things Past, Part One: Combray; Part Two: Within a Budding Grove, vol. 1; Part Three: Within a Budding Grove, vol. 2; and Part Four: Un amour de Swann, vol. 1 are graphic novel adaptations by Franco-Belgian comics artist Stéphane Heuet in 1988.\nAlbertine, a parallel novel based on a rewriting of Albertine by Jacqueline Rose. Vintage UK, 2002.AudioRemembrance of Things Past narrated by Neville Jason for Naxos Audiobooks, abridged 1995-2002, unabridged 2010-2012.FilmBasileus Quartet (Quartetto Basileus), a 1982 film by Fabio Carpi, uses segments from Sodom and Gomorrah and Time Regained.[29]\nSwann in Love (Un Amour de Swann), a 1984 film by Volker Schlöndorff starring Jeremy Irons and Ornella Muti.\nTime Regained (Le Temps retrouvé), a 1999 film by Raúl Ruiz starring Catherine Deneuve, Emmanuelle Béart, and John Malkovich.\nLa Captive, a 2000 film by Chantal Akerman.TelevisionLes Cent Livres des Hommes [fr]: \"Du côté de chez Swann\", a 1971 episode by Claude Santelli starring Marie-Christine Barrault and Isabelle Huppert.\nThe Modern World: Ten Great Writers: \"Marcel Proust's 'A la recherche du temps perdu'\", a 1988 episode by Nigel Wattis starring Roger Rees.\nÀ la recherche du temps perdu (2011) by Nina Companéez, a four-hour, two-part French TV movie that covers all seven volumes.StageProust ou les intermittences du coeur, a ballet by Roland Petit. Premiered at Opéra de Monte-Carlo in 1974 by Ballet National de Marseille.[30]\nA Waste of Time, by Philip Prowse and Robert David MacDonald. A 4-hour long adaptation with a huge cast. Dir. by Philip Prowse at the Glasgow Citizens' Theatre in 1980, revived 1981 plus European tour.\nRemembrance of Things Past, by Harold Pinter and Di Trevis, based on Pinter's The Proust Screenplay. Dir. by Trevis (who had acted in A Waste of Time – see above) at the Royal National Theatre in 2000.[31]\nEleven Rooms of Proust, adapted and directed by Mary Zimmerman. A series of 11 vignettes from In Search of Lost Time, staged throughout an abandoned factory in Chicago.\nMy Life with Albertine, a 2003 Off-Broadway musical with book by Richard Nelson, music by Ricky Ian Gordon, and lyrics by both.\nDu côté de chez Proust, a 2005 solo performance adapted and acted by Jacques Sereys, directed by Jean-Luc Tardieu [fr], performed again in 2012 at the Comédie-Française.\nLe Côté de Guermantes, adapted and directed by Christophe Honoré, created in 2020 at Comédie-Française's Théâtre Marigny, with Loïc Corbery, Laurent Lafitte and Dominique Blanc.RadioThe Proust Screenplay, a radio play adapted from Harold Pinter's screenplay by Michael Bakewell, directed by Ned Chaillet, featuring Pinter as narrator, broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on May 11, 1997.[32]\nIn Search of Lost Time dramatised by Michael Butt for The Classic Serial, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 between February 6, 2005 and March 13, 2005. Starring James Wilby, it condensed the entire series into six episodes. Although considerably shortened, it received excellent reviews.[33]\nMarcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time, translated from French and dramatised by Timberlake Wertenbaker and broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2019, with Derek Jacobi as the narrator.[34]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hawks"},{"link_name":"The Big Sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Sleep_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"Lauren Bacall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Bacall"},{"link_name":"Philip Marlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Marlowe"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Bogart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Monty Python's Flying Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JustTheWords1989-37"},{"link_name":"Fish Licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_Licence"},{"link_name":"Mr. Praline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Praline"},{"link_name":"'addock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddock"},{"link_name":"The All-England Summarize Proust Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus_episodes#5._The_All-England_Summarize_Proust_Competition"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JustTheWords1989-37"},{"link_name":"Gene Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Wolfe"},{"link_name":"The Book of the New Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_the_New_Sun"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"The Fifth Head of Cerberus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifth_Head_of_Cerberus"},{"link_name":"Serial Experiments Lain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Experiments_Lain"},{"link_name":"Larry McMurtry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_McMurtry"},{"link_name":"Duane's Depressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_McMurtry#Duane_Moore_series"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"The Sopranos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sopranos"},{"link_name":"Fortunate Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortunate_Son_(The_Sopranos)"},{"link_name":"Tony Soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Soprano"},{"link_name":"panic attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_attack"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Melfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Melfi"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Haruki Murakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruki_Murakami"},{"link_name":"1Q84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Q84"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Ruth Ozeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Ozeki"},{"link_name":"A Tale for the Time Being","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_for_the_Time_Being"},{"link_name":"Harajuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harajuku"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"In Howard Hawks's The Big Sleep (1946), Vivian Rutledge (Lauren Bacall) tells Philip Marlowe (Humphrey Bogart), \"So you do get up. I was beginning to think you worked in bed, like Marcel Proust.\"[35]\nAndy Warhol's 1955 book A La Recherche du Shoe Perdu marked Warhol's \"transition from commercial to gallery artist\".[36]\nThe British television series Monty Python's Flying Circus (1969–1974) references the book and its author in two episodes.[37] In the \"Fish Licence\" sketch, Mr. Praline mentions that Proust \"had an 'addock\" as a pet fish, and warns, when his listener laughs, \"if you're calling the author of À la recherche du temps perdu a looney, I shall have to ask you to step outside!\" In another sketch entitled \"The All-England Summarize Proust Competition\", contestants are required to summarize all of Proust's seven volumes of the novel in 15 seconds.[37]\nScience fiction author Gene Wolfe cited Proust as an influence, saying: \"Proust, of course, was obsessed with some of the same things I deal with in The Book of the New Sun – memory and the way memory affects us.\"[38] The opening line of his novella The Fifth Head of Cerberus is a parphrase of the first sentence of Swann's Way.\nThe 1998 television series Serial Experiments Lain concludes with an allusion to the madeleine episode of Lost Time.\nIn Larry McMurtry's 1999 novel Duane's Depressed, Duane Moore's therapist assigns him the task of reading the Proust novel.[39] She tells him, \"The reason I made you read Proust is because it's still the greatest catalogue of the varieties of disappointment human beings feel.\"[40]\nIn the third episode of the third season of The Sopranos, \"Fortunate Son\" (2001), Tony Soprano has a breakthrough about the role the smell of meat plays in triggering his panic attacks, which his therapist, Dr. Jennifer Melfi, likens to Proust's madeleines.[41]\nIn Haruki Murakami's 1Q84 (2009), the main character Aomame spends an entire fall locked in an apartment, where the book becomes her only entertainment. Aomame's days are spent eating, sleeping, working out, staring off the balcony to the city below and the Moon above, and slowly reading through Lost Time.[42]\nIn Ruth Ozeki's A Tale for the Time Being (2013), a French edition of the novel is turned into a diary by a handicraft saleswoman in Harajuku. The diary is bought by protagonist Nao Yasutani, and later discovered by Ruth when it washes ashore in British Columbia.[43]","title":"References in popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The New York Review of Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"The Ghost (anthologized in Collected poems, 1901-1918 and Motley)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collected_poems,_1901-1918/The_Ghost_(Motley,_1919)"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190818071627/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collected_poems,_1901-1918/The_Ghost_(Motley,_1919)"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Chronology of Proust's 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Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-394-71182-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-71182-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-394-50041-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-50041-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-118035-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-118035-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-32180-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32180-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-100203-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-100203-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8014-8132-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8132-5"}],"text":"Notes^ Edmund White, \"Proust the Passionate Reader\", The New York Review of Books (April 4, 2013), p. 20.\n\n^ Walter de la Mare (on Wikisource), The Ghost (anthologized in Collected poems, 1901-1918 and Motley) Archived 2019-08-18 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 18th August 2019.\n\n^ Calkins, Mark. Chronology of Proust's Life Archived 2006-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. TempsPerdu.com Archived 2012-08-12 at the Wayback Machine. May 25, 2005.\n\n^ Shattuck, Roger. Marcel Proust. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982, p. 6\n\n^ Bragg, Melvyn. \"In Our Time: Proust\". BBC Radio 4. April 17, 2003. See also Malcolm Bowie, \"Freud, Proust, and Lacan: Theory as Fiction,\" Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. For differences between Freud and Proust, see Joshua Landy, \"Philosophy As Fiction: Self, Deception, and Knowledge in Proust,\" New York: Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 29, 165.\n\n^ Ronald Bogue, Deleuze and Guattari, p. 36. Archived 2023-04-07 at the Wayback Machine See also Culler, Structuralist Poetics, p. 122. Archived 2023-04-17 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"...the by now authentically banal exposure of Proust's narrator as a closeted homosexual\" Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. \"Proust and the Spectacle of the Closet\", in Epistemology of the Closet. Berkeley: University of California, 1990. 223.\n\n^ a b Lucey, Michael. \"Proust's Queer Metalapses\" Never Say I: Sexuality and the First Person in Colette, Gide, and Proust. Durham: Duke University Pess, 2006. 218.\n\n^ O'Brien, Justin (1949). \"Albertine the Ambiguous: Notes on Proust's Transposition of Sexes\". PMLA. 64 (5): 933–952. doi:10.2307/459544. ISSN 0030-8129. JSTOR 459544. S2CID 163853078.\n\n^ Ladenson, Elisabeth (1999). Proust's Lesbianism. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3595-1.\n\n^ \"Published Reviews\". Library Thing. Archived from the original on 2024-02-16. Retrieved 2024-02-14.\n\n^ Bragg, Melvyn. \"In Our Time: Proust\" Archived 2006-03-10 at the Wayback Machine. BBC Radio 4. April 17, 2003.\n\n^ 2:525\n\n^ Wharton, Edith. The Writing of Fiction.\n\n^ Elsner, Anna Magdalena (2013). \"Chapter 24 - Critical reception during Proust's lifetime\". Cambridge University Press. pp. 183–190. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139135023.029. ISBN 978-1-316-62624-5. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024.\n\n^ Farber, Jerry. \"Scott Moncrieff's Way: Proust in Translation\" Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine. Proust Said That. Issue No. 6. Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine March 1997.\n\n^ \"Nabokov's interview. (05) TV-13 NY [1965]\". Lib.ru. Archived from the original on 2020-11-08. Retrieved 2014-01-02.\n\n^ Grossman, Lev. \"The 10 Greatest Books of All Time\". Time. January 15, 2007.\n\n^ Holmqvist, B. 1966, Den moderna litteraturen, Bonniers förlag, Stockholm\n\n^ Dirda, Michael (2005). Bound to Please. W. W. Norton.\n\n^ The Morning News LLC; www.themorningnews.org (May 24, 1963). \"Michael Chabon\". The Morning News. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2014-01-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Troubled Legacies, ed. Allan Hepburn, p. 256\n\n^ Charlotte Mosley, ed. (1996). The Letters of Nancy Mitford and Evelyn Waugh. Hodder & Stoughton.\n\n^ Maddie Crum (March 3, 2015). \"Kazuo Ishiguro On Memory, Censorship And Why Proust Is Overrated\". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 2019-12-18. Retrieved 2019-12-18.\n\n^ \"The Mercantile Library • Proust Society\". Mercantilelibrary.org. November 9, 2013. Archived from the original on June 24, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2014.\n\n^ Proust Society of America Archived June 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Alexander, Patrick (2009-09-22). Marcel Proust's Search for Lost Time: A Reader's Guide to The Remembrance of Things Past. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 289. ISBN 978-0307472328. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2020-11-12.\n\n^ Clifford, Becky (2023-09-14). \"Translating Proust again\". OUPblog. Archived from the original on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2023-11-29.\n\n^ Beugnet and Marion Schmid, 206\n\n^ Schmid, Marion (2013-04-01). \"Proust at the Ballet: Literature and Dance in Dialogue\". French Studies. 67 (2). Oxford University Press: 184–198. doi:10.1093/fs/kns309. hdl:20.500.11820/1b662a7d-ee23-4390-84b5-13bb9036da37. ISSN 1468-2931. Archived from the original on 2021-07-10. Retrieved 2021-06-02.\n\n^ Productions: Remembrance of Things Past. NationalTheatre.org Archived 2015-10-07 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 25, 2006.\n\n^ Robert Hanks (May 17, 1997). \"Giving Proust the Pinter treatment\". Independent. Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2014-01-02.\n\n^ Reviews of radio adaptation Archived August 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time\". BBC Radio 4. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.\n\n^ \"The Big Sleep (1946) - Lauren Bacall as Vivian Rutledge - IMDb\". IMDb. Archived from the original on 2022-09-05. Retrieved 2022-09-05.\n\n^ Smith, John W., Pamela Allara, and Andy Warhol. Possession Obsession: Andy Warhol and Collecting. Pittsburgh, PA: Andy Warhol Museum, 2002, p. 46. ISBN 0-9715688-0-4\n\n^ a b Chapman, Graham; Cleese, John; Gilliam, Terry; Idle, Eric; Jones, Terry; Palin, Michael (1990) [1989]. Monty Python's Flying Circus: Just the Words. London: Mandarin. ISBN 0-7493-0226-7.\n\n^ McCaffery, Larry (November 1988). \"On Encompassing the Entire Universe: An Interview With Gene Wolfe\". Science Fiction Studies. Archived from the original on 2006-08-14. Retrieved 2022-09-05.\n\n^ Houston, Robert (January 7, 1999). \"Happy Trails\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021.\n\n^ Smith, Kyle (March 28, 2021). \"The Underappreciated Genius of Larry McMurtry\". National Review. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved March 30, 2021.\n\n^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: \"All this from a slice of gabagool?\". YouTube. June 8, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2021.\n\n^ Murakami, Haruki, 1Q84: Book Three (Vintage Books: 2011), p. 29.\n\n^ Ozeki, Ruth, A Tale For The Time.BibliographyBouillaguet, Annick and Rogers, Brian G. Dictionnaire Marcel Proust. Paris: Honoré Champion, 2004. ISBN 2-7453-0956-0\nDouglas-Fairbank, Robert. \"In search of Marcel Proust\" Archived 2006-02-08 at the Wayback Machine in the Guardian, November 17, 2002.\nKilmartin, Terence. \"Note on the Translation.\" Remembrance of Things Past. Vol. 1. New York: Vintage, 1981: ix–xii. ISBN 0-394-71182-3\nPainter, George. Marcel Proust: A Biography. Vol. 2. New York: Random House, 1959. ISBN 0-394-50041-5\nProust, Marcel. (Carol Clark, Peter Collier, trans.) The Prisoner and The Fugitive. London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2003. ISBN 0-14-118035-8\nShattuck, Roger. Proust's Binoculars. Chatto & Windus London, 1964.\nShattuck, Roger. Proust's Way: A Field Guide To in Search of Lost Time. New York: W W Norton, 2000. ISBN 0-393-32180-0\nTadié, J-Y. (Euan Cameron, trans.) Marcel Proust: A Life. New York: Penguin Putnam, 2000. ISBN 0-14-100203-4\nTerdiman, Richard. Present Past: Modernity and the Memory Crisis. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1993. ISBN 0-8014-8132-5\nWoolf, Virginia. The Letters of Virginia Woolf. Eds. Nigel Nicolson and Joanne Trautmann. 7 vols. New York: Harcourt, 1976, 1977.\nBeugnet, Martin and Schmid, Marion. Proust at the Movies. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-300-08145-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08145-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-679-44275-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-44275-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0500238547","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500238547"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-684-83984-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83984-9"},{"link_name":"University of California Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-07874-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07874-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-670-88057-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-88057-4"}],"text":"Carter, William C. Marcel Proust: A Life. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-300-08145-6\nDe Botton, Alain. How Proust Can Change Your Life. New York: Pantheon 1997. ISBN 0-679-44275-8\nDeleuze, Gilles. Proust and Signs. (Translation by Richard Howard.) George Braziller, Inc. 1972.\nKarpeles, Eric. Paintings in Proust: A Visual Companion to in Search of Lost Time. Thames & Hudson, 2008. ISBN 978-0500238547\nO'Brien, Justin. \"Albertine the Ambiguous: Notes on Proust's Transposition of Sexes\", PMLA 64: 933–52, 1949.\nPugh, Anthony. The Birth of A la recherche du temps perdu, French Forum Publishers, 1987.\nPugh, Anthony. The Growth of A la recherche du temps perdu: A Chronological Examination of Proust's Manuscripts from 1909 to 1914, University of Toronto Press, 2004 (two volumes).\nRose, Phyllis. The Year of Reading Proust. New York: Scribner, 1997. ISBN 0-684-83984-9\nSedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. Epistemology of the Closet. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. ISBN 0-520-07874-8\nWhite, Edmund. Marcel Proust. New York: Penguin US, 1999. ISBN 0-670-88057-4","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"NRF edition of Du côté de chez Swann, 1917","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Proust_1917.jpg/220px-Proust_1917.jpg"},{"image_text":"1923 edition of La Prisonnière. It is labelled as \"Tome VI\" as Sodom et Gomorrhe was originally published in two volumes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Proust_La_Prisonniere_1923.jpg/220px-Proust_La_Prisonniere_1923.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illiers, the country town overlooked by a church steeple where Proust spent time as a child and which he described as \"Combray\" in the novel. The town adopted the name Illiers-Combray in homage.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Illiers-Combray.jpg/220px-Illiers-Combray.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Mme. Geneviève Bizet, née Geneviève Halévy, by Jules-Élie Delaunay, in Musée d'Orsay (1878). She served as partial inspiration for the character of Odette.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Straus%2C_Genevi%C3%A8ve_-_2.jpg/220px-Straus%2C_Genevi%C3%A8ve_-_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The beach at Cabourg, a seaside resort that was the model for Balbec in the novel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/CabourgPlage.jpg/220px-CabourgPlage.jpg"},{"image_text":"Élisabeth, Countess Greffulhe (1905), by Philip de László, who served as the model for the character of the Duchesse de Guermantes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Elizabeth%2C_Comtesse_Greffulhe_1905_%2C_by_Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo.jpg/220px-Elizabeth%2C_Comtesse_Greffulhe_1905_%2C_by_Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, John Martin, 1852. The fourth volume opens with a discussion of the inhabitants of the two Biblical \"cities of the plain\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg/220px-John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg"},{"image_text":"Léontine Lippmann (1844–1910), better known by her married name of Madame Arman or Madame Arman de Caillavet, was the model for Proust's Madame Verdurin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Caillavet%2C_L%C3%A9ontine_de.jpg"},{"image_text":"Robert de Montesquiou, the main inspiration for Baron de Charlus in À la recherche du temps perdu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Montesquiou%2C_Robert_de_-_Boldini.jpg/170px-Montesquiou%2C_Robert_de_-_Boldini.jpg"},{"image_text":"Main characters of the novel. Blue lines denote acquaintances and pink lines love interests.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Proust_Main_Characters.svg/530px-Proust_Main_Characters.svg.png"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg"},{"title":"Novels portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Novels"},{"title":"Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde%27s_100_Books_of_the_Century"},{"title":"Mono no aware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_no_aware"}]
[{"reference":"O'Brien, Justin (1949). \"Albertine the Ambiguous: Notes on Proust's Transposition of Sexes\". PMLA. 64 (5): 933–952. doi:10.2307/459544. ISSN 0030-8129. JSTOR 459544. S2CID 163853078.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F459544","url_text":"10.2307/459544"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8129","url_text":"0030-8129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/459544","url_text":"459544"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163853078","url_text":"163853078"}]},{"reference":"Ladenson, Elisabeth (1999). Proust's Lesbianism. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3595-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3595-1","url_text":"0-8014-3595-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Published Reviews\". Library Thing. Archived from the original on 2024-02-16. Retrieved 2024-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240216000353/https://www.librarything.com/work/23844","url_text":"\"Published Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_Thing","url_text":"Library Thing"},{"url":"https://www.librarything.com/work/23844","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wharton, Edith. The Writing of Fiction.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Elsner, Anna Magdalena (2013). \"Chapter 24 - Critical reception during Proust's lifetime\". Cambridge University Press. pp. 183–190. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139135023.029. ISBN 978-1-316-62624-5. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/marcel-proust-in-context/critical-reception-during-prousts-lifetime/C8242BA1DBF2F41C2B43E75C5FBD13B0","url_text":"\"Chapter 24 - Critical reception during Proust's lifetime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139135023.029","url_text":"10.1017/CBO9781139135023.029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-62624-5","url_text":"978-1-316-62624-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240117181811/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/marcel-proust-in-context/critical-reception-during-prousts-lifetime/C8242BA1DBF2F41C2B43E75C5FBD13B0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nabokov's interview. (05) TV-13 NY [1965]\". Lib.ru. Archived from the original on 2020-11-08. Retrieved 2014-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://lib.ru/NABOKOW/Inter05.txt","url_text":"\"Nabokov's interview. (05) TV-13 NY [1965]\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201108091917/http://lib.ru/NABOKOW/Inter05.txt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dirda, Michael (2005). Bound to Please. W. W. Norton.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton","url_text":"W. W. Norton"}]},{"reference":"The Morning News LLC; www.themorningnews.org (May 24, 1963). \"Michael Chabon\". The Morning News. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2014-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themorningnews.org/archives/people/michael_chabon.php","url_text":"\"Michael Chabon\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110612014942/http://www.themorningnews.org/archives/people/michael_chabon.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Charlotte Mosley, ed. (1996). The Letters of Nancy Mitford and Evelyn Waugh. Hodder & Stoughton.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Maddie Crum (March 3, 2015). \"Kazuo Ishiguro On Memory, Censorship And Why Proust Is Overrated\". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 2019-12-18. Retrieved 2019-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/kazuo-ishiguro-interview_n_6785824","url_text":"\"Kazuo Ishiguro On Memory, Censorship And Why Proust Is Overrated\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191218133531/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/kazuo-ishiguro-interview_n_6785824","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Mercantile Library • Proust Society\". Mercantilelibrary.org. November 9, 2013. Archived from the original on June 24, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090624204600/http://www.mercantilelibrary.org/groups/proust.php","url_text":"\"The Mercantile Library • Proust Society\""},{"url":"http://www.mercantilelibrary.org/groups/proust.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Patrick (2009-09-22). Marcel Proust's Search for Lost Time: A Reader's Guide to The Remembrance of Things Past. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 289. ISBN 978-0307472328. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2020-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l4C0I7dCktgC&q=octave+cocteau+proust&pg=PA289","url_text":"Marcel Proust's Search for Lost Time: A Reader's Guide to The Remembrance of Things Past"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307472328","url_text":"978-0307472328"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240527081842/https://books.google.com/books?id=l4C0I7dCktgC&q=octave+cocteau+proust&pg=PA289#v=snippet&q=octave%20cocteau%20proust&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clifford, Becky (2023-09-14). \"Translating Proust again\". OUPblog. Archived from the original on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2023-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.oup.com/2023/09/translating-proust-again/","url_text":"\"Translating Proust again\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231207231726/https://blog.oup.com/2023/09/translating-proust-again/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schmid, Marion (2013-04-01). \"Proust at the Ballet: Literature and Dance in Dialogue\". French Studies. 67 (2). Oxford University Press: 184–198. doi:10.1093/fs/kns309. hdl:20.500.11820/1b662a7d-ee23-4390-84b5-13bb9036da37. ISSN 1468-2931. Archived from the original on 2021-07-10. Retrieved 2021-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/fs/article-abstract/67/2/184/519074?redirectedFrom=fulltext","url_text":"\"Proust at the Ballet: Literature and Dance in Dialogue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Studies","url_text":"French Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffs%2Fkns309","url_text":"10.1093/fs/kns309"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F1b662a7d-ee23-4390-84b5-13bb9036da37","url_text":"20.500.11820/1b662a7d-ee23-4390-84b5-13bb9036da37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2931","url_text":"1468-2931"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210710004622/https://academic.oup.com/fs/article-abstract/67/2/184/519074?redirectedFrom=fulltext","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Robert Hanks (May 17, 1997). \"Giving Proust the Pinter treatment\". Independent. Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2014-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/giving-proust-the-pinter-treatment-1262063.html","url_text":"\"Giving Proust the Pinter treatment\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125233124/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/giving-proust-the-pinter-treatment-1262063.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time\". BBC Radio 4. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0007wkx","url_text":"\"Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191010175150/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0007wkx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Big Sleep (1946) - Lauren Bacall as Vivian Rutledge - IMDb\". IMDb. Archived from the original on 2022-09-05. Retrieved 2022-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0038355/characters/nm0000002","url_text":"\"The Big Sleep (1946) - Lauren Bacall as Vivian Rutledge - IMDb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905035322/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0038355/characters/nm0000002","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Graham; Cleese, John; Gilliam, Terry; Idle, Eric; Jones, Terry; Palin, Michael (1990) [1989]. Monty Python's Flying Circus: Just the Words. London: Mandarin. ISBN 0-7493-0226-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/montypythonsflyi0000unse","url_text":"Monty Python's Flying Circus: Just the Words"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7493-0226-7","url_text":"0-7493-0226-7"}]},{"reference":"McCaffery, Larry (November 1988). \"On Encompassing the Entire Universe: An Interview With Gene Wolfe\". Science Fiction Studies. Archived from the original on 2006-08-14. Retrieved 2022-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/interviews/wolfe46interview.htm","url_text":"\"On Encompassing the Entire Universe: An Interview With Gene Wolfe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_Studies","url_text":"Science Fiction Studies"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060814033541/https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/interviews/wolfe46interview.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Houston, Robert (January 7, 1999). \"Happy Trails\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/02/21/reviews/990221.21houst.html","url_text":"\"Happy Trails\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210421193232/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/02/21/reviews/990221.21houst.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Kyle (March 28, 2021). \"The Underappreciated Genius of Larry McMurtry\". National Review. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved March 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/03/the-underappreciated-genius-of-larry-mcmurtry/","url_text":"\"The Underappreciated Genius of Larry McMurtry\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240527081843/https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/03/the-underappreciated-genius-of-larry-mcmurtry/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"All this from a slice of gabagool?\". YouTube. June 8, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZoCdl2lJu8","url_text":"\"All this from a slice of gabagool?\""}]},{"reference":"Gregory, Woods. \"Proust, Marcel (1871–1922): À la recherche du temps perdu\". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070211134328/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/proust_m.html","url_text":"\"Proust, Marcel (1871–1922): À la recherche du temps perdu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glbtq.com","url_text":"glbtq.com"},{"url":"http://www.glbtq.com/literature/proust_m.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rebel_Billionaire
The Rebel Billionaire: Branson's Quest for the Best
["1 Premise","2 Presentation","3 Contestants","4 Broadcasting","5 References","6 External links"]
TV series or program The Rebel Billionaire: Branson's Quest for the BestGenreReality televisionWritten by Tod Dahlke Laura Fuest Lori Levin-Hyams Directed by Leslie Garvin Sean Travis Opening theme"Live and Let Die" by Butch WalkerNo. of seasons1No. of episodes13ProductionExecutive producers Richard Branson Tod Dahlke Laura Fuest Kevin Lee Lori Levin-Hyams Jonathan Murray Producers Tess Gamboa Denise Alvarado Darren Roth Dave Neglia Jeff Schmidt Bechara 'Bicha' Gholam Danny Kon Farzin Toussi Cinematography Mark Jungjohann Marc McCrudden Editors Chris Collins James Gavin Bedford Larry Druker Todd R. Lewis Matt McCartie Jeff Savenick Joe Shugart Production companyBunim/Murray ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkFoxReleaseNovember 9, 2004 (2004-11-09) –January 11, 2005 (2005-01-11) The Rebel Billionaire: Branson's Quest for the Best is a reality show for Fox Broadcasting Company's fall 2004 season. Premise The premise for the series was that billionaire Richard Branson, founder of the Virgin Group, challenges 16 contestants to tasks that will prove to him which is most qualified to take over as president of Virgin. This format is strongly derivative of popular NBC reality show The Apprentice, though as well as business-related tasks it also incorporated many tough physical challenges, reflecting Branson's love of daredevil stunts. Each week also saw the contestants travel to a different country, whereas The Apprentice is just situated in one area. Shawn Nelson was the winner. Presentation The one-hour show premiered on November 9, 2004 on the Fox network, and aired 12 episodes through January 2005. Although the show had over 5.5 million viewers, it was considered a ratings disappointment for American television prime-time programming. The show found ratings success internationally though, airing in 19 countries around the world, ranking as the #1 show in many countries where Richard Branson does business. The Rebel Billionaire also reran on the Fox Reality Channel. Contestants (as they appeared on the show & in order of elimination) Contestant Occupation Shawn Nelson (Winner) Founder of LoveSac Corporation Sara Blakely Founder of Spanx, Inc. Heather Maclean Founder of Little Laureate Inc. Gabriel Baldinucci Real Estate Investor Erica Vilardi Model Nicole Harvat Labor Attorney Candida Tolentino Founder of Earth Cafe Living Foods Steve Berke Real Estate Manager/Tennis Pro Jessica McCann Former Owner of Sales Company Michael Zindell Wall Street Strategist Jermaine Jamison Technology Sales Specialist/Motivational Speaker Sam Heshmati Financial Analyst Jennifer Grinspan Radio Station Advertising Manager Tim Hudson Trial Attorney Aisha Krump Pharmaceutical sales representative Spencer Car Salesman Broadcasting Country Broadcaster  Australia Channel Seven  Belgium Plug TV  Brazil FX  Canada Global TV  China International Channel Shanghai  Egypt OTV  Estonia TV3  Hong Kong TVB Pearl  Kenya KTN  Latvia TV3  Lithuania TV3  Malaysia 8TV  New Zealand TV3  Philippines Studio 23  South Africa MNET Series  Sweden TV8 (Broadcast during the end of 2007 and again from March 2009)  Turkey FX  United Kingdom ITV2  United States Fox  Venezuela FX References ^ "The Rebel Billionaire: Branson's Quest for the Best". Yahoo TV. Yahoo!. Retrieved 2009-06-25. ^ "Rebel Billionaire". Internet Movie Database. ^ "The Rebel Billionaire Struggles in Debut". Reality TV World. November 16, 2004. ^ "The Rebel Billionaire dominates its timeslot". Seven, Australia media company. ^ "Fox Reveals Identities of Rebel Billionaire Contestants" (Press release). Fox. November 3, 2004. External links The Rebel Billionaire: Branson's Quest for the Best at IMDb The Rebel Billionaire at Reality TV World Salon.com article about the show
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympian_pantheon
Twelve Olympians
["1 Olympians","2 Twelve gods","3 List","4 Genealogy","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"]
Major deities of the Greek pantheon Fragment of a Hellenistic relief (1st century BC–1st century AD) depicting the twelve Olympians carrying their attributes in procession; from left to right: Hestia (scepter), Hermes (winged cap and staff), Aphrodite (veiled), Ares (helmet and spear), Demeter (scepter and wheat sheaf), Hephaestus (staff), Hera (scepter), Poseidon (trident), Athena (owl and helmet), Zeus (thunderbolt and staff), Artemis (bow and quiver) and Apollo (lyre) from the Walters Art Museum. Part of a series onGreek mythology Deities Primordial Titans Olympians Nymphs Water Chthonic Heroes and heroism Heracles Labours Achilles Hector Diomedes Trojan War Odysseus Odyssey Jason Argonauts Golden Fleece Perseus Medusa Gorgon Oedipus Sphinx Orpheus Orphism Theseus Minotaur Bellerophon Pegasus Chimera Daedalus Labyrinth Atalanta Hippomenes Golden apple Cadmus Thebes Aeneas Aeneid Phaethon Triptolemus Eleusinian Mysteries Pelops Ancient Olympic Games Pirithous Centauromachy Amphitryon Teumessian fox Narcissus Meleager Calydonian boar hunt Otrera Amazons Related Satyrs Centaurs Dragons Demogorgon Ancient Greek religion List of Mycenaean deities Ancient Greece portal Myths portalvte In ancient Greek religion and mythology, the twelve Olympians are the major deities of the Greek pantheon, commonly considered to be Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter, Aphrodite, Athena, Artemis, Apollo, Ares, Hephaestus, Hermes, and either Hestia or Dionysus. They were called Olympians because, according to tradition, they resided on Mount Olympus. Besides the twelve Olympians, there were many other cultic groupings of twelve gods. Olympians The Olympians were a race of deities, primarily consisting of a third and fourth generation of immortal beings, worshipped as the principal gods of the Greek pantheon and so named because of their residency atop Mount Olympus. They gained their supremacy in a ten-year-long war of gods, in which Zeus led his siblings to victory over the previous generation of ruling immortal beings, the Titans, children of the primordial deities Gaia and Uranus. They were a family of gods, the most important consisting of the first generation of Olympians, offspring of the Titans Cronus and Rhea: Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter and Hestia, along with the principal offspring of Zeus: Aphrodite, Athena, Artemis, Apollo, Ares, Hephaestus, Hermes and Dionysus. Although Hades was a major deity in the Greek pantheon and was the brother of Zeus and the other first generation of Olympians, his realm was far away from Olympus in the underworld, and thus he was not usually considered to be one of the Olympians. Olympic gods can be contrasted to chthonic gods including Hades and his wife Persephone, by mode of sacrifice, the latter receiving sacrifices in a bothros (βόθρος, "pit") or megaron (μέγαρον, "sunken chamber") rather than at an altar. The canonical number of Olympian gods was twelve, but besides the (thirteen) principal Olympians listed above, there were many other residents of Olympus, who thus might be considered to be Olympians. Heracles became a resident of Olympus after his apotheosis and married another Olympian resident Hebe. According to Diodorus Siculus, some said that Heracles was offered a place among the twelve, but refused as it would mean one of the original twelve being "cast out". In the Iliad, the goddess Themis, who is listed among the twelve Titans, dwells on Olympus alongside the other gods, making her a Titan and an Olympian at the same time. According to Hesiod, the children of Styx—Zelus (Envy), Nike (Victory), Kratos (Strength), and Bia (Force)—"have no house apart from Zeus, nor any dwelling nor path except that wherein God leads them, but they dwell always with Zeus". Some others who might be considered Olympians include the Horae, the Graces, the Muses, Eileithyia, Iris, Dione, and Ganymede. Twelve gods Besides the twelve Olympians, there were many other various cultic groupings of twelve gods throughout ancient Greece. The earliest evidence of Greek religious practice involving twelve gods (Greek: δωδεκάθεον, dōdekátheon, from δώδεκα dōdeka, "twelve", and θεοί theoi, "gods") comes no earlier than the late sixth century BC. According to Thucydides, an altar of the twelve gods was established in the agora of Athens by the archon Pisistratus (son of Hippias and the grandson of the tyrant Pisistratus), around 522 BC. The altar became the central point from which distances from Athens were measured and a place of supplication and refuge. Olympia apparently also had an early tradition of twelve gods. The Homeric Hymn to Hermes (c. 500 BC) has the god Hermes divide a sacrifice of two cows he has stolen from Apollo, into twelve parts, on the banks of the river Alpheus (presumably at Olympia): Next glad-hearted Hermes dragged the rich meats he had prepared and put them on a smooth, flat stone, and divided them into twelve portions distributed by lot, making each portion wholly honorable. Pindar, in an ode written to be sung at Olympia c. 480 BC, has Heracles sacrificing, alongside the Alpheus, to the "twelve ruling gods": enclosed the Altis all around and marked it off in the open, and he made the encircling area a resting-place for feasting, honoring the stream of the Alpheus along with the twelve ruling gods. Another of Pindar's Olympian odes mentions "six double altars". Herodorus of Heraclea (c. 400 BC) also has Heracles founding a shrine at Olympia, with six pairs of gods, each pair sharing a single altar. Many other places had cults of the twelve gods, including Delos, Chalcedon, Magnesia on the Maeander, and Leontinoi in Sicily. As with the twelve Olympians, although the number of gods was fixed at twelve, the membership varied. While the majority of the gods included as members of these other cults of twelve gods were Olympians, non-Olympians were also sometimes included. For example, Herodorus of Heraclea identified the six pairs of gods at Olympia as: Zeus and Poseidon, Hera and Athena, Hermes and Apollo, the Graces and Dionysus, Artemis and Alpheus, and Cronus and Rhea. Thus, while this list includes the eight Olympians: Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Athena, Hermes, Apollo, Artemis, and Dionysus, it also contains three clear non-Olympians: the Titan parents of the first generation of Olympians, Cronus and Rhea, and the river god Alpheus, with the status of the Graces (here apparently counted as one god) being unclear. Plato connected "twelve gods" with the twelve months and implies that he considered Pluto (Or Hades) one of the twelve in proposing that the final month be devoted to him and the spirits of the dead. The Roman poet Ennius gives the Roman equivalents (the Dii Consentes) as six male-female complements, preserving the place of Vesta (Greek Hestia), who played a crucial role in Roman religion as a state goddess maintained by the Vestals. List There is no single canonical list of the twelve Olympian gods. The thirteen Greek gods and goddesses, along with their Roman counterparts, most commonly considered to be one of the twelve Olympians are listed below. Greek Roman Image Functions and attributes Zeus Jupiter King of the gods and ruler of Mount Olympus; god of the sky, lightning, thunder, law, order and justice. The youngest child of the Titans Cronus and Rhea. Brother and husband of Hera and brother of Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, and Hestia. He had many affairs with goddesses and mortals, such as his sister Demeter and Leto, mortals Leda and Alcmene, and more. His symbols include the thunderbolt, eagle, oak tree, bull, scepter, and scales. Hera Juno Queen of the gods and the goddess of marriage, women, childbirth and family. The youngest daughter of Cronus and Rhea. Sister and wife of Zeus. Being the goddess of marriage, she frequently tried to get revenge on Zeus' lovers and their children. Her symbols include the peacock, cuckoo, and cow. Poseidon Neptune God of the seas, water, storms, hurricanes, earthquakes and horses. The middle son of Cronus and Rhea. Brother of Zeus and Hades. Married to the Nereid Amphitrite; although, as with many of the male Greek gods, he had many lovers. His symbols include the trident, horse, bull, and dolphin. Demeter Ceres Goddess of the harvest, fertility, agriculture, nature and the seasons. She presided over grains and the fertility of the earth. The middle daughter of Cronus and Rhea. Also the lover of Zeus and Poseidon, and the mother of Persephone, Despoine, Arion. Her symbols include the poppy, wheat, torch, cornucopia, and pig. Apollo Apollo God of Sun, light, prophecy, philosophy, archery, truth, inspiration, poetry, music, arts, manly beauty, medicine, healing, and plague. The son of Zeus and Leto, and the twin brother of Artemis. His symbols include bow and arrow, lyre, raven, swan and wolf. Artemis Diana Goddess of the hunt, the wilderness, virginity, the Moon, archery, childbirth, protection and plague. The daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister of Apollo. Her symbols include the Moon, horse, deer, hound, she-bear, snake, cypress tree, and bow and arrow. Ares Mars God of war, violence, bloodshed and manly virtues. The son of Zeus and Hera, all the other gods despised him except Aphrodite. His Latin name, Mars, gave us the word "martial". His symbols include the boar, serpent, dog, vulture, spear, and shield. Athena Minerva Goddess of wisdom, handicraft, and warfare. The daughter of Zeus and the Oceanid Metis, she rose from her father's head fully grown and in full battle armor. Her symbols include the owl and the olive tree. Hephaestus Vulcan Master blacksmith and craftsman of the gods; god of the forge, craftsmanship, invention, fire and volcanoes. The son of Hera, either by Zeus or through parthenogenesis. Married to Aphrodite. His Latin name, Vulcan, gave us the word "volcano". His symbols include fire, anvil, axe, donkey, hammer, tongs, and quail. Aphrodite Venus Goddess of love, pleasure, passion, procreation, fertility, beauty and desire. The daughter of Zeus and the Oceanid or Titaness Dione, or perhaps born from the sea foam after Uranus' blood dripped into the sea after being castrated by his youngest son, Cronus, who then threw his father's genitals into the sea. Married to Hephaestus, although she had many adulterous affairs, most notably with Ares. Her name gave us the word "aphrodisiac", while her Latin name, Venus, gave us the word "venereal". Her symbols include the dove, bird, apple, bee, swan, myrtle, and rose. Hermes Mercury Messenger of the gods; god of travel, commerce, communication, borders, eloquence, diplomacy, thieves, and games. He was also the guide of dead souls. The son of Zeus and the nymph Maia. The second-youngest Olympian, just older than Dionysus. His symbols include the caduceus (staff entwined with two snakes), winged sandals and cap, stork, and tortoise (whose shell he used to invent the lyre). Most lists of the "twelve Olympians" consist of the above eleven plus either Hestia or Dionysus Hestia Vesta Goddess of the hearth, fire and of the right ordering of domesticity and the family; she was born into the first Olympian generation and was one of the original twelve Olympians. She is the first child of Cronus and Rhea, the elder sister of Hades, Demeter, Poseidon, Hera, and Zeus. Some lists of the Twelve Olympians omit her in favor of Dionysus, but the speculation that she gave her throne to him in order to keep the peace seems to be a modern invention. Dionysus Bacchus Liber God of wine, the grapevine, fertility, festivity, ecstasy, madness and resurrection. Patron god of the art of theatre. The son of Zeus and the mortal Theban princess Semele. Married to the Cretan princess Ariadne. The youngest Olympian god, as well as the only one to have a mortal parent. His symbols include the grapevine, ivy, cup, tiger, panther, leopard, dolphin, goat, and pinecone. Genealogy Major Olympians' family tree  GaiaUranus Uranus' genitalsCronusRhea ZEUSHERAPOSEIDONHadesDEMETERHESTIA     a      b ARESHEPHAESTUS Metis ATHENA Leto APOLLOARTEMIS Maia HERMES Semele DIONYSUS Dione     a      b APHRODITE See also Ancient Greece portalReligion portal Dii Consentes, the Roman equivalent of the twelve Olympians Family tree of the Greek gods Interpretatio graeca, including a table of mythological equivalents List of Greek mythological characters Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes Hellenismos Olympia Greek mythology in popular culture Olympian spirits Æsir Tuatha Dé Danann Anunnaki Elohim Deva (Hinduism) Notes ^ Walters Art Museum, accession number 23.40. ^ Hansen, p. 250; Burkert, pp. 125 ff.; Dowden, p. 43; Chadwick, p. 85; Müller, pp. 419 ff.; Pache, pp. 308 ff.; Thomas, p. 12; Shapiro, p. 362; Long, pp. 140–141; Morford, p. 113; Hard, p. 80. ^ According to Homer, Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus (Iliad 3.374, 20.105; Odyssey 8.308, 320) and Dione (Iliad 5.370–71), see Gantz, pp. 99–100. However, According to Hesiod, Theogony 183–200, Aphrodite was born from Uranus' severed genitals, see Gantz, pp. 99–100. ^ Hansen, p. 250; Morford, p. 113; Hard p. 80. ^ Chadwick, p. 85. ^ Dillon, p. 114. ^ Ogden, pp. 2–3; Dowden, p. 43; Hansen, p. 250; Burkert, p. 125. ^ Herodotus, 2.43–44. ^ Diodorus Siculus, 4.39.4. ^ Homer, Iliad 15.88 ^ Hesiod, Theogony 386–388. ^ Just who might be called an Olympian is not entirely clear. For example, Dowden, p. 43, describes Heracles, Hebe, the Muses, and the Graces as Olympians, and on p. 45, lists Iris, Dione, and Eileithyia among the Homeric Olympians, while Hansen, p. 250, describes Heracles, Hebe, the Horae, and Ganymede as notable residents of Olympus, but says they "are not ordinarily classified as Olympians". ^ Dowden, p. 43; Rutherford, p. 43. ^ Rutherford, pp. 43–44; Thucydides, 6.54.6–7. ^ Gadbery, p. 447. ^ Dowden, p. 43; Rutherford, p. 44; Long, pp. 58–62 (T 13), 154–157. ^ Long, pp. 61–62 (T 13 G), 156–157; Homeric Hymn to Hermes, 128–129. ^ Dowden, p. 43; Rutherford, p. 44; Long, pp. 59–60 (T 13 C), 154–155. ^ Pindar, Olympian 10.49. ^ Rutherford, p. 44; Long, pp. 58 (T 13 A), 154; Pindar, Olympian 5.5. ^ Dowden, p. 43; Rutherford, p. 47; Long, pp. 58–59 (T 13 B), 154; FGrH 31 F34a-b. ^ Rutherford, p. 45; Delos: Long, pp. 11, 87–90 (T 26), 182; Chalcedon: Long, pp. 56–57 (T 11 D), 217–218; Magnesia on the Maeander: Long, pp. 53–54 (T 7), 221–223; Leontinoi: Long, pp. 95–96 (T 32), p. 157. ^ Long, pp. 360–361, lists 54 Greek (and Roman) gods, including the thirteen Olympians mentioned above, who have been identified as members of one or more cultic groupings of twelve gods. ^ Dowden, p. 43; Rutherford, p. 47; Hard, p. 81; Long, pp. 58–59 (T 13 B), 141, 154; FGrH 31 F34a-b. ^ Rutherford, pp. 45–46; Plato, The Laws 828 b-d. ^ "Greek mythology". Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 13. 1993. p. 431. ^ Hamilton, Edith (September 26, 2017). Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. Illustrated by Tierney, Jim. (75th anniversary illustrated ed.). New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-0-316-43852-0. OCLC 1004059928. ^ Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam-Webster. 1995. p. 81. ISBN 9780877790426. ^ This chart is based upon Hesiod's Theogony, unless otherwise noted. ^ According to Homer, Iliad 1.570–579, 14.338, Odyssey 8.312, Hephaestus was apparently the son of Hera and Zeus, see Gantz, p. 74. ^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 927–929, Hephaestus was produced by Hera alone, with no father, see Gantz, p. 74. ^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 886–890, of Zeus' children by his seven wives, Athena was the first to be conceived, but the last to be born; Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her, later Zeus himself gave birth to Athena "from his head", see Gantz, pp. 51–52, 83–84. ^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 183–200, Aphrodite was born from Uranus' severed genitals, see Gantz, pp. 99–100. ^ According to Homer, Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus (Iliad 3.374, 20.105; Odyssey 8.308, 320) and Dione (Iliad 5.370–71), see Gantz, pp. 99–100. References Burkert, Walter, Greek Religion, Harvard University Press, 1985. ISBN 0-674-36281-0. Chadwick, John, The Mycenaean World, Cambridge University Press, 1976. ISBN 9780521290371. Dillon, Matthew, Girls and Women in Classical Greek Religion. London: Routledge. (2002). ISBN 0415202728. Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, Volume III: Books 4.59-8, translated by C. H. Oldfather, Loeb Classical Library No. 340. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1939. ISBN 978-0-674-99375-4. Online version at Harvard University Press. Online version by Bill Thayer. Dowden, Ken, "Olympian Gods, Olympian Pantheon", in A Companion to Greek Religion, Daniel Ogden editor, John Wiley & Sons, 2010. ISBN 9781444334173. Gadbery, Laura M., "The Sanctuary of the Twelve Gods in the Athenian Agora: A Revised View", Hesperia 61 (1992), pp. 447–489. Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2). Hansen, William, William F. Hansen, Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 9780195300352. Hard, Robin (2004), The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, ISBN 9780415186360. Google Books. Herodotus; Histories, A. D. Godley (translator), Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920; ISBN 0674991338. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph.D., in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. The Iliad (Murray)  – via Wikisource. Homer; The Odyssey with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph.D., in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Vol. I , Vol. II at the Internet Archive. Homeric Hymn to Hermes (4), in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Long, Charlotte R., The Twelve Gods of Greece and Rome, Brill Archive, Jan 1, 1987. Google Books. Morford, Mark P. O., Robert J. Lenardon, Classical Mythology, Eighth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-530805-1. Müller, Karl Otfried, Ancient Art and Its Remains: Or, A Manual of the Archaeology of Art, translated by John Leitch, B. Quaritch, 1852. Ogden, Daniel "Introduction" to A Companion to Greek Religion, Daniel Ogden editor, John Wiley & Sons, 2010. ISBN 9781444334173. Pache, Corinne Ondine, "Gods, Greek" in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Volume 3, Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN 9780195170726. Pindar, Odes, Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. Plato, Laws in Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 10 & 11 translated by R. G. Bury. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1967 & 1968. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Rutherford, Ian, "Canonizing the Pantheon: the Dodekatheon in Greek Religion and its Origins" in The Gods of Ancient Greece: Identities and Transformations, editors Jan N. Bremmer, Andrew Erskine, Edinburgh University Press 2010. ISBN 978-0748637980. Online version. Shapiro, H. A., "Chapter 20: Olympian Gods at Home and Abroad" in A Companion to Greek Art, editors Tyler Jo Smith, Dimitris Plantzos, John Wiley & Sons, 2012. ISBN 9781118273371. Thomas, Edmund, "From the pantheon of the gods to the Pantheon of Rome" in Pantheons: Transformations of a Monumental Idea, editors Richard Wrigley, Matthew Craske, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004. ISBN 9780754608080. Thucydides, Thucydides translated into English; with introduction, marginal analysis, notes, and indices. Volume 1., Benjamin Jowett. translator. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1881. 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Perses Phobos Phonoi Polemos Proioxis Chthonic deitiesPsychopomps Charon Hermes Hermanubis Thanatos Angelos Cabeiri Hades / Pluto Hecate Hypnos Keres Lampad Macaria Melinoë Persephone Zagreus Health deities Aceso Aegle Artemis Apollo Asclepius Chiron Darrhon Eileithyia Epione Hebe Hygieia Iaso Paean Panacea Telesphorus Sleep deities Empusa Epiales Hypnos Pasithea Oneiroi Messenger deities Angelia Arke Hermes Iris Trickster deities Apate Hermes Momus Magic deities Circe Hecate Hermes Trismegistus Pasiphaë Other major deities Anemoi Boreas Eurus Notus Zephyrus Azone Chrysaor Cybele Eileithyia The Erinyes (Furies) Harmonia The Muses Nemesis Pan Pegasus Zelus Heroes / heroinesIndividuals Abderus Achilles Actaeon Adonis Aeneas Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Akademos Amphiaraus Amphitryon Antilochus Atalanta Autolycus Bellerophon Bouzyges Cadmus Chrysippus Cyamites Daedalus Diomedes Dioscuri (Castor and Polydeuces) Echetlus Eleusis Erechtheus Eunostus Ganymede Hector Heracles Icarus Iolaus Jason Meleager Menelaus Narcissus Nestor Odysseus Oedipus Orpheus Otrera Pandion Peleus Pelops Penthesilea Perseus Theseus Triptolemus Groups Argonauts Calydonian hunters Epigoni Seven against Thebes Oracles / seers Aesacus Aleuas Amphiaraus Amphilochus Ampyx Anius Asbolus Bakis Branchus Calchas Carnus Carya Cassandra Elatus Ennomus Epimenides Halitherses Helenus Iamus Idmon Manto Melampus Mopsus Munichus Phineus Polyeidos Polypheides Pythia Sibyls Cimmerian Cumaean Delphic Erythraean Hellespontine Libyan Persian Phrygian Samian Telemus Theiodamas Theoclymenus Tiresias Other mortals Aegeus Aegisthus Agamemnon Andromache Andromeda Antigone Augeas Briseis Cassiopeia Creon of Thebes Chryseis Chrysothemis Clytemnestra Damocles Deidamia Deucalion Electra Eteocles Europa Gordias Hecuba Helen of Troy Hellen The Heracleidae Hermione Hippolyta Io Iphigenia Ismene Jocasta Laius Lycian peasants Lycaon The Maenads Memnon Messapian shepherds Midas Minos Myrrha Neoptolemus Niobe Orestes Paris Patroclus Penelope Phoenix Polybus of Corinth Polynices Priam Pylades Pyrrha Telemachus Troilus UnderworldEntrances to the underworldRivers Acheron Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Lakes/swamps Acherusia Avernus Lake Lerna Lake Caves Cave at Cape Matapan Cave at Lake Avernus Cave at Heraclea Pontica Charoniums Charonium at Aornum Charonium at Acharaca Ploutonion Ploutonion at Acharaca Ploutonion at Eleusis Ploutonion at Hierapolis Necromanteion (necromancy temple) Necromanteion of Acheron Places Elysium Erebus Fields of Asphodel Isles of the Blessed Mourning Fields Tartarus Judges Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Guards Campe Cerberus Residents Anticlea Danaïdes Eurydice Ixion Ocnus Salmoneus The Shades Sisyphus Tantalus Tiresias Titans Tityos Visitors Dionysus Heracles Hermes Odysseus Orpheus Pirithous Psyche Theseus Symbols/objects Bident Cap of invisibility Charon's obol Animals, daemons, and spirits Ascalaphus Ceuthonymus Eurynomos Menoetius MythicalBeingsLists Greek mythological creatures Greek mythological figures Minor figures Trojan War Minor spirits Daemon Agathodaemon Cacodaemon Eudaemon Nymph Satyr Beasts / creatures Centaur Centaurides Ichthyocentaur Cyclops Dragon Drakaina Echidna Giant Gorgon Harpy Hecatonchires Hippocampus Horses of Helios Lamia Phoenix Python Siren Scylla and Charybdis Sphinx Typhon Captured / slain by heroes Calydonian boar Cerberus Cerynian Hind Chimera Cretan Bull Crommyonian Sow Erymanthian boar Khalkotauroi Lernaean Hydra Mares of Diomedes Medusa Minotaur Nemean lion Orthrus Polyphemus Stymphalian birds Talos Teumessian fox Tribes Achaeans Amazons Anthropophagi Bebryces Cicones Curetes Dactyls Gargareans Halizones Korybantes Laestrygonians Lapiths Lotus-eaters Myrmidons Pygmies Spartoi Telchines Places / Realms Aethiopia Ara Colchis Erytheia Hyperborea Ismarus Ithaca Libya Nysa Ogygia Panchaia Phlegra Scheria Scythia Symplegades Tartessos Themiscyra Thrinacia Troy Events Apollo and Daphne Calydonian boar hunt Eros and Psyche Judgment of Paris Labours of Heracles Orpheus and Eurydice Returns from Troy Wars Amazonomachy Attic War Centauromachy Gigantomachy Indian War Theomachy Titanomachy Trojan War Objects Adamant Aegis Ambrosia Apple of Discord Argo Dragon's teeth Diipetes Eidolon Galatea Girdle of Aphrodite Golden apple Golden Fleece Gordian knot Harpe Ichor Labyrinth Lotus tree Milk of Hera Moly Necklace of Harmonia Orichalcum Palladium Panacea Pandora's box Petasos (Winged helmet) Phaeacian ships Philosopher's stone Shield of Achilles Shirt of Nessus Sword of Damocles Talaria Thunderbolt Thyrsus Trident of Poseidon Trojan Horse Winnowing Oar Wheel of fire Symbols Bowl of Hygieia Caduceus Cornucopia Gorgoneion Kantharos Labrys Orphic egg Ouroboros Owl of Athena Rod of Asclepius Wind East West North South Moderntreatments Classical mythology in western art and literature Classicism Classics Greek mythology in popular culture Modern understanding of Greek mythology vteAncient Greek deitiesPrimordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx The Ourea Phanes Pontus Tartarus Uranus TitansTitans (male) Coeus Crius Kronus Hyperion Iapetus Oceanus Titanides (female) Dione Mnemosyne Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Children of Hyperion Eos Helios Selene Children of Coeus Asteria Leto Children of Crius Astraeus Pallas Perses Children of Iapetus Atlas Epimetheus Menoetius Prometheus Olympian deitiesTwelve Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Olympian Gods Asclepius Eileithyia Enyo Eris Iris Harmonia Hebe Heracles Paean Pan Muses Daughters of Zeus Calliope Clio Euterpe Erato Melpomene Polyhymnia Terpsichore Thalia Urania Daughters of Apollo Apollonis Borysthenis Cephisso Boeotian Muses Aoide Melete Mneme Muses of the Lyre Hypate Mese Nete Muses at Sicyon Polymatheia Charites (Graces) Aglaea Antheia Euphrosyne Hegemone Pasithea Thalia Horae (Hours) Dike Eirene Eunomia Children of Styx Bia Kratos Nike Zelus Water deitiesSea deities Amphitrite Benthesikyme Brizo Calliste Calypso Ceto Eurybia Glaucus The Ichthyocentaurs Leucothea Melicertes Nereus Nerites The Nesoi Oceanus Old Man of the Sea Phorcys Pontus Poseidon Proteus Rhodos Tethys Thalassa Thaumas Thetis Triton Oceanids Acaste Admete Amalthea Asia Callirhoe Ceto Clymene (consort of Helios) Clymene (wife of Iapetus) Clytie Dione Dodone Doris Electra Eurynome Idyia Melia (consort of Apollo) Melia (consort of Inachus) Metis Perse Philyra Pleione Plouto Styx Telesto Theia Zeuxo Nereids Amatheia Amphithoe Amphitrite Arethusa Cymatolege Cymo Dynamene Galatea Galene Protomedeia Psamathe Sao Spio Thalia Thetis Potamoi Achelous Almo Alpheus Anapus Asopus Asterion Axius Caanthus Cebren Cephissus Clitumnus Enipeus Kladeos Meander Nilus Numicus Phyllis Peneus Rivers of the Underworld Acheron Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Sangarius Scamander Simoeis Strymon Naiads Aegina Achiroe Aganippe The Anigrides Argyra Bistonis Bolbe Caliadne Cassotis Castalia Cleocharia Creusa Daphne Drosera Harpina The Ionides Ismenis Larunda Lilaea Liriope Melite Metope Minthe Moria Nana Nicaea Orseis Pallas Pirene Salmacis Stilbe The Thriae Corycia Cleodora Melaina Tiasa Chthonic deitiesTheoi Chthonioi Angelos Gaia Hades Hecate The Lampads Macaria Melinoë Persephone Zagreus Erinyes (Furies) Alecto Megaera Tisiphone Earthborn Cyclopes Gigantes Hecatonchires Kouretes Meliae Telchines Typhon Apotheothenai Aeacus Minos Orpheus Rhadamanthus Triptolemus Trophonius PersonificationsChildren of Eris Algos Amphillogiai The Androktasiai Atë Dysnomia Horkos Hysminai Lethe Logoi Limos Machai Neikea Phonoi Ponos Pseudea Children of Nyx Apate Eleos Eris Geras Hesperides Hypnos The Keres The Moirai Atropos Clotho Lachesis Momus Moros Nemesis Oizys The Oneiroi Philotes Thanatos Children of Phorcys Echidna The Graeae Deino Enyo Pemphredo The Gorgons Medusa Stheno and Euryale The Sirenes Aglaopheme Leucosia Ligeia Molpe Parthenope Peisinoe Thelxiepeia Children of Thaumas Arke The Harpies Aello Celaeno Ocypete Podarge Iris Children of other gods Aergia Aidos Alala Aletheia Angelia Arete Astraea Caerus The Younger Charites Eucleia Eupheme Euthenia Philophrosyne Corus Deimos The Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Hymen Pothos Ersa Eupraxia Hedone Homonoia Iacchus The Litae Peitho Phobos Tyche Others Achlys Adephagia Alala Alke Amechania Anaideia Alastor Apheleia The Arae Dikaiosyne Dyssebeia Chrysus Eiresione Ekecheiria Eulabeia Eusebeia Gelos Heimarmene Homados Horme Ioke Kakia Koalemos Kydoimos Lyssa The Maniae Methe Nomos Palioxis Peitharchia Penia Penthus Pepromene Pheme Phrike Phthonus Poine Polemos Poros Praxidice Proioxis Prophasis Soter Soteria Thrasos Other deitiesSky The Anemoi Boreas Eurus Notus Zephyrus The Astra Planeti Stilbon Hesperus Phosphorus Pyroeis Phaethon Phaenon Astrape and Bronte Aura Chione The Hesperides The Hyades Nephele The Pleiades Alcyone Sterope Celaeno Electra Maia Merope Taygete Sirius Tritopatores Agriculture Aphaea Demeter Despoina Eunostus Opora Philomelus Plutus Health Asclepius Aceso Darrhon Epione Iaso Hygieia Paean Panacea Telesphorus Rustic deities Aetna Agdistis The Alseids Amphictyonis The Anthousai Aristaeus Attis The Auloniads Britomartis The Cabeiri Comus The Dryades Erato The Hamadryades Chrysopeleia The Epimeliades Hecaterus Leuce The Maenades The Meliae The Napaeae The Nymphai Hyperboreioi The Oreads Adrasteia Cyllene Echo Helice Iynx Nomia Oenone Pitys The Pegasides Priapus Rhapso Silenus Telete Others Alexiares and Anicetus Aphroditus Enodia Circe Enyalius Palaestra Pasiphaë Sosipolis vteGreek deities series Primordial deities Titan deities Water deities Chthonic deities Mycenaean deities Twelve Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Category Ancient Greece portal Authority control databases: National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greek_-_Procession_of_Twelve_Gods_and_Goddesses_-_Walters_2340.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_sculpture"},{"link_name":"Walters Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ancient Greek religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion"},{"link_name":"mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity"},{"link_name":"pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"},{"link_name":"Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon"},{"link_name":"Hera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera"},{"link_name":"Demeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter"},{"link_name":"Aphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite"},{"link_name":"Athena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena"},{"link_name":"Artemis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"Ares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares"},{"link_name":"Hephaestus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestus"},{"link_name":"Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes"},{"link_name":"Hestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hestia"},{"link_name":"Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mount Olympus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Olympus"}],"text":"Fragment of a Hellenistic relief (1st century BC–1st century AD) depicting the twelve Olympians carrying their attributes in procession; from left to right: Hestia (scepter), Hermes (winged cap and staff), Aphrodite (veiled), Ares (helmet and spear), Demeter (scepter and wheat sheaf), Hephaestus (staff), Hera (scepter), Poseidon (trident), Athena (owl and helmet), Zeus (thunderbolt and staff), Artemis (bow and quiver) and Apollo (lyre) from the Walters Art Museum.[1]In ancient Greek religion and mythology, the twelve Olympians are the major deities of the Greek pantheon, commonly considered to be Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter, Aphrodite, Athena, Artemis, Apollo, Ares, Hephaestus, Hermes, and either Hestia or Dionysus.[2] They were called Olympians because, according to tradition, they resided on Mount Olympus.Besides the twelve Olympians, there were many other cultic groupings of twelve gods.","title":"Twelve Olympians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity"},{"link_name":"pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Mount Olympus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Olympus"},{"link_name":"war of gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanomachy"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"},{"link_name":"Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"primordial deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities"},{"link_name":"Gaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia"},{"link_name":"Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Cronus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronus"},{"link_name":"Rhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon"},{"link_name":"Hera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera"},{"link_name":"Demeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter"},{"link_name":"Hestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hestia"},{"link_name":"Aphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Athena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena"},{"link_name":"Artemis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"Ares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares"},{"link_name":"Hephaestus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestus"},{"link_name":"Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes"},{"link_name":"Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades"},{"link_name":"underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_underworld"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"chthonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chthonic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Persephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persephone"},{"link_name":"bothros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothros"},{"link_name":"megaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaron"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Heracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles"},{"link_name":"apotheosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotheosis"},{"link_name":"Hebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Diodorus Siculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"Themis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themis"},{"link_name":"Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titans_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Styx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx"},{"link_name":"Zelus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelus"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Kratos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratos_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Bia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Horae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horae"},{"link_name":"Graces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charites"},{"link_name":"Muses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muses"},{"link_name":"Eileithyia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileithyia"},{"link_name":"Iris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Dione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)"},{"link_name":"Ganymede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Olympians were a race of deities, primarily consisting of a third and fourth generation of immortal beings, worshipped as the principal gods of the Greek pantheon and so named because of their residency atop Mount Olympus. They gained their supremacy in a ten-year-long war of gods, in which Zeus led his siblings to victory over the previous generation of ruling immortal beings, the Titans, children of the primordial deities Gaia and Uranus. They were a family of gods, the most important consisting of the first generation of Olympians, offspring of the Titans Cronus and Rhea: Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter and Hestia, along with the principal offspring of Zeus: Aphrodite,[3] Athena, Artemis, Apollo, Ares, Hephaestus, Hermes and Dionysus. Although Hades was a major deity in the Greek pantheon and was the brother of Zeus and the other first generation of Olympians, his realm was far away from Olympus in the underworld, and thus he was not usually considered to be one of the Olympians.[4] Olympic gods can be contrasted to chthonic gods[5] including Hades and his wife Persephone, by mode of sacrifice, the latter receiving sacrifices in a bothros (βόθρος, \"pit\") or megaron (μέγαρον, \"sunken chamber\")[6] rather than at an altar.The canonical number of Olympian gods was twelve, but besides the (thirteen) principal Olympians listed above, there were many other residents of Olympus, who thus might be considered to be Olympians.[7] Heracles became a resident of Olympus after his apotheosis and married another Olympian resident Hebe.[8] According to Diodorus Siculus, some said that Heracles was offered a place among the twelve, but refused as it would mean one of the original twelve being \"cast out\".[9] In the Iliad, the goddess Themis, who is listed among the twelve Titans, dwells on Olympus alongside the other gods,[10] making her a Titan and an Olympian at the same time. According to Hesiod, the children of Styx—Zelus (Envy), Nike (Victory), Kratos (Strength), and Bia (Force)—\"have no house apart from Zeus, nor any dwelling nor path except that wherein God leads them, but they dwell always with Zeus\".[11] Some others who might be considered Olympians include the Horae, the Graces, the Muses, Eileithyia, Iris, Dione, and Ganymede.[12]","title":"Olympians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Thucydides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thucydides"},{"link_name":"altar of the twelve gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar_of_the_Twelve_Gods"},{"link_name":"agora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agora"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Athens"},{"link_name":"archon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archon"},{"link_name":"Hippias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippias_(tyrant)"},{"link_name":"Pisistratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisistratus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia,_Greece"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Homeric Hymn to Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeric_Hymns"},{"link_name":"Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes"},{"link_name":"Alpheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfeios"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Heracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Altis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Herodorus of Heraclea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodorus"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Delos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delos"},{"link_name":"Chalcedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedon"},{"link_name":"Magnesia on the Maeander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander"},{"link_name":"Leontinoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontinoi"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Alpheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Cronus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronus"},{"link_name":"Rhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Graces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graces"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Pluto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Ennius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennius"},{"link_name":"Roman equivalents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca"},{"link_name":"Dii Consentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dii_Consentes"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PapAm-26"},{"link_name":"Vesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Roman religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Vestals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestals"}],"text":"Besides the twelve Olympians, there were many other various cultic groupings of twelve gods throughout ancient Greece. The earliest evidence of Greek religious practice involving twelve gods (Greek: δωδεκάθεον, dōdekátheon, from δώδεκα dōdeka, \"twelve\", and θεοί theoi, \"gods\") comes no earlier than the late sixth century BC.[13] According to Thucydides, an altar of the twelve gods was established in the agora of Athens by the archon Pisistratus (son of Hippias and the grandson of the tyrant Pisistratus), around 522 BC.[14] The altar became the central point from which distances from Athens were measured and a place of supplication and refuge.[15]Olympia apparently also had an early tradition of twelve gods.[16] The Homeric Hymn to Hermes (c. 500 BC) has the god Hermes divide a sacrifice of two cows he has stolen from Apollo, into twelve parts, on the banks of the river Alpheus (presumably at Olympia):Next glad-hearted Hermes dragged the rich meats he had prepared and put them on a smooth, flat stone, and divided them into twelve portions distributed by lot, making each portion wholly honorable.[17]Pindar, in an ode written to be sung at Olympia c. 480 BC, has Heracles sacrificing, alongside the Alpheus, to the \"twelve ruling gods\":[18][Heracles] enclosed the Altis all around and marked it off in the open, and he made the encircling area a resting-place for feasting, honoring the stream of the Alpheus along with the twelve ruling gods.[19]Another of Pindar's Olympian odes mentions \"six double altars\".[20] Herodorus of Heraclea (c. 400 BC) also has Heracles founding a shrine at Olympia, with six pairs of gods, each pair sharing a single altar.[21]Many other places had cults of the twelve gods, including Delos, Chalcedon, Magnesia on the Maeander, and Leontinoi in Sicily.[22] As with the twelve Olympians, although the number of gods was fixed at twelve, the membership varied.[23] While the majority of the gods included as members of these other cults of twelve gods were Olympians, non-Olympians were also sometimes included. For example, Herodorus of Heraclea identified the six pairs of gods at Olympia as: Zeus and Poseidon, Hera and Athena, Hermes and Apollo, the Graces and Dionysus, Artemis and Alpheus, and Cronus and Rhea.[24] Thus, while this list includes the eight Olympians: Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Athena, Hermes, Apollo, Artemis, and Dionysus, it also contains three clear non-Olympians: the Titan parents of the first generation of Olympians, Cronus and Rhea, and the river god Alpheus, with the status of the Graces (here apparently counted as one god) being unclear.Plato connected \"twelve gods\" with the twelve months and implies that he considered Pluto (Or Hades) one of the twelve in proposing that the final month be devoted to him and the spirits of the dead.[25]The Roman poet Ennius gives the Roman equivalents (the Dii Consentes) as six male-female complements,[26] preserving the place of Vesta (Greek Hestia), who played a crucial role in Roman religion as a state goddess maintained by the Vestals.","title":"Twelve gods"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There is no single canonical list of the twelve Olympian gods. The thirteen Greek gods and goddesses, along with their Roman counterparts, most commonly considered to be one of the twelve Olympians are listed below.","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Genealogy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Walters Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"accession number 23.40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//art.thewalters.org/detail/38764"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"p. 250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&pg=PA250"},{"link_name":"p. 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA43"},{"link_name":"p. 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mycenaeanworld00chad/page/85"},{"link_name":"pp. 419 ff.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ancientartandit00welcgoog/page/n439"},{"link_name":"pp. 308 ff.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&pg=RA2-PA308"},{"link_name":"p. 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9CUxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT35"},{"link_name":"p. 362","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7q1LDrb9btkC&pg=PT362"},{"link_name":"pp. 140–141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3dUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA140"},{"link_name":"p. 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA80"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"3.374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.374"},{"link_name":"20.105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:20.105"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"},{"link_name":"8.308","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.308"},{"link_name":"320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.320"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"5.370–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.370"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"183–200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+183"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"p. 250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&pg=PA250"},{"link_name":"p. 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA80"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"p. 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mycenaeanworld00chad/page/85"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"p. 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=A4YyVL0sygAC&pg=PA114"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"pp. 2–3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA2,"},{"link_name":"p. 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA43"},{"link_name":"p. 250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&pg=PA250"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Herodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus"},{"link_name":"2.43–44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Diodorus Siculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus"},{"link_name":"4.39.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4B*.html#39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"15.88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D15%3Acard%3D78"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"386–388","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:371-403"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"p. 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA43"},{"link_name":"p. 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA45"},{"link_name":"p. 250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&pg=PA250"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"p. 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Thucydides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thucydides"},{"link_name":"6.54.6–7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0105%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D54"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"p. 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Homeric Hymn to Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeric_Hymns"},{"link_name":"128–129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=D804873CE4D29E774667567AC3A6A3E0?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D4%3Acard%3D94"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"p. 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Pindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar"},{"link_name":"10.49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Pindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar"},{"link_name":"5.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"p. 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3dUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11"},{"link_name":"87–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3dUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA87"},{"link_name":"182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3dUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA182"},{"link_name":"56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3dUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA56"},{"link_name":"57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3dUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA57"},{"link_name":"217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3dUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA217"},{"link_name":"218","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3dUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA218"},{"link_name":"pp. 53–54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3dUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA53"},{"link_name":"221","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3dUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA221"},{"link_name":"223","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3dUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA223"},{"link_name":"95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3dUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA95"},{"link_name":"96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3dUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA96"},{"link_name":"p. 157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3dUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA157"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"p. 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA43"},{"link_name":"p. 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA81"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"The Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_(Plato)"},{"link_name":"b-d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0166%3Abook%3D8%3Asection%3D828b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PapAm_26-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1004059928"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-316-43852-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-43852-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1004059928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1004059928"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=eKNK1YwHcQ4C&pg=PA81"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780877790426","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877790426"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"1.570–579","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.570"},{"link_name":"14.338","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.338"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"},{"link_name":"8.312","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.312"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"927–929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+927"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"886–890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+886"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Theogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony"},{"link_name":"183–200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+183"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"3.374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.374"},{"link_name":"20.105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:20.105"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"},{"link_name":"8.308","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.308"},{"link_name":"320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.320"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"5.370–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.370"}],"text":"^ Walters Art Museum, accession number 23.40.\n\n^ Hansen, p. 250; Burkert, pp. 125 ff.; Dowden, p. 43; Chadwick, p. 85; Müller, pp. 419 ff.; Pache, pp. 308 ff.; Thomas, p. 12; Shapiro, p. 362; Long, pp. 140–141; Morford, p. 113; Hard, p. 80.\n\n^ According to Homer, Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus (Iliad 3.374, 20.105; Odyssey 8.308, 320) and Dione (Iliad 5.370–71), see Gantz, pp. 99–100. However, According to Hesiod, Theogony 183–200, Aphrodite was born from Uranus' severed genitals, see Gantz, pp. 99–100.\n\n^ Hansen, p. 250; Morford, p. 113; Hard p. 80.\n\n^ Chadwick, p. 85.\n\n^ Dillon, p. 114.\n\n^ Ogden, pp. 2–3; Dowden, p. 43; Hansen, p. 250; Burkert, p. 125.\n\n^ Herodotus, 2.43–44.\n\n^ Diodorus Siculus, 4.39.4.\n\n^ Homer, Iliad 15.88\n\n^ Hesiod, Theogony 386–388.\n\n^ Just who might be called an Olympian is not entirely clear. For example, Dowden, p. 43, describes Heracles, Hebe, the Muses, and the Graces as Olympians, and on p. 45, lists Iris, Dione, and Eileithyia among the Homeric Olympians, while Hansen, p. 250, describes Heracles, Hebe, the Horae, and Ganymede as notable residents of Olympus, but says they \"are not ordinarily classified as Olympians\".\n\n^ Dowden, p. 43; Rutherford, p. 43.\n\n^ Rutherford, pp. 43–44; Thucydides, 6.54.6–7.\n\n^ Gadbery, p. 447.\n\n^ Dowden, p. 43; Rutherford, p. 44; Long, pp. 58–62 (T 13), 154–157.\n\n^ Long, pp. 61–62 (T 13 G), 156–157; Homeric Hymn to Hermes, 128–129.\n\n^ Dowden, p. 43; Rutherford, p. 44; Long, pp. 59–60 (T 13 C), 154–155.\n\n^ Pindar, Olympian 10.49.\n\n^ Rutherford, p. 44; Long, pp. 58 (T 13 A), 154; Pindar, Olympian 5.5.\n\n^ Dowden, p. 43; Rutherford, p. 47; Long, pp. 58–59 (T 13 B), 154; FGrH 31 F34a-b.\n\n^ Rutherford, p. 45; Delos: Long, pp. 11, 87–90 (T 26), 182; Chalcedon: Long, pp. 56–57 (T 11 D), 217–218; Magnesia on the Maeander: Long, pp. 53–54 (T 7), 221–223; Leontinoi: Long, pp. 95–96 (T 32), p. 157.\n\n^ Long, pp. 360–361, lists 54 Greek (and Roman) gods, including the thirteen Olympians mentioned above, who have been identified as members of one or more cultic groupings of twelve gods.\n\n^ Dowden, p. 43; Rutherford, p. 47; Hard, p. 81; Long, pp. 58–59 (T 13 B), 141, 154; FGrH 31 F34a-b.\n\n^ Rutherford, pp. 45–46; Plato, The Laws 828 b-d.\n\n^ \"Greek mythology\". Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 13. 1993. p. 431.\n\n^ Hamilton, Edith (September 26, 2017). Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. Illustrated by Tierney, Jim. (75th anniversary illustrated ed.). New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-0-316-43852-0. OCLC 1004059928.\n\n^ Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam-Webster. 1995. p. 81. ISBN 9780877790426.\n\n^ This chart is based upon Hesiod's Theogony, unless otherwise noted.\n\n^ According to Homer, Iliad 1.570–579, 14.338, Odyssey 8.312, Hephaestus was apparently the son of Hera and Zeus, see Gantz, p. 74.\n\n^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 927–929, Hephaestus was produced by Hera alone, with no father, see Gantz, p. 74.\n\n^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 886–890, of Zeus' children by his seven wives, Athena was the first to be conceived, but the last to be born; Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her, later Zeus himself gave birth to Athena \"from his head\", see Gantz, pp. 51–52, 83–84.\n\n^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 183–200, Aphrodite was born from Uranus' severed genitals, see Gantz, pp. 99–100.\n\n^ According to Homer, Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus (Iliad 3.374, 20.105; Odyssey 8.308, 320) and Dione (Iliad 5.370–71), see Gantz, pp. 99–100.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Fragment of a Hellenistic relief (1st century BC–1st century AD) depicting the twelve Olympians carrying their attributes in procession; from left to right: Hestia (scepter), Hermes (winged cap and staff), Aphrodite (veiled), Ares (helmet and spear), Demeter (scepter and wheat sheaf), Hephaestus (staff), Hera (scepter), Poseidon (trident), Athena (owl and helmet), Zeus (thunderbolt and staff), Artemis (bow and quiver) and Apollo (lyre) from the Walters Art Museum.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Greek_-_Procession_of_Twelve_Gods_and_Goddesses_-_Walters_2340.jpg/400px-Greek_-_Procession_of_Twelve_Gods_and_Goddesses_-_Walters_2340.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_70
CFL Line 70
["1 Stations","2 Former line 80","3 References"]
Train on the line in 2005 Line 70 is a railway line connecting Luxembourg City to the south-west of Luxembourg, and on to Belgium and France. The terminus at the north-eastern end is Luxembourg railway station, whilst the terminals at the south are the French town of Longuyon and the Belgian town of Athus. It is designated, and predominantly operated, by Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois During the 2010 decade, the former line 80 have been merged with this line in order to give the newly created line between Thionville and Longwy via Esch-sur-Alzette. Stations Luxembourg Hollerich Leudelange Dippach-Reckange Schouweiler Bascharage-Sanem Pétange Lamadelaine Rodange Athus (Belgium) Messancy (Belgium) Arlon (Belgium) Aubange (Belgium) Halanzy (Belgium) Virton (Belgium) Bertrix (Belgium) Libramont (Belgium) Longwy (France) Longuyon (France) Former line 80 This former line, now part of the line 70, is designated Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois, but predominantly operated by NMBS/SNCB. On the Belgian side of the border the routes are numbered in the NMBS/SNCB series. Line 165 Libramont - Virton - Y Aubange - Athus Line 165/1 Y Aubange - Frontière RFNL (Rodange) Line 167 (Arlon) - Y. Autelbas - Athus - Frontière RFNL (Rodange) The routes are all electrified at 25 kV using OHL cf NMBS/SNCB's normal 3 kV DC OHL. This requires NMBS/SNCB to use Class 41xx DMUs. References ^ "Dépliant carte CFL" (PDF) (in French). Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2013-07-13. ^ a b "DENOMINATION DES LIGNES" (in French). Infrabel. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2007-09-27. vteLines of Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois Line 10 Line 30 Line 50 Line 60 Line 70 Line 80 Line 90 This Luxembourgish rail transport related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_line"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_City"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Longuyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longuyon"},{"link_name":"Athus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athus"},{"link_name":"Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemins_de_Fer_Luxembourgeois"},{"link_name":"line 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFL_Line_80"},{"link_name":"Thionville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thionville"},{"link_name":"Longwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwy"},{"link_name":"Esch-sur-Alzette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Line 70 is a railway line connecting Luxembourg City to the south-west of Luxembourg, and on to Belgium and France. The terminus at the north-eastern end is Luxembourg railway station, whilst the terminals at the south are the French town of Longuyon and the Belgian town of Athus. It is designated, and predominantly operated, by Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois During the 2010 decade, the former line 80 have been merged with this line in order to give the newly created line between Thionville and Longwy via Esch-sur-Alzette.[1]","title":"CFL Line 70"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hollerich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollerich_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Leudelange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leudelange_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Dippach-Reckange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dippach-Reckange_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Schouweiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schouweiler_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bascharage-Sanem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascharage-Sanem_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Pétange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9tange_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Lamadelaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamadelaine_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Rodange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodange_railway_station"}],"text":"Luxembourg\nHollerich\nLeudelange\nDippach-Reckange\nSchouweiler\nBascharage-Sanem\nPétange\nLamadelaine\nRodange\nAthus (Belgium)\nMessancy (Belgium)\nArlon (Belgium)\nAubange (Belgium)\nHalanzy (Belgium)\nVirton (Belgium)\nBertrix (Belgium)\nLibramont (Belgium)\nLongwy (France)\nLonguyon (France)","title":"Stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemins_de_Fer_Luxembourgeois"},{"link_name":"NMBS/SNCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railway_Company_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SNCB_Lines-2"},{"link_name":"electrified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_electrification_system"},{"link_name":"OHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_lines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SNCB_Lines-2"},{"link_name":"Class 41xx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCB_Class_41"}],"text":"This former line, now part of the line 70, is designated Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois, but predominantly operated by NMBS/SNCB. On the Belgian side of the border the routes are numbered in the NMBS/SNCB series.[2]Line 165 Libramont - Virton - Y Aubange - Athus\nLine 165/1 Y Aubange - Frontière RFNL (Rodange)\nLine 167 (Arlon) - Y. Autelbas - Athus - Frontière RFNL (Rodange)The routes are all electrified at 25 kV using OHL[2] cf NMBS/SNCB's normal 3 kV DC OHL. This requires NMBS/SNCB to use Class 41xx DMUs.","title":"Former line 80"}]
[{"image_text":"Train on the line in 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/PeitLetz_4000.jpg/220px-PeitLetz_4000.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Dépliant carte CFL\" (PDF) (in French). Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2013-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130626222451/http://www.cfl.lu/NR/rdonlyres/4898AE8C-DEAA-4618-A3D3-31BBC9F1FCC2/0/Depliant_Carte_CFL.pdf","url_text":"\"Dépliant carte CFL\""},{"url":"http://www.cfl.lu/NR/rdonlyres/4898AE8C-DEAA-4618-A3D3-31BBC9F1FCC2/0/Depliant_Carte_CFL.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DENOMINATION DES LIGNES\" (in French). Infrabel. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2007-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728073152/https://ecms.railaccess.be/DMS/ds/fr/523625","url_text":"\"DENOMINATION DES LIGNES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrabel","url_text":"Infrabel"},{"url":"https://ecms.railaccess.be/DMS/ds/fr/523625","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurney%27s_bank
Gurney's Bank
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
Bank formerly based in Norwich, England Gurney's bank was a family-run bank founded by members of the Gurney family in 1770 and headquartered in Norwich, England. It merged into Barclays Bank in 1896. History The bank was founded in 1770 by John and Henry Gurney, sons of John Gurney (1688–1741), who passed the business to Henry's son, Bartlett Gurney, in 1777. The bank was founded in what is now known as Bank Plain (formerly Redwell Street). The Quaker Gurneys were renowned for their honesty, reliability, and fair dealings — so people entrusted them their money for safe keeping. About 1777, Alderman Poole, a wine merchant, sold Bartlett Gurney premises near to the red well, and Gurney installed safes for bullion. A junior clerk slept on the trapdoor to the vaults to safeguard the valuables. The bank issued its own notes. A bull mastiff (complete with brass collar) stood on guard inside the doors at the Bank Plain premises, and there was always a blunderbuss at the ready. Bartlett Gurney died in 1802, without a male heir, in Norwich. He was succeeded in control of the bank by his cousins, including John Gurney, whose children included the banker Samuel Gurney. On his father's death in 1809, Samuel Gurney assumed the control of the Norwich bank. About the same time, he also took over the control of the London billbroking business of Richardson, Overend & Company, in which he was already a partner. The title of the firm was subsequently changed to Overend, Gurney and Company, and for forty years it was the greatest discounting house in the world. Samuel Gurney died in 1856. In 1865, the business of Overend, Gurney & Company, which had come under less competent control, went public as a joint stock company, but in 1866 the firm suspended payment with liabilities amounting to £11,000,000 Sterling. The failure of that bank ruined a number of the Gurneys, as well as numerous investors. The Norwich bank, however, escaped significant damage to its business and reputation from the collapse of the cousins' business. The Times stated, shortly after the suspension: "It is understood that the suspension of Overend, Gurney & Co will not in the slightest degree compromise Gurney's Bank of Norwich. That establishment recently passed into the hands of new partners, whose resources are beyond all question". The Gurney family was known for its wealth; in Gilbert and Sullivan's 1875 comic opera Trial by Jury, a character describes his accumulation of wealth until he "became as rich as the Gurneys". In 1896, Gurney's Bank merged with Backhouse's Bank of Darlington and Barclays Bank of London and several other provincial banks, controlled by Quaker families, to form what is now Barclays Bank. See also Banks portal Gurney family (Norwich) References ^ Gregg, H.F. (2004). "Gurney, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11766. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gurney" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 732. ^ Ackrill, Margaret and Leslie Hannah. Barclays: The Business of Banking, 1690-1996 (2001) Cambridge University Press, Chapter 1 ISBN 0-521-79035-2 ^ The Times, May 11, 1866; p. 11, col F, “Money-Market & City Intelligence” Section ^ Elliott, Geoffrey (2006). The Mystery of Overend & Gurney: A Financial Scandal in Victorian London. London: Methuen. p. 235. ISBN 0-413-77573-9. Further reading Verily, Anderson (1980). Friends and Relations: Three Centuries of Quaker Families. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 1-898030-84-7. — an account of the Gurney family. "Gurneys, Alexanders, Birkbeck, Barclay, Buxton and Kerrison (Ipswich Bank and Woodbridge Bank)". Barclays Group Archives. Retrieved 18 August 2018. Hare, Augustus. "Daniel Gurney of Runcton Hall". Welcome to North Runcton, a village near King's Lynn, Norfolk, UK. Retrieved 18 August 2018. Evening News Street Names External links Archives of Gurney's & Company, Norwich, 1775-1896 at archives hub vteBarclaysDivision and subsidiaries Barclays Canada Barclaycard Barclays Wealth Historical componentsand acquisitions Absa Group Backhouse's Bank Crossroads Group FirstCaribbean International Bank Gurney's Bank Juniper Bank Kuhn, Loeb & Co. Lehman Brothers Lock, Hulme & Co. London Provincial & South Western Bank Martins Bank The Woolwich Management C. S. Venkatakrishnan (Group Chief Executive) Other One Churchill Place Barclays Center (Brooklyn) Enfield Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gurney family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurney_family_(Norwich)"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Barclays Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays_Bank"}],"text":"Gurney's bank was a family-run bank founded by members of the Gurney family in 1770 and headquartered in Norwich, England. It merged into Barclays Bank in 1896.","title":"Gurney's Bank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker"},{"link_name":"Alderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderman"},{"link_name":"bull mastiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullmastiff"},{"link_name":"blunderbuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunderbuss"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gurney_(1749%E2%80%931809)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gurney_(1786%E2%80%931856)"},{"link_name":"Overend, Gurney and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overend,_Gurney_and_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"joint stock company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_stock_company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gilbert and Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"comic opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_opera"},{"link_name":"Trial by Jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_Jury"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Backhouse's Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhouse%27s_Bank"},{"link_name":"Barclays Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays_Bank"}],"text":"The bank was founded in 1770 by John and Henry Gurney, sons of John Gurney (1688–1741), who passed the business to Henry's son, Bartlett Gurney, in 1777.[1] The bank was founded in what is now known as Bank Plain (formerly Redwell Street). The Quaker Gurneys were renowned for their honesty, reliability, and fair dealings — so people entrusted them their money for safe keeping. About 1777, Alderman Poole, a wine merchant, sold Bartlett Gurney premises near to the red well, and Gurney installed safes for bullion. A junior clerk slept on the trapdoor to the vaults to safeguard the valuables. The bank issued its own notes. A bull mastiff (complete with brass collar) stood on guard inside the doors at the Bank Plain premises, and there was always a blunderbuss at the ready.[citation needed]Bartlett Gurney died in 1802, without a male heir, in Norwich. He was succeeded in control of the bank by his cousins, including John Gurney, whose children included the banker Samuel Gurney. On his father's death in 1809, Samuel Gurney assumed the control of the Norwich bank. About the same time, he also took over the control of the London billbroking business of Richardson, Overend & Company, in which he was already a partner. The title of the firm was subsequently changed to Overend, Gurney and Company, and for forty years it was the greatest discounting house in the world. Samuel Gurney died in 1856.[2]In 1865, the business of Overend, Gurney & Company, which had come under less competent control, went public as a joint stock company, but in 1866 the firm suspended payment with liabilities amounting to £11,000,000 Sterling. The failure of that bank ruined a number of the Gurneys, as well as numerous investors. The Norwich bank, however, escaped significant damage to its business and reputation from the collapse of the cousins' business.[3] The Times stated, shortly after the suspension: \"It is understood that the suspension of Overend, Gurney & Co will not in the slightest degree compromise Gurney's Bank of Norwich. That establishment recently passed into the hands of new partners, whose resources are beyond all question\".[4]The Gurney family was known for its wealth; in Gilbert and Sullivan's 1875 comic opera Trial by Jury, a character describes his accumulation of wealth until he \"became as rich as the Gurneys\".[5]In 1896, Gurney's Bank merged with Backhouse's Bank of Darlington and Barclays Bank of London and several other provincial banks, controlled by Quaker families, to form what is now Barclays Bank.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Verily, Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verily_Anderson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-898030-84-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898030-84-7"},{"link_name":"\"Gurneys, Alexanders, Birkbeck, Barclay, Buxton and Kerrison (Ipswich Bank and Woodbridge Bank)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.archive.barclays.com/items/show/5174"},{"link_name":"\"Daniel Gurney of Runcton Hall\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.runctonweb.co.uk/hist/dgurney.html"},{"link_name":"Evening News Street Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070311024246/http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/Features/DerekJames/StreetNames/StreetNamesB.aspx"}],"text":"Verily, Anderson (1980). Friends and Relations: Three Centuries of Quaker Families. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 1-898030-84-7. — an account of the Gurney family.\n\"Gurneys, Alexanders, Birkbeck, Barclay, Buxton and Kerrison (Ipswich Bank and Woodbridge Bank)\". Barclays Group Archives. Retrieved 18 August 2018.\nHare, Augustus. \"Daniel Gurney of Runcton Hall\". Welcome to North Runcton, a village near King's Lynn, Norfolk, UK. Retrieved 18 August 2018.\nEvening News Street Names","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Banks portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Banks"},{"title":"Gurney family (Norwich)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurney_family_(Norwich)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey_problem
Ramsey problem
["1 Description","2 Formal presentation and solution","3 Ramsey condition","4 See also","5 References"]
The Ramsey problem, or Ramsey pricing, or Ramsey–Boiteux pricing, is a second-best policy problem concerning what prices a public monopoly should charge for the various products it sells in order to maximize social welfare (the sum of producer and consumer surplus) while earning enough revenue to cover its fixed costs. Under Ramsey pricing, the price markup over marginal cost is inverse to the price elasticity of demand and the Price elasticity of supply: the more elastic the product's demand or supply, the smaller the markup. Frank P. Ramsey found this 1927 in the context of Optimal taxation: the more elastic the demand or supply, the smaller the optimal tax. The rule was later applied by Marcel Boiteux (1956) to natural monopolies (industries with decreasing average cost). A natural monopoly earns negative profits if it sets price equals to marginal cost, so it must set prices for some or all of the products it sells to above marginal cost if it is to be viable without government subsidies. Ramsey pricing says to mark up most the goods with the least elastic (that is, least price-sensitive) demand or supply. Description In a first-best world, without the need to earn enough revenue to cover fixed costs, the optimal solution would be to set the price for each product equal to its marginal cost. If the average cost curve is declining where the demand curve crosses it however, as happens when the fixed cost is large, this would result in a price less than average cost, and the firm could not survive without subsidy. The Ramsey problem is to decide exactly how much to raise each product's price above its marginal cost so the firm's revenue equals its total cost. If there is just one product, the problem is simple: raise the price to where it equals average cost. If there are two products, there is leeway to raise one product's price more and the other's less, so long as the firm can break even overall. The principle is applicable to pricing of goods that the government is the sole supplier of (public utilities) or regulation of natural monopolies, such as telecommunications firms, where it is efficient for only one firm to operate but the government regulates its prices so it does not earn above-market profits. In practice, government regulators are concerned with more than maximizing the sum of producer and consumer surplus. They may wish to put more weight on the surplus of politically powerful consumers, or they may wish to help the poor by putting more weight on their surplus. Moreover, many people will see Ramsey pricing as unfair, especially if they do not understand why it maximizes total surplus. In some contexts, Ramsey pricing is a form of price discrimination because the two products with different elasticities of demand are one physically identical product sold to two different groups of customers, e.g., electricity to residential customers and to commercial customers. Ramsey pricing says to charge whichever group has less elastic demand a higher price in order to maximize overall social welfare. Customers sometimes object to it on that basis, since they care about their own individual welfare, not social welfare. Customers who are charged more may consider unfair, especially they, with less elastic demand, would say they "need" the good more. In such situations regulators may further limit an operator’s ability to adopt Ramsey prices. Formal presentation and solution Consider the problem of a regulator seeking to set prices ( p 1 , … , p N ) {\displaystyle \left(p_{1},\ldots ,p_{N}\right)} for a multiproduct monopolist with costs C ( q 1 , q 2 , … , q N ) = C ( q ) , {\displaystyle C(q_{1},q_{2},\ldots ,q_{N})=C(\mathbf {q} ),} where q i {\displaystyle q_{i}} is the output of good i and p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} is the price. Suppose that the products are sold in separate markets so demands are independent, and demand for good i is q i ( p i ) , {\displaystyle q_{i}\left(p_{i}\right),} with inverse demand function p i ( q ) . {\displaystyle p_{i}(q).} Total revenue is R ( p , q ) = ∑ i p i q i ( p i ) . {\displaystyle R\left(\mathbf {p,q} \right)=\sum _{i}p_{i}q_{i}(p_{i}).} Total welfare is given by W ( p , q ) = ∑ i ( ∫ 0 q i ( p i ) p i ( q ) d q ) − C ( q ) . {\displaystyle W\left(\mathbf {p,q} \right)=\sum _{i}\left(\int \limits _{0}^{q_{i}(p_{i})}p_{i}(q)dq\right)-C\left(\mathbf {q} \right).} The problem is to maximize W ( p , q ) {\displaystyle W\left(\mathbf {p,q} \right)} by choice of the subject to the requirement that profit Π = R − C {\displaystyle \Pi =R-C} equal some fixed value Π ∗ {\displaystyle \Pi ^{*}} . Typically, the fixed value is zero, which is to say that the regulator wants to maximize welfare subject to the constraint that the firm not lose money. The constraint can be stated generally as: R ( p , q ) − C ( q ) ≥ Π ∗ {\displaystyle R(\mathbf {p,q} )-C(\mathbf {q} )\geq \Pi ^{*}} This problem may be solved using the Lagrange multiplier technique to yield the optimal output values, and backing out the optimal prices. The first order conditions on q {\displaystyle \mathbf {q} } are p i − C i ( q ) = − λ ( ∂ R ∂ q i − C i ( q ) ) = − λ ( p i ( 1 − 1 E l a s t i c i t y i ) − C i ( q ) ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}p_{i}-C_{i}\left(\mathbf {q} \right)&=-\lambda \left({\frac {\partial R}{\partial q_{i}}}-C_{i}\left(\mathbf {q} \right)\right)\\&=-\lambda \left(p_{i}\left(1-{\frac {1}{Elasticity_{i}}}\right)-C_{i}\left(\mathbf {q} \right)\right)\end{aligned}}} where λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is a Lagrange multiplier, Ci(q) is the partial derivative of C(q) with respect to qi, evaluated at q, and E l a s t i c i t y i = − ∂ q i ∂ p i p i q i {\displaystyle Elasticity_{i}=-{\frac {\partial q_{i}}{\partial p_{i}}}{\frac {p_{i}}{q_{i}}}} is the elasticity of demand for good i . {\displaystyle i.} Dividing by p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} and rearranging yields p i − C i ( q ) p i = k E l a s t i c i t y i {\displaystyle {\frac {p_{i}-C_{i}\left(\mathbf {q} \right)}{p_{i}}}={\frac {k}{Elasticity_{i}}}} where k = λ 1 + λ < 1. {\displaystyle k={\frac {\lambda }{1+\lambda }}<1.} . That is, the price margin compared to marginal cost for good i {\displaystyle i} is again inversely proportional to the elasticity of demand. Note that the Ramsey mark-up is smaller than the ordinary monopoly markup of the Lerner Rule which has k = 1 {\displaystyle k=1} , since λ = 1 {\displaystyle \lambda =1} (the fixed-profit requirement, Π ∗ = R − C {\displaystyle \Pi ^{*}=R-C} is non-binding). The Ramsey-price setting monopoly is in a second-best equilibrium, between ordinary monopoly and perfect competition. Ramsey condition An easier way to solve this problem in a two-output context is the Ramsey condition. According to Ramsey, as to minimize deadweight losses, one must increase prices to rigid and elastic demands/supplies in the same proportion, in relation to the prices that would be charged at the first-best solution (price equal to marginal cost). See also Amoroso–Robinson relation Lerner index References ^ Ramsey, Frank P. (1927). "A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation". The Economic Journal. 37 (145): 47–61. doi:10.2307/2222721. JSTOR 2222721. ^ Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation “Tariff Design: Economics of Tariff Design – Deviations from Marginal Cost Pricing: Ramsey Pricing” ^ Ramsey, Frank P. (1927). "A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation". The Economic Journal. 37 (145): 47–61. doi:10.2307/2222721. JSTOR 2222721.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"price elasticity of demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_elasticity_of_demand"},{"link_name":"Price elasticity of supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_elasticity_of_supply"},{"link_name":"Frank P. Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_P._Ramsey"},{"link_name":"Optimal taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_tax"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marcel Boiteux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Boiteux"},{"link_name":"natural monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monopoly"}],"text":"Under Ramsey pricing, the price markup over marginal cost is inverse to the price elasticity of demand and the Price elasticity of supply: the more elastic the product's demand or supply, the smaller the markup. Frank P. Ramsey found this 1927 in the context of Optimal taxation: the more elastic the demand or supply, the smaller the optimal tax.[1] The rule was later applied by Marcel Boiteux (1956) to natural monopolies (industries with decreasing average cost). A natural monopoly earns negative profits if it sets price equals to marginal cost, so it must set prices for some or all of the products it sells to above marginal cost if it is to be viable without government subsidies. Ramsey pricing says to mark up most the goods with the least elastic (that is, least price-sensitive) demand or supply.","title":"Ramsey problem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication"},{"link_name":"price discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_discrimination"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bok-2"}],"text":"In a first-best world, without the need to earn enough revenue to cover fixed costs, the optimal solution would be to set the price for each product equal to its marginal cost. If the average cost curve is declining where the demand curve crosses it however, as happens when the fixed cost is large, this would result in a price less than average cost, and the firm could not survive without subsidy. The Ramsey problem is to decide exactly how much to raise each product's price above its marginal cost so the firm's revenue equals its total cost. If there is just one product, the problem is simple: raise the price to where it equals average cost. If there are two products, there is leeway to raise one product's price more and the other's less, so long as the firm can break even overall.The principle is applicable to pricing of goods that the government is the sole supplier of (public utilities) or regulation of natural monopolies, such as telecommunications firms, where it is efficient for only one firm to operate but the government regulates its prices so it does not earn above-market profits.In practice, government regulators are concerned with more than maximizing the sum of producer and consumer surplus. They may wish to put more weight on the surplus of politically powerful consumers, or they may wish to help the poor by putting more weight on their surplus. Moreover, many people will see Ramsey pricing as unfair, especially if they do not understand why it maximizes total surplus. In some contexts, Ramsey pricing is a form of price discrimination because the two products with different elasticities of demand are one physically identical product sold to two different groups of customers, e.g., electricity to residential customers and to commercial customers. Ramsey pricing says to charge whichever group has less elastic demand a higher price in order to maximize overall social welfare. Customers sometimes object to it on that basis, since they care about their own individual welfare, not social welfare. Customers who are charged more may consider unfair, especially they, with less elastic demand, would say they \"need\" the good more. In such situations regulators may further limit an operator’s ability to adopt Ramsey prices.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lagrange multiplier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange_multiplier"},{"link_name":"Lerner Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerner_index"}],"text":"Consider the problem of a regulator seeking to set prices \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n p\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n p\n \n N\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(p_{1},\\ldots ,p_{N}\\right)}\n \n for a multiproduct monopolist with costs \n \n \n \n C\n (\n \n q\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n q\n \n N\n \n \n )\n =\n C\n (\n \n q\n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C(q_{1},q_{2},\\ldots ,q_{N})=C(\\mathbf {q} ),}\n \n where \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{i}}\n \n is the output of good i and \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{i}}\n \n is the price.[3] Suppose that the products are sold in separate markets so demands are independent, and demand for good i is \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n \n (\n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{i}\\left(p_{i}\\right),}\n \n with inverse demand function \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n (\n q\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{i}(q).}\n \n Total revenue is \n \n \n \n R\n \n (\n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n )\n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R\\left(\\mathbf {p,q} \\right)=\\sum _{i}p_{i}q_{i}(p_{i}).}Total welfare is given byW\n \n (\n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n )\n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n (\n q\n )\n d\n q\n \n )\n \n −\n C\n \n (\n \n q\n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle W\\left(\\mathbf {p,q} \\right)=\\sum _{i}\\left(\\int \\limits _{0}^{q_{i}(p_{i})}p_{i}(q)dq\\right)-C\\left(\\mathbf {q} \\right).}The problem is to maximize \n \n \n \n W\n \n (\n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle W\\left(\\mathbf {p,q} \\right)}\n \n by choice of the subject to the requirement that profit \n \n \n \n Π\n =\n R\n −\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi =R-C}\n \n equal some fixed value \n \n \n \n \n Π\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi ^{*}}\n \n. Typically, the fixed value is zero, which is to say that the regulator wants to maximize welfare subject to the constraint that the firm not lose money. The constraint can be stated generally as:R\n (\n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n )\n −\n C\n (\n \n q\n \n )\n ≥\n \n Π\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R(\\mathbf {p,q} )-C(\\mathbf {q} )\\geq \\Pi ^{*}}This problem may be solved using the Lagrange multiplier technique to yield the optimal output values, and backing out the optimal prices. The first order conditions on \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {q} }\n \n arep\n \n i\n \n \n −\n \n C\n \n i\n \n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n =\n −\n λ\n \n (\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n R\n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n C\n \n i\n \n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n −\n λ\n \n (\n \n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n −\n \n \n 1\n \n E\n l\n a\n s\n t\n i\n c\n i\n t\n \n y\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n −\n \n C\n \n i\n \n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}p_{i}-C_{i}\\left(\\mathbf {q} \\right)&=-\\lambda \\left({\\frac {\\partial R}{\\partial q_{i}}}-C_{i}\\left(\\mathbf {q} \\right)\\right)\\\\&=-\\lambda \\left(p_{i}\\left(1-{\\frac {1}{Elasticity_{i}}}\\right)-C_{i}\\left(\\mathbf {q} \\right)\\right)\\end{aligned}}}where \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n is a Lagrange multiplier, Ci(q) is the partial derivative of C(q) with respect to qi, evaluated at q, and \n \n \n \n E\n l\n a\n s\n t\n i\n c\n i\n t\n \n y\n \n i\n \n \n =\n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Elasticity_{i}=-{\\frac {\\partial q_{i}}{\\partial p_{i}}}{\\frac {p_{i}}{q_{i}}}}\n \n is the elasticity of demand for good \n \n \n \n i\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i.}Dividing by \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{i}}\n \n and rearranging yieldsp\n \n i\n \n \n −\n \n C\n \n i\n \n \n \n (\n \n q\n \n )\n \n \n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n k\n \n E\n l\n a\n s\n t\n i\n c\n i\n t\n \n y\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {p_{i}-C_{i}\\left(\\mathbf {q} \\right)}{p_{i}}}={\\frac {k}{Elasticity_{i}}}}where \n \n \n \n k\n =\n \n \n λ\n \n 1\n +\n λ\n \n \n \n <\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k={\\frac {\\lambda }{1+\\lambda }}<1.}\n \n. That is, the price margin compared to marginal cost for good \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n is again inversely proportional to the elasticity of demand. Note that the Ramsey mark-up is smaller than the ordinary monopoly markup of the Lerner Rule which has \n \n \n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k=1}\n \n, since \n \n \n \n λ\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda =1}\n \n (the fixed-profit requirement, \n \n \n \n \n Π\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n R\n −\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi ^{*}=R-C}\n \n is non-binding). The Ramsey-price setting monopoly is in a second-best equilibrium, between ordinary monopoly and perfect competition.","title":"Formal presentation and solution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deadweight losses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_loss"},{"link_name":"first-best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_the_second_best"}],"text":"An easier way to solve this problem in a two-output context is the Ramsey condition. According to Ramsey, as to minimize deadweight losses, one must increase prices to rigid and elastic demands/supplies in the same proportion, in relation to the prices that would be charged at the first-best solution (price equal to marginal cost).","title":"Ramsey condition"}]
[]
[{"title":"Amoroso–Robinson relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoroso%E2%80%93Robinson_relation"},{"title":"Lerner index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerner_index"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkir_Bl%C3%A6r
Birkir Blær
["1 Discography","1.1 Singles","2 References"]
Icelandic singer This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Birkir Blær. Birkir Blær Óðinsson (born 29 March 2000) is an Icelandic singer. On 10 December 2021, he won Swedish Idol 2021 at the Avicii Arena having resided in Sweden since November 2020. Discography Singles List of singles Title Year Peak chart positions Album SWE "Weightless" 2021 74 Non-album single References ^ "Birkir vinner "Idol 2021"". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). 10 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "JUST NU: Chatta om finalen i "Idol"". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). 10 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-06-29. ^ "Birkir Blaers tacksamhet till svenska folket efter oron i "Idol": "Känner mig så accepterad"". Aftonbladet. 4 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "Veckolista Singlar, vecka 1". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 7 January 2022. vteIdol (Swedish TV series)Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Winners Daniel Lindström Agnes Carlsson Markus Fagervall Marie Picasso Kevin Borg Erik Grönwall Jay Smith Amanda Fondell Kevin Walker Lisa Ajax Martin Almgren Liam Cacatian Thomassen Christoffer Kläfford Sebastian Walldén Tusse Chiza Nadja Holm Birkir Blær Nike Sellmar Cimberly Wanyonyi Winners' singles "Coming True" "Right Here, Right Now" "Everything Changes" "This Moment" "With Every Bit of Me" "Higher" "Dreaming People" "All This Way" "Belong" "Unbelievable" "Can't Hold Me Down" "Playing with Fire" "Treading Water" "Everything" "Rain" Runners-up Darin Zanyar Sebastian Karlsson Erik Segerstedt Amanda Jenssen Alice Svensson Calle Kristiansson Minnah Karlsson Robin Stjernberg Elin Bergman Mollie Lindén Amanda Winberg Rebecka Karlsson Hanna Ferm Kadiatou Holm Keita Freddie Liljegren Paulina Pancenkov Saga Ludvigsson Notable alumni Andreas Weise Ola Svensson Måns Zelmerlöw Danny Saucedo Loreen Sibel Redžep E.M.D. Johan Palm Daniel Karlsson (aka The Moniker) Anna Bergendahl Robin Bengtsson Lars Eriksson Rabih Jaber and Eddie Razaz (as Rebound!) Robin Stjernberg Tove Styrke Mariette Hansson Geir Rönning Oleg Nejlik Linnea Henriksson Renaida Braun William Segerdahl Bragi Bergsson Related articles Det bästa från Idol (series) Idol series This Icelandic biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Swedish biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyltransferases
Acetyltransferase
["1 Structure","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Chemical structure of an acetyl group bound to the remainder R of a molecule. Acetyltransferase (or transacetylase) is a type of transferase enzyme that transfers an acetyl group, through a process called acetylation. Acetylation serves as a modification that can profoundly transform the functionality of a protein by modifying various properties like hydrophobicity, solubility, and surface attributes. These alterations have the potential to influence the protein's conformation and its interactions with substrates, cofactors, and other macromolecules. The image to the right shows the basic structure of an acetyl group, where R is a variable indicates the remainder of the molecule to which the acetyl group is attached. Table 1: Classification of acetyltransferases in human Acetyltransferases Substrate Gene Chromosome Location Gene Group Abbreviation Histone Acetyltransferase Lysine residues on histones HAT1 2q31.1 Lysine acetyltransferases HAT Choline Acetyltransferase Choline CHAT 10q11.23 NA ChAT Serotonin N-Acetyltransferase Serotonin AANAT 17q25.1 GCN5 Related N-Acetyltransferases AANAT NatA Acetyltransferase N-terminus of various proteins as they emerge from the ribosome NAA15 4q31.1 Armadillo like helical domain containing N-alpha-acetyltransferase subunits NatA NatB Acetyltransferase Peptides starting with Met-Asp/Glu/Asn/Gln NAA25 12q24.13 N-alpha-acetyltransferase subunits MicroRNA protein coding host genes NatB Structure 3D structure of histone acetyltransferase 3D Structure of choline acetyltransferase 3D structure of serotonin N-acetyltransferase The 3D structure predictions of histone, choline, and serotonin acetyltransferases are shown to the side of this page. The 3D structure of these proteins are essential for interactions between them and their substrates. Alterations to the 3D structures of these enzymes could result in the chemical modifications not being completed. Additional examples include: Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase See also Acyltransferase Acetylation References ^ a b c Marmorstein R, Zhou MM (July 2014). "Writers and readers of histone acetylation: structure, mechanism, and inhibition". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 6 (7): a018762. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a018762. PMC 4067988. PMID 24984779. ^ a b c Verreault A, Kaufman PD, Kobayashi R, Stillman B (January 1998). "Nucleosomal DNA regulates the core-histone-binding subunit of the human Hat1 acetyltransferase". Current Biology. 8 (2): 96–108. doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(98)70040-5. PMID 9427644. S2CID 201273. ^ a b Kim AR, Rylett RJ, Shilton BH (December 2006). "Substrate binding and catalytic mechanism of human choline acetyltransferase". Biochemistry. 45 (49): 14621–14631. doi:10.1021/bi061536l. PMID 17144655. ^ a b Strauss WL, Kemper RR, Jayakar P, Kong CF, Hersh LB, Hilt DC, Rabin M (February 1991). "Human choline acetyltransferase gene maps to region 10q11-q22.2 by in situ hybridization". Genomics. 9 (2): 396–398. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90273-H. PMID 1840566. ^ a b c d Coon SL, Mazuruk K, Bernard M, Roseboom PH, Klein DC, Rodriguez IR (May 1996). "The human serotonin N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.87) gene (AANAT): structure, chromosomal localization, and tissue expression". Genomics. 34 (1): 76–84. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0243. PMID 8661026. ^ a b c d Arnesen T, Van Damme P, Polevoda B, Helsens K, Evjenth R, Colaert N, et al. (May 2009). "Proteomics analyses reveal the evolutionary conservation and divergence of N-terminal acetyltransferases from yeast and humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (20): 8157–8162. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.8157A. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901931106. PMC 2688859. PMID 19420222. ^ Hong H, Cai Y, Zhang S, Ding H, Wang H, Han A (April 2017). "Molecular Basis of Substrate Specific Acetylation by N-Terminal Acetyltransferase NatB". Structure. 25 (4): 641–649.e3. doi:10.1016/j.str.2017.03.003. PMID 28380339. ^ a b c d Van Damme P, Lasa M, Polevoda B, Gazquez C, Elosegui-Artola A, Kim DS, et al. (July 2012). "N-terminal acetylome analyses and functional insights of the N-terminal acetyltransferase NatB". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (31): 12449–12454. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10912449V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1210303109. PMC 3412031. PMID 22814378. External links Acetyltransferases at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vteTransferases: acyltransferases (EC 2.3)2.3.1: other than amino-acyl groups acetyltransferases: Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase N-Acetylglutamate synthase Choline acetyltransferase Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase Beta-galactoside transacetylase Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase N-acetyltransferase Serotonin N-acetyl transferase HGSNAT ARD1A Histone acetyltransferase P300/CBP NAT2 palmitoyltransferases: Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase CPT1 CPT2 Serine C-palmitoyltransferase SPTLC1 SPTLC2 other: Acyltransferase like 2 Aminolevulinic acid synthase Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase Glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase Lecithin—cholesterol acyltransferase Glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase ABHD5 2.3.2: Aminoacyltransferases Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase Peptidyl transferase Transglutaminase Tissue transglutaminase Keratinocyte transglutaminase Factor XIII 2.3.3: converted into alkyl on transfer Citrate synthase Decylcitrate synthase Citrate (Re)-synthase Decylhomocitrate synthase 2-methylcitrate synthase 2-ethylmalate synthase 3-ethylmalate synthase ATP citrate lyase Malate synthase HMG-CoA synthase HMGCS2 2-hydroxyglutarate synthase 3-propylmalate synthase 2-isopropylmalate synthase Homocitrate synthase Sulfoacetaldehyde acetyltransferase This enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"acetyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl"},{"link_name":"acetylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Acetyltransferase (or transacetylase) is a type of transferase enzyme that transfers an acetyl group, through a process called acetylation. Acetylation serves as a modification that can profoundly transform the functionality of a protein by modifying various properties like hydrophobicity, solubility, and surface attributes.[1] These alterations have the potential to influence the protein's conformation and its interactions with substrates, cofactors, and other macromolecules.[1] The image to the right shows the basic structure of an acetyl group, where R is a variable indicates the remainder of the molecule to which the acetyl group is attached.","title":"Acetyltransferase"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Histoneacetyltransferase.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_CHAT_PDB_2fy2.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SNAT_PDB-code_1KUX.png"},{"link_name":"Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenicol_acetyltransferase"}],"text":"3D structure of histone acetyltransferase\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t3D Structure of choline acetyltransferase\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t3D structure of serotonin N-acetyltransferaseThe 3D structure predictions of histone, choline, and serotonin acetyltransferases are shown to the side of this page. The 3D structure of these proteins are essential for interactions between them and their substrates. Alterations to the 3D structures of these enzymes could result in the chemical modifications not being completed.Additional examples include:Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase","title":"Structure"}]
[{"image_text":"Chemical structure of an acetyl group bound to the remainder R of a molecule.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Acetyl.svg/220px-Acetyl.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Acyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyltransferase"},{"title":"Acetylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylation"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Says
Stephanie Says
["1 Reception","2 Cover versions","3 Related media","4 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Stephanie Says" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Song by the Velvet Underground"Stephanie Says"Song by the Velvet UndergroundRecordedFebruary 13–14, 1968StudioA&R, New YorkGenreBaroque popLength2:50LabelVerveSongwriter(s)Lou ReedProducer(s)Val Valentin "Stephanie Says" is a song by American band the Velvet Underground, originally recorded in 1968. Although available on various bootlegs, the song was not released officially until 1985 when a remixed version appeared on the album VU, and subsequently on the 1995 box set Peel Slowly and See. The original 1968 mix of "Stephanie Says" was included on the 2005 Velvet Underground compilation album Gold. Lou Reed rewrote the lyrics and renamed it "Caroline Says (II)" for his 1973 solo album Berlin. While vastly different in tone, it retained the refrain "It's so cold in Alaska". Reception Spin said the Velvet Underground version was, "Virtually a direct referral to the first album. Both the melody and the function — another bittersweet homage to the negative girls of fashionable Manhattan —steers it awfully close to "All Tomorrow's Parties II"." Cover versions Lee Ranaldo of Sonic Youth covered the song on Fifteen Minutes: A Tribute to the Velvet Underground. Keren Ann and Barði Jóhannson, lead singer of Icelandic band Bang Gang covered the song on their album Lady and Bird. Serbian rock band Eva Braun covered the song with lyrics in the Serbian language in 1993 for the various artist compilation Radio Utopia. The song was released again as a bonus track on the remastered edition of their second studio album Pop Music. Icelandic singer Emiliana Torrini covered the song for her 1996 studio album Merman. Her version of the song reached number one on Iceland's Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 chart in January 1997 and ended the year at number 62 on the year-end chart. Related media In 2001, the song was used in the Wes Anderson film The Royal Tenenbaums. The song is referenced heavily in Amanda Palmer's "Blake Says" on her 2008 solo album Who Killed Amanda Palmer. References ^ a b c Richie Unterberger (June 1, 2009). White Light/White Heat: The Velvet Underground Day-By-Day. Jawbone Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-906002-22-0. ^ "Stephanie Says" at AllMusic ^ Rudy Langlais (May 1985). "Spins". Spin. No. 1. p. 28. ^ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (9.1. '97 –15.1. '97)". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). January 10, 1997. p. 16. Retrieved December 2, 2022. ^ "Árslistinn 1997 – Íslenski Listinn – 100 Vinsælustu Lögin". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). January 2, 1998. p. 25. Retrieved December 2, 2022. vteThe Velvet Underground Lou Reed John Cale Sterling Morrison Moe Tucker Doug Yule Willie Alexander Angus MacLise Nico Walter Powers Billy Yule Studio albums The Velvet Underground & Nico White Light/White Heat The Velvet Underground Loaded Squeeze Live albums Live at Max's Kansas City 1969: The Velvet Underground Live Live MCMXCIII Final V.U. 1971–1973 Bootleg Series Volume 1: The Quine Tapes The Complete Matrix Tapes Outtakes albums VU Another View Compilations Andy Warhol's Velvet Underground Featuring Nico The Best of The Velvet Underground: Words and Music of Lou Reed The Best of Lou Reed & The Velvet Underground 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of The Velvet Underground The Very Best of the Velvet Underground Gold Box sets Final V.U. 1971–1973 Peel Slowly and See The Complete Matrix Tapes Singles "All Tomorrow's Parties" / "I'll Be Your Mirror" "Sunday Morning" "White Light/White Heat" / "Here She Comes Now" "What Goes On" "Sweet Jane" / "Rock & Roll" "I'm Waiting for the Man" / "There She Goes Again" "Venus in Furs" Other songs "After Hours" "Candy Says" "European Son" "Heroin" "I Heard Her Call My Name" "Lady Godiva's Operation" "New Age" "Pale Blue Eyes" "Run Run Run" "Sister Ray" "Stephanie Says" "The Black Angel's Death Song" "The Gift" Tribute albums Heaven & Hell Fifteen Minutes I'll Be Your Mirror Films The Velvet Underground and Nico: A Symphony of Sound The Velvet Underground (2021 film) Related articlesArticles Discography Songs Exploding Plastic Inevitable Ostrich guitar The Factory Max's Kansas City People Walter De Maria Steve Sesnick Andy Warhol Tom Wilson Music Songs for Drella Le Bataclan '72
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Richie Unterberger (June 1, 2009). White Light/White Heat: The Velvet Underground Day-By-Day. Jawbone Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-906002-22-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=84I3AQAAIAAJ","url_text":"White Light/White Heat: The Velvet Underground Day-By-Day"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906002-22-0","url_text":"978-1-906002-22-0"}]},{"reference":"Rudy Langlais (May 1985). \"Spins\". Spin. No. 1. p. 28.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]},{"reference":"\"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (9.1. '97 –15.1. '97)\". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). January 10, 1997. p. 16. Retrieved December 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timarit.is/page/2949779?iabr=on#page/n1/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (9.1. '97 –15.1. '97)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dagblaðið Vísir"}]},{"reference":"\"Árslistinn 1997 – Íslenski Listinn – 100 Vinsælustu Lögin\". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). January 2, 1998. p. 25. Retrieved December 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timarit.is/page/2963913?iabr=on#page/n15/mode/2up/","url_text":"\"Árslistinn 1997 – Íslenski Listinn – 100 Vinsælustu Lögin\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_East%E2%80%94Stoney_Creek_(provincial_electoral_district)
Hamilton East—Stoney Creek (provincial electoral district)
["1 Geography","2 Members of Provincial Parliament","3 Election results","4 2007 electoral reform referendum","5 Sources"]
Coordinates: 43°13′48″N 79°43′59″W / 43.230°N 79.733°W / 43.230; -79.733For the federal electoral district, see Hamilton East—Stoney Creek (federal electoral district). Provincial electoral district in Ontario, CanadaHamilton East—Stoney Creek Ontario electoral districtHamilton East—Stoney Creek in relation to the other Hamilton ridingsProvincial electoral districtLegislatureLegislative Assembly of OntarioMPP    Neil LumsdenProgressive ConservativeDistrict created2006First contested2007Last contested2022DemographicsPopulation (2016)107,845Electors (2018)84,088Area (km²)76Pop. density (per km²)1,419Census division(s)HamiltonCensus subdivision(s)Hamilton Hamilton East—Stoney Creek is a provincial electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario since the 2007 provincial election. The riding was formed in 2003 from parts of the former ridings of Hamilton East and Stoney Creek. Of the 115,709 constituents of the riding, a slight majority were previously constituents in the former riding of Stoney Creek. 58,462 constituents were part of the Stoney Creek riding while 57,247 constituents originated from Hamilton East. Geography It consists of the part of the City of Hamilton lying north of the Niagara Escarpment and east of Ottawa Street. The riding consists of the neighbourhoods of Bartonville, Homeside, Normanhurst, McQuesten, Glenview, Rosedale, Red Hill, Vincent, Gershome, Greenford, Corman, Kentley, Riverdale, Parkview West, Parkview East, Nashdale, Lake Grayside, and the eastern half of The Delta in the former City of Hamilton, as well as the part of the former City of Stoney Creek north of the Niagara Escarpment including the "Old Town", Fruitland and Winona. Members of Provincial Parliament Hamilton East—Stoney Creek Assembly Years Member Party Riding created from Hamilton East and Stoney Creek 39th  2007–2011     Paul Miller New Democratic 40th  2011–2014 41st  2014–2018 42nd  2018–2022  2022–2022     Independent 43rd  2022–present     Neil Lumsden Progressive Conservative Election results vte2022 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Progressive Conservative Neil Lumsden 12,166 34.60 +5.78 $47,580 New Democratic Zaigham Butt 9,614 27.34 −23.82 $82,230 Liberal Jason Farr 7,411 21.07 +8.99 $73,616 Independent Paul Miller 2,411 6.86   $8,083 Green Cassie Wylie 1,740 4.95 +0.67 $381 Ontario Party Domenic Diluca 1,052 2.99   $4,627 New Blue Jeffery Raulino 693 1.97   $11,785 Electoral Reform Cameron Rajewski 79 0.22   $0 Total valid votes/Expense limit 35,166 98.74 +0.08 $121,750 Total rejected, unmarked, and declined ballots 449 1.26 –0.08 Turnout 35,615 40.95 –12.11 Eligible voters 86,774 Progressive Conservative gain from Independent Swing +14.80 Source(s) "Summary of Valid Votes Cast for Each Candidate" (PDF). Elections Ontario. 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-05-18."Statistical Summary by Electoral District" (PDF). Elections Ontario. 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-05-21. 2018 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes % ±% New Democratic Paul Miller 22,518 51.15 +4.34 Progressive Conservative Akash Grewal 12,684 28.81 +11.06 Liberal Jennifer Stebbing 5,320 12.09 −17.07 Green Brian Munroe 1,884 4.28 +0.19 Libertarian Allan DeRoo 715 1.62 +0.03 None of the Above Linda Chenoweth 659 1.50 New People's Choice Lucina Monroy 240 0.55 Total valid votes 44,020 98.66 Total rejected, unmarked and declined ballots 597 1.34 Turnout 44,617 53.06 Eligible voters 84,088 Source: Elections Ontario 2014 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes % ±% New Democratic Paul Miller 19,958 46.81 -4.91 Liberal Ivan Luksic 12,433 29.16 +2.86 Progressive Conservative David Brown 7,574 17.76 -0.95 Green Greg Zink 1,742 4.09 +2.34 Libertarian Mark Burnison 676 1.59 +0.84 Freedom Britney Anne Johnston 254 0.60 +0.26 Total valid votes 42,637 100.0   New Democratic hold Swing -3.88 Source: Elections Ontario 2011 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes % ±% New Democratic Paul Miller 20,442 51.72 +14.09 Liberal Mark Cripps 10,397 26.30 -8.82 Progressive Conservative Nancy Fiorentino 7,395 18.71 -2.57 Green W. Peter Randall 692 1.75 -3.19 Libertarian Greg Pattinson 295 0.75 Family Coalition Bob Green Innes 173 0.44 -0.6 Freedom Philip Doucette 133 0.34 Total valid votes 39,527 100.00 Total rejected, unmarked and declined ballots 216 0.54 Turnout 39,743 46.26 Eligible voters 85,908 New Democratic hold Swing +11.46 Source: Elections Ontario 2007 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes % New Democratic Paul Miller 16,256 37.63 Liberal Nerene Virgin 15,171 35.12 Progressive Conservative Tara Crugnale 9,195 21.28 Green Raymond Dartsch 2,122 4.91 Family Coalition Robert Innes 451 1.04 Total valid votes 43,195 100.0 2007 electoral reform referendum 2007 Ontario electoral reform referendum Side Votes % First Past the Post 23,342 63.7 Mixed member proportional 13,310 36.3 Total valid votes 36,652 100.0 Sources ^ "Summary of Valid Votes Cast for each Candidate" (PDF). Elections Ontario. Retrieved 16 January 2019. ^ Elections Ontario (2014). "Official result from the records, 032 Hamilton East—Stoney Creek" (PDF). Retrieved 27 June 2015. ^ Elections Ontario (2011). "Official return from the records / Rapport des registres officiels - Hamilton East—Stoney Creek" (PDF). Retrieved 3 June 2014. Elections Ontario Past Election Results Map of riding for 2018 election vteProvincial ridings in Hamilton, Halton and NiagaraNew Democratic Hamilton Centre Hamilton Mountain Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas Niagara Centre Niagara Falls St. Catharines Progressive Conservative Burlington Flamborough—Glanbrook Hamilton East—Stoney Creek Milton Niagara West Oakville Oakville North—Burlington vteProvincial ridings in OntarioNorthern Algoma—Manitoulin Kenora—Rainy River Kiiwetinoong Mushkegowuk—James Bay Nickel Belt Nipissing Parry Sound—Muskoka Sault Ste. Marie Sudbury Thunder Bay—Atikokan Thunder Bay—Superior North Timiskaming—Cochrane Timmins Eastern Bay of Quinte Glengarry—Prescott—Russell Hastings—Lennox and Addington Kingston and the Islands Lanark—Frontenac—Kingston Leeds—Grenville—Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke Stormont—Dundas—South Glengarry Central Barrie—Innisfil Barrie—Springwater—Oro-Medonte Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound Dufferin—Caledon Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock Northumberland—Peterborough South Peterborough—Kawartha Simcoe—Grey Simcoe North York—Simcoe Midwestern Brantford—Brant Cambridge Guelph Haldimand—Norfolk Huron—Bruce Kitchener Centre Kitchener—Conestoga Kitchener South—Hespeler Oxford Perth—Wellington Waterloo Wellington—Halton Hills Southwestern Chatham-Kent—Leamington Elgin—Middlesex—London Essex Lambton—Kent—Middlesex London—Fanshawe London North Centre London West Sarnia—Lambton Windsor—Tecumseh Windsor West Peel Brampton Centre Brampton East Brampton North Brampton South Brampton West Mississauga Centre Mississauga East—Cooksville Mississauga—Erin Mills Mississauga—Lakeshore Mississauga—Malton Mississauga—Streetsville Hamilton, Halton, and Niagara Burlington Flamborough—Glanbrook Hamilton Centre Hamilton East—Stoney Creek Hamilton Mountain Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas Milton Niagara Centre Niagara Falls Niagara West Oakville North—Burlington Oakville St. Catharines Ottawa Carleton Kanata—Carleton Nepean Orléans Ottawa Centre Ottawa South Ottawa—Vanier Ottawa West—Nepean Durham and York Ajax Aurora—Oak Ridges—Richmond Hill Durham King—Vaughan Markham—Stouffville Markham—Thornhill Markham—Unionville Newmarket—Aurora Oshawa Pickering—Uxbridge Richmond Hill Thornhill Vaughan—Woodbridge Whitby Toronto Beaches—East York Davenport Don Valley East Don Valley North Don Valley West Eglinton—Lawrence Etobicoke Centre Etobicoke—Lakeshore Etobicoke North Humber River—Black Creek Parkdale—High Park Scarborough—Agincourt Scarborough Centre Scarborough—Guildwood Scarborough North Scarborough—Rouge Park Scarborough Southwest Spadina—Fort York Toronto Centre Toronto—Danforth Toronto—St. Paul's University—Rosedale Willowdale York Centre York South—Weston See also: Federal ridings in Ontario List of elections Politics of Ontario 43°13′48″N 79°43′59″W / 43.230°N 79.733°W / 43.230; -79.733
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Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Sudbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay—Atikokan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay%E2%80%94Atikokan_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay—Superior North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay%E2%80%94Superior_North_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Timiskaming—Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timiskaming%E2%80%94Cochrane_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Timmins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timmins_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Bay of Quinte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Quinte_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Glengarry—Prescott—Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glengarry%E2%80%94Prescott%E2%80%94Russell_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Hastings—Lennox and Addington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings%E2%80%94Lennox_and_Addington_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Kingston and the Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_and_the_Islands_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Lanark—Frontenac—Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanark%E2%80%94Frontenac%E2%80%94Kingston_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Leeds—Grenville—Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds%E2%80%94Grenville%E2%80%94Thousand_Islands_and_Rideau_Lakes_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrew%E2%80%94Nipissing%E2%80%94Pembroke_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Stormont—Dundas—South Glengarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormont%E2%80%94Dundas%E2%80%94South_Glengarry_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Barrie—Innisfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie%E2%80%94Innisfil_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Barrie—Springwater—Oro-Medonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie%E2%80%94Springwater%E2%80%94Oro-Medonte_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%E2%80%94Grey%E2%80%94Owen_Sound_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Dufferin—Caledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dufferin%E2%80%94Caledon_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliburton%E2%80%94Kawartha_Lakes%E2%80%94Brock_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Northumberland—Peterborough South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland%E2%80%94Peterborough_South_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Peterborough—Kawartha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough%E2%80%94Kawartha_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Simcoe—Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simcoe%E2%80%94Grey_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Simcoe North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simcoe_North_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"York—Simcoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York%E2%80%94Simcoe_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Brantford—Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantford%E2%80%94Brant_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Guelph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelph_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Haldimand—Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldimand%E2%80%94Norfolk_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Huron—Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huron%E2%80%94Bruce_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Kitchener Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener_Centre_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Kitchener—Conestoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener%E2%80%94Conestoga_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Kitchener South—Hespeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener_South%E2%80%94Hespeler_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Perth—Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth%E2%80%94Wellington_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Wellington—Halton Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington%E2%80%94Halton_Hills_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Chatham-Kent—Leamington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham-Kent%E2%80%94Leamington_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Elgin—Middlesex—London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin%E2%80%94Middlesex%E2%80%94London_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Lambton—Kent—Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambton%E2%80%94Kent%E2%80%94Middlesex_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"London—Fanshawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%E2%80%94Fanshawe_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"London North Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_North_Centre_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"London West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_West_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Sarnia—Lambton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnia%E2%80%94Lambton_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Windsor—Tecumseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor%E2%80%94Tecumseh_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Windsor West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_West_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Brampton Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_Centre_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Brampton East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_East_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Brampton North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_North_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Brampton South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_South_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Brampton West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_West_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Mississauga Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississauga_Centre_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Mississauga East—Cooksville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississauga_East%E2%80%94Cooksville_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Mississauga—Erin Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississauga%E2%80%94Erin_Mills_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Mississauga—Lakeshore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississauga%E2%80%94Lakeshore_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Mississauga—Malton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississauga%E2%80%94Malton_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Mississauga—Streetsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississauga%E2%80%94Streetsville_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Flamborough—Glanbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamborough%E2%80%94Glanbrook_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Centre_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Hamilton East—Stoney Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Mountain_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_West%E2%80%94Ancaster%E2%80%94Dundas_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Niagara Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Centre_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Niagara Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Niagara West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_West_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Oakville North—Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakville_North%E2%80%94Burlington_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Oakville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakville_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"St. Catharines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Carleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_(Ontario_provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Kanata—Carleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanata%E2%80%94Carleton_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Nepean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepean_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Centre_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Ottawa South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_South_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Ottawa—Vanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa%E2%80%94Vanier_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Ottawa West—Nepean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_West%E2%80%94Nepean_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Aurora—Oak Ridges—Richmond Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora%E2%80%94Oak_Ridges%E2%80%94Richmond_Hill_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"King—Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%94Vaughan_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Markham—Stouffville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham%E2%80%94Stouffville_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Markham—Thornhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham%E2%80%94Thornhill_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Markham—Unionville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham%E2%80%94Unionville_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Newmarket—Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket%E2%80%94Aurora_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Oshawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshawa_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Pickering—Uxbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickering%E2%80%94Uxbridge_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Richmond Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Hill_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Thornhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornhill_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Vaughan—Woodbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan%E2%80%94Woodbridge_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Beaches—East York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaches%E2%80%94East_York_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Don Valley East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Valley_East_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Don Valley North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Valley_North_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Don Valley West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Valley_West_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Eglinton—Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton%E2%80%94Lawrence_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Etobicoke Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etobicoke_Centre_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Etobicoke—Lakeshore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etobicoke%E2%80%94Lakeshore_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Etobicoke North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etobicoke_North_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Humber River—Black Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_River%E2%80%94Black_Creek_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Parkdale—High Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkdale%E2%80%94High_Park_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Scarborough—Agincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough%E2%80%94Agincourt_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Scarborough Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_Centre_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Scarborough—Guildwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough%E2%80%94Guildwood_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Scarborough North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_North_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Scarborough—Rouge Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough%E2%80%94Rouge_Park_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Scarborough Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_Southwest_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Spadina—Fort York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spadina%E2%80%94Fort_York_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Toronto Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Centre_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Toronto—Danforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%E2%80%94Danforth_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Toronto—St. Paul's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%E2%80%94St._Paul%27s_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"University—Rosedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%E2%80%94Rosedale_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Willowdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willowdale_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"York Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Centre_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"York South—Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_South%E2%80%94Weston_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Federal ridings in Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Federal_ridings_in_Ontario"},{"link_name":"List of elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ontario_general_elections"},{"link_name":"Politics of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"43°13′48″N 79°43′59″W / 43.230°N 79.733°W / 43.230; -79.733","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamilton_East%E2%80%94Stoney_Creek_(provincial_electoral_district)&params=43.230_N_79.733_W_"}],"text":"^ \"Summary of Valid Votes Cast for each Candidate\" (PDF). Elections Ontario. Retrieved 16 January 2019.\n\n^ Elections Ontario (2014). \"Official result from the records, 032 Hamilton East—Stoney Creek\" (PDF). Retrieved 27 June 2015.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ Elections Ontario (2011). \"Official return from the records / Rapport des registres officiels - Hamilton East—Stoney Creek\" (PDF). Retrieved 3 June 2014.[permanent dead link]Elections Ontario Past Election Results\nMap of riding for 2018 electionvteProvincial ridings in Hamilton, Halton and NiagaraNew Democratic\nHamilton Centre\nHamilton Mountain\nHamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas\nNiagara Centre\nNiagara Falls\nSt. Catharines\nProgressive Conservative\nBurlington\nFlamborough—Glanbrook\nHamilton East—Stoney Creek\nMilton\nNiagara West\nOakville\nOakville North—BurlingtonvteProvincial ridings in OntarioNorthern\nAlgoma—Manitoulin\nKenora—Rainy River\nKiiwetinoong\nMushkegowuk—James Bay\nNickel Belt\nNipissing\nParry Sound—Muskoka\nSault Ste. Marie\nSudbury\nThunder Bay—Atikokan\nThunder Bay—Superior North\nTimiskaming—Cochrane\nTimmins\nEastern\nBay of Quinte\nGlengarry—Prescott—Russell\nHastings—Lennox and Addington\nKingston and the Islands\nLanark—Frontenac—Kingston\nLeeds—Grenville—Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes\nRenfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke\nStormont—Dundas—South Glengarry\nCentral\nBarrie—Innisfil\nBarrie—Springwater—Oro-Medonte\nBruce—Grey—Owen Sound\nDufferin—Caledon\nHaliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock\nNorthumberland—Peterborough South\nPeterborough—Kawartha\nSimcoe—Grey\nSimcoe North\nYork—Simcoe\nMidwestern\nBrantford—Brant\nCambridge\nGuelph\nHaldimand—Norfolk\nHuron—Bruce\nKitchener Centre\nKitchener—Conestoga\nKitchener South—Hespeler\nOxford\nPerth—Wellington\nWaterloo\nWellington—Halton Hills\nSouthwestern\nChatham-Kent—Leamington\nElgin—Middlesex—London\nEssex\nLambton—Kent—Middlesex\nLondon—Fanshawe\nLondon North Centre\nLondon West\nSarnia—Lambton\nWindsor—Tecumseh\nWindsor West\nPeel\nBrampton Centre\nBrampton East\nBrampton North\nBrampton South\nBrampton West\nMississauga Centre\nMississauga East—Cooksville\nMississauga—Erin Mills\nMississauga—Lakeshore\nMississauga—Malton\nMississauga—Streetsville\nHamilton, Halton, and Niagara\nBurlington\nFlamborough—Glanbrook\nHamilton Centre\nHamilton East—Stoney Creek\nHamilton Mountain\nHamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas\nMilton\nNiagara Centre\nNiagara Falls\nNiagara West\nOakville North—Burlington\nOakville\nSt. Catharines\nOttawa\nCarleton\nKanata—Carleton\nNepean\nOrléans\nOttawa Centre\nOttawa South\nOttawa—Vanier\nOttawa West—Nepean\nDurham and York\nAjax\nAurora—Oak Ridges—Richmond Hill\nDurham\nKing—Vaughan\nMarkham—Stouffville\nMarkham—Thornhill\nMarkham—Unionville\nNewmarket—Aurora\nOshawa\nPickering—Uxbridge\nRichmond Hill\nThornhill\nVaughan—Woodbridge\nWhitby\nToronto\nBeaches—East York\nDavenport\nDon Valley East\nDon Valley North\nDon Valley West\nEglinton—Lawrence\nEtobicoke Centre\nEtobicoke—Lakeshore\nEtobicoke North\nHumber River—Black Creek\nParkdale—High Park\nScarborough—Agincourt\nScarborough Centre\nScarborough—Guildwood\nScarborough North\nScarborough—Rouge Park\nScarborough Southwest\nSpadina—Fort York\nToronto Centre\nToronto—Danforth\nToronto—St. Paul's\nUniversity—Rosedale\nWillowdale\nYork Centre\nYork South—Weston\n\nSee also: Federal ridings in Ontario\nList of elections\nPolitics of Ontario43°13′48″N 79°43′59″W / 43.230°N 79.733°W / 43.230; -79.733","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Summary of Valid Votes Cast for Each Candidate\" (PDF). Elections Ontario. 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://results.elections.on.ca/api/report-groups/45/report-outputs/955/pdf/en","url_text":"\"Summary of Valid Votes Cast for Each Candidate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_Ontario","url_text":"Elections Ontario"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230518112003/https://results.elections.on.ca/api/report-groups/45/report-outputs/955/pdf/en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Statistical Summary by Electoral District\" (PDF). Elections Ontario. 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://results.elections.on.ca/api/report-groups/45/report-outputs/948/pdf/en","url_text":"\"Statistical Summary by Electoral District\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_Ontario","url_text":"Elections Ontario"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230521200222/https://results.elections.on.ca/api/report-groups/45/report-outputs/948/pdf/en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of Valid Votes Cast for each Candidate\" (PDF). Elections Ontario. Retrieved 16 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.on.ca/content/dam/NGW/sitecontent/2018/results/officialresults-yellowbook/votescastbycandidate/pdf/Valid%20Votes%20Cast%20for%20Each%20Candidate%20-%202018%20Provincial%20General%20Election.pdf","url_text":"\"Summary of Valid Votes Cast for each Candidate\""}]},{"reference":"Elections Ontario (2014). \"Official result from the records, 032 Hamilton East—Stoney Creek\" (PDF). Retrieved 27 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_Ontario","url_text":"Elections Ontario"},{"url":"http://www.wemakevotingeasy.ca/media/EO_Site/official_GE/GE_2014/ED032-F0244.pdf","url_text":"\"Official result from the records, 032 Hamilton East—Stoney Creek\""}]},{"reference":"Elections Ontario (2011). \"Official return from the records / Rapport des registres officiels - Hamilton East—Stoney Creek\" (PDF). Retrieved 3 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wemakevotingeasy.ca/media/EO_Site/official_GE/ED032-F0244.pdf","url_text":"\"Official return from the records / Rapport des registres officiels - Hamilton East—Stoney Creek\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamilton_East%E2%80%94Stoney_Creek_(provincial_electoral_district)&params=43.230_N_79.733_W_","external_links_name":"43°13′48″N 79°43′59″W / 43.230°N 79.733°W / 43.230; -79.733"},{"Link":"https://results.elections.on.ca/api/report-groups/45/report-outputs/955/pdf/en","external_links_name":"\"Summary of Valid Votes Cast for Each Candidate\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230518112003/https://results.elections.on.ca/api/report-groups/45/report-outputs/955/pdf/en","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://results.elections.on.ca/api/report-groups/45/report-outputs/948/pdf/en","external_links_name":"\"Statistical Summary by Electoral District\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230521200222/https://results.elections.on.ca/api/report-groups/45/report-outputs/948/pdf/en","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.elections.on.ca/content/dam/NGW/sitecontent/2018/results/officialresults-yellowbook/votescastbycandidate/pdf/Valid%20Votes%20Cast%20for%20Each%20Candidate%20-%202018%20Provincial%20General%20Election.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Summary of Valid Votes Cast for each Candidate\""},{"Link":"http://www.wemakevotingeasy.ca/media/EO_Site/official_GE/GE_2014/ED032-F0244.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Official result from the records, 032 Hamilton East—Stoney Creek\""},{"Link":"http://www.wemakevotingeasy.ca/media/EO_Site/official_GE/ED032-F0244.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Official return from the records / Rapport des registres officiels - Hamilton East—Stoney Creek\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012015710/http://www.elections.on.ca/en-CA/Tools/PastResults.htm","external_links_name":"Elections Ontario Past Election Results"},{"Link":"https://www.elections.on.ca/content/dam/NGW/sitecontent/2017/preo/2017atlasmaps/037HamiltonEastStoneyCreekAtlasMap.pdf","external_links_name":"Map of riding for 2018 election"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamilton_East%E2%80%94Stoney_Creek_(provincial_electoral_district)&params=43.230_N_79.733_W_","external_links_name":"43°13′48″N 79°43′59″W / 43.230°N 79.733°W / 43.230; -79.733"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhona_Cameron
Rhona Cameron
["1 Television career","2 Writing","3 Other performances","4 Personal life","5 Activism","6 References","7 External links"]
Scottish comedian Rhona CameronBorn (1965-09-27) 27 September 1965 (age 58)Dundee, ScotlandNationalityScottishYears active1992–presentWebsitewww.rhonacameron.com Rhona Cameron (born 27 September 1965) is a Scottish comedian, writer and TV presenter. She rose to prominence via the stand-up comedy circuit, and was a regular on British television in the 1990s. Television career In 1992, she won So You Think You're Funny. She presented the ITV game show Russian Roulette and the BBC Two show Gaytime TV. Cameron co-wrote Rhona with her former partner Linda Gibson. Rhona was a sitcom which starred Cameron as Rhona Campbell, a lesbian Scot living alone in London, who has problems similar to those of her straight friends. Only one six-episode series was made, broadcast in July and August 2000 on BBC2. Cameron was a participant in the first series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. In June 2009, she appeared on Celebrity Wife Swap with her partner, Suran Dickson. She is the narrator for the Channel 4 series Find It, Fix It, Flog It. In January 2022, she was announced as one of several comedians on GB News' newspaper preview show Headliners. Writing She is the author of Nineteen Seventy-Nine: A Big Year in a Small Town, a book about growing up as a lesbian in the small fishing town of Musselburgh, East Lothian, Scotland, detailing about her teenage years and father's illness. Her debut novel The Naked Drinking Club was published by Ebury Press in 2007. Other performances Rhona appeared as the first female Narrator in some performances of The Rocky Horror Show UK tour 2003. She has also appeared on Lily Savage's Blankety Blank. Since 2015, she has provided the voice of Bonnie in the video game Payday 2. Personal life Cameron was born in Dundee and is adopted; her birth mother (whose name Cameron keeps secret) was from North Shields and her biological father is shown as "unknown" on the adoption records. She attended Musselburgh Grammar School. Cameron previously had relationships with comedian Sue Perkins and with writer Linda Gibson. Activism Cameron is a Patron of both LGBT Youth Scotland and Pride London (the UK's largest lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Pride event). She has stated that she supports the Scottish National Party and 'the case for Independence'. References ^ "Rhona Cameron – 1992 | So You Think You're Funny?". soyouthinkyourfunny.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ BFI database: GAYTIME TV ^ "Rhona". BBC Comedy. BBC. Retrieved 1 March 2010. ^ "Episode list for "Rhona" (2000)". IMDb. Retrieved 1 March 2010. ^ Edinburgh Evening News – Comic Rhona Cameron to tie knot with partner in Edinburgh ^ Excellent Talent (14 September 2016). "Find it, Fix it, Flog it is back on @Channel4 this Monday. Voiced by Excellent's own @therhonacameron #voiceover" (Tweet). Retrieved 19 September 2020 – via Twitter. ^ Bennett, Steve. "GB News reveals line-up of comedians for its newspaper preview show : News 2022 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide". chortle.co.uk. Retrieved 21 January 2022. ^ "Rhona Cameron – 1992 | So You Think You're Funny?". soyouthinkyourfunny.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ "Rhona Cameron – 1992 | So You Think You're Funny?". soyouthinkyourfunny.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ "ITV Series 1, Episode 3". Lily Savage's Blankety Blank. 21 January 2001. ITV. Repeated 23 August 2016 on Challenge TV. ^ "My name and other secrets". The Guardian. London. 11 August 2007. para. 1. Retrieved 12 May 2011. ^ "Rhona Cameron had a drunken, misspent youth. Would it all have been different if she'd gone to art school?". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 6 February 2021. ^ "Rhona". Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ "Book Rhona Cameron, comedian and presenter". Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2015. ^ "Scotland once led the way on gay rights. What's gone wrong? | Rhona Cameron". the Guardian. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015. External links Rhona Cameron at IMDb Rhona Cameron profile Chortle, including tour dates Rhona Cameron at Edinburgh Comedy Festival Archived 25 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedian"}],"text":"Rhona Cameron (born 27 September 1965) is a Scottish comedian, writer and TV presenter. She rose to prominence via the stand-up comedy circuit, and was a regular on British television in the 1990s.","title":"Rhona Cameron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"So You Think You're Funny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You%27re_Funny"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Network"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"Gaytime TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaytime_TV"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rhona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhona_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"BBC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Wife Swap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wife_Swap_(UK_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Suran Dickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suran_Dickson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"GB News'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB_News"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1992, she won So You Think You're Funny.[1]She presented the ITV game show Russian Roulette and the BBC Two show Gaytime TV.[2] Cameron co-wrote Rhona with her former partner Linda Gibson. Rhona was a sitcom which starred Cameron as Rhona Campbell, a lesbian Scot living alone in London, who has problems similar to those of her straight friends. Only one six-episode series was made, broadcast in July and August 2000 on BBC2.[3][4]Cameron was a participant in the first series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!.In June 2009, she appeared on Celebrity Wife Swap with her partner, Suran Dickson.[5]She is the narrator for the Channel 4 series Find It, Fix It, Flog It.[6]In January 2022, she was announced as one of several comedians on GB News' newspaper preview show Headliners.[7]","title":"Television career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Musselburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musselburgh"},{"link_name":"East Lothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lothian"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"She is the author of Nineteen Seventy-Nine: A Big Year in a Small Town, a book about growing up as a lesbian in the small fishing town of Musselburgh, East Lothian, Scotland, detailing about her teenage years and father's illness.Her debut novel The Naked Drinking Club was published by Ebury Press in 2007.[8]","title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lily Savage's Blankety Blank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Savage%27s_Blankety_Blank"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanketyblank-10"},{"link_name":"Payday 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payday_2"}],"text":"Rhona appeared as the first female Narrator in some performances of The Rocky Horror Show UK tour 2003.[9] She has also appeared on Lily Savage's Blankety Blank.[10] Since 2015, she has provided the voice of Bonnie in the video game Payday 2.","title":"Other performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee"},{"link_name":"North Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shields"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Musselburgh Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musselburgh_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sue Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Perkins"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Cameron was born in Dundee and is adopted; her birth mother (whose name Cameron keeps secret) was from North Shields and her biological father is shown as \"unknown\" on the adoption records.[11] She attended Musselburgh Grammar School.[12]Cameron previously had relationships with comedian Sue Perkins and with writer Linda Gibson.[13]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron"},{"link_name":"LGBT Youth Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_Youth_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Pride London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_London"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexuality"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Cameron is a Patron of both LGBT Youth Scotland and Pride London[14] (the UK's largest lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Pride event). She has stated that she supports the Scottish National Party and 'the case for Independence'.[15]","title":"Activism"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Rhona Cameron – 1992 | So You Think You're Funny?\". soyouthinkyourfunny.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111020002152/http://soyouthinkyourfunny.co.uk/past-winners/winners/rhona-cameron-1992","url_text":"\"Rhona Cameron – 1992 | So You Think You're Funny?\""},{"url":"http://soyouthinkyourfunny.co.uk/past-winners/winners/rhona-cameron-1992","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rhona\". BBC Comedy. BBC. Retrieved 1 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/rhona/","url_text":"\"Rhona\""}]},{"reference":"\"Episode list for \"Rhona\" (2000)\". IMDb. Retrieved 1 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0254043/episodes","url_text":"\"Episode list for \"Rhona\" (2000)\""}]},{"reference":"Excellent Talent [@excellenttalent] (14 September 2016). \"Find it, Fix it, Flog it is back on @Channel4 this Monday. Voiced by Excellent's own @therhonacameron #voiceover\" (Tweet). Retrieved 19 September 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/excellenttalent/status/776043121926926336","url_text":"\"Find it, Fix it, Flog it is back on @Channel4 this Monday. Voiced by Excellent's own @therhonacameron #voiceover\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Steve. \"GB News reveals line-up of comedians for its newspaper preview show : News 2022 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide\". chortle.co.uk. Retrieved 21 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2022/01/21/50022/revealed-the-comedians-signed-up-to-gb-news","url_text":"\"GB News reveals line-up of comedians for its newspaper preview show : News 2022 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rhona Cameron – 1992 | So You Think You're Funny?\". soyouthinkyourfunny.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111020002152/http://soyouthinkyourfunny.co.uk/past-winners/winners/rhona-cameron-1992","url_text":"\"Rhona Cameron – 1992 | So You Think You're Funny?\""},{"url":"http://soyouthinkyourfunny.co.uk/past-winners/winners/rhona-cameron-1992","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rhona Cameron – 1992 | So You Think You're Funny?\". soyouthinkyourfunny.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111020002152/http://soyouthinkyourfunny.co.uk/past-winners/winners/rhona-cameron-1992","url_text":"\"Rhona Cameron – 1992 | So You Think You're Funny?\""},{"url":"http://soyouthinkyourfunny.co.uk/past-winners/winners/rhona-cameron-1992","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ITV Series 1, Episode 3\". Lily Savage's Blankety Blank. 21 January 2001. ITV. Repeated 23 August 2016 on Challenge TV.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)","url_text":"ITV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_TV","url_text":"Challenge TV"}]},{"reference":"\"My name and other secrets\". The Guardian. London. 11 August 2007. para. 1. Retrieved 12 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2007/aug/11/familyandrelationships.family","url_text":"\"My name and other secrets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rhona Cameron had a drunken, misspent youth. Would it all have been different if she'd gone to art school?\". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 6 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12760863.rhona-cameron-had-a-drunken-misspent-youth-would-it-all-have-been-different-if-shed-gone-to-art-school/","url_text":"\"Rhona Cameron had a drunken, misspent youth. Would it all have been different if she'd gone to art school?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rhona\". Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/rhona/","url_text":"\"Rhona\""}]},{"reference":"\"Book Rhona Cameron, comedian and presenter\". Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180928083035/https://www.speakersassociates.com/speakers/Rhona-Cameron","url_text":"\"Book Rhona Cameron, comedian and presenter\""},{"url":"https://www.speakersassociates.com/speakers/Rhona-Cameron/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Scotland once led the way on gay rights. What's gone wrong? | Rhona Cameron\". the Guardian. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jul/22/scotland-gay-rights-lgbt-discrimination","url_text":"\"Scotland once led the way on gay rights. What's gone wrong? | Rhona Cameron\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Rogers
Brooke Rogers
["1 Early life and education","2 Research and career","3 Selected publications","4 References"]
British psychologist Marian Brooke RogersRogers speaks to the War Studies KCL department in 2013Alma materRollins College (USA)Scientific careerInstitutionsKing's College LondonThesisReligious identity, religiosity and self-esteem : perceived relationships within a multi-dimensional framework (2003) WebsiteBrooke Rogers at King's College London Marian Brooke Rogers OBE is a British psychologist who is a Professor of Behavioural Science and Security at King's College London where she is Vice Dean (People & Planning) in the Faculty of Social Science and Public Policy (SSPP). She is a social psychologist who studies risk and threat. In 2014 she was asked to chair the Cabinet Office Behavioural Science Expert Group (BSEG). In 2019 she was appointed Chair of the Home Office Science Advisory Council (HOSAC). Professor Rogers was appointed to the Prime Minister's Council for Science and Technology in 2020. Early life and education Rogers trained in social psychology and specialised in the study of the relationship between attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour. She obtained her PhD degree from Royal Holloway, University of London in 2003. After earning her doctorate, Rogers joined the University of Leeds as a postdoctoral researcher before moving to King's College London as a research fellow in the King's Centre for Risk Management. Her early work explored the formation of religious attitudes and beliefs and the impact of these attitudes and believes on behaviour and mental health. Her interest in the interactions between attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour evolved and led her to explore risk perception and risk communication across a variety of contexts (e.g., doctor-patient communication in paediatric cardiac care; public understanding of medicines information; public perceptions of nuclear power; public responses to terrorist events, etc.). Some of her earliest investigations into chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) events looked to support hospitals in their planning for radiological warfare. Research and career Her research considers risk perception and the communication of risk. She draws upon and generates evidence to inform the development of strategies and training to make society safer, and works with governments and industry to implement evidence-based planning and communication strategies. She has studied how emergency organisations can more effectively communicate during crises. She was asked to set up and chair the Cabinet Office's National Risk Assessment and National Security Risk Assessment Behavioural Science Expert Group (BSEG) in 2014. The National Risk Register collates evidence that discusses natural disasters and high impact events. . Rogers's work has contributed to the evidence-base that has shifted the popular practitioner belief that the public were likely to panic when facing disaster towards a more nuanced view incorporating a range of behavioural responses to extreme events. Most importantly, there is a growing recognition that under-response can be just as dangerous as over-response. She has since worked with the OECD, NATO Defense Against Terrorism and the International Atomic Energy Agency. She was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2018 New Year Honours. Rogers was appointed Chair of the Home Office Science Advisory Council in 2019. In this capacity she advises the Home Office on policy related to science and engineering. During the COVID-19 pandemic Rogers highlighted the importance of Government of the United Kingdom adopting an evidence-based approach to high-impact risks such as pandemics. This holds true for the UK National Risk Register, which she has helped to inform and assess every two years. The UK National Risk Register illustrates that of all potential risks, an influenza pandemic has the potential to have the most severe impact, and the highest likelihood of occurring in the next five years. Rogers argues that The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 set out roles and a range of duties for organisations to establish and test plans for preparing for pandemic response. In spite of this forward planning, pandemic response will pose a significant challenge. She is one of the 23 attendees of the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (Sage), advising the United Kingdom government on the COVID-19 pandemic. Selected publications This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rubin, G James; Rogers, M Brooke (August 2019). "Behavioural and psychological responses of the public during a major power outage: A literature review" (PDF). International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 38: 101226. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101226. S2CID 198751724. Pearce, Julia M.; Lindekilde, Lasse; Parker, David; Rogers, M. Brooke (20 March 2019). "Communicating with the Public About Marauding Terrorist Firearms Attacks: Results from a Survey Experiment on Factors Influencing Intention to 'Run, Hide, Tell' in the United Kingdom and Denmark". Risk Analysis. 39 (8): 1675–1694. doi:10.1111/risa.13301. PMID 30893483. Aplin, Dylan; Rogers, Marian Brooke (5 June 2019). "'Alert not alarm': The UK experience of public counter-terrorism awareness and training, with explicit reference to Project ARGUS". The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles. 93 (3): 167–182. doi:10.1177/0032258X19851537. S2CID 198765374. Pearce, Julia M.; Parker, David; Lindekilde, Lasse; Bouhana, Noemie; Rogers, M. Brooke (19 April 2019). "Encouraging public reporting of suspicious behaviour on rail networks" (PDF). Policing and Society. 30 (7): 835–853. doi:10.1080/10439463.2019.1607340. S2CID 150465946. Heard, Claire Louise; Pearce, Julia M.; Rogers, M. Brooke (24 June 2019). "Mapping the public first‐aid training landscape: uptake, knowledge, confidence and willingness to deliver first aid in disasters/emergencies– a scoping review" (PDF). Disasters. 45 (1): 252. doi:10.1111/disa.12374. PMID 31232480. S2CID 195329101. Bell, Alison J.C.; Rogers, M. Brooke; Pearce, Julia M. (March 2019). "The insider threat: Behavioral indicators and factors influencing likelihood of intervention". International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection. 24: 166–176. doi:10.1016/j.ijcip.2018.12.001. Parker, David; Pearce, Julia M.; Lindekilde, Lasse; Rogers, M. Brooke (19 July 2018). "Press coverage of lone-actor terrorism in the UK and Denmark: shaping the reactions of the public, affected communities and copycat attackers". Critical Studies on Terrorism. 12 (1): 110–131. doi:10.1080/17539153.2018.1494792. S2CID 150096844. Parker, David; Pearce, Julia M.; Lindekilde, Lasse; Rogers, M. Brooke (26 September 2017). "Challenges for Effective Counterterrorism Communication: Practitioner Insights and Policy Implications for Preventing Radicalization, Disrupting Attack Planning, and Mitigating Terrorist Attacks". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 42 (3): 264–291. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2017.1373427. Patel, Sonny S.; Rogers, M. Brooke; Amlôt, Richard; Rubin, G. James (1 February 2017). "What Do We Mean by 'Community Resilience'? A Systematic Literature Review of How It Is Defined in the Literature". PLOS Currents. 9. PMC 5693357. PMID 29188132. McClelland, Erin; Amlôt, Richard; Rogers, M. Brooke; Rubin, G. James; Tesh, John; Pearce, Julia M. (20 September 2016). "Psychological and Physical Impacts of Extreme Events on Older Adults: Implications for Communications". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 11 (1): 127–134. doi:10.1017/dmp.2016.118. PMID 27645459. Rogers, M. Brooke; Pearce, Julia M. (2016). "The Psychology of Crisis Communication". The Handbook of International Crisis Communication Research. pp. 34–44. doi:10.1002/9781118516812.ch4. ISBN 9781118516812. Krieger, Kristian; Amlôt, Richard; Brooke Rogers, M. (November 2014). "Understanding public responses to chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear incidents — Driving factors, emerging themes and research gaps". Environment International. 72: 66–74. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.017. PMID 24856235. Rogers, M. Brooke; Jones, Emma; Krieger, Kristian; Amlot, Richard (2014). Responding to emergencies involving chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) hazards: Information for members of the public (Report). Rogers, M. Brooke; Amlôt, Richard; Rubin, G. James (March 2013). "The Impact of Communication Materials on Public Responses to a Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) Attack". Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science. 11 (1): 49–58. doi:10.1089/bsp.2012.0059. PMID 23510306. Pearce, Julia M.; Rubin, G. James; Amlôt, Richard; Wessely, Simon; Rogers, M. Brooke (25 April 2013). "Communicating Public Health Advice After a Chemical Spill: Results From National Surveys in the United Kingdom and Poland". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 7 (1): 65–74. doi:10.1001/dmp.2012.56. PMID 23223754. S2CID 2508257. Brooke Rogers, M.; Pearce, Julia M. (2013). "Risk Communication, Risk Perception and Behavior as Foundations of Effective National Security Practices". Strategic Intelligence Management. pp. 66–74. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407191-9.00006-5. ISBN 9780124071919. Pearce, Julia M.; Rubin, G. James; Amlôt, Richard; Wessely, Simon; Rogers, M. Brooke (25 April 2013). "Communicating Public Health Advice After a Chemical Spill: Results From National Surveys in the United Kingdom and Poland". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 7 (1): 65–74. doi:10.1001/dmp.2012.56. PMID 23223754. S2CID 2508257. Acton, James M.; Brooke Rogers, M.; Zimmerman, Peter D. (October 2007). "Beyond the Dirty Bomb: Re-thinking Radiological Terror". Survival. 49 (3): 151–168. doi:10.1080/00396330701564760. S2CID 154617638. Rubin, G. James; Amlôt, Richard; Rogers, M. Brooke; Hall, Ian; Leach, Steve; Simpson, John; Wessely, Simon (January 2010). "Perceptions and Reactions with Regard to Pneumonic Plague". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (1): 120–122. doi:10.3201/eid1601.081604. PMC 2874346. PMID 20031056. Rogers, M. Brooke; Amlôt, Richard; Rubin, G. James; Wessely, Simon; Krieger, Kristian (11 July 2009). "Mediating the social and psychological impacts of terrorist attacks: The role of risk perception and risk communication". International Review of Psychiatry. 19 (3): 279–288. doi:10.1080/09540260701349373. PMID 17566905. S2CID 33310099. Lock, Sarah; Rubin, G. James; Murray, Virginia; Rogers, M. Brooke; Amlôt, Richard; Williams, Richard (2012). "Secondary stressors and extreme events and disasters: a systematic review of primary research from 2010-2011". PLOS Currents. 4. doi:10.1371/currents.dis.a9b76fed1b2dd5c5bfcfc13c87a2f24f. PMC 3492002. PMID 23145350. Rogers, M. Brooke; Loewenthal, Kate M.; Lewis, Christopher Alan; Amlôt, Richard; Cinnirella, Marco; Ansari, Humayan (11 July 2009). "The role of religious fundamentalism in terrorist violence: A social psychological analysis". International Review of Psychiatry. 19 (3): 253–262. doi:10.1080/09540260701349399. PMID 17566903. S2CID 22885752. References ^ "Membership". GOV.UK. Retrieved 10 January 2021. ^ Silke, Andrew (26 October 2010). The Psychology of Counter-Terrorism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-89037-6. ^ Rogers, Marian Brooke (2003). Religious identity, religiosity and self-esteem: perceived relationships within a multi-dimensional framework (Thesis). London. OCLC 59185922. ^ Acton, James M. Beyond the dirty bomb : re-thinking radiological terror. OCLC 667193221. ^ "Hospitals plan for terror attacks". 15 August 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ "Scientists call for defensive action over radiological attacks". the Guardian. 10 August 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ a b "Professor Brooke Rogers OBE". www.kcl.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ a b "Communication in a crisis: understanding the public response". www.kcl.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ "National Risk Register of Civil Emergencies 2017 Edition" (PDF). 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2020. ^ a b c d "'All interventions must stand up to scientific scrutiny' | The Psychologist". thepsychologist.bps.org.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ "Dr Brooke Rogers | Emergency Preparedness and Response | Health Protection Research Unit". epr.hpru.nihr.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ "Dr Brooke Rogers receives an OBE". www.kcl.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ "No. 62150". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 2017. p. N14. ^ a b "Brooke Rogers appointed to key Home Office science role". www.kcl.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ Sample, Ian (24 April 2020). "Who's who on secret scientific group advising UK government?". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 April 2020. Scholia has an author profile for Brooke Rogers. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marian Brooke Rogers. Authority control databases: Academics ORCID
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Some of her earliest investigations into chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) events looked to support hospitals in their planning for radiological warfare.[5][6]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCL_biog-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Cabinet Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Office"},{"link_name":"National Risk Assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Risk_Register"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCL_biog-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"2018 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Government of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"pandemics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"National Risk Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Risk_Register"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"Civil Contingencies Act 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Contingencies_Act_2004"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Advisory_Group_for_Emergencies"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Guardian-15"}],"text":"Her research considers risk perception and the communication of risk.[7] She draws upon and generates evidence to inform the development of strategies and training to make society safer, and works with governments and industry to implement evidence-based planning and communication strategies.[8] She has studied how emergency organisations can more effectively communicate during crises.[8] She was asked to set up and chair the Cabinet Office's National Risk Assessment and National Security Risk Assessment Behavioural Science Expert Group (BSEG) in 2014.[7] The National Risk Register collates evidence that discusses natural disasters and high impact events. [citation needed].[9] Rogers's work has contributed to the evidence-base that has shifted the popular practitioner belief that the public were likely to panic when facing disaster towards a more nuanced view incorporating a range of behavioural responses to extreme events. Most importantly, there is a growing recognition that under-response can be just as dangerous as over-response.[10] She has since worked with the OECD, NATO Defense Against Terrorism and the International Atomic Energy Agency.[11]She was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2018 New Year Honours.[12][13] Rogers was appointed Chair of the Home Office Science Advisory Council in 2019.[14] In this capacity she advises the Home Office on policy related to science and engineering.[14] During the COVID-19 pandemic Rogers highlighted the importance of Government of the United Kingdom adopting an evidence-based approach to high-impact risks such as pandemics.[10] This holds true for the UK National Risk Register, which she has helped to inform and assess every two years. The UK National Risk Register illustrates that of all potential risks, an influenza pandemic has the potential to have the most severe impact, and the highest likelihood of occurring in the next five years.[10] Rogers argues that The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 set out roles and a range of duties for organisations to establish and test plans for preparing for pandemic response. In spite of this forward planning, pandemic response will pose a significant challenge.[10]She is one of the 23 attendees of the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (Sage), advising the United Kingdom government on the COVID-19 pandemic.[15]","title":"Research and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Behavioural and psychological responses of the public during a major power outage: A literature 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and Reactions with Regard to Pneumonic Plague\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874346"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3201/eid1601.081604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1601.081604"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2874346","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874346"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20031056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20031056"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/09540260701349373","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F09540260701349373"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17566905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17566905"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"33310099","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33310099"},{"link_name":"\"Secondary stressors and extreme events and disasters: a systematic review of primary research from 2010-2011\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492002"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1371/currents.dis.a9b76fed1b2dd5c5bfcfc13c87a2f24f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1371%2Fcurrents.dis.a9b76fed1b2dd5c5bfcfc13c87a2f24f"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3492002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492002"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23145350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23145350"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/09540260701349399","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F09540260701349399"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17566903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17566903"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22885752","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22885752"}],"text":"Rubin, G James; Rogers, M Brooke (August 2019). \"Behavioural and psychological responses of the public during a major power outage: A literature review\" (PDF). International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 38: 101226. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101226. S2CID 198751724.\nPearce, Julia M.; Lindekilde, Lasse; Parker, David; Rogers, M. Brooke (20 March 2019). \"Communicating with the Public About Marauding Terrorist Firearms Attacks: Results from a Survey Experiment on Factors Influencing Intention to 'Run, Hide, Tell' in the United Kingdom and Denmark\". Risk Analysis. 39 (8): 1675–1694. doi:10.1111/risa.13301. PMID 30893483.\nAplin, Dylan; Rogers, Marian Brooke (5 June 2019). \"'Alert not alarm': The UK experience of public counter-terrorism awareness and training, with explicit reference to Project ARGUS\". The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles. 93 (3): 167–182. doi:10.1177/0032258X19851537. S2CID 198765374.\nPearce, Julia M.; Parker, David; Lindekilde, Lasse; Bouhana, Noemie; Rogers, M. Brooke (19 April 2019). \"Encouraging public reporting of suspicious behaviour on rail networks\" (PDF). Policing and Society. 30 (7): 835–853. doi:10.1080/10439463.2019.1607340. S2CID 150465946.\nHeard, Claire Louise; Pearce, Julia M.; Rogers, M. Brooke (24 June 2019). \"Mapping the public first‐aid training landscape: uptake, knowledge, confidence and willingness to deliver first aid in disasters/emergencies– a scoping review\" (PDF). Disasters. 45 (1): 252. doi:10.1111/disa.12374. PMID 31232480. S2CID 195329101.\nBell, Alison J.C.; Rogers, M. Brooke; Pearce, Julia M. (March 2019). \"The insider threat: Behavioral indicators and factors influencing likelihood of intervention\". International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection. 24: 166–176. doi:10.1016/j.ijcip.2018.12.001.\nParker, David; Pearce, Julia M.; Lindekilde, Lasse; Rogers, M. Brooke (19 July 2018). \"Press coverage of lone-actor terrorism in the UK and Denmark: shaping the reactions of the public, affected communities and copycat attackers\". Critical Studies on Terrorism. 12 (1): 110–131. doi:10.1080/17539153.2018.1494792. S2CID 150096844.\nParker, David; Pearce, Julia M.; Lindekilde, Lasse; Rogers, M. Brooke (26 September 2017). \"Challenges for Effective Counterterrorism Communication: Practitioner Insights and Policy Implications for Preventing Radicalization, Disrupting Attack Planning, and Mitigating Terrorist Attacks\". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 42 (3): 264–291. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2017.1373427.\nPatel, Sonny S.; Rogers, M. Brooke; Amlôt, Richard; Rubin, G. James (1 February 2017). \"What Do We Mean by 'Community Resilience'? A Systematic Literature Review of How It Is Defined in the Literature\". PLOS Currents. 9. PMC 5693357. PMID 29188132.\nMcClelland, Erin; Amlôt, Richard; Rogers, M. Brooke; Rubin, G. James; Tesh, John; Pearce, Julia M. (20 September 2016). \"Psychological and Physical Impacts of Extreme Events on Older Adults: Implications for Communications\". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 11 (1): 127–134. doi:10.1017/dmp.2016.118. PMID 27645459.\nRogers, M. Brooke; Pearce, Julia M. (2016). \"The Psychology of Crisis Communication\". The Handbook of International Crisis Communication Research. pp. 34–44. doi:10.1002/9781118516812.ch4. ISBN 9781118516812.\nKrieger, Kristian; Amlôt, Richard; Brooke Rogers, M. (November 2014). \"Understanding public responses to chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear incidents — Driving factors, emerging themes and research gaps\". Environment International. 72: 66–74. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.017. PMID 24856235.\nRogers, M. Brooke; Jones, Emma; Krieger, Kristian; Amlot, Richard (2014). Responding to emergencies involving chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) hazards: Information for members of the public (Report).\nRogers, M. Brooke; Amlôt, Richard; Rubin, G. James (March 2013). \"The Impact of Communication Materials on Public Responses to a Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) Attack\". Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science. 11 (1): 49–58. doi:10.1089/bsp.2012.0059. PMID 23510306.\nPearce, Julia M.; Rubin, G. James; Amlôt, Richard; Wessely, Simon; Rogers, M. Brooke (25 April 2013). \"Communicating Public Health Advice After a Chemical Spill: Results From National Surveys in the United Kingdom and Poland\". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 7 (1): 65–74. doi:10.1001/dmp.2012.56. PMID 23223754. S2CID 2508257.\nBrooke Rogers, M.; Pearce, Julia M. (2013). \"Risk Communication, Risk Perception and Behavior as Foundations of Effective National Security Practices\". Strategic Intelligence Management. pp. 66–74. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407191-9.00006-5. ISBN 9780124071919.\nPearce, Julia M.; Rubin, G. James; Amlôt, Richard; Wessely, Simon; Rogers, M. Brooke (25 April 2013). \"Communicating Public Health Advice After a Chemical Spill: Results From National Surveys in the United Kingdom and Poland\". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 7 (1): 65–74. doi:10.1001/dmp.2012.56. PMID 23223754. S2CID 2508257.\nActon, James M.; Brooke Rogers, M.; Zimmerman, Peter D. (October 2007). \"Beyond the Dirty Bomb: Re-thinking Radiological Terror\". Survival. 49 (3): 151–168. doi:10.1080/00396330701564760. S2CID 154617638.\nRubin, G. James; Amlôt, Richard; Rogers, M. Brooke; Hall, Ian; Leach, Steve; Simpson, John; Wessely, Simon (January 2010). \"Perceptions and Reactions with Regard to Pneumonic Plague\". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (1): 120–122. doi:10.3201/eid1601.081604. PMC 2874346. PMID 20031056.\nRogers, M. Brooke; Amlôt, Richard; Rubin, G. James; Wessely, Simon; Krieger, Kristian (11 July 2009). \"Mediating the social and psychological impacts of terrorist attacks: The role of risk perception and risk communication\". International Review of Psychiatry. 19 (3): 279–288. doi:10.1080/09540260701349373. PMID 17566905. S2CID 33310099.\nLock, Sarah; Rubin, G. James; Murray, Virginia; Rogers, M. Brooke; Amlôt, Richard; Williams, Richard (2012). \"Secondary stressors and extreme events and disasters: a systematic review of primary research from 2010-2011\". PLOS Currents. 4. doi:10.1371/currents.dis.a9b76fed1b2dd5c5bfcfc13c87a2f24f. PMC 3492002. PMID 23145350.\nRogers, M. Brooke; Loewenthal, Kate M.; Lewis, Christopher Alan; Amlôt, Richard; Cinnirella, Marco; Ansari, Humayan (11 July 2009). \"The role of religious fundamentalism in terrorist violence: A social psychological analysis\". International Review of Psychiatry. 19 (3): 253–262. doi:10.1080/09540260701349399. PMID 17566903. S2CID 22885752.","title":"Selected publications"}]
[]
null
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Brooke (20 March 2019). \"Communicating with the Public About Marauding Terrorist Firearms Attacks: Results from a Survey Experiment on Factors Influencing Intention to 'Run, Hide, Tell' in the United Kingdom and Denmark\". Risk Analysis. 39 (8): 1675–1694. doi:10.1111/risa.13301. 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S2CID 150465946.","urls":[{"url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/108241865/Pearce_et_al._2019_Encouraging_public_reporting_of_suspicious_behaviour_author_accepted_manuscript_.pdf","url_text":"\"Encouraging public reporting of suspicious behaviour on rail networks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10439463.2019.1607340","url_text":"10.1080/10439463.2019.1607340"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150465946","url_text":"150465946"}]},{"reference":"Heard, Claire Louise; Pearce, Julia M.; Rogers, M. Brooke (24 June 2019). \"Mapping the public first‐aid training landscape: uptake, knowledge, confidence and willingness to deliver first aid in disasters/emergencies– a scoping review\" (PDF). Disasters. 45 (1): 252. doi:10.1111/disa.12374. PMID 31232480. S2CID 195329101.","urls":[{"url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/103898056/Heard_Pearce_Rogers_First_aid_Review_Paper_Author_Accepted_Manuscript.pdf","url_text":"\"Mapping the public first‐aid training landscape: uptake, knowledge, confidence and willingness to deliver first aid in disasters/emergencies– a scoping review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fdisa.12374","url_text":"10.1111/disa.12374"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31232480","url_text":"31232480"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195329101","url_text":"195329101"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Alison J.C.; Rogers, M. Brooke; Pearce, Julia M. (March 2019). \"The insider threat: Behavioral indicators and factors influencing likelihood of intervention\". International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection. 24: 166–176. doi:10.1016/j.ijcip.2018.12.001.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijcip.2018.12.001","url_text":"\"The insider threat: Behavioral indicators and factors influencing likelihood of intervention\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijcip.2018.12.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.ijcip.2018.12.001"}]},{"reference":"Parker, David; Pearce, Julia M.; Lindekilde, Lasse; Rogers, M. Brooke (19 July 2018). \"Press coverage of lone-actor terrorism in the UK and Denmark: shaping the reactions of the public, affected communities and copycat attackers\". Critical Studies on Terrorism. 12 (1): 110–131. doi:10.1080/17539153.2018.1494792. S2CID 150096844.","urls":[{"url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/press-coverage-of-loneactor-terrorism-in-the-uk-and-denmark(0f88be88-623e-47e6-8ab1-29cf29e869c6).html","url_text":"\"Press coverage of lone-actor terrorism in the UK and Denmark: shaping the reactions of the public, affected communities and copycat attackers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17539153.2018.1494792","url_text":"10.1080/17539153.2018.1494792"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150096844","url_text":"150096844"}]},{"reference":"Parker, David; Pearce, Julia M.; Lindekilde, Lasse; Rogers, M. Brooke (26 September 2017). \"Challenges for Effective Counterterrorism Communication: Practitioner Insights and Policy Implications for Preventing Radicalization, Disrupting Attack Planning, and Mitigating Terrorist Attacks\". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 42 (3): 264–291. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2017.1373427.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2017.1373427","url_text":"\"Challenges for Effective Counterterrorism Communication: Practitioner Insights and Policy Implications for Preventing Radicalization, Disrupting Attack Planning, and Mitigating Terrorist Attacks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2017.1373427","url_text":"10.1080/1057610X.2017.1373427"}]},{"reference":"Patel, Sonny S.; Rogers, M. Brooke; Amlôt, Richard; Rubin, G. James (1 February 2017). \"What Do We Mean by 'Community Resilience'? A Systematic Literature Review of How It Is Defined in the Literature\". PLOS Currents. 9. PMC 5693357. PMID 29188132.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5693357","url_text":"\"What Do We Mean by 'Community Resilience'? A Systematic Literature Review of How It Is Defined in the Literature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5693357","url_text":"5693357"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29188132","url_text":"29188132"}]},{"reference":"McClelland, Erin; Amlôt, Richard; Rogers, M. Brooke; Rubin, G. James; Tesh, John; Pearce, Julia M. (20 September 2016). \"Psychological and Physical Impacts of Extreme Events on Older Adults: Implications for Communications\". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 11 (1): 127–134. doi:10.1017/dmp.2016.118. PMID 27645459.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fdmp.2016.118","url_text":"\"Psychological and Physical Impacts of Extreme Events on Older Adults: Implications for Communications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fdmp.2016.118","url_text":"10.1017/dmp.2016.118"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27645459","url_text":"27645459"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, M. Brooke; Pearce, Julia M. (2016). \"The Psychology of Crisis Communication\". The Handbook of International Crisis Communication Research. pp. 34–44. doi:10.1002/9781118516812.ch4. ISBN 9781118516812.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118516812.ch4","url_text":"10.1002/9781118516812.ch4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118516812","url_text":"9781118516812"}]},{"reference":"Krieger, Kristian; Amlôt, Richard; Brooke Rogers, M. (November 2014). \"Understanding public responses to chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear incidents — Driving factors, emerging themes and research gaps\". Environment International. 72: 66–74. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.017. PMID 24856235.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2014.04.017","url_text":"10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24856235","url_text":"24856235"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, M. Brooke; Jones, Emma; Krieger, Kristian; Amlot, Richard (2014). Responding to emergencies involving chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) hazards: Information for members of the public (Report).","urls":[{"url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/responding-to-emergencies-involving-chemical-biological-radiological-and-nuclear-cbrn-hazards(05fbbb23-0eae-4e31-9c6d-b3d8c63154cc).html","url_text":"Responding to emergencies involving chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) hazards: Information for members of the public"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, M. Brooke; Amlôt, Richard; Rubin, G. James (March 2013). \"The Impact of Communication Materials on Public Responses to a Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) Attack\". Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science. 11 (1): 49–58. doi:10.1089/bsp.2012.0059. PMID 23510306.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fbsp.2012.0059","url_text":"10.1089/bsp.2012.0059"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23510306","url_text":"23510306"}]},{"reference":"Pearce, Julia M.; Rubin, G. James; Amlôt, Richard; Wessely, Simon; Rogers, M. Brooke (25 April 2013). \"Communicating Public Health Advice After a Chemical Spill: Results From National Surveys in the United Kingdom and Poland\". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 7 (1): 65–74. doi:10.1001/dmp.2012.56. PMID 23223754. S2CID 2508257.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fdmp.2012.56","url_text":"10.1001/dmp.2012.56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23223754","url_text":"23223754"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2508257","url_text":"2508257"}]},{"reference":"Brooke Rogers, M.; Pearce, Julia M. (2013). \"Risk Communication, Risk Perception and Behavior as Foundations of Effective National Security Practices\". Strategic Intelligence Management. pp. 66–74. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407191-9.00006-5. ISBN 9780124071919.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-407191-9.00006-5","url_text":"10.1016/B978-0-12-407191-9.00006-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780124071919","url_text":"9780124071919"}]},{"reference":"Pearce, Julia M.; Rubin, G. James; Amlôt, Richard; Wessely, Simon; Rogers, M. Brooke (25 April 2013). \"Communicating Public Health Advice After a Chemical Spill: Results From National Surveys in the United Kingdom and Poland\". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 7 (1): 65–74. doi:10.1001/dmp.2012.56. PMID 23223754. S2CID 2508257.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fdmp.2012.56","url_text":"10.1001/dmp.2012.56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23223754","url_text":"23223754"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2508257","url_text":"2508257"}]},{"reference":"Acton, James M.; Brooke Rogers, M.; Zimmerman, Peter D. (October 2007). \"Beyond the Dirty Bomb: Re-thinking Radiological Terror\". Survival. 49 (3): 151–168. doi:10.1080/00396330701564760. S2CID 154617638.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00396330701564760","url_text":"10.1080/00396330701564760"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154617638","url_text":"154617638"}]},{"reference":"Rubin, G. James; Amlôt, Richard; Rogers, M. Brooke; Hall, Ian; Leach, Steve; Simpson, John; Wessely, Simon (January 2010). \"Perceptions and Reactions with Regard to Pneumonic Plague\". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (1): 120–122. doi:10.3201/eid1601.081604. PMC 2874346. PMID 20031056.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874346","url_text":"\"Perceptions and Reactions with Regard to Pneumonic Plague\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1601.081604","url_text":"10.3201/eid1601.081604"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874346","url_text":"2874346"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20031056","url_text":"20031056"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, M. Brooke; Amlôt, Richard; Rubin, G. James; Wessely, Simon; Krieger, Kristian (11 July 2009). \"Mediating the social and psychological impacts of terrorist attacks: The role of risk perception and risk communication\". International Review of Psychiatry. 19 (3): 279–288. doi:10.1080/09540260701349373. PMID 17566905. S2CID 33310099.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09540260701349373","url_text":"10.1080/09540260701349373"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17566905","url_text":"17566905"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33310099","url_text":"33310099"}]},{"reference":"Lock, Sarah; Rubin, G. James; Murray, Virginia; Rogers, M. Brooke; Amlôt, Richard; Williams, Richard (2012). \"Secondary stressors and extreme events and disasters: a systematic review of primary research from 2010-2011\". PLOS Currents. 4. doi:10.1371/currents.dis.a9b76fed1b2dd5c5bfcfc13c87a2f24f. PMC 3492002. PMID 23145350.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492002","url_text":"\"Secondary stressors and extreme events and disasters: a systematic review of primary research from 2010-2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fcurrents.dis.a9b76fed1b2dd5c5bfcfc13c87a2f24f","url_text":"10.1371/currents.dis.a9b76fed1b2dd5c5bfcfc13c87a2f24f"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492002","url_text":"3492002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23145350","url_text":"23145350"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, M. Brooke; Loewenthal, Kate M.; Lewis, Christopher Alan; Amlôt, Richard; Cinnirella, Marco; Ansari, Humayan (11 July 2009). \"The role of religious fundamentalism in terrorist violence: A social psychological analysis\". International Review of Psychiatry. 19 (3): 253–262. doi:10.1080/09540260701349399. PMID 17566903. S2CID 22885752.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09540260701349399","url_text":"10.1080/09540260701349399"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17566903","url_text":"17566903"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22885752","url_text":"22885752"}]},{"reference":"\"Membership\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/council-for-science-and-technology/about/membership","url_text":"\"Membership\""}]},{"reference":"Silke, Andrew (26 October 2010). The Psychology of Counter-Terrorism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-89037-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C-O3BgAAQBAJ&q=brooke+rogers+university+of+east+london&pg=PR14","url_text":"The Psychology of Counter-Terrorism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-89037-6","url_text":"978-1-136-89037-6"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Marian Brooke (2003). Religious identity, religiosity and self-esteem: perceived relationships within a multi-dimensional framework (Thesis). London. OCLC 59185922.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59185922","url_text":"59185922"}]},{"reference":"Acton, James M. Beyond the dirty bomb : re-thinking radiological terror. OCLC 667193221.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/667193221","url_text":"667193221"}]},{"reference":"\"Hospitals plan for terror attacks\". 15 August 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6948455.stm","url_text":"\"Hospitals plan for terror attacks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scientists call for defensive action over radiological attacks\". the Guardian. 10 August 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/aug/10/uknews.terrorism","url_text":"\"Scientists call for defensive action over radiological attacks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Brooke Rogers OBE\". www.kcl.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/brooke-rogers","url_text":"\"Professor Brooke Rogers OBE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Communication in a crisis: understanding the public response\". www.kcl.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/spotlight/communication-in-a-crisis-understanding-the-public-response-1","url_text":"\"Communication in a crisis: understanding the public response\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Risk Register of Civil Emergencies 2017 Edition\" (PDF). 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/644968/UK_National_Risk_Register_2017.pdf","url_text":"\"National Risk Register of Civil Emergencies 2017 Edition\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190404191419/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/644968/UK_National_Risk_Register_2017.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'All interventions must stand up to scientific scrutiny' | The Psychologist\". thepsychologist.bps.org.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/all-interventions-must-stand-scientific-scrutiny","url_text":"\"'All interventions must stand up to scientific scrutiny' | The Psychologist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Brooke Rogers | Emergency Preparedness and Response | Health Protection Research Unit\". epr.hpru.nihr.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://epr.hpru.nihr.ac.uk/our-team/investigators/dr-brooke-rogers","url_text":"\"Dr Brooke Rogers | Emergency Preparedness and Response | Health Protection Research Unit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Brooke Rogers receives an OBE\". www.kcl.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/dr-brooke-rogers-receives-an-obe-2","url_text":"\"Dr Brooke Rogers receives an OBE\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 62150\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 2017. p. N14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62150/supplement/N14","url_text":"\"No. 62150\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Brooke Rogers appointed to key Home Office science role\". www.kcl.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/brooke-rogers-appointed-to-key-home-office-science-role","url_text":"\"Brooke Rogers appointed to key Home Office science role\""}]},{"reference":"Sample, Ian (24 April 2020). \"Who's who on secret scientific group advising UK government?\". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/24/coronavirus-whos-who-on-secret-scientific-group-advising-uk-government-sage","url_text":"\"Who's who on secret scientific group advising UK government?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_Alberta
Elections Alberta
["1 History","2 Jurisdiction","3 Services","4 Electoral Boundaries Commission","5 Candidacy fees and refunds","6 Senate nominees","7 Election costs","8 Candidates per election","9 List of chief electoral officers","10 List of deputy chief electoral officers","11 See also","12 Notes and references","13 External links"]
Agency that runs elections in Alberta Elections AlbertaElection commission overviewFormed1977JurisdictionElection Act, Election Finance Contributions and Disclosure Act, Senatorial Selection ActHeadquarters11510 Kingsway NWSuite 100Edmonton, AlbertaEmployees21 staff (18,000 during elections)Annual budget$3,785,459 (2014)Election commission executivesGlen Resler, Chief Electoral OfficerPamela Renwick, Deputy Chief Electoral OfficerWebsiteelections.ab.ca Elections Alberta is an independent, non-partisan office of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta responsible for administering provincial elections, by-elections, and referendums within the province. This is in accordance with the Alberta Election Act. Elections Alberta also oversees political parties and candidates in accordance with the Election Finances and Contributions Disclosure Act. History The Office of the Chief Electoral Officer (Elections Alberta), was created in 1977 to act as an independent body to oversee Alberta's Elections Finances and Contribution Disclosure Act and Election Act. Prior to 1977, these acts were overseen by the clerk of the Legislative Assembly. Jurisdiction Elections Alberta oversees the creation of political parties and riding associations, compiles election statistics on ridings, and collects financial statements from party candidates and riding associations. It maintains a list of electors, through enumeration that occurs before an election. Elections Alberta is also responsible for enacting legislation relating to elections passed in the Legislative Assembly, including electoral boundary changes and Elections finance laws. Services Elections Alberta is tasked with printing and distributing maps and Elections Alberta–related campaign materials and guides to candidates and party officials. It is mandated to issue an annual report, as well as reports after each election. These reports contain new and deregistered riding associations, party executives and contact information, donations to parties, changes to electors data, election cost by riding and as a whole, the names of returning officers are among the information in annual reports. Electoral Boundaries Commission Electoral boundary changes come from the Alberta Electoral Boundaries Commission, made up of five appointed members. The commission collects input from residents and politicians, then draws up the divisions based on enumeration and census data. A bill is then introduced and voted on in the Legislative Assembly. Minor changes may be made and introduced by members. Changes are then implemented by the chief electoral officer. An expansion from 83 to 87 ridings was recommended by the commission in June 2010, and their report with the new riding boundaries was in effect for the April 2012 general election. On recommendation from the Chief Electoral Officer, Glen Resler, Bill 7 was introduced on April 12, 2016, which amended the Electoral Boundaries Commission Act to authorize the appointment of a commission on or before October 31, 2016. This is so that there was sufficient time for Elections Alberta to implement the new boundaries in time for the 2019 Alberta general election. Candidacy fees and refunds In 1905, the nomination deposit was set at $100, a figure that was well beyond the means of ordinary citizens at the time. Despite inflation, this fee was not changed until 1992 when it was doubled to $200, thus remaining a nominal sum to many Albertans. In 2004, the government controversially increased the required deposit again, to $500, although it became easier to get half of the new deposit back. The government contended that the increase was necessary to deter frivolous candidacies, encourage timely filing of financial statements, and help pay for Elections Alberta's expenses. Some smaller parties argue that an excessively high deposit represents an unacceptable "user fee" on democracy. Prior to the 2004 general election a candidate received their deposit back if they were elected or received at least one half the votes of the elected candidate. Candidates who failed to meet these benchmarks forfeited their deposits. Starting with the 2004 election however, the refund policy described above only applies to half of the new deposit ($250). The other half of the deposit is refunded if the candidate files the required financial statements with Elections Alberta within the prescribed time frame, regardless of how many votes they receive. Therefore, a failed candidate who files timely financial statements would lose $250. A change in legislation in 2010 led to the deposit being fully refundable to candidates who file their post-election financial report on time. Prospective senate nominees are required to deposit $4,000 along with nomination papers signed by 1,500 Albertans. Candidates must be at least 30 years old in accordance with the Constitution of Canada requirement that senators own $4,000 worth of property. Senate nominees Alberta began to hold Alberta Senate nominee elections in 1989 and remains the only province to do so. The three candidates who receive the most votes are recommended to the Canadian prime minister as Senate candidates, but there is no legal or constitutional obligation to appoint them. The prime minister has appointed three nominees to the Senate: Reform Party member Stan Waters in 1990 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, and Bert Brown in 2007 and Doug Black in 2013, both by Prime Minister Stephen Harper. The winners of the April 23, 2012 Senate nominee election were all Progressive Conservative Party candidates, Doug Black, Scott Tannas, and Mike Shaikh. Doug Black received the most votes and was consequently appointed to the Senate on January 25, 2013. Election costs Year of election Total expenses Electoral division cost CEO Office cost Electors on list Average cost/elector Turnout Percentage Sources 2001 $3,538,644 $3,029,951 $508,693 1,809,171 $1.96 1,015,844 53.38% 2004 $6,844,686 $5,969,844 $874,872 2,001,287 $3.42 894,591 45.12% 2008 $10,682,904 $8,150,399 $2,532,505 2,557,269 $4.18 953,777 40.59% 2012 $13,631,864 $10,868,158 $2,763,706 2,447,369 $5.57 1,298,174 54.37% 2015 $18,987,748 $10,522,827 $8,464,921 2,622,775 $7.24 1,495,404 57.02% 2019 $24,417,459 $15,292,388 $9,125,071 2,824,309 $8.65 1,906,366 67.50% Candidates per election Total candidates in Alberta elections 2001–2019 Year 2001 2004 2008 2012 2015 2019 Total candidates 318 450 407 429 398 492 Electoral divisions 83 83 83 87 87 87 Alberta Advantage 0 0 0 0 0 28 Alberta Alliance 0 83 0 0 0 0 Alberta First 16 0 0 0 1 0 Alberta Party 0 4 1 38 35 87 Communist 2 2 2 2 2 4 Evergreen 0 0 0 25 0 0 Freedom 0 0 0 0 0 24 Greens 10 49 79 0 24 32 Independence 0 0 0 0 0 63 Independent 29 10 7 12 14 25 Liberal 83 82 82 87 56 51 New Democrat 83 83 83 87 87 87 Progressive Conservative 83 83 83 87 87 1 Reform 0 0 0 0 0 1 Separation 0 12 1 1 0 0 Pro-Life 12 42 8 3 6 1 United Conservative 0 0 0 0 0 87 Wildrose 0 0 61 87 86 1 Source List of chief electoral officers Glen Resler (current) O. Brian Fjeldheim (December 2009 - April 2013) Lorne R. Gibson (June 2006 - March 2009) O. Brian Fjeldheim (October 1998 - November 2005) Dermot F. Whelan (September 1994 - March 1998) Patrick D. Ledgerwood (August 1985 - June 1994) Kenneth A. Wark (September 1977 - August 1985) List of deputy chief electoral officers Pamela Renwick (current) Drew Westwater Lori Mckee-Jeske Bill Sage See also List of Alberta general elections List of Alberta provincial electoral districts Notes and references ^ Renamed from Social Credit in 2016 ^ Elections Alberta website ^ Annual Report 2013 ^ Election Act (2000) ^ Election Finances and Contributions Disclosure Act (2000) ^ "Unknown" (PDF). www.assembly.ab.ca. ^ Election Act 2000 ^ Elections Alberta Vision, Mission, Mandate website ^ "Electoral Boundaries Commission". 2012-02-04. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2019-10-15. ^ "Bill 7 would allow for early appointment of Electoral Boundaries Commission". ^ Elections Alberta Senate Nominations report 2004 ^ Constitutions Act, 1867 to 1982, Section IV, Article 23 ^ Alberta Senate Nominee Election Report 2012 ^ 2004 Elections Report ^ a b c Summary of Ballots Cast and Voter Turnout, Elections Alberta ^ 2004 General Election Report ^ FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES ^ Election Expenses – Fees and Associated Costs ^ a b c "Reports". ^ "Reports". ^ a b 2019 GENERAL ELECTION ^ 2001 Election Report ^ 2004 Election Report ^ 2008 Election Report ^ 2012 Election Report ^ Elections Alberta, Summary of Results External links Official website Alberta Legislature Election Finances and Contributions Disclosure Act Election Act vteGovernment of Alberta departments and agenciesMinistries and departments Advanced Education Children's Services Community and Social Services Culture Education Energy Environment and Protected Areas Health Indigenous Relations Intergovernmental Relations Justice and Solicitor General Labour and Immigration Municipal Affairs Seniors and Housing Service Alberta Transportation Treasury Board and Finance Boards and commissions Energy Regulator Gaming, Liquor and Cannabis Commission Human Rights Commission Petroleum Marketing Commission Securities Commission Utilities Commission Other Crown corporationsand public agencies ATB Financial Foundation for the Arts Health Services Investment Management Corporation Pensions Services Corporation Provincial services Law Enforcement Response Teams Provincial Archives Serious Incident Response Team Sheriffs Branch Historic sites and museums Parks list Offices of the Legislature Elections Alberta Other Canadian Energy Centre Heritage Savings Trust Fund vteCanadian electoral regulatory bodiesFederal Elections Canada Provincial Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland & Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territorial Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Authority control databases VIAF
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The commission collects input from residents and politicians, then draws up the divisions based on enumeration and census data. A bill is then introduced and voted on in the Legislative Assembly. Minor changes may be made and introduced by members. Changes are then implemented by the chief electoral officer.[citation needed]An expansion from 83 to 87 ridings was recommended by the commission in June 2010, and their report with the new riding boundaries was in effect for the April 2012 general election.[8]On recommendation from the Chief Electoral Officer, Glen Resler, Bill 7 was introduced on April 12, 2016, which amended the Electoral Boundaries Commission Act to authorize the appointment of a commission on or before October 31, 2016. 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The other half of the deposit is refunded if the candidate files the required financial statements with Elections Alberta within the prescribed time frame, regardless of how many votes they receive. Therefore, a failed candidate who files timely financial statements would lose $250. A change in legislation in 2010 led to the deposit being fully refundable to candidates who file their post-election financial report on time.Prospective senate nominees are required to deposit $4,000 along with nomination papers signed by 1,500 Albertans. Candidates must be at least 30 years old in accordance with the Constitution of Canada requirement that senators own $4,000 worth of property.[10][11]","title":"Candidacy fees and refunds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alberta Senate nominee elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Senate_nominee_elections"},{"link_name":"Stan Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Waters"},{"link_name":"Brian Mulroney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney"},{"link_name":"Bert Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Brown"},{"link_name":"Doug Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Black"},{"link_name":"Stephen Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harper"},{"link_name":"Doug Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Black"},{"link_name":"Scott Tannas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Tannas"},{"link_name":"Mike Shaikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Shaikh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Alberta began to hold Alberta Senate nominee elections in 1989 and remains the only province to do so. The three candidates who receive the most votes are recommended to the Canadian prime minister as Senate candidates, but there is no legal or constitutional obligation to appoint them. The prime minister has appointed three nominees to the Senate: Reform Party member Stan Waters in 1990 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, and Bert Brown in 2007 and Doug Black in 2013, both by Prime Minister Stephen Harper. The winners of the April 23, 2012 Senate nominee election were all Progressive Conservative Party candidates, Doug Black, Scott Tannas, and Mike Shaikh. Doug Black received the most votes and was consequently appointed to the Senate on January 25, 2013.[12]","title":"Senate nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election costs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Candidates per election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glen Resler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen_Resler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O. Brian Fjeldheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O._Brian_Fjeldheim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lorne R. Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorne_R._Gibson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O. Brian Fjeldheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O._Brian_Fjeldheim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dermot F. Whelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dermot_F._Whelan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Patrick D. Ledgerwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_D._Ledgerwood&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kenneth A. Wark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_A._Wark&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Glen Resler (current)\nO. Brian Fjeldheim (December 2009 - April 2013)\nLorne R. Gibson (June 2006 - March 2009)\nO. Brian Fjeldheim (October 1998 - November 2005)\nDermot F. Whelan (September 1994 - March 1998)\nPatrick D. Ledgerwood (August 1985 - June 1994)\nKenneth A. Wark (September 1977 - August 1985)","title":"List of chief electoral officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pamela Renwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Renwick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Drew Westwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drew_Westwater&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lori Mckee-Jeske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lori_Mckee-Jeske&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Pamela Renwick (current)\nDrew Westwater\nLori Mckee-Jeske\nBill Sage","title":"List of deputy chief electoral officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Elections Alberta website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elections.ab.ca/about-elections-alberta/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Annual Report 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elections.ab.ca/wp-content/uploads/Elections_AB_annual_report_2013_-_FINAL_-_WEB_VERSION.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Election Act (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/e01.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Election Finances and Contributions Disclosure Act (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/E02.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Unknown\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.assembly.ab.ca/Documents/isysquery/0ee65a7b-f6d0-447b-8343-2219284a5ec5/3/doc/19770513_1000_01_han.pdf"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Election Act 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/e01.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Elections Alberta Vision, Mission, Mandate website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elections.ab.ca/about-elections-alberta/vision-mission-mandate/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Electoral Boundaries Commission\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120204082211/http://www.altaebc.ab.ca/reports.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.altaebc.ab.ca/reports.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Bill 7 would allow for early appointment of Electoral Boundaries Commission\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=4154677C2D03F-F82E-356B-F8BF4C44C17D11EB"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Elections Alberta Senate Nominations report 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elections.ab.ca/reports/senate-nominations/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Constitutions Act, 1867 to 1982, Section IV, Article 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-2.html#h-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Alberta Senate Nominee Election Report 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elections.ab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012SNErpt.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"2004 Elections Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elections.ab.ca/wp-content/uploads/Financial_Addendum.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_14-2"},{"link_name":"Summary of Ballots Cast and Voter Turnout, Elections Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elections.ab.ca/reports/statistics/overall-summary-of-ballots-cast-and-voter-turnout/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"2004 General Election Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elections.ab.ca/reports/general-elections/2004-general-election/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elections.ab.ca/wp-content/uploads/Part4.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Election Expenses – Fees and Associated Costs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.elections.ab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012_Part3.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto1_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto1_18-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto1_18-2"},{"link_name":"\"Reports\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.elections.ab.ca/news-reports/reports/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Reports\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elections.ab.ca/reports/general-elections/2015-general-election/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2019elec_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2019elec_20-1"},{"link_name":"2019 GENERAL ELECTION","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.elections.ab.ca/wp-content/uploads/Volume-1-2019-Provincial-General-Election-Report.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"2001 Election Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elections.ab.ca/reports/general-elections/2001-general-election/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"2004 Election Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elections.ab.ca/reports/general-elections/2004-general-election/#nomcandidate"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"2008 Election Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elections.ab.ca/wp-content/uploads/Part8.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"2012 Election Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elections.ab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012_Part3.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Elections Alberta, Summary of Results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elections.ab.ca/reports/statistics/candidate-summary-of-results-general-elections/"}],"text":"^ Renamed from Social Credit in 2016^ Elections Alberta website\n\n^ Annual Report 2013\n\n^ Election Act (2000)\n\n^ Election Finances and Contributions Disclosure Act (2000)\n\n^ \"Unknown\" (PDF). www.assembly.ab.ca.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ Election Act 2000\n\n^ Elections Alberta Vision, Mission, Mandate website\n\n^ \"Electoral Boundaries Commission\". 2012-02-04. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2019-10-15.\n\n^ \"Bill 7 would allow for early appointment of Electoral Boundaries Commission\".\n\n^ Elections Alberta Senate Nominations report 2004\n\n^ Constitutions Act, 1867 to 1982, Section IV, Article 23\n\n^ Alberta Senate Nominee Election Report 2012\n\n^ 2004 Elections Report\n\n^ a b c Summary of Ballots Cast and Voter Turnout, Elections Alberta\n\n^ 2004 General Election Report\n\n^ FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES\n\n^ Election Expenses – Fees and Associated Costs\n\n^ a b c \"Reports\".\n\n^ \"Reports\".\n\n^ a b 2019 GENERAL ELECTION\n\n^ 2001 Election Report\n\n^ 2004 Election Report\n\n^ 2008 Election Report\n\n^ 2012 Election Report\n\n^ Elections Alberta, Summary of Results","title":"Notes and references"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Alberta general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alberta_general_elections"},{"title":"List of Alberta provincial electoral districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alberta_provincial_electoral_districts"}]
[{"reference":"\"Unknown\" (PDF). www.assembly.ab.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.assembly.ab.ca/Documents/isysquery/0ee65a7b-f6d0-447b-8343-2219284a5ec5/3/doc/19770513_1000_01_han.pdf","url_text":"\"Unknown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electoral Boundaries Commission\". 2012-02-04. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2019-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120204082211/http://www.altaebc.ab.ca/reports.html","url_text":"\"Electoral Boundaries Commission\""},{"url":"http://www.altaebc.ab.ca/reports.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bill 7 would allow for early appointment of Electoral Boundaries Commission\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=4154677C2D03F-F82E-356B-F8BF4C44C17D11EB","url_text":"\"Bill 7 would allow for early appointment of Electoral Boundaries Commission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reports\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.ab.ca/news-reports/reports/","url_text":"\"Reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reports\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elections.ab.ca/reports/general-elections/2015-general-election/","url_text":"\"Reports\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Loy
Glen Loy
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 56°54′14″N 5°05′49″W / 56.904°N 5.097°W / 56.904; -5.097Valley in Scotland Glen Loy is a glen or valley in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland which opens onto the Great Glen at its eastern end. It is drained by the River Loy which rises at a low col just under 230m above sea level as numerous burns drain the hillsides of Druim Fada on the south side and Druim Gleann Laoigh on the north. Further tributary burns drain the southwestern slopes of Beinn Bhàn, a 771m high Corbett and Marilyn to the northeast of the lower part of the glen. A minor road stretches up the valley from the B8004 road at Loy Bridge crossing the river once at Inverskilavulin Bridge before reaching a cul-de-sac short of Achanellan. A private vehicle track continues westwards up the glen from that point and in turn becomes a footpath which continues over the col and down through Gleann Suileag beyond. The glen has been carved through rocks of the Moine succession, specifically those of the Upper Garry Psammite Formation contained within the Loch Eil Group, a sequence of metamorphosed rocks of probable marine origin dating from the Neoproterozoic era. The lower (eastern) end of the glen is formed in silica-poor igneous rocks which are part of the Glen Loy Complex. This hornblende gabbro and diorite was intruded during the Silurian period in the course of the Caledonian Orogeny. Much of the lower part of the glen is owned and managed by Forestry and Land Scotland (formerly Forestry Commission Scotland) as commercial forestry plantation though remnants of deciduous and native Scots pine woodland remain at Coille Phuiteachain which has been protected as a reserve since 1931. A wildlife holiday business, Glenloy Wildlife, operates from Glenloy Lodge at the foot of the glen. In terms of clan history see: Clan Chattan Clan Cameron References ^ "Geology of Britain viewer | British Geological Survey (BGS)". Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2019. ^ "Lochaber Natural History Society - Articles". ^ "About Us". 56°54′14″N 5°05′49″W / 56.904°N 5.097°W / 56.904; -5.097
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen"},{"link_name":"Northwest Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Great Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Glen"},{"link_name":"col","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col"},{"link_name":"burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_(landform)"},{"link_name":"Druim Fada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druim_Fada_(Corpach)"},{"link_name":"Druim Gleann Laoigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Druim_Gleann_Laoigh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beinn Bhàn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn_Bh%C3%A0n_(Arkaig)"},{"link_name":"Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbett_(hill)"},{"link_name":"Marilyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_(hill)"},{"link_name":"B8004 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B8004_road"},{"link_name":"Moine succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moine_Supergroup"},{"link_name":"Psammite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psammite"},{"link_name":"Loch Eil Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moine_Supergroup#Loch_Eil_Group"},{"link_name":"metamorphosed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphism"},{"link_name":"Neoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"igneous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous"},{"link_name":"hornblende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornblende"},{"link_name":"gabbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabbro"},{"link_name":"diorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorite"},{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"},{"link_name":"Caledonian Orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_Orogeny"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Forestry and Land Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_and_Land_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Forestry Commission Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_Commission"},{"link_name":"Scots pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_pine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Clan Chattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Chattan"},{"link_name":"Clan Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Cameron"}],"text":"Valley in ScotlandGlen Loy is a glen or valley in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland which opens onto the Great Glen at its eastern end. It is drained by the River Loy which rises at a low col just under 230m above sea level as numerous burns drain the hillsides of Druim Fada on the south side and Druim Gleann Laoigh on the north. Further tributary burns drain the southwestern slopes of Beinn Bhàn, a 771m high Corbett and Marilyn to the northeast of the lower part of the glen. A minor road stretches up the valley from the B8004 road at Loy Bridge crossing the river once at Inverskilavulin Bridge before reaching a cul-de-sac short of Achanellan. A private vehicle track continues westwards up the glen from that point and in turn becomes a footpath which continues over the col and down through Gleann Suileag beyond.The glen has been carved through rocks of the Moine succession, specifically those of the Upper Garry Psammite Formation contained within the Loch Eil Group, a sequence of metamorphosed rocks of probable marine origin dating from the Neoproterozoic era. The lower (eastern) end of the glen is formed in silica-poor igneous rocks which are part of the Glen Loy Complex. This hornblende gabbro and diorite was intruded during the Silurian period in the course of the Caledonian Orogeny.[1]Much of the lower part of the glen is owned and managed by Forestry and Land Scotland (formerly Forestry Commission Scotland) as commercial forestry plantation though remnants of deciduous and native Scots pine woodland remain at Coille Phuiteachain which has been protected as a reserve since 1931.[2]A wildlife holiday business, Glenloy Wildlife, operates from Glenloy Lodge at the foot of the glen.[3]In terms of clan history see:Clan Chattan\nClan Cameron","title":"Glen Loy"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Geology of Britain viewer | British Geological Survey (BGS)\". Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161202013758/http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html","url_text":"\"Geology of Britain viewer | British Geological Survey (BGS)\""},{"url":"http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lochaber Natural History Society - Articles\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/lochabernaturalhistory/articles","url_text":"\"Lochaber Natural History Society - Articles\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\".","urls":[{"url":"https://glenloywildlife.co.uk/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glen_Loy&params=56.904_N_5.097_W_type:landmark_region:GB_dim:5000","external_links_name":"56°54′14″N 5°05′49″W / 56.904°N 5.097°W / 56.904; -5.097"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161202013758/http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html","external_links_name":"\"Geology of Britain viewer | British Geological Survey (BGS)\""},{"Link":"http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/lochabernaturalhistory/articles","external_links_name":"\"Lochaber Natural History Society - Articles\""},{"Link":"https://glenloywildlife.co.uk/about-us/","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glen_Loy&params=56.904_N_5.097_W_type:landmark_region:GB_dim:5000","external_links_name":"56°54′14″N 5°05′49″W / 56.904°N 5.097°W / 56.904; -5.097"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangers_(The_Walking_Dead)
Strangers (The Walking Dead)
["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
2nd episode of the 5th season of The Walking Dead "Strangers"The Walking Dead episodeBob's leg is amputated and eaten by Gareth and the Terminus survivors.Episode no.Season 5Episode 2Directed byDavid BoydWritten byRobert KirkmanOriginal air dateOctober 19, 2014 (2014-10-19)Guest appearances Chris Coy as Martin April Billingsley as Theresa Chris Burns as Mike Benjamin Papac as Albert Travis Young as Greg Episode chronology ← Previous"No Sanctuary" Next →"Four Walls and a Roof" The Walking Dead season 5List of episodes "Strangers" is the second episode of the fifth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead, which aired on AMC on October 19, 2014. The episode was written by series creator Robert Kirkman and directed by David Boyd. In the episode, Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln)'s group encounters a priest, Father Gabriel Stokes (Seth Gilliam), who provides them solace in his church, while Rick contemplates Abraham Ford's (Michael Cudlitz) proposition to escort Dr. Eugene Porter (Josh McDermitt) to Washington, D.C. to cure the walker virus. "Strangers" features the debut of Father Gabriel Stokes, a major protagonist of the graphic novels of the same name. Commentators gave the overall episode positive reviews, but most gave an alarmed response to the episode's ending scene, with some calling it one of the show's most shocking moments. Upon airing, the episode was watched by 15.14 million viewers and received an 18-49 rating of 7.7, down a whole ratings point from the previous episode, which attained an 18-49 rating of 8.7. Plot Rick's group continues to flee from Terminus, although Daryl senses that someone is following them. They rescue Father Gabriel Stokes (Seth Gilliam) from a horde of walkers, and Gabriel shows them to his church, where he has been living in solitude since the onset of the apocalypse, surviving on canned food from a food drive just prior. Rick is suspicious of Gabriel, and warns his son Carl that he should never let his guard down. Gabriel suggests that Rick's group help scour a nearby food bank that is overrun by walkers. Rick, Michonne, Bob, and Sasha join Gabriel as he leads them there. They start to deal with the walkers, when Rick sees Gabriel seemingly ready to submit to a female walker, but Rick dispatches the walker first. Bob is also attacked by a walker, but he is rescued by Sasha. As they collect the salvageable food, Rick realizes Gabriel knew the person that became that walker. The other members of the group do their own supply runs, and Daryl and Carol find a working car nearby, which they plan to save as "backup". When Rick returns with his group, Carl shows him writing scratched into the woodwork of a windowsill outside the church: "you'll burn for this". The group celebrates that night with a feast. Rick announces that he has decided to follow Abraham's proposal to head to Washington, D.C. to deliver Eugene there to help work a cure for the outbreak. Afterwards, Tara confesses to Maggie about her affiliation with the Governor and the prison attack, for which Maggie forgives her. Meanwhile, Gabriel sneaks off to be alone in his office, sadly looking at a photo of himself with the woman that became the walker from the food bank. Carol, who is still coming to terms with being exiled and the events of The Grove, leaves and goes to the car she found earlier. Daryl follows her and asks what she is doing. She replies she doesn't know, and Daryl asks her to come back with him. Just then they see a car race by with a white cross in its back windshield, which Daryl recognizes as the car that took Beth. The two get in the car and set off to follow without telling the others. As the feast dies down, Bob steps outside the church, weeping. He is knocked out by a hooded figure, and when he wakes, finds himself watched by Gareth, Martin, and four other Terminus members, all seeking revenge toward Rick's group as their actions forced them to abandon Terminus and wander. Gareth says they have devolved into "hunters" and the shot expands to show that they have cut off Bob's leg and are eating it. Gareth casually states, "If it makes you feel any better, you taste much better than we thought you would." Production Seth Gilliam made his first appearance as Ft. Gabriel Stokes in this episode. Actor Andrew J. West addresses Gareth's presence in the episode, saying: "I read that script and when I got the last couple pages, I was just shocked — but in a good way. I was smiling from ear to ear. All Scott had told me was that I was in episode two. I kept reading and got to the final pages and my God. I'm a fan of the comic book, too, so that was informing what I was reading and I recognized certain things. But it was a huge surprise and a pleasant one at that for me to be able to get to do something like that." Certain elements of this episode were produced to resemble certain elements in "Volume 11", "Issue #63" of the comic book series, including: The group's arrival at Father Gabriel's church. Gareth's monologue in final scene (resembling Chris in that issue of the comics). The shot of Bob discovering that his left leg is missing (resembling Dale without his leg in the comics). Actor Andrew Lincoln (and others working with the show) insisted in an interview with Entertainment Weekly that "It’s a grown-up show this season. And some of the violence is moving into a territory where it’s human violence, the most scary aspect of this show." Reception Upon airing, the episode was watched by 15.143 million American viewers, with 9.796 million viewers aged 18–49 watching it, which translates to an 18-49 rating of 7.7. Commentators gave the episode very positive reviews, with many commenting on the introduction of Father Gabriel and the ending scene featuring Bob and Gareth. Rebecca Hawkes of The Telegraph gave the episode 4 stars out of 5, calling the episode "beautifully surreal." She continued to say that the show "often excels at action-packed high drama, but it’s the quieter episodes that really reinforce the reality of life in a post-apocalyptic world – the idea that survival is one long slog." Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode an 8.8 out of 10, saying "Normally, since most of my issues with The Walking Dead involve character beats and decisions, I tend to dread the "come down" episodes a little bit. But "Strangers" managed to juggle the large ensemble very well while also keeping the story fresh and dangerous. The episode also raised legitimate questions about how to handle new faces on the road now that it's a clear given that people are far worse than the undead in this new world." The ending scene was given alarming reaction from critics. Andrew J. West's performance as Gareth was highly praised and liked how close it played to the comic. Kyle Ryan of Entertainment Weekly said "Last week’s explosive (literally) episode piled on the gore, pyrotechnics, and emotion so relentlessly that what followed it couldn't help but slow the pace considerably. But that doesn’t make "Strangers" slow or easy to watch: The gross-out scene Greg Nicotero giddily anticipated delivered in suitably nasty fashion, and the ending pulled a nice fake-out with Bob before delivering him to the former Terminans, now all but officially known as the Hunters." Allen St. John of Forbes pondered whether or not this was the most shocking moment ever on the series, saying "Yes, I know that this is a show in which a 13-year-old kid shoots his mother to keep her from turning into a walker. And one in which Rick bit open the neck of a would-be killer. And the less said about what happened at The Grove, the better. And somehow, this moment has been worse than any of them. Bob being eaten alive by a hipster. (Before writing poor Bob’s obituary, note that Hershel survived a good long time on one leg.)" Terri Schwartz of Zap2it gave similar comments, saying "surprisingly Father Gabriel Stokes wasn't the biggest arrival in the episode. Though he is a man who -- as is repeatedly said in the series -- clearly has something to hide, it's the reveal that Gareth and the Terminans have turned into the Hunters from "The Walking Dead" comics that is the most skin-crawling, stomach-turning moment in the episode;" Lisa Respers France of CNN simply stated "how gross was that?" Patrick Kevin Day of The Los Angeles Times compared Bob's fate to that of Mrs. Landingham's from The West Wing, saying "the former army medic who has battled his demons in the past, but seemed to have at long last found love with Sasha . Suddenly, Bob was everywhere this episode, smiling and smooching and looking like the love in his heart was enough to fight back the apocalypse around him. We should have known that he was about to get Mrs. Landingham-ed." References ^ Goldberg, Lesley (October 19, 2014). "'Walking Dead's' Andrew J. West Talks Gareth's Appetite for Revenge". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 19, 2014. ^ Davis, Brandon (January 17, 2017). "Five Times The Walking Dead Followed The Comics Perfectly: Tainted Meat". Comic Book. Retrieved January 17, 2017. ^ Labrecque, Jeff (October 20, 2014). "Are we all numb to the atrocities of 'Walking Dead'?". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 20, 2014). "'The Walking Dead' Draws 15.1 Million Total Viewers Sunday Night". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ a b Hawkes, Rebecca (October 19, 2014). "The Walking Dead, review: 'beautifully surreal'". The Telegraph. Retrieved October 19, 2014. ^ Fowler, Matt (October 19, 2014). "The Walking Dead: "Strangers" Review". IGN. Retrieved October 19, 2014. ^ Ryan, Kyle (October 19, 2014). "The Walking Dead recap: 'Strangers'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 19, 2014. ^ St. John, Allen (October 19, 2014). "Does Episode 502 Provide 'The Walking Dead's' Most Shocking Moment Ever?". Forbes. Retrieved October 19, 2014. ^ Schwartz, Terri (October 19, 2014). "'The Walking Dead' Season 5: What about Bob?". Zap2it. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2014. ^ France, Lisa Respers (October 20, 2014). "'The Walking Dead': How gross was that?". CNN. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ Day, Patrick Kevin (October 20, 2014). "'The Walking Dead' recap: Survivors taste good". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 20, 2014. External links Speculative fiction/Horror portalTelevision portal "Strangers" at AMC "Strangers" at IMDb vteThe Walking Dead episodesSeason 1 "Days Gone Bye" "Guts" "Tell It to the Frogs" "Vatos" "Wildfire" "TS-19" Season 2 "What Lies Ahead" "Bloodletting" "Save the Last One" "Cherokee Rose" "Chupacabra" "Secrets" "Pretty Much Dead Already" "Nebraska" "Triggerfinger" "18 Miles Out" "Judge, Jury, Executioner" "Better Angels" "Beside the Dying Fire" Season 3 "Seed" "Sick" "Walk with Me" "Killer Within" "Say the Word" "Hounded" "When the Dead Come Knocking" "Made to Suffer" "The Suicide King" "Home" "I Ain't a Judas" "Clear" "Arrow on the Doorpost" "Prey" "This Sorrowful Life" "Welcome to the Tombs" Season 4 "30 Days Without an Accident" "Infected" "Isolation" "Indifference" "Internment" "Live Bait" "Dead Weight" "Too Far Gone" "After" "Inmates" "Claimed" "Still" "Alone" "The Grove" "Us" "A" Season 5 "No Sanctuary" "Strangers" "Four Walls and a Roof" "Slabtown" "Self Help" "Consumed" "Crossed" "Coda" "What Happened and What's Going On" "Them" "The Distance" "Remember" "Forget" "Spend" "Try" "Conquer" Season 6 "First Time Again" "JSS" "Thank You" "Here's Not Here" "Now" "Always Accountable" "Heads Up" "Start to Finish" "No Way Out" "The Next World" "Knots Untie" "Not Tomorrow Yet" "The Same Boat" "Twice as Far" "East" "Last Day on Earth" Season 7 "The Day Will Come When You Won't Be" "The Well" "The Cell" "Service" "Go Getters" "Swear" "Sing Me a Song" "Hearts Still Beating" "Rock in the Road" "New Best Friends" "Hostiles and Calamities" "Say Yes" "Bury Me Here" "The Other Side" "Something They Need" "The First Day of the Rest of Your Life" Season 8 "Mercy" "The Damned" "Monsters" "Some Guy" "The Big Scary U" "The King, the Widow, and Rick" "Time for After" "How It's Gotta Be" "Honor" "The Lost and the Plunderers" "Dead or Alive Or" "The Key" "Do Not Send Us Astray" "Still Gotta Mean Something" "Worth" "Wrath" Season 9 "A New Beginning" "The Bridge" "Warning Signs" "The Obliged" "What Comes After" "Who Are You Now?" "Stradivarius" "Evolution" "Adaptation" "Omega" "Bounty" "Guardians" "Chokepoint" "Scars" "The Calm Before" "The Storm" Season 10 "Lines We Cross" "We Are the End of the World" "Ghosts" "Silence the Whisperers" "What It Always Is" "Bonds" "Open Your Eyes" "The World Before" "Squeeze" "Stalker" "Morning Star" "Walk with Us" "What We Become" "Look at the Flowers" "The Tower" "A Certain Doom" "Home Sweet Home" "Find Me" "One More" "Splinter" "Diverged" "Here's Negan" Season 11 "Acheron: Part I" "Acheron: Part II" "Hunted" "Rendition" "Out of the Ashes" "On the Inside" "Promises Broken" "For Blood" "No Other Way" "New Haunts" "Rogue Element" "The Lucky Ones" "Warlords" "The Rotten Core" "Trust" "Rest in Peace" Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Red Machete Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fifth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_season_5"},{"link_name":"post-apocalyptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction"},{"link_name":"horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"The Walking Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"AMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Robert Kirkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kirkman"},{"link_name":"David Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Boyd_(cinematographer)"},{"link_name":"Rick Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Grimes"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Stokes_(The_Walking_Dead)"},{"link_name":"Seth Gilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Gilliam"},{"link_name":"Abraham Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Ford"},{"link_name":"Michael Cudlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cudlitz"},{"link_name":"Dr. Eugene Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Porter"},{"link_name":"Josh McDermitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_McDermitt"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"graphic novels of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(comic_book)"}],"text":"\"Strangers\" is the second episode of the fifth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead, which aired on AMC on October 19, 2014. The episode was written by series creator Robert Kirkman and directed by David Boyd. In the episode, Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln)'s group encounters a priest, Father Gabriel Stokes (Seth Gilliam), who provides them solace in his church, while Rick contemplates Abraham Ford's (Michael Cudlitz) proposition to escort Dr. Eugene Porter (Josh McDermitt) to Washington, D.C. to cure the walker virus.\"Strangers\" features the debut of Father Gabriel Stokes, a major protagonist of the graphic novels of the same name. Commentators gave the overall episode positive reviews, but most gave an alarmed response to the episode's ending scene, with some calling it one of the show's most shocking moments.Upon airing, the episode was watched by 15.14 million viewers and received an 18-49 rating of 7.7, down a whole ratings point from the previous episode, which attained an 18-49 rating of 8.7.","title":"Strangers (The Walking Dead)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Grimes"},{"link_name":"Daryl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Father Gabriel Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Stokes_(The_Walking_Dead)"},{"link_name":"Seth Gilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Gilliam"},{"link_name":"Carl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Grimes"},{"link_name":"Michonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michonne"},{"link_name":"Bob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Stookey"},{"link_name":"Sasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Williams_(The_Walking_Dead)"},{"link_name":"Carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Peletier"},{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Ford"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Eugene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Porter"},{"link_name":"Beth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Greene"},{"link_name":"Gareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_(The_Walking_Dead)"}],"text":"Rick's group continues to flee from Terminus, although Daryl senses that someone is following them. They rescue Father Gabriel Stokes (Seth Gilliam) from a horde of walkers, and Gabriel shows them to his church, where he has been living in solitude since the onset of the apocalypse, surviving on canned food from a food drive just prior. Rick is suspicious of Gabriel, and warns his son Carl that he should never let his guard down.Gabriel suggests that Rick's group help scour a nearby food bank that is overrun by walkers. Rick, Michonne, Bob, and Sasha join Gabriel as he leads them there. They start to deal with the walkers, when Rick sees Gabriel seemingly ready to submit to a female walker, but Rick dispatches the walker first. Bob is also attacked by a walker, but he is rescued by Sasha. As they collect the salvageable food, Rick realizes Gabriel knew the person that became that walker. The other members of the group do their own supply runs, and Daryl and Carol find a working car nearby, which they plan to save as \"backup\". When Rick returns with his group, Carl shows him writing scratched into the woodwork of a windowsill outside the church: \"you'll burn for this\".The group celebrates that night with a feast. Rick announces that he has decided to follow Abraham's proposal to head to Washington, D.C. to deliver Eugene there to help work a cure for the outbreak. Afterwards, Tara confesses to Maggie about her affiliation with the Governor and the prison attack, for which Maggie forgives her. Meanwhile, Gabriel sneaks off to be alone in his office, sadly looking at a photo of himself with the woman that became the walker from the food bank. Carol, who is still coming to terms with being exiled and the events of The Grove, leaves and goes to the car she found earlier. Daryl follows her and asks what she is doing. She replies she doesn't know, and Daryl asks her to come back with him. Just then they see a car race by with a white cross in its back windshield, which Daryl recognizes as the car that took Beth. The two get in the car and set off to follow without telling the others.As the feast dies down, Bob steps outside the church, weeping. He is knocked out by a hooded figure, and when he wakes, finds himself watched by Gareth, Martin, and four other Terminus members, all seeking revenge toward Rick's group as their actions forced them to abandon Terminus and wander. Gareth says they have devolved into \"hunters\" and the shot expands to show that they have cut off Bob's leg and are eating it. Gareth casually states, \"If it makes you feel any better, you taste much better than we thought you would.\"","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seth_Gilliam_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seth Gilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Gilliam"},{"link_name":"Ft. Gabriel Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Stokes_(The_Walking_Dead)"},{"link_name":"Andrew J. West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_J._West"},{"link_name":"Gareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_(The_Walking_Dead)"},{"link_name":"Scott [M. Gimple]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_M._Gimple"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thrandrewwest-1"},{"link_name":"comic book series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Father Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Stokes_(The_Walking_Dead)"},{"link_name":"Gareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_(The_Walking_Dead)"},{"link_name":"Bob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Stookey"},{"link_name":"Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Horvath"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-violence-3"}],"text":"Seth Gilliam made his first appearance as Ft. Gabriel Stokes in this episode.Actor Andrew J. West addresses Gareth's presence in the episode, saying: \"I read that script and when I got the last couple pages, I was just shocked — but in a good way. I was smiling from ear to ear. All Scott [M. Gimple] had told me was that I was in episode two. I kept reading and got to the final pages and my God. I'm a fan of the comic book, too, so that was informing what I was reading and I recognized certain things. But it was a huge surprise and a pleasant one at that for me to be able to get to do something like that.\"[1]Certain elements of this episode were produced to resemble certain elements in \"Volume 11\", \"Issue #63\" of the comic book series, including:The group's arrival at Father Gabriel's church.\nGareth's monologue in final scene (resembling Chris in that issue of the comics).\nThe shot of Bob discovering that his left leg is missing (resembling Dale without his leg in the comics).[2]Actor Andrew Lincoln (and others working with the show) insisted in an interview with Entertainment Weekly that \"It’s a grown-up show this season. And some of the violence is moving into a territory where it’s human violence, the most scary aspect of this show.\"[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-5"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-6"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Greg Nicotero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Nicotero"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewreview-7"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"13-year-old kid shoots his mother to keep her from turning into a walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Within_(The_Walking_Dead)"},{"link_name":"Rick bit open the neck of a would-be killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(The_Walking_Dead)"},{"link_name":"The Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grove_(The_Walking_Dead)"},{"link_name":"hipster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-8"},{"link_name":"Zap2it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screener_(website)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zap2it-9"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-10"},{"link_name":"The Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"The West Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimes-11"}],"text":"Upon airing, the episode was watched by 15.143 million American viewers, with 9.796 million viewers aged 18–49 watching it, which translates to an 18-49 rating of 7.7.[4]Commentators gave the episode very positive reviews, with many commenting on the introduction of Father Gabriel and the ending scene featuring Bob and Gareth. Rebecca Hawkes of The Telegraph gave the episode 4 stars out of 5, calling the episode \"beautifully surreal.\"[5] She continued to say that the show \"often excels at action-packed high drama, but it’s the quieter episodes that really reinforce the reality of life in a post-apocalyptic world – the idea that survival is one long slog.\"[5]Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode an 8.8 out of 10, saying \"Normally, since most of my issues with The Walking Dead involve character beats and decisions, I tend to dread the \"come down\" episodes a little bit. But \"Strangers\" managed to juggle the large ensemble very well while also keeping the story fresh and dangerous. The episode also raised legitimate questions about how to handle new faces on the road now that it's a clear given that people are far worse than the undead in this new world.\"[6]The ending scene was given alarming reaction from critics. Andrew J. West's performance as Gareth was highly praised and liked how close it played to the comic. Kyle Ryan of Entertainment Weekly said \"Last week’s explosive (literally) episode piled on the gore, pyrotechnics, and emotion so relentlessly that what followed it couldn't help but slow the pace considerably. But that doesn’t make \"Strangers\" slow or easy to watch: The gross-out scene Greg Nicotero giddily anticipated delivered in suitably nasty fashion, and the ending pulled a nice fake-out with Bob before delivering him to the former Terminans, now all but officially known as the Hunters.\"[7] Allen St. John of Forbes pondered whether or not this was the most shocking moment ever on the series, saying \"Yes, I know that this is a show in which a 13-year-old kid shoots his mother to keep her from turning into a walker. And one in which Rick bit open the neck of a would-be killer. And the less said about what happened at The Grove, the better. And somehow, this moment has been worse than any of them. Bob being eaten alive by a hipster. (Before writing poor Bob’s obituary, note that Hershel survived a good long time on one leg.)\"[8] Terri Schwartz of Zap2it gave similar comments, saying \"surprisingly Father Gabriel Stokes wasn't the biggest arrival in the episode. Though he is a man who -- as is repeatedly said in the series -- clearly has something to hide, it's the reveal that Gareth and the Terminans have turned into the Hunters from \"The Walking Dead\" comics that is the most skin-crawling, stomach-turning moment in the episode;\"[9] Lisa Respers France of CNN simply stated \"how gross was that?\"[10] Patrick Kevin Day of The Los Angeles Times compared Bob's fate to that of Mrs. Landingham's from The West Wing, saying \"the former army medic who has battled his demons in the past, but seemed to have at long last found love with Sasha [...]. Suddenly, Bob was everywhere this episode, smiling and smooching and looking like the love in his heart was enough to fight back the apocalypse around him. We should have known that he was about to get Mrs. Landingham-ed.\"[11]","title":"Reception"}]
[{"image_text":"Seth Gilliam made his first appearance as Ft. Gabriel Stokes in this episode.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Seth_Gilliam_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/170px-Seth_Gilliam_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Goldberg, Lesley (October 19, 2014). \"'Walking Dead's' Andrew J. West Talks Gareth's Appetite for Revenge\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/walking-dead-andrew-west-talks-741960","url_text":"\"'Walking Dead's' Andrew J. West Talks Gareth's Appetite for Revenge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Brandon (January 17, 2017). \"Five Times The Walking Dead Followed The Comics Perfectly: Tainted Meat\". Comic Book. Retrieved January 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://comicbook.com/thewalkingdead/2017/01/17/the-walking-dead-five-moments-most-accurate-to-the-comics/1","url_text":"\"Five Times The Walking Dead Followed The Comics Perfectly: Tainted Meat\""}]},{"reference":"Labrecque, Jeff (October 20, 2014). \"Are we all numb to the atrocities of 'Walking Dead'?\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://popwatch.ew.com/2014/10/20/walking-dead-cannibalism/","url_text":"\"Are we all numb to the atrocities of 'Walking Dead'?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (October 20, 2014). \"'The Walking Dead' Draws 15.1 Million Total Viewers Sunday Night\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141022234659/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/20/the-walking-dead-draws-15-1-total-viewers-sunday-night/317317/","url_text":"\"'The Walking Dead' Draws 15.1 Million Total Viewers Sunday Night\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/20/the-walking-dead-draws-15-1-total-viewers-sunday-night/317317/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hawkes, Rebecca (October 19, 2014). \"The Walking Dead, review: 'beautifully surreal'\". The Telegraph. Retrieved October 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/tv-and-radio-reviews/11169765/The-Walking-Dead-review.html","url_text":"\"The Walking Dead, review: 'beautifully surreal'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Fowler, Matt (October 19, 2014). \"The Walking Dead: \"Strangers\" Review\". IGN. Retrieved October 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ca.ign.com/articles/2014/10/20/the-walking-dead-strangers-review","url_text":"\"The Walking Dead: \"Strangers\" Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Kyle (October 19, 2014). \"The Walking Dead recap: 'Strangers'\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/the-walking-dead-season-5-episode-2/","url_text":"\"The Walking Dead recap: 'Strangers'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"St. John, Allen (October 19, 2014). \"Does Episode 502 Provide 'The Walking Dead's' Most Shocking Moment Ever?\". Forbes. Retrieved October 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/allenstjohn/2014/10/19/does-episode-502-provide-the-walking-deads-most-shocking-moment-ever/","url_text":"\"Does Episode 502 Provide 'The Walking Dead's' Most Shocking Moment Ever?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Terri (October 19, 2014). \"'The Walking Dead' Season 5: What about Bob?\". Zap2it. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150708041845/http://www.zap2it.com/blogs/the_walking_dead_season_5_strangers_recap_bob_cannibals_hunters_father_gabriel-2014-10","url_text":"\"'The Walking Dead' Season 5: What about Bob?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screener_(website)","url_text":"Zap2it"},{"url":"http://www.zap2it.com/blogs/the_walking_dead_season_5_strangers_recap_bob_cannibals_hunters_father_gabriel-2014-10","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"France, Lisa Respers (October 20, 2014). \"'The Walking Dead': How gross was that?\". CNN. Retrieved October 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/20/showbiz/tv/walking-dead-gross/","url_text":"\"'The Walking Dead': How gross was that?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Day, Patrick Kevin (October 20, 2014). \"'The Walking Dead' recap: Survivors taste good\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-st-the-walking-dead-recap-survivors-taste-good-20141017-story.html","url_text":"\"'The Walking Dead' recap: Survivors taste good\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordan_Minchev
Yordan Minchev
["1 Professional career","2 National team career","3 Career statistics","3.1 EuroLeague","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Bulgarian basketball player Yordan MinchevMinchev with Fenerbahçe in 2017No. 17 – BC Rilski SportistPositionShooting guard / small forwardLeagueNBLPersonal informationBorn (1998-10-17) October 17, 1998 (age 25)Sliven, BulgariaNationalityBulgarianListed height2.03 m (6 ft 8 in)Listed weight83 kg (183 lb)Career informationPlaying career2014–presentCareer history2014–2016Levski Sofia2016–2019Fenerbahçe2017→ Vršac2017–2018→ MZT Skopje2018→ PBC Academic2018–2019→ İstanbul BŞB2019–2021Levski Lukoil2021–2022OSE Lions2022Levski Sofia2022Atomerőmű SE2022–presentRilski Sportist Career highlights and awards Macedonian Cup winner (2018) Yordan Minchev (Bulgarian: Йордан Минчев; born 17 October 1998) is a Bulgarian professional basketball player for Rilski Sportist of the NBL. Standing at 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in), he plays both the shooting guard and small forward positions. Professional career Minchev made his professional debut with Levski Sofia during the 2014–15 season of Bulgarian Basketball League and played in 5 games. Same season, he also played 5 times for the team in Adriatic League. During the 2015–16 season, he played 27 times in Bulgarian League and also played 14 times in Balkan League. On November 2, 2016, Minchev signed a six-year (2+2+2) contract with Fenerbahçe. On 13 February 2017, Minchev was loaned to a Serbian club Vršac for the rest of the 2016–17 season. On October 1, 2017, Minchev was loaned to Macedonian club MZT Skopje for the 2017–18 season. On March 9, 2018, he left MZT Skopje. He finished the 2017–18 season playing with PBC Academic of the Bulgarian NBL. In October 2018, he joined the İstanbul BŞB. On September 16, 2019, he has signed with Levski Lukoil of the NBL. On July 18, 2021, Minchev signed with OSE Lions of the Hungarian Nemzeti Bajnokság I/A. In 2022, he returned for a third stint at Levski Sofia. National team career Minchev played with the junior national teams of Bulgaria. In 2017 he made his debut with the Bulgarian senior national team playing in the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification. Career statistics Legend   GP Games played   GS  Games started  MPG  Minutes per game  FG%  Field-goal percentage  3P%  3-point field-goal percentage  FT%  Free-throw percentage  RPG  Rebounds per game  APG  Assists per game  SPG  Steals per game  BPG  Blocks per game  PPG  Points per game  PIR  Performance Index Rating  Bold  Career high EuroLeague Year Team GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG PIR 2016–17 Fenerbahçe 2 0 8.05 .0 .0 .0 1 0 0 0 0 -3 Career 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 See also List of foreign basketball players in Serbia References ^ Yordan Minchev 2014-15 Season Player View by fiba.com ^ Yordan Minchev 2015-16 Season Player View by fiba.com ^ Fenerbahçe Men's Basketball signed with Yordan Minchev ^ "Fenerbahçe Yordan Minchev'i KK Vrsac'a kiraladı". f5haber.com. Retrieved 14 February 2017. ^ "Yordan Minchev to spend the season with MZT Skopje Aerodrom". aba-liga.com. 1 October 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017. ^ "Јордан Минчев повеќе не е член на МЗТ Скопје Аеродром" (in Macedonian). mztskopjeaerodrom.mk. Retrieved 9 March 2018. ^ "Yordan Minchev (ex Academic Sofia) signs at Istanbul BBSK". Eurobasket.com. 12 October 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018. ^ Skerletic, Dario (September 16, 2019). "Yordan Minchev signs with Levski Lukoil". Sportando. Retrieved September 17, 2019. ^ "Официално: Йордан Минчев продължава в чужбина" . sportal.bg. 18 July 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2022. ^ "БК Левски картотекира двама чужденци". bnr.bg. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022. ^ Yordan MINCHEV (BUL) participated in 3 FIBA / FIBA Zones events. External links Yordan Minchev at draftexpress.com Yordan Minchev at eurobasket.com Yordan Minchev at euroleague.net Yordan Minchev at fiba.com Yordan Minchev at realgm.com
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[]
[{"title":"List of foreign basketball players in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_basketball_players_in_Serbia"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thouron_Prize
Thouron Award
["1 History","2 Thouron Prize","3 Notable Thouron Scholars","4 References","5 External links"]
The Thouron Award is a postgraduate scholarship established in 1960 by Sir John R.H. Thouron, K.B.E., and Esther du Pont Thouron. It is one of the most prestigious and competitive academic awards in the world. It was created to strengthen the "special relationship" between the United States and the United Kingdom through educational exchange between British universities and the University of Pennsylvania. Through the programme the Thourons sought to nourish and develop Anglo-American friendship by ensuring that, in the years to come, a growing number of the leading citizens of these two countries would have a thorough understanding of their trans-Atlantic neighbours. In the years since its founding, the Thouron Award has sponsored programs of graduate study for more than 650 fellows, known as Thouron Scholars. Graduates of British universities receive support for up to two years of study – in any degree course – at the University of Pennsylvania, and Penn graduates may study at any university in the U.K. with up to two years of support. The Award, among the most generous exchange fellowships in the world, pays tuition and a stipend that covers room, board, and such extras as entertainment and travel. History In the autumn of 1960, three British students, a geologist, an economist and a landscape architect, began their courses of study at the University of Pennsylvania as the first Thouron Fellows. In 1961, two graduates of the University of Pennsylvania arrived in the United Kingdom, an economist to the London School of Economics and a classicist to Balliol College, Oxford, as the first Fellows from the United States. Since that time over 500 Fellows have been selected. Thouron Fellows have pursued degrees in a wide variety of fields. British Fellows have studied in all of the graduate and professional schools of the University of Pennsylvania. American Fellows have attended some 53 British educational institutions, with Cambridge, Oxford, and the University of London attracting the majority of the Penn students. Thouron Prize The Thouron family has also established a Thouron Prize for Summer Study at Pembroke College in the University of Cambridge for undergraduate students. The award is granted to eight or nine rising juniors and seniors from Harvard, Yale, and Penn, with typically three students selected from each university. The students receive a full scholarship to travel and spend two months studying at the University of Cambridge in the Pembroke-King's Programme. The Thouron Prize covers the full cost of the program. In addition, recipients are given a seminar series from Sir Roger Tomkys, a former Master of Pembroke College. Competition for the prizes is often fierce, and the universities typically have their own mechanism for initial nomination. Nominees are then passed onto the consideration of members of the Thouron family, who personally hold interviews with all the nominees before coming to a final decision. The Thouron Prize is sometimes seen as the sophomore/junior analog of the Rhodes or Marshall Scholarships; however, the latter can only be applied to during one's senior year and typically cover two years of graduate study rather than one undergraduate summer. Similar to the goals of the other British fellowships, the Thouron Prize endeavors to give undergraduates "an understanding of both shared and differing aspects of British and American culture." At least one student who won the undergraduate Thouron Prize later went on to win the graduate Thouron Award as well. At least three Thouron Prize winners have also gone on to win the Rhodes Scholarship. Notable Thouron Scholars Kenneth Baer – Director of communications, Obama’s Office of Management and Budget Janice R. Bellace, after earning her undergraduate degree (Bachelor of Science in Economics] from Penn's Wharton School in 1974 and JD in 1977 from Penn Law, she used her Thouron Award (1977 through 1979) to earn M.Sc. in Industrial Relations from the London School of Economics, and has been a Wharton Professor of Legal Studies and Director of Penn's The Huntsman Program in International Studies and Business as well as founding President of Singapore Management University Norman Blackwell – Head of the Downing Street Policy Unit Francis Campbell – British diplomat Jay Clayton, after graduating University of Pennsylvania summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Science in Engineering in 1988, used Thouron Award for post-graduate study in the United Kingdom from 1988 through 1990 where he received a Bachelor of Arts (promoted to a Master of Arts, per tradition) in economics from the University of Cambridge in 1990, and then graduated with a JD, cum laude and Order of the Coif, from the University of Pennsylvania Law School, in 1993, and, as of August 2020, is Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission Sir Robert Cooper – British diplomat and political strategist Hugh F. Durrant-Whyte – Roboticist Jennifer Egan – Pulitzer prize-winning author Rick Gekoski – Writer Rose George - British journalist and author Josh Gottheimer – Author, lawyer, speechwriter, Congressman for New Jersey's 5th congressional district Hugh Gusterson – Anthropologist Simon Hirst – Former investment banker and CEO of Durlacher Corporation. Current Steering Committee member of Artisan Capital Ventures Robert Jenrick - British politician Paul Judge - English businessman and political figure; benefactor of Cambridge Judge Business School John J. Leonard – MIT professor Frank Luntz - used Thouron Award (1984 through 1987) to earn DPhil in campaign technology from University of Oxford and, as of 2020 (after past stints teaching at University of Pennsylvania where Dr. Luntz earned BA in Political Science and Harvard University where he was a fellow at Kennedy School), he is teaching at New York University in United Arab Emirates and Verbum Dei High School in Compton area of Los Angeles and also continues to be political and business pollster Terah Lyons – Founding Executive Director of the Partnership on AI Justin Marozzi – British travel writer Robert McCrum – British journalist and editor John A. Moran, Esquire, after being educated at Trinity College Dublin used Thouron Award (1986 through 1987) to obtain LLM degree from Penn Law and certificate in business from Wharton School of Finance and went on to practice law at Sullivan & Cromwell LLP, and become: (1) CEO of Zurich Capital Markets, (2) CEO of Zurich Bank, (3) Head of Wholesale Bank Supervision Central Bank of Ireland, (4) Secretary General in charge of Department of Finance of Republic of Ireland, and (5) member of Board and Director of Risk Policy Committee of European Investment Bank Sir Michael Jonathan Moritz, KBE – Billionaire Welsh businessman Brent Neiman – Professor of economics, University of Chicago Peter Norris – Non-executive chairman of the Virgin Group Philip Norton, Baron Norton of Louth, Professor at Hull University and member of UK House of Lords David C. Parkes – Harvard professor of computer science Adrian ‘Gus’ Pope, Esquire, after being educated at University of Edinburgh used Thouron Award (1985 through 1986) to obtain LLM degree from Penn Law and went on to become global managing partner and head of the investment funds practice of largest law firm in Cayman Islands, Maples and Calder Michelle Peluso – CEO of Gilt Group, former CEO of Travelocity John Quelch – Harvard professor Peter Roth, – High Court justice, after being educated at St Paul's School, London, reading history at New College, Oxford, used his Thouron Award (1976 to 1977) to obtain his LLM from the University of Pennsylvania Law School Dick Sabot – Economist and Internet pioneer Frances Stead Sellers - Journalist at The Washington Post Omari Simmons – Professor, Wake Forest School of Law Eugene Stelzig, Distinguished Teaching Professor of English Emeritus, SUNY Geneseo; literary scholar and poet Richard Stevenson – Chief Washington correspondent, New York Times Heath Tarbert - Nominee for Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Markets and Development for the U.S. (2017) Sir David Watson – Oxford professor, principal of Green Templeton College, Oxford Bee Wilson – British food writer References ^ "A Life-Changing Opportunity". The Thouron Award. 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011. ^ "The Daily Pennsylvanian". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved 2012-07-26. ^ a b "Office of International Programs, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Harvard University >". Fas.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-26. ^ "Programs>Brochure>Center for International and Professional Experience". Cie.yale.edu. 2011-12-01. Retrieved 2012-07-26. ^ "The John Thouron Prize For Summer Study at Pembroke College, Cambridge University | Competitions | Fellowships | Academics | Yale College". Yale.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-26. ^ "The Daily Pennsylvanian". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved 2012-07-26. ^ "11 Yalies win prestigious scholarships for study 'across the pond'". Yale News. Retrieved 2017-02-03. ^ "final winners bios 2017" (PDF). Rhodes Trust. Retrieved 2017-11-22. ^ Ellis, Lindsay (November 20, 2017). "Native Houstonian Xavier Gonzalez named Rhodes scholar". Houston Chronicle. Houston. Retrieved September 17, 2023. ^ "President Donald J. Trump Announces Intent to Nominate Heath P. Tarbert to the Department of the Treasury". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved Sep 11, 2020 – via National Archives. External links Official website Brief biographies of the Award's founders
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Graduates of British universities receive support for up to two years of study – in any degree course – at the University of Pennsylvania, and Penn graduates may study at any university in the U.K. with up to two years of support. The Award, among the most generous exchange fellowships in the world, pays tuition and a stipend that covers room, board, and such extras as entertainment and travel.[2]","title":"Thouron Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Balliol College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"}],"text":"In the autumn of 1960, three British students, a geologist, an economist and a landscape architect, began their courses of study at the University of Pennsylvania as the first Thouron Fellows. In 1961, two graduates of the University of Pennsylvania arrived in the United Kingdom, an economist to the London School of Economics and a classicist to Balliol College, Oxford, as the first Fellows from the United States. Since that time over 500 Fellows have been selected.Thouron Fellows have pursued degrees in a wide variety of fields. British Fellows have studied in all of the graduate and professional schools of the University of Pennsylvania. American Fellows have attended some 53 British educational institutions, with Cambridge, Oxford, and the University of London attracting the majority of the Penn students.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pembroke College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale"},{"link_name":"Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvard1-3"},{"link_name":"Pembroke-King's Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke-King%27s_Programme"},{"link_name":"Sir Roger Tomkys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Roger_Tomkys"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvard1-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Thouron family has also established a Thouron Prize for Summer Study at Pembroke College in the University of Cambridge for undergraduate students. The award is granted to eight or nine rising juniors and seniors from Harvard, Yale, and Penn, with typically three students selected from each university.[3]The students receive a full scholarship to travel and spend two months studying at the University of Cambridge in the Pembroke-King's Programme. The Thouron Prize covers the full cost of the program. In addition, recipients are given a seminar series from Sir Roger Tomkys, a former Master of Pembroke College.[4] Competition for the prizes is often fierce, and the universities typically have their own mechanism for initial nomination. Nominees are then passed onto the consideration of members of the Thouron family, who personally hold interviews with all the nominees before coming to a final decision.The Thouron Prize is sometimes seen as the sophomore/junior analog of the Rhodes or Marshall Scholarships; however, the latter can only be applied to during one's senior year and typically cover two years of graduate study rather than one undergraduate summer.[5]Similar to the goals of the other British fellowships, the Thouron Prize endeavors to give undergraduates \"an understanding of both shared and differing aspects of British and American culture.\"[3] At least one student who won the undergraduate Thouron Prize later went on to win the graduate Thouron Award as well.[6] At least three Thouron Prize winners have also gone on to win the Rhodes Scholarship.[7][8] [9]","title":"Thouron Prize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenneth Baer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Baer"},{"link_name":"Janice R. Bellace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_R._Bellace"},{"link_name":"Wharton School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_School"},{"link_name":"JD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Penn Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Law"},{"link_name":"M.Sc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.Sc."},{"link_name":"Industrial Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Relations"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Wharton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_School_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Legal Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Studies"},{"link_name":"The Huntsman Program in International Studies and Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huntsman_Program_in_International_Studies_and_Business"},{"link_name":"Singapore Management University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Management_University"},{"link_name":"Norman Blackwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Blackwell"},{"link_name":"Francis Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Jay Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Clayton_(attorney)"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"summa cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_cum_laude"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"JD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cum_laude"},{"link_name":"Order of the Coif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Coif"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cooper_(strategist)"},{"link_name":"Hugh F. Durrant-Whyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_F._Durrant-Whyte"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Egan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Egan"},{"link_name":"Rick Gekoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Gekoski"},{"link_name":"Rose George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_George"},{"link_name":"Josh Gottheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Gottheimer"},{"link_name":"Hugh Gusterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Gusterson"},{"link_name":"Robert Jenrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jenrick"},{"link_name":"Paul Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Judge"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Judge Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Judge_Business_School"},{"link_name":"John J. Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Leonard"},{"link_name":"Frank Luntz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Luntz"},{"link_name":"DPhil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPhil"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Political Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Science"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Kennedy School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_School"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Verbum Dei High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbum_Dei_High_School"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Terah Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terah_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Partnership on AI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership_on_AI"},{"link_name":"Justin Marozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Marozzi"},{"link_name":"Robert McCrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McCrum"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"LLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Penn Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Law"},{"link_name":"Wharton School of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_School_of_Finance"},{"link_name":"Sullivan & Cromwell LLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_%26_Cromwell_LLP"},{"link_name":"Central Bank of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"European Investment Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Investment_Bank"},{"link_name":"Sir Michael Jonathan Moritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moritz"},{"link_name":"KBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Brent Neiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Neiman"},{"link_name":"Peter Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Norris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philip Norton, Baron Norton of Louth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Norton,_Baron_Norton_of_Louth"},{"link_name":"David C. Parkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_C._Parkes"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"LLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Penn Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Law"},{"link_name":"Cayman Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands"},{"link_name":"Maples and Calder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maples_and_Calder"},{"link_name":"Michelle Peluso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelle_Peluso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Quelch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quelch"},{"link_name":"Peter Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Roth_(judge)"},{"link_name":"St Paul's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"LLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Dick Sabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Sabot"},{"link_name":"Frances Stead Sellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Stead_Sellers"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Omari Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omari_Simmons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eugene Stelzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Stelzig&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richard Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stevenson_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heath Tarbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Tarbert"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sir David Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Watson_(academic)"},{"link_name":"Bee Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Wilson"}],"text":"Kenneth Baer – Director of communications, Obama’s Office of Management and Budget\nJanice R. Bellace, after earning her undergraduate degree (Bachelor of Science in Economics] from Penn's Wharton School in 1974 and JD in 1977 from Penn Law, she used her Thouron Award (1977 through 1979) to earn M.Sc. in Industrial Relations from the London School of Economics, and has been a Wharton Professor of Legal Studies and Director of Penn's The Huntsman Program in International Studies and Business as well as founding President of Singapore Management University\nNorman Blackwell – Head of the Downing Street Policy Unit\nFrancis Campbell – British diplomat\nJay Clayton, after graduating University of Pennsylvania summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Science in Engineering in 1988, used Thouron Award for post-graduate study in the United Kingdom from 1988 through 1990 where he received a Bachelor of Arts (promoted to a Master of Arts, per tradition) in economics from the University of Cambridge in 1990, and then graduated with a JD, cum laude and Order of the Coif, from the University of Pennsylvania Law School, in 1993, and, as of August 2020, is Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission\nSir Robert Cooper – British diplomat and political strategist\nHugh F. Durrant-Whyte – Roboticist\nJennifer Egan – Pulitzer prize-winning author\nRick Gekoski – Writer\nRose George - British journalist and author\nJosh Gottheimer – Author, lawyer, speechwriter, Congressman for New Jersey's 5th congressional district\nHugh Gusterson – Anthropologist\nSimon Hirst – Former investment banker and CEO of Durlacher Corporation. Current Steering Committee member of Artisan Capital Ventures\nRobert Jenrick - British politician\nPaul Judge - English businessman and political figure; benefactor of Cambridge Judge Business School\nJohn J. Leonard – MIT professor\nFrank Luntz - used Thouron Award (1984 through 1987) to earn DPhil in campaign technology from University of Oxford and, as of 2020 (after past stints teaching at University of Pennsylvania where Dr. Luntz earned BA in Political Science and Harvard University where he was a fellow at Kennedy School), he is teaching at New York University in United Arab Emirates and Verbum Dei High School in Compton area of Los Angeles and also continues to be political and business pollster\nTerah Lyons – Founding Executive Director of the Partnership on AI\nJustin Marozzi – British travel writer\nRobert McCrum – British journalist and editor\nJohn A. Moran, Esquire, after being educated at Trinity College Dublin used Thouron Award (1986 through 1987) to obtain LLM degree from Penn Law and certificate in business from Wharton School of Finance and went on to practice law at Sullivan & Cromwell LLP, and become: (1) CEO of Zurich Capital Markets, (2) CEO of Zurich Bank, (3) Head of Wholesale Bank Supervision Central Bank of Ireland, (4) Secretary General in charge of Department of Finance of Republic of Ireland, and (5) member of Board and Director of Risk Policy Committee of European Investment Bank\nSir Michael Jonathan Moritz, KBE – Billionaire Welsh businessman\nBrent Neiman – Professor of economics, University of Chicago\nPeter Norris – Non-executive chairman of the Virgin Group\nPhilip Norton, Baron Norton of Louth, Professor at Hull University and member of UK House of Lords\nDavid C. Parkes – Harvard professor of computer science\nAdrian ‘Gus’ Pope, Esquire, after being educated at University of Edinburgh used Thouron Award (1985 through 1986) to obtain LLM degree from Penn Law and went on to become global managing partner and head of the investment funds practice of largest law firm in Cayman Islands, Maples and Calder\nMichelle Peluso – CEO of Gilt Group, former CEO of Travelocity\nJohn Quelch – Harvard professor\nPeter Roth, – High Court justice, after being educated at St Paul's School, London, reading history at New College, Oxford, used his Thouron Award (1976 to 1977) to obtain his LLM from the University of Pennsylvania Law School\nDick Sabot – Economist and Internet pioneer\nFrances Stead Sellers - Journalist at The Washington Post\nOmari Simmons – Professor, Wake Forest School of Law\nEugene Stelzig, Distinguished Teaching Professor of English Emeritus, SUNY Geneseo; literary scholar and poet\nRichard Stevenson – Chief Washington correspondent, New York Times\nHeath Tarbert - Nominee for Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Markets and Development for the U.S. (2017)[10]\nSir David Watson – Oxford professor, principal of Green Templeton College, Oxford\nBee Wilson – British food writer","title":"Notable Thouron Scholars"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"A Life-Changing Opportunity\". The Thouron Award. 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thouronaward.org/index.php?action=PublicHomeDisplay","url_text":"\"A Life-Changing Opportunity\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daily Pennsylvanian\". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved 2012-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailypennsylvanian.com/article/students-receive-thouron-award-study-abroad","url_text":"\"The Daily Pennsylvanian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Office of International Programs, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Harvard University >\". Fas.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~oip/approved_programs_summer/thouron.html","url_text":"\"Office of International Programs, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Harvard University >\""}]},{"reference":"\"Programs>Brochure>Center for International and Professional Experience\". Cie.yale.edu. 2011-12-01. Retrieved 2012-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://cie.yale.edu/index.cfm?FuseAction=Programs.ViewProgram&Program_ID=2501","url_text":"\"Programs>Brochure>Center for International and Professional Experience\""}]},{"reference":"\"The John Thouron Prize For Summer Study at Pembroke College, Cambridge University | Competitions | Fellowships | Academics | Yale College\". Yale.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yale.edu/yalecollege/academics/fellowships/competitions/list/thouron/index.html","url_text":"\"The John Thouron Prize For Summer Study at Pembroke College, Cambridge University | Competitions | Fellowships | Academics | Yale College\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daily Pennsylvanian\". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved 2012-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailypennsylvanian.com/article/crossing-pond-academic-pursuits","url_text":"\"The Daily Pennsylvanian\""}]},{"reference":"\"11 Yalies win prestigious scholarships for study 'across the pond'\". Yale News. Retrieved 2017-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.yale.edu/2014/11/23/11-yalies-win-prestigious-scholarships-study-across-pond","url_text":"\"11 Yalies win prestigious scholarships for study 'across the pond'\""}]},{"reference":"\"final winners bios 2017\" (PDF). Rhodes Trust. Retrieved 2017-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://s3.amazonaws.com/rhodesscholars-fileshare/final_winners_bios_2017.pdf","url_text":"\"final winners bios 2017\""}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Lindsay (November 20, 2017). \"Native Houstonian Xavier Gonzalez named Rhodes scholar\". Houston Chronicle. Houston. Retrieved September 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chron.com/local/education/campus-chronicles/article/Native-Houstonian-Xavier-Gonzalez-named-Rhodes-12370151.php","url_text":"\"Native Houstonian Xavier Gonzalez named Rhodes scholar\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Donald J. Trump Announces Intent to Nominate Heath P. Tarbert to the Department of the Treasury\". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved Sep 11, 2020 – via National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/president-donald-j-trump-announces-intent-nominate-heath-p-tarbert-department-treasury/","url_text":"\"President Donald J. Trump Announces Intent to Nominate Heath P. Tarbert to the Department of the Treasury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlands_MRT_station
Woodlands MRT station
["1 History","1.1 North–South Line","1.2 Thomson–East Coast Line","2 Station details","2.1 Location","2.2 Services","2.3 Public artworks","3 Station design","3.1 NSL station","3.2 TEL station","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 1°26′13.54″N 103°47′11.34″E / 1.4370944°N 103.7864833°E / 1.4370944; 103.7864833Mass Rapid Transit station in Singapore "Woodlands station" redirects here. For other uses, see Woodlands station (disambiguation).  NS9  TE2 Woodlands兀兰ஊட்லண்ட்ஸ் Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchangeExit 5 of Woodlands stationGeneral informationLocation30 Woodlands Avenue 2Singapore 738343 (NSL)11 Woodlands SquareSingapore 737736 (TEL)Coordinates1°26′13.54″N 103°47′11.34″E / 1.4370944°N 103.7864833°E / 1.4370944; 103.7864833Operated bySMRT Trains Ltd (SMRT Corporation)Line(s)  North–South Line  Thomson–East Coast LinePlatforms4 (2 island platforms)Tracks4ConnectionsBus (Woodlands Bus Interchange, Woodlands Temporary Bus Interchange), taxiConstructionStructure typeElevated (North South line)Underground (Thomson–East Coast line)Platform levels2ParkingYes (Causeway Point, Woodlands Civic Centre, Woods Square)Bicycle facilitiesYesAccessibleYesHistoryOpened10 February 1996; 28 years ago (1996-02-10) (North–South line)31 January 2020; 4 years ago (2020-01-31) (Thomson–East Coast line)ElectrifiedYesServices Preceding station Mass Rapid Transit Following station Marsilingtowards Jurong East North–South Line Admiraltytowards Marina South Pier Woodlands NorthTerminus Thomson–East Coast Line Woodlands Southtowards Gardens by the Bay Track layout Legend to Woodlands North  L2to Admiralty → ← to Marsiling B3  to Woodlands South to Mandai Depot  LocationWoodlandsWoodlands station in Singapore Woodlands MRT station is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the North–South (NSL) and Thomson–East Coast (TEL) lines in Singapore. Located in Woodlands, the MRT station was the first to feature an underground bus interchange underneath the NSL station. The station is also integrated with surrounding developments, including Causeway Point and the Woodlands Civic Centre. The NSL station was first announced in November 1991 as part of the Woodlands MRT extension. Completed on 10 February 1996, the elevated station has a circular, barrel-like roof with beige and green tiles. Min Chan's Faces II sculpture is displayed near the station. With the opening of TEL Stage 1 on 31 January 2020, Woodlands station became an interchange station with the TEL. Designated as a Civil Defence Shelter, the TEL platforms have a brown, grey and green scheme designed to be spacious and well-lit. Terence Lin's The Day's Thoughts of a Homespun Journey is displayed on the walls of the TEL station. History North–South Line NSL platforms After the Branch line (from the Jurong East to Choa Chu Kang stations) opened in 1990, the government made plans for the Woodlands MRT line that would connect between Yishun and Choa Chu Kang stations. The station was among the six Woodlands line extension stations announced in November 1991. The contract for the construction of Woodlands station, along with the Marsiling, Admiralty and Sembawang stations, was awarded to a joint venture between Hyundai Engineering and Koon Construction and Transport Co in December 1992 at S$233.1 million (US$143.1 million). The contract included 8.7 kilometres (5.4 mi) of track work. On 28 April 1995, then Communications Minister Mah Bow Tan made a visit to the station site, along with the Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC) chairman Wesley D'aranjo and Minister of State for Communications Goh Chee Wee. Mah made another visit during his inspection of the six MRT stations on 13 January 1996 when he announced the opening date of the Woodlands extension. The station opened on 10 February 1996 along with the other stations on the Woodlands Extension. In 2012, half-height platform screen doors were installed at this station as part of the Land Transport Authority's (LTA) programme to improve safety in MRT stations. Between 2012 and 2013, high-volume low-speed fans were installed at this station to improve ventilation at the elevated station's platforms. Thomson–East Coast Line The TEL station during its construction in 2018 Woodlands station was first announced to interchange with the 22-station Thomson line (TSL) on 29 August 2012. Contract T203 for the design and construction of Woodlands Station was awarded to GS Engineering & Construction Corp at S$292 million (US$233.4 million) in October 2013. The contract includes the construction for the associated cut-and-cover tunnels. Earlier in July, another S$421 million (US$336.5 million) contract, for the construction of bored tunnels connecting from Woodlands Station to Mandai Depot via Woodlands South station, was awarded to Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co. Ltd. Construction of the TSL began with a groundbreaking ceremony held at the Woodlands station construction site on 27 June 2014. On 15 August 2014, the LTA further announced that TSL would merge with the Eastern Region line to form the Thomson–East Coast line (TEL). Woodlands station would be part of the proposed line. The station would be constructed as part of Phase 1 (TEL1), consisting of three stations from Woodlands North to Woodlands South. Construction was expected to be completed in 2019. The TEL station was constructed near the operational NSL station with complex soil conditions. There were also future developments planned for the site. Arup, the consultant for TEL1, recommended the realignment of the northern end of the station. While allowing a shorter linkway for commuters transferring between the two lines, it avoided the risks of tunnelling under the live substations (which were relocated for the construction) powering the NSL station and the bus interchange. The new alignment also minimised damage to the soil while allowing provisions for future developments. Rock blasting simulation was used to ensure a safe evacuation for the TEL station, with enhanced monitoring for vibrations of potentially affected structures. The Earth Retaining Stabilising Structure wall used for the TEL construction was kept to be reused for future basement evacuation, reducing future construction costs and further impact on the environment. The crossover tunnels, originally planned to be underneath a pedestrian bridge near the residential blocks, were relocated closer to the station. This relocation saved evacuation costs by about S$60 million (US$48 million) and minimised road traffic disruption and inconvenience to residents. The excavated space above the crossover tunnels was converted to a pedestrian retail link rather than backfilling it. Two new linkways were constructed to connect the NSL and TEL along with the underground bus interchange. The NSL concourse was redesigned to avoid having to replace the four existing supporting structures at the area. The redesign allowed the load to be transferred to new supporting columns and piles. Another column was underpinned and removed for the construction of the direct linkway between NSL and TEL. On 19 September 2019, it was announced by then Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan that TEL1 will open before the end of January 2020. The LTA later announced in December that the TEL1 stations would be opened on 31 January 2020. Before the stations commenced operations on that day, an open house for the TEL 1 stations was held on 11 January 2020. Station details Location Exit 2 (formerly Exit A) of Woodlands station Woodlands station, as the name suggests, is located in the Singapore residential town of Woodlands. The NSL station is on a 6 m (20 ft) hilllock surrounded by Woodlands Square, while the TEL station is located between Woodlands Avenue 2 and Woodlands Square. The NSL station is directly above the Woodlands Integrated Transport Hub (previously Woodlands Regional Bus Interchange) and is beside the Woodlands Temporary Bus Interchange. Other surrounding developments include Causeway Point and Woods Square and schools such as Woodlands Primary School and Riverside Secondary School. Services Woodlands station is an interchange on the NSL and TEL. The official station code is NS9/TE2. On the NSL, the station is between the Marsiling and Admiralty stations. On the TEL, the station is between the Woodlands North and Woodlands South stations. NSL services have a frequency of 2 to 5 minutes, while TEL services have a frequency of 5 to 9 minutes. Public artworks Faces II by Min ChenPart of the TEL artwork in the stationThe two artworks in the station A 15-metre (49 ft) high stainless steel by Min Chen is displayed at the NSL station. The sculpture, Faces II, is a spiral of triangular geometric surfaces, intended to represent the various expressions of people's faces. Selected among six submissions, the judges were impressed by the artist's ability to “incorporate a human feel” in a cubist style. The sculpture takes inspiration from origami, the Japanese art of paper folding. The judges hoped that the work would reflect Singapore's Asian background. Terence Lin's The Day’s Thoughts Of A Homespun Journey Into The Night is displayed on two walls of the TEL station interior. The artwork contains illustrations of various public transport vehicles, with the commuters' thoughts and aspirations illuminated by the vehicles' headlights. Keeping to the theme of transit most associated with Woodlands, the artwork intends to illustrate the everyday commuting experiences in an imaginative way. Through the artwork, the artist hoped that people would be more aware of what they do in transit while reminding them of their own home. In addition to the vehicles, other illustrations include those of various landmarks in Woodlands. Alluding to a homey experience, various fabric patterns were incorporated into the artwork. The two walls have a dark and light theme, alluding to the binary of day and night. These walls share a blend of colours at their ends, to reflect the transition from day to night. For further inspiration for the artwork, Lin collated his friends' experiences in Woodlands and had visited the neighbourhood to learn more about Woodlands. Lin hoped that commuters through the station would get to experience his artwork in a different way every time they pass through the station. Station design NSL station The station is directly above the bus interchange. The NSL station was designed by Parsons Brinckerhoff and Mausell Consultants. Adopting a beige and green colour scheme, the station exterior has a modern outlook featuring a circular barrel-like roof (unlike the other Woodlands MRT extension stations). This was to ensure that the station would blend in with the surrounding future modern developments. Woodlands station is the first MRT station in Singapore to feature an underground bus interchange directly underneath it. In addition to the bus interchange, the station has at least 50 bicycle parking spaces and taxi stands, integrating the station with other transportation modes. The platforms are designed to be more spacious, with the electrical maintenance rooms relocated to the concourse level. TEL station TEL platforms The two-level TEL station is designed by Arup and Aedas. At 330 metres (1,080 ft) long and 24 metres (79 ft) deep underground, the station is designed to be integrated with surrounding developments and other transportation modes. A reference to Woodlands' past as a rubber plantation, the station has a colour scheme of brown and grey with "streaks of green" shared by rubber trees. The station columns are designed to resemble tree-like branches. The TEL platforms are accessible via many escalators and stairs, with a large visual opening. The linkway that connects the TEL platforms to the NSL platforms have gaps in the roof to allow sunlight into the station. Largely naturally ventilated, the station utilises minimal energy. The four entrances of the TEL station are also naturally ventilated, with transparent structures to allow sunlight into the entrances. They are intended to function as "lanterns" that will light up the urban landscape around the entrances at night. The station design won the LTEA 2022 under the Infrastructure and Development category. Designated as a Civil Defence (CD) shelter, its large interior is designed to accommodate up to 9,000 people in emergencies. The walls, floor and roof slabs are strengthened with reinforced concrete, and the station has facilities for people to undergo decontamination. As a result of the CD guidelines, the station is more spacious that will allow it to support higher passenger capacity in the future. A reception track to Mandai Depot is built on the south end of the station between the 2 service tracks. References ^ a b "Woodlands MRT Station (NS9)". OneMap. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ a b "Woodlands MRT Station (TE2)". OneMap. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ "MRTC considering extending line to Woodlands". The Straits Times. 11 March 1988. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. ^ "Woodlands MRT line". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. National Library Board. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2017. ^ Leong, C. T. (26 February 1991). "Work on Woodlands MRT line to begin later this year". The Straits Times. Retrieved 13 May 2024 – via NewspaperSG. ^ "New MRT stations named". The Business Times. 20 November 1991. p. 4. ^ "Station names for Woodlands line have ties to surroundings". The Straits Times. 20 November 1991. p. 3. ^ "MRT awards 4 contracts worth $365m". The Straits Times. 23 December 1992. p. 39. ^ "Woodlands commuters get real-time timetables". The Straits Times. 29 April 1995. ^ "Woodlands MRT line to open next month". The Straits Times. 14 January 1996. p. 1. ^ "Crowds came from as far as Hougang and Jurong". The Straits Times. 11 February 1996. p. 19. ^ Goh, Chok Tong (10 February 1996). "Speech by Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong at the Opening of Woodlands MRT Line on Saturday, 10 February 1996 at 10.00 am" (PDF). National Archives of Singapore. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020. ^ "Platform screen doors for all above-ground MRT stations by 2012". The Straits Times. 25 January 2008. Archived from the original on 28 January 2008. ^ "LTA completes installing elevated MRT station screen doors early". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017. ^ "Enhancing Connectivity and Comfort for Commuters". LTA. 13 October 2011. Archived from the original on 25 December 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012. ^ Sim, Royston (29 August 2012). "New Thomson MRT line to open from 2019, and have 22 stations". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2021. ^ "Thomson Line to open from 2019 with 22 stations". Channel NewsAsia (CNA). 30 August 2012. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2021. ^ "LTA Awards Four Contracts for Thomson Line". LTA. 18 October 2013. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020. ^ "Caldecott Station: A New Interchange Connecting Thomson and Circle Lines". LTA. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2021. ^ "Singapore LTA T206". STECS. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ "Celebrating the Groundbreaking of Thomson Line". Ministry of Transport. 27 June 2014. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020. ^ "Joint News Release by the Land Transport Authority & Singapore Land Authority – Thomson-East Coast Line: New MRT Links in the East | Press Room | Land Transport Authority". LTA. 19 August 2014. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2020. ^ a b c d e "BCA Awards 2020: Design and Engineering Safety Award" (PDF). BCA Corp. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ a b c "MRT station scores BCA's Design and Engineering Safety award with commuter-centric design". BCA Corp. 15 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ "Thomson-East Coast Line 1". Arup. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ Tan, Christopher (19 September 2019). "First phase of Thomson-East Coast Line to open before Chinese New Year next year, with 3 stations in Woodlands". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 19 September 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ a b "Public Preview of Thomson-East Coast Line 1 Stations on 11 January". LTA. 11 December 2019. Archived from the original on 6 January 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ Wong, Kai Yi (31 January 2020). "3 stations on Thomson-East Coast Line begin operations". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020. ^ "Speech by Minister Khaw Boon Wan at the Thomson-East Coast Line Stage 1 Open House". Ministry of Transport (MOT). 11 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ a b c Thulaja, Naidu Ratnala (13 November 2003). "Woodlands MRT station". Infopedia. National Library Board Singapore. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012. ^ "Underground bus station to be built in Woodlands". The Straits Times. 14 February 1992. p. 3. ^ "Bus route amendments poster and visuals of Woodlands ITH" (PDF). LTA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ "Exits – Woodlands". SMRT Journeys. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ "MRT System Map" (PDF). LTA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 August 2020. ^ "Transport Tools – MRT/LRT". LTA. 6 May 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ Wei, Toh Ting (27 August 2021). "Thomson-East Coast Line stage two opens on Aug 28; trains to arrive every five minutes at peak hours". The Straits Times. Retrieved 29 August 2021. ^ "'Faces' to greet you at Woodlands MRT". The Straits Times. 29 May 1995. ^ "Trainspotting in Woodlands". The Straits Times. 7 March 1996. ^ a b c d e Ang, Prisca (12 February 2020). "Journey with art on the Thomson-East Coast Line". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021. ^ a b c d "Factsheet: Thomson-East Coast Line". LTA. 11 January 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021. ^ "Bus interchange under Woodlands station". The Straits Times. 14 October 1993. p. 14. ^ a b "Residents prepare for easier life with Woodlands MRT line". The Straits Times. 21 January 1996. p. 24. ^ "Step off the bus and into the MRT station". The Straits Times. 31 January 1996. p. 19. ^ "Woodlands Station, Thomson-East Coast Line". Aedas. 5 May 2020. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021. ^ a b c "The new MRT stations in Woodlands by Aedas". aasarchitecture.com. 22 October 2015. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021. ^ a b "Leading the future through connected communities". Architect and Interiors India. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021. ^ "Aedas-designed Woodlands Station & Mandai Rail & Bus Depot recognised at the LTEA 2022". Aedas. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ Yuen-C, Tham (12 January 2020). "Woodlands station on Thomson-East Coast Line also serves as civil defence shelter". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2021. External links Official website Media related to Woodlands MRT Station at Wikimedia Commons vte Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) stations in SingaporeItalicised locations are currently not in operationNorth–South Line Jurong East Bukit Batok Bukit Gombak Brickland Choa Chu Kang Yew Tee Sungei Kadut Kranji Marsiling Woodlands Admiralty Sembawang Canberra Yishun Khatib Yio Chu Kang Ang Mo Kio Bishan Braddell Toa Payoh Novena Newton Orchard Somerset Dhoby Ghaut City Hall Raffles Place Marina Bay Marina South Pier Thomson–East Coast Line Woodlands North Woodlands Woodlands South Springleaf Lentor Mayflower Bright Hill Upper Thomson Caldecott Mount Pleasant Stevens Napier Orchard Boulevard Orchard Great World Havelock Outram Park Maxwell Shenton Way Marina Bay Marina South Gardens by the Bay Stage 4 (2024) Tanjong Rhu Katong Park Tanjong Katong Marine Parade Marine Terrace Siglap Bayshore Stage 5 (2026) Bedok South Sungei Bedok Founders' Memorial (2028) Founders' Memorial TELe (mid-2040s) Changi Airport Expo Tanah Merah Depot(s)  NSL  Bishan Ulu Pandan  TEL  Mandai East Coast See also: Land Transport AuthoritySMRT Trains Trains portal Singapore portal
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For other uses, see Woodlands station (disambiguation).Woodlands MRT station is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the North–South (NSL) and Thomson–East Coast (TEL) lines in Singapore. Located in Woodlands, the MRT station was the first to feature an underground bus interchange underneath the NSL station. The station is also integrated with surrounding developments, including Causeway Point and the Woodlands Civic Centre.The NSL station was first announced in November 1991 as part of the Woodlands MRT extension. Completed on 10 February 1996, the elevated station has a circular, barrel-like roof with beige and green tiles. Min Chan's Faces II sculpture is displayed near the station.With the opening of TEL Stage 1 on 31 January 2020, Woodlands station became an interchange station with the TEL. Designated as a Civil Defence Shelter, the TEL platforms have a brown, grey and green scheme designed to be spacious and well-lit. Terence Lin's The Day's Thoughts of a Homespun Journey is displayed on the walls of the TEL station.","title":"Woodlands MRT station"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NS9_Woodlands_MRT_Platforms_20201118_112747.jpg"},{"link_name":"Branch line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_MRT_line"},{"link_name":"Jurong East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurong_East_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Choa Chu Kang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choa_Chu_Kang_MRT/LRT_station"},{"link_name":"Yishun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yishun_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Infopedia_MRT_line-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Marsiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsiling_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Sembawang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sembawang_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Hyundai Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Engineering_%26_Construction"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mah Bow Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah_Bow_Tan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"half-height platform screen doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_platform_gate"},{"link_name":"Land Transport Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Transport_Authority"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"high-volume low-speed fans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-volume_low-speed_fan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"North–South Line","text":"NSL platformsAfter the Branch line (from the Jurong East to Choa Chu Kang stations) opened in 1990, the government made plans for the Woodlands MRT line that would connect between Yishun and Choa Chu Kang stations.[3][4][5] The station was among the six Woodlands line extension stations announced in November 1991.[6][7] The contract for the construction of Woodlands station, along with the Marsiling, Admiralty and Sembawang stations, was awarded to a joint venture between Hyundai Engineering and Koon Construction and Transport Co in December 1992 at S$233.1 million (US$143.1 million). The contract included 8.7 kilometres (5.4 mi) of track work.[8]On 28 April 1995, then Communications Minister Mah Bow Tan made a visit to the station site, along with the Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC) chairman Wesley D'aranjo and Minister of State for Communications Goh Chee Wee.[9] Mah made another visit during his inspection of the six MRT stations on 13 January 1996 when he announced the opening date of the Woodlands extension.[10] The station opened on 10 February 1996 along with the other stations on the Woodlands Extension.[11][12]In 2012, half-height platform screen doors were installed at this station as part of the Land Transport Authority's (LTA) programme to improve safety in MRT stations.[13][14] Between 2012 and 2013, high-volume low-speed fans were installed at this station to improve ventilation at the elevated station's platforms.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woodlands_TEL_Station_under_construction,_August_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sim_2012-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-channelnewsasia.com_2012-17"},{"link_name":"cut-and-cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel#Cut-and-cover"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Mandai Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandai_Depot"},{"link_name":"Woodlands South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlands_South_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LTA_Caldecott_and_T206_2013-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Thomson–East Coast line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson%E2%80%93East_Coast_MRT_line"},{"link_name":"Woodlands North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlands_North_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Woodlands South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlands_South_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCA_Awards_2020-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCA_Corp_2021-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCA_Awards_2020-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arup_TEL1-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCA_Corp_2021-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCA_Corp_2021-24"},{"link_name":"Khaw Boon Wan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaw_Boon_Wan"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tan_2019-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LTA_2019-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LTA_2019-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TEL1_open_house_speech-29"}],"sub_title":"Thomson–East Coast Line","text":"The TEL station during its construction in 2018Woodlands station was first announced to interchange with the 22-station Thomson line (TSL) on 29 August 2012.[16][17] Contract T203 for the design and construction of Woodlands Station was awarded to GS Engineering & Construction Corp at S$292 million (US$233.4 million) in October 2013. The contract includes the construction for the associated cut-and-cover tunnels.[18] Earlier in July, another S$421 million (US$336.5 million) contract, for the construction of bored tunnels connecting from Woodlands Station to Mandai Depot via Woodlands South station, was awarded to Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co. Ltd.[19][20]Construction of the TSL began with a groundbreaking ceremony held at the Woodlands station construction site on 27 June 2014.[21] On 15 August 2014, the LTA further announced that TSL would merge with the Eastern Region line to form the Thomson–East Coast line (TEL). Woodlands station would be part of the proposed line. The station would be constructed as part of Phase 1 (TEL1), consisting of three stations from Woodlands North to Woodlands South. Construction was expected to be completed in 2019.[22]The TEL station was constructed near the operational NSL station with complex soil conditions. There were also future developments planned for the site.[23] Arup, the consultant for TEL1, recommended the realignment of the northern end of the station. While allowing a shorter linkway for commuters transferring between the two lines, it avoided the risks of tunnelling under the live substations (which were relocated for the construction) powering the NSL station and the bus interchange.[24]The new alignment also minimised damage to the soil while allowing provisions for future developments. Rock blasting simulation was used to ensure a safe evacuation for the TEL station, with enhanced monitoring for vibrations of potentially affected structures.[23] The Earth Retaining Stabilising Structure wall used for the TEL construction was kept to be reused for future basement evacuation, reducing future construction costs and further impact on the environment.[25] The crossover tunnels, originally planned to be underneath a pedestrian bridge near the residential blocks, were relocated closer to the station. This relocation saved evacuation costs by about S$60 million (US$48 million) and minimised road traffic disruption and inconvenience to residents. The excavated space above the crossover tunnels was converted to a pedestrian retail link rather than backfilling it.[24]Two new linkways were constructed to connect the NSL and TEL along with the underground bus interchange. The NSL concourse was redesigned to avoid having to replace the four existing supporting structures at the area. The redesign allowed the load to be transferred to new supporting columns and piles. Another column was underpinned and removed for the construction of the direct linkway between NSL and TEL.[24]On 19 September 2019, it was announced by then Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan that TEL1 will open before the end of January 2020.[26] The LTA later announced in December that the TEL1 stations would be opened on 31 January 2020.[27][28] Before the stations commenced operations on that day, an open house for the TEL 1 stations was held on 11 January 2020.[27][29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Station details"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NS9_Woodlands_Exit_A.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OneMap_NSL-1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Infopedia_Woodlands_MRT-30"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OneMap_TEL-2"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMRT_Journeys-33"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"Exit 2 (formerly Exit A) of Woodlands stationWoodlands station, as the name suggests, is located in the Singapore residential town of Woodlands. The NSL station is on a 6 m (20 ft) hilllock surrounded by Woodlands Square,[1][30] while the TEL station is located between Woodlands Avenue 2 and Woodlands Square.[2] The NSL station is directly above the Woodlands Integrated Transport Hub (previously Woodlands Regional Bus Interchange[31]) and is beside the Woodlands Temporary Bus Interchange.[32] Other surrounding developments include Causeway Point and Woods Square and schools such as Woodlands Primary School and Riverside Secondary School. [33]","title":"Station details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marsiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsiling_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Woodlands North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlands_North_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Woodlands South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlands_South_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LTA_system_map-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LTA_frequencies-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wei_2021-36"}],"sub_title":"Services","text":"Woodlands station is an interchange on the NSL and TEL. The official station code is NS9/TE2. On the NSL, the station is between the Marsiling and Admiralty stations. On the TEL, the station is between the Woodlands North and Woodlands South stations.[34] NSL services have a frequency of 2 to 5 minutes,[35] while TEL services have a frequency of 5 to 9 minutes.[36]","title":"Station details"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NS9_Woodlands_MRT_%22Faces_II%22_outside_20210614_190214.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TE2_Woodlands_MRT_linkway_to_bus_interchange_20210611_180515.jpg"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Infopedia_Woodlands_MRT-30"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faces_greet-37"},{"link_name":"origami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origami"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang_2020-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang_2020-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LTA_TEL_Factsheet-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang_2020-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LTA_TEL_Factsheet-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang_2020-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LTA_TEL_Factsheet-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang_2020-39"}],"sub_title":"Public artworks","text":"Faces II by Min ChenPart of the TEL artwork in the stationThe two artworks in the stationA 15-metre (49 ft) high stainless steel by Min Chen is displayed at the NSL station.[30] The sculpture, Faces II, is a spiral of triangular geometric surfaces, intended to represent the various expressions of people's faces.[37] Selected among six submissions, the judges were impressed by the artist's ability to “incorporate a human feel” in a cubist style. The sculpture takes inspiration from origami, the Japanese art of paper folding. The judges hoped that the work would reflect Singapore's Asian background.[38]Terence Lin's The Day’s Thoughts Of A Homespun Journey Into The Night is displayed on two walls of the TEL station interior.[39] The artwork contains illustrations of various public transport vehicles,[39] with the commuters' thoughts and aspirations illuminated by the vehicles' headlights.[40] Keeping to the theme of transit most associated with Woodlands, the artwork intends to illustrate the everyday commuting experiences in an imaginative way. Through the artwork, the artist hoped that people would be more aware of what they do in transit[39] while reminding them of their own home.[40]In addition to the vehicles, other illustrations include those of various landmarks in Woodlands.[39] Alluding to a homey experience, various fabric patterns were incorporated into the artwork.[40] The two walls have a dark and light theme, alluding to the binary of day and night. These walls share a blend of colours at their ends, to reflect the transition from day to night. For further inspiration for the artwork, Lin collated his friends' experiences in Woodlands and had visited the neighbourhood to learn more about Woodlands. Lin hoped that commuters through the station would get to experience his artwork in a different way every time they pass through the station.[39]","title":"Station details"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Station design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NS9_Woodlands_MRT_above_Woodlands_Integrated_Transport_Hub_20210614_184231.jpg"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Infopedia_Woodlands_MRT-30"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-under_station-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-easier_life-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-step_off-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-easier_life-42"}],"sub_title":"NSL station","text":"The station is directly above the bus interchange.The NSL station was designed by Parsons Brinckerhoff and Mausell Consultants. Adopting a beige and green colour scheme, the station exterior has a modern outlook featuring a circular barrel-like roof (unlike the other Woodlands MRT extension stations). This was to ensure that the station would blend in with the surrounding future modern developments.[30] Woodlands station is the first MRT station in Singapore to feature an underground bus interchange directly underneath it.[41][42] In addition to the bus interchange, the station has at least 50 bicycle parking spaces and taxi stands, integrating the station with other transportation modes.[43] The platforms are designed to be more spacious, with the electrical maintenance rooms relocated to the concourse level.[42]","title":"Station design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TE2_Woodlands_MRT_Platforms_20210803_182710.jpg"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aedas_2020-44"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LTA_TEL_Factsheet-40"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aasarchitecture_2015-45"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCA_Awards_2020-23"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Architect_and_Interiors_India-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aasarchitecture_2015-45"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCA_Awards_2020-23"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aasarchitecture_2015-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Architect_and_Interiors_India-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aedas_2022-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yuen-C_2020-48"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCA_Awards_2020-23"},{"link_name":"Mandai Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandai_Depot"}],"sub_title":"TEL station","text":"TEL platformsThe two-level TEL station is designed by Arup and Aedas.[44] At 330 metres (1,080 ft) long and 24 metres (79 ft) deep underground, the station is designed to be integrated with surrounding developments and other transportation modes.[40] \nA reference to Woodlands' past as a rubber plantation, the station has a colour scheme of brown and grey with \"streaks of green\" shared by rubber trees.[45] The station columns are designed to resemble tree-like branches.[23][46]The TEL platforms are accessible via many escalators and stairs, with a large visual opening.[45] The linkway that connects the TEL platforms to the NSL platforms have gaps in the roof to allow sunlight into the station.[23] Largely naturally ventilated, the station utilises minimal energy. The four entrances of the TEL station are also naturally ventilated, with transparent structures to allow sunlight into the entrances. They are intended to function as \"lanterns\" that will light up the urban landscape around the entrances at night.[45][46] The station design won the LTEA 2022 under the Infrastructure and Development category.[47]Designated as a Civil Defence (CD) shelter, its large interior is designed to accommodate up to 9,000 people in emergencies. The walls, floor and roof slabs are strengthened with reinforced concrete, and the station has facilities for people to undergo decontamination.[48] As a result of the CD guidelines, the station is more spacious that will allow it to support higher passenger capacity in the future.[23]A reception track to Mandai Depot is built on the south end of the station between the 2 service tracks.","title":"Station design"}]
[{"image_text":"NSL platforms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NS9_Woodlands_MRT_Platforms_20201118_112747.jpg/220px-NS9_Woodlands_MRT_Platforms_20201118_112747.jpg"},{"image_text":"The TEL station during its construction in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Woodlands_TEL_Station_under_construction%2C_August_2018.jpg/220px-Woodlands_TEL_Station_under_construction%2C_August_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Exit 2 (formerly Exit A) of Woodlands station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/NS9_Woodlands_Exit_A.jpg/220px-NS9_Woodlands_Exit_A.jpg"},{"image_text":"The station is directly above the bus interchange.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/NS9_Woodlands_MRT_above_Woodlands_Integrated_Transport_Hub_20210614_184231.jpg/220px-NS9_Woodlands_MRT_above_Woodlands_Integrated_Transport_Hub_20210614_184231.jpg"},{"image_text":"TEL platforms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/TE2_Woodlands_MRT_Platforms_20210803_182710.jpg/220px-TE2_Woodlands_MRT_Platforms_20210803_182710.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Woodlands MRT Station (NS9)\". OneMap. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.onemap.gov.sg/main/v2/?lat=1.43681962961519&lng=103.786066799253","url_text":"\"Woodlands MRT Station (NS9)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210804101609/https://www.onemap.gov.sg/main/v2/?lat=1.43681962961519&lng=103.786066799253","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Woodlands MRT Station (TE2)\". OneMap. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.onemap.gov.sg/main/v2/?lat=1.43605761708128&lng=103.787938777173","url_text":"\"Woodlands MRT Station (TE2)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210804101612/https://www.onemap.gov.sg/main/v2/?lat=1.43605761708128&lng=103.787938777173","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MRTC considering extending line to Woodlands\". The Straits Times. 11 March 1988. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19880311-1.2.5","url_text":"\"MRTC considering extending line to Woodlands\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200919041253/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19880311-1.2.5","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Woodlands MRT line\". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. National Library Board. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_364_2005-01-28.html","url_text":"\"Woodlands MRT line\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_Board","url_text":"National Library Board"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180101140912/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_364_2005-01-28.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leong, C. T. (26 February 1991). \"Work on Woodlands MRT line to begin later this year\". The Straits Times. Retrieved 13 May 2024 – via NewspaperSG.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19910226-1.2.7.6","url_text":"\"Work on Woodlands MRT line to begin later this year\""}]},{"reference":"\"New MRT stations named\". The Business Times. 20 November 1991. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Station names for Woodlands line have ties to surroundings\". The Straits Times. 20 November 1991. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"MRT awards 4 contracts worth $365m\". The Straits Times. 23 December 1992. p. 39.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Woodlands commuters get real-time timetables\". The Straits Times. 29 April 1995.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Woodlands MRT line to open next month\". The Straits Times. 14 January 1996. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Crowds came from as far as Hougang and Jurong\". The Straits Times. 11 February 1996. p. 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Goh, Chok Tong (10 February 1996). \"Speech by Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong at the Opening of Woodlands MRT Line on Saturday, 10 February 1996 at 10.00 am\" (PDF). National Archives of Singapore. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/19960210_0001.pdf","url_text":"\"Speech by Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong at the Opening of Woodlands MRT Line on Saturday, 10 February 1996 at 10.00 am\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190714093300/http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/19960210_0001.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Platform screen doors for all above-ground MRT stations by 2012\". The Straits Times. 25 January 2008. Archived from the original on 28 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080128072930/http://www.straitstimes.com/Latest+News/Singapore/STIStory_199958.html","url_text":"\"Platform screen doors for all above-ground MRT stations by 2012\""},{"url":"http://www.straitstimes.com/Latest+News/Singapore/STIStory_199958.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"LTA completes installing elevated MRT station screen doors early\". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. 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ITH\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210517085803/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltagov/news/press/2021/210517_Woodlands_ITH_bus_route_amendments_poster_and_visuals_Annex.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://journey.smrt.com.sg/journey/station_info/woodlands/exits/","external_links_name":"\"Exits – Woodlands\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20210602053241/http://journey.smrt.com.sg/journey/station_info/woodlands/exits/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltagov/getting_around/public_transport/rail_network/pdf/sm-20-03-en-exp.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MRT System Map\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200821064838/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltagov/getting_around/public_transport/rail_network/pdf/sm-20-03-en-exp.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/map/train.html","external_links_name":"\"Transport Tools – 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Line\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210806110132/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2020/1/news-releases/factsheet--thomson-east-coast-line.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aedas.com/en/what-we-do/architecture/infrastructure/woodlands-station-thomson-east-coast-line","external_links_name":"\"Woodlands Station, Thomson-East Coast Line\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210804101933/https://www.aedas.com/en/what-we-do/architecture/infrastructure/woodlands-station-thomson-east-coast-line","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://aasarchitecture.com/2020/06/the-new-mrt-stations-in-woodlands-by-aedas.html/","external_links_name":"\"The new MRT stations in Woodlands by Aedas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807083923/https://aasarchitecture.com/2020/06/the-new-mrt-stations-in-woodlands-by-aedas.html/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.architectandinteriorsindia.com/projects/10869-leading-the-future-through-connected-communities","external_links_name":"\"Leading the future through connected communities\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210728063044/https://www.architectandinteriorsindia.com/projects/10869-leading-the-future-through-connected-communities","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aedas.com/en/news-and-media/press-release/aedas-designed-woodlands-station-and-mandai-rail-and-bus-depot","external_links_name":"\"Aedas-designed Woodlands Station & Mandai Rail & Bus Depot recognised at the LTEA 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/mrt-station-also-serves-as-civil-defence-shelter","external_links_name":"\"Woodlands station on Thomson-East Coast Line also serves as civil defence shelter\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200114203431/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/mrt-station-also-serves-as-civil-defence-shelter","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.smrt.com.sg/Trains/NetworkMap/Woodlands.aspx","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Federal_Route_4
Malaysia Federal Route 4
["1 Route background","2 History","3 Features","4 List of junction and towns on the route","5 References"]
Road in Malaysia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Malaysia Federal Route 4" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Federal Route 4Route informationPart of AH140 Length307 km (191 mi)Existed1970–presentHistoryCompleted in 2005Major junctionsWest endButterworth, PenangMajor intersections Butterworth–Kulim Expressway FT 4 AH140 Butterworth–Kulim Expressway FT 67 Federal Route 67 FT 76 Federal Route 76 FT 205 Federal Route 205 FT 66 Federal Route 66 FT 202 Federal Route 202 FT 204 Federal Route 204 FT 203 Federal Route 203 FT 201 Federal Route 201 FT 480 Jalan Kompleks CIQ Bukit Bunga FT 200 Federal Route 200 FT 198 Federal Route 198 FT 196 Federal Route 196 FT 199 Federal Route 199 FT 1739 (1739) Jalan FELDA Kemahang FT 259 Jalan Sultan Ismail Petra FT 129 Federal Route 129 FT 8 Federal Route 8 FT 3 AH18 Federal Route 3East endPasir Puteh, Kelantan LocationCountryMalaysiaPrimarydestinationsButterworthLunasBalingGerikLake TemenggorJeliTanah MerahMachangPasir Puteh Highway system Highways in Malaysia Expressways Federal State Federal Route 4 is a federal road in the north of Peninsula Malaysia. The 307 kilometres (191 mi) road connects Butterworth, Penang to Pasir Puteh in Kelantan. The highway also goes close to the border with Thailand and meets Jalan Kompleks CIQ Bukit Bunga at Bukit Bunga. Route background The Kilometre Zero is located at Gerik, Perak. At the first kilometre at Gerik, it is connected with the Federal Route 76. At the East–West Highway sections, the highway passing Kuala Rui, Lake Temenggor Bridge (West and East side), Banding Island, Belum Forest Reserve, Air Banun, Lake Pergau and finally at Jeli, Kelantan. The Federal Route 4 then continues from Jeli towards Tanah Merah, Machang and finally at Pasir Puteh, where it meets with the Federal Route 3. History Main article: East–West Highway (Malaysia) Features At most sections, the Federal Route 4 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h. List of junction and towns on the route This article contains a bulleted list or table of intersections which should be presented in a properly formatted junction table. Please consult this guideline for information on how to create one. Please improve this article if you can. (November 2021) Km Exit Junctions To Remarks 401 Butterworth–Seberang Jaya see also FT 4 AH140 Butterworth–Seberang Jaya Toll Road Seberang Jaya–Kulim see also Butterworth–Kulim Expressway AH140 Butterworth–Kulim Expressway Kulim–Gerik–Jeli see also FT 4 AH140 East–West Highway Jeli South FT 66 Gua Musang FT 66 DabongJeli District (Jajahan) and Land OfficeMajlis Daerah Jeli (MDJ) headquartersJeli District Police HeadquartersMasjid Jamek Daerah Jeli T-Junctions Jeli (East) SouthD203 Jalan Jeli Timur FT 66 Gua Musang FT 66 DabongJeli District (Jajahan) and Land OfficeMajlis Daerah Jeli (MDJ) headquartersJeli District Police HeadquartersMasjid Jamek Daerah Jeli T-junctions Politeknik Jeli Kelantan Politeknik Jeli Kelantan JeliLakota East FT 2751 Jalan Kampung Baharu Malaysia FT 2751 Kampung Baharu Jalan Malaysia FT 202 Lakota FT 202 Sungai Satan FT 202 Air Canal T-junctions Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) Jeli Rest and Service Area Jelita Inn Kampung Gemang North FT 204 Kampung Labu T-junctions Kampung Sat Jeli–Tanah Merah district border Ayer Lanas South FT 203 Ayer Lanas FT 203 Legeh FT 203 Sungai Satan T-junctions Sungai Lanas bridge Bukit Nangka Northwest FT 200 Jenok FT 200 Bukit Bunga4057 Ban Buketa (Thailand) T-junctions Jalan Kompleks CIQ Bukit Bunga Northwest FT 480 Jalan Kompleks CIQ Bukit Bunga FT 480 Bukit Bunga Checkpoint4057 Ban Buketa (Thailand) T-junctions Bukit Bunga Southeast FT 201 Nibong FT 201 Jakar T-junctions Bukit Bunga Northwest FT 200 Jenok FT 200 Bukit Bunga4057 Ban Buketa (Thailand) T-junctions Nibong Nibong South FT 201 Jakar T-junctions Sungai Nibong bridge Kampung Batu Besar Jedok Forest Reserve Jedok Sungai Sendok bridge Jedok South FT 198 Legeh FT 198 Sungai Satan FT 198 Air Canal T-junctions Panglima Bayu North FT 196 Rantau Panjang FT 196 Jeram Perdah T-junctions Batu Gajah South FT 199 Batu Gajah FT 199 Kelisar FT 199 Air Merah T-junctions Jalan FELDA Kemahang North FT 1739 (1739) Jalan FELDA KemahangFELDA Kemahang T-junctions Jalan Kusial Bharu SouthD26 Jalan Kusial BharuKusial Bharu T-junctions Batang Merbau East FT 259 Jalan Sultan Ismail Petra FT 259 Tanah MerahMasjid Daerah Tanah Merah (Mosque)Tanah Merah Railway StationTanah Merah District (Jajahan) and Land OfficeMajlis Daerah Tanah Merah (MDTM) headquartersTanah Merah District Police HeadquartersHospital Daerah Tanah Merah T-junctions Tanah Merah (South) North FT 129 Tanah Merah town centre FT 129 Pasir Mas FT 3 AH18 Tumpat FT 3 AH18 Rantau Panjang4056 AH18 Sungai Golok (Thailand)Masjid Daerah Tanah Merah (Mosque)Tanah Merah Railway StationTanah Merah District (Jajahan) and Land OfficeMajlis Daerah Tanah Merah (MDTM) headquartersTanah Merah District Police HeadquartersHospital Daerah Tanah Merah SouthD26 Jalan Lebai LehKuala PakuGual Ipoh T-junctions Railway crossing bridge Sungai Kelantan BridgeTanah Merah Bridge Start/End of bridge Sungai Kelantan bridgeTanah Merah BridgeTanah Merah–Machang district border Sungai Kelantan BridgeTanah Merah Bridge Start/End of bridge Jalan Paloh Rawa slip roads D215 Jalan Paloh RawaSouthPaloh RawaMak KundorPangkal ChuitTemangan T-junctions Sungai Sat bridge Kampung Wakaf Bata NorthD215 Jalan Paloh RawaPaloh RawaMak KundorPangkal ChuitTemangan T-junctions Kampung Pangkal Che Endut Machang Bypass FT 8 Machang BypassNorth FT 8 Kota Bharu FT 8 KeterehSouth FT 8 Kuala Krai FT 8 Gua Musang Diamond interchange Machang (North) North FT 8 Kota Bharu FT 8 KeterehSouth FT 8 Kuala Krai FT 8 Gua MusangMachang District (Jajahan) and Land OfficeMajlis Daerah Machang (MDJ) headquartersMachang District Police HeadquartersMasjid Jamek Daerah Machang Junctions Machang (East)Jalan Bahagia WestJalan BahagiaMachang town centreMachang District (Jajahan) and Land OfficeMajlis Daerah Machang (MDJ) headquartersMachang District Police HeadquartersMasjid Jamek Daerah Machang T-junctions Kampung Banggol Judah Machang–Pasir Puteh district border Kampung Gong Kelih Sungai Telipok bridge Kampung Gong Benar Sungai Rasau bridge Kampung Kandis Sungai Gaal bridge 313 Pasir Puteh (South) North FT 3 AH18 Pasir Puteh FT 3 AH18 Kota BharuSouth FT 3 AH18 Jerteh (Besut) FT 3 AH18 Kuala Terengganu T-junctions References ^ Statistik Jalan (Edisi 2013). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Public Works Department. 2013. pp. 16–64. ISSN 1985-9619. vte Malaysian Federal Roads SystemMain Federal Roads (Peninsular Malaysia) 1 2 2A 2B 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 366 FELDA/FELCRA Federal Roads(Peninsular Malaysia) 1002 1149 1154 1157 1207 1208 1265 1266 1283 1384 1388 1393 1397 1409 1423 1485 1486 1487 1488 1498 1500 1510 1518 1527 1531 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1572 1579 1689 1739 2484 2486 2489 Industrial Federal Roads(Peninsular Malaysia) 3000 3001 3050 3051 3052 3053 3110 3111 3112 3113 3114 3115 3145 3416 3147 3148 3149 3150 3151 3152 3208 3209 3210 3211 3212 3213 3214 3215 3216 3217 3218 3265 3374 3484 3485 3486 3487 3488 3489 3684 3685 3686 3739 3740 Institutional Facilities Federal Roads(Peninsular Malaysia) 313 315 317 321 341 342 343 344 345 347 361 362 399 401 420 421 422 423 424 432 433 434 435 436 459 479 480 Main Federal Roads(Sarawak) 1 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-11 1-12 1-13 1-14 1-15 1-16 1-82 Other Federal Roads(Sarawak) 21 25 33 52 800 801 900A 900B 900C 901 902 903-1 903-2 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 2105 3101 8302 Main Federal Roads(Sabah) 1 13 22 500 501 502 503 FELDA/FELCRA Federal Roads(Sabah) 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 Institutional Facilities Federal Roads(Sabah) 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 Main Federal Roads(Labuan) 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peninsula Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Butterworth, Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterworth,_Penang"},{"link_name":"Pasir Puteh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Puteh"},{"link_name":"Kelantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jkr-1"},{"link_name":"Jalan Kompleks CIQ Bukit Bunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan_Kompleks_CIQ_Bukit_Bunga"}],"text":"Federal Route 4 is a federal road in the north of Peninsula Malaysia. The 307 kilometres (191 mi) road connects Butterworth, Penang to Pasir Puteh in Kelantan.[1] The highway also goes close to the border with Thailand and meets Jalan Kompleks CIQ Bukit Bunga at Bukit Bunga.","title":"Malaysia Federal Route 4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerik"},{"link_name":"Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak"},{"link_name":"Gerik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerik"},{"link_name":"Federal Route 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Federal_Route_76"},{"link_name":"East–West Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Highway_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Kuala Rui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuala_Rui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake Temenggor Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Temenggor_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Banding Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banding_Island"},{"link_name":"Air Banun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Banun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeli"},{"link_name":"Kelantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan"},{"link_name":"Tanah Merah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah_Merah,_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Machang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machang,_Kelantan"},{"link_name":"Pasir Puteh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Puteh"},{"link_name":"Federal Route 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Federal_Route_3"}],"text":"The Kilometre Zero is located at Gerik, Perak. At the first kilometre at Gerik, it is connected with the Federal Route 76. At the East–West Highway sections, the highway passing Kuala Rui, Lake Temenggor Bridge (West and East side), Banding Island, Belum Forest Reserve, Air Banun, Lake Pergau and finally at Jeli, Kelantan. The Federal Route 4 then continues from Jeli towards Tanah Merah, Machang and finally at Pasir Puteh, where it meets with the Federal Route 3.","title":"Route background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"At most sections, the Federal Route 4 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of junction and towns on the route"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_Army_(Soviet_Union)
56th Army (Soviet Union)
["1 History","2 Commanders","3 Notes","4 References","5 Further reading"]
56th ArmyActiveOctober 1941 – November 1943CountrySoviet UnionAllegianceRed ArmyBranchInfantryTypeCombined ArmsSizeArmyMilitary unit The 56th Army was a field army of the Soviet Union's Red Army that was created in 1941, and then disbanded to create the second formation of the Separate Coastal Army in 1943. The 56th Army was employed by the Soviets in the struggle against Germany during World War II. History The 56th Army was formed in October 1941 and subordinated to the North Caucasus Military District. Subordinated to the Southern Front (Soviet Union) in December 1941, the 56th Army was made up of the following units, as well as five regiments of artillery and a rocket-launcher regiment. 31st Rifle Division 106th Rifle Division 343rd Rifle Division 347th Rifle Division 353rd Rifle Division 11th Rifle Brigade 13th Rifle Brigade 16th Rifle Brigade 78th Rifle Brigade 33rd NKVD Motorized Rifle Regiment 62nd Cavalry Division 64th Cavalry Division 70th Cavalry Division "NO" Cavalry Division 54th Tank Brigade 8th Tank Battalion In January 1942 the army comprised the 31st, 106th, 343rd, and 347th Rifle Divisions, the 13th and 16th Rifle Brigades, the Rostov Separate Rifle Regiment of the People's Militia, and the 62nd, 64th, 70th Cavalry Divisions. Among prominent actions, the 56th Army fought during the successful Soviet liberation of Rostov in late 1941 and spearheaded the amphibious landings in the Crimea in late 1943. The 56th Army was disbanded in November 1943 to create the second formation of the Separate Coastal Army. Commanders Lieutenant General Fyodor Remezov (October 1941–December 1941) Major General Viktor Tsyganov (December 1941–July 1942) Major General Alexander Ryzhov (July 1942–January 1943) Major General (promoted to Lieutenant General April 1943) Andrei Grechko (January–October 1943) Lieutenant General Kondrat Melnik (October–November 1943) Notes ^ Glantz, p. 58 ^ General Staff, Combat composition of the Soviet Army, via Soldat.ru, January 1942. ^ Glantz, p. 58 References David Glantz, Companion to Colossus Reborn, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2005 Further reading Keith Bonn, Slaughterhouse: The Handbook of the Eastern Front, Aberjona Press, Bedford, PA, 2005 V.I. Feskov et al., The Soviet Army in the Period of the Cold War, Tomsk University Press, 2004 Jean-Luc Marchand, Order of Battle Soviet Army World War 2, 24 volumes, The Nafziger Collection Samuel J. Newland and Clayton K. S. Chun, The European Campaign: Its Origins and Conduct, U.S. Army War College SSI, Carlisle, PA, 2011 vte Armies of the Soviet Army Armies 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st 52nd 53rd 54th 55th 56th 57th 58th 59th 60th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th 65th 66th 67th 68th 69th 70th Separate Coastal Special Red Banner Far Eastern Red Banner Caucasus Guards 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 14th 18th 20th 22nd Tank/Mechanized 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Special Guards Tank/Mechanized 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Shock 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Cavalry 1st 2nd Sapper 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Reserve Army 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Southern Front Black Sea Group
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The 56th Army was employed by the Soviets in the struggle against Germany during World War II.","title":"56th Army (Soviet Union)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Caucasus Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus_Military_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Southern Front (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Front_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"31st Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"106th Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=106th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"343rd Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/343rd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"347th Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/347th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"353rd Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/353rd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"62nd Cavalry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=62nd_Cavalry_Division&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"64th Cavalry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=64th_Cavalry_Division&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"70th Cavalry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=70th_Cavalry_Division&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"\"NO\" Cavalry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%22NO%22_Cavalry_Division&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"54th Tank Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=54th_Tank_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rostov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)"},{"link_name":"amphibious landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerch%E2%80%93Eltigen_Operation"},{"link_name":"Separate Coastal Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separate_Coastal_Army"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The 56th Army was formed in October 1941 and subordinated to the North Caucasus Military District.[1] Subordinated to the Southern Front (Soviet Union) in December 1941, the 56th Army was made up of the following units, as well as five regiments of artillery and a rocket-launcher regiment.31st Rifle Division\n106th Rifle Division\n343rd Rifle Division\n347th Rifle Division\n353rd Rifle Division\n\n\n\n\n11th Rifle Brigade\n13th Rifle Brigade\n16th Rifle Brigade\n78th Rifle Brigade\n33rd NKVD Motorized Rifle Regiment\n\n\n\n\n62nd Cavalry Division\n64th Cavalry Division\n70th Cavalry Division\n\"NO\" Cavalry Division\n54th Tank Brigade\n8th Tank BattalionIn January 1942 the army comprised the 31st, 106th, 343rd, and 347th Rifle Divisions, the 13th and 16th Rifle Brigades, the Rostov Separate Rifle Regiment of the People's Militia, and the 62nd, 64th, 70th Cavalry Divisions.[2]Among prominent actions, the 56th Army fought during the successful Soviet liberation of Rostov in late 1941 and spearheaded the amphibious landings in the Crimea in late 1943. The 56th Army was disbanded in November 1943 to create the second formation of the Separate Coastal Army.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fyodor Remezov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Remezov"},{"link_name":"Viktor Tsyganov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Tsyganov"},{"link_name":"Alexander Ryzhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ryzhov_(general)"},{"link_name":"Andrei Grechko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Grechko"},{"link_name":"Kondrat Melnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kondrat_Melnik&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Lieutenant General Fyodor Remezov (October 1941–December 1941)\nMajor General Viktor Tsyganov (December 1941–July 1942)\nMajor General Alexander Ryzhov (July 1942–January 1943)\nMajor General (promoted to Lieutenant General April 1943) Andrei Grechko (January–October 1943)\nLieutenant General Kondrat Melnik (October–November 1943)","title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Combat composition of the Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_composition_of_the_Soviet_Army"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ Glantz, p. 58\n\n^ General Staff, Combat composition of the Soviet Army, via Soldat.ru, January 1942.\n\n^ Glantz, p. 58","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The European Campaign: Its Origins and Conduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1075"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army War 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rl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"60th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"61st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61st_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"62nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62nd_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"63rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63rd_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"64th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"65th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"66th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"67th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"68th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"69th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"70th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Separate Coastal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separate_Coastal_Army"},{"link_name":"Special Red Banner Far Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Red_Banner_Far_Eastern_Army"},{"link_name":"Red Banner Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Banner_Caucasus_Army"},{"link_name":"Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guards_unit_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Guards_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Guards_Army"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Guards_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Guards_Army"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Guards_Army"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Guards_Army"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Guards_Army"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Guards_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Guards_Army"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Guards_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Guards_Army"},{"link_name":"14th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Guards_Army"},{"link_name":"18th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Guards_Tank_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"20th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Guards_Army"},{"link_name":"22nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_Guards_Army"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Tank_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Tank_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Tank_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Tank_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Tank_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Tank_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Tank_Army"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Tank_Army"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Mechanized_Army"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Mechanized_Army"},{"link_name":"Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Mechanized_Army"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Guards_Tank_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Guards_Tank_Army"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Guards_Tank_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Guards_Tank_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Guards_Tank_Army"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Guards_Tank_Army"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Shock_Army"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Shock_Army"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Shock_Army"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Shock_Army"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Shock_Army"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Cavalry_Army"},{"link_name":"Sapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapper_army"},{"link_name":"Reserve Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Army_(Soviet_Union)"}],"text":"Keith Bonn, Slaughterhouse: The Handbook of the Eastern Front, Aberjona Press, Bedford, PA, 2005\nV.I. Feskov et al., The Soviet Army in the Period of the Cold War, Tomsk University Press, 2004\nJean-Luc Marchand, Order of Battle Soviet Army World War 2, 24 volumes, The Nafziger Collection\nSamuel J. Newland and Clayton K. S. Chun, The European Campaign: Its Origins and Conduct, U.S. Army War College SSI, Carlisle, PA, 2011vte Armies of the Soviet Army Armies\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\n11th\n12th\n13th\n14th\n15th\n16th\n17th\n18th\n19th\n20th\n21st\n22nd\n23rd\n24th\n25th\n26th\n27th\n28th\n29th\n30th\n31st\n32nd\n33rd\n34th\n35th\n36th\n37th\n38th\n39th\n40th\n41st\n42nd\n43rd\n44th\n45th\n46th\n47th\n48th\n49th\n50th\n51st\n52nd\n53rd\n54th\n55th\n56th\n57th\n58th\n59th\n60th\n61st\n62nd\n63rd\n64th\n65th\n66th\n67th\n68th\n69th\n70th\nSeparate Coastal\nSpecial Red Banner Far Eastern\nRed Banner Caucasus\nGuards\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\n11th\n14th\n18th\n20th\n22nd\nTank/Mechanized\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\nSpecial\nGuards Tank/Mechanized\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\nShock\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\nCavalry\n1st\n2nd\nSapper\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\nReserve Army\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\nSouthern Front\nBlack Sea Group","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1075","external_links_name":"The European Campaign: Its Origins and Conduct"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Northern_Mariana_Islands_status_referendum
1975 Northern Mariana Islands status referendum
["1 Background","2 Results","3 See also","4 References"]
Ballot measure in the Northern Mariana Islands Politics of the Northern Mariana Islands Constitution and law United States Constitution Northern Mariana Islands Constitution Law of the Northern Mariana Islands Executive Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands Arnold Palacios (Independent) Lieutenant Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands David M. Apatang (Independent) Legislature Northern Mariana Islands Senate President Edith DeLeon Guerrero (Democratic) Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives Speaker Edmund Villagomez (Independent) Elections Northern Mariana Islands General Elections: 2009, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, 2022, 2024 U.S. Congressional Elections: 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, 2022, 2024 Political parties Political party strength Democratic Party Republican Party Federal delegation United States House Delegate Gregorio Sablan (Democratic) Politics of the United States Politics portal vte A referendum on becoming a US commonwealth was held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 17 June 1975. The proposal was approved by 79% of voters. As a result, the United States Congress approved the change of status on 24 March 1976. Background Four previous referendums on either integration with Guam or the islands' status had been held in 1958, 1961, 1963 and 1969. On each occasion a majority of Northern Mariana Islands voters had been in favor of integration with Guam, but Guamanian voters rejected integration in a 1969 referendum. On 20 February 1975 the Northern Marianas' District Legislature put forward proposals to become a US commonwealth. A threshold of 55% in favor was set in order for the referendum to pass. Results Choice Votes % For 3,945 78.82 Against 1,060 21.18 Invalid/blank votes 4 – Total 5,009 100 Registered voters/turnout 5,379 93.12 Source: Direct Democracy See also Marianas Political Status Commission References ^ a b c d e Northern Mariana Islands, 17 June 1975: Commonwealth with the USA Direct Democracy (in German) vte Elections and referendums in the Northern Mariana IslandsGovernor 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2014 2018 2022 2026 General elections 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 (Mar) 1995 (Nov) 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Mayors 2005 2009 2014 2018 2022 Municipal Councils 2003 2005 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 US House elections 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Referendums 1958 1961 1963 1969 1975 1977 1983 1985 1987 1989 1993 1995 1996 1997 1999 2005 2007 2009 2010 2012 2014 See also: Elections and referendums in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_American_Poetry_1990
The Best American Poetry 1990
["1 Poets and poems included","2 Most represented publications in this volume","3 See also","4 Notes","5 External links"]
The Best American Poetry 1990 book cover The Best American Poetry 1990, a volume in The Best American Poetry series, was edited by David Lehman and by guest editor Jorie Graham. The book contains seventy-five poems with a range of poet-authors from a college freshman to the 1990 United States Poet Laureate. David Lehman publicly commented that poetry in America retains its vitality for both the poet and reader, after the 1989 series book attained bestseller status. Graham chose, as one of the best American poems published in the 12-month period, a work by her husband at the time, James Galvin. Poets and poems included Poet Poem Where poem previously appeared A. R. Ammons "The Damned" The Yale Review John Ash "The Sweeping Gesture" Broadway John Ashbery "Notes from the Air" The New Yorker Marvin Bell "Victim of Himself" The Atlantic Monthly Stephen Berg "First Song/Bankei/1653/" Denver Quarterly Mei-mei Berssenbrugge "Jealousy" Empathy Hayden Carruth "Crucifixion" American Poetry Review Anne Carson "The Life of Towns" Grand Street Raymond Carver "Wake Up" Michigan Quarterly Review Amy Clampitt "My Cousin Muriel" The New Yorker Killarney Clary "'Boys on street corners in Santa Ana...'" Who Whispered Near Me Robert Creeley "Thinking" Harvard Magazine Christopher Davis "Dying in Your Garden of Death to Go Back into My Garden" The Tyrant of the Past and the Slave of the Future Thomas M. Disch "The Crumbling Infrastructure" Southwest Review Norman Dubie "Of Politics & Art" American Poetry Review Aaron Fogel "The Chessboard Is on Fire" Boulevard James Galvin "To the Republic" New Letters Suzanne Gardinier "This Land" Grand Street Amy Gerstler "The Ice Age" The Paris Review Linda Gregg "The War" New Letters Thom Gunn "Duncan" The Threepenny Review Donald Hall "Praise for Death" The Gettysburg Review Daniel Halpern "Bell & Capitol" Ontario Review Robert Hass "Berkeley Eclogue" Human Wishes Seamus Heaney "Crossings" The New Yorker Anthony Hecht "Eclogue of the Shepherd and the Townie" The Sewanee Review Emily Hiestand "On Nothing" The Hudson Review Brenda Hillman "No Greener Pastures" Fortress John Hollander "An Old-Fashioned Song" The New Republic Virginia Hooper "Climbing Out of the Cage" Denver Quarterly Richard Howard "The Victor Vanquished" Antaeus Fanny Howe "Perfection and Derangement" o•blék Rodney Jones "On the Bearing of Waitresses" Transparent Gestures Galway Kinnell "When One Has Lived a Long Time Alone" The Atlantic Monthly Edward Kleinschmidt "Gangue" The Gettysburg Review Yusef Komunyakaa "Facing It" Dien Cai Dau Denise Levertov "Ikon: The Harrowing of Hell" American Poetry Review Philip Levine "Scouting" Western Humanities Review Thomas Lux "Time" American Poetry Review Nathaniel Mackey "Slipped Quadrant" Avec Kevin Magee "Road" Hambone Thomas McGrath "Afternoon of a McGrath" The Nation Lynne McMahon "Barbie's Ferrari" American Poetry Review Jane Mead "Concerning That Prayer I Cannot Make" The Virginia Quarterly Review James Merrill "Quatrains for Pegasus" The Nation W. S. Merwin "The Morning Train" The New Yorker Jane Miller "Adoration" Black Warrior Review Susan Mitchell "Havana Birth" Ploughshares Paul Monette "The Worrying" Love Alone Laura Moriarty "La Malinche" Temblor Thylias Moss "There Will Be Animals" Pyramid of Bone Melinda Mueller "Teratology" Fine Madness Laura Mullen "They" The Threepenny Review Alice Notley "(2 pages from a long poem in progress)" How(ever) Michael Palmer "Six Hermetic Songs" Sulfur Robert Pinsky "Pilgrimage" Antaeus Jendi Reiter "Service Includes Free Lifetime Updating" Hanging Loose Joan Retallack "Japanese Presentation, I & II" o•blék Donald Revell "The Old Causes" Boulevard Adrienne Rich "Living Memory" American Poetry Review Michael Ryan "Switchblade" God Hunger James Schuyler "Haze" The New Yorker Frederick Seidel "AIDS Days" These Days Charles Simic "The Initiate" Antaeus Gustaf Sobin "Transparent Itineraries: 1984" Voyaging Portraits Elizabeth Spires "Primos" American Poetry Review David St. John "Last Night with Rafaella" The Gettysburg Review Gerald Stern "Saving My Skin from Burning" Iowa Review Mark Strand "Orpheus Alone" The New Yorker James Tate "Distance from Loved Ones" Denver Quarterly Sidney Wade "Aurora Borealis and the Body Louse" Grand Street Rosanna Warren "The Cormorant" Boulevard Richard Wilbur "A Wall in the Woods: Cummington" The New Yorker Eleanor Wilner "Reading the Bible Backwards" Sarah's Choice Charles Wright "Saturday Morning Journal" Antaeus Most represented publications in this volume The following publications were represented more than once in this year's volume: American Poetry Review 7 The New Yorker 7 Antaeus 4 Grand Street 3 Denver Quarterly 3 The Atlantic Monthly 2 The Gettysburg Review 2 o•blék 2 The Threepenny Review 2 See also 1990 in poetry Notes ^ Lehman, David (as copyright holder) (2010). "Best American Poetry 1990 (main page)" (Overview of the series and this volume. Pertinent links available on this page.). Retrieved 2010-04-05. ^ "X Marks the West: James Galvin" at the MiPoesias literary magazine website ("He was married to Jorie Graham for about 25 years, until they broke up in 2000."), accessed October 9, 2007 External links Web page for contents of the book, with links to each publication where the poems originally appeared vteThe Best American Poetry series 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1988–1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_dragon_(Beowulf)
The dragon (Beowulf)
["1 Story","2 Background","3 Characterization","4 Importance","5 Critical reception","5.1 Before Tolkien","5.2 Tolkien, 1936: The Monsters and the Critics","5.3 After Tolkien","6 Legacy","7 References","8 Sources","9 External links"]
Dragon from the Beowulf poem Beowulf battles his nemesis, the dragon, shown in a 1908 illustration by J. R. Skelton The final act of the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf includes Beowulf's fight with a dragon, the third monster he encounters in the epic. On his return from Heorot, where he killed Grendel and Grendel's mother, Beowulf becomes king of the Geats and rules wisely for fifty years until a slave awakens and angers a dragon by stealing a jewelled cup from its lair. When the angry dragon mercilessly burns the Geats' homes (including Beowulf's) and lands, Beowulf decides to fight and kill the monster personally. He and his thanes climb to the dragon's lair where, upon seeing the beast, the thanes flee in terror, leaving only Wiglaf to battle at Beowulf's side. When the dragon wounds Beowulf fatally, Wiglaf attacks it with his sword, and Beowulf kills it with his dagger. This depiction indicates the growing importance and stabilization of the modern concept of the dragon within European mythology. Beowulf is the first piece of English literature to present a dragonslayer. Although the Beowulf dragon exhibits many existing motifs common to Germanic tradition, the Beowulf poet was the first to combine features and present a distinctive fire-breathing dragon. The Beowulf dragon was adapted for Middle-earth in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit (1937), one of the forerunners of modern high fantasy. The dragon fight, near the end of the poem, is foreshadowed in earlier scenes. The fight with the dragon symbolizes Beowulf's stand against evil and destruction, and, as the hero, he knows that failure will bring destruction to his people after many years of peace. The dragon itself acts as a mock "gold-king"; one who sees attacking Beowulf's kingdom as suitable retribution for the theft of just a single cup. The scene is structured in thirds, ending with the deaths of the dragon and Beowulf. Story After his battles against Grendel and Grendel's mother, Beowulf returns home and becomes king of the Geats. Fifty years pass with Beowulf in charge, when a local dragon is angered when a slave enters its lair and takes a cup from its treasure. The creature attacks the neighboring towns in revenge. Beowulf and a troop of men leave to find the dragon's lair. Beowulf tells his men to stay outside, that this fight is his alone, but the dragon proves strong and mortally wounds Beowulf. Meanwhile, his kinsman Wiglaf scolds the other members of the troop for not going in to help, before coming to Beowulf's aid. He cuts the dragon in the belly to reduce the flames, and Beowulf deals the fatal blow. In his death-speech, Beowulf nominates Wiglaf as his heir and asks for a monument to be built for him on the shoreline. Background Sigurd and Fafnir by Arthur Rackham, from his 1911 illustrations for Richard Wagner's Siegfried and The Twilight of the Gods Beowulf is the oldest extant heroic poem in English and the first to present a dragon slayer. The legend of the dragon-slayer already existed in Norse sagas such as the tale of Sigurd and Fafnir, and the Beowulf poet incorporates motifs and themes common to dragon-lore in the poem. Beowulf is the earliest surviving piece of Anglo-Saxon literature to feature a dragon, and it is possible that the poet had access to similar stories from Germanic legend. Secular Germanic literature and the literature of Christian hagiography featured dragons and dragon fights. Although the dragons of hagiography were less fierce than the dragon in Beowulf, similarities exist in the stories such as presenting the journey to the dragon's lair, cowering spectators, and the sending of messages relaying the outcome of the fight. The dragon with his hoard is a common motif in early Germanic literature with the story existing to varying extents in the Norse sagas, but it is most notable in the Völsunga saga and in Beowulf. Beowulf preserves existing medieval dragon-lore, most notably in the extended digression recounting the Sigurd/Fafnir tale. Nonetheless, comparative contemporary narratives did not have the complexity and distinctive elements written into Beowulf's dragon scene. Beowulf is a hero who previously killed two monsters. The scene includes extended flashbacks to the Geatish-Swedish wars, a detailed description of the dragon and the dragon-hoard, and ends with intricate funerary imagery. Beowulf scholar J. R. R. Tolkien considered the dragon in Beowulf to be one of only two real dragons in northern European literature, writing of it, "dragons, real dragons, essential both to the machinery and the ideas of a poem or tale, are actually rare. In northern literature there are only two that are significant ... we have but the dragon of the Völsungs, Fáfnir, and Beowulf's bane." Furthermore, Tolkien believes the Beowulf poet emphasizes the monsters Beowulf fights in the poem and claims the dragon is as much of a plot device as anything. Tolkien expands on Beowulf's dragon in his own fiction, which indicates the lasting impact of the Beowulf poem. Within the plot structure, however, the dragon functions differently in Beowulf than in Tolkien's fiction. The dragon fight ends Beowulf, while Tolkien uses the dragon motif (and the dragon's love for treasure) to trigger a chain of events in The Hobbit. Characterization See also: Germanic dragon The Beowulf dragon is the earliest example in literature of the typical European dragon and first incidence of a fire-breathing dragon. The Beowulf dragon is described with Old English terms such as draca (dragon), and wyrm (reptile, or serpent), and as a creature with a venomous bite. Also, the Beowulf poet created a dragon with specific traits: a nocturnal, treasure-hoarding, inquisitive, vengeful, fire-breathing creature. The fire is likely symbolic of the hellfire of the devil, reminiscent of the monster in the Book of Job. In the Septuagint, Job's monster is characterized as a draco, and identified with the devil. Job's dragon would have been accessible to the author of Beowulf, as a Christian symbol of evil, the "great monstrous adversary of God, man and beast alike." A study of German and Norse texts reveals three typical narratives for the dragonslayer: a fight for the treasure, a battle to save the slayer's people, or a fight to free a woman. The characteristics of Beowulf's dragon appear to be specific to the poem, and the poet may have melded together dragon motifs to create a dragon with specific traits that weave together the complicated plot of the narrative. Importance The third act of the poem differs from the first two. In Beowulf's two earlier battles, Grendel and Grendel's mother are characterized as descendants of Cain: " had long lived in the land of monsters / since the creator cast them out / as the kindred of Cain" and seem to be humanoid: in the poet's rendition they can be seen as giants, trolls, or monsters. The dragon, therefore, is a stark contrast to the other two antagonists. Moreover, the dragon is more overtly destructive. He burns vast amounts of territory and the homes of the Geats: "the dragon began to belch out flames / and burn bright homesteads". Beowulf's fight with the dragon has been described variously as an act of either altruism or recklessness. In contrast with the previous battles, the fight with the dragon occurs in Beowulf's kingdom and ends in defeat, whereas Beowulf fought the other monsters victoriously in a land distant from his home. The dragon fight is foreshadowed with earlier events: Scyld Shefing's funeral and Sigmund's death by dragon, as recounted by a bard in Hrothgar's hall. Beowulf scholar Alexander writes that the dragon fight likely signifies Beowulf's (and by extension, society's) battle against evil. The people's fate depend on the outcome of the fight between the hero and the dragon, and, as a hero, Beowulf must knowingly face death. Wiglaf is the single warrior to return and witness the death of the hero. Illustration by J. R. Skelton, 1908 Beowulf's eventual death from the dragon presages "warfare, death, and darkness" for his Geats. The dragon's hoard symbolizes the vestige of an older society, now lost to wars and famine, left behind by a survivor of that period. His imagined elegy foreshadows Beowulf's death and elegy to come. Before he faces the dragon, Beowulf thinks of his past: his childhood and wars the Geats endured during that period, foreshadowing the future. At his death, peace in his lands will end, and his people will again suffer a period of war and hardship. An embattled society without "social cohesion" is represented by the avarice of the "dragon jealously guarding its gold hoard",and the elegy for Beowulf becomes an elegy for the entire culture. The dragon's hoard is representative of a people lost and antique, which is juxtaposed against the Geatish people, whose history is new and fleeting. As king of his people, Beowulf defends them against the dragon, and when his thanes desert him, the poem shows the disintegration of a "heroic society" which "depends upon the honouring of mutual obligations between lord and thane". Wiglaf remains loyal to his king and stays to confront the dragon. The parallel in the story lies with the similarity to Beowulf's hero Sigemund and his companion: Wiglaf is a younger companion to Beowulf and, in his courage, shows himself to be Beowulf's successor. The presence of a companion is seen as a motif in other dragon stories, but the Beowulf poet breaks hagiographic tradition with the hero's suffering (hacking, burning, stabbing) and subsequent death. Moreover, the dragon is vanquished through Wiglaf's actions: although Beowulf dies fighting the dragon, the dragon dies at the hand of the companion. The dragon battle is structured in thirds: the preparation for the battle, the events prior to the battle, and the battle itself. Wiglaf kills the dragon halfway through the scene, Beowulf's death occurs "after two-thirds" of the scene, and the dragon attacks Beowulf three times. Ultimately, as Tolkien writes in Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics (1936), the death by dragon "is the right end for Beowulf," for he claims, "a man can but die upon his death-day". Critical reception Before Tolkien In 1918, William Witherle Lawrence argued in his article "The Dragon and His Lair in Beowulf" that the fight between Beowulf and the dragon tends to receive less critical attention than other portions of the poem, commenting that "Grendel and his dam have, as it were, become more beloved of the commentators". Conversely, Kemp Malone writes in "The Kenning in Beowulf" that Beowulf's fight with the dragon receives much critical attention, but that commentators fail to note that "the dragon was no fighter. Not that it refused to fight when challenged, but that it did not seek out Beowulf or anyone else. It left Beowulf to do the seeking out". In his 1935 work Beowulf and the Seventh Century, Ritchie Girvan writes that Beowulf should be seen as having some degree of historical accuracy despite the presence of a dragon in it; he argues that "Tales of dragons as well as a belief in dragons survived till recent times, and the popular mind is apt to accept with credulity stories of water-monsters. The stories, moreover, are often attached to real persons and localized precisely in time and place. The habit is so well known that examples are superfluous". Raymond Wilson Chambers, in his Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem with a Discussion of the Stories of Offa and Finn, says that Beowulf's dragon acts like "the typical dragon of Old English proverbial lore" because he guards treasure. W. P. Ker criticized the inclusion of Beowulf's fight with the dragon and his subsequent death in the poem, writing "It is as if to the end of the Odyssey there had been added some later books telling in full of the old age of Odysseus, far from the sea, and his death at the hands of Telegonus". Tolkien, 1936: The Monsters and the Critics Main article: Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics In his 1936 lecture Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics, J. R. R. Tolkien noted that the dragon and Grendel are "constantly referred to in language which is meant to recall the powers of darkness which Christian men felt themselves to be encompassed. They are 'inmates of hell', 'adversaries of God', 'offspring of Cain', 'enemies of mankind'....And so Beowulf, for all that he moves in the world of the primitive Heroic Age of the Germans, nevertheless is almost a Christian knight". Tolkien is here quoting a passage from R. W. Chambers's essay "Beowulf and the 'Heroic Age' in England." After Tolkien Peter Gainsford noted in the article "The Deaths of Beowulf and Odysseus: Narrative Time and Mythological Tale Types" that "In the twenty-first century Beowulf does not lack for commentators to defend the literary merit of the dragon episode". Adrien Bonjour opined in 1953 that the dragon's "ultimate significance in the poem" remains a "mystery". The poet Seamus Heaney, author of a major translation of Beowulf, suggests that Beowulf's attitude towards fighting the dragon reflects his "chthonic wisdom refined in the crucible of experience", that is there is already a "beyond-the-grave aspect" to his resoluteness. As Beowulf dies from his fight with the dragon, despite defeating it, James Parker of The Atlantic writes that "There is no transcendence in Beowulf, and no redemption kill the dragon—but the dragon will get you anyway". Joan Acocella states in The New Yorker that "unlike Grendel and his mother, is less a monster than a symbol." Legacy In From Homer to Harry Potter: A Handbook on Myth and Fantasy, Matthew Dickerson and David O'Hara argue that the Beowulf poet added the figure of the dragon to "the pot...that is ladled out of by most modern fantasy writers"; they argued that both numerous works with villainous dragons, as well as literature with benign dragons like the My Father's Dragon books and the Pern series by Anne McCaffrey, were influenced by Beowulf's dragon. Dickerson and O'Hara further elaborated that through its dragon, Beowulf turned the "notion of having a monstrous evil (and not mere human foes) as the enemy" into "a hallmark of modern fantasy" present in C. S. Lewis' Narnia books, Ursula K. Le Guin's Earthsea books, and the Thomas Covenant series by Stephen Donaldson. J. R. R. Tolkien used the dragon story of Beowulf as a template for Smaug of The Hobbit; in each case, the dragon awakens upon the hoard being disturbed by one stealing a chalice and goes into a wrathful rampage until slain by another person. Aia Hussein of the National Endowment for the Humanities has written that the fight between Harry Potter and the Hungarian Horntail in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000) by J. K. Rowling was influenced by the confrontation between the dragon and the title character in Beowulf. In the 2007 film version, the dragon is Grendel's younger half-brother as he's the son of the latter's mother and Beowulf whom he ironically ends up killing in the end of the movie. References ^ Nitzsche, Jane Chance. "The Structural Unity of Beowulf: The Problem of Grendel's Mother". Poetry Criticism, vol. 22. 1999. p. 290. ^ a b c Evans 2003, pp. 25–26 ^ Rauer 2003, p. 135. ^ Rauer 2003, p. 4. ^ a b Rauer 2003, p. 74. ^ Evans 2003, p. 29. ^ Rauer 2003, p. 32. ^ Tolkien 1936, p. 4. ^ Evans 2003, p. 30. ^ a b Brown, Alan K. (1980). "The firedrake in Beowulf". Neophilologus. 64 (3). Springer Netherlands: 439–460. doi:10.1007/BF01513838. S2CID 162080723. ^ Rauer 2003, pp. 32, 63. ^ a b Rauer 2003, p. 35 ^ Rauer 2003, p. 52. ^ Evans 2003, p. 28. ^ Alexander 2003, p. 6. ^ Mellinkoff, Ruth. "Cain's monstrous progeny in Beowulf: part I, Noachic tradition" Anglo-Saxon England (1979), 8 : 143–162 Cambridge University Press. ^ Heaney 2001, p. 157. ^ Rauer 2003, pp. 74–75. ^ Clark 2003, p. 43. ^ Crossley-Holland 1999, p. xiv. ^ Alexander 2003, pp. xxiv–xxv. ^ Alexander 2003, pp. xxx–xxxv. ^ Crossley-Holland 1999, p. vii. ^ Crossley-Holland 1999, p. xvi. ^ Crossley-Holland 1999, p. xvii. ^ Crossley-Holland 1999, p. xix. ^ Crossley-Holland 1999, p. xxvi. ^ Clark 2003, p. 289. ^ a b Alexander 2003, p. xxxvi ^ Crossley-Holland 1999, p. xviii. ^ Beowulf and some fictions of the Geatish succession by Frederick M. Biggs. ^ Rauer 2003, p. 31. ^ Alexander 2003, p. xxv. ^ Tolkien 1936, p. 14. ^ Lawrence, William Witherle (1918). "The Dragon and His Lair in Beowulf". PMLA. 33 (4): 547–583. doi:10.2307/456981. JSTOR 456981. S2CID 163605211. ^ Malone, Kemp (July 1928). "The Kenning in Beowulf". The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 27 (3): 318–324. JSTOR 27703161. ^ George, Jodi-Ann (2010). Beowulf. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137098016. ^ Chambers, Raymond Wilson (1921). Beowulf. Cambridge University Press. p. 349. Retrieved September 18, 2017. typical dragon. ^ a b Hinge, George (1921). Classica et Mediaevalia vol. 63. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 247–248. ISBN 9788763540643. Retrieved September 18, 2017. ^ Fulk, Robert Dennis (1991). Interpretations of Beowulf: A Critical Anthology. Indiana University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9781587431333. ^ Bonjour, Adrien (March 1953). "Monsters Crouching and Critics Rampant: Or the Beowulf Dragon Debated". PMLA. 68 (1): 304–312. doi:10.2307/459922. JSTOR 459922. ^ Heaney, Seamus (4 November 1999). "A New 'Beowulf'". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 17 September 2017. ^ Parker, James (April 2017). "Beowulf Is Back!". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 17, 2017. ^ Acocella, Joan (2 June 2014). "Slaying Monsters". The New Yorker. Retrieved 17 September 2017. ^ Dickerson, Matthew; O'Hara, David (2006). From Homer to Harry Potter: A Handbook on Myth and Fantasy. Brazos Press. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-1587431333. ^ Clark 2003, p. 31. ^ Hussein, Aia (14 June 2011). "Old English, New Influences". National Endowment for the Humanities. Retrieved 17 September 2017. Sources Alexander, Michael (2003) . Beowulf: a verse translation. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-044931-0. Clark, George (2003) . "The Hero and the Theme". In Bjork, Robert E.; Niles, John D. (eds.). A Beowulf Handbook. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6150-1. Crossley-Holland, Kevin (1999). O'Donohue, Heather (ed.). Beowulf: The fight at Finnsburh. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283320-4. Evans, Jonathan (2003) . "The Dragon-Lore of Middle-earth: Tolkien and Old English and Old Norse Tradition". In Clark, George; Timmons, Daniel (eds.). J.R.R. Tolkien and his literary resonances: views of Middle-earth. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30845-4. Retrieved 2010-05-18. Heaney, Seamus (2001). Beowulf: A New Verse Translation. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32097-8. Retrieved 19 May 2010. Rauer, Christine (2003). Beowulf and the Dragon: Parallels and Analogues. Cambridge: Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-592-1. Retrieved 18 May 2010. Tolkien, J. R. R. (25 November 1936). "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics". Sir Israel Gollancz Lecture 1936. Archived from the original on 3 November 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2010. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: The dragon (Beowulf) Wikiquote has quotations related to The dragon (Beowulf). vteBeowulf Old English Alliterative verse Kenning Clans(characters) Geats Beowulf Heardred Hygd Hygelac Hundings Scyldings Æschere Healfdene Heorogar Hroðgar Unferð Scylfings Eadgils Eanmund Ohthere Onela Ongentheow Waegmundings Ecgþeow Weohstan Wiglaf Wulfings Wealhtheow Monsters Grendel Grendel's mother The Dragon TranslatingBeowulf List of translations Seamus Heaney Beowulf: A New Verse Translation J. R. R. Tolkien Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics" Beowulf and the Critics "On Translating Beowulf" "Sellic Spell" Finn and Hengest Scholars Nora K. Chadwick Michael D. C. Drout Robert D. Fulk Kevin Kiernan Leonard Neidorf John D. Niles Geoffrey Russom Tom Shippey Related Adaptations Anglo-Saxon paganism Battle of Finnsburg Beowulf and Middle-Earth Heorot Hrunting Nægling Nowell Codex
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beowulf_and_the_dragon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_(hero)"},{"link_name":"nemesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archenemy"},{"link_name":"J. R. Skelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Skelton"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon"},{"link_name":"Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf"},{"link_name":"Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_(hero)"},{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_dragon"},{"link_name":"epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry"},{"link_name":"Heorot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heorot"},{"link_name":"Grendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendel"},{"link_name":"Grendel's mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendel%27s_mother"},{"link_name":"Geats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geats"},{"link_name":"thanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanes"},{"link_name":"Wiglaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiglaf"},{"link_name":"dragonslayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonslayer"},{"link_name":"motifs common to Germanic tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_dragon"},{"link_name":"fire-breathing dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster"},{"link_name":"Beowulf dragon was adapted for Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit"},{"link_name":"high fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_fantasy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Beowulf battles his nemesis, the dragon, shown in a 1908 illustration by J. R. SkeltonThe final act of the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf includes Beowulf's fight with a dragon, the third monster he encounters in the epic. On his return from Heorot, where he killed Grendel and Grendel's mother, Beowulf becomes king of the Geats and rules wisely for fifty years until a slave awakens and angers a dragon by stealing a jewelled cup from its lair. When the angry dragon mercilessly burns the Geats' homes (including Beowulf's) and lands, Beowulf decides to fight and kill the monster personally. He and his thanes climb to the dragon's lair where, upon seeing the beast, the thanes flee in terror, leaving only Wiglaf to battle at Beowulf's side. When the dragon wounds Beowulf fatally, Wiglaf attacks it with his sword, and Beowulf kills it with his dagger.This depiction indicates the growing importance and stabilization of the modern concept of the dragon within European mythology. Beowulf is the first piece of English literature to present a dragonslayer. Although the Beowulf dragon exhibits many existing motifs common to Germanic tradition, the Beowulf poet was the first to combine features and present a distinctive fire-breathing dragon. The Beowulf dragon was adapted for Middle-earth in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit (1937), one of the forerunners of modern high fantasy.The dragon fight, near the end of the poem, is foreshadowed in earlier scenes. The fight with the dragon symbolizes Beowulf's stand against evil and destruction, and, as the hero, he knows that failure will bring destruction to his people after many years of peace. The dragon itself acts as a mock \"gold-king\"; one who sees attacking Beowulf's kingdom as suitable retribution for the theft of just a single cup.[1] The scene is structured in thirds, ending with the deaths of the dragon and Beowulf.","title":"The dragon (Beowulf)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendel"},{"link_name":"Grendel's mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendel%27s_mother"},{"link_name":"Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf"},{"link_name":"Geats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geats"},{"link_name":"Wiglaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiglaf"}],"text":"After his battles against Grendel and Grendel's mother, Beowulf returns home and becomes king of the Geats. Fifty years pass with Beowulf in charge, when a local dragon is angered when a slave enters its lair and takes a cup from its treasure. The creature attacks the neighboring towns in revenge. Beowulf and a troop of men leave to find the dragon's lair. Beowulf tells his men to stay outside, that this fight is his alone, but the dragon proves strong and mortally wounds Beowulf. Meanwhile, his kinsman Wiglaf scolds the other members of the troop for not going in to help, before coming to Beowulf's aid. He cuts the dragon in the belly to reduce the flames, and Beowulf deals the fatal blow. In his death-speech, Beowulf nominates Wiglaf as his heir and asks for a monument to be built for him on the shoreline.","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_056.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sigurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd"},{"link_name":"Fafnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafnir"},{"link_name":"Arthur Rackham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rackham"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Siegfried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)"},{"link_name":"The Twilight of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Norse sagas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_saga"},{"link_name":"Sigurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd"},{"link_name":"Fafnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafnir"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans25-26-2"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon"},{"link_name":"Germanic legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauer2003135-3"},{"link_name":"hagiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiography"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauer20034-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauer200374-5"},{"link_name":"Völsunga saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200329-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans25-26-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauer200332-7"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Völsungs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lsungs"},{"link_name":"Fáfnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien19364-8"},{"link_name":"plot device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_device"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans25-26-2"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200330-9"}],"text":"Sigurd and Fafnir by Arthur Rackham, from his 1911 illustrations for Richard Wagner's Siegfried and The Twilight of the GodsBeowulf is the oldest extant heroic poem in English and the first to present a dragon slayer. The legend of the dragon-slayer already existed in Norse sagas such as the tale of Sigurd and Fafnir, and the Beowulf poet incorporates motifs and themes common to dragon-lore in the poem.[2] Beowulf is the earliest surviving piece of Anglo-Saxon literature to feature a dragon, and it is possible that the poet had access to similar stories from Germanic legend.[3] Secular Germanic literature and the literature of Christian hagiography featured dragons and dragon fights.[4] Although the dragons of hagiography were less fierce than the dragon in Beowulf, similarities exist in the stories such as presenting the journey to the dragon's lair, cowering spectators, and the sending of messages relaying the outcome of the fight.[5]The dragon with his hoard is a common motif in early Germanic literature with the story existing to varying extents in the Norse sagas, but it is most notable in the Völsunga saga and in Beowulf.[6] Beowulf preserves existing medieval dragon-lore, most notably in the extended digression recounting the Sigurd/Fafnir tale.[2] Nonetheless, comparative contemporary narratives did not have the complexity and distinctive elements written into Beowulf's dragon scene. Beowulf is a hero who previously killed two monsters. The scene includes extended flashbacks to the Geatish-Swedish wars, a detailed description of the dragon and the dragon-hoard, and ends with intricate funerary imagery.[7]Beowulf scholar J. R. R. Tolkien considered the dragon in Beowulf to be one of only two real dragons in northern European literature, writing of it, \"dragons, real dragons, essential both to the machinery and the ideas of a poem or tale, are actually rare. In northern literature there are only two that are significant ... we have but the dragon of the Völsungs, Fáfnir, and Beowulf's bane.\"[8] Furthermore, Tolkien believes the Beowulf poet emphasizes the monsters Beowulf fights in the poem and claims the dragon is as much of a plot device as anything. Tolkien expands on Beowulf's dragon in his own fiction, which indicates the lasting impact of the Beowulf poem.[2] Within the plot structure, however, the dragon functions differently in Beowulf than in Tolkien's fiction. The dragon fight ends Beowulf, while Tolkien uses the dragon motif (and the dragon's love for treasure) to trigger a chain of events in The Hobbit.[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germanic dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_dragon"},{"link_name":"European dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_dragon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firedrake-10"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"venomous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauer200332,_63-11"},{"link_name":"nocturnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rauer35-12"},{"link_name":"devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil"},{"link_name":"Book of Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Job"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firedrake-10"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauer200352-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200328-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rauer35-12"}],"text":"See also: Germanic dragonThe Beowulf dragon is the earliest example in literature of the typical European dragon and first incidence of a fire-breathing dragon.[10] The Beowulf dragon is described with Old English terms such as draca (dragon), and wyrm (reptile, or serpent), and as a creature with a venomous bite.[11] Also, the Beowulf poet created a dragon with specific traits: a nocturnal, treasure-hoarding, inquisitive, vengeful, fire-breathing creature.[12]The fire is likely symbolic of the hellfire of the devil, reminiscent of the monster in the Book of Job. In the Septuagint, Job's monster is characterized as a draco, and identified with the devil.[10] Job's dragon would have been accessible to the author of Beowulf, as a Christian symbol of evil, the \"great monstrous adversary of God, man and beast alike.\"[13]A study of German and Norse texts reveals three typical narratives for the dragonslayer: a fight for the treasure, a battle to save the slayer's people, or a fight to free a woman.[14] The characteristics of Beowulf's dragon appear to be specific to the poem, and the poet may have melded together dragon motifs to create a dragon with specific traits that weave together the complicated plot of the narrative.[12]","title":"Characterization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"poem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry"},{"link_name":"Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain_and_Abel"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander20036-15"},{"link_name":"trolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll"},{"link_name":"monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney2001157-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauer200374%E2%80%9375-18"},{"link_name":"altruism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark200343-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley-Holland1999xiv-20"},{"link_name":"foreshadowed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreshadowing"},{"link_name":"Scyld Shefing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scyld"},{"link_name":"bard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2003xxiv%E2%80%93xxv-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2003xxx%E2%80%93xxxv-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beowulf_death.png"},{"link_name":"J. R. Skelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Skelton"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley-Holland1999vii-23"},{"link_name":"elegy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegy"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley-Holland1999xvi-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley-Holland1999xvii-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley-Holland1999xix-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley-Holland1999xxvi-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2003289-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alexander,_p._xxxvi-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley-Holland1999xviii-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauer200374-5"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alexander,_p._xxxvi-29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauer200331-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2003xxv-33"},{"link_name":"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf:_The_Monsters_and_the_Critics"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien193614-34"}],"text":"The third act of the poem differs from the first two. In Beowulf's two earlier battles, Grendel and Grendel's mother are characterized as descendants of Cain: \"[Grendel] had long lived in the land of monsters / since the creator cast them out / as the kindred of Cain\"[15] and seem to be humanoid: in the poet's rendition they can be seen as giants, trolls, or monsters. The dragon, therefore, is a stark contrast to the other two antagonists.[16] Moreover, the dragon is more overtly destructive. He burns vast amounts of territory and the homes of the Geats: \"the dragon began to belch out flames / and burn bright homesteads\".[17][18]Beowulf's fight with the dragon has been described variously as an act of either altruism[19] or recklessness.[20] In contrast with the previous battles, the fight with the dragon occurs in Beowulf's kingdom and ends in defeat, whereas Beowulf fought the other monsters victoriously in a land distant from his home. The dragon fight is foreshadowed with earlier events: Scyld Shefing's funeral and Sigmund's death by dragon, as recounted by a bard in Hrothgar's hall. Beowulf scholar Alexander writes that the dragon fight likely signifies Beowulf's (and by extension, society's) battle against evil.[21] The people's fate depend on the outcome of the fight between the hero and the dragon, and, as a hero, Beowulf must knowingly face death.[22]Wiglaf is the single warrior to return and witness the death of the hero. Illustration by J. R. Skelton, 1908Beowulf's eventual death from the dragon presages \"warfare, death, and darkness\" for his Geats.[23] The dragon's hoard symbolizes the vestige of an older society, now lost to wars and famine, left behind by a survivor of that period. His imagined elegy foreshadows Beowulf's death and elegy to come.[24] Before he faces the dragon, Beowulf thinks of his past: his childhood and wars the Geats endured during that period, foreshadowing the future. At his death, peace in his lands will end, and his people will again suffer a period of war and hardship.[25] An embattled society without \"social cohesion\" is represented by the avarice of the \"dragon jealously guarding its gold hoard\",[26]and the elegy for Beowulf becomes an elegy for the entire culture.[27] The dragon's hoard is representative of a people lost and antique, which is juxtaposed against the Geatish people, whose history is new and fleeting.[28] As king of his people, Beowulf defends them against the dragon, and when his thanes desert him, the poem shows the disintegration of a \"heroic society\" which \"depends upon the honouring of mutual obligations between lord and thane\".[29]Wiglaf remains loyal to his king and stays to confront the dragon. The parallel in the story lies with the similarity to Beowulf's hero Sigemund and his companion: Wiglaf is a younger companion to Beowulf and, in his courage, shows himself to be Beowulf's successor.[30][31] The presence of a companion is seen as a motif in other dragon stories, but the Beowulf poet breaks hagiographic tradition with the hero's suffering (hacking, burning, stabbing) and subsequent death.[5] Moreover, the dragon is vanquished through Wiglaf's actions: although Beowulf dies fighting the dragon, the dragon dies at the hand of the companion.[29]The dragon battle is structured in thirds: the preparation for the battle, the events prior to the battle, and the battle itself. Wiglaf kills the dragon halfway through the scene, Beowulf's death occurs \"after two-thirds\" of the scene,[32] and the dragon attacks Beowulf three times.[33] Ultimately, as Tolkien writes in Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics (1936), the death by dragon \"is the right end for Beowulf,\" for he claims, \"a man can but die upon his death-day\".[34]","title":"Importance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Witherle Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Witherle_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Kemp Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemp_Malone"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Ritchie Girvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Girvan"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Raymond Wilson Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Wilson_Chambers"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"W. P. Ker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._P._Ker"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"},{"link_name":"Odysseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus"},{"link_name":"Telegonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegonus_(son_of_Odysseus)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp-39"}],"sub_title":"Before Tolkien","text":"In 1918, William Witherle Lawrence argued in his article \"The Dragon and His Lair in Beowulf\" that the fight between Beowulf and the dragon tends to receive less critical attention than other portions of the poem, commenting that \"Grendel and his dam have, as it were, become more beloved of the commentators\".[35] Conversely, Kemp Malone writes in \"The Kenning in Beowulf\" that Beowulf's fight with the dragon receives much critical attention, but that commentators fail to note that \"the dragon was no fighter. Not that it refused to fight when challenged, but that it did not seek out Beowulf or anyone else. It left Beowulf to do the seeking out\".[36] In his 1935 work Beowulf and the Seventh Century, Ritchie Girvan writes that Beowulf should be seen as having some degree of historical accuracy despite the presence of a dragon in it; he argues that \"Tales of dragons as well as a belief in dragons survived till recent times, and the popular mind is apt to accept with credulity stories of water-monsters. The stories, moreover, are often attached to real persons and localized precisely in time and place. The habit is so well known that examples are superfluous\".[37] Raymond Wilson Chambers, in his Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem with a Discussion of the Stories of Offa and Finn, says that Beowulf's dragon acts like \"the typical dragon of Old English proverbial lore\" because he guards treasure.[38] W. P. Ker criticized the inclusion of Beowulf's fight with the dragon and his subsequent death in the poem, writing \"It is as if to the end of the Odyssey there had been added some later books telling in full of the old age of Odysseus, far from the sea, and his death at the hands of Telegonus\".[39]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf:_The_Monsters_and_the_Critics"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Tolkien, 1936: The Monsters and the Critics","text":"In his 1936 lecture Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics, J. R. R. Tolkien noted that the dragon and Grendel are \"constantly referred to in language which is meant to recall the powers of darkness which Christian men felt themselves to be encompassed. They are 'inmates of hell', 'adversaries of God', 'offspring of Cain', 'enemies of mankind'....And so Beowulf, for all that he moves in the world of the primitive Heroic Age of the Germans, nevertheless is almost a Christian knight\".[40] Tolkien is here quoting a passage from R. W. Chambers's essay \"Beowulf and the 'Heroic Age' in England.\"","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp-39"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Seamus Heaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Heaney"},{"link_name":"a major translation of Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf:_A_New_Verse_Translation"},{"link_name":"chthonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chthonic"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlantic-43"},{"link_name":"Joan Acocella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Acocella"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"After Tolkien","text":"Peter Gainsford noted in the article \"The Deaths of Beowulf and Odysseus: Narrative Time and Mythological Tale Types\" that \"In the twenty-first century Beowulf does not lack for commentators to defend the literary merit of the dragon episode\".[39] Adrien Bonjour opined in 1953 that the dragon's \"ultimate significance in the poem\" remains a \"mystery\".[41]The poet Seamus Heaney, author of a major translation of Beowulf, suggests that Beowulf's attitude towards fighting the dragon reflects his \"chthonic wisdom refined in the crucible of experience\", that is there is already a \"beyond-the-grave aspect\" to his resoluteness.[42] As Beowulf dies from his fight with the dragon, despite defeating it, James Parker of The Atlantic writes that \"There is no transcendence in Beowulf, and no redemption [...] kill the dragon—but the dragon will get you anyway\".[43] Joan Acocella states in The New Yorker that \"unlike Grendel and his mother, [the dragon] is less a monster than a symbol.\"[44]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Dickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_T._Dickerson"},{"link_name":"My Father's Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Father%27s_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Pern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonriders_of_Pern"},{"link_name":"Anne McCaffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_McCaffrey"},{"link_name":"C. S. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis"},{"link_name":"Narnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia"},{"link_name":"Ursula K. Le Guin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin"},{"link_name":"Earthsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthsea"},{"link_name":"Thomas Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Thomas_Covenant"},{"link_name":"Stephen Donaldson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_R._Donaldson"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"used the dragon story of Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Smaug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smaug"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark200331-46"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_(character)"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"J. K. Rowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._K._Rowling"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"2007 film version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_(2007_film)"}],"text":"In From Homer to Harry Potter: A Handbook on Myth and Fantasy, Matthew Dickerson and David O'Hara argue that the Beowulf poet added the figure of the dragon to \"the pot...that is ladled out of by most modern fantasy writers\"; they argued that both numerous works with villainous dragons, as well as literature with benign dragons like the My Father's Dragon books and the Pern series by Anne McCaffrey, were influenced by Beowulf's dragon. Dickerson and O'Hara further elaborated that through its dragon, Beowulf turned the \"notion of having a monstrous evil (and not mere human foes) as the enemy\" into \"a hallmark of modern fantasy\" present in C. S. Lewis' Narnia books, Ursula K. Le Guin's Earthsea books, and the Thomas Covenant series by Stephen Donaldson.[45]J. R. R. Tolkien used the dragon story of Beowulf as a template for Smaug of The Hobbit; in each case, the dragon awakens upon the hoard being disturbed by one stealing a chalice and goes into a wrathful rampage until slain by another person.[46] Aia Hussein of the National Endowment for the Humanities has written that the fight between Harry Potter and the Hungarian Horntail in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000) by J. K. Rowling was influenced by the confrontation between the dragon and the title character in Beowulf.[47]In the 2007 film version, the dragon is Grendel's younger half-brother as he's the son of the latter's mother and Beowulf whom he ironically ends up killing in the end of the movie.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Alexander"},{"link_name":"Beowulf: a verse translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_OcVmqTK7vcC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-044931-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044931-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Hero and the Theme\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=SaFdpGdjvtoC&pg=PA271"},{"link_name":"Niles, John D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Niles"},{"link_name":"A Beowulf Handbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=SaFdpGdjvtoC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8032-6150-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6150-1"},{"link_name":"Crossley-Holland, Kevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Crossley-Holland"},{"link_name":"Beowulf: The fight at Finnsburh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=sRlh16FjqU4C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-283320-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283320-4"},{"link_name":"\"The Dragon-Lore of Middle-earth: Tolkien and Old English and Old Norse Tradition\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ES0Hs75IVg0C&pg=PA21"},{"link_name":"J.R.R. Tolkien and his literary resonances: views of Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ES0Hs75IVg0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-313-30845-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30845-4"},{"link_name":"Heaney, Seamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Heaney"},{"link_name":"Beowulf: A New Verse Translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/beowulf00seam"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-393-32097-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32097-8"},{"link_name":"Beowulf and the Dragon: Parallels and Analogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wbzQ97DfsjIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85991-592-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85991-592-1"},{"link_name":"Tolkien, J. R. R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"\"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091103032607/http://www.scribd.com/doc/21301124/J-R-R-Tolkien-Beowulf-The-Monsters-and-the-Critics"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scribd.com/doc/21301124/J-R-R-Tolkien-Beowulf-The-Monsters-and-the-Critics"}],"text":"Alexander, Michael (2003) [1973]. Beowulf: a verse translation. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-044931-0.\nClark, George (2003) [1998]. \"The Hero and the Theme\". In Bjork, Robert E.; Niles, John D. (eds.). A Beowulf Handbook. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6150-1.\nCrossley-Holland, Kevin (1999). O'Donohue, Heather (ed.). Beowulf: The fight at Finnsburh. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283320-4.\nEvans, Jonathan (2003) [2000]. \"The Dragon-Lore of Middle-earth: Tolkien and Old English and Old Norse Tradition\". In Clark, George; Timmons, Daniel (eds.). J.R.R. Tolkien and his literary resonances: views of Middle-earth. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30845-4. Retrieved 2010-05-18.\nHeaney, Seamus (2001). Beowulf: A New Verse Translation. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32097-8. Retrieved 19 May 2010.\nRauer, Christine (2003). Beowulf and the Dragon: Parallels and Analogues. Cambridge: Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-592-1. Retrieved 18 May 2010.\nTolkien, J. R. R. (25 November 1936). \"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics\". Sir Israel Gollancz Lecture 1936. Archived from the original on 3 November 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2010.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Beowulf battles his nemesis, the dragon, shown in a 1908 illustration by J. R. Skelton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beowulf_and_the_dragon.jpg/220px-Beowulf_and_the_dragon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sigurd and Fafnir by Arthur Rackham, from his 1911 illustrations for Richard Wagner's Siegfried and The Twilight of the Gods","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_056.jpg/220px-Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_056.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wiglaf is the single warrior to return and witness the death of the hero. Illustration by J. R. Skelton, 1908","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Beowulf_death.png/220px-Beowulf_death.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Brown, Alan K. (1980). \"The firedrake in Beowulf\". Neophilologus. 64 (3). Springer Netherlands: 439–460. doi:10.1007/BF01513838. S2CID 162080723.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01513838","url_text":"10.1007/BF01513838"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162080723","url_text":"162080723"}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, William Witherle (1918). \"The Dragon and His Lair in Beowulf\". PMLA. 33 (4): 547–583. doi:10.2307/456981. JSTOR 456981. S2CID 163605211.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F456981","url_text":"10.2307/456981"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/456981","url_text":"456981"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163605211","url_text":"163605211"}]},{"reference":"Malone, Kemp (July 1928). \"The Kenning in Beowulf\". The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 27 (3): 318–324. JSTOR 27703161.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27703161","url_text":"27703161"}]},{"reference":"George, Jodi-Ann (2010). Beowulf. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137098016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhodBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA46","url_text":"Beowulf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137098016","url_text":"978-1137098016"}]},{"reference":"Chambers, Raymond Wilson (1921). Beowulf. Cambridge University Press. p. 349. Retrieved September 18, 2017. typical dragon.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/beowulfintroduct00chamrich","url_text":"Beowulf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/beowulfintroduct00chamrich/page/349","url_text":"349"}]},{"reference":"Hinge, George (1921). Classica et Mediaevalia vol. 63. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 247–248. ISBN 9788763540643. Retrieved September 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OE_jCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Classica et Mediaevalia vol. 63"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788763540643","url_text":"9788763540643"}]},{"reference":"Fulk, Robert Dennis (1991). Interpretations of Beowulf: A Critical Anthology. Indiana University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9781587431333.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x7VzBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12","url_text":"Interpretations of Beowulf: A Critical Anthology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press","url_text":"Indiana University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587431333","url_text":"9781587431333"}]},{"reference":"Bonjour, Adrien (March 1953). \"Monsters Crouching and Critics Rampant: Or the Beowulf Dragon Debated\". PMLA. 68 (1): 304–312. doi:10.2307/459922. JSTOR 459922.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F459922","url_text":"10.2307/459922"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/459922","url_text":"459922"}]},{"reference":"Heaney, Seamus (4 November 1999). \"A New 'Beowulf'\". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 17 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Heaney","url_text":"Heaney, Seamus"},{"url":"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1999/11/04/a-new-beowulf/","url_text":"\"A New 'Beowulf'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books","url_text":"The New York Review of Books"}]},{"reference":"Parker, James (April 2017). \"Beowulf Is Back!\". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/04/beowulf-is-back/517773/","url_text":"\"Beowulf Is Back!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic","url_text":"The Atlantic"}]},{"reference":"Acocella, Joan (2 June 2014). \"Slaying Monsters\". The New Yorker. Retrieved 17 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/06/02/slaying-monsters","url_text":"\"Slaying Monsters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"Dickerson, Matthew; O'Hara, David (2006). From Homer to Harry Potter: A Handbook on Myth and Fantasy. Brazos Press. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-1587431333.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_T._Dickerson","url_text":"Dickerson, Matthew"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x7VzBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12","url_text":"From Homer to Harry Potter: A Handbook on Myth and Fantasy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Brazos Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1587431333","url_text":"978-1587431333"}]},{"reference":"Hussein, Aia (14 June 2011). \"Old English, New Influences\". National Endowment for the Humanities. Retrieved 17 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neh.gov/news/old-english-new-influences","url_text":"\"Old English, New Influences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities","url_text":"National Endowment for the Humanities"}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Michael (2003) [1973]. Beowulf: a verse translation. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-044931-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Alexander","url_text":"Alexander, Michael"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_OcVmqTK7vcC","url_text":"Beowulf: a verse translation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044931-0","url_text":"978-0-14-044931-0"}]},{"reference":"Clark, George (2003) [1998]. \"The Hero and the Theme\". In Bjork, Robert E.; Niles, John D. (eds.). A Beowulf Handbook. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6150-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SaFdpGdjvtoC&pg=PA271","url_text":"\"The Hero and the Theme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Niles","url_text":"Niles, John D."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SaFdpGdjvtoC","url_text":"A Beowulf Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6150-1","url_text":"978-0-8032-6150-1"}]},{"reference":"Crossley-Holland, Kevin (1999). O'Donohue, Heather (ed.). Beowulf: The fight at Finnsburh. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283320-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Crossley-Holland","url_text":"Crossley-Holland, Kevin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sRlh16FjqU4C","url_text":"Beowulf: The fight at Finnsburh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283320-4","url_text":"978-0-19-283320-4"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Jonathan (2003) [2000]. \"The Dragon-Lore of Middle-earth: Tolkien and Old English and Old Norse Tradition\". In Clark, George; Timmons, Daniel (eds.). J.R.R. Tolkien and his literary resonances: views of Middle-earth. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30845-4. Retrieved 2010-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ES0Hs75IVg0C&pg=PA21","url_text":"\"The Dragon-Lore of Middle-earth: Tolkien and Old English and Old Norse Tradition\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ES0Hs75IVg0C","url_text":"J.R.R. Tolkien and his literary resonances: views of Middle-earth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30845-4","url_text":"0-313-30845-4"}]},{"reference":"Heaney, Seamus (2001). Beowulf: A New Verse Translation. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32097-8. Retrieved 19 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Heaney","url_text":"Heaney, Seamus"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/beowulf00seam","url_text":"Beowulf: A New Verse Translation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32097-8","url_text":"978-0-393-32097-8"}]},{"reference":"Rauer, Christine (2003). Beowulf and the Dragon: Parallels and Analogues. Cambridge: Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-592-1. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wbzQ97DfsjIC","url_text":"Beowulf and the Dragon: Parallels and Analogues"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85991-592-1","url_text":"0-85991-592-1"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (25 November 1936). \"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics\". Sir Israel Gollancz Lecture 1936. Archived from the original on 3 November 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091103032607/http://www.scribd.com/doc/21301124/J-R-R-Tolkien-Beowulf-The-Monsters-and-the-Critics","url_text":"\"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics\""},{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/21301124/J-R-R-Tolkien-Beowulf-The-Monsters-and-the-Critics","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blachernitissa
Blachernitissa
["1 Byzantine palladium","2 Reappearance","3 Veneration in Muscovy","4 Study and restoration","5 Replicas","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
7th-century Byzantine icon of the Virgin Mary The icon of the Theotokos kept in Moscow since 1653 and considered to be the Blachernitissa (46 × 37,5 × 4 cm; Tretyakov Gallery) Blachernitissa (Greek: Βλαχερνίτισσα), also called Theotokos of Blachernae (Θεοτόκος των Βλαχερνών, Θεοτόκος η Βλαχερνίτισσα) or Our Lady of Blachernae (Παναγία η Βλαχερνίτισσα), is a 7th-century encaustic icon representing the Most Holy Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary. It is also the name given to the Church built in honour of the Virgin Mary in the Blachernae section of Constantinople. The name Blachernae possibly derived from the name of a Vlach (sometimes written as Blach or Blasi), who came to Constantinople from the lower Danube. Byzantine palladium See also: Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul) The Theotokos was considered to be the intercessory protectress par excellence of Constantinople and, indeed, of the entire Eastern Roman Empire (called "Byzantium" by some modern Western scholars). Blachernitissa is unusual among Orthodox icons in that it is not flat, but is formed in bas relief. According to Sacred Tradition, the icon Blachernitissa was made of wax combined with the ashes of Christian martyrs who had been killed in the 6th century. The Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (which hosted the icon) was sited close to the Blachernae imperial palace. Reappearance The icon was believed to have been lost after the fire that destroyed the church on February 29, 1434, although in later centuries its disappearance came to be associated with the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Like many holy objects of Byzantine tradition, the Blachernitissa (or a copy thereof) resurfaced on Mount Athos in the mid-17th century. Whether it is the same icon that was kept in Blachernae is a matter of scholarly debate, as the ancient icon is believed to have been of the Orans type, whereas the Athonite icon is of a style called Hodegetria (literally, "She who leads the way"). It has been suggested that the Athonite icon had its origins in the Blachernae quarter and perhaps even resided in the Church of St. Mary before being transferred to Mount Athos for "security reasons". It was in 1653 that the icon was sent by the Athonite monks to Moscow as their gift to Tsar Alexis. A Constantinople merchant, Demetrios Costinari, brought it to Moscow on October 16, 1653, with a letter from Patriarch Paisius I that endorsed the icon's authenticity. He was met by the Tsar in person, and Alexis had the icon enshrined in Moscow's main church, the Dormition Cathedral, opposite Russia's protectress, the Theotokos of Vladimir. Veneration in Muscovy Paul of Aleppo, who accompanied the Patriarch of Antioch to Moscow in early 1655, was impressed by the reverence in which the icon was held. According to his account, the Blachernitissa appears as "if she had a bodily form" and "it stands out against the background so strongly", that the viewer is penetrated with awe. It was encased in a sumptuous chasuble glittering with gold and precious stones, so that only the hands and the face of the Theotokos were left visible. Paul proceeds to describe how the Tsar had it placed in front of his own seat in a sledge and took it with him on the Smolensk campaign. The 1650s were a time when the Russian Church, steered by Patriarch Nikon, began to place great store on renewing its ties with the older members of the Pentarchy. This emphasis dovetailed neatly with the prevailing Third Rome doctrine which saw Moscow as the successor to Constantinople. With this in mind, the metochion sent the newly recovered Byzantine relic to Moscow and was "handsomely remunerated" with 800 dinars from the Tsar's coffers. Study and restoration When placed in the Kremlin, the icon was in disrepair from old age and use, so that Simon Ushakov and Nikita Pavlovets had to be summoned for "repairs" in 1674. Nikodim Kondakov was unable to determine the icon's age due to this and later restorations, which involved some amount of overpainting, but felt reasonably certain that "the composition was of ancient date". The carved high relief icon has similarities to a set of 13th-century icons of St. George from the Crimea, Ohrid, and Castoria. An original Greek inscription recently discovered under the coat of wax paints has a parallel in a lead seal from a Trapezunt monastery, also datable to the 13th century. Thus the 13th century seems to be emerging as the most likely date for the icon. Replicas The Blachernitissa never rose to the height of veneration accorded by the Russian Orthodox Church to the Theotokos of Kazan or even to the Theotokos of the Iveron, an Athonite icon whose copy was commissioned by Patriarch Nikon. After Nikon's downfall and Alexis's death, the icon was neglected so much that it was not evacuated from the Kremlin during Napoleon's occupation and was put at risk during the Great Fire of 1812. See also Theotokos of Vladimir The Black Madonna of Czestochowa Our Lady of Kazan References ^ Ilie Gherghel, (1920). (Romanian) Cateva consideratiuni la cuprinsul notiunii cuvantului "Vlach". Bucuresti: Convorbiri Literare, p.4-8 ^ "Icon of The Virgin Blachernitissa", Art UK ^ Nikolay Kapterev. Характер отношений России к православному Востоку в XVI и XVII столетиях. Moscow, 1885. P. 85-87. ^ Выходы государей царей и великих князей Михаила Федоровича, Алексея Михайловича, Федора Алексеевича, всея Руси самодержцев (с 1632 по 1682 год). Moscow, 1844. P. 299-300. ^ Путешествие антиохийского патриарха Макария в Россию в половине XVII века, описанное его сыном, архидьяконом Павлом Алеппским. Moscow, 1898. Vol. 3, part 7, p. 11. ^ Фонкич Б.Я. Греческо-русские культурные связи в XV–XVII веках. Moscow: Nauka, 1979. P. 198. ^ Nikodim Kondakov. Памятники христианского искусства на Афоне. Saint Petersburg, 1902. Pp. 142, 148–151, 156.Kondakov. Иконография Богоматери. Petrograd, 1915. Vol. 2. Pp. 185, 187–189. ^ Nikolai Likhachev. Историческое значение итало-греческой иконописи, изображения Богоматери в произведениях итало-греческих иконописцев и их влияние на композиции некоторых прославленных русских икон. St. Petersburg, 1911. P. 53. ^ Irina Sokolova. Икона “Богоматерь Влахернская” из Успенского собора Московского Кремля. Archived September 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine // Mir Bozhii, 1999. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blacherniotissa. Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia Orthodox synaxarion of the feast The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae vteTown-protecting Marian icons of RussiaNationalveneration Vladimirskaya (Vladimir and Moscow) Znamenie (Novgorod) Smolenskaya (Smolensk) Feodorovskaya (Kostroma) Kurskaya (Kursk) Tolgskaya (Yaroslavl) Tikhvinskaya (Tikhvin and Northwest Russia) Kazanskaya (Kazan and All of Russia) Regionalveneration Abalakskaya (Tobolsk and Siberia) Akhtyrska (Akhtyrka) Belozerskaya (Belozersk) Galichskaya (Galich) Kaluzhskaya (Kaluga) Kashinskaya (Kashin) Ozeryanska (Kharkiv) Petrovskaya (Moscow) Samarska (Dnipro) Starorusskaya (Staraya Russa) Toropetskaya (Toropets) Uralskaya (Urals/Ekaterinburg) List of oldest Russian icons Iverskaya Vlakhernskaya Donskaya Kholmska Derzhavnaya
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It is also the name given to the Church built in honour of the Virgin Mary in the Blachernae section of Constantinople. The name Blachernae possibly derived from the name of a Vlach (sometimes written as Blach or Blasi), who came to Constantinople from the lower Danube.[1]","title":"Blachernitissa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_of_Blachernae_(Istanbul)"},{"link_name":"intercessory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercessory_prayer"},{"link_name":"protectress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Eastern Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"bas relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_relief"},{"link_name":"Sacred Tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Tradition"},{"link_name":"wax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax"},{"link_name":"martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"},{"link_name":"Church of St. Mary of Blachernae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_of_Blachernae_(Istanbul)"},{"link_name":"Blachernae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blachernae"},{"link_name":"palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace"}],"text":"See also: Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul)The Theotokos was considered to be the intercessory protectress par excellence of Constantinople and, indeed, of the entire Eastern Roman Empire (called \"Byzantium\" by some modern Western scholars). Blachernitissa is unusual among Orthodox icons in that it is not flat, but is formed in bas relief. According to Sacred Tradition, the icon Blachernitissa was made of wax combined with the ashes of Christian martyrs who had been killed in the 6th century. The Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (which hosted the icon) was sited close to the Blachernae imperial palace.","title":"Byzantine palladium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fall of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Mount Athos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Athos"},{"link_name":"Orans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orans"},{"link_name":"Hodegetria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodigitria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Blachernae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blachernae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//days.pravoslavie.ru/Life/life4178.htm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mepar.ru/news/2007/10/13/3520/"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//idelo.ru/455/20.html"},{"link_name":"Tsar Alexis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Alexis"},{"link_name":"Paisius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisius_I"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dormition Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Theotokos of Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokos_of_Vladimir"}],"text":"The icon was believed to have been lost after the fire that destroyed the church on February 29, 1434, although in later centuries its disappearance came to be associated with the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Like many holy objects of Byzantine tradition, the Blachernitissa (or a copy thereof) resurfaced on Mount Athos in the mid-17th century.Whether it is the same icon that was kept in Blachernae is a matter of scholarly debate, as the ancient icon is believed to have been of the Orans type, whereas the Athonite icon is of a style called Hodegetria (literally, \"She who leads the way\").[2] It has been suggested that the Athonite icon had its origins in the Blachernae quarter and perhaps even resided in the Church of St. Mary before being transferred to Mount Athos for \"security reasons\". [1] [2]\n[3]It was in 1653 that the icon was sent by the Athonite monks to Moscow as their gift to Tsar Alexis. A Constantinople merchant, Demetrios Costinari, brought it to Moscow on October 16, 1653, with a letter from Patriarch Paisius I that endorsed the icon's authenticity.[3] He was met by the Tsar in person,[4] and Alexis had the icon enshrined in Moscow's main church, the Dormition Cathedral, opposite Russia's protectress, the Theotokos of Vladimir.","title":"Reappearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul of Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Patriarch of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"sumptuous chasuble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riza"},{"link_name":"Smolensk campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Polish_War,_1654-1667"},{"link_name":"Patriarch Nikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon"},{"link_name":"the Pentarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentarchy#17th-century_Eastern_Orthodox_pentarchy"},{"link_name":"Third Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Rome"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"dinars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinar"}],"text":"Paul of Aleppo, who accompanied the Patriarch of Antioch to Moscow in early 1655, was impressed by the reverence in which the icon was held. According to his account, the Blachernitissa appears as \"if she had a bodily form\" and \"it stands out against the background so strongly\", that the viewer is penetrated with awe.[5] It was encased in a sumptuous chasuble glittering with gold and precious stones, so that only the hands and the face of the Theotokos were left visible. Paul proceeds to describe how the Tsar had it placed in front of his own seat in a sledge and took it with him on the Smolensk campaign.The 1650s were a time when the Russian Church, steered by Patriarch Nikon, began to place great store on renewing its ties with the older members of the Pentarchy. This emphasis dovetailed neatly with the prevailing Third Rome doctrine which saw Moscow as the successor to Constantinople.[6] With this in mind, the metochion sent the newly recovered Byzantine relic to Moscow and was \"handsomely remunerated\" with 800 dinars from the Tsar's coffers.","title":"Veneration in Muscovy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon Ushakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Ushakov"},{"link_name":"Nikita Pavlovets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Pavlovets&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nikodim Kondakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikodim_Kondakov"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"high relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto-relievo"},{"link_name":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Castoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastoria"},{"link_name":"Trapezunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezunt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"When placed in the Kremlin, the icon was in disrepair from old age and use, so that Simon Ushakov and Nikita Pavlovets had to be summoned for \"repairs\" in 1674. Nikodim Kondakov was unable to determine the icon's age due to this and later restorations, which involved some amount of overpainting, but felt reasonably certain that \"the composition was of ancient date\".[7]The carved high relief icon has similarities to a set of 13th-century icons of St. George from the Crimea, Ohrid, and Castoria. An original Greek inscription recently discovered under the coat of wax paints has a parallel in a lead seal from a Trapezunt monastery, also datable to the 13th century.[8] Thus the 13th century seems to be emerging as the most likely date for the icon.[9]","title":"Study and restoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theotokos of Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokos_of_Kazan"},{"link_name":"Theotokos of the Iveron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokos_Iverskaya"},{"link_name":"Napoleon's occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon%27s_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Great Fire of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)"}],"text":"The Blachernitissa never rose to the height of veneration accorded by the Russian Orthodox Church to the Theotokos of Kazan or even to the Theotokos of the Iveron, an Athonite icon whose copy was commissioned by Patriarch Nikon. After Nikon's downfall and Alexis's death, the icon was neglected so much that it was not evacuated from the Kremlin during Napoleon's occupation and was put at risk during the Great Fire of 1812.","title":"Replicas"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrolycus
Cameroon rainforest snake
["1 References"]
Species of snake Cameroon rainforest snake Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Lamprophiidae Subfamily: Lamprophiinae Genus: DendrolycusLaurent, 1956 Species: D. elapoides Binomial name Dendrolycus elapoidesGünther, 1874 A little snake basking in the sun A mature snake confined at the Limbe wildlife centre The Cameroon rainforest snake (Dendrolycus elapoides) is a species of snake. It is monotypical of the genus, Dendrolycus. References ^ Catalogue of life.org (retrieved March 2, 2010). GBIF.org Taxon identifiersDendrolycus elapoides Wikidata: Q2381293 Wikispecies: Dendrolycus elapoides CoL: 6CJHV EoL: 815813 GBIF: 2459394 iNaturalist: 26631 IRMNG: 11312893 ITIS: 1081738 IUCN: 124310266 Observation.org: 98903 Open Tree of Life: 4122310 RD: elapoides uBio: 4456683 This colubrid snake article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXV
WXV
["1 Background","2 Format","2.1 Qualification","2.1.1 WXV 1","2.1.2 WXV 2","2.1.3 WXV 3","2.2 Tournament","3 Results","3.1 WXV 1","3.2 WXV 2","3.3 WXV 3","4 References"]
Women's rugby union tournament for national teams WXVCurrent season, competition or edition: 2024 WXVSportRugby unionFounded2021; 3 years ago (2021)First season2023; 1 year ago (2023)No. of teams18 (6 in 3 divisions)CountryWorldwideMost recentchampion(s) England (WXV 1) Scotland (WXV 2) Ireland (WXV 3)Official websitewxvrugby.com WXV is an annual women's rugby union competition between national teams. Launched in 2023, the competition consists of three tiers (WXV 1, WXV 2, and WXV 3), each comprising six teams divided into two pools in a split pool format, where teams only face teams from the other pool. Background With the expansion of the 2025 Rugby World Cup from 12 to 16 teams, the test calendar was restructured, with the WXV serving to revolutionise the women's international landscape. WXV was announced on 16 March 2021 with the inaugural edition intended to begin in September 2022, but due to the coronavirus pandemic, it was pushed back to 2023 to accommodate the postponed 2021 Rugby World Cup. World Rugby will be investing £6.4 million in the tournament, and It is expected to be played within an international window from September to October, except for Rugby World Cup years. Format Qualification Teams can qualify through various regional competitions and both play-off and play-in fixtures for the three competition tiers. Each tier has designated regional slots allocated before the 2023 edition. From 2023 the allocation of the slots in tiers two and three may change based on the region of the champion team and the lowest-ranked team. The allocation of slots in tier one will only change from 2026. There is no guarantee that a team will play in the same tier as they did in the year before. WXV 1 In both the inaugural and the upcoming 2024 WXV 1 the top three teams from that year's Six Nations Championship and Pacific Four Series qualified for WXV 1. From 2026, the bottom-ranked side's regional place will be relegated to WXV 2 and the top WXV 2 side's regional place will be promoted. WXV 2 In 2023, the fourth-placed team from the Six Nations Championship and Pacific Four Series qualified for WXV 2 alongside the champions of the Oceania Rugby Women's Championship, the Asia Rugby Women's Championship, and the Rugby Africa Women's Cup. Additionally, the winner of a playoff between the 5th placed team in the Six Nations and the champions of the Rugby Europe Women's Championship secured a place. Starting in 2023, the champion of WXV 3 will have their regional place elevated to WXV 2, leading to the displacement of the regional place of the sixth-placed team, which will be relegated to WXV 3 for the following tournament (2024). From 2026 onwards, this process will also apply to the regional places of both the WXV 2 champion and the sixth-placed team in WXV 1. WXV 3 In 2023, the sixth-placed team from the Six Nations Championship, the runner-up in the playoff between the 5th placed team in the Six Nations and the champion of the Rugby Europe Women's Championship, the winner of a Play-in tournament between Colombia and Brazil, along with the runners-up from the respective regional tournaments in Asia, Africa, and Oceania, qualified for WXV 3. Beginning in 2023, the champion of WXV 3 will see their regional place promoted to tier two, displacing the regional place of the sixth-placed WXV 2 team for the following tournament (2024). The team that is sixth-placed at the end of the tournament will have to compete in a playoff with the best non-competing side in the World Rugby Rankings to decide who will take the last place in WXV 3 for the following tournament. Tournament In 2023, all tiers used a cross-pool format. Teams are divided into two pools of teams from the same region if possible. Teams will only play the opposition in the other pool. WXV 3 was originally announced as a round-robin tournament consisting of four teams. However, this was later revised to also be a six-team cross-pool competition. Results WXV 1 Ed. Year Host Champion Runner-up 3rd 4th 5th 6th 1 2023  New Zealand  England  Canada  Australia  New Zealand  France  Wales 2 2024  Canada WXV 2 Ed. Year Host Champion Runner-up 3rd 4th 5th 6th 1 2023  South Africa  Scotland  Italy  South Africa  Japan  United States  Samoa 2 2024 WXV 3 Ed. Year Host Champion Runner-up 3rd 4th 5th 6th 1 2023  United Arab Emirates  Ireland  Fiji  Spain  Kenya  Kazakhstan  Colombia 2 2024 References ^ a b "New global women's competition WXV "wows" the rugby world". www.women.rugby. 19 March 2023. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ a b c d e f g "WXV: How does it work?". www.world.rugby. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ "Rugby World Cup 2025 set to break new ground as tournament expands to 16 teams". www.rugbyworldcup.com. 30 November 2020. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ "Women's Rugby World Cup to be expanded to 16 teams from 2025". Sky Sports. 30 November 2020. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ "Women's World Cup to Expand from 12 to 16 Teams for RWC 2025". Americas Rugby News. 27 January 2022. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ a b c d e "World Rugby confirms Pacific Four Series schedule, the new cross-regional women's 15s tournament". www.world.rugby. 29 September 2021. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2022. vteWXVTournamentsWXV 1 2023 2024 WXV 2 2023 2024 WXV 3 2023 2024 Squads 2023 2024 vteInternational rugby union competitions World Rugby Africa Asia Europe North America South America Oceania WorldwideMen World Cup World Cup Sevens Sevens Series U20 World Championship U20 Trophy Women World Cup World Cup Sevens Sevens Series Rugby X WXV Multi-sport events Olympic Games (7s) Asian Games Commonwealth Games (7s) Mediterranean Games Pacific Games (7s) Pan American Games World Games Intercontinental Americas Pacific Challenge Nations Cup Pacific Nations Cup Pacific Rugby Challenge The Rugby Championship Pacific Four Series Arab Rugby Sevens Men's Arab Rugby Sevens Women's ContinentalAfrica Rugby Africa Cup Rugby Africa Women's Cup Africa Men's Sevens Africa Women's Sevens U20 Barthés Trophy Asia Asia Rugby Championship Asian Sevens Series Asia Rugby Women's Championship Asia Rugby Women's Sevens Series U19 Championship Europe Six Nations Europe International Women's Six Nations Europe Women's Europe Sevens Europe Women's Sevens U20 Six Nations U20 Championship U18 Championship U18 Sevens U18 Women's Sevens Oceania Oceania Men's Championship Oceania Women's Championship Oceania Sevens Oceania Women's Sevens U20 Championship North America RAN Championship Americas Rugby Championship Americas Rugby Challenge RAN Women's Championship RAN Sevens RAN Women's Sevens South America South American Championship Americas Rugby Trophy Sudamérica Sevens Sudamérica Women's Sevens U20 Championship Defunct Olympic Games (15s) Pacific Games (15s) World Games (7s) Churchill Cup Crescent Cup Pacific Rim Championship Pan American Serendib International Cup Super Cup Tbilisi Cup U-19 World Championship U-21 World Championship Women's Nations Cup IRB Women's Sevens Challenge Cup South Pacific Championship Super 10 ARFU Asian Rugby Series Women's international rugby World Rugby Rankings World Rugby Awards vteWomen's rugby unionAnchor articles International rugby union List of rugby sevens competitions International rugby results summary International unioncompetitionsGlobal Rugby World Cup WXV Regional Africa Championship Asia Championship North America Championship South America Championship Europe Championship Oceania Championship Six Nations Cross-Regional Pacific Four Series Defunct Canada Cup (1993–2005) Women's Nations Cup (2008–13) Women's Rugby Super Series (2015–19) Domestic unioncompetitions Élite 1 (FRA) Premiership Women's Rugby (ENG) Super Rugby Aupiki (NZL) Super Rugby Women's (AUS) IRFU Women's Interprovincial Series (IRL) Women's Elite Rugby (USA) Women's Premier League (USA) Premier Rugby Sevens (USA) Serie A Elite (ITA) Scottish Womens Premiership (SCO) Celtic Challenge (IRL, SCO, WAL) International 7scompetitionsGlobal Women's SVNS Rugby World Cup Sevens Rugby sevens at the Summer Olympics World Rugby Sevens Challenger Series Regional Africa Women's Sevens Asia Rugby Women's Sevens Series Oceania Women's Sevens RAN Women's Sevens Rugby Europe Women's Sevens Sudamérica Rugby Women's Sevens Commonwealth Games Pan American Games Historical firstsFirst international match 1982 Netherlands v France (women's rugby union match) First international tournament 1988 Women's Rugby European Cup First cross-continental tournament RugbyFest 1990
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World Rugby will be investing £6.4 million in the tournament, and It is expected to be played within an international window from September to October, except for Rugby World Cup years.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"play-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playoffs"},{"link_name":"play-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-in_game"},{"link_name":"2023 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_WXV"}],"sub_title":"Qualification","text":"Teams can qualify through various regional competitions and both play-off and play-in fixtures for the three competition tiers. Each tier has designated regional slots allocated before the 2023 edition. From 2023 the allocation of the slots in tiers two and three may change based on the region of the champion team and the lowest-ranked team. The allocation of slots in tier one will only change from 2026. 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From 2026, the bottom-ranked side's regional place will be relegated to WXV 2 and the top WXV 2 side's regional place will be promoted.[2][6]","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Six Nations Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship"},{"link_name":"Pacific Four Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Four_Series"},{"link_name":"Oceania Rugby Women's Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_Rugby_Women%27s_Championship"},{"link_name":"Asia Rugby Women's Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Rugby_Women%27s_Championship"},{"link_name":"Rugby Africa Women's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Africa_Women%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"Rugby Europe Women's Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"}],"sub_title":"Qualification - WXV 2","text":"In 2023, the fourth-placed team from the Six Nations Championship and Pacific Four Series qualified for WXV 2 alongside the champions of the Oceania Rugby Women's Championship, the Asia Rugby Women's Championship, and the Rugby Africa Women's Cup. Additionally, the winner of a playoff between the 5th placed team in the Six Nations and the champions of the Rugby Europe Women's Championship secured a place.[2][6]Starting in 2023, the champion of WXV 3 will have their regional place elevated to WXV 2, leading to the displacement of the regional place of the sixth-placed team, which will be relegated to WXV 3 for the following tournament (2024). 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The team that is sixth-placed at the end of the tournament will have to compete in a playoff with the best non-competing side in the World Rugby Rankings to decide who will take the last place in WXV 3 for the following tournament.[2]","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"round-robin tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_tournament"}],"sub_title":"Tournament","text":"In 2023, all tiers used a cross-pool format. Teams are divided into two pools of teams from the same region if possible. Teams will only play the opposition in the other pool.[2][6] WXV 3 was originally announced as a round-robin tournament consisting of four teams. However, this was later revised to also be a six-team cross-pool competition.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WXV 1","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WXV 2","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WXV 3","title":"Results"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samy_Kamkar
Samy Kamkar
["1 Work","1.1 Samy worm","1.2 Notable works","1.3 Flaw in PHP","1.4 Evercookie","1.5 Mobile research","1.6 Parrot AR Drone research","1.7 Automotive security research","1.8 Magnetic stripe and credit card emulation device","1.9 Internet traffic hijacking","2 References","3 External links"]
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) American privacy and security researcher, computer hacker, whistleblower and entrepreneur For the surname Kamkar, see Kamkar. Samy KamkarKamkar speaking at the Black Hat conference in 2010Born (1985-12-10) December 10, 1985 (age 38)NationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Privacy and security researcher, computer hacker, whistleblower and entrepreneurKnown forReleasing the Samy worm, Evercookie, SkyJack, and iPhone, Android and Windows Mobile phone tracking researchWebsitesamy.pl Samy Kamkar (born December 10, 1985) is an American privacy and security researcher, computer hacker and entrepreneur. At the age of 16, he dropped out of high school. One year later, he co-founded Fonality, a unified communications company based on open-source software, which raised over $46 million in private funding. In 2005, he created and released the fastest spreading virus of all time, the MySpace worm Samy, and was subsequently raided by the United States Secret Service under the Patriot Act. He also created SkyJack, a custom drone which hacks into any nearby Parrot drones allowing them to be controlled by its operator and created the Evercookie, which appeared in a top-secret NSA document revealed by Edward Snowden and on the front page of The New York Times. He has also worked with The Wall Street Journal, and discovered the illicit mobile phone tracking where the Apple iPhone, Google Android and Microsoft Windows Phone mobile devices transmit GPS and Wi-Fi information to their parent companies. His mobile research led to a series of class-action lawsuits against the companies and a privacy hearing on Capitol Hill. Kamkar has a chapter giving advice in Tim Ferriss' book Tools of Titans. Work Samy worm Main article: Samy (computer worm) In 2005, Kamkar released the Samy worm, the first publicly released self-propagating cross-site scripting worm, onto MySpace. The worm carried a payload that would display the string "but most of all, Samy is my hero" on a victim's profile and cause the victim to unknowingly send a friend request to Kamkar. When a user viewed that profile, they would have the payload planted on their page. Within just 20 hours of its October 4, 2005 release, over one million users had run the payload, making it the fastest spreading virus of all time. The MySpace team temporarily shut down MySpace to fix the problem that allowed the worm to operate. In 2006, Kamkar was raided by the United States Secret Service and Electronic Crimes Task Force, expanded from the Patriot Act, for releasing the worm. After being presented with a plea bargain for no prison time, but paying a fine of US$20,000, serving three years of probation, working 720 hours of community service, Kamkar pled guilty to a felony charge of computer hacking in Los Angeles Superior Court. Also per the aforementioned agreement, Kamkar was allowed to keep a single computer that was not connected to a network, but explicitly prohibited from any internet access during his sentence. Since 2008, Kamkar has been doing independent computer security and privacy research and consulting. Notable works In 2008, after Kamkar's restriction from computers was lifted, he demonstrated weaknesses in Visa, MasterCard and Europay credit cards with near field communication (NFC) and radio-frequency identification (RFID) chips built in and released software demonstrating the ability to steal credit card information, including name, credit card number, and expiration date, wirelessly from these cards. He also released code demonstrating wireless identity theft of physical access control cards, including that of HID Global cards, using RFID with the use of only a credit card sized device, removing the need for any computer to be connected. In 2010, Kamkar traveled to more than a dozen countries speaking about his mobile security research and weaknesses he discovered from his cryptanalysis of the PHP programming language, including speaking at some of the largest annual hacker conventions in the world such as DEF CON, Black Hat Briefings and ToorCon. In late 2010, Kamkar traveled to Bratislava to attend Faraday Hack Day to help expose political and corporate corruption within Slovakia's government. In early 2011, Kamkar joined the Board of Directors of Brave New Software, a non-profit organization originally funded by a multimillion-dollar U.S. State Department grant. The nonprofit is responsible for creating uProxy with the University of Washington and Google Ideas, a browser extension intended to allow users in repressive regimes to access the Internet without being monitored. The nonprofit also created Lantern, a network designed to circumvent Internet censorship and defeat the suppression of digital information and freedom of speech. In addition to releasing the Evercookie as free and open source software, and exposing the surreptitious collection of data by Apple, Google and Microsoft, in 2011, Kamkar also exposed KISSmetrics, an online advertising network, and Hulu as recreating tracking cookies after consumers deleted them by storing the unique tracking identifiers in Flash cookies and HTML5 Local Storage, which were not automatically deleted when consumers cleared their browser cookies. Several companies identified as performing cookie respawning were subsequently sued by class-action lawyers. In January 2013, KISSmetrics settled its cookie respawning related lawsuit for $500,000. Flaw in PHP In early 2010, Kamkar discovered a major flaw in all versions of the PHP programming language, specifically in the pseudorandom number generator, which allowed an attacker to hijack the session ID of a user and take over their session. Kamkar released a patch and once fixed, released exploit code demonstrating the attack which was possible on major banks, social networks, and forums. Evercookie Main article: Evercookie In 2010, Kamkar released Evercookie, a cookie that "apparently cannot be deleted", which subsequently was documented on the front page of The New York Times. In 2013, a top-secret NSA document was leaked by Edward Snowden citing Evercookie as a method of tracking Tor users. Mobile research Main article: Mobile phone tracking In 2011, Kamkar discovered the iPhone, Android and Windows Phone mobile devices were continuously sending GPS coordinates, correlated to Wi-Fi MAC addresses, back to Apple, Google and Microsoft respectively, and released his research through several front page The Wall Street Journal articles. The iPhone would continue to send location data "even when the location services were turned off". The Windows Phone would also continue to send location data "even when the user has not given the app permission to do so". He discovered that some of this data was exposed by Google and he released Androidmap, a tool exposing Google's database of Wi-Fi MAC addresses correlated to the physical coordinates populated by Android phones. Parrot AR Drone research Main article: SkyJack In 2013, Kamkar created SkyJack, a combination of open source software and hardware to run on an unmanned aerial vehicle which was "engineered to autonomously seek out, hack, and wirelessly take over other Parrot drones within wifi distance, creating an army of zombie drones". The entire software and hardware specification was released as open source and detailed on his website. The software was released one day after Amazon.com announced Amazon Prime Air, a possible future delivery service using drones to deliver small packages in as early as 2015. Automotive security research On July 30, 2015, Kamkar introduced OwnStar - a small electronic device that could be concealed on or near a General Motors vehicle to interpose itself between the vehicle's OnStar link and the driver's OnStar RemoteLink app. In this classic man-in-the-middle attack, Kamkar, or any unauthorized user, could substitute his OnStar commands to locate, unlock, or start the vehicle. By August 11, General Motors had released upgrades to the OnStar server software and RemoteLink app to block such attacks. In 2015, it was reported that Kamkar had built an inexpensive electronic device about the size of a wallet that could be concealed on or near a locked vehicle to capture a single keyless entry code to be used at a later time to unlock the vehicle. The device transmits a jamming signal to block the vehicle's reception of rolling code signals from the owner's fob, while recording these signals from both of his two attempts needed to unlock the vehicle. The recorded first code is sent to the vehicle only when the owner makes the second attempt, while the recorded second code is retained for future use. Kamkar stated that this vulnerability had been widely known for years to be present in many vehicle types, but was previously undemonstrated. A demonstration was announced for DEF CON 23. Magnetic stripe and credit card emulation device On November 24, 2015, Samy Kamkar released MagSpoof; a portable device that can spoof/emulate any magnetic stripe or credit card "wirelessly", even on standard magstripe readers by generating a strong electromagnetic field that emulates a traditional magnetic stripe card. In his own words, MagSpoof can be used as a traditional credit card and simply store all of your credit cards (and with modification, can technically disable chip requirements) in various form factors, or can be used for security research in any area that would traditionally require a magstripe, such as readers for credit cards, drivers licenses, hotel room keys, automated parking lot tickets, etc. Internet traffic hijacking On November 16, 2016, Samy Kamkar released PoisonTap; a USB Ethernet emulator that can be used to hijack all Internet traffic on a target machine, even if the computer was password protected and locked. A backdoored device can be remotely forced to make a request with its user's cookies on HTTP (unsecured) websites that have no security flags, meaning that the attacker can remotely impersonate a local user. On May 2, 2022, a suspected North Korean spy recruited a 38-year-old South Korean crypto exchange executive and a 29-year-old military officer to use PoisonTap in order to hack into the Korean Joint Command and Control System (KJCCS). References ^ "Twitter / samykamkar". Twitter. ^ "Samy Kamkar got 3-year computer ban now he's a hacker hero". Fusion (TV channel). September 28, 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-28. ^ "Open Source - Fonality". Intel. ^ a b Jeremiah Grossman (April 2006). "Cross-Side Scripting Worms and Viruses: The Impending Thread and the Best Defense" (PDF). Whitehat Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-04. ^ a b " OWASP LA". Retrieved 25 December 2015. ^ a b Goodin, Dan (2013-12-08). "Flying hacker contraption hunts other drones, turns them into zombies". Ars Technica. ^ a b "'Tor Stinks' presentation". The Guardian. ^ a b "New Web Code Draws Concern Over Privacy Risks". The New York Times. October 10, 2010. Retrieved 2011-05-19. ^ "Google and Apple on Capitol Hill for high-tech privacy hearing". CNN. ^ "Cross-Site Scripting Worm Hits MySpace". Betanews. October 13, 2005. ^ "MySpace Worm Explanation". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2015. ^ "Cross-Site Scripting Worm Floods MySpace". Slashdot. 14 October 2005. ^ "MySpace speaks about Samy Kamkar's sentencing". TechSpot. Retrieved 2017-07-15. ^ "Greatest Moments In Hacking History: Samy Kamkar Takes Down Myspace". Vice-videos. Retrieved 2017-07-15. ^ "Background Data". The Wall Street Journal. April 22, 2011. ^ "chap.py". ^ "RFIDiot Documentation". ^ "SpiderLabs - Getting in with the Proxmark3". ^ "Proxmark3 Code". ^ "Samy Kamkar Talks". Retrieved 2013-04-28. ^ "DEF CON 18 Speakers". Archived from the original on 2010-10-20. Retrieved 2013-04-28. ^ "Black Hat USA 2010 Speakers". Retrieved 2013-04-28. ^ "Faraday Hack Day". Retrieved 2013-04-28. ^ "Brave New Software". ^ "Brave New Software". Archived from the original on 2013-10-31. Retrieved 2013-10-30. ^ "Lantern". ^ a b "Apple, Google Collect User Data". The Wall Street Journal. April 22, 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-19. ^ "Respawn Redux by Ashkan Soltani". 11 August 2011. ^ "Samy Kamkar KISSmetrics Research" (PDF). ^ Davis, Wendy (2013-01-23). "KISSmetrics Finalizes Supercookies Settlement". MediaPost New. Retrieved 2013-01-18. ^ "PHP blunders with random numbers". ^ "PHP 5.3.2 Release Announcement". ^ Baldoni, Roberto; Chockler, Gregory (2012). Collaborative Financial Infrastructure Protection. ^ "Attack on PHP sessions and random numbers". ^ "Advisory: Weak RNG in PHP session ID generation leads to session hijacking". ^ "'Evercookie' is one cookie you don't want to bite". MSNBC. September 22, 2010. Archived from the original on September 24, 2010. Retrieved 2011-05-19. ^ "Q&A: Evercookie Creator Samy Kamkar". 31 August 2022. ^ a b "Jobs Tries to Calm iPhone Imbroglio". The Wall Street Journal. April 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-19. ^ "Microsoft collects phone location data without permission". CNET Networks. September 2, 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-19. ^ "Google's Wi-Fi Database May Know Your Router's Physical Location". Huffington Post. April 25, 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-19. ^ a b "Samy Kamkar - SkyJack". ^ "SkyJack source code". GitHub. 2013-12-08. Retrieved 2013-12-08. ^ Strange, Adario. "Amazon Unveils Flying Delivery Drones on '60 Minutes'". Mashable. Retrieved 2013-12-01. ^ Woodcock, Glen (2015-08-11). "OnStar Plugs Hacker Attacks". Autonet. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ Thompson, Cadie (2015-08-06). "A hacker made a $30 gadget that can unlock many cars that have keyless entry". Tech Insider. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ Kamkar, Samy (2015-08-07). "Drive It Like You Hacked It: New Attacks and Tools to Wirelessly Steal Cars". DEF CON 23. Retrieved 2015-08-11. ^ "samyk/magspoof". GitHub. Retrieved 25 December 2015. ^ "samyk/poisontap". GitHub. Retrieved 16 November 2016. ^ "Two South Koreans arrested for helping Pyongyang steal 'military secrets' | NK News". www.nknews.org. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022. External links Official website
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At the age of 16, he dropped out of high school.[2] One year later, he co-founded Fonality, a unified communications company based on open-source software, which raised over $46 million in private funding.[3] In 2005, he created and released the fastest spreading virus of all time,[4] the MySpace worm Samy, and was subsequently raided by the United States Secret Service under the Patriot Act.[5] He also created SkyJack, a custom drone which hacks into any nearby Parrot drones allowing them to be controlled by its operator [6] and created the Evercookie, which appeared in a top-secret NSA document[7] revealed by Edward Snowden and on the front page of The New York Times.[8] He has also worked with The Wall Street Journal, and discovered the illicit mobile phone tracking where the Apple iPhone, Google Android and Microsoft Windows Phone mobile devices transmit GPS and Wi-Fi information to their parent companies. His mobile research led to a series of class-action lawsuits against the companies and a privacy hearing on Capitol Hill.[9] Kamkar has a chapter giving advice in Tim Ferriss' book Tools of Titans.","title":"Samy Kamkar"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Samy worm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samy_(XSS)"},{"link_name":"MySpace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"payload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payload_(software)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus#Cross-site_scripting_virus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-net-security.org-4"},{"link_name":"United States Secret Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service"},{"link_name":"Patriot Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lists.owasp.org-5"},{"link_name":"plea bargain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plea_bargain"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Samy worm","text":"In 2005, Kamkar released the Samy worm, the first publicly released self-propagating cross-site scripting worm, onto MySpace.[10] The worm carried a payload that would display the string \"but most of all, Samy is my hero\" on a victim's profile and cause the victim to unknowingly send a friend request to Kamkar. When a user viewed that profile, they would have the payload planted on their page. Within just 20 hours[11] of its October 4, 2005 release, over one million users had run the payload,[12] making it the fastest spreading virus of all time.[4] The MySpace team temporarily shut down MySpace to fix the problem that allowed the worm to operate.In 2006, Kamkar was raided by the United States Secret Service and Electronic Crimes Task Force, expanded from the Patriot Act, for releasing the worm.[5] After being presented with a plea bargain for no prison time, but paying a fine of US$20,000, serving three years of probation, working 720 hours of community service, Kamkar pled guilty to a felony charge of computer hacking in Los Angeles Superior Court.[13] Also per the aforementioned agreement, Kamkar was allowed to keep a single computer that was not connected to a network, but explicitly prohibited from any internet access during his sentence.[14] Since 2008, Kamkar has been doing independent computer security and privacy research and consulting.[15]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Visa, MasterCard and Europay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMV"},{"link_name":"near field communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_field_communication"},{"link_name":"radio-frequency identification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"wireless identity theft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_identity_theft"},{"link_name":"physical access control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_access_control"},{"link_name":"HID Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HID_Global"},{"link_name":"RFID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"cryptanalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis"},{"link_name":"PHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP"},{"link_name":"DEF CON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEF_CON"},{"link_name":"Black Hat Briefings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hat_Briefings"},{"link_name":"ToorCon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ToorCon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava"},{"link_name":"Faraday Hack Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faraday_Hack_Day&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Brave New Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave_New_Software&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"U.S. State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"uProxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UProxy"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Google Ideas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Ideas"},{"link_name":"Lantern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantern_(software)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Evercookie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evercookie"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apple,_Google_Collect_User_Data-27"},{"link_name":"HTML5 Local Storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_storage"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Notable works","text":"In 2008, after Kamkar's restriction from computers was lifted, he demonstrated weaknesses in Visa, MasterCard and Europay credit cards with near field communication (NFC) and radio-frequency identification (RFID) chips built in and released software demonstrating the ability to steal credit card information, including name, credit card number, and expiration date, wirelessly from these cards.[16][17] He also released code demonstrating wireless identity theft of physical access control cards, including that of HID Global cards, using RFID with the use of only a credit card sized device, removing the need for any computer to be connected.[18][19]In 2010, Kamkar traveled to more than a dozen countries speaking about his mobile security research and weaknesses he discovered from his cryptanalysis of the PHP programming language, including speaking at some of the largest annual hacker conventions in the world such as DEF CON, Black Hat Briefings and ToorCon.[20][21][22]In late 2010, Kamkar traveled to Bratislava to attend Faraday Hack Day to help expose political and corporate corruption within Slovakia's government.[23][failed verification]In early 2011, Kamkar joined the Board of Directors of Brave New Software,[24] a non-profit organization originally funded by a multimillion-dollar U.S. State Department grant.[25] The nonprofit is responsible for creating uProxy with the University of Washington and Google Ideas, a browser extension intended to allow users in repressive regimes to access the Internet without being monitored. The nonprofit also created Lantern, a network designed to circumvent Internet censorship and defeat the suppression of digital information and freedom of speech.[26]In addition to releasing the Evercookie as free and open source software, and exposing the surreptitious collection of data by Apple, Google and Microsoft,[27] in 2011, Kamkar also exposed KISSmetrics, an online advertising network, and Hulu as recreating tracking cookies after consumers deleted them by storing the unique tracking identifiers in Flash cookies and HTML5 Local Storage, which were not automatically deleted when consumers cleared their browser cookies.[28][29]\nSeveral companies identified as performing cookie respawning were subsequently sued by class-action lawyers. In January 2013, KISSmetrics settled its cookie respawning related lawsuit for $500,000.[30]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP"},{"link_name":"pseudorandom number generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator"},{"link_name":"session ID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_ID"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Flaw in PHP","text":"In early 2010, Kamkar discovered a major flaw in all versions of the PHP programming language, specifically in the pseudorandom number generator, which allowed an attacker to hijack the session ID of a user and take over their session.[31] Kamkar released a patch[32] and once fixed, released exploit code demonstrating the attack which was possible on major banks, social networks, and forums.[33][34][35]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evercookie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evercookie"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-8"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"NSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-'Tor_Stinks'_presentation-7"},{"link_name":"Edward Snowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden"},{"link_name":"Tor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)"}],"sub_title":"Evercookie","text":"In 2010, Kamkar released Evercookie, a cookie that \"apparently cannot be deleted\", which subsequently was documented on the front page of The New York Times.[8][36][37] In 2013, a top-secret NSA document was leaked[7] by Edward Snowden citing Evercookie as a method of tracking Tor users.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apple,_Google_Collect_User_Data-27"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Wall_Street_Journal-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Wall_Street_Journal-38"},{"link_name":"Androidmap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//samy.pl/androidmap/"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Mobile research","text":"In 2011, Kamkar discovered the iPhone, Android and Windows Phone mobile devices were continuously sending GPS coordinates, correlated to Wi-Fi MAC addresses, back to Apple, Google and Microsoft respectively, and released his research through several front page The Wall Street Journal articles.[27][38][39] The iPhone would continue to send location data \"even when the location services were turned off\".[38] The Windows Phone would also continue to send location data \"even when the user has not given the app permission to do so\". He discovered that some of this data was exposed by Google and he released Androidmap, a tool exposing Google's database of Wi-Fi MAC addresses correlated to the physical coordinates populated by Android phones.[40]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SkyJack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyJack"},{"link_name":"unmanned aerial vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Parrot drones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot_AR.Drone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodin-6"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-samy-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-samy-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"Amazon Prime Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com#Amazon_Prime_Air"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mash-43"}],"sub_title":"Parrot AR Drone research","text":"In 2013, Kamkar created SkyJack, a combination of open source software and hardware to run on an unmanned aerial vehicle which was \"engineered to autonomously seek out, hack, and wirelessly take over other Parrot drones within wifi distance, creating an army of zombie drones\".[6][41] The entire software and hardware specification was released as open source and detailed on his website.[41][42] The software was released one day after Amazon.com announced Amazon Prime Air, a possible future delivery service using drones to deliver small packages in as early as 2015.[43]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"OnStar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OnStar"},{"link_name":"app","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app"},{"link_name":"man-in-the-middle attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AutoNet-44"},{"link_name":"keyless entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyless_entry"},{"link_name":"rolling code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_code"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RollinCode-45"},{"link_name":"DEF CON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEF_CON"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DC23-46"}],"sub_title":"Automotive security research","text":"On July 30, 2015, Kamkar introduced OwnStar - a small electronic device that could be concealed on or near a General Motors vehicle to interpose itself between the vehicle's OnStar link and the driver's OnStar RemoteLink app. In this classic man-in-the-middle attack, Kamkar, or any unauthorized user, could substitute his OnStar commands to locate, unlock, or start the vehicle. By August 11, General Motors had released upgrades to the OnStar server software and RemoteLink app to block such attacks.[44]In 2015, it was reported that Kamkar had built an inexpensive electronic device about the size of a wallet that could be concealed on or near a locked vehicle to capture a single keyless entry code to be used at a later time to unlock the vehicle. The device transmits a jamming signal to block the vehicle's reception of rolling code signals from the owner's fob, while recording these signals from both of his two attempts needed to unlock the vehicle. The recorded first code is sent to the vehicle only when the owner makes the second attempt, while the recorded second code is retained for future use. Kamkar stated that this vulnerability had been widely known for years to be present in many vehicle types, but was previously undemonstrated.[45] A demonstration was announced for DEF CON 23.[46]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Magnetic stripe and credit card emulation device","text":"On November 24, 2015, Samy Kamkar released MagSpoof;[47] a portable device that can spoof/emulate any magnetic stripe or credit card \"wirelessly\", even on standard magstripe readers by generating a strong electromagnetic field that emulates a traditional magnetic stripe card.In his own words, MagSpoof can be used as a traditional credit card and simply store all of your credit cards (and with modification, can technically disable chip requirements) in various form factors, or can be used for security research in any area that would traditionally require a magstripe, such as readers for credit cards, drivers licenses, hotel room keys, automated parking lot tickets, etc.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Internet traffic hijacking","text":"On November 16, 2016, Samy Kamkar released PoisonTap;[48] a USB Ethernet emulator that can be used to hijack all Internet traffic on a target machine, even if the computer was password protected and locked.A backdoored device can be remotely forced to make a request with its user's cookies on HTTP (unsecured) websites that have no security flags, meaning that the attacker can remotely impersonate a local user.On May 2, 2022, a suspected North Korean spy recruited a 38-year-old South Korean crypto exchange executive and a 29-year-old military officer to use PoisonTap in order to hack into the Korean Joint Command and Control System (KJCCS).[49]","title":"Work"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 2015-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.techinsider.io/samy-kamkar-keyless-entry-car-hack-2015-8","url_text":"\"A hacker made a $30 gadget that can unlock many cars that have keyless entry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_Insider","url_text":"Tech Insider"}]},{"reference":"Kamkar, Samy (2015-08-07). \"Drive It Like You Hacked It: New Attacks and Tools to Wirelessly Steal Cars\". DEF CON 23. Retrieved 2015-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defcon.org/html/defcon-23/dc-23-speakers.html#Kamkar","url_text":"\"Drive It Like You Hacked It: New Attacks and Tools to Wirelessly Steal Cars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEF_CON","url_text":"DEF CON"}]},{"reference":"\"samyk/magspoof\". GitHub. Retrieved 25 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/samyk/magspoof","url_text":"\"samyk/magspoof\""}]},{"reference":"\"samyk/poisontap\". GitHub. Retrieved 16 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/samyk/poisontap","url_text":"\"samyk/poisontap\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two South Koreans arrested for helping Pyongyang steal 'military secrets' | NK News\". www.nknews.org. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220503043111/https://www.nknews.org/2022/05/two-south-koreans-arrested-for-helping-pyongyang-steal-military-secrets/","url_text":"\"Two South Koreans arrested for helping Pyongyang steal 'military secrets' | NK News\""},{"url":"https://www.nknews.org/2022/05/two-south-koreans-arrested-for-helping-pyongyang-steal-military-secrets/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_MacKenzie
Knots Landing
["1 Backstory","2 Series synopsis","2.1 Season 1 (1979–80)","2.2 Season 2 (1980–81)","2.3 Season 3 (1981–82)","2.4 Season 4 (1982–83)","2.5 Season 5 (1983–84)","2.6 Season 6 (1984–85)","2.7 Season 7 (1985–86)","2.8 Season 8 (1986–87)","2.9 Season 9 (1987–88)","2.10 Season 10 (1988–89)","2.11 Season 11 (1989–90)","2.12 Season 12 (1990–91)","2.13 Season 13 (1991–92)","2.14 Season 14 (1992–93)","3 Cast and characters","3.1 Main cast","3.2 Supporting cast","4 Knots Landing/Dallas crossovers","4.1 Episodes","4.2 The death of Bobby Ewing","4.3 Dallas (2012 TV series)","5 Behind the scenes","6 Music","7 Opening credits","8 Nielsen ratings","9 Reruns","9.1 International reruns","10 Home media","11 International broadcasts","12 Legacy","13 See also","14 References","15 Notes","16 External links"]
American television series Knots LandingLogo used between the ninth and tenth seasonsGenreSoap operaCreated byDavid JacobsStarringJames HoughtonKim LankfordMichele LeeConstance McCashinDon MurrayJohn PleshetteTed ShackelfordJoan Van ArkDonna MillsJulie HarrisKevin DobsonClaudia LonowDouglas SheehanWilliam DevaneLisa HartmanAlec BaldwinTeri AustinNicollette SheridanHunt BlockPatrick PetersenTonya CroweMichelle PhillipsLarry RileyStacy GalinaKathleen NooneTheme music composerJerrold ImmelCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons14No. of episodes344 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producersMichael FilermanDavid JacobsRunning time60 minutesProduction companies Roundelay Productions(1979–1982)(seasons 1–3) Roundelay-MF Productions (1982–1993)(seasons 4–14) Lorimar Productions (1979–1986)(seasons 1–7) Lorimar-Telepictures(1986–1988)(seasons 8–9) Lorimar Television(1988–1993)(seasons 10–14) Original releaseNetworkCBSReleaseDecember 27, 1979 (1979-12-27) –May 13, 1993 (1993-05-13)Related Knots Landing: Back to the Cul-de-Sac (1997) Dallas (1978) Dallas (2012) Knots Landing is an American primetime television soap opera that aired on CBS from December 27, 1979, to May 13, 1993. A spin-off of Dallas, it was set in a fictitious coastal suburb of Los Angeles and initially centered on the lives of four married couples living on a cul-de-sac, Seaview Circle. Throughout its 14-year run, storylines included marital strife, rape, murder, kidnapping, assassinations, drug smuggling, politics, environmental issues, corporate intrigue, and criminal investigations. By the time of its conclusion, it had become the third-longest-running primetime drama on U.S. television after Gunsmoke and Bonanza and the last scripted primetime drama show that debuted in the 1970s to leave the air. Knots Landing was created by David Jacobs (one-time writer of Family and later producer of Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman) in conjunction with producer Michael Filerman (who would also later co-produce Falcon Crest). Although a spin-off of Dallas, the concept predates that series, and was rebuffed by CBS in 1977, as the network wanted something more "saga-like". Jacobs then created Dallas, which the network accepted and premiered in 1978. After Dallas became a hit, Jacobs was then able to adapt Knots Landing as a spin-off series by way of incorporating the characters of Gary and Valene Ewing who were first introduced in Dallas. The series was largely inspired by a 1957 movie No Down Payment and also by the 1973 Ingmar Bergman television miniseries Scenes from a Marriage. Though initially not as popular in the ratings as Dallas, Knots Landing ultimately outlasted it and garnered much critical acclaim. There were 344 episodes spanning 14 seasons of Knots Landing from 1979 to 1993. In 1997, much of the cast reunited for a two-part miniseries titled Knots Landing: Back to the Cul-de-Sac. In 2005, they reunited again for the non-fiction special Knots Landing Reunion: Together Again in which the cast reminisced about their time on the show. Dallas itself was revived in 2012, with Gary and Valene Ewing appearing in its second season. During nearly the entire run of the original series, Knots Landing occupied the same timeslot: Thursday nights at 10:00 p.m. For a while, it was moved to the 9:00 p.m. timeslot when Falcon Crest was moved to Thursday nights for its final season. When Falcon Crest ended its run, Knots Landing was moved back to its 10:00 p.m. timeslot and stayed there until it ended its run. Backstory Gary Ewing (Ted Shackelford) was the middle son and black sheep of the Ewing family from Dallas. His father Jock (Jim Davis) and elder brother J. R. (Larry Hagman) had never treated him as an equal, and viewed him as a weak link. At 17, Gary ran away from home and met 15-year-old waitress Valene Clements (Joan Van Ark) and quickly married her, producing a daughter, Lucy (Charlene Tilton). The family arrived to Southfork Ranch, the Ewing homestead, and found that Gary had risen in his family's estimations: Jock liked Valene and was proud to be a grandfather, and Gary's mother Miss Ellie (Barbara Bel Geddes) was thrilled to have him home. At his parents' insistence, J. R. started including him in dealings at Ewing Oil, but J. R. landed him with failing business deals and made it appear that Gary was at fault. These pressures forced Gary into alcoholism and, unable to cope with disappointing his family, he fled Southfork, leaving Valene and Lucy behind. Without Gary in his way, J. R. persecuted Valene until she left the ranch, and Texas, with infant Lucy. She headed to Tennessee to find her mother, Lilimae Clements (Julie Harris), but Lilimae turned her away. Shortly afterward J. R. found her, taking Lucy back to Southfork to be raised by "true Ewings" and threatening Valene with a warning against returning to Texas. Years later, youngest Ewing brother Bobby (Patrick Duffy) and his wife Pamela (Victoria Principal) found Gary working as a waiter in Las Vegas, and they convinced him to return home and visit Miss Ellie. At the same time, Lucy discovered that Valene had returned to Dallas and was working as a waitress in a diner, and began meeting with her in secret to avoid J. R.'s wrath. Lucy then engineered a meeting between her parents, which led to them reconciling and moving into Southfork together. J. R., upset and jealous that his parents were now lauding Gary's new start, saddled him with a failing company, the pressures of which led to him choosing to leave Southfork before he relapsed into drinking again. J. R. then forced Valene off the ranch again without letting her say goodbye to Lucy; instead, J. R. made out that Valene had abandoned her again, and taken a $5000 payoff from him. During these episodes on Dallas the part of Gary Ewing was originally portrayed by David Ackroyd. A year later, Valene appeared at Lucy's college hoping for a reconciliation. Still thinking Valene had run out on her, Lucy rebuffed her. However, with help from Bobby, Lucy and Valene reconciled again and they maintained their relationship. Shortly afterwards, Valene revealed to Miss Ellie that she and Gary were still writing to each other, and planned to get married again. Gary returned to Dallas and mended his relationship with Jock, before marrying Valene for a second time. After they announced that they were planning to move to California, Miss Ellie bought them a new-build house as a wedding present. Knots Landing is officially spun off from Dallas in the third-season episode "Return Engagements". Series synopsis Further information: List of Knots Landing episodes Season 1 (1979–80) Knots Landing title card (seasons 1 and 2) In the first episode, newly remarried Gary and Val move to Knots Landing, California in a cul-de-sac known as Seaview Circle. They meet their neighbors, Sid Fairgate (Don Murray), the owner of Knots Landing Motors, a used car dealership, and his wife Karen (Michele Lee), the parents of three children: Diana (Claudia Lonow), Eric (Steve Shaw), and Michael (Patrick Petersen). Also living on the cul-de-sac is corporate lawyer Richard Avery (John Pleshette) and his real estate agent wife Laura (Constance McCashin), who have a young son, Jason. Other neighbors include the young couple Kenny Ward (James Houghton), a record producer, and his wife Ginger (Kim Lankford), a kindergarten teacher. Early in the series, Gary becomes a salesman at Knots Landing Motors, and deals with visits from his wealthy brothers from Dallas, Bobby (guest star Patrick Duffy) and J. R. Ewing (guest star Larry Hagman). Gary and Valene get a visit from their teenage daughter Lucy (Charlene Tilton), although she decides to return to Dallas, and from Valene's estranged mother, Lilimae (Julie Harris). Sid and Karen deal with problems surrounding Sid's oldest daughter, Annie (Karen Allen), Richard and Laura deal with the circumstances surrounding Laura's rape, and Kenny and Ginger's marriage hits the rocks when Kenny starts an affair with a young singer named Sylvie (Louise Vallance). In the season finale, Gary relapses into alcoholism, endangering his marriage. Season 2 (1980–81) At the beginning of the second season, Sid's manipulative younger sister, Abby Cunningham (Donna Mills), a recent divorcée and the mother of two children, Olivia (Tonya Crowe) and Brian (Bobby Jacoby, later Brian Austin Green), move to Knots Landing. Abby starts working for her brother at Knots Landing Motors and immediately takes an interest in Richard, beginning a rather open affair with him, and she makes sure that Valene discovers Gary having an affair with Judy Trent (guest star Jane Elliot), the wife of a man he befriended while in Alcoholics Anonymous. In the meantime, Laura starts an affair with her boss, Scooter Warren (Allan Miller), and Abby soon dumps Richard when her ex-husband, Jeff (Barry Jenner), threatens to take her children from her. While separated from Kenny, Ginger starts a romance with the father of one of her students, although she and Kenny eventually reconcile. Near the end of the season, Jeff succeeds in taking Olivia and Brian from Abby, leaving her frantic. When Sid discovered some car parts that Gary and Abby had purchased were actually stolen, his brakes were tampered with to keep him from testifying in court. As a result, in the season finale, Sid's car plunges off a cliff. Season 3 (1981–82) At the start of the third season, Sid undergoes surgery but dies of his injuries. Karen becomes the head of Knots Landing Motors, subsequently firing Abby, although she was soon rehired. Meanwhile, Abby and Gary start an affair, and Ginger gives birth to a daughter, Erin Molly, and makes Karen her godmother. Karen's brother, Joe Cooper (Stephen Macht), takes a job at USC as a bookkeeper and briefly stays with the Fairgate family before leaving town. Valene's mother, Lilimae Clements, moves in with Gary and Valene, enabling Valene and Lilimae to gradually fix their estranged relationship. Laura plans to leave Richard and marry her real-estate sales boss, Scooter, but when Laura learns she is pregnant, she decides to reconcile with Richard and end her affair with Scooter. However, Richard loses his job and suffers a nervous breakdown, holds Laura hostage in their home at gunpoint. Laura subsequently sends Richard to a mental institution. After Karen passes up the opportunity to fund a methanol-powered vehicle project, Gary and Abby devote the majority of their time to making the deal without Karen's help. In the season finale, Valene discovers Gary and Abby's affair and leaves him. Season 4 (1982–83) In season four, Valene returns to the cul-de-sac and throws Gary out of the house, leaving him free to move in with Abby. He then inherits millions of dollars from his recently deceased father, Jock Ewing (Jim Davis). Investing money in several ways, Gary takes an interest in a beautiful younger singer named Ciji Dunne (Lisa Hartman). Valene releases her book, titled Capricorn Crude, a thinly veiled exposé of the Ewings of Dallas. With the charges dropped against Sid Fairgate's killers, Karen seeks the help of federal prosecutor Mack MacKenzie (Kevin Dobson), whom she starts dating and eventually marries mid-season. Valene's publicist, Chip Roberts (Michael Sabatino), moves in with Valene and Lilimae, and trouble starts when he dates Diana and Ciji at the same time, later getting Ciji pregnant. Ciji insists on keeping the baby, much to Chip's annoyance and anger. Ciji also became close to Laura which angered Richard, and was also romantically linked to Gary. Ciji's dead body was later discovered on the beach, and there are many suspects, most prominently Gary, Valene, Chip, Richard and Abby. Richard realises his marriage is over and leaves Knots Landing, and Kenny and Ginger move to Nashville where she starts her music career. Karen learns that Chip's real name is Tony Fenice and that he's a fugitive wanted for assault and battery on a woman in Seattle, but is too late to stop Diana leaving town with him. The season ends with Gary sitting in jail, awaiting trial for Ciji's murder. Season 5 (1983–84) Gary is cleared of Ciji's murder, and the police hunt for Chip who is now their prime suspect. He is eventually arrested but not before he and Diana are married, which strains her relationship with Karen who becomes so stressed that she becomes addicted to prescription painkillers. Meanwhile, Sid and Abby's uncle dies, leaving Abby and (by default) Karen a land inheritance at Lotus Point, California. Without Karen's knowledge, Abby schemes to build a resort on the land while cutting Karen out of her plans. Abby then forms a company called Apolune, a secret subsidiary of Gary's corporation, and she convinces Gary to marry her so she can share the inheritance he got from his father. Valene begins a relationship with journalist Ben Gibson (Douglas Sheehan), but after a one-night stand with Gary, she learns she is pregnant with twins. Valene decides not to tell Gary that he is the father, as he is now married to Abby, and as she had fallen in love with Ben. However, Ben could not accept that Valene was pregnant with another man's children and he and Valene break up. Abby hires a Ciji look-alike, Cathy Geary (also played by Lisa Hartman), to keep Gary distracted so he would not learn about her crooked business dealings. Politician Greg Sumner (William Devane), an old college friend of Mack's who was running for U.S. Senator, receives the endorsements of Mack and Karen, as well as Abby, who wanted to buy herself a senator. Greg hires Mack to lead his Senate Crime Commission investigating the sinister Wolfbridge Group. Abby convinces Greg to get her an illegal land variance to build on Lotus Point but, after pressure from Wolfbridge, Greg pins it on Mack in order to discredit his investigation, thus ending their friendship. While a fugitive from the police, Chip falls on a pitchfork and dies after seeing Cathy, thinking she was Ciji back from the dead. After Karen's recovery from her drug addiction, she and Diana reconcile. Wolfbridge forces Abby into making them her partners in the Lotus Point development. Mack investigates the land ownership at Lotus Point and Laura confesses that Apolune is Abby's company. Gary decides to divorce Abby as he cannot trust her. When Mack fakes Gary's death to snare Wolfbridge, Karen leaves him, believing his obsession with Wolfbridge has cost them their marriage. In the season finale, Mack tries to trick Wolfbridge leader Mark St. Clare into trying to kill Gary again, but St. Claire's assassin accidentally shoots Karen instead. Abby is kidnapped by the Wolfbridge Group when they realized they've failed. Season 6 (1984–85) Greg kills Mark St. Clare, who was holding Abby hostage on a boat. After being shot, Karen refuses to have risky surgery, afraid that she would be paralysed or die like Sid did, but without it she only has months to live. Meanwhile, Gary and Abby reconcile and, along with Karen, they agree to become partners in Lotus Point. Lilimae's secret son and Valene's half-brother, Joshua Rush (Alec Baldwin), whom Lilimae abandoned as an infant, arrives in Knots Landing and moves in with Lilimae and Valene. He soon starts a romance with Cathy, who has moved into the cul-de-sac with Laura and her children. Abby starts running a television station, World Pacific Cable, that Ben becomes a journalist for after Gary purchased it. Joshua also works at the station and later becomes a popular televangelist. Abby is stunned to learn that Gary is the father of Valene's unborn twins, and Abby tells Scott Easton (Jack Bannon), an influential lobbyist with shady connections, about her problem. As a favor to Abby, Scott arranges to have Valene's babies kidnapped at birth, though without Abby's approval. Valene is told the babies were stillborn, although she insists she saw them alive. Her mental health deteriorates and she leaves Knots Landing and goes to Tennessee. She assumes the identity of Verna Ellers (a character from one of her books) and works as a waitress. Karen and Mack reconcile, and Karen eventually gets the operation she needs in order to make a full recovery. Gary befriends the aging millionaire Paul Galveston (Howard Duff), and Galveston offers Gary the opportunity to develop Empire Valley, a large piece of real estate. Galveston soon dies, and he leaves his millions to Greg, who is proven to have been his son. Assuming he had been left Empire Valley, Greg resigns from the Senate, but is shocked to learn that the land had been left to Gary. Greg's devious mother, Ruth (guest star Ava Gardner), comes to visit her son after Galveston's death. Ruth becomes close to Abby (since they have similar interests), but loathes Laura, who, by this time has started a relationship with Greg. Around this same time, Joshua and Cathy grow closer, and the two soon marry. Valene (still believing she is "Verna") becomes engaged to a man in Tennessee, but Gary finally finds her and brings her back to Knots Landing, where she rekindles her romance with Ben, but still believes her babies to be alive. Karen and Ben discover that Valene's doctor had paid off a nurse to assist in the kidnapping of Valene's children. Mack tracks down Valene's babies, who had been adopted illegally. Abby confides in Greg that she inadvertently caused the kidnapping of Valene's babies, but she now wants to get them back. In the season finale, Abby goes to Valene and tells her that she knows where her babies are, and the two go to the home of Sheila and Harry Fisher (Robin Ginsburg and Joe Regalbuto). Sheila disbelieves their claims that the babies were adopted illegally and shouts to warn Harry who takes off with one of the twins in his car. Season 7 (1985–86) After a frantic battle to expose the illegal black market adoption, Valene's children are returned to her, whom she names Betsy and Bobby. Valene and Ben agree to raise the children as theirs, and the two soon marry. Abby successfully covers her tracks in the matter by simply telling Gary that she had received a phone call for a "Mrs. Ewing" telling her where the babies could be found. Gary receives news of his brother Bobby's death and returns to Dallas for the funeral (Bobby Ewing's death was later explained as being a "dream" on Dallas at the start of its tenth season in 1986, though this was never acknowledged on Knots Landing as Bobby was never mentioned again). Empire Valley went awry when Gary learns that Galveston Industries and its partners were secretly building an underground espionage operation there. Gary subsequently blows Empire Valley up. Peter Hollister (Hunt Block) goes to work for Greg, and with the help of Sylvia Lean (guest star Ruth Roman) acting as his mother, Peter convinces Greg that he is also Paul Galveston's son, therefore making he and Greg half brothers. Jill Bennett (Teri Austin), Peter's sister, becomes Mack's new colleague, although Jill and Peter keep their relationship a secret as an effort to get revenge on the Galveston family for having wronged their family years before. Abby soon discovers that Sylvia is not Peter's mother and that Peter is not Galveston's son, therefore blackmailing Peter into paying her to keep their secret safe. In the meantime, Joshua becomes increasingly controlling and abusive towards Cathy, and in a moment of rage he tries to kill her but falls of the roof of a building and dies. Cathy soon starts an affair with Ben, who becomes her manager for her budding singing career but she later leaves town. Abby discovers that her daughter Olivia has developed a drug problem. A young woman named Paige Matheson (Nicollette Sheridan), comes to Knots Landing and explains to Mack that she is his illegitimate daughter. In the finale, Karen disappears and is being held hostage by a man in his basement. Season 8 (1986–87) Karen's kidnapper is revealed to be Phil Harbert (guest star Louis Giambalvo), an old friend of Greg and Mack's from law school, who had become bitter towards Mack, having blamed him for causing the death of his wife. Karen escapes and Phil is killed after being hit by a car. Ben returns to Valene, promising to make their marriage work but faces problems from Jean Hackney (Wendy Fulton), who tries to trick Ben into doing a mission for an underground organization to kill Greg. When Valene's babies are threatened, Ben reluctantly agrees to assist Jean. With Mack's help, Ben foils the plan, although Jean continues to threaten him and his family which prompts Ben to leave the country at the end of the season. Laura angrily blames Valene for not telling her about the plot to kill Greg. Laura also tells Greg that she is pregnant, but he is not enthusiastic about it, and she refuses to have an abortion. In the meantime, Paige reveals that she faked her death in order to escape the control of her wealthy grandparents, although Karen doubts the story, believing her to be an impostor. Also, Paige had developed a romantic relationship with Michael, Karen's son, but she soon tires of him and starts romancing Peter. Abby's daughter Olivia's drug addiction has worsened, eventually leading to the injuring of Lilimae in a car accident, and Abby resorts to desperate measures to get her clean. When her drug dealer beats up her younger brother Brian, Olivia finally admits to her addiction and decides to get clean. Olivia then becomes friends with Peter, and develops a crush on him, although he is interested in Paige. Peter, having become state senator with Greg's support, goes to the extreme to hide the fact that Jill is his sister, who has started a relationship with Gary. When Jill and Peter have an argument, Jill is injured in a fall from and Peter flees the scene to avoid any link to her or the accident. Paige's mother, Anne Matheson (Michelle Phillips), whom Paige had said was dead, appears and tries to rekindle her love affair with Mack. When Mack refuses her advances, she turns her attention to Greg, who also turns her down, and she therefore leaves town. At the end of the season, Abby finds Olivia standing over Peter's dead body. With both assuming the other had killed Peter, Abby frantically buries his body under the soil at Lotus Point where cement is to be poured the following day. Some weeks later, believing she had successfully hidden Peter's body, Abby is informed by Karen that there is a crack in the cement foundations and that it has to be pulled up and redone. Season 9 (1987–88) When Peter's body is discovered, Olivia is charged with his murder, although Abby steps in to take the blame for her daughter. It is soon learned, however, that Paige accidentally caused Peter's death, although no charges are made against her. Laura decides to make up with Valene, but then tells Greg she is dying of a brain tumor, though he refuses to accept it. Laura leaves Knots Landing to die elsewhere, thus leaving Greg with their infant child, a daughter named Meg. Overcome with grief and feeling unable to raise the child himself, Greg asks Karen and Mack to adopt Meg, which they agree to. Meanwhile, Lilimae leaves town after starting a new romance, and Abby rekindles her love affair with her old flame, Charles Scott (Michael York). Abby and Charles briefly marry, but when Abby discovers his ulterior motives about developing a Lotus Point Marina, she annuls the marriage after taking millions of dollars from him. Frank (Larry Riley) and Pat Williams (Lynne Moody) and their daughter Julie (Kent Masters-King) move into Laura's old house on the cul-de-sac. Karen and Mack are initially suspicious of them, but become their friends upon learning they are in the witness protection program. With business at Lotus Point reaching a low, Karen, Abby, and Gary agree to expand the marina to accommodate the business of Manny Vasquez (John Aprea). Paige starts working for Greg, and becomes attracted to him. Paige and Michael go on an archaeological dig in Mexico. When it is learned that Manny is selling illegal drugs through Lotus Point, Karen, Abby, and Gary try to stop him, but to no avail. Manny tells them that he will hold Paige and Michael hostage in Mexico unless they allow him to continue his dealings through Lotus Point. Gary takes an increased interest in Valene's twins, his biological children, much to the annoyance of Jill, who has moved in with Gary. Jill conceives an elaborate plan where she edits audio recordings of Ben's voice to make Valene think he was trying to contact her. In an effort to make Valene appear unstable, Jill steals the tapes, leaving Valene with no proof of Ben trying to contact her. In the season finale, Jill goes to Valene's home and, at gunpoint, she forces Valene to swallow sleeping pills, hoping it will appear that Valene has committed suicide. The following morning, Valene is found motionless on her bedroom floor. Season 10 (1988–89) Frank finds Valene unconscious and telephones for an ambulance. Valene survives and says that Jill had tried to kill her. While Jill has provided herself with an alibi, Valene's testimony is later proven true. With doubt on her innocence, Jill was left friendless and she thereby tied herself up and locked herself in the trunk of Gary's car, hoping to frame Gary for kidnapping her. When Jill dies in the trunk, Gary is charged with her murder, although Mack has the charges dropped when it is learned Jill had deliberately locked herself in the trunk. A con artist tried to extort money from Frank and Pat by threatening to reveal their whereabouts to the people that had threatened Pat's life years earlier. Mack halted the con artist, and used dental records from a deceased family to make him believe that the Sollars (the Williamses' original surname) were dead. Paige and Michael were eventually able to get out of Mexico, and Manny Vasquez's nephew, Harold Dyer (Paul Carafotes), kills his uncle when he tried to kill Mack. Paige seduced Greg and the two became a couple, although their relationship soon ended when Greg decided to run for mayor of Los Angeles. Realizing Paige would not make a good political wife, Greg instead marries Abby, although Paige keeps her job with Greg's company. Greg tried to regain custody of his daughter Meg from Mack and Karen, but he lost the case. Later, Mack goes through a mid-life crisis and quits his job, and thereby starts his own law practice. Following a health and safety report, the Lotus Point land has to be sold. However, it was soon revealed that Abby had falsified the report after she discovered that there was oil underneath Lotus Point, and created a company to conceal who was buying the resort from her partners. Paige exposed that the whole thing had been initiated by Abby and her cohort Ted Melcher (Robert Desiderio), which infuriated Karen, who was determined to send Abby to jail for fraud. Abby narrowly avoided being imprisoned, and agreed to donate Lotus Point to city as a public park. Abby then leaves Greg and Knots Landing, accepting a Trade Envoy job in Japan (a job Greg himself wanted after losing the run for mayor). Paige, meanwhile, finds herself caught between Greg and Ted Melcher, one of whom is a murderer. Season 11 (1989–90) Valene and Gary become separately involved with another divorced couple, Danny (Sam Behrens) and Amanda Waleska (Penny Peyser). Gary learns that Danny had beaten and raped Amanda, but when he tells Valene she refuses to believe him, and she ends up marrying Danny. However, when she realizes the truth, Valene tries to kick him out of her house. When Danny becomes violent, Valene takes her twins and moves in with Gary. The two rekindle their romance and eventually make plans to remarry. While drunk, Danny hits Pat Williams with his car, and she is left on life support in the hospital. When told that Pat is permanently brain dead, Frank decides to have her life support turned off. Olivia marries Harold, but they run into financial troubles when Abby cuts Olivia off financially. The couple soon make the decision to leave Knots Landing and move to Miami. Eric's wife Linda Fairgate (Lar Park-Lincoln) moves in with Karen and Mack, and starts an affair with Eric's younger brother Michael. Linda then divorces Eric and finds employment with the Sumner Group, where she becomes a rival of Paige's. Greg's daughter, Mary Frances (Stacy Galina), visits him after a six-year estrangement and is shot dead in her father's office, making Greg believe that he had been the intended target. Greg himself had been shot by Mary Frances' activist boyfriend, Robert Scarrow (John David Bland), although he survives. Robert blames Greg for manufacturing poisonous chemicals that cause liver cancer, and he also admits to being the one that killed Mary Frances. Now broke, Paige's mother Anne returns to Knots Landing, in an attempt to cheat Paige out of an inheritance that her grandfather left her. Anne steals Paige's identity in an effort to obtain her daughter's money, although the plan soon goes awry. Paige soon falls in love with Tom Ryan (Joseph Gian), a crooked cop, and the two plan to marry, but Tom leaves Paige at the altar after Greg blackmailed him. Karen starts presenting a television talk show, but she becomes the target of an obsessive fan by the name of Jeff Cameron (Chris Lemmon), one of the show's producers. Season 12 (1990–91) Jeff starts a plot to murder Karen, but he is eventually caught and imprisoned. With Greg's health on a downward spiral, his half-sister Claudia Whittaker (Kathleen Noone) comes to town along with her daughter Kate (also Stacy Galina), who bears a striking resemblance to Greg's dead daughter Mary Frances. When she realizes she is not in Greg's will, Claudia arranges for him to get a liver so he will live. Kate meets Steve Brewer (Lance Guest), a man claiming to be her brother. Steve, who had been put up for adoption by Claudia, was the product of an affair between Claudia and Paul Galveston (her mother's dead husband, and Greg's biological father - which makes him both Greg's half-brother and nephew). Kate and Steve become good friends, but Claudia, who wants Steve gone, has him framed by placing a gun in his car. Since Steve was already a felon, the gun violated his parole and he was later gunned down trying to run away from the police. Mack befriends a high school student named Jason Lochner (Thomas Wilson Brown), who was living with an abusive father. Jason later moves in with Mack and Karen, and dates Julie Williams. Frank, Julie's father, passes his lawyer bar exam and goes to work as an attorney at Mack's independent firm. Danny continues harassing Valene, and he soon assaults Gary with a baseball bat. After forcing Gary to drink alcohol, Danny puts him a car a sends it over a cliff, hoping to make his death appear accidental. However, the airbag saves Gary's life, but Danny is found dead in the Williams' swimming pool. In the investigation surrounding Danny's death, almost everyone is a suspect, although it was soon discovered that his death was accidental. Valene falls from a horse and suffers from psychiatric problems, but she soon recovers and she and Gary get married for the third time. Anne meets the scheming Italian Nick Schillace (Lorenzo Caccialanza), with whom she romances and embarks on a series of illegal schemes in an effort to obtain wealth. Their plans backfire when Nick suddenly leaves town, leaving Anne homeless. Paige and Linda continue to despise one another, a mutual disliking that is further fueled when Linda has an affair with Greg. At the end of the season, Karen furiously pursues a group of teenagers after they paintball her for fun. A high-speed car chase results in a crash, and one of the teenagers in the crash is Jason. Season 13 (1991–92) Kate blames Claudia for Steve's death and removes her mother from her life, but they soon reconcile when Claudia attempts suicide. After some months of living on the streets, Anne meets the shady Benny Appleman (Stuart Pankin), and the two try to scheme their way into getting money. Anne later agrees to pose nude for a magazine and she also becomes the host of a late-night advice show, which becomes a success. Linda, Eric's ex-wife, is murdered by Brian Johnston (Philip Brown), who holds the MacKenzies hostage. Jason soon leaves Knots Landing for Sweden, and, shortly thereafter, Julie decides to move away as well. Frank has a brief relationship with television producer Debbie Porter (Halle Berry), before he too leaves town. Gary invested in a project that turned energy from the ocean's tides into usable electric energy. The man behind the operation, Joseph Barringer (Mark Soper), becomes Kate's boyfriend. Paige, meanwhile, joins Gary and her new boyfriend Pierce (Bruce Greenwood) in a partnership. A former flame of Pierce's, Victoria Broyard (Marcia Cross), informs Paige that Pierce had killed his previous girlfriend, but Paige does not believe her. Paige is later shot by Pierce (who was aiming for Greg, whom he hated), temporarily paralyzing her. Pierce then kidnaps Paige, and holds her hostage on his yacht. Mack and Greg rescue her after she and Pierce fall into the water. Pierce's body is never found, and it is presumed he drowned. Alex Barth (Boyd Kestner), the nephew of the Galveston housekeeper, blackmails Claudia for refusing to allow his ailing mother to receive treatment, thus leading to her death. Claudia also takes a disliking to Joseph and she arranges for him to get another job, thus ending his romance with Kate. Gary, who had been left bankrupt after investing his money to Tidal Energy, moves back to Seaview Circle with Valene. Mary Robeson (Maree Cheatham) arrives in Knots Landing and tells Valene she is Laura's biological mother and therefore Meg's real grandmother. Valene does not believe her, and while researching Mary in Florida, Valene is kidnapped. Later, when Paige gets into her car, she is horrified to see Pierce waiting for her in the back seat. Season 14 (1992–93) While trying to find Valene, Gary sees the car she was in explode. Greg decides to retire from the Sumner Group, and he leaves one third of the company to Claudia, a third to Paige, and the other third to Mack and Karen in a trust for Meg. Anne reveals she is pregnant, leading to Greg marrying her, but she discovers she suffered a "hysterical pregnancy". Meanwhile, Anne's old beau Nick returns and the two rekindle their affair and their old conniving ways. Mack seeks $1 million to get Mary Robeson to stop the custody battle over Meg. Claudia gives Mack $500,000 from the Sumner Group, and gives the other half to Nick to start a restaurant. Paige demanded an audit, but Claudia cannot get the money from Nick back because he already spent it. Karen condemns Mack's handling of Mary Robeson's efforts to win custody of Meg. She leaves him and goes to New York to stay with her daughter Diana. A shady organization run by Daniel Treadwell (Daniel Gerroll) begins terrorizing everybody with its sights set on the Sumner Group. Gary starts a relationship with Kate. In the series finale, Karen returns to Mack, and the presumed dead Valene returns, revealing she kidnapped by Treadwell's people, who had threatened to harm her for coming across secretive information and that it was another captor was in the car that exploded. Treadwell's mysterious partner is revealed to be Abby, who has been orchestrating the takeover of the Sumner Group all along. However, Greg stops Abby by threatening to reveal her dirty dealings while she was in Japan. As Treadwell prepares to kill Nick, who was working for him, Treadwell himself was killed by Vanessa Hunt (Felicity Waterman). Anne offers to divorce Greg so he can resume his relationship with her daughter Paige, whom he loves. Claudia decides to leave Knots Landing for Monaco, and at the airport, she runs into Anne and Nick, who are also leaving town. In the final scenes, back at Seaview Circle, Karen, Mack, Valene, and Gary prepare a barbecue as a new couple begin moving into Frank Williams' old home. Meanwhile, Abby arrives at the gathering and reveals that she has just purchased her old house in Seaview Circle. Valene simply smiles and welcomes Abby back, before she and Gary go home. Realizing Gary and Valene are happily reunited, Abby looks at Karen and comments "Just like old times, isn't it?". In the final shot, Karen watches Abby go inside her new home, mildly concerned as to what effect her return will have on the cul-de-sac, before smiling contentedly. Cast and characters Main article: List of Knots Landing characters Main cast Character Actor Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Reunion Kenny Ward James Houghton Main Does not appear Ginger Ward Kim Lankford Main Does not appear Guest Karen Fairgate MacKenzie Michele Lee Main Laura Avery Sumner Constance McCashin Main Does not appear Sid Fairgate Don Murray Main Does not appear Richard Avery John Pleshette Main Does not appear Guest Does not appear Gary Ewing Ted Shackelford Main Valene Ewing Gibson Waleska Joan Van Ark Main Guest Main Abby Fairgate Cunningham Ewing Sumner Donna Mills Does not appear Main Does not appear Guest Main Mack MacKenzie Kevin Dobson Does not appear Main Lilimae Clements Julie Harris Guest Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Diana Fairgate Roberts Claudia Lonow Recurring Main Guest Does not appear Recurring Guest Ben Gibson Douglas Sheehan Does not appear Main Does not appear Greg Sumner William Devane Does not appear Main Joshua Rush Alec Baldwin Does not appear Main Does not appear Ciji Dunne Lisa Hartman Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Cathy Geary Rush Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Jill Bennett Teri Austin Does not appear Guest Recurring Main Does not appear Paige Matheson Nicollette Sheridan Does not appear Guest Recurring Main Guest Olivia Cunningham Dyer Tonya Crowe Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Guest Michael Fairgate Patrick Petersen Recurring Main Does not appear Guest Anne Matheson Michelle Phillips Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Guest Recurring Main Also Starring Frank Williams Larry Riley Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Kate Whittaker Stacy Galina Does not appear Recurring Main Also Starring Claudia Whittaker Kathleen Noone Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Cast notes ^ McCashin departs in "Noises Everywhere (Part 2)" (ep. 9.11). ^ Murray departs in "Critical Condition" (ep. 3.2). ^ Harris departs in "Flight of the Sunbirds" (ep. 9.9). ^ Devane is added to the opening credits from "Marital Privilege" (ep. 5.4). ^ Baldwin departs in "Rise and Fall" (ep. 7.10). Supporting cast Throughout the show's fourteen seasons, there were a wide array of actors in supporting roles. The most notable of these include: Steve Shaw as Eric Fairgate (seasons 1–11), Sid and Karen's eldest son; Bobby Jacoby (seasons 2–5) and Brian Austin Green (seasons 6–10 and Reunion) as Brian Cunningham, Abby's son; Michael Sabatino as Chip Roberts (seasons 4–5), Valene's publicist who murders Ciji and marries Diana; Joseph Chapman as Mark St. Claire (seasons 5–6), villainous character Howard Duff as Paul Galveston (seasons 6 and 11), a millionaire industrialist who turns out to be Greg Sumner's biological father; Ava Gardner as Ruth Sumner Galveston (season 6), Greg and Claudia's wildlife photographer mother; Hunt Block as Peter Hollister (seasons 7–8), Jill Bennett's brother who poses as Paul's son and Greg's half-brother, eventually killed by Paige; Ruth Roman as Sylvia Lean (seasons 7–8), a former fling of Paul Galveston's hired by Peter to pose as his mother; Michael York as Charles Scott (season 9), Abby's childhood sweetheart and eventual third husband; Lar Park Lincoln as Linda Fairgate (seasons 9 and 11–13), Eric's wife who has an affair with Michael, and uncredited as "Sally's Friend" (Season 10), with whom Gary accidentally strikes up a friendship over the phone; Lynne Moody as Patricia Williams (seasons 9–11), wife of Frank and mother of Julie; Paul Carafotes as Harold Dyer (seasons 9–11), Olivia's mobster husband; Kent Masters King as Julie Williams (seasons 9–13), Frank and Pat's teenage daughter; Robert Desiderio as Ted Melcher (seasons 10–11), Greg's murderous campaign manager when he runs for mayor; Betsy Palmer as Virginia Bullock (seasons 10–12), Lilimae's sister and Valene's aunt; Sam Behrens as Danny Waleska (seasons 10–12), Valene's psychopathic third husband; Penny Peyser as Amanda Michaels (seasons 10–11), Danny's abused ex-wife and girlfriend of Gary; Melinda Culea as Paula Vertosick (seasons 10–11), former Forest Ranger and romance of Greg's; Joseph Gian as Tom Ryan (seasons 11–12 and 14), a corrupt detective who romances Paige; Lorenzo Caccialanza as Nick Schillace/Dimitri Pappas (seasons 12 and 14), bankrupt Italian playboy-turned-conman; Tracy Reed as Charlotte Anderson (season 12), Julie's English teacher and Frank's first romance after Pat's death; Lance Guest as Steve Brewer (season 12), Claudia's illegitimate son by Paul Galveston; Mark Soper as Joseph Barringer (season 13), environmentalist businessman; Bruce Greenwood as Pierce Lawton (seasons 13–14), Paige's unhinged lover; Felicity Waterman as Vanessa Hunt (seasons 13–14), Kate's bisexual tennis cohort; Maree Cheatham as Mary Robeson (seasons 13–14), a woman claiming to be Meg's biological grandmother. Knots Landing/Dallas crossovers Episodes Between seasons 1 and 4 of Knots Landing, there were nine episodes where Dallas characters appeared, played by their respective actors. Season 1 (1979–80 season) Episode 1: "Pilot". Guest starring Patrick Duffy as Bobby Ewing. Episode 2: "Community Spirit". Guest starring Larry Hagman as J. R. Ewing. Episode 6: "Home is For Healing" Guest starring Charlene Tilton as Lucy Ewing. Season 2 (1980–81 season) Episode 5: "Kristin". Guest starring Mary Crosby as Kristin Shepard. Episode 9: "A Family Matter". Guest starring Larry Hagman as J. R. Ewing. Episode 13: "The Loudest Word". Guest starring Patrick Duffy as Bobby Ewing. Episode 17: "Designs". Guest starring Larry Hagman as J. R. Ewing. Season 4 (1982–83 season) Episode 2: "Daniel". Guest starring Larry Hagman as J. R. Ewing. Episode 6: "New Beginnings". Guest starring Larry Hagman as J. R. Ewing, Patrick Duffy as Bobby Ewing and Eric Farlow as Christopher Ewing. This episode of Knots Landing was a direct sequel to the Dallas episode "Jock's Will", which aired on the same evening. In addition to the above, the characters of Gary and Valene Ewing appeared in the following episodes of Dallas, as listed below. Season 2 (1978–79 season) Episode 1: "Reunion, Part I". Featuring David Ackroyd as Gary Ewing and Joan Van Ark as Valene Clements Episode 2: "Reunion, Part II". Featuring David Ackroyd as Gary Ewing and Joan Van Ark as Valene Clements Season 3 (1979–80 season) Episode 4: "Secrets". Featuring Joan Van Ark as Valene Clements Episode 14: "Return Engagements". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary Ewing and Joan Van Ark as Valene Clements Season 4 (1980–81 season) Episode 1: "No More Mister Nice Guy, Part I". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary Ewing and Joan Van Ark as Valene Ewing Episode 2: "No More Mister Nice Guy, Part II". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary Ewing Episode 12: "End of the Road, Part II". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary Ewing and Joan Van Ark as Valene Ewing Season 5 (1981–82 season) Episode 8: "The Split". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary Ewing and Joan Van Ark as Valene Ewing Episode 9: "Five Dollars a Barrel". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary Ewing Season 6 (1982–83 season) Episode 5: "Jock's Will". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary Ewing. This episode of Dallas was directly followed by an episode of Knots Landing on the same evening titled "New Beginnings" Season 9 (1985–86 season) Episode 1: "The Family Ewing". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary Ewing Season 10 (1986–87 season) Episode 11: "Proof Positive". No Knots Landing characters appear in this episode, but the set normally used as Karen MacKenzie's (Michele Lee) kitchen doubles as a set in a movie featuring Mandy Winger (Deborah Shelton) Season 12 (1988–89 season) Episode 14: "Comings and Goings". Featuring Joan Van Ark as Valene Clements in uncredited archive footage Season 14 (1990–91 season) Episode 22: "Conundrum". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary Ewing and Joan Van Ark as Valene Wallace The death of Bobby Ewing On Dallas, the character of Bobby Ewing (Patrick Duffy) was killed off in the final episode of the 1984–85 season. The following year, Duffy decided to return to Dallas and the character of Bobby was resurrected in the infamous "shower scene" at the end of the 1985–86 season. At the start of the 1986–87 season, it was revealed that Bobby's death and all but the final scene of the 1985–86 season had been a dream of Bobby's ex-wife, Pamela Barnes Ewing (Victoria Principal). On Knots Landing during the 1985–86 season, Bobby's death had an indelible impact on some of the characters (i.e. Gary struggling to deal with his brother's death and being comforted by his wife Abby, Abby and Greg then taking advantage of Gary's absence to control development of Empire Valley, and Valene naming her baby son after the late Bobby). When Bobby's death and the subsequent season were revealed to be a dream on Dallas, this did not get applied to the continuity of Knots Landing and Bobby's return was simply never addressed or even mentioned. Following this, no further crossover storylines were featured on Knots Landing. Dallas (2012 TV series) With the 2012 continuation of Dallas, rumors began surfacing that both Joan Van Ark and Ted Shackelford would reprise their roles as Valene and Gary Ewing on the new series. Shackelford passed on the small role the producers offered him during the first season, but accepted a multi-episode role during the second. Shackelford returned to Dallas for three episodes and Van Ark returned for one. This was the first time the characters had been seen since the 1997 miniseries Knots Landing: Back to the Cul-de-Sac. Although both Shackelford and Van Ark appeared in the 1991 series finale of Dallas playing "alternative" versions of Gary and Valene (the episode depicted an alternate reality in which J. R. Ewing had never been born), there have been no real crossovers of story or characters from Knots Landing to Dallas or vice versa since the 1985–86 season of each show (which, on Dallas, turned out to be a dream had by Pam Ewing). In the 2013 Dallas storyline, it is made clear that Gary and Val had still been living together at their home in California, though had recently separated due to Gary's brief relapse into alcoholism due to financial worries. At the end of their appearances on the new series of Dallas, Gary and Val return to California together. Behind the scenes Knots Landing was created by David Jacobs, whose original concept was a show based on "family issues and examining relationships at the middle class level". CBS initially turned down this idea, as they wanted something more "glitzy" to put on the air, with wealthier characters, which would become Dallas. Once that show became a success after the initial run as a five-episode miniseries, the producers decided to expand the roles of certain characters. They introduced Lucy Ewing's (Charlene Tilton) parents, who had not been shown on-screen until that point, in the two-part episode "The Reunion". After the success of Dallas, Jacobs presented his initial idea again and created Knots Landing, with some alterations of his original script. In an interview, Jacobs explained: " Well, that's pretty good, but you know-and then he pulled out the pages that we'd left for them a few years ago on Knots Landing, or a year before on Knots, and he said, 'Is there any way we can make this a spin-off?' I just took one of the couples and made it, you know, Val and Gary who had already been created on the parent series and putting them into the mix, but when you have four couples and you change one, you sort of have to change the dynamic all the way around. However, once I wrote the script, remarkably little changed from the script and the pilot as you would see it." Gary Ewing was originally played by David Ackroyd on Dallas, but Ackroyd was unable to sign on for Knots Landing, and Ted Shackelford assumed the role. Joan Van Ark continued to play Val Ewing for the spin-off. Initially, it was presumed that Tilton would also be joining Knots Landing (and have Lucy move in with her parents to the Seaview Circle cul-de-sac), but the network decided to keep her on Dallas in order to keep the two shows separate. She did, however, make a guest appearance in the first-season episode "Home is for Healing". The actors on Knots Landing had more input than actors on other 1980s primetime soaps. In 1987, the writers wanted Mack (Kevin Dobson) to have an extramarital affair with Anne (Michelle Phillips). Michele Lee, who played Mack's wife Karen, protested this to Jacobs, saying, "There has to be one stable couple on the show." The extramarital affair storyline was nixed, and Michelle Phillips, who had been signed to a contract, was written out for a couple of seasons before returning in 1990. When she did return, Anne did not pursue Mack. William Devane, who played Greg Sumner, re-wrote most of his character's dialogue, to the point where, in co-star Michele Lee's words, "most people (on set) were (probably) frightened of him". The Gary/Val/Abby triangle that provided story throughout the mid-1980s was suggested by Ted Shackelford and Joan Van Ark in 1980, and the producers hesitated for a year and a half before going through with it in 1982. The famous 1984 storyline where Valene's babies got kidnapped was originally envisioned as one of scheming Abby's plots. Donna Mills, who played Abby, acknowledged that her character was evil but did not think she was that evil. Fearing the audience would never forgive her character for kidnapping another woman's babies, she asked the writers to make the kidnappings a result of Abby's actions, but only by accident, and the writers complied. Bruce Campbell, who appeared in a 1987 episode, would later marvel at "the speed and clinical precision" of the production as opposed to the low-budget films and television series he had acted in up until this point. In particular, he wrote that Michele Lee "ran the set like a drill seargent and laid out all the blocking." The writing team of Bernard Lechowick and Lynn Marie Latham (the head writers from 1986 to 1991) was controversial among both fans and actors. Their humor-imbued style of writing made them the favorites of Michele Lee, while John Pleshette felt they were "awful people." Pleshette, however, was not a regular cast member during their tenure (only making a guest appearance in 1987), and harbored resentment because the writing team, who had been represented by his wife, moved to a different agency. Joan van Ark, whose character was struck by a brain illness in season 12 and proceeded to thereafter go crazy, felt that Latham and Lechowick had turned her character into the "village idiot." Joan Van Ark's and Donna Mills' favorite Knots Landing writer was Peter Dunne, who was responsible for making Knots Landing a top ten show in 1984. In 1987, CBS demanded that production costs be cut. This meant the firing of two regulars, Constance McCashin and Julie Harris. Season 13 saw a large ratings drop for the show after writer/producers Bernard Lechowick and Lynn Marie Latham left to create Homefront and creator David Jacobs had a health crisis and pulled back his involvement in production. Jacobs has publicly stated that the way he knew the show was in trouble was when waitresses at his favorite diner, whom he had heard gossiping about Knots Landing every Friday during past seasons, suddenly stopped discussing the show in late 1991. He attempted to save face by shutting down production on November 20, 1991, firing head writer John Romano, and replacing him with Ann Marcus. Cost cutting again plagued the series in its final season, when only 19 episodes were produced, and (with the exception of Michele Lee) regular cast members did not appear in every episode. Not wanting to compromise what he felt had been a good run, series creator David Jacobs described its end as a "mutual decision" between Knots Landing's producers and the CBS Network, saying, "We don't know if they would have picked us up anyway...but even if they had, we would have had to pare away more to survive." The series' signature cul-de-sac, Seaview Circle, was actually Crystalaire Place in Granada Hills, California, a suburban street in Los Angeles' San Fernando Valley about 20 miles north of the Pacific Ocean. The opening credits during the first two seasons were edited in such a way to make it appear that the cul-de-sac was closer to the beach. The aerial shots as seen in the opening and end credits from 1981 to 1987, were filmed at Palos Verdes Estates, an affluent coastal area of Los Angeles. Music The theme song, which lasted all 14 seasons was composed by Jerrold Immel. Immel, along with Craig Huxley composed the background music for the pilot. The original background music cues by Immel and Huxley were never fully abandoned by the show, and were heard right through until the final season. The early Knots Landing background music cues heavily emphasized the brass section, and were often played with a very sparse bass line accompaniment. It was the only aspect of the series ever to win an Emmy award, for the music orchestration during its 1979–80 season. By the debut of the fourth season in 1982 the lushness of the 1980s was in full swing and background cues were changed to reflect that style. The new dramatic cues emphasized full orchestral arrangements as formerly middle-class Knots Landing became upwardly mobile. The background music of seasons 4–7 was frequently composed by either Lance Rubin or Ron Grant. Season 8 in 1986 introduced a completely new score for the show. New wave artists and bands had taken America by storm and the new style of music cues made good use of the synthesizer instead of a full orchestra. Bruce Miller was one of the main composers during this era. Updated orchestrations of the by-then familiar Lance Rubin cues were also re-arranged to be played by the synthesizer, and the Immel/Huxley cues were similarly utilized, albeit less commonly. In the early 1990s, soft contemporary acoustic music became popular and Knots Landing began incorporating this into its background music during season 12. Lance Rubin's music cues were mostly phased out at this point. Patrick Gleeson and Kennard Ramsey composed during this period. Opening credits Knots Landing had five completely different styles of opening credits over its 14 years. (December 27, 1979 – March 26, 1981) The original opening of Knots Landing designed by Wayne Fitzgerald features a rotating aerial shot of a California beach which dissolves to a rotating aerial shot of roads and houses, gradually zooming in to a freeze-frame of the Seaview Circle cul-de-sac. The camera then zooms in to the top of each house in turn, showing a brief shot of the residents of each home. Photo credits for each of the main actors then appear superimposed over the shape of the cul-de-sac. In the pilot, however, it had the photo credits of the main actors shown superimposed over the house each of their characters live in. (November 12, 1981 – May 14, 1987) Knots Landing unveiled a new opening at the start of season 3. In what is probably the best-remembered introduction, the sequence designed by Gene Kraft begins with a fast-moving aerial shot of the ocean which then tilts up as it approaches the coastline, and the series title appears. The picture, except for the title, fades to black, and the title scrolls from right to left followed by a montage of clips of the show playing in small boxes. Each cast member is credited below a larger box showcasing a close-up of their character, accompanied by three or four smaller boxes showing that character in scenes with other characters. (September 24, 1987 – May 18, 1989) At the beginning of the ninth season, Knots Landing's producers decided to break tradition with the opening. The intro designed by Sandy Dvore now features a slow-panning shot over a painting similar to the splattered style of Jackson Pollock. As the zig-zag panning continues, the cast montage appears, featuring black-and-white shots of the actors inside of small ovular cameos. The posed cameos were dropped in the 1988–89 season in favor of color close-ups taken from the show. (September 28, 1989 – May 17, 1990) The eleventh season of Knots Landing saw the show unveil its fourth title sequence. The new opening designed by Castle/Bryant/Johnsen now showcases sandcastle structures of the cul-de-sac houses as well as some skyscrapers representing Los Angeles on a beach. It is the only version of the opening without pictures of the cast. The camera twists through this sandcastle community with only the actors' names appearing. From the second episode of this season, the opening splits in two. The cutting takes place during the staff credits. The main theme is adapted as well. Between the two parts of the opening is presented a summary of events in the past episodes. (September 13, 1990 – May 13, 1993) To redefine the show for the 1990s, Knots Landing made one final change to the opening credits by returning to the famous horizontal scrolling clips style, though with faster-moving, color-framed boxes which moved at different speeds and overlapped each other. This version was designed by Castle/Bryant/Johnsen to be "safe" for the 1990s. Nielsen ratings Though not as popular in the ratings as its parent series, Knots Landing eventually outlasted it and garnered much critical acclaim. The series peaked during the 1983–84 season with a 20.8 rating (when it finished in 11th place) and a 20.0 rating for the 1984–85 season (finishing 9th). This can be attributed, in part, to more dramatic storylines as the series became more soap opera-like, and the gradual inclusion of newer characters to interact with the original cast. By the 1988–89 season, Knots Landing was ahead of Dallas in the ratings, though audiences for both shows by this time were less than their earlier years. Knots Landing ended in 1993, two years after Dallas ended. Season Premiere Finale Episodes Timeslot Rank Rating Households(in millions) 1979–80 December 27, 1979 March 27, 1980 13 Thursday at 10:00–11:00 pm (Episodes 1–4, 6–13)Friday at 10:00–11:00 pm (Episode 5) #30 20.0 15.3 1980–81 November 20, 1980 March 26, 1981 18 Thursday at 10:00–11:00 pm (Episodes 1–16, 18)Thursday at 9:00–10:00 pm (Episode 17) #28 19.0 15.2 1981–82 November 12, 1981 May 6, 1982 22 Thursday at 9:00–10:00 pm (Episodes 1–15)Thursday at 10:00–11:00 pm (Episodes 16–22) #43 15.3 — 1982–83 September 30, 1982 March 10, 1983 22 Thursday at 10:00–11:00 pm (Episodes 1–5, 7–22)Friday at 10:00–11:00 pm (Episode 6) #20 18.6 15.5 1983–84 September 29, 1983 March 29, 1984 25 Thursday at 10:00–11:00 pm #11 20.8 17.4 1984–85 October 4, 1984 May 16, 1985 30 #9 20.0 17.4 1985–86 September 19, 1985 May 18, 1986 30 #17 16.7 16.8 1986–87 September 18, 1986 May 7, 1987 30 Thursday at 9:00–10:00 pm (Episodes 1, 3–10)Thursday at 10:00–11:00 pm (Episodes 2, 11–30) #26 16.8 14.7 1987–88 September 24, 1987 May 12, 1988 29 Thursday at 10:00–11:00 pm #31 15.8 — 1988–89 October 27, 1988 May 18, 1989 28 Thursday at 10:00–11:00 pm (Episodes 1–26, 28)Thursday at 9:00–10:00 pm (Episode 27) #28 16.1 14.6 1989–90 September 28, 1989 May 11, 1990 29 Thursday at 10:00–11:00 pm #29 14.3 13.4 1990–91 September 13, 1990 May 16, 1991 27 Thursday at 10:00–11:00 pm (Episodes 1–25, 27)Thursday at 9:00–10:00 pm (Episode 26) #35 13.6 — 1991–92 September 12, 1991 April 9, 1992 22 Thursday at 10:00–11:00 pm #47 12.3 — 1992–93 October 29, 1992 May 13, 1993 19 Thursday at 10:00–11:00 pm (Episodes 1–17, 19)Thursday at 9:00–10:00 pm (Episode 18) #42 11.5 — Reruns Reruns of Knots Landing were first packaged into syndication for off-network broadcast in local markets by Lorimar in 1985. Before the show opening, each episode was preceded by a "Lorimar Presents" logo, followed by a narrated recap of the previous episode with the theme music played under. The first 190 episodes (the first eight seasons) were packaged in this manner, but only the first 160 episodes (the first seven seasons) were syndicated to local stations. Knots Landing later appeared on the cable channel TNT in September 1992 and ran through May 1993; as with the syndicated run, only the first 160 episodes (the first seven seasons) were broadcast. TNT would later become the first network to broadcast all 344 episodes of Knots Landing during its second syndication run of the series beginning in 1995. SOAPnet later acquired the rights to the series when it first went on the air in January 2000. Knots Landing has not been seen in United States syndication since SOAPnet quit broadcasting it in 2005. International reruns The UK satellite channel CBS Drama began airing the series in its entirety starting from April 1, 2013. This was the first time the show had been rerun in the UK since the early 2000s when it was shown on UK Gold. Once CBS Drama completed the series in July 2014, the channel immediately began a second round of reruns, followed by a third in 2015. RTÉ television in Ireland broadcast the first seven seasons in an early morning weekend slot in 2011. Home media The first season of Knots Landing was released on DVD on March 28, 2006, in Region 1. Fans of the series lobbied Warner Home Video via an online petition at www.knotslanding.net for further releases, and Warner Home Video released season two on April 14, 2009. No further seasons have yet been announced for release. DVD season No. ofepisodes Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Comments Season 1 13 March 28, 2006 February 19, 2007 June 6, 2007 The first-season DVD box set has five single-sided discs. The Region 1 and 2 releases include commentaries by actors Ted Shackelford and Joan Van Ark. The set also includes a featurette/clip from the 2005 Together Again non-fiction reunion show in which stars Ted Shackelford and Joan Van Ark reminisce about the series. Season 2 18 April 14, 2009 October 16, 2009 (Germany) TBA The second-season DVD box set has four single-sided discs. There is no bonus material. International broadcasts In the United Kingdom, the series premiered on BBC1 on 26 April 1980, in a primetime Saturday night slot. Season 2 began a year later on May 8, 1981, now in a Friday night slot. Season 3 did not begin until September 16, 1983, but only the first 13 episodes of the season were shown, at which point the BBC pulled the series from its Friday night slot with no immediate plans of showing any more episodes. The BBC then brought the series back in October 1986, picking up from the middle of season 3 where they last left off, but now it was screened in the afternoon as part of their new daytime line-up. The BBC continued to screen the series in an afternoon slot until the end, though UK audiences tended to be three to four years behind US audiences. The series concluded on the BBC in January 1996. In Australia, the series premiered on the Seven Network on February 4, 1981. The series ended on August 2, 1993. In France, the show was known as Côte Ouest (translated as West Coast) and was first shown on TF1 in 1988 with a new lyrical theme song (composed by Haim Saban and Shuki Levy and sung in French by French male vocalist Claude Vallois). From 2000, the show was rerun from beginning to end on FoxLife, a now defunct satellite channel broadcasting on CanalSat provider. In Germany, the show was known as Unter der Sonne Kaliforniens (translated as Under the Californian Sun). The show began airing on ZDF on January 9, 1988. In the Philippines, the show was formerly aired on GMA 7. In Sweden, the show was called JRs bror – Gary Ewing (JR's brother – Gary Ewing). The series premiered in 1988 on TV3. In Ireland, the show was not broadcast on terrestrial TV until 1989 (although viewers with access to BBC were able to watch earlier transmissions). RTÉ first broadcast the series daily in late 1989 as part of its early afternoon schedule. It proved to be popular and was eventually given an early evening timeslot in February 1991 when RTÉ moved the show (after showing the first nine seasons) from a daily afternoon timeslot, to a weekly primetime Thursday night slot on its sister channel Network Two (now RTÉ Two). All remaining episodes were shown without a break (the end of each season was followed by the first episode of the next season the following week) until Christmas 1993 when the final episode was broadcast followed by the retrospective Knots Landing Block Party. In Israel, the show aired from 1990 on The Family Channel (later on renamed as Channel 3) on Cable TV on Fridays evenings at 19:00 for the first four seasons. Later on, it aired on Sundays at 21:45 for the season-and-a-half that followed, from February 1992. In November 1992, the show was rerun from the beginning, every weekday evening at 20:45. All 14 seasons had aired by 1994. Back To The Cul-De-Sac aired as a holiday special in autumn 1997. In Egypt, the series would start broadcast on Egyptian Channel 2 in the early 1990s and would continue to air for several years along with its contemporary Falcon Crest. In Italy, the first season was named Da Dallas a Knots Landing (translated: "From Dallas to Knots Landing") though was eventually rebroadcast with the definitive name of "California". Only nine seasons were aired and 214 episodes, minus the last five episodes of the ninth season, probably dubbed, but not broadcast. In Spain, the series was aired by the regional channels under the FORTA umbrella. The series did not arrive in Spain until at least 1992, and initially was only aired in various regions, normally in a weekday afternoon slot accompanying Dallas which also arrived late in Spain. Neither series completed their run in Spain and neither have been rescreened there in full or in part. In New Zealand, the series aired during much of the 1980s, initially in primetime, but later in the decade once a week during the afternoon on TV One, after the daytime soaps The Young and the Restless and Days of Our Lives. In Finland, the series was aired by a regional channel, Helsinki TV, in mid-1980. In Trinidad and Tobago, the series aired through most of the 1980s on TTT. In Venezuela, the series was on Venezolana de Television (the officially run Venezuelan TV Network), and was titled Vecinos y Amigos (Neighbors and Friends). In Namibia (originally known as South West Africa), the series was played on SWABC and was only shown until 1985. In the United Arab Emirates, the series was shown on its English-language network Dubai 33. In Guyana, the series was transmitted on NBTV Channel 9 and later on WRHM Channel 7. The series first aired in December 1994 (as television in Guyana didn't start until 1991) and lasted until February 1997. In Kenya, the series was broadcast on KBC (originally called VOK "Voice of Kenya" at the time). In Hong Kong, the series premiered on RTV on May 6, 1980, and aired on the channel of that name until July 24, 1982, where it later changed its name to ATV on September 24 in the same year. The show later returned to Hong Kong television on August 27, 1985, and continued airing on ATV until June 28, 1991. In Norway, the series first began airing on TV3 in 1988. Legacy In the 2005 Knots Landing Reunion special, the cast along with creator David Jacobs, said that the lasting legacy of the show was their dealings with many of the issues real middle-class people were having. While its parent show Dallas was a show about the rich upper class, Knots Landing had this aspect as well but was much more about the struggles of parenting, drug addictions, spousal issues and many of the evolving problems in the 1980s and early '90s. The reunion special showed such subjects as: women's power in the workforce, the HIV/AIDS crisis and the matter of safe sex, the cocaine epidemic in the 1980s, and the ever-growing spread of crime in America (Michele Lee's character Karen alluded to this in a famous speech about not feeling safe and being happy being a Pollyanna). Screenwriter Alan Ball declared the show had been an inspiration to him when he created the hit series Six Feet Under, describing his show as "Knots Landing set in a funeral home". Screenwriter Marc Cherry also confirmed the show was an inspiration to him when he created the hit series Desperate Housewives, describing it as a cross between Knots Landing, American Beauty and Twin Peaks. When asked which character from film and TV history he wished he had created, Mike Kelley, the creator of ABC's popular primetime soap opera Revenge, said: "Abby Ewing. Donna Mills, you rocked my world." See also List of Knots Landing episodes References ^ "'Knots' lands new season of suds". The Clarion-Ledger. Jackson, Mississippi. October 4, 1984. p. 25. Retrieved May 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c Dallas: The Complete Story of the World's Favorite Prime-Time Soap, pp. 4–5 ^ Dallas: The Complete Story of the World's Favorite Prime-Time Soap, pp. 28 ^ "Exclusive Interview: In conversation with series creator David Jacbos". Knots Landing.net (The Official Knots Landing Website). CBS. 19 February 2023. ^ Dallas: The Complete Story of the World's Favorite Prime-Time Soap, pp. 49 ^ Dallas: The Complete Story of the World's Favorite Prime-Time Soap, pp. 61 ^ a b c Lopez, Mary. "knotslandingonline.com". Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2015. ^ Lopez, Mary. "knotslandingonline.com". Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2015. ^ Lopez, Mary. "knotslandingonline.com". Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2015. ^ Lopez, Mary. "knotslandingonline.com". Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2015. ^ Weinstein, Steve (January 9, 1993). "Knots Landing to End 14-Year Run on CBS". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 29, 2018. ^ Hart, Marla (May 9, 1993). "Knots Core Characters Return for Twist-Filled Finale". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 29, 2018. ^ "1989-90 Ratings History -- ABC Claws Closer to 1st Place NBC as FOX Finds Its Next Hit - The TV Ratings Guide". March 18, 2018. Archived from the original on March 18, 2018. ^ a b Knots Landing DVD release info Archived 2013-02-09 at the Wayback Machine at TVShowsOnDVD.com ^ "'Six Feet Under': Dying The 'Knots'". CNN. March 19, 2002. Retrieved Feb 6, 2021. ^ "11 things you need to know about 'Desperate Housewives'". Nine Network. July 2020. Retrieved Feb 6, 2021. ^ Adalian, Joseph (June 24, 2012). "Showrunner Survey: Mike Kelley on Why Revenge's Emily Thorne Should Compete on The Bachelorette". Vulture.com. New York. Retrieved Feb 6, 2021. Van Wormer, Laura (1986). Knots Landing: the saga of Seaview Circle. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385236362. Notes ^ Bonanza and Knots Landing were all surpassed by Law & Order in 2004. ^ Dallas, which ended in 1991, was the only other scripted primetime show from the 1970s that lasted past 1986. Saturday Night Live debuted in 1975 and is still in production as of 2022. However, SNL is not traditionally included in the category of "scripted" shows, which in entertainment industry parlance means 30- to 60-minute sitcoms and dramas and excludes variety and sketch shows even if they are pre-scripted rather than improvised. In the majority of the U.S., SNL also airs later than the timeslots considered "primetime". External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Knots Landing. Knots Landing at IMDb KnotsLanding.Net Official Guide to the Series vteKnots LandingEpisodesCharacters Laura Avery Lilimae Clements Abby Cunningham Gary Ewing Valene Ewing Cathy Geary Karen MacKenzie Paige Matheson Media Knots Landing: Back to the Cul-de-Sac (1997) Knots Landing Reunion: Together Again (2005) Other Dallas (1978–1991) Dallas (2012–14) Ewing family vteDallas Original series (1978–1991) Revival series (2012–2014) CharactersOriginal series Liz Adams Cliff Barnes Pam Ewing James Beaumont Donna Culver Krebbs Bobby Ewing Miss Ellie Farlow Jack Ewing Jock Ewing J. R. Ewing Lucy Ewing Sue Ellen Ewing Clayton Farlow Cally Harper Ewing Ray Krebbs Carter McKay April Stevens Ewing Michelle Stevens Jenna Wade Krebbs Revival series Pamela Rebecca Barnes Ann Ewing Christopher Ewing John Ross Ewing Elena Ramos Harris Ryland Nicolas Treviño Supporting Digger Barnes Afton Cooper Marta Del Sol Gary Ewing Valene Ewing Kristin Shepard Families Ewing family EpisodesOriginal seriesSeasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Major episodes "A House Divided" "Who Done It" "Conundrum" TV movies Dallas: The Early Years (1986) Dallas: J.R. Returns (1996) Dallas: War of the Ewings (1998) Dallas Reunion: The Return to Southfork (2004) Revival series "Blame Game" "The Furious and the Fast" "J.R.'s Masterpiece" "Legacies" Related articles Crew members Cloyce Box Ranch Southfork Ranch Popular culture Who shot J.R.? "Time" (The Young Ones) The Dallas Quest Knots Landing Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"cul-de-sac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_end_(street)"},{"link_name":"Gunsmoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunsmoke"},{"link_name":"Bonanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonanza"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[Note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"David Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jacobs_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(1976_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_%26_Clark:_The_New_Adventures_of_Superman"},{"link_name":"Falcon Crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Crest"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"No Down Payment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Down_Payment"},{"link_name":"Ingmar Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman"},{"link_name":"Scenes from a Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenes_from_a_Marriage"},{"link_name":"Knots Landing: Back to the Cul-de-Sac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knots_Landing:_Back_to_the_Cul-de-Sac"},{"link_name":"Knots Landing Reunion: Together Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knots_Landing_Reunion:_Together_Again"},{"link_name":"revived in 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(2012_TV_series)"}],"text":"Knots Landing is an American primetime television soap opera that aired on CBS from December 27, 1979, to May 13, 1993. A spin-off of Dallas, it was set in a fictitious coastal suburb of Los Angeles and initially centered on the lives of four married couples living on a cul-de-sac, Seaview Circle. Throughout its 14-year run, storylines included marital strife, rape, murder, kidnapping, assassinations, drug smuggling, politics, environmental issues, corporate intrigue, and criminal investigations. By the time of its conclusion, it had become the third-longest-running primetime drama on U.S. television after Gunsmoke and Bonanza [Note 1] and the last scripted primetime drama show that debuted in the 1970s to leave the air.[Note 2]Knots Landing was created by David Jacobs (one-time writer of Family and later producer of Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman) in conjunction with producer Michael Filerman (who would also later co-produce Falcon Crest). Although a spin-off of Dallas, the concept predates that series, and was rebuffed by CBS in 1977, as the network wanted something more \"saga-like\". Jacobs then created Dallas, which the network accepted and premiered in 1978. After Dallas became a hit, Jacobs was then able to adapt Knots Landing as a spin-off series by way of incorporating the characters of Gary and Valene Ewing who were first introduced in Dallas. The series was largely inspired by a 1957 movie No Down Payment and also by the 1973 Ingmar Bergman television miniseries Scenes from a Marriage.Though initially not as popular in the ratings as Dallas, Knots Landing ultimately outlasted it and garnered much critical acclaim. There were 344 episodes spanning 14 seasons of Knots Landing from 1979 to 1993. In 1997, much of the cast reunited for a two-part miniseries titled Knots Landing: Back to the Cul-de-Sac. In 2005, they reunited again for the non-fiction special Knots Landing Reunion: Together Again in which the cast reminisced about their time on the show. Dallas itself was revived in 2012, with Gary and Valene Ewing appearing in its second season. During nearly the entire run of the original series, Knots Landing occupied the same timeslot: Thursday nights at 10:00 p.m. For a while, it was moved to the 9:00 p.m. timeslot when Falcon Crest was moved to Thursday nights for its final season. When Falcon Crest ended its run, Knots Landing was moved back to its 10:00 p.m. timeslot and stayed there until it ended its run.","title":"Knots Landing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Ted Shackelford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Shackelford"},{"link_name":"black sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_sheep"},{"link_name":"Jock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Jim Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Davis_(actor)"},{"link_name":"J. R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Ewing"},{"link_name":"Larry Hagman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Hagman"},{"link_name":"Valene Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valene_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Joan Van Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Van_Ark"},{"link_name":"Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Charlene Tilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlene_Tilton"},{"link_name":"Southfork Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southfork_Ranch"},{"link_name":"Miss Ellie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Ellie_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Barbara Bel Geddes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Bel_Geddes"},{"link_name":"alcoholism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Lilimae Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilimae_Clements"},{"link_name":"Julie Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Harris"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Bobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Patrick Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Duffy"},{"link_name":"Pamela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Victoria Principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Principal"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"David Ackroyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ackroyd"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"third-season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)_season_3"},{"link_name":"Return Engagements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)_season_3#ep43"}],"text":"Gary Ewing (Ted Shackelford) was the middle son and black sheep of the Ewing family from Dallas. His father Jock (Jim Davis) and elder brother J. R. (Larry Hagman) had never treated him as an equal, and viewed him as a weak link. At 17, Gary ran away from home and met 15-year-old waitress Valene Clements (Joan Van Ark) and quickly married her, producing a daughter, Lucy (Charlene Tilton). The family arrived to Southfork Ranch, the Ewing homestead, and found that Gary had risen in his family's estimations: Jock liked Valene and was proud to be a grandfather, and Gary's mother Miss Ellie (Barbara Bel Geddes) was thrilled to have him home. At his parents' insistence, J. R. started including him in dealings at Ewing Oil, but J. R. landed him with failing business deals and made it appear that Gary was at fault. These pressures forced Gary into alcoholism and, unable to cope with disappointing his family, he fled Southfork, leaving Valene and Lucy behind. Without Gary in his way, J. R. persecuted Valene until she left the ranch, and Texas, with infant Lucy. She headed to Tennessee to find her mother, Lilimae Clements (Julie Harris), but Lilimae turned her away. Shortly afterward J. R. found her, taking Lucy back to Southfork to be raised by \"true Ewings\" and threatening Valene with a warning against returning to Texas.Years later, youngest Ewing brother Bobby (Patrick Duffy) and his wife Pamela (Victoria Principal) found Gary working as a waiter in Las Vegas, and they convinced him to return home and visit Miss Ellie. At the same time, Lucy discovered that Valene had returned to Dallas and was working as a waitress in a diner, and began meeting with her in secret to avoid J. R.'s wrath. Lucy then engineered a meeting between her parents, which led to them reconciling and moving into Southfork together. J. R., upset and jealous that his parents were now lauding Gary's new start, saddled him with a failing company, the pressures of which led to him choosing to leave Southfork before he relapsed into drinking again. J. R. then forced Valene off the ranch again without letting her say goodbye to Lucy; instead, J. R. made out that Valene had abandoned her again, and taken a $5000 payoff from him. During these episodes on Dallas the part of Gary Ewing was originally portrayed by David Ackroyd.A year later, Valene appeared at Lucy's college hoping for a reconciliation. Still thinking Valene had run out on her, Lucy rebuffed her. However, with help from Bobby, Lucy and Valene reconciled again and they maintained their relationship. Shortly afterwards, Valene revealed to Miss Ellie that she and Gary were still writing to each other, and planned to get married again. Gary returned to Dallas and mended his relationship with Jock, before marrying Valene for a second time. After they announced that they were planning to move to California, Miss Ellie bought them a new-build house as a wedding present.Knots Landing is officially spun off from Dallas in the third-season episode \"Return Engagements\".","title":"Backstory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Knots Landing episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Knots_Landing_episodes"}],"text":"Further information: List of Knots Landing episodes","title":"Series synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knotslanding1.jpg"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"cul-de-sac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cul-de-sac"},{"link_name":"Don Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Murray_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Karen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_MacKenzie"},{"link_name":"Michele Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Lee"},{"link_name":"Claudia Lonow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Lonow"},{"link_name":"Steve Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Shaw_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Patrick Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Petersen"},{"link_name":"John Pleshette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pleshette"},{"link_name":"real estate agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_agent"},{"link_name":"Laura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Avery_Sumner"},{"link_name":"Constance McCashin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_McCashin"},{"link_name":"James Houghton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Houghton"},{"link_name":"Kim Lankford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Lankford"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Bobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Patrick Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Duffy"},{"link_name":"J. R. Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Ewing"},{"link_name":"Larry Hagman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Hagman"},{"link_name":"Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Charlene Tilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlene_Tilton"},{"link_name":"Lilimae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilimae_Clements"},{"link_name":"Julie Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Harris_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Karen Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Allen"},{"link_name":"Louise Vallance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Vallance"}],"sub_title":"Season 1 (1979–80)","text":"Knots Landing title card (seasons 1 and 2)In the first episode, newly remarried Gary and Val move to Knots Landing, California in a cul-de-sac known as Seaview Circle. They meet their neighbors, Sid Fairgate (Don Murray), the owner of Knots Landing Motors, a used car dealership, and his wife Karen (Michele Lee), the parents of three children: Diana (Claudia Lonow), Eric (Steve Shaw), and Michael (Patrick Petersen). Also living on the cul-de-sac is corporate lawyer Richard Avery (John Pleshette) and his real estate agent wife Laura (Constance McCashin), who have a young son, Jason. Other neighbors include the young couple Kenny Ward (James Houghton), a record producer, and his wife Ginger (Kim Lankford), a kindergarten teacher. Early in the series, Gary becomes a salesman at Knots Landing Motors, and deals with visits from his wealthy brothers from Dallas, Bobby (guest star Patrick Duffy) and J. R. Ewing (guest star Larry Hagman). Gary and Valene get a visit from their teenage daughter Lucy (Charlene Tilton), although she decides to return to Dallas, and from Valene's estranged mother, Lilimae (Julie Harris). Sid and Karen deal with problems surrounding Sid's oldest daughter, Annie (Karen Allen), Richard and Laura deal with the circumstances surrounding Laura's rape, and Kenny and Ginger's marriage hits the rocks when Kenny starts an affair with a young singer named Sylvie (Louise Vallance). In the season finale, Gary relapses into alcoholism, endangering his marriage.","title":"Series synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abby Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"Donna Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Mills"},{"link_name":"Tonya Crowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Crowe"},{"link_name":"Brian Austin Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Austin_Green"},{"link_name":"Jane Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Elliot"},{"link_name":"Alcoholics Anonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous"},{"link_name":"Allan Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Miller"},{"link_name":"Barry Jenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Jenner"}],"sub_title":"Season 2 (1980–81)","text":"At the beginning of the second season, Sid's manipulative younger sister, Abby Cunningham (Donna Mills), a recent divorcée and the mother of two children, Olivia (Tonya Crowe) and Brian (Bobby Jacoby, later Brian Austin Green), move to Knots Landing. Abby starts working for her brother at Knots Landing Motors and immediately takes an interest in Richard, beginning a rather open affair with him, and she makes sure that Valene discovers Gary having an affair with Judy Trent (guest star Jane Elliot), the wife of a man he befriended while in Alcoholics Anonymous. In the meantime, Laura starts an affair with her boss, Scooter Warren (Allan Miller), and Abby soon dumps Richard when her ex-husband, Jeff (Barry Jenner), threatens to take her children from her. While separated from Kenny, Ginger starts a romance with the father of one of her students, although she and Kenny eventually reconcile. Near the end of the season, Jeff succeeds in taking Olivia and Brian from Abby, leaving her frantic. When Sid discovered some car parts that Gary and Abby had purchased were actually stolen, his brakes were tampered with to keep him from testifying in court. As a result, in the season finale, Sid's car plunges off a cliff.","title":"Series synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen Macht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Macht"},{"link_name":"USC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"}],"sub_title":"Season 3 (1981–82)","text":"At the start of the third season, Sid undergoes surgery but dies of his injuries. Karen becomes the head of Knots Landing Motors, subsequently firing Abby, although she was soon rehired. Meanwhile, Abby and Gary start an affair, and Ginger gives birth to a daughter, Erin Molly, and makes Karen her godmother. Karen's brother, Joe Cooper (Stephen Macht), takes a job at USC as a bookkeeper and briefly stays with the Fairgate family before leaving town. Valene's mother, Lilimae Clements, moves in with Gary and Valene, enabling Valene and Lilimae to gradually fix their estranged relationship. Laura plans to leave Richard and marry her real-estate sales boss, Scooter, but when Laura learns she is pregnant, she decides to reconcile with Richard and end her affair with Scooter. However, Richard loses his job and suffers a nervous breakdown, holds Laura hostage in their home at gunpoint. Laura subsequently sends Richard to a mental institution. After Karen passes up the opportunity to fund a methanol-powered vehicle project, Gary and Abby devote the majority of their time to making the deal without Karen's help. In the season finale, Valene discovers Gary and Abby's affair and leaves him.","title":"Series synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jock Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Jim Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Davis_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lisa Hartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Hartman_Black"},{"link_name":"Kevin Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Dobson"},{"link_name":"Michael Sabatino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sabatino"}],"sub_title":"Season 4 (1982–83)","text":"In season four, Valene returns to the cul-de-sac and throws Gary out of the house, leaving him free to move in with Abby. He then inherits millions of dollars from his recently deceased father, Jock Ewing (Jim Davis). Investing money in several ways, Gary takes an interest in a beautiful younger singer named Ciji Dunne (Lisa Hartman). Valene releases her book, titled Capricorn Crude, a thinly veiled exposé of the Ewings of Dallas. With the charges dropped against Sid Fairgate's killers, Karen seeks the help of federal prosecutor Mack MacKenzie (Kevin Dobson), whom she starts dating and eventually marries mid-season. Valene's publicist, Chip Roberts (Michael Sabatino), moves in with Valene and Lilimae, and trouble starts when he dates Diana and Ciji at the same time, later getting Ciji pregnant. Ciji insists on keeping the baby, much to Chip's annoyance and anger. Ciji also became close to Laura which angered Richard, and was also romantically linked to Gary. Ciji's dead body was later discovered on the beach, and there are many suspects, most prominently Gary, Valene, Chip, Richard and Abby. Richard realises his marriage is over and leaves Knots Landing, and Kenny and Ginger move to Nashville where she starts her music career. Karen learns that Chip's real name is Tony Fenice and that he's a fugitive wanted for assault and battery on a woman in Seattle, but is too late to stop Diana leaving town with him. The season ends with Gary sitting in jail, awaiting trial for Ciji's murder.","title":"Series synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas Sheehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Sheehan"},{"link_name":"Lisa Hartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Hartman_Black"},{"link_name":"Greg Sumner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Sumner"},{"link_name":"William Devane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Devane"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senator"}],"sub_title":"Season 5 (1983–84)","text":"Gary is cleared of Ciji's murder, and the police hunt for Chip who is now their prime suspect. He is eventually arrested but not before he and Diana are married, which strains her relationship with Karen who becomes so stressed that she becomes addicted to prescription painkillers. Meanwhile, Sid and Abby's uncle dies, leaving Abby and (by default) Karen a land inheritance at Lotus Point, California. Without Karen's knowledge, Abby schemes to build a resort on the land while cutting Karen out of her plans. Abby then forms a company called Apolune, a secret subsidiary of Gary's corporation, and she convinces Gary to marry her so she can share the inheritance he got from his father. Valene begins a relationship with journalist Ben Gibson (Douglas Sheehan), but after a one-night stand with Gary, she learns she is pregnant with twins. Valene decides not to tell Gary that he is the father, as he is now married to Abby, and as she had fallen in love with Ben. However, Ben could not accept that Valene was pregnant with another man's children and he and Valene break up. Abby hires a Ciji look-alike, Cathy Geary (also played by Lisa Hartman), to keep Gary distracted so he would not learn about her crooked business dealings. Politician Greg Sumner (William Devane), an old college friend of Mack's who was running for U.S. Senator, receives the endorsements of Mack and Karen, as well as Abby, who wanted to buy herself a senator. Greg hires Mack to lead his Senate Crime Commission investigating the sinister Wolfbridge Group. Abby convinces Greg to get her an illegal land variance to build on Lotus Point but, after pressure from Wolfbridge, Greg pins it on Mack in order to discredit his investigation, thus ending their friendship. While a fugitive from the police, Chip falls on a pitchfork and dies after seeing Cathy, thinking she was Ciji back from the dead. After Karen's recovery from her drug addiction, she and Diana reconcile. Wolfbridge forces Abby into making them her partners in the Lotus Point development. Mack investigates the land ownership at Lotus Point and Laura confesses that Apolune is Abby's company. Gary decides to divorce Abby as he cannot trust her. When Mack fakes Gary's death to snare Wolfbridge, Karen leaves him, believing his obsession with Wolfbridge has cost them their marriage. In the season finale, Mack tries to trick Wolfbridge leader Mark St. Clare into trying to kill Gary again, but St. Claire's assassin accidentally shoots Karen instead. Abby is kidnapped by the Wolfbridge Group when they realized they've failed.","title":"Series synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alec Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"televangelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televangelist"},{"link_name":"Jack Bannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Bannon_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Howard Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Duff"},{"link_name":"Ava Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Joe Regalbuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Regalbuto"}],"sub_title":"Season 6 (1984–85)","text":"Greg kills Mark St. Clare, who was holding Abby hostage on a boat. After being shot, Karen refuses to have risky surgery, afraid that she would be paralysed or die like Sid did, but without it she only has months to live. Meanwhile, Gary and Abby reconcile and, along with Karen, they agree to become partners in Lotus Point. Lilimae's secret son and Valene's half-brother, Joshua Rush (Alec Baldwin), whom Lilimae abandoned as an infant, arrives in Knots Landing and moves in with Lilimae and Valene. He soon starts a romance with Cathy, who has moved into the cul-de-sac with Laura and her children. Abby starts running a television station, World Pacific Cable, that Ben becomes a journalist for after Gary purchased it. Joshua also works at the station and later becomes a popular televangelist. Abby is stunned to learn that Gary is the father of Valene's unborn twins, and Abby tells Scott Easton (Jack Bannon), an influential lobbyist with shady connections, about her problem. As a favor to Abby, Scott arranges to have Valene's babies kidnapped at birth, though without Abby's approval. Valene is told the babies were stillborn, although she insists she saw them alive. Her mental health deteriorates and she leaves Knots Landing and goes to Tennessee. She assumes the identity of Verna Ellers (a character from one of her books) and works as a waitress. Karen and Mack reconcile, and Karen eventually gets the operation she needs in order to make a full recovery. Gary befriends the aging millionaire Paul Galveston (Howard Duff), and Galveston offers Gary the opportunity to develop Empire Valley, a large piece of real estate. Galveston soon dies, and he leaves his millions to Greg, who is proven to have been his son. Assuming he had been left Empire Valley, Greg resigns from the Senate, but is shocked to learn that the land had been left to Gary. Greg's devious mother, Ruth (guest star Ava Gardner), comes to visit her son after Galveston's death. Ruth becomes close to Abby (since they have similar interests), but loathes Laura, who, by this time has started a relationship with Greg. Around this same time, Joshua and Cathy grow closer, and the two soon marry. Valene (still believing she is \"Verna\") becomes engaged to a man in Tennessee, but Gary finally finds her and brings her back to Knots Landing, where she rekindles her romance with Ben, but still believes her babies to be alive. Karen and Ben discover that Valene's doctor had paid off a nurse to assist in the kidnapping of Valene's children. Mack tracks down Valene's babies, who had been adopted illegally. Abby confides in Greg that she inadvertently caused the kidnapping of Valene's babies, but she now wants to get them back. In the season finale, Abby goes to Valene and tells her that she knows where her babies are, and the two go to the home of Sheila and Harry Fisher (Robin Ginsburg and Joe Regalbuto). Sheila disbelieves their claims that the babies were adopted illegally and shouts to warn Harry who takes off with one of the twins in his car.","title":"Series synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(season_9)"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"tenth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series,_season_10)"},{"link_name":"Hunt Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_Block"},{"link_name":"Ruth Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Roman"},{"link_name":"Teri Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teri_Austin"},{"link_name":"Paige Matheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paige_Matheson"},{"link_name":"Nicollette Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicollette_Sheridan"}],"sub_title":"Season 7 (1985–86)","text":"After a frantic battle to expose the illegal black market adoption, Valene's children are returned to her, whom she names Betsy and Bobby. Valene and Ben agree to raise the children as theirs, and the two soon marry. Abby successfully covers her tracks in the matter by simply telling Gary that she had received a phone call for a \"Mrs. Ewing\" telling her where the babies could be found. Gary receives news of his brother Bobby's death and returns to Dallas for the funeral (Bobby Ewing's death was later explained as being a \"dream\" on Dallas at the start of its tenth season in 1986, though this was never acknowledged on Knots Landing as Bobby was never mentioned again). Empire Valley went awry when Gary learns that Galveston Industries and its partners were secretly building an underground espionage operation there. Gary subsequently blows Empire Valley up. Peter Hollister (Hunt Block) goes to work for Greg, and with the help of Sylvia Lean (guest star Ruth Roman) acting as his mother, Peter convinces Greg that he is also Paul Galveston's son, therefore making he and Greg half brothers. Jill Bennett (Teri Austin), Peter's sister, becomes Mack's new colleague, although Jill and Peter keep their relationship a secret as an effort to get revenge on the Galveston family for having wronged their family years before. Abby soon discovers that Sylvia is not Peter's mother and that Peter is not Galveston's son, therefore blackmailing Peter into paying her to keep their secret safe. In the meantime, Joshua becomes increasingly controlling and abusive towards Cathy, and in a moment of rage he tries to kill her but falls of the roof of a building and dies. Cathy soon starts an affair with Ben, who becomes her manager for her budding singing career but she later leaves town. Abby discovers that her daughter Olivia has developed a drug problem. A young woman named Paige Matheson (Nicollette Sheridan), comes to Knots Landing and explains to Mack that she is his illegitimate daughter. In the finale, Karen disappears and is being held hostage by a man in his basement.","title":"Series synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Giambalvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Giambalvo"},{"link_name":"Wendy Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Fulton"},{"link_name":"Anne Matheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Matheson"},{"link_name":"Michelle Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Phillips"}],"sub_title":"Season 8 (1986–87)","text":"Karen's kidnapper is revealed to be Phil Harbert (guest star Louis Giambalvo), an old friend of Greg and Mack's from law school, who had become bitter towards Mack, having blamed him for causing the death of his wife. Karen escapes and Phil is killed after being hit by a car. Ben returns to Valene, promising to make their marriage work but faces problems from Jean Hackney (Wendy Fulton), who tries to trick Ben into doing a mission for an underground organization to kill Greg. When Valene's babies are threatened, Ben reluctantly agrees to assist Jean. With Mack's help, Ben foils the plan, although Jean continues to threaten him and his family which prompts Ben to leave the country at the end of the season. Laura angrily blames Valene for not telling her about the plot to kill Greg. Laura also tells Greg that she is pregnant, but he is not enthusiastic about it, and she refuses to have an abortion. In the meantime, Paige reveals that she faked her death in order to escape the control of her wealthy grandparents, although Karen doubts the story, believing her to be an impostor. Also, Paige had developed a romantic relationship with Michael, Karen's son, but she soon tires of him and starts romancing Peter. Abby's daughter Olivia's drug addiction has worsened, eventually leading to the injuring of Lilimae in a car accident, and Abby resorts to desperate measures to get her clean. When her drug dealer beats up her younger brother Brian, Olivia finally admits to her addiction and decides to get clean. Olivia then becomes friends with Peter, and develops a crush on him, although he is interested in Paige. Peter, having become state senator with Greg's support, goes to the extreme to hide the fact that Jill is his sister, who has started a relationship with Gary. When Jill and Peter have an argument, Jill is injured in a fall from and Peter flees the scene to avoid any link to her or the accident. Paige's mother, Anne Matheson (Michelle Phillips), whom Paige had said was dead, appears and tries to rekindle her love affair with Mack. When Mack refuses her advances, she turns her attention to Greg, who also turns her down, and she therefore leaves town. At the end of the season, Abby finds Olivia standing over Peter's dead body. With both assuming the other had killed Peter, Abby frantically buries his body under the soil at Lotus Point where cement is to be poured the following day. Some weeks later, believing she had successfully hidden Peter's body, Abby is informed by Karen that there is a crack in the cement foundations and that it has to be pulled up and redone.","title":"Series synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brain tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor"},{"link_name":"Michael York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_York"},{"link_name":"Larry Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Riley_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lynne Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne_Moody"},{"link_name":"Kent Masters-King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Masters-King"},{"link_name":"witness protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness_protection"},{"link_name":"John Aprea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aprea"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"}],"sub_title":"Season 9 (1987–88)","text":"When Peter's body is discovered, Olivia is charged with his murder, although Abby steps in to take the blame for her daughter. It is soon learned, however, that Paige accidentally caused Peter's death, although no charges are made against her. Laura decides to make up with Valene, but then tells Greg she is dying of a brain tumor, though he refuses to accept it. Laura leaves Knots Landing to die elsewhere, thus leaving Greg with their infant child, a daughter named Meg. Overcome with grief and feeling unable to raise the child himself, Greg asks Karen and Mack to adopt Meg, which they agree to. Meanwhile, Lilimae leaves town after starting a new romance, and Abby rekindles her love affair with her old flame, Charles Scott (Michael York). Abby and Charles briefly marry, but when Abby discovers his ulterior motives about developing a Lotus Point Marina, she annuls the marriage after taking millions of dollars from him. Frank (Larry Riley) and Pat Williams (Lynne Moody) and their daughter Julie (Kent Masters-King) move into Laura's old house on the cul-de-sac. Karen and Mack are initially suspicious of them, but become their friends upon learning they are in the witness protection program. With business at Lotus Point reaching a low, Karen, Abby, and Gary agree to expand the marina to accommodate the business of Manny Vasquez (John Aprea). Paige starts working for Greg, and becomes attracted to him. Paige and Michael go on an archaeological dig in Mexico. When it is learned that Manny is selling illegal drugs through Lotus Point, Karen, Abby, and Gary try to stop him, but to no avail. Manny tells them that he will hold Paige and Michael hostage in Mexico unless they allow him to continue his dealings through Lotus Point. Gary takes an increased interest in Valene's twins, his biological children, much to the annoyance of Jill, who has moved in with Gary. Jill conceives an elaborate plan where she edits audio recordings of Ben's voice to make Valene think he was trying to contact her. In an effort to make Valene appear unstable, Jill steals the tapes, leaving Valene with no proof of Ben trying to contact her. In the season finale, Jill goes to Valene's home and, at gunpoint, she forces Valene to swallow sleeping pills, hoping it will appear that Valene has committed suicide. The following morning, Valene is found motionless on her bedroom floor.","title":"Series synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Carafotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Carafotes"},{"link_name":"Robert Desiderio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Desiderio"}],"sub_title":"Season 10 (1988–89)","text":"Frank finds Valene unconscious and telephones for an ambulance. Valene survives and says that Jill had tried to kill her. While Jill has provided herself with an alibi, Valene's testimony is later proven true. With doubt on her innocence, Jill was left friendless and she thereby tied herself up and locked herself in the trunk of Gary's car, hoping to frame Gary for kidnapping her. When Jill dies in the trunk, Gary is charged with her murder, although Mack has the charges dropped when it is learned Jill had deliberately locked herself in the trunk. A con artist tried to extort money from Frank and Pat by threatening to reveal their whereabouts to the people that had threatened Pat's life years earlier. Mack halted the con artist, and used dental records from a deceased family to make him believe that the Sollars (the Williamses' original surname) were dead. Paige and Michael were eventually able to get out of Mexico, and Manny Vasquez's nephew, Harold Dyer (Paul Carafotes), kills his uncle when he tried to kill Mack. Paige seduced Greg and the two became a couple, although their relationship soon ended when Greg decided to run for mayor of Los Angeles. Realizing Paige would not make a good political wife, Greg instead marries Abby, although Paige keeps her job with Greg's company. Greg tried to regain custody of his daughter Meg from Mack and Karen, but he lost the case. Later, Mack goes through a mid-life crisis and quits his job, and thereby starts his own law practice. Following a health and safety report, the Lotus Point land has to be sold. However, it was soon revealed that Abby had falsified the report after she discovered that there was oil underneath Lotus Point, and created a company to conceal who was buying the resort from her partners. Paige exposed that the whole thing had been initiated by Abby and her cohort Ted Melcher (Robert Desiderio), which infuriated Karen, who was determined to send Abby to jail for fraud. Abby narrowly avoided being imprisoned, and agreed to donate Lotus Point to city as a public park. Abby then leaves Greg and Knots Landing, accepting a Trade Envoy job in Japan (a job Greg himself wanted after losing the run for mayor). Paige, meanwhile, finds herself caught between Greg and Ted Melcher, one of whom is a murderer.","title":"Series synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sam Behrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Behrens"},{"link_name":"Penny Peyser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Peyser"},{"link_name":"Lar Park-Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar_Park-Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Stacy Galina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy_Galina"},{"link_name":"Joseph Gian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gian"},{"link_name":"Chris Lemmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lemmon"}],"sub_title":"Season 11 (1989–90)","text":"Valene and Gary become separately involved with another divorced couple, Danny (Sam Behrens) and Amanda Waleska (Penny Peyser). Gary learns that Danny had beaten and raped Amanda, but when he tells Valene she refuses to believe him, and she ends up marrying Danny. However, when she realizes the truth, Valene tries to kick him out of her house. When Danny becomes violent, Valene takes her twins and moves in with Gary. The two rekindle their romance and eventually make plans to remarry. While drunk, Danny hits Pat Williams with his car, and she is left on life support in the hospital. When told that Pat is permanently brain dead, Frank decides to have her life support turned off. Olivia marries Harold, but they run into financial troubles when Abby cuts Olivia off financially. The couple soon make the decision to leave Knots Landing and move to Miami. Eric's wife Linda Fairgate (Lar Park-Lincoln) moves in with Karen and Mack, and starts an affair with Eric's younger brother Michael. Linda then divorces Eric and finds employment with the Sumner Group, where she becomes a rival of Paige's. Greg's daughter, Mary Frances (Stacy Galina), visits him after a six-year estrangement and is shot dead in her father's office, making Greg believe that he had been the intended target. Greg himself had been shot by Mary Frances' activist boyfriend, Robert Scarrow (John David Bland), although he survives. Robert blames Greg for manufacturing poisonous chemicals that cause liver cancer, and he also admits to being the one that killed Mary Frances. Now broke, Paige's mother Anne returns to Knots Landing, in an attempt to cheat Paige out of an inheritance that her grandfather left her. Anne steals Paige's identity in an effort to obtain her daughter's money, although the plan soon goes awry. Paige soon falls in love with Tom Ryan (Joseph Gian), a crooked cop, and the two plan to marry, but Tom leaves Paige at the altar after Greg blackmailed him. Karen starts presenting a television talk show, but she becomes the target of an obsessive fan by the name of Jeff Cameron (Chris Lemmon), one of the show's producers.","title":"Series synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kathleen Noone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Noone"},{"link_name":"Stacy Galina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy_Galina"},{"link_name":"Lance Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Guest"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wilson Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wilson_Brown"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Caccialanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Caccialanza"}],"sub_title":"Season 12 (1990–91)","text":"Jeff starts a plot to murder Karen, but he is eventually caught and imprisoned. With Greg's health on a downward spiral, his half-sister Claudia Whittaker (Kathleen Noone) comes to town along with her daughter Kate (also Stacy Galina), who bears a striking resemblance to Greg's dead daughter Mary Frances. When she realizes she is not in Greg's will, Claudia arranges for him to get a liver so he will live. Kate meets Steve Brewer (Lance Guest), a man claiming to be her brother. Steve, who had been put up for adoption by Claudia, was the product of an affair between Claudia and Paul Galveston (her mother's dead husband, and Greg's biological father - which makes him both Greg's half-brother and nephew). Kate and Steve become good friends, but Claudia, who wants Steve gone, has him framed by placing a gun in his car. Since Steve was already a felon, the gun violated his parole and he was later gunned down trying to run away from the police. Mack befriends a high school student named Jason Lochner (Thomas Wilson Brown), who was living with an abusive father. Jason later moves in with Mack and Karen, and dates Julie Williams. Frank, Julie's father, passes his lawyer bar exam and goes to work as an attorney at Mack's independent firm. Danny continues harassing Valene, and he soon assaults Gary with a baseball bat. After forcing Gary to drink alcohol, Danny puts him a car a sends it over a cliff, hoping to make his death appear accidental. However, the airbag saves Gary's life, but Danny is found dead in the Williams' swimming pool. In the investigation surrounding Danny's death, almost everyone is a suspect, although it was soon discovered that his death was accidental. Valene falls from a horse and suffers from psychiatric problems, but she soon recovers and she and Gary get married for the third time. Anne meets the scheming Italian Nick Schillace (Lorenzo Caccialanza), with whom she romances and embarks on a series of illegal schemes in an effort to obtain wealth. Their plans backfire when Nick suddenly leaves town, leaving Anne homeless. Paige and Linda continue to despise one another, a mutual disliking that is further fueled when Linda has an affair with Greg. At the end of the season, Karen furiously pursues a group of teenagers after they paintball her for fun. A high-speed car chase results in a crash, and one of the teenagers in the crash is Jason.","title":"Series synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stuart Pankin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Pankin"},{"link_name":"Philip Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Brown_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Halle Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_Berry"},{"link_name":"Mark Soper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Soper"},{"link_name":"Bruce Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"Boyd Kestner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd_Kestner"},{"link_name":"Maree Cheatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maree_Cheatham"}],"sub_title":"Season 13 (1991–92)","text":"Kate blames Claudia for Steve's death and removes her mother from her life, but they soon reconcile when Claudia attempts suicide. After some months of living on the streets, Anne meets the shady Benny Appleman (Stuart Pankin), and the two try to scheme their way into getting money. Anne later agrees to pose nude for a magazine and she also becomes the host of a late-night advice show, which becomes a success. Linda, Eric's ex-wife, is murdered by Brian Johnston (Philip Brown), who holds the MacKenzies hostage. Jason soon leaves Knots Landing for Sweden, and, shortly thereafter, Julie decides to move away as well. Frank has a brief relationship with television producer Debbie Porter (Halle Berry), before he too leaves town. Gary invested in a project that turned energy from the ocean's tides into usable electric energy. The man behind the operation, Joseph Barringer (Mark Soper), becomes Kate's boyfriend. Paige, meanwhile, joins Gary and her new boyfriend Pierce (Bruce Greenwood) in a partnership. A former flame of Pierce's, Victoria Broyard (Marcia Cross), informs Paige that Pierce had killed his previous girlfriend, but Paige does not believe her. Paige is later shot by Pierce (who was aiming for Greg, whom he hated), temporarily paralyzing her. Pierce then kidnaps Paige, and holds her hostage on his yacht. Mack and Greg rescue her after she and Pierce fall into the water. Pierce's body is never found, and it is presumed he drowned. Alex Barth (Boyd Kestner), the nephew of the Galveston housekeeper, blackmails Claudia for refusing to allow his ailing mother to receive treatment, thus leading to her death. Claudia also takes a disliking to Joseph and she arranges for him to get another job, thus ending his romance with Kate. Gary, who had been left bankrupt after investing his money to Tidal Energy, moves back to Seaview Circle with Valene. Mary Robeson (Maree Cheatham) arrives in Knots Landing and tells Valene she is Laura's biological mother and therefore Meg's real grandmother. Valene does not believe her, and while researching Mary in Florida, Valene is kidnapped. Later, when Paige gets into her car, she is horrified to see Pierce waiting for her in the back seat.","title":"Series synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Gerroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Gerroll"},{"link_name":"Felicity Waterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Waterman"}],"sub_title":"Season 14 (1992–93)","text":"While trying to find Valene, Gary sees the car she was in explode. Greg decides to retire from the Sumner Group, and he leaves one third of the company to Claudia, a third to Paige, and the other third to Mack and Karen in a trust for Meg. Anne reveals she is pregnant, leading to Greg marrying her, but she discovers she suffered a \"hysterical pregnancy\". Meanwhile, Anne's old beau Nick returns and the two rekindle their affair and their old conniving ways. Mack seeks $1 million to get Mary Robeson to stop the custody battle over Meg. Claudia gives Mack $500,000 from the Sumner Group, and gives the other half to Nick to start a restaurant. Paige demanded an audit, but Claudia cannot get the money from Nick back because he already spent it. Karen condemns Mack's handling of Mary Robeson's efforts to win custody of Meg. She leaves him and goes to New York to stay with her daughter Diana. A shady organization run by Daniel Treadwell (Daniel Gerroll) begins terrorizing everybody with its sights set on the Sumner Group. Gary starts a relationship with Kate. In the series finale, Karen returns to Mack, and the presumed dead Valene returns, revealing she kidnapped by Treadwell's people, who had threatened to harm her for coming across secretive information and that it was another captor was in the car that exploded. Treadwell's mysterious partner is revealed to be Abby, who has been orchestrating the takeover of the Sumner Group all along. However, Greg stops Abby by threatening to reveal her dirty dealings while she was in Japan. As Treadwell prepares to kill Nick, who was working for him, Treadwell himself was killed by Vanessa Hunt (Felicity Waterman). Anne offers to divorce Greg so he can resume his relationship with her daughter Paige, whom he loves. Claudia decides to leave Knots Landing for Monaco, and at the airport, she runs into Anne and Nick, who are also leaving town. In the final scenes, back at Seaview Circle, Karen, Mack, Valene, and Gary prepare a barbecue as a new couple begin moving into Frank Williams' old home. Meanwhile, Abby arrives at the gathering and reveals that she has just purchased her old house in Seaview Circle. Valene simply smiles and welcomes Abby back, before she and Gary go home. Realizing Gary and Valene are happily reunited, Abby looks at Karen and comments \"Just like old times, isn't it?\". In the final shot, Karen watches Abby go inside her new home, mildly concerned as to what effect her return will have on the cul-de-sac, before smiling contentedly.","title":"Series synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"sub_title":"Main cast","text":"Cast notes^ McCashin departs in \"Noises Everywhere (Part 2)\" (ep. 9.11).\n\n^ Murray departs in \"Critical Condition\" (ep. 3.2).\n\n^ Harris departs in \"Flight of the Sunbirds\" (ep. 9.9).\n\n^ Devane is added to the opening credits from \"Marital Privilege\" (ep. 5.4).\n\n^ Baldwin departs in \"Rise and Fall\" (ep. 7.10).","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Shaw_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Jacoby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jayne"},{"link_name":"Brian Austin Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Austin_Green"},{"link_name":"Michael Sabatino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sabatino"},{"link_name":"Joseph Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Chapman_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Howard Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Duff"},{"link_name":"Ava Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Hunt Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_Block"},{"link_name":"Ruth Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Roman"},{"link_name":"Michael York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_York_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lar Park Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar_Park_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Lynne Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne_Moody"},{"link_name":"Paul Carafotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Carafotes"},{"link_name":"Kent Masters King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Masters_King"},{"link_name":"Robert Desiderio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Desiderio"},{"link_name":"Betsy Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Sam Behrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Behrens"},{"link_name":"Penny Peyser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Peyser"},{"link_name":"Melinda Culea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melinda_Culea"},{"link_name":"Joseph Gian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gian"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Caccialanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Caccialanza"},{"link_name":"Tracy Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Reed_(American_actress)"},{"link_name":"Lance Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Guest"},{"link_name":"Mark Soper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Soper"},{"link_name":"Bruce Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"Felicity Waterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Waterman"},{"link_name":"Maree Cheatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maree_Cheatham"}],"sub_title":"Supporting cast","text":"Throughout the show's fourteen seasons, there were a wide array of actors in supporting roles. The most notable of these include:Steve Shaw as Eric Fairgate (seasons 1–11), Sid and Karen's eldest son;\nBobby Jacoby (seasons 2–5) and Brian Austin Green (seasons 6–10 and Reunion) as Brian Cunningham, Abby's son;\nMichael Sabatino as Chip Roberts (seasons 4–5), Valene's publicist who murders Ciji and marries Diana;\nJoseph Chapman as Mark St. Claire (seasons 5–6), villainous character[1]\nHoward Duff as Paul Galveston (seasons 6 and 11), a millionaire industrialist who turns out to be Greg Sumner's biological father;\nAva Gardner as Ruth Sumner Galveston (season 6), Greg and Claudia's wildlife photographer mother;\nHunt Block as Peter Hollister (seasons 7–8), Jill Bennett's brother who poses as Paul's son and Greg's half-brother, eventually killed by Paige;\nRuth Roman as Sylvia Lean (seasons 7–8), a former fling of Paul Galveston's hired by Peter to pose as his mother;\nMichael York as Charles Scott (season 9), Abby's childhood sweetheart and eventual third husband;\nLar Park Lincoln as Linda Fairgate (seasons 9 and 11–13), Eric's wife who has an affair with Michael, and uncredited as \"Sally's Friend\" (Season 10), with whom Gary accidentally strikes up a friendship over the phone;\nLynne Moody as Patricia Williams (seasons 9–11), wife of Frank and mother of Julie;\nPaul Carafotes as Harold Dyer (seasons 9–11), Olivia's mobster husband;\nKent Masters King as Julie Williams (seasons 9–13), Frank and Pat's teenage daughter;\nRobert Desiderio as Ted Melcher (seasons 10–11), Greg's murderous campaign manager when he runs for mayor;\nBetsy Palmer as Virginia Bullock (seasons 10–12), Lilimae's sister and Valene's aunt;\nSam Behrens as Danny Waleska (seasons 10–12), Valene's psychopathic third husband;\nPenny Peyser as Amanda Michaels (seasons 10–11), Danny's abused ex-wife and girlfriend of Gary;\nMelinda Culea as Paula Vertosick (seasons 10–11), former Forest Ranger and romance of Greg's;\nJoseph Gian as Tom Ryan (seasons 11–12 and 14), a corrupt detective who romances Paige;\nLorenzo Caccialanza as Nick Schillace/Dimitri Pappas (seasons 12 and 14), bankrupt Italian playboy-turned-conman;\nTracy Reed as Charlotte Anderson (season 12), Julie's English teacher and Frank's first romance after Pat's death;\nLance Guest as Steve Brewer (season 12), Claudia's illegitimate son by Paul Galveston;\nMark Soper as Joseph Barringer (season 13), environmentalist businessman;\nBruce Greenwood as Pierce Lawton (seasons 13–14), Paige's unhinged lover;\nFelicity Waterman as Vanessa Hunt (seasons 13–14), Kate's bisexual tennis cohort;\nMaree Cheatham as Mary Robeson (seasons 13–14), a woman claiming to be Meg's biological grandmother.","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Knots Landing/Dallas crossovers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patrick Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Duffy"},{"link_name":"Bobby Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Larry Hagman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Hagman"},{"link_name":"J. R. Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Ewing"},{"link_name":"Charlene Tilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlene_Tilton"},{"link_name":"Lucy Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Mary Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Kristin Shepard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Shepard"},{"link_name":"Larry Hagman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Hagman"},{"link_name":"J. R. Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Ewing"},{"link_name":"Patrick Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Duffy"},{"link_name":"Bobby Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Larry Hagman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Hagman"},{"link_name":"J. R. Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Ewing"},{"link_name":"Larry Hagman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Hagman"},{"link_name":"J. R. Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Ewing"},{"link_name":"Larry Hagman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Hagman"},{"link_name":"J. R. Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Ewing"},{"link_name":"Patrick Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Duffy"},{"link_name":"Bobby Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Christopher Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Ewing"},{"link_name":"David Ackroyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ackroyd"},{"link_name":"Gary Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Joan Van Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Van_Ark"},{"link_name":"Valene Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valene_Ewing"},{"link_name":"David Ackroyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ackroyd"},{"link_name":"Gary Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Joan Van Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Van_Ark"},{"link_name":"Valene Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valene_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Joan Van Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Van_Ark"},{"link_name":"Valene Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valene_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Ted Shackelford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Shackelford"},{"link_name":"Gary Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Joan Van Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Van_Ark"},{"link_name":"Valene Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valene_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Ted Shackelford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Shackelford"},{"link_name":"Gary Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Joan Van Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Van_Ark"},{"link_name":"Valene Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valene_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Ted Shackelford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Shackelford"},{"link_name":"Gary Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Ted Shackelford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Shackelford"},{"link_name":"Gary Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Joan Van Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Van_Ark"},{"link_name":"Valene Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valene_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Ted Shackelford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Shackelford"},{"link_name":"Gary Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Joan Van Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Van_Ark"},{"link_name":"Valene Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valene_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Ted Shackelford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Shackelford"},{"link_name":"Gary Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Ted Shackelford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Shackelford"},{"link_name":"Gary Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Ted Shackelford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Shackelford"},{"link_name":"Gary Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Karen MacKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_MacKenzie"},{"link_name":"Michele Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Lee"},{"link_name":"Mandy Winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dallas_(1978_TV_series)_characters#Mandy_Winger"},{"link_name":"Deborah Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Shelton"},{"link_name":"Joan Van Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Van_Ark"},{"link_name":"Valene Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valene_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Conundrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conundrum_(Dallas)"},{"link_name":"Ted Shackelford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Shackelford"},{"link_name":"Gary Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Joan Van Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Van_Ark"},{"link_name":"Valene Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valene_Ewing"}],"sub_title":"Episodes","text":"Between seasons 1 and 4 of Knots Landing, there were nine episodes where Dallas characters appeared, played by their respective actors.Season 1 (1979–80 season)Episode 1: \"Pilot\". Guest starring Patrick Duffy as Bobby Ewing.\nEpisode 2: \"Community Spirit\". Guest starring Larry Hagman as J. R. Ewing.\nEpisode 6: \"Home is For Healing\" Guest starring Charlene Tilton as Lucy Ewing.Season 2 (1980–81 season)Episode 5: \"Kristin\". Guest starring Mary Crosby as Kristin Shepard.\nEpisode 9: \"A Family Matter\". Guest starring Larry Hagman as J. R. Ewing.\nEpisode 13: \"The Loudest Word\". Guest starring Patrick Duffy as Bobby Ewing.\nEpisode 17: \"Designs\". Guest starring Larry Hagman as J. R. Ewing.Season 4 (1982–83 season)Episode 2: \"Daniel\". Guest starring Larry Hagman as J. R. Ewing.\nEpisode 6: \"New Beginnings\". Guest starring Larry Hagman as J. R. Ewing, Patrick Duffy as Bobby Ewing and Eric Farlow as Christopher Ewing. This episode of Knots Landing was a direct sequel to the Dallas episode \"Jock's Will\", which aired on the same evening.In addition to the above, the characters of Gary and Valene Ewing appeared in the following episodes of Dallas, as listed below.Season 2 (1978–79 season)Episode 1: \"Reunion, Part I\". Featuring David Ackroyd as Gary Ewing and Joan Van Ark as Valene Clements\nEpisode 2: \"Reunion, Part II\". Featuring David Ackroyd as Gary Ewing and Joan Van Ark as Valene ClementsSeason 3 (1979–80 season)Episode 4: \"Secrets\". Featuring Joan Van Ark as Valene Clements\nEpisode 14: \"Return Engagements\". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary Ewing and Joan Van Ark as Valene ClementsSeason 4 (1980–81 season)Episode 1: \"No More Mister Nice Guy, Part I\". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary Ewing and Joan Van Ark as Valene Ewing\nEpisode 2: \"No More Mister Nice Guy, Part II\". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary Ewing\nEpisode 12: \"End of the Road, Part II\". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary Ewing and Joan Van Ark as Valene EwingSeason 5 (1981–82 season)Episode 8: \"The Split\". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary Ewing and Joan Van Ark as Valene Ewing\nEpisode 9: \"Five Dollars a Barrel\". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary EwingSeason 6 (1982–83 season)Episode 5: \"Jock's Will\". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary Ewing. This episode of Dallas was directly followed by an episode of Knots Landing on the same evening titled \"New Beginnings\"Season 9 (1985–86 season)Episode 1: \"The Family Ewing\". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary EwingSeason 10 (1986–87 season)Episode 11: \"Proof Positive\". No Knots Landing characters appear in this episode, but the set normally used as Karen MacKenzie's (Michele Lee) kitchen doubles as a set in a movie featuring Mandy Winger (Deborah Shelton)Season 12 (1988–89 season)Episode 14: \"Comings and Goings\". Featuring Joan Van Ark as Valene Clements in uncredited archive footageSeason 14 (1990–91 season)Episode 22: \"Conundrum\". Featuring Ted Shackelford as Gary Ewing and Joan Van Ark as Valene Wallace","title":"Knots Landing/Dallas crossovers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Patrick Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Duffy"},{"link_name":"1984–85 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series,_season_8)"},{"link_name":"1985–86 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series,_season_9)"},{"link_name":"1986–87 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series,_season_10)"},{"link_name":"Pamela Barnes Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Barnes_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Victoria Principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Principal"}],"sub_title":"The death of Bobby Ewing","text":"On Dallas, the character of Bobby Ewing (Patrick Duffy) was killed off in the final episode of the 1984–85 season. The following year, Duffy decided to return to Dallas and the character of Bobby was resurrected in the infamous \"shower scene\" at the end of the 1985–86 season. At the start of the 1986–87 season, it was revealed that Bobby's death and all but the final scene of the 1985–86 season had been a dream of Bobby's ex-wife, Pamela Barnes Ewing (Victoria Principal).On Knots Landing during the 1985–86 season, Bobby's death had an indelible impact on some of the characters (i.e. Gary struggling to deal with his brother's death and being comforted by his wife Abby, Abby and Greg then taking advantage of Gary's absence to control development of Empire Valley, and Valene naming her baby son after the late Bobby). When Bobby's death and the subsequent season were revealed to be a dream on Dallas, this did not get applied to the continuity of Knots Landing and Bobby's return was simply never addressed or even mentioned. Following this, no further crossover storylines were featured on Knots Landing.","title":"Knots Landing/Dallas crossovers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 continuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(2012_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Knots Landing: Back to the Cul-de-Sac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knots_Landing:_Back_to_the_Cul-de-Sac"},{"link_name":"Pam Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Ewing"}],"sub_title":"Dallas (2012 TV series)","text":"With the 2012 continuation of Dallas, rumors began surfacing that both Joan Van Ark and Ted Shackelford would reprise their roles as Valene and Gary Ewing on the new series. Shackelford passed on the small role the producers offered him during the first season, but accepted a multi-episode role during the second. Shackelford returned to Dallas for three episodes and Van Ark returned for one. This was the first time the characters had been seen since the 1997 miniseries Knots Landing: Back to the Cul-de-Sac. Although both Shackelford and Van Ark appeared in the 1991 series finale of Dallas playing \"alternative\" versions of Gary and Valene (the episode depicted an alternate reality in which J. R. Ewing had never been born), there have been no real crossovers of story or characters from Knots Landing to Dallas or vice versa since the 1985–86 season of each show (which, on Dallas, turned out to be a dream had by Pam Ewing). In the 2013 Dallas storyline, it is made clear that Gary and Val had still been living together at their home in California, though had recently separated due to Gary's brief relapse into alcoholism due to financial worries. At the end of their appearances on the new series of Dallas, Gary and Val return to California together.","title":"Knots Landing/Dallas crossovers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jacobs_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dallas:_The_Complete_Story-9"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dallas:_The_Complete_Story-9"},{"link_name":"Lucy Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Charlene Tilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlene_Tilton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dallas:_The_Complete_Story_p-28-10"},{"link_name":"The Reunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)_(season_2)#Episodes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dallas:_The_Complete_Story-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJI-11"},{"link_name":"David Ackroyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ackroyd"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dallas:_The_Complete_Story_p.49-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dallas:_The_Complete_Story_p.61-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knotslandingonline.com-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knotslandingonline.com-14"},{"link_name":"Bruce Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Campbell"},{"link_name":"blocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_(stage)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bernard Lechowick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lechowick"},{"link_name":"Lynn Marie Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Marie_Latham"},{"link_name":"head writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_writer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knotslandingonline.com-14"},{"link_name":"Homefront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homefront_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"John Romano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Romano_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Ann Marcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Marcus"},{"link_name":"Granada Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Hills,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"San Fernando Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley"},{"link_name":"Palos Verdes Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palos_Verdes_Estates"}],"text":"Knots Landing was created by David Jacobs, whose original concept was a show based on \"family issues and examining relationships at the middle class level\".[2] CBS initially turned down this idea, as they wanted something more \"glitzy\" to put on the air, with wealthier characters, which would become Dallas.[2] Once that show became a success after the initial run as a five-episode miniseries, the producers decided to expand the roles of certain characters. They introduced Lucy Ewing's (Charlene Tilton) parents, who had not been shown on-screen until that point,[3] in the two-part episode \"The Reunion\". After the success of Dallas, Jacobs presented his initial idea again and created Knots Landing, with some alterations of his original script.[2] In an interview, Jacobs explained: \" Well, that's pretty good, but you know-and then he pulled out the pages that we'd left for them a few years ago on Knots Landing, or a year before on Knots, and he said, 'Is there any way we can make this a spin-off?' I just took one of the couples and made it, you know, Val and Gary who had already been created on the parent series and putting them into the mix, but when you have four couples and you change one, you sort of have to change the dynamic all the way around. However, once I wrote the script, remarkably little changed from the script and the pilot as you would see it.\"[4]Gary Ewing was originally played by David Ackroyd on Dallas, but Ackroyd was unable to sign on for Knots Landing, and Ted Shackelford assumed the role.[5] Joan Van Ark continued to play Val Ewing for the spin-off. Initially, it was presumed that Tilton would also be joining Knots Landing (and have Lucy move in with her parents to the Seaview Circle cul-de-sac), but the network decided to keep her on Dallas in order to keep the two shows separate. She did, however, make a guest appearance in the first-season episode \"Home is for Healing\".[6]The actors on Knots Landing had more input than actors on other 1980s primetime soaps. In 1987, the writers wanted Mack (Kevin Dobson) to have an extramarital affair with Anne (Michelle Phillips). Michele Lee, who played Mack's wife Karen, protested this to Jacobs, saying, \"There has to be one stable couple on the show.\"[7] The extramarital affair storyline was nixed, and Michelle Phillips, who had been signed to a contract, was written out for a couple of seasons before returning in 1990. When she did return, Anne did not pursue Mack. William Devane, who played Greg Sumner, re-wrote most of his character's dialogue, to the point where, in co-star Michele Lee's words, \"most people (on set) were (probably) frightened of him\".[8] The Gary/Val/Abby triangle that provided story throughout the mid-1980s was suggested by Ted Shackelford and Joan Van Ark in 1980, and the producers hesitated for a year and a half before going through with it in 1982.[7] The famous 1984 storyline where Valene's babies got kidnapped was originally envisioned as one of scheming Abby's plots. Donna Mills, who played Abby, acknowledged that her character was evil but did not think she was that evil. Fearing the audience would never forgive her character for kidnapping another woman's babies, she asked the writers to make the kidnappings a result of Abby's actions, but only by accident, and the writers complied. Bruce Campbell, who appeared in a 1987 episode, would later marvel at \"the speed and clinical precision\" of the production as opposed to the low-budget films and television series he had acted in up until this point. In particular, he wrote that Michele Lee \"ran the set like a drill seargent and laid out all the blocking.\"[citation needed]The writing team of Bernard Lechowick and Lynn Marie Latham (the head writers from 1986 to 1991) was controversial among both fans and actors. Their humor-imbued style of writing made them the favorites of Michele Lee, while John Pleshette felt they were \"awful people.\" Pleshette, however, was not a regular cast member during their tenure (only making a guest appearance in 1987), and harbored resentment because the writing team, who had been represented by his wife, moved to a different agency.[9] Joan van Ark, whose character was struck by a brain illness in season 12 and proceeded to thereafter go crazy, felt that Latham and Lechowick had turned her character into the \"village idiot.\" Joan Van Ark's and Donna Mills' favorite Knots Landing writer was Peter Dunne,[7] who was responsible for making Knots Landing a top ten show in 1984.In 1987, CBS demanded that production costs be cut. This meant the firing of two regulars, Constance McCashin and Julie Harris. Season 13 saw a large ratings drop for the show after writer/producers Bernard Lechowick and Lynn Marie Latham left to create Homefront and creator David Jacobs had a health crisis and pulled back his involvement in production. Jacobs has publicly stated that the way he knew the show was in trouble was when waitresses at his favorite diner, whom he had heard gossiping about Knots Landing every Friday during past seasons, suddenly stopped discussing the show in late 1991. He attempted to save face by shutting down production on November 20, 1991,[10] firing head writer John Romano, and replacing him with Ann Marcus. Cost cutting again plagued the series in its final season, when only 19 episodes were produced, and (with the exception of Michele Lee) regular cast members did not appear in every episode. Not wanting to compromise what he felt had been a good run, series creator David Jacobs described its end as a \"mutual decision\" between Knots Landing's producers and the CBS Network, saying, \"We don't know if they would have picked us up anyway...but even if they had, we would have had to pare away more to survive.\"The series' signature cul-de-sac, Seaview Circle, was actually Crystalaire Place in Granada Hills, California, a suburban street in Los Angeles' San Fernando Valley about 20 miles north of the Pacific Ocean. The opening credits during the first two seasons were edited in such a way to make it appear that the cul-de-sac was closer to the beach. The aerial shots as seen in the opening and end credits from 1981 to 1987, were filmed at Palos Verdes Estates, an affluent coastal area of Los Angeles.","title":"Behind the scenes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerrold Immel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerrold_Immel"},{"link_name":"Craig Huxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Huxley"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_(Knots_Landing)"},{"link_name":"brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass"},{"link_name":"New wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"acoustic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_music"},{"link_name":"Patrick Gleeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Gleeson"}],"text":"The theme song, which lasted all 14 seasons was composed by Jerrold Immel. Immel, along with Craig Huxley composed the background music for the pilot. The original background music cues by Immel and Huxley were never fully abandoned by the show, and were heard right through until the final season. The early Knots Landing background music cues heavily emphasized the brass section, and were often played with a very sparse bass line accompaniment. It was the only aspect of the series ever to win an Emmy award, for the music orchestration during its 1979–80 season.By the debut of the fourth season in 1982 the lushness of the 1980s was in full swing and background cues were changed to reflect that style. The new dramatic cues emphasized full orchestral arrangements as formerly middle-class Knots Landing became upwardly mobile. The background music of seasons 4–7 was frequently composed by either Lance Rubin or Ron Grant.Season 8 in 1986 introduced a completely new score for the show. New wave artists and bands had taken America by storm and the new style of music cues made good use of the synthesizer instead of a full orchestra. Bruce Miller was one of the main composers during this era. Updated orchestrations of the by-then familiar Lance Rubin cues were also re-arranged to be played by the synthesizer, and the Immel/Huxley cues were similarly utilized, albeit less commonly.In the early 1990s, soft contemporary acoustic music became popular and Knots Landing began incorporating this into its background music during season 12. Lance Rubin's music cues were mostly phased out at this point. Patrick Gleeson and Kennard Ramsey composed during this period.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wayne Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Sandy Dvore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Dvore"},{"link_name":"panning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panning_(camera)"},{"link_name":"Jackson Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Pollock"},{"link_name":"Castle/Bryant/Johnsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle/Bryant/Johnsen"}],"text":"Knots Landing had five completely different styles of opening credits over its 14 years.(December 27, 1979 – March 26, 1981) The original opening of Knots Landing designed by Wayne Fitzgerald features a rotating aerial shot of a California beach which dissolves to a rotating aerial shot of roads and houses, gradually zooming in to a freeze-frame of the Seaview Circle cul-de-sac. The camera then zooms in to the top of each house in turn, showing a brief shot of the residents of each home. Photo credits for each of the main actors then appear superimposed over the shape of the cul-de-sac. In the pilot, however, it had the photo credits of the main actors shown superimposed over the house each of their characters live in.\n(November 12, 1981 – May 14, 1987) Knots Landing unveiled a new opening at the start of season 3. In what is probably the best-remembered introduction, the sequence designed by Gene Kraft begins with a fast-moving aerial shot of the ocean which then tilts up as it approaches the coastline, and the series title appears. The picture, except for the title, fades to black, and the title scrolls from right to left followed by a montage of clips of the show playing in small boxes. Each cast member is credited below a larger box showcasing a close-up of their character, accompanied by three or four smaller boxes showing that character in scenes with other characters.\n(September 24, 1987 – May 18, 1989) At the beginning of the ninth season, Knots Landing's producers decided to break tradition with the opening. The intro designed by Sandy Dvore now features a slow-panning shot over a painting similar to the splattered style of Jackson Pollock. As the zig-zag panning continues, the cast montage appears, featuring black-and-white shots of the actors inside of small ovular cameos. The posed cameos were dropped in the 1988–89 season in favor of color close-ups taken from the show.\n(September 28, 1989 – May 17, 1990) The eleventh season of Knots Landing saw the show unveil its fourth title sequence. The new opening designed by Castle/Bryant/Johnsen now showcases sandcastle structures of the cul-de-sac houses as well as some skyscrapers representing Los Angeles on a beach. It is the only version of the opening without pictures of the cast. The camera twists through this sandcastle community with only the actors' names appearing. From the second episode of this season, the opening splits in two. The cutting takes place during the staff credits. The main theme is adapted as well. Between the two parts of the opening is presented a summary of events in the past episodes.\n(September 13, 1990 – May 13, 1993) To redefine the show for the 1990s, Knots Landing made one final change to the opening credits by returning to the famous horizontal scrolling clips style, though with faster-moving, color-framed boxes which moved at different speeds and overlapped each other. This version was designed by Castle/Bryant/Johnsen to be \"safe\" for the 1990s.","title":"Opening credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Though not as popular in the ratings as its parent series, Knots Landing eventually outlasted it and garnered much critical acclaim. The series peaked during the 1983–84 season with a 20.8 rating (when it finished in 11th place) and a 20.0 rating for the 1984–85 season (finishing 9th). This can be attributed, in part, to more dramatic storylines as the series became more soap opera-like, and the gradual inclusion of newer characters to interact with the original cast. By the 1988–89 season, Knots Landing was ahead of Dallas in the ratings, though audiences for both shows by this time were less than their earlier years. Knots Landing ended in 1993, two years after Dallas ended.[11][12]","title":"Nielsen ratings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication"},{"link_name":"TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_(American_TV_network)"},{"link_name":"SOAPnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAPnet"}],"text":"Reruns of Knots Landing were first packaged into syndication for off-network broadcast in local markets by Lorimar in 1985. Before the show opening, each episode was preceded by a \"Lorimar Presents\" logo, followed by a narrated recap of the previous episode with the theme music played under. The first 190 episodes (the first eight seasons) were packaged in this manner, but only the first 160 episodes (the first seven seasons) were syndicated to local stations.Knots Landing later appeared on the cable channel TNT in September 1992 and ran through May 1993; as with the syndicated run, only the first 160 episodes (the first seven seasons) were broadcast. TNT would later become the first network to broadcast all 344 episodes of Knots Landing during its second syndication run of the series beginning in 1995.SOAPnet later acquired the rights to the series when it first went on the air in January 2000. Knots Landing has not been seen in United States syndication since SOAPnet quit broadcasting it in 2005.","title":"Reruns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBS Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Drama"},{"link_name":"RTÉ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"}],"sub_title":"International reruns","text":"The UK satellite channel CBS Drama began airing the series in its entirety starting from April 1, 2013. This was the first time the show had been rerun in the UK since the early 2000s when it was shown on UK Gold. Once CBS Drama completed the series in July 2014, the channel immediately began a second round of reruns, followed by a third in 2015.RTÉ television in Ireland broadcast the first seven seasons in an early morning weekend slot in 2011.","title":"Reruns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Home_Entertainment"}],"text":"The first season of Knots Landing was released on DVD on March 28, 2006, in Region 1. Fans of the series lobbied Warner Home Video via an online petition at www.knotslanding.net for further releases, and Warner Home Video released season two on April 14, 2009. No further seasons have yet been announced for release.","title":"Home media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"Seven Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Network"},{"link_name":"Côte Ouest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_Ouest_(feuilleton_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vis%C3%A9)"},{"link_name":"TF1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TF1"},{"link_name":"Haim Saban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haim_Saban"},{"link_name":"Shuki Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuki_Levy"},{"link_name":"Unter der Sonne Kaliforniens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unter_der_Sonne_Kaliforniens"},{"link_name":"ZDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZDF"},{"link_name":"GMA 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_7"},{"link_name":"TV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV3_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"RTÉ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89"},{"link_name":"RTÉ Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_Two"},{"link_name":"Falcon Crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Crest"},{"link_name":"TV One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVNZ_1"},{"link_name":"The Young and the Restless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_and_the_Restless"},{"link_name":"Days of Our Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Our_Lives"},{"link_name":"SWABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Dubai 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_33"},{"link_name":"KBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"RTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediffusion_Television"},{"link_name":"ATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Television"},{"link_name":"TV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV3_(Norway)"}],"text":"In the United Kingdom, the series premiered on BBC1 on 26 April 1980, in a primetime Saturday night slot. Season 2 began a year later on May 8, 1981, now in a Friday night slot. Season 3 did not begin until September 16, 1983, but only the first 13 episodes of the season were shown, at which point the BBC pulled the series from its Friday night slot with no immediate plans of showing any more episodes. The BBC then brought the series back in October 1986, picking up from the middle of season 3 where they last left off, but now it was screened in the afternoon as part of their new daytime line-up. The BBC continued to screen the series in an afternoon slot until the end, though UK audiences tended to be three to four years behind US audiences. The series concluded on the BBC in January 1996.\nIn Australia, the series premiered on the Seven Network on February 4, 1981. The series ended on August 2, 1993.\nIn France, the show was known as Côte Ouest (translated as West Coast) and was first shown on TF1 in 1988 with a new lyrical theme song (composed by Haim Saban and Shuki Levy and sung in French by French male vocalist Claude Vallois). From 2000, the show was rerun from beginning to end on FoxLife, a now defunct satellite channel broadcasting on CanalSat provider.\nIn Germany, the show was known as Unter der Sonne Kaliforniens (translated as Under the Californian Sun). The show began airing on ZDF on January 9, 1988.\nIn the Philippines, the show was formerly aired on GMA 7.\nIn Sweden, the show was called JRs bror – Gary Ewing (JR's brother – Gary Ewing). The series premiered in 1988 on TV3.\nIn Ireland, the show was not broadcast on terrestrial TV until 1989 (although viewers with access to BBC were able to watch earlier transmissions). RTÉ first broadcast the series daily in late 1989 as part of its early afternoon schedule. It proved to be popular and was eventually given an early evening timeslot in February 1991 when RTÉ moved the show (after showing the first nine seasons) from a daily afternoon timeslot, to a weekly primetime Thursday night slot on its sister channel Network Two (now RTÉ Two). All remaining episodes were shown without a break (the end of each season was followed by the first episode of the next season the following week) until Christmas 1993 when the final episode was broadcast followed by the retrospective Knots Landing Block Party.\nIn Israel, the show aired from 1990 on The Family Channel (later on renamed as Channel 3) on Cable TV on Fridays evenings at 19:00 for the first four seasons. Later on, it aired on Sundays at 21:45 for the season-and-a-half that followed, from February 1992. In November 1992, the show was rerun from the beginning, every weekday evening at 20:45. All 14 seasons had aired by 1994. Back To The Cul-De-Sac aired as a holiday special in autumn 1997.\nIn Egypt, the series would start broadcast on Egyptian Channel 2 in the early 1990s and would continue to air for several years along with its contemporary Falcon Crest.\nIn Italy, the first season was named Da Dallas a Knots Landing (translated: \"From Dallas to Knots Landing\") though was eventually rebroadcast with the definitive name of \"California\". Only nine seasons were aired and 214 episodes, minus the last five episodes of the ninth season, probably dubbed, but not broadcast.\nIn Spain, the series was aired by the regional channels under the FORTA umbrella. The series did not arrive in Spain until at least 1992, and initially was only aired in various regions, normally in a weekday afternoon slot accompanying Dallas which also arrived late in Spain. Neither series completed their run in Spain and neither have been rescreened there in full or in part.\nIn New Zealand, the series aired during much of the 1980s, initially in primetime, but later in the decade once a week during the afternoon on TV One, after the daytime soaps The Young and the Restless and Days of Our Lives.\nIn Finland, the series was aired by a regional channel, Helsinki TV, in mid-1980.\nIn Trinidad and Tobago, the series aired through most of the 1980s on TTT.\nIn Venezuela, the series was on Venezolana de Television (the officially run Venezuelan TV Network), and was titled Vecinos y Amigos (Neighbors and Friends).\nIn Namibia (originally known as South West Africa), the series was played on SWABC and was only shown until 1985.\nIn the United Arab Emirates, the series was shown on its English-language network Dubai 33.\nIn Guyana, the series was transmitted on NBTV Channel 9 and later on WRHM Channel 7. The series first aired in December 1994 (as television in Guyana didn't start until 1991) and lasted until February 1997.\nIn Kenya, the series was broadcast on KBC (originally called VOK \"Voice of Kenya\" at the time).\nIn Hong Kong, the series premiered on RTV on May 6, 1980, and aired on the channel of that name until July 24, 1982, where it later changed its name to ATV on September 24 in the same year. The show later returned to Hong Kong television on August 27, 1985, and continued airing on ATV until June 28, 1991.\nIn Norway, the series first began airing on TV3 in 1988.","title":"International broadcasts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knots Landing Reunion special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knots_Landing_Reunion:_Together_Again"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Pollyanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollyanna_principle"},{"link_name":"Alan Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Ball_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Six Feet Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Marc Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Cherry"},{"link_name":"Desperate Housewives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperate_Housewives"},{"link_name":"American Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Beauty_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Twin Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Peaks"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Mike Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Kelley_(writer)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"In the 2005 Knots Landing Reunion special, the cast along with creator David Jacobs, said that the lasting legacy of the show was their dealings with many of the issues real middle-class people were having. While its parent show Dallas was a show about the rich upper class, Knots Landing had this aspect as well but was much more about the struggles of parenting, drug addictions, spousal issues and many of the evolving problems in the 1980s and early '90s. The reunion special showed such subjects as: women's power in the workforce, the HIV/AIDS crisis and the matter of safe sex, the cocaine epidemic in the 1980s, and the ever-growing spread of crime in America (Michele Lee's character Karen alluded to this in a famous speech about not feeling safe and being happy being a Pollyanna).Screenwriter Alan Ball declared the show had been an inspiration to him when he created the hit series Six Feet Under, describing his show as \"Knots Landing set in a funeral home\".[15]Screenwriter Marc Cherry also confirmed the show was an inspiration to him when he created the hit series Desperate Housewives, describing it as a cross between Knots Landing, American Beauty and Twin Peaks.[16]When asked which character from film and TV history he wished he had created, Mike Kelley, the creator of ABC's popular primetime soap opera Revenge, said: \"Abby Ewing. Donna Mills, you rocked my world.\"[17]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Law & Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ Bonanza and Knots Landing were all surpassed by Law & Order in 2004.\n\n^ Dallas, which ended in 1991, was the only other scripted primetime show from the 1970s that lasted past 1986. Saturday Night Live debuted in 1975 and is still in production as of 2022. However, SNL is not traditionally included in the category of \"scripted\" shows, which in entertainment industry parlance means 30- to 60-minute sitcoms and dramas and excludes variety and sketch shows even if they are pre-scripted rather than improvised. In the majority of the U.S., SNL also airs later than the timeslots considered \"primetime\".","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Knots Landing title card (seasons 1 and 2)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/Knotslanding1.jpg/220px-Knotslanding1.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Knots Landing episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Knots_Landing_episodes"}]
[{"reference":"\"'Knots' lands new season of suds\". The Clarion-Ledger. Jackson, Mississippi. October 4, 1984. p. 25. Retrieved May 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/181177636/","url_text":"\"'Knots' lands new season of suds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clarion-Ledger","url_text":"The Clarion-Ledger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi","url_text":"Jackson, Mississippi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive Interview: In conversation with series creator David Jacbos\". Knots Landing.net (The Official Knots Landing Website). CBS. 19 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.knotslanding.net/interviews/davidjacobs.htm","url_text":"\"Exclusive Interview: In conversation with series creator David Jacbos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS","url_text":"CBS"}]},{"reference":"Lopez, Mary. \"knotslandingonline.com\". Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120818090416/http://www.knotslandingonline.com/Joan_Van_Ark_interview.html","url_text":"\"knotslandingonline.com\""},{"url":"http://www.knotslandingonline.com/joan_van_ark_interview.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lopez, Mary. \"knotslandingonline.com\". Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120818090426/http://www.knotslandingonline.com/michele_lee_interview.html","url_text":"\"knotslandingonline.com\""},{"url":"http://www.knotslandingonline.com/Michele_Lee_interview.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lopez, Mary. \"knotslandingonline.com\". Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120818090440/http://www.knotslandingonline.com/john_pleshette_interview.html","url_text":"\"knotslandingonline.com\""},{"url":"http://www.knotslandingonline.com/john_pleshette_interview.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lopez, Mary. \"knotslandingonline.com\". Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120818090456/http://www.knotslandingonline.com/ted_shackelford_interview.html","url_text":"\"knotslandingonline.com\""},{"url":"http://www.knotslandingonline.com/ted_shackelford_interview.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weinstein, Steve (January 9, 1993). \"Knots Landing to End 14-Year Run on CBS\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-01-09/entertainment/ca-939_1_knots-landing","url_text":"\"Knots Landing to End 14-Year Run on CBS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Hart, Marla (May 9, 1993). \"Knots Core Characters Return for Twist-Filled Finale\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-05-09-9305090354-story.html","url_text":"\"Knots Core Characters Return for Twist-Filled Finale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"1989-90 Ratings History -- ABC Claws Closer to 1st Place NBC as FOX Finds Its Next Hit - The TV Ratings Guide\". March 18, 2018. Archived from the original on March 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180318120257/http://www.tvratingsguide.com/2018/02/1989-90-ratings-history-abc-claws.html","url_text":"\"1989-90 Ratings History -- ABC Claws Closer to 1st Place NBC as FOX Finds Its Next Hit - The TV Ratings Guide\""},{"url":"http://www.tvratingsguide.com/2018/02/1989-90-ratings-history-abc-claws.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Six Feet Under': Dying The 'Knots'\". CNN. March 19, 2002. Retrieved Feb 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/TV/03/18/ew.tv.six/index.html","url_text":"\"'Six Feet Under': Dying The 'Knots'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"\"11 things you need to know about 'Desperate Housewives'\". Nine Network. July 2020. Retrieved Feb 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nine.com.au/entertainment/latest/desperate-housewives-tv-show-facts-history/29f4cecc-801b-4587-b7de-8b82b86c1b72","url_text":"\"11 things you need to know about 'Desperate Housewives'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Network","url_text":"Nine Network"}]},{"reference":"Adalian, Joseph (June 24, 2012). \"Showrunner Survey: Mike Kelley on Why Revenge's Emily Thorne Should Compete on The Bachelorette\". Vulture.com. New York. Retrieved Feb 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vulture.com/2012/06/showrunner-survey-revenge-mike-kelley.html","url_text":"\"Showrunner Survey: Mike Kelley on Why Revenge's Emily Thorne Should Compete on The Bachelorette\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture.com","url_text":"Vulture.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)","url_text":"New York"}]},{"reference":"Van Wormer, Laura (1986). Knots Landing: the saga of Seaview Circle. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385236362.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385236362","url_text":"978-0385236362"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksour_Essef
Ksour Essef
["1 Etymology","2 Geography","3 History","4 Economy","5 See also","6 References"]
Coordinates: 35°25′48″N 10°58′48″E / 35.43000°N 10.98000°E / 35.43000; 10.98000Commune and town in Mahdia Governorate, TunisiaKsour Essef Salaktalatin SullecthumCommune and townKsour EssefCoordinates: 35°26′N 10°59′E / 35.433°N 10.983°E / 35.433; 10.983Country TunisiaGovernorateMahdia GovernorateDelegation(s)Ksour EssefGovernment • MayorAbdelhamid Bouzidi (Independent) Population (2014) • Total36,274Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) Ksour Essef or Ksour Essaf (قصور الساف) is a town and commune in the Mahdia Governorate, Tunisia, on the coast of the Sahel, about 200 km south of Tunis. As of 2014 it had a population of 36,274. Ksour Essef is noted as the birthplace of the poet Youssef Rzouga. Etymology According to oral tradition, the site was occupied by a system of ruined Roman fortifications, which served as a refuge for sparrowhawks (sâf), whence it got the name "Sparrowhawk Castle". This legend contains a note of truth because a text attests that the aristocracy of Mahdia, located twelve kilometres from Ksour Essef, was accustomed to hunt sparrowhawks in the region of Salakta and its environs. Geography Ksour Essef is divided into many suburbs, including El Babouss, El Tafalla, Bab El Ksar and Mallaji city. There are several beaches near the village of Salakta. History The creation of the city coincided with the arrival of Banu Hilal in 1050. After the destruction of the city of Salakta and the arrival of the Arabs, most of the punic, Greek and Roman inhabitants converted to Islam. Ksour Essef cuirass on display in the Bardo National Museum One of the must beautiful pieces in the Bardo National Museum is a bronze cuirass found in a local sepulture, discovered in 1910. It is an import from Italy datable to c.300 BC. The deceased had been buried in a sarcophagus of cypress wood which had traces of the ochre used at the funeral, as did the bones. This coffin is similar to that found at Gigthis with the following dimensions: 84 cm high, 180 cm long and 68 cm wide. Economy Ksour Essef's economy is based on agriculture, fishing, commerce and emigration. In fact, migrants participate directly in its economic development and invest in it, especially in the construction of houses and the establishment of commerce and industry. In addition, a market occurs on Fridays in the central city. Further, in this region, part of the population also lives from the product of the olive and has lately benefited from the supply of electricity and water in the zensfine, groups of family houses which have cultivated olives together for many generations. See also List of cities in Tunisia References ^ (in French) Recensement de 2004 (Institut national de la statistique) Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine vte Communes of TunisiaAriana Governorate Ariana (seat) Ettadhamen Mnihla Kalâat el-Andalous Raoued Sidi Thabet La Soukra Béja Governorate Béja (seat) El Maâgoula Goubellat Medjez el-Bab Nefza Téboursouk Testour Amdoun Ouchtata Slouguia Sidi Ismail Thibar Ben Arous Governorate Ben Arous (seat) Bou Mhel el-Bassatine El Mourouj Ezzahra Hammam Chott Fouchana Hammam Lif Khalidia Mégrine Mohamedia Mornag Rades Bizerte Governorate Bizerte (seat) Aousja El Alia Ghar El Melh Mateur Menzel Bourguiba Menzel Jemil Menzel Abderrahmane Metline Raf Raf Ras Jebel Sejenane Tinja Ghezala Joumine Utique Gabès Governorate Gabès (seat) Chenini Nahal El Hamma Ghannouch Mareth Matmata Métouia Nouvelle Matmata Oudhref Zarat Bouchemma Menzel El Habib Teboulbou Gafsa Governorate Gafsa (seat) El Guettar El Ksar Mdhila Métlaoui Moulares Redeyef Sened Belkhir Lela Sidi Aïch Jendouba Governorate Jendouba (seat) Ain Draham Beni M'Tir Bou Salem Fernana Ghardimaou Oued Melliz Tabarka Kairouan Governorate Kairouan (seat) Ain Djeloula Alaâ Bou Hajla Chebika Echrarda Oueslatia Haffouz Hajeb El Ayoun Menzel Mehiri Nasrallah Sbikha Kasserine Governorate Kasserine (seat) Fériana Foussana Haidra Jedelienne Magel Bel Abbes Sbeitla Sbiba Thala Thélepte Hassi El Ferid El Ayoun Ezzouhour Kébili Governorate Kébili (seat) Douz El Golâa Djemna Faouar Rjim Maatoug Souk Lahad Kef Governorate Le Kef (seat) Dahmani Jérissa El Ksour Kalaat Senan Kalâat Khasba Menzel Salem Nebeur Sakiet Sidi Youssef Sers Tajerouine Touiref Mahdia Governorate Mahdia (seat) Bou Merdes Chebba Chorbane El Bradâa El Jem Essouassi Hebira Hiboun Kerker Ksour Essef Mellouleche Ouled Chamekh Rejiche Sidi Alouane Hkaima Sidi Zid Tlelsa Zelba Manouba Governorate La Manouba (seat) Borj El Amri Den Den Douar Hicher Djedeida El Battan Oued Ellil Mornaguia Tebourba Médenine Governorate Médenine (seat) Ajim Ben Gardane Beni Khedache Boughrara Houmt Souk Midoun Zarzis Sidi Makhlouf Monastir Governorate Monastir (seat) Amiret El Fhoul Amiret El Hojjaj Amiret Touazra Bekalta Bembla-Mnara Beni Hassen Bennane-Bodher Bouhjar Cherahil El Masdour Ghenada Jemmal Khniss Ksar Hellal Ksibet el-Médiouni Lamta Menzel Ennour Menzel Farsi Menzel Hayet Menzel Kamel Moknine Ouerdanin Sayada Teboulba Nabeul Governorate Nabeul (seat) Azmour Béni Khalled Béni Khiar Bou Argoub Dar Allouch Dar Chaabane El Haouaria El Maâmoura El Mida Grombalia Hammam Ghezeze Hammamet Kélibia Kerkouane Korba Korbous Menzel Bouzelfa Menzel Horr Menzel Temime Soliman Somâa Takelsa Tazerka Zaouiet Djedidi Sfax Governorate Sfax (seat) Agareb Bir Ali Ben Khélifa Bir Salah Chihia El Ain Graiba Gremda Jebiniana Kerkennah El Hencha Mahres Menzel Chaker Sakiet Eddaier Sakiet Ezzit Skhira Thyna El Amra Sidi Bouzid Governorate Sidi Bouzid (seat) Bir El Hafey Cebbala Ouled Asker Jilma Menzel Bouzaiane Meknassy Mezzouna Ouled Haffouz Regueb Sidi Ali Ben Aoun Al Ahouaz-El Assouda Baten Ghzal Bennour Essaïda Mansoura Rahal Souk Jedid Siliana Governorate Siliana (seat) Bargou Bou Arada El Aroussa El Krib Gaâfour Kesra Makthar Rouhia Sidi Bou Rouis Sousse Governorate Sousse (seat) Akouda Bouficha Enfida Ezzouhour Hammam Sousse Hergla Kalâa Kebira Kalâa Seghira Kondar Ksibet Thrayet Messaadine M'saken Sidi Bou Ali Sidi El Hani Zaouiet Sousse Chott Meriem Tataouine Governorate Tataouine (seat) Bir Lahmar Dehiba Ghomrassen Remada Smâr Tozeur Governorate Tozeur (seat) Degache El Hamma du Jérid Nefta Tamerza Hazoua Tunis Governorate Tunis (seat) Carthage La Goulette La Marsa Le Bardo Le Kram Sidi Bou Said Sidi Hassine Zaghouan Governorate Zaghouan (seat) El Fahs Djebel Oust Bir Mcherga Nadhour Zriba Saouaf Authority control databases International VIAF Other IdRef 35°25′48″N 10°58′48″E / 35.43000°N 10.98000°E / 35.43000; 10.98000 This Tunisia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahdia Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdia_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Sahel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ins-1"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"Youssef Rzouga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssef_Rzouga"}],"text":"Commune and town in Mahdia Governorate, TunisiaKsour Essef or Ksour Essaf (قصور الساف) is a town and commune in the Mahdia Governorate, Tunisia, on the coast of the Sahel, about 200 km south of Tunis. As of 2014 it had a population of 36,274.[1]Ksour Essef is noted as the birthplace of the poet Youssef Rzouga.","title":"Ksour Essef"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sparrowhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparrowhawk"},{"link_name":"Salakta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salakta"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"According to oral tradition, the site was occupied by a system of ruined Roman fortifications, which served as a refuge for sparrowhawks (sâf), whence it got the name \"Sparrowhawk Castle\". This legend contains a note of truth because a text attests that the aristocracy of Mahdia, located twelve kilometres from Ksour Essef, was accustomed to hunt sparrowhawks in the region of Salakta and its environs.[citation needed]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach"},{"link_name":"Salakta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salakta"}],"text":"Ksour Essef is divided into many suburbs, including El Babouss, El Tafalla, Bab El Ksar and Mallaji city. There are several beaches near the village of Salakta.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banu Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hilal"},{"link_name":"Salakta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salakta"},{"link_name":"punic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ksour_Essaf_cuirasse_Leroux.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ksour Essef cuirass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksour_Essef_cuirass"},{"link_name":"Bardo National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_(Tunis)"},{"link_name":"cuirass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuirass"},{"link_name":"cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress"},{"link_name":"Gigthis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gigthis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The creation of the city coincided with the arrival of Banu Hilal in 1050. After the destruction of the city of Salakta and the arrival of the Arabs, most of the punic, Greek and Roman inhabitants converted to Islam.Ksour Essef cuirass on display in the Bardo National MuseumOne of the must beautiful pieces in the Bardo National Museum is a bronze cuirass found in a local sepulture, discovered in 1910. It is an import from Italy datable to c.300 BC. The deceased had been buried in a sarcophagus of cypress wood which had traces of the ochre used at the funeral, as did the bones. This coffin is similar to that found at Gigthis with the following dimensions: 84 cm high, 180 cm long and 68 cm wide.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fishing_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce"},{"link_name":"emigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_diaspora"},{"link_name":"industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industry_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Market_(economy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"olive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive"}],"text":"Ksour Essef's economy is based on agriculture, fishing, commerce and emigration. In fact, migrants participate directly in its economic development and invest in it, especially in the construction of houses and the establishment of commerce and industry. In addition, a market occurs on Fridays in the central city.Further, in this region, part of the population also lives from the product of the olive and has lately benefited from the supply of electricity and water in the zensfine, groups of family houses which have cultivated olives together for many generations.","title":"Economy"}]
[{"image_text":"Ksour Essef cuirass on display in the Bardo National Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ksour_Essaf_cuirasse_Leroux.jpg/220px-Ksour_Essaf_cuirasse_Leroux.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of cities in Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tunisia"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon-18
Isotopes of neon
["1 List of isotopes","2 References"]
Nuclides with atomic number of 10 but with different mass numbers Isotopes of neon (10Ne) Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 20Ne 90.5% stable 21Ne 0.27% stable 22Ne 9.25% stable Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ne)20.1797±0.000620.180±0.001 (abridged)viewtalkedit The abundances of the naturally occurring isotopes of neon Neon (10Ne) possesses three stable isotopes: 20Ne, 21Ne, and 22Ne. In addition, 17 radioactive isotopes have been discovered, ranging from 15Ne to 34Ne, all short-lived. The longest-lived is 24Ne with a half-life of 3.38(2) min. All others are under a minute, most under a second. The least stable is 15Ne with a half-life of 770(300) ys (7.7(3.0)×10−22 s). See isotopes of carbon for notes about the measurement. Light radioactive neon isotopes usually decay to fluorine or oxygen, while heavier ones decay to sodium. List of isotopes Nuclide Z N Isotopic mass (Da) Half-life Decaymode Daughterisotope Spin andparity Natural abundance (mole fraction) Excitation energy Normal proportion Range of variation 15Ne 10 5 15.043170(70) 770(300) ys 2p 13O (3/2−) 16Ne 10 6 16.025751(22) > 5.7 zs 2p 14O 0+ 17Ne 10 7 17.0177140(4) 109.2(6) ms β+p (94.4(2.9)%) 16O 1/2− β+α (3.51(1)%) 13N β+ (2.1(2.9)%) 17F β+pα (0.014(4)%) 12C 18Ne 10 8 18.0057087(4) 1664.20(47) ms β+ 18F 0+ 19Ne 10 9 19.00188091(17) 17.2569(19) s β+ 19F 1/2+ 20Ne 10 10 19.9924401753(16) Stable 0+ 0.9048(3) 21Ne 10 11 20.99384669(4) Stable 3/2+ 0.0027(1) 22Ne 10 12 21.991385114(19) Stable 0+ 0.0925(3) 23Ne 10 13 22.99446691(11) 37.15(3) s β− 23Na 5/2+ 24Ne 10 14 23.9936106(6) 3.38(2) min β− 24mNa 0+ 25Ne 10 15 24.997810(30) 602(8) ms β− 25Na 1/2+ 26Ne 10 16 26.000516(20) 197(2) ms β− (99.87(3)%) 26Na 0+ β−n (0.13(3)%) 25Na 27Ne 10 17 27.007570(100) 30.9(1.1) ms β− (98.0(5)%) 27Na (3/2+) β−n (2.0(5)%) 26Na β−2n ? 25Na ? 28Ne 10 18 28.012130(140) 18.8(2) ms β− (84.3(1.1)%) 28Na 0+ β−n (12(1)%) 27Na β−2n (3.7(5)%) 26Na 29Ne 10 19 29.019750(160) 14.7(4) ms β− (68.0(5.1)%) 29Na (3/2−) β−n (28(5)%) 28Na β−2n (4(1)%) 27Na 30Ne 10 20 30.024990(270) 7.22(18) ms β− (78.1(4.6)%) 30Na 0+ β−n (13(4)%) 29Na β−2n (8.9(2.3)%) 28Na 31Ne 10 21 31.033470(290) 3.4(8) ms β− 31Na (3/2−) β−n ? 30Na ? β−2n ? 29Na ? 32Ne 10 22 32.039720(540)# 3.5(9) ms β− 32Na 0+ β−n ? 31Na ? β−2n ? 30Na ? 33Ne? 10 23 33.049520(640)# < 260 ns n ? 32Ne 7/2−# 34Ne 10 24 34.056730(550)# 2 ms# β− ? 34Na 0+ β−2n ? 32Ne ? β−n ? 33Ne ? This table header & footer: view ^ mNe – Excited nuclear isomer. ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS). ^ Modes of decay: n: Neutron emission p: Proton emission ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable. ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments. ^ Has 2 halo protons. ^ a b c d e f g h i Decay mode shown is energetically allowed, but has not been experimentally observed to occur in this nuclide. ^ This isotope has not yet been observed; given data is inferred or estimated from periodic trends. The isotopic composition refers to that in air. References ^ a b c d e Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Neon". CIAAW. 1985. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075. ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf. ^ Wamers, F.; Marganiec, J.; Aksouh, F.; Aksyutina, Yu.; Álvarez-Pol, H.; Aumann, T.; Beceiro-Novo, S.; Boretzky, K.; Borge, M. J. G.; Chartier, M.; Chatillon, A.; Chulkov, L. V.; Cortina-Gil, D.; Emling, H.; Ershova, O.; Fraile, L. M.; Fynbo, H. O. U.; Galaviz, D.; Geissel, H.; Heil, M.; Hoffmann, D. H. H.; Johansson, H. T.; Jonson, B.; Karagiannis, C.; Kiselev, O. A.; Kratz, J. V.; Kulessa, R.; Kurz, N.; Langer, C.; Lantz, M.; Le Bleis, T.; Lemmon, R.; Litvinov, Yu. A.; Mahata, K.; Müntz, C.; Nilsson, T.; Nociforo, C.; Nyman, G.; Ott, W.; Panin, V.; Paschalis, S.; Perea, A.; Plag, R.; Reifarth, R.; Richter, A.; Rodriguez-Tajes, C.; Rossi, D.; Riisager, K.; Savran, D.; Schrieder, G.; Simon, H.; Stroth, J.; Sümmerer, K.; Tengblad, O.; Weick, H.; Wimmer, C.; Zhukov, M. V. (4 April 2014). "First Observation of the Unbound Nucleus 15Ne" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 112 (13): 132502. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.132502. PMID 24745409 – via APS. ^ a b c Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; Bièvre, Paul De; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna; Loss, Robert D.; Walczyk, Thomas; Prohaska, Thomas (2016-03-01). "Isotopic compositions of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 293–306. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0503. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-C408-7. ISSN 1365-3075. S2CID 104472050. vteIsotopes of the chemical elements Group 1 2   3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Period Hydrogen andalkali metals Alkalineearth metals Pnicto­gens Chal­co­gens Halo­gens Noble gases ① Isotopes § ListH1 Isotopes § ListHe2 ② Isotopes § ListLi3 Isotopes § ListBe4 Isotopes § ListB5 Isotopes § ListC6 Isotopes § ListN7 Isotopes § ListO8 Isotopes § ListF9 Isotopes § ListNe10 ③ Isotopes § ListNa11 Isotopes § ListMg12 Isotopes § ListAl13 Isotopes § ListSi14 Isotopes § ListP15 Isotopes § ListS16 Isotopes § ListCl17 Isotopes § ListAr18 ④ Isotopes § ListK19 Isotopes § ListCa20 Isotopes § ListSc21 Isotopes § ListTi22 Isotopes § ListV23 Isotopes § ListCr24 Isotopes § ListMn25 Isotopes § ListFe26 Isotopes § ListCo27 Isotopes § ListNi28 Isotopes § ListCu29 Isotopes § ListZn30 Isotopes § ListGa31 Isotopes § ListGe32 Isotopes § ListAs33 Isotopes § ListSe34 Isotopes § ListBr35 Isotopes § ListKr36 ⑤ Isotopes § ListRb37 Isotopes § ListSr38 Isotopes § ListY39 Isotopes § ListZr40 Isotopes § ListNb41 Isotopes § ListMo42 Isotopes § ListTc43 Isotopes § ListRu44 Isotopes § ListRh45 Isotopes § ListPd46 Isotopes § ListAg47 Isotopes § ListCd48 Isotopes § ListIn49 Isotopes § ListSn50 Isotopes § ListSb51 Isotopes § ListTe52 Isotopes § ListI53 Isotopes § ListXe54 ⑥ Isotopes § ListCs55 Isotopes § ListBa56 Isotopes § ListLu71 Isotopes § ListHf72 Isotopes § ListTa73 Isotopes § ListW74 Isotopes § ListRe75 Isotopes § ListOs76 Isotopes § ListIr77 Isotopes § ListPt78 Isotopes § ListAu79 Isotopes § ListHg80 Isotopes § ListTl81 Isotopes § ListPb82 Isotopes § ListBi83 Isotopes § ListPo84 Isotopes § ListAt85 Isotopes § ListRn86 ⑦ Isotopes § ListFr87 Isotopes § ListRa88 Isotopes § ListLr103 Isotopes § ListRf104 Isotopes § ListDb105 Isotopes § ListSg106 Isotopes § ListBh107 Isotopes § ListHs108 Isotopes § ListMt109 Isotopes § ListDs110 Isotopes § ListRg111 Isotopes § ListCn112 Isotopes § ListNh113 Isotopes § ListFl114 Isotopes § ListMc115 Isotopes § ListLv116 Isotopes § ListTs117 Isotopes § ListOg118 ⑧ Isotopes § ListUue119 Isotopes § ListUbn120 Isotopes § ListLa57 Isotopes § ListCe58 Isotopes § ListPr59 Isotopes § ListNd60 Isotopes § ListPm61 Isotopes § ListSm62 Isotopes § ListEu63 Isotopes § ListGd64 Isotopes § ListTb65 Isotopes § ListDy66 Isotopes § ListHo67 Isotopes § ListEr68 Isotopes § ListTm69 Isotopes § ListYb70   Isotopes § ListAc89 Isotopes § ListTh90 Isotopes § ListPa91 Isotopes § ListU92 Isotopes § ListNp93 Isotopes § ListPu94 Isotopes § ListAm95 Isotopes § ListCm96 Isotopes § ListBk97 Isotopes § ListCf98 Isotopes § ListEs99 Isotopes § ListFm100 Isotopes § ListMd101 Isotopes § ListNo102 Table of nuclides Categories: Isotopes Tables of nuclides Metastable isotopes Isotopes by element
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neon_chart.png"},{"link_name":"Neon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon"},{"link_name":"isotopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope"},{"link_name":"ys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoctosecond"},{"link_name":"isotopes of carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_carbon"},{"link_name":"fluorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"}],"text":"The abundances of the naturally occurring isotopes of neonNeon (10Ne) possesses three stable isotopes: 20Ne, 21Ne, and 22Ne. In addition, 17 radioactive isotopes have been discovered, ranging from 15Ne to 34Ne, all short-lived. The longest-lived is 24Ne with a half-life of 3.38(2) min. All others are under a minute, most under a second. The least stable is 15Ne with a half-life of 770(300) ys (7.7(3.0)×10−22 s). See isotopes of carbon for notes about the measurement. Light radioactive neon isotopes usually decay to fluorine or oxygen, while heavier ones decay to sodium.","title":"Isotopes of neon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"nuclear isomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_isomer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TMS_7-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Neutron emission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_emission"},{"link_name":"Proton emission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_emission"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_nucleus"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-decay_mode_1_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-decay_mode_1_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-decay_mode_1_14-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-decay_mode_1_14-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-decay_mode_1_14-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-decay_mode_1_14-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-decay_mode_1_14-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-decay_mode_1_14-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-decay_mode_1_14-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unconfirmed_15-0"}],"text":"^ mNe – Excited nuclear isomer.\n\n^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.\n\n^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).\n\n^ \nModes of decay:\n\n\n\nn:\nNeutron emission\n\n\np:\nProton emission\n\n\n^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.\n\n^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.\n\n^ Has 2 halo protons.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Decay mode shown is energetically allowed, but has not been experimentally observed to occur in this nuclide.\n\n^ This isotope has not yet been observed; given data is inferred or estimated from periodic trends.The isotopic composition refers to that in air.","title":"List of isotopes"}]
[{"image_text":"The abundances of the naturally occurring isotopes of neon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Neon_chart.png/220px-Neon_chart.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). \"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties\" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.","urls":[{"url":"https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf","url_text":"\"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae","url_text":"10.1088/1674-1137/abddae"}]},{"reference":"\"Standard Atomic Weights: Neon\". CIAAW. 1985.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ciaaw.org/neon.htm","url_text":"\"Standard Atomic Weights: Neon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights","url_text":"CIAAW"}]},{"reference":"Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). \"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)\". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html","url_text":"\"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603","url_text":"10.1515/pac-2019-0603"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075","url_text":"1365-3075"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). \"The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*\". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddaf","url_text":"10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf"}]},{"reference":"Wamers, F.; Marganiec, J.; Aksouh, F.; Aksyutina, Yu.; Álvarez-Pol, H.; Aumann, T.; Beceiro-Novo, S.; Boretzky, K.; Borge, M. J. G.; Chartier, M.; Chatillon, A.; Chulkov, L. V.; Cortina-Gil, D.; Emling, H.; Ershova, O.; Fraile, L. M.; Fynbo, H. O. U.; Galaviz, D.; Geissel, H.; Heil, M.; Hoffmann, D. H. H.; Johansson, H. T.; Jonson, B.; Karagiannis, C.; Kiselev, O. A.; Kratz, J. V.; Kulessa, R.; Kurz, N.; Langer, C.; Lantz, M.; Le Bleis, T.; Lemmon, R.; Litvinov, Yu. A.; Mahata, K.; Müntz, C.; Nilsson, T.; Nociforo, C.; Nyman, G.; Ott, W.; Panin, V.; Paschalis, S.; Perea, A.; Plag, R.; Reifarth, R.; Richter, A.; Rodriguez-Tajes, C.; Rossi, D.; Riisager, K.; Savran, D.; Schrieder, G.; Simon, H.; Stroth, J.; Sümmerer, K.; Tengblad, O.; Weick, H.; Wimmer, C.; Zhukov, M. V. (4 April 2014). \"First Observation of the Unbound Nucleus 15Ne\" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 112 (13): 132502. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.132502. PMID 24745409 – via APS.","urls":[{"url":"http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/198534/local_198534.pdf","url_text":"\"First Observation of the Unbound Nucleus 15Ne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.112.132502","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.132502"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24745409","url_text":"24745409"}]},{"reference":"Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; Bièvre, Paul De; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna; Loss, Robert D.; Walczyk, Thomas; Prohaska, Thomas (2016-03-01). \"Isotopic compositions of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)\". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 293–306. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0503. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-C408-7. ISSN 1365-3075. S2CID 104472050.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2015-0503","url_text":"\"Isotopic compositions of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2015-0503","url_text":"10.1515/pac-2015-0503"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0029-C408-7","url_text":"11858/00-001M-0000-0029-C408-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075","url_text":"1365-3075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:104472050","url_text":"104472050"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_CD-ROM%C2%B2_System
TurboGrafx-16
["1 History","2 Add-ons","2.1 TurboGrafx-CD/CD-ROM²","2.2 Super CD-ROM²","2.3 Arcade Card","3 Variations","3.1 CoreGrafx","3.2 SuperGrafx","3.3 Shuttle","3.4 TurboExpress","3.5 LT","3.6 Duo","3.7 Third-party models","3.8 Other foreign markets","4 Technical specifications","4.1 Peripherals","5 Library","6 Reception","7 Legacy","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
Fourth-generation home video game console "TG-16" redirects here. For the U.S. Air Force training glider, see DG Flugzeugbau DG-1000. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "TurboGrafx-16" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) TurboGrafx-16/PC EngineNorth American TurboGrafx-16 (top) and the original Japanese PC Engine (bottom)ManufacturerNEC Home ElectronicsTypeHome video game consoleGenerationFourthRelease dateJP: October 30, 1987NA: August 29, 1989FRA: November 22, 1989UK: 1989SPA: 1990Lifespan1987–1994DiscontinuedFRA: 1993NA: May 1994JP: December 16, 1994Units sold5.62 million (HuCard only)2.02 million (CD-ROM2 + Duo)MediaHuCardCPUHudson Soft HuC6280 @ 7.16 MHzMemory8 KB RAM64 KB VRAMDisplayComposite or RF TV out; 565×242 or 256×239, 512 color palette, 482 colors on-screen GraphicsHuC6270 VDC, HuC6260 VCESoundHudson Soft HuC6280, PSG, 5 to 10 bit stereo PCMSuccessorPC Engine SuperGrafxPC-FX The TurboGrafx-16, known as the PC Engine outside North America, is a home video game console designed by Hudson Soft and sold by NEC Home Electronics. It was the first console marketed in the fourth generation, commonly known as the 16-bit era, though the console has an 8-bit central processing unit (CPU) coupled with a 16-bit graphics processor. It was released in Japan in 1987 and in North America in 1989. In Europe the Japanese model was unofficially imported and distributed in the United Kingdom and France from 1988. In Japan, the system was launched as a competitor to the Famicom, but the delayed United States release meant that it ended up competing with the Sega Genesis and later the Super NES. The console has an 8-bit CPU and a dual 16-bit graphics processing unit (GPU) chipset consisting of a video display controller (VDC) and video color encoder. The GPUs are capable of displaying 482 colors simultaneously, out of 512. With dimensions of just 14 cm × 14 cm × 3.8 cm (5.5 in × 5.5 in × 1.5 in), the Japanese PC Engine is the smallest major home game console ever made. Games were released on HuCard cartridges and later the CD-ROM optical format with the TurboGrafx-CD add-on. The "16" in its North American name and the marketing of the console as a 16-bit platform despite having an 8-bit CPU was criticized by some as deceptive. In Japan, the PC Engine was very successful. It gained strong third-party support and eventually became the Super Famicom's main rival. However, the TurboGrafx-16 failed to break into the North American market and was a commercial failure, which has been blamed on the delayed release and inferior marketing. In Europe, the Japanese models were grey market imported, modified, and distributed in France and the United Kingdom beginning in 1988, but an official PAL model (named simply "TurboGrafx" without the "16") planned for 1990 was cancelled following the disappointing North American launch with the already-manufactured stock of systems liquidated via mail-order retailers. At least 17 distinct models of the console were made, including portable versions and those that integrated the CD-ROM add-on. An enhanced model, the PC Engine SuperGrafx, was rushed to market in 1989. It featured many performance enhancements and was intended to supersede the standard PC Engine. It failed to catch on—only six titles were released that took advantage of the added power and it was quickly discontinued. The final model was discontinued in 1994. It was succeeded by the PC-FX, which was released only in Japan and was not successful. History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The PC Engine was created as a collaborative effort between Hudson Soft, who created video game software, and NEC, a company which was dominant in the Japanese personal computer market with their PC-88 and PC-98 platforms. NEC lacked the vital experience in the video gaming industry and approached numerous video game studios for support. By pure coincidence, NEC's interest in entering the lucrative video game market coincided with Hudson's failed attempt to sell designs for then-advanced graphics chips to Nintendo. The two companies successfully joined to then develop the new system. The PC Engine made its debut in the Japanese market on October 30, 1987, and it was a tremendous success. The PC Engine had an elegant, "eye-catching" design, and it was very small compared to its rivals. The PC Engine sold 500,000 units in its first week of release. The CD-ROM expansion was a major success for the CD-ROM format, selling 60,000 units in its first five months of release in Japan. By 1989, NEC had sold over 1.2 million consoles and more than 80,000 CD-ROM units in Japan. In 1988, NEC decided to expand to the American market and directed its U.S. operations to develop the system for the new audience. NEC Technologies boss Keith Schaefer formed a team to test the system. They found out that there was a lack of enthusiasm in its name "PC Engine" and also felt its small size was not very suitable to American consumers who would generally prefer a larger and "futuristic" design. They decided to call the system the "TurboGrafx-16", a name representing its graphical speed and strength and its 16-bit GPU. They also completely redesigned the hardware into a large, black casing. This lengthy redesign process and NEC's questions about the system's viability in the United States delayed the TurboGrafx-16's debut. The TurboGrafx-16 was eventually released in the New York City and Los Angeles test markets in late August 1989. However, this was two weeks after Sega of America released the Sega Genesis with a 16-bit CPU to test markets. Unlike NEC, Sega did not waste time redesigning the original Japanese Mega Drive system, making only slight aesthetic changes. The Genesis quickly eclipsed the TurboGrafx-16 after its American debut. NEC's decision to pack-in Keith Courage in Alpha Zones, a Hudson Soft game unknown to western gamers, proved costly as Sega packed-in a port of the hit arcade title Altered Beast with the Genesis. NEC's American operations in Chicago were also overhyped about its potential and quickly produced 750,000 units, far above actual demand. This was very profitable for Hudson Soft as NEC paid Hudson Soft royalties for every console produced, whether sold or not. By 1990, it was clear that the system was performing very poorly and NEC could not compete with Nintendo and Sega's marketing. In late 1989, NEC announced plans for a coin-op arcade video game version of the TurboGrafx-16. However, NEC cancelled the plans in early 1990. In Europe, the console is known by its original Japanese name PC Engine, rather than its American name TurboGrafx-16. PC Engine imports from Japan drew a cult following, with a number of unauthorized PC Engine imports available along with NTSC-to-PAL adapters in the United Kingdom during the late 1980s. In 1989, a British company called Mention manufactured an adapted PAL version called the PC Engine Plus. However, the system was not officially supported by NEC. From November 1989 to 1993, PC Engine consoles as well as some add-ons were imported from Japan by French importer Sodipeng (Société de Distribution de la PC Engine), a subsidiary of Guillemot International. This came after considerable enthusiasm in the French press. The PC Engine was largely available in France and Benelux through major retailers. It came with French language instructions and also an AV cable to enable its compatibility with SECAM television sets. After seeing the TurboGrafx-16 falter in America, NEC decided to cancel their European releases. Units for the European markets were already produced, which were essentially US models modified to run on PAL television sets. NEC sold this stock to distributors; in the United Kingdom, Telegames released the console in 1990 in extremely limited quantities. The TurboGrafx-16/PC Engine was the first video game console capable of playing CD-ROM games with an optional add-on. By March 1991, NEC claimed that it had sold 750,000 TurboGrafx-16 consoles in the United States and 500,000 CD-ROM units worldwide. In an effort to relaunch the system in the North American market, in mid-1992 NEC and Hudson Soft transferred management of the system in North America to a new joint venture called Turbo Technologies Inc. and released the TurboDuo, an all-in-one unit that included the CD-ROM drive built in. However, the North American console gaming market continued to be dominated by the Genesis and Super NES, which was released in North America in August 1991. In May 1994, Turbo Technologies announced that it was dropping support for the Duo, though it would continue to offer repairs for existing units and provide ongoing software releases through independent companies in the U.S. and Canada. In Japan, NEC had sold a total of 5.84 million PC Engine units as of 1995 and 1.92 million CD-ROM² units as of March 1996. This adds up to a total of more than 6.59 million PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16 units sold in Japan and the United States as of 1995, and 1.92 million CD-ROM² units sold in Japan. The final licensed release for the PC Engine was Dead of the Brain Part 1 & 2 on June 3, 1999, on the Super CD-ROM² format. Add-ons TurboGrafx-CD/CD-ROM² PC Engine CoreGrafx with CD-ROM² and interface unit The CD-ROM² is an add-on attachment for the PC Engine that was released in Japan on December 4, 1988. The add-on allows the core versions of the console to play PC Engine games in CD-ROM format in addition to standard HuCards. This made the PC Engine the first video game console to use CD-ROM as a storage media. The add-on consisted of two devices – the CD player itself and the interface unit, which connects the CD player to the console and provides a unified power supply and output for both. It was later released as the TurboGrafx-CD in the United States in November 1989, with a remodeled interface unit in order to suit the different shape of the TurboGrafx-16 console. The TurboGrafx-CD had a launch price of $399.99 and did not include any bundled games. Fighting Street and Monster Lair were the TurboGrafx-CD launch titles; Ys Book I & II soon followed. Super CD-ROM² Super CD-ROM² attached to a CoreGrafx II In 1991, NEC introduced an upgraded version of the CD-ROM² System known as the Super CD-ROM², which updates the BIOS to Version 3.0 and increases buffer RAM from 64 KB to 256 KB. This upgrade was released in several forms: the first was the PC Engine Duo on September 21, a new model of the console with a CD-ROM drive and upgraded BIOS/RAM already built into the system. This was followed by the Super System Card released on October 26, an upgrade for the existing CD-ROM² add-on that serves as a replacement to the original System Card. PC Engine owners who did not already own the original CD-ROM² add-on could instead opt for the Super-CD-ROM² unit, an updated version of the add-on released on December 13, which combines the CD-ROM drive, interface unit and Super System Card into one device. Arcade Card On March 12, 1994, NEC introduced a third upgrade known as the Arcade Card (アーケードカード, Ākēdo Kādo), which increases the amount of onboard RAM of the Super CD-ROM² System to 2MB. This upgrade was released in two models: the Arcade Card Duo, designed for PC Engine consoles already equipped with the Super CD-ROM² System, and the Arcade Card Pro, a model for the original CD-ROM² System that combines the functionalities of the Super System Card and Arcade Card Duo into one. The first games for this add-on were ports of the Neo-Geo fighting games Fatal Fury 2 and Art of Fighting. Ports of World Heroes 2 and Fatal Fury Special were later released for this card, along with several original games released under the Arcade CD-ROM² standard. By this point, support for both the TurboGrafx-16 and Turbo Duo was already waning in North America; thus, no North American version of either Arcade Card was produced, though a Japanese Arcade Card can still be used on a North American console through a HuCard converter. Variations Many variations and related products of the PC Engine were released. CoreGrafx CoreGrafx & CoreGrafx II The PC Engine CoreGrafx is an updated model of the PC Engine, released in Japan on December 8, 1989. It has the same form factor as the original PC Engine, but it changes the color scheme from white and red to black and blue and replaces the original's radio frequency-output connector with a composite video AV port. It also used a revised CPU, the HuC6280A, which supposedly fixed some minor audio issues. A recolored version of the model, known as the PC Engine CoreGrafx II, was released on June 21, 1991. Aside from the different coloring (light grey and orange), it is nearly identical to the original CoreGrafx except that the CPU was changed back to the original HuC6280. SuperGrafx The PC Engine SuperGrafx, released on the same day as the CoreGrafx in Japan, is an enhanced variation of the PC Engine hardware with updated specs. This model has a second HuC6270A (VDC), a HuC6202 (VDP) that combines the output of the two VDCs, four times as much RAM, twice as much video RAM, and a second layer/plane of scrolling. It also uses the revised HuC6280A CPU, but the sound and color palette were not upgraded, making the expensive price tag a big disadvantage to the system. As a result, only five exclusive SuperGrafx games and two hybrid games (Darius Plus and Darius Alpha were released as standard HuCards which took advantage of the extra video hardware if played on a SuperGrafx) were released, and the system was quickly discontinued. The SuperGrafx has the same expansion port as previous PC Engine consoles, but requires an adapter in order to utilize the original CD-ROM² System add-on, due to the SuperGrafx console's large size. Shuttle PC Engine Shuttle The PC Engine Shuttle was released in Japan on November 22, 1989, as a less expensive model of the console, retailing at ¥18,800. It was targeted primarily towards younger players with its spaceship-like design and came bundled with a TurboPad II controller, which is shaped differently from the other standard TurboPad controllers. The reduced price was made possible by removing the expansion port from the back, making it the first model of the console that was not compatible with the CD-ROM² add-on. However, it does have a slot for a memory backup unit, which is required for certain games. The RF output used on the original PC Engine was also replaced with an A/V port for the Shuttle. The PC Engine Shuttle was also distributed in South Korea. It was released in 1990 by Daewoo Electronics. TurboExpress TurboExpress The PC Engine GT is a portable version of the PC Engine, released in Japan on December 1, 1990, and then in the United States as the TurboExpress. It can play only HuCard games. It has a 2.6-inch (66 mm) backlit, active-matrix color LCD screen, the most advanced on the market for a portable video game unit at the time. The screen contributed to its high price and short battery life, however, which hurt its performance in the market. It also has a TV tuner adapter as well as a two-player link cable. LT The PC Engine LT is a model of the console in a laptop form, released on December 13, 1991, in Japan, retailing at ¥99,800. The LT does not require a television display (and does not have any AV output) as it has a built-in flip-up screen and speakers, just as a laptop would have, but, unlike the GT, the LT runs on a power supply. Its expensive price meant that few units were produced compared to other models. The LT has full expansion port capability, so the CD-ROM² unit is compatible with the LT the same way as it is with the original PC Engine and CoreGrafx. However, the LT requires an adapter to use the enhanced Super CD-ROM² unit. Duo Further information: TurboDuo NEC/Turbo Technologies later released the TurboDuo, which combined the TurboGrafx-CD (with the new Super System Card on board) and TurboGrafx-16 into one unit. NEC Home Electronics released the PC Engine Duo in Japan on September 21, 1991, which combined the PC Engine and Super CD-ROM² unit into a single console. The system can play HuCards, audio CDs, CD+Gs, standard CD-ROM² games and Super CD-ROM² games. The North American version, the TurboDuo, was launched in October 1992. PC Engine Duo RX Two updated variants were released in Japan: the PC Engine Duo-R on March 25, 1993, and the PC Engine Duo-RX on June 25, 1994. The changes were mostly cosmetic, but the RX included a new 6-button controller. Third-party models The PC-KD863G is a CRT monitor with built-in PC Engine console, released on September 27, 1988, in Japan for ¥138,000. Following NEC's PCs' naming scheme, the PC-KD863G was designed to eliminate the need to buy a separate television set and a console. It output its signals in RGB, so it was clearer at the time than the console which was still limited to RF and composite. However, it has no BUS expansion port, which made it incompatible with the CD-ROM² System and memory backup add-ons. The X1-Twin was the first licensed PC Engine-compatible hardware manufactured by a third-party company, released by Sharp in April 1989 for ¥99,800. It is a hybrid system that can run PC Engine games and X1 computer software. Pioneer Corporation's LaserActive supports an add-on module which allows the use of PC Engine games (HuCard, CD-ROM² and Super CD-ROM²) as well as new "LD-ROM²" titles that work only on this device. NEC also released their own LaserActive unit (NEC PCE-LD1) and PC Engine add-on module, under an OEM license. A total of eleven LD-ROM2 titles were produced, with only three of them released in North America. Other foreign markets Outside North America and Japan, the TurboGrafx-16 console was released in South Korea by a third-party company, Haitai, under the name Vistar 16. It was based on the American version but with a new curved design. Daewoo Electronics distributed the PC Engine Shuttle in the South Korean market as well. Technical specifications Top view of the motherboard for the TurboGrafx-16 The TurboGrafx-16 uses a Hudson Soft HuC6280 CPU—an 8-bit CPU running at 7.16 MHz paired with two 16-bit graphics processors, a HuC6270 video display controller and a HuC6260 video color encoder. It includes 8 KB of RAM, 64 KB of Video RAM, and the ability to display 482 colors at once from a 512-color palette. The sound hardware, built into the CPU, includes a programmable sound generator running at 3.58 MHz and a 5-10 bit stereo PCM. TurboGrafx-16 games use the HuCard ROM cartridge format, thin credit card-sized cards that insert into the front slot of the console. PC Engine HuCards have 38 connector pins. TurboGrafx-16 HuCards (alternatively referred to as "TurboChips") reverse eight of these pins as a region lockout method. The power switch on the console also acts as a lock that prevents HuCards from being removed while the system is powered on. The European release of the TurboGrafx-16 did not have its own PAL-formatted HuCards as a result of its limited release, with the system instead supporting standard HuCards and outputting a PAL 50 Hz video signal. Peripherals The TurboGrafx-16 TurboPad In Japan, the PC Engine was originally sold with a standard controller known simply as the Pad. It has a rectangular shape with a directional pad, two action buttons numbered "I" and "II", and two rubber "Select" and "Run" buttons, matching the number of buttons on the Famicom's primary controller (as well as a standard NES controller). Another controller known as the TurboPad was also launched separately with the console, which added two "Turbo" switches for the I and II buttons with three speed settings. The switches allow for a single button press to register multiple inputs at once (for instance, this allows for rapid fire in scrolling shooters). The TurboPad became standard-issue with the TurboGrafx-16 in North America, as well as subsequent models of the PC Engine in Japan starting with the PC Engine Coregrafx, immediately phasing out the original PC Engine Pad. All PC Engine and TurboGrafx-16 consoles only have one controller port; in order to use multiple controllers on the same system and play multiplayer games, a separate peripheral, known in Japan as the MultiTap and in North America as the TurboTap, was required, which allowed up to five controllers to be plugged into the system. The Cordless Multitap was also available exclusively in Japan, sold as a set with a single Cordless Pad, with additional wireless controllers available separately. Due to using different diameter controller ports, PC Engine controllers and peripherals are not compatible with TurboGrafx-16 consoles and vice versa. The TurboDuo would revert to using the same controller port that the PC Engine uses, resulting in new TurboDuo-branded versions of the TurboPad and TurboTap peripherals, known as the DuoPad and the DuoTap respectively, to be made. An official TurboGrafx-16/Duo Adapter was also produced, which was an extension cable that allowed any TurboGrafx-16 controller or peripheral to be connected into the TurboDuo console (as well as any PC Engine console as a side effect). Many peripherals were produced for both the TurboGrafx-16 and PC Engine. The TurboStick is a tabletop joystick designed to replicate the standard control layout of arcade games from the era. Other similar joystick controllers were produced by third-party manufacturers, such as the Python 4 by QuickShot and the Stick Engine by ASCII Corporation. The TurboBooster attached to the back of the system and allowed it to output composite video and stereo audio. Hudson released the Ten no Koe 2 in Japan, which enabled the ability to save progress in compatible HuCard titles. In 1991, NEC Avenue released the Avenue Pad 3, which added a third action button labelled "III" that could be assigned via a switch to function as either the Select or Run button, as many games had begun to use one of those for in-game commands. The Avenue Pad 6 was released in 1993 in conjunction with the PC Engine port of Street Fighter II: Champion Edition, adding four action buttons numbered "III" through "VI"; unlike the three-button pad, these buttons did not duplicate existing buttons, and instead added new functionalities in compatible titles. Another six-button controller, the Arcade Pad 6, was released by NEC Home Electronics in 1994, replacing the TurboPad as the bundled controller of the PC Engine Duo-RX (the last model of the console). Library See also: List of TurboGrafx-16 games A total of 686 commercial games were released for the TurboGrafx-16. In North America, the system featured Keith Courage in Alpha Zones as a pack-in game, a conversion of the PC Engine title Mashin Eiyuuden Wataru. The PC Engine console received strong third-party support in Japan, while the TurboGrafx-16 console struggled to gain the attention of other developers. Hudson brought over many of its popular franchises, such as Bomberman, Bonk, and Adventure Island, to the system with graphically impressive follow-ups. Hudson also designed and published several original titles, such as Air Zonk and Dungeon Explorer. Compile published Alien Crush and Devil's Crush, two well-received virtual pinball games. Namco contributed several high-quality conversions of its arcade games, such as Valkyrie no Densetsu, Pac-Land, Galaga '88, Final Lap Twin, and Splatterhouse, as did Capcom with a port of Street Fighter II': Champion Edition. A large portion of the TurboGrafx-16's library is made up of horizontal and vertical-scrolling shooters. Examples include Konami's Gradius and Salamander, Hudson's Super Star Soldier and Soldier Blade, Namco's Galaga '88, Irem's R-Type, and Taito's Darius Alpha, Darius Plus and Super Darius. The console is also known for its platformers and role-playing games; Victor Entertainment's The Legendary Axe won numerous awards and is seen among the TurboGrafx-16's definitive titles. Ys I & II, a compilation of two games from Nihon Falcom's Ys series, was particularly successful in Japan. Cosmic Fantasy 2 was an RPG ported from Japan to the United States that earned Electronic Gaming Magazine RPG of the year in 1993. Reception In Japan, the PC Engine was very successful, and at one point it was the top-selling console in the nation. In North America and Europe, the situation was reversed, with both Sega and Nintendo dominating the console market at the expense of NEC. Initially, the TurboGrafx-16 sold well in the U.S., but eventually, it suffered from a lack of support from third-party software developers and publishers. In 1990, ACE magazine praised the console's racing game library, stating that, compared to "all the popular consoles, the PC Engine is way out in front in terms of the range and quality of its race games." Reviewing the Turbo Duo model in 1993, GamePro gave it a "thumbs down". Though they praised the system's CD sound, graphics, and five-player capability, they criticized the outdated controller and the games library, saying the third-party support was "almost nonexistent" and that most of the first party games were localizations of games better suited to the Japanese market. In 2009, the TurboGrafx-16 was ranked the 13th greatest video game console of all time by IGN, citing "a solid catalog of games worth playing," but also a lack of third-party support and the absence of a second controller port. The controversy over bit width marketing strategy reappeared with the advent of the Atari Jaguar console. Mattel did not market its 1979 Intellivision system with bit width, although it used a 16-bit CPU. Legacy In 1994, NEC released a new console, the Japanese-exclusive PC-FX, a 32-bit system with a tower-like design. It was a commercial failure, leading NEC to abandon the video game industry. Emulation programs for the TurboGrafx-16 exist for several modern and retro operating systems and architectures. Popular and regularly updated programs include Mednafen and BizHawk. In 2006, a number of TurboGrafx-16 (TurboChip/HuCARD), TurboGrafx-CD (CD-ROM²) and Turbo Duo (Super CD-ROM²) games were released on Nintendo's Virtual Console download service for the Wii, and later the Wii U, and Nintendo 3DS, including several that were originally never released outside Japan. In 2011, ten TurboGrafx-16 games were released on the PlayStation Network for play on the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable in the North American region. In 2010, Hudson released an iPhone application entitled "TurboGrafx-16 GameBox" which allowed users to buy and play a number of select Turbo Grafx games via in-app purchases. The 2012 JRPG Hyperdimension Neptunia Victory features a character, known as Peashy, that pays homage to the console. In 2016, rapper Kanye West's 8th solo album was initially announced to be titled "Turbo Grafx 16". The album, however, was eventually scrapped. In 2019, Konami announced at E3 2019 and at Tokyo Game Show 2019 the TurboGrafx-16 Mini, a dedicated console featuring many built-in games. On March 6, 2020, Konami announced that the TurboGrafx-16 Mini and its peripheral accessories would be delayed indefinitely from its previous March 19, 2020 launch date due to the COVID-19 pandemic disrupting supply chains in China. It was released in North America on May 22, 2020, and released in Europe on June 5, 2020. Notes 1980s portalVideo games portalElectronics portal ^ Japanese: PCエンジン, Hepburn: Pīshī Enjin References ^ "Retro Sales Age Thread". ^ a b Anglin, Paul; Rand, Paul; Boone, Tim (August 15, 1992). "4 Page Review: BC Kid (Amiga)" (PDF). Computer and Video Games. No. 130 (September 1992). pp. 22–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2021. ^ a b c "NEC PC Engine: A New Age Has Dawned". United Kingdom: Micro Media. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021. ^ Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition (2008) ^ a b McFerran, Damien (November 2, 2012). "Feature: The Making of the PC Engine". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on July 30, 2019. ^ a b Therrien, Carl; Picard, Martin (April 29, 2015). "Enter the bit wars: A study of video game marketing and platform crafting in the wake of the TurboGrafx-16 launch". New Media & Society. 18 (10): 2323–2339. doi:10.1177/1461444815584333. S2CID 19553739. ^ a b c d e f g Nutt, Christian (September 12, 2014). "Stalled engine: The TurboGrafx-16 turns 25". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on June 27, 2017. ^ a b Sartori, Paul (April 2, 2013). "TurboGrafx-16: the console that time forgot (and why it's worth re-discovering)". The Guardian. Archived from the original on July 1, 2018. ^ Stuart, Keith; Freeman, Will (February 27, 2016). "Why Kanye West is right to recommend the TurboGrafx-16". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved December 25, 2017. ^ "Console Yourself". New Computer Express. No. 43 (2 September 1989). August 31, 1989. p. 8. ^ Feldman, Tony (1990). The Emergence of the Electronic Book. British Library. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-7123-3227-9. These figures exclude the extraordinary phenomenon in Japan of the 'PC Engine' games console. In December 1988, NEC launched a CD-ROM drive dedicated to a computer games console. They sold 60,000 in the first five months. ^ "Japanese Announcements". Database. 12. Online, Incorporated: 121. 1989. NEC showed both regular CD-ROM drives and a small consumer drive that is an option for the PC Engine System, a modular game machine that has sold over 1.2 million units. Since December 1988, NEC has sold more than 80,000 CD ^ Kent, Steve L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press (published October 2, 2001). p. 413. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. LCCN 2001036497. ^ "The Revolution That Failed: NEC's bold TurboGrafx-16 coin-op venture didn't pan out". RePlay. Vol. 15, no. 6. March 1990. p. 66. ^ "The Secret's Out!" (PDF). ACE. No. 26 (November 1989). October 1989. pp. 27–30. ^ McFerran, Damien (June 15, 2019). "Feature: The Making Of The PC Engine, The 8-Bit Wonder That Took On Nintendo". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ "Celebrating Software". Computer Gaming World. June 1991. pp. 64–7. Retrieved November 17, 2013. ^ "At the Deadline" (PDF). GamePro. No. 60. IDG. July 1994. p. 172. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 12, 2020. ^ 小川 (Ogawa), 純生 (Sumio) (December 14, 2010). "テレビゲーム機の変遷 —ファミコン、スーパーファミコン、プレステ、プレステ2、Wiiまで—" (PDF). 経営論集 (Keiei Ronshū) (in Japanese) (77) (published March 2011): 1–17 (2). ISSN 0286-6439. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 25, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2021 – via Toyo University Academic Information Repository (Toyo University). ^ "ウィークエンド経済 第765号 あの失敗がこう生きた ". Asahi Shinbun (Evening Edition) (in Japanese). Osaka, Japan. December 1, 2001. ^ "Weekly Famitsu Express". Famitsu (in Japanese). Vol. 11, no. 392. June 21, 1996. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2019. ^ Top 25 Videogame Consoles of All Time, IGN. Retrieved June 14, 2010 ^ Wolf, Mark J. P. (2008). The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond. ABC-CLIO. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-313-33868-7. Retrieved April 10, 2011. ^ "TurboGrafx-CD System" (PDF). Computer Entertainer. Vol. 8, no. 9. December 1989. p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 25, 2018. ^ "Toys R Us weekly ad". The Catoosa County News. December 5, 1990. Retrieved June 17, 2014. ^ "Home Games Look Robust at Winter CES Show; "Coin-Op Must Get On Track Fast," Observers Say". RePlay. Vol. 15, no. 5. February 1990. pp. 38–44. ^ "スーパーPCエンジンファン" (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokuma Shoten Intermedia. January 15, 1994. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help) ^ "International News". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 54. January 1994. p. 94. Retrieved March 10, 2020. ^ A History of Korean Gaming ^ "United States patent 5059955". ^ Reverie, Zenic (September 4, 2016). "The RPG Consoler: Game #59: Cosmic Fantasy 2 (TurboGrafx-CD) - "RPG of the Year" -- EGM 1993 (Finished)". The RPG Consoler. Retrieved September 27, 2020. ^ "What in the Name of Sam Hill is a PC Engine?" (PDF). Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 70. Ziff Davis. May 1995. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 7, 2020. ^ ACE, issue 34 (July 1990), page 59 ^ "System Shopper" (PDF). GamePro. No. 53. IDG. December 1993. pp. 46–49. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 17, 2018. ^ "TurboGrafx-16 is number 13". IGN. Retrieved July 5, 2011. ^ "Hudson Entertainment – Video Games, Mobile Games, Ringtones, and More!". Hudsonent.com. Archived from the original on July 2, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2011. ^ "GDC 06: Satoru Iwata Keynote". IGN. March 23, 2006. Archived from the original on August 9, 2006. Retrieved July 5, 2011. ^ "Virtual Console: Sega and Hudson games are a go! – Nintendo Wii Fanboy". Revolution Fanboy. March 23, 2006. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2011. ^ Cowan, Danny (December 21, 2010). "Hudson Releases TurboGrafx-16 GameBox Emulator For iOS". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2016. ^ West, Kanye (February 27, 2016). "My next album is titled "Turbo Grafx 16" as of now…" (Tweet). Archived from the original on June 14, 2016 – via Twitter. ^ Byford, Sam (February 27, 2016). "Kanye West says his new album is called Turbo Grafx 16 and coming this summer". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2016. ^ "PC Engine mini, PC Engine CoreGrafx mini, TurboGrafx-16 mini Official Website". ^ Lanier, Liz (June 12, 2019). "Konami Releasing a Mini Version of TurboGrafx-16 With Pre-Loaded Games". Variety. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020. ^ Batchelor, James (March 6, 2020). "TurboGrafx-16 Mini indefinitely delayed due to coronavirus". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on March 7, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020. ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (March 6, 2020). "Konami delays PC Engine Core Grafx mini over coronavirus". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020. ^ @konamieu (March 6, 2020). " We have added the notice "Regarding the manufacturing and shipping delays of the PC Engine Core Grafx mini products due to the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)" to the official website. Check here for more details: https://konami.com/games/pcemini/eu/en/ #CoreGrafx" (Tweet) – via Twitter. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to PC Engine. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DG Flugzeugbau DG-1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DG_Flugzeugbau_DG-1000"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"home video game console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video_game_console"},{"link_name":"Hudson Soft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Soft"},{"link_name":"NEC Home Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC"},{"link_name":"fourth generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_video_game_consoles"},{"link_name":"8-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-bit"},{"link_name":"central processing unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVG130-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Age-4"},{"link_name":"Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Sega Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Genesis"},{"link_name":"Super NES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"16-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-bit"},{"link_name":"graphics processing unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"video display controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_display_controller"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nintendo_Life-6"},{"link_name":"HuCard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuCard"},{"link_name":"CD-ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Therrien-7"},{"link_name":"Super Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamasutra-8"},{"link_name":"grey market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_market"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Age-4"},{"link_name":"PAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"PC Engine SuperGrafx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Engine_SuperGrafx"},{"link_name":"PC-FX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-FX"}],"text":"\"TG-16\" redirects here. For the U.S. Air Force training glider, see DG Flugzeugbau DG-1000.The TurboGrafx-16, known as the PC Engine[a] outside North America, is a home video game console designed by Hudson Soft and sold by NEC Home Electronics. It was the first console marketed in the fourth generation, commonly known as the 16-bit era, though the console has an 8-bit central processing unit (CPU) coupled with a 16-bit graphics processor. It was released in Japan in 1987 and in North America in 1989. In Europe[2] the Japanese model was unofficially imported and distributed in the United Kingdom[3] and France from 1988. In Japan, the system was launched as a competitor to the Famicom, but the delayed United States release meant that it ended up competing with the Sega Genesis and later the Super NES.The console has an 8-bit CPU and a dual 16-bit graphics processing unit (GPU) chipset consisting of a video display controller (VDC) and video color encoder. The GPUs are capable of displaying 482 colors simultaneously, out of 512. With dimensions of just 14 cm × 14 cm × 3.8 cm (5.5 in × 5.5 in × 1.5 in), the Japanese PC Engine is the smallest major home game console ever made.[4][5] Games were released on HuCard cartridges and later the CD-ROM optical format with the TurboGrafx-CD add-on. The \"16\" in its North American name and the marketing of the console as a 16-bit platform despite having an 8-bit CPU was criticized by some as deceptive.[6]In Japan, the PC Engine was very successful. It gained strong third-party support and eventually became the Super Famicom's main rival. However, the TurboGrafx-16 failed to break into the North American market and was a commercial failure, which has been blamed on the delayed release and inferior marketing.[7] In Europe, the Japanese models were grey market imported, modified, and distributed in France and the United Kingdom beginning in 1988,[3] but an official PAL model (named simply \"TurboGrafx\" without the \"16\") planned for 1990 was cancelled following the disappointing North American launch with the already-manufactured stock of systems liquidated via mail-order retailers.[8]At least 17 distinct models of the console were made, including portable versions and those that integrated the CD-ROM add-on.[9] An enhanced model, the PC Engine SuperGrafx, was rushed to market in 1989. It featured many performance enhancements and was intended to supersede the standard PC Engine. It failed to catch on—only six titles were released that took advantage of the added power and it was quickly discontinued. The final model was discontinued in 1994. It was succeeded by the PC-FX, which was released only in Japan and was not successful.","title":"TurboGrafx-16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hudson Soft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Soft"},{"link_name":"NEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC"},{"link_name":"personal computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"PC-88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-88"},{"link_name":"PC-98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-98"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nintendo_Life-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamasutra-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"GPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPU"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamasutra-8"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"test markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_market"},{"link_name":"Sega Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Genesis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamasutra-8"},{"link_name":"pack-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack-in"},{"link_name":"Keith Courage in Alpha Zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Courage_in_Alpha_Zones"},{"link_name":"Altered Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_Beast"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamasutra-8"},{"link_name":"arcade video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_video_game"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVG130-3"},{"link_name":"NTSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC"},{"link_name":"PAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Age-4"},{"link_name":"Guillemot International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft"},{"link_name":"Benelux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux"},{"link_name":"French language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"SECAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECAM"},{"link_name":"Telegames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegames"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamasutra-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NEC-TurboGrafx-16-CD-FL.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgw199106-18"},{"link_name":"Super NES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_NES"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TurboGrafx-16&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sekimoto-21"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TurboGrafx-16&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sega_Stats-22"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TurboGrafx-16&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Dead of the Brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_of_the_Brain"}],"text":"The PC Engine was created as a collaborative effort between Hudson Soft, who created video game software, and NEC, a company which was dominant in the Japanese personal computer market with their PC-88 and PC-98 platforms. NEC lacked the vital experience in the video gaming industry and approached numerous video game studios for support. By pure coincidence, NEC's interest in entering the lucrative video game market coincided with Hudson's failed attempt to sell designs for then-advanced graphics chips to Nintendo. The two companies successfully joined to then develop the new system.[5]The PC Engine made its debut in the Japanese market on October 30, 1987, and it was a tremendous success. The PC Engine had an elegant, \"eye-catching\" design, and it was very small compared to its rivals.[7] The PC Engine sold 500,000 units in its first week of release.[10]The CD-ROM expansion was a major success for the CD-ROM format, selling 60,000 units in its first five months of release in Japan.[11] By 1989, NEC had sold over 1.2 million consoles and more than 80,000 CD-ROM units in Japan.[12]In 1988, NEC decided to expand to the American market and directed its U.S. operations to develop the system for the new audience. NEC Technologies boss Keith Schaefer formed a team to test the system. They found out that there was a lack of enthusiasm in its name \"PC Engine\" and also felt its small size was not very suitable to American consumers who would generally prefer a larger and \"futuristic\" design. They decided to call the system the \"TurboGrafx-16\", a name representing its graphical speed and strength and its 16-bit GPU. They also completely redesigned the hardware into a large, black casing. This lengthy redesign process and NEC's questions about the system's viability in the United States delayed the TurboGrafx-16's debut.[7]The TurboGrafx-16 was eventually released in the New York City and Los Angeles test markets in late August 1989. However, this was two weeks after Sega of America released the Sega Genesis with a 16-bit CPU to test markets. Unlike NEC, Sega did not waste time redesigning the original Japanese Mega Drive system, making only slight aesthetic changes.[13][7]The Genesis quickly eclipsed the TurboGrafx-16 after its American debut. NEC's decision to pack-in Keith Courage in Alpha Zones, a Hudson Soft game unknown to western gamers, proved costly as Sega packed-in a port of the hit arcade title Altered Beast with the Genesis. NEC's American operations in Chicago were also overhyped about its potential and quickly produced 750,000 units, far above actual demand. This was very profitable for Hudson Soft as NEC paid Hudson Soft royalties for every console produced, whether sold or not. By 1990, it was clear that the system was performing very poorly and NEC could not compete with Nintendo and Sega's marketing.[7]In late 1989, NEC announced plans for a coin-op arcade video game version of the TurboGrafx-16. However, NEC cancelled the plans in early 1990.[14]In Europe, the console is known by its original Japanese name PC Engine, rather than its American name TurboGrafx-16.[2] PC Engine imports from Japan drew a cult following, with a number of unauthorized PC Engine imports available along with NTSC-to-PAL adapters in the United Kingdom during the late 1980s. In 1989, a British company called Mention manufactured an adapted PAL version called the PC Engine Plus. However, the system was not officially supported by NEC.[15][16][3] From November 1989 to 1993, PC Engine consoles as well as some add-ons were imported from Japan by French importer Sodipeng (Société de Distribution de la PC Engine), a subsidiary of Guillemot International. This came after considerable enthusiasm in the French press. The PC Engine was largely available in France and Benelux through major retailers. It came with French language instructions and also an AV cable to enable its compatibility with SECAM television sets.After seeing the TurboGrafx-16 falter in America, NEC decided to cancel their European releases. Units for the European markets were already produced, which were essentially US models modified to run on PAL television sets. NEC sold this stock to distributors; in the United Kingdom, Telegames released the console in 1990 in extremely limited quantities.[8][7]The TurboGrafx-16/PC Engine was the first video game console capable of playing CD-ROM games with an optional add-on.By March 1991, NEC claimed that it had sold 750,000 TurboGrafx-16 consoles in the United States and 500,000 CD-ROM units worldwide.[17]In an effort to relaunch the system in the North American market, in mid-1992 NEC and Hudson Soft transferred management of the system in North America to a new joint venture called Turbo Technologies Inc. and released the TurboDuo, an all-in-one unit that included the CD-ROM drive built in. However, the North American console gaming market continued to be dominated by the Genesis and Super NES, which was released in North America in August 1991. In May 1994, Turbo Technologies announced that it was dropping support for the Duo, though it would continue to offer repairs for existing units and provide ongoing software releases through independent companies in the U.S. and Canada.[18]In Japan, NEC had sold a total of 5.84 million PC Engine units as of 1995[update][19][20] and 1.92 million CD-ROM² units as of March 1996[update].[21] This adds up to a total of more than 6.59 million PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16 units sold in Japan and the United States as of 1995[update], and 1.92 million CD-ROM² units sold in Japan. The final licensed release for the PC Engine was Dead of the Brain Part 1 & 2 on June 3, 1999, on the Super CD-ROM² format.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Add-ons"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PC_Engine_CD-ROM2_Interface_Unit.jpg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToysRUs-26"},{"link_name":"Fighting Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Street"},{"link_name":"Monster Lair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Boy_III:_Monster_Lair"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RePlay-27"},{"link_name":"Ys Book I & II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ys_Book_I_%26_II"}],"sub_title":"TurboGrafx-CD/CD-ROM²","text":"PC Engine CoreGrafx with CD-ROM² and interface unitThe CD-ROM² is an add-on attachment for the PC Engine that was released in Japan on December 4, 1988. The add-on allows the core versions of the console to play PC Engine games in CD-ROM format in addition to standard HuCards. This made the PC Engine the first video game console to use CD-ROM as a storage media. The add-on consisted of two devices – the CD player itself and the interface unit, which connects the CD player to the console and provides a unified power supply and output for both.[22][23] It was later released as the TurboGrafx-CD in the United States in November 1989, with a remodeled interface unit in order to suit the different shape of the TurboGrafx-16 console.[24] The TurboGrafx-CD had a launch price of $399.99 and did not include any bundled games.[25] Fighting Street and Monster Lair were the TurboGrafx-CD launch titles;[26] Ys Book I & II soon followed.","title":"Add-ons"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Super_CD-ROM2_with_CoreGrafx_II_(3-4_right_view).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Super CD-ROM²","text":"Super CD-ROM² attached to a CoreGrafx IIIn 1991, NEC introduced an upgraded version of the CD-ROM² System known as the Super CD-ROM², which updates the BIOS to Version 3.0 and increases buffer RAM from 64 KB to 256 KB. This upgrade was released in several forms: the first was the PC Engine Duo on September 21, a new model of the console with a CD-ROM drive and upgraded BIOS/RAM already built into the system. This was followed by the Super System Card released on October 26, an upgrade for the existing CD-ROM² add-on that serves as a replacement to the original System Card. PC Engine owners who did not already own the original CD-ROM² add-on could instead opt for the Super-CD-ROM² unit, an updated version of the add-on released on December 13, which combines the CD-ROM drive, interface unit and Super System Card into one device.","title":"Add-ons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neo-Geo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Geo"},{"link_name":"Fatal Fury 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Fury_2"},{"link_name":"Art of Fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Fighting"},{"link_name":"World Heroes 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heroes_2"},{"link_name":"Fatal Fury Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Fury_Special"}],"sub_title":"Arcade Card","text":"On March 12, 1994, NEC introduced a third upgrade known as the Arcade Card (アーケードカード, Ākēdo Kādo), which increases the amount of onboard RAM of the Super CD-ROM² System to 2MB. This upgrade was released in two models: the Arcade Card Duo, designed for PC Engine consoles already equipped with the Super CD-ROM² System, and the Arcade Card Pro, a model for the original CD-ROM² System that combines the functionalities of the Super System Card and Arcade Card Duo into one. The first games for this add-on were ports of the Neo-Geo fighting games Fatal Fury 2 and Art of Fighting. Ports of World Heroes 2 and Fatal Fury Special were later released for this card, along with several original games released under the Arcade CD-ROM² standard. By this point, support for both the TurboGrafx-16 and Turbo Duo was already waning in North America; thus, no North American version of either Arcade Card was produced, though a Japanese Arcade Card can still be used on a North American console through a HuCard converter.","title":"Add-ons"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Many variations and related products of the PC Engine were released.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PC_Engine_Core_Grafx1%262.jpg"},{"link_name":"radio frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency"},{"link_name":"composite video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_video"}],"sub_title":"CoreGrafx","text":"CoreGrafx & CoreGrafx IIThe PC Engine CoreGrafx is an updated model of the PC Engine, released in Japan on December 8, 1989. It has the same form factor as the original PC Engine, but it changes the color scheme from white and red to black and blue and replaces the original's radio frequency-output connector with a composite video AV port. It also used a revised CPU, the HuC6280A, which supposedly fixed some minor audio issues. A recolored version of the model, known as the PC Engine CoreGrafx II, was released on June 21, 1991. Aside from the different coloring (light grey and orange), it is nearly identical to the original CoreGrafx except that the CPU was changed back to the original HuC6280.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC Engine SuperGrafx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Engine_SuperGrafx"},{"link_name":"Darius Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_(arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"Darius Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Alpha"}],"sub_title":"SuperGrafx","text":"The PC Engine SuperGrafx, released on the same day as the CoreGrafx in Japan, is an enhanced variation of the PC Engine hardware with updated specs. This model has a second HuC6270A (VDC), a HuC6202 (VDP) that combines the output of the two VDCs, four times as much RAM, twice as much video RAM, and a second layer/plane of scrolling. It also uses the revised HuC6280A CPU, but the sound and color palette were not upgraded, making the expensive price tag a big disadvantage to the system. As a result, only five exclusive SuperGrafx games and two hybrid games (Darius Plus and Darius Alpha were released as standard HuCards which took advantage of the extra video hardware if played on a SuperGrafx) were released, and the system was quickly discontinued. The SuperGrafx has the same expansion port as previous PC Engine consoles, but requires an adapter in order to utilize the original CD-ROM² System add-on, due to the SuperGrafx console's large size.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PC_Engine_Shuttle.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Shuttle","text":"PC Engine ShuttleThe PC Engine Shuttle was released in Japan on November 22, 1989, as a less expensive model of the console, retailing at ¥18,800. It was targeted primarily towards younger players with its spaceship-like design and came bundled with a TurboPad II controller, which is shaped differently from the other standard TurboPad controllers. The reduced price was made possible by removing the expansion port from the back, making it the first model of the console that was not compatible with the CD-ROM² add-on. However, it does have a slot for a memory backup unit, which is required for certain games. The RF output used on the original PC Engine was also replaced with an A/V port for the Shuttle.The PC Engine Shuttle was also distributed in South Korea. It was released in 1990 by Daewoo Electronics.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NEC-TurboExpress-Upright-FL.jpg"},{"link_name":"TurboExpress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurboExpress"}],"sub_title":"TurboExpress","text":"TurboExpressThe PC Engine GT is a portable version of the PC Engine, released in Japan on December 1, 1990, and then in the United States as the TurboExpress. It can play only HuCard games. It has a 2.6-inch (66 mm) backlit, active-matrix color LCD screen, the most advanced on the market for a portable video game unit at the time. The screen contributed to its high price and short battery life, however, which hurt its performance in the market. It also has a TV tuner adapter as well as a two-player link cable.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laptop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop"}],"sub_title":"LT","text":"The PC Engine LT is a model of the console in a laptop form, released on December 13, 1991, in Japan, retailing at ¥99,800. The LT does not require a television display (and does not have any AV output) as it has a built-in flip-up screen and speakers, just as a laptop would have, but, unlike the GT, the LT runs on a power supply. Its expensive price meant that few units were produced compared to other models. The LT has full expansion port capability, so the CD-ROM² unit is compatible with the LT the same way as it is with the original PC Engine and CoreGrafx. However, the LT requires an adapter to use the enhanced Super CD-ROM² unit.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TurboDuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurboDuo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PC_Engine_Duo-RX.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Duo","text":"Further information: TurboDuoNEC Home Electronics released the PC Engine Duo in Japan on September 21, 1991, which combined the PC Engine and Super CD-ROM² unit into a single console. The system can play HuCards, audio CDs, CD+Gs, standard CD-ROM² games and Super CD-ROM² games. The North American version, the TurboDuo, was launched in October 1992.PC Engine Duo RXTwo updated variants were released in Japan: the PC Engine Duo-R on March 25, 1993, and the PC Engine Duo-RX on June 25, 1994. The changes were mostly cosmetic, but the RX included a new 6-button controller.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CRT monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRT_monitor"},{"link_name":"RGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB"},{"link_name":"composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_video"},{"link_name":"Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-super_pcefan_vol1-28"},{"link_name":"X1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X1_(computer)"},{"link_name":"Pioneer Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation"},{"link_name":"LaserActive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserActive"},{"link_name":"OEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OEM"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Third-party models","text":"The PC-KD863G is a CRT monitor with built-in PC Engine console, released on September 27, 1988, in Japan for ¥138,000. Following NEC's PCs' naming scheme, the PC-KD863G was designed to eliminate the need to buy a separate television set and a console. It output its signals in RGB, so it was clearer at the time than the console which was still limited to RF and composite. However, it has no BUS expansion port, which made it incompatible with the CD-ROM² System and memory backup add-ons.The X1-Twin was the first licensed PC Engine-compatible hardware manufactured by a third-party company, released by Sharp in April 1989 for ¥99,800.[27] It is a hybrid system that can run PC Engine games and X1 computer software.Pioneer Corporation's LaserActive supports an add-on module which allows the use of PC Engine games (HuCard, CD-ROM² and Super CD-ROM²) as well as new \"LD-ROM²\" titles that work only on this device. NEC also released their own LaserActive unit (NEC PCE-LD1) and PC Engine add-on module, under an OEM license.[28] A total of eleven LD-ROM2 titles were produced, with only three of them released in North America.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Haitai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitai"},{"link_name":"Daewoo Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daewoo_Electronics"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Other foreign markets","text":"Outside North America and Japan, the TurboGrafx-16 console was released in South Korea by a third-party company, Haitai, under the name Vistar 16. It was based on the American version but with a new curved design. Daewoo Electronics distributed the PC Engine Shuttle in the South Korean market as well.[29]","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NEC-TurboGrafx-16-Motherboard-Top.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hudson Soft HuC6280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Soft_HuC6280"},{"link_name":"8-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-bit"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"HuC6270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Soft_HuC6270"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"KB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte"},{"link_name":"RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_access_memory"},{"link_name":"Video RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_RAM"},{"link_name":"palette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palette_(computing)"},{"link_name":"programmable sound generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_sound_generator"},{"link_name":"HuCard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuCard"},{"link_name":"ROM cartridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM_cartridge"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamasutra-8"}],"text":"Top view of the motherboard for the TurboGrafx-16The TurboGrafx-16 uses a Hudson Soft HuC6280 CPU—an 8-bit CPU running at 7.16 MHz paired with two 16-bit graphics processors, a HuC6270 video display controller and a HuC6260 video color encoder.[30] It includes 8 KB of RAM, 64 KB of Video RAM, and the ability to display 482 colors at once from a 512-color palette. The sound hardware, built into the CPU, includes a programmable sound generator running at 3.58 MHz and a 5-10 bit stereo PCM.TurboGrafx-16 games use the HuCard ROM cartridge format, thin credit card-sized cards that insert into the front slot of the console. PC Engine HuCards have 38 connector pins. TurboGrafx-16 HuCards (alternatively referred to as \"TurboChips\") reverse eight of these pins as a region lockout method. The power switch on the console also acts as a lock that prevents HuCards from being removed while the system is powered on. The European release of the TurboGrafx-16 did not have its own PAL-formatted HuCards as a result of its limited release, with the system instead supporting standard HuCards and outputting a PAL 50 Hz video signal.[7]","title":"Technical specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NEC-TurboGrafx-16-Controller-FR.jpg"},{"link_name":"Famicom's primary controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System#Controllers"},{"link_name":"ASCII Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter II: Champion Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_II:_Champion_Edition"}],"sub_title":"Peripherals","text":"The TurboGrafx-16 TurboPadIn Japan, the PC Engine was originally sold with a standard controller known simply as the Pad. It has a rectangular shape with a directional pad, two action buttons numbered \"I\" and \"II\", and two rubber \"Select\" and \"Run\" buttons, matching the number of buttons on the Famicom's primary controller (as well as a standard NES controller). Another controller known as the TurboPad was also launched separately with the console, which added two \"Turbo\" switches for the I and II buttons with three speed settings. The switches allow for a single button press to register multiple inputs at once (for instance, this allows for rapid fire in scrolling shooters). The TurboPad became standard-issue with the TurboGrafx-16 in North America, as well as subsequent models of the PC Engine in Japan starting with the PC Engine Coregrafx, immediately phasing out the original PC Engine Pad.All PC Engine and TurboGrafx-16 consoles only have one controller port; in order to use multiple controllers on the same system and play multiplayer games, a separate peripheral, known in Japan as the MultiTap and in North America as the TurboTap, was required, which allowed up to five controllers to be plugged into the system. The Cordless Multitap was also available exclusively in Japan, sold as a set with a single Cordless Pad, with additional wireless controllers available separately.Due to using different diameter controller ports, PC Engine controllers and peripherals are not compatible with TurboGrafx-16 consoles and vice versa. The TurboDuo would revert to using the same controller port that the PC Engine uses, resulting in new TurboDuo-branded versions of the TurboPad and TurboTap peripherals, known as the DuoPad and the DuoTap respectively, to be made. An official TurboGrafx-16/Duo Adapter was also produced, which was an extension cable that allowed any TurboGrafx-16 controller or peripheral to be connected into the TurboDuo console (as well as any PC Engine console as a side effect).Many peripherals were produced for both the TurboGrafx-16 and PC Engine. The TurboStick is a tabletop joystick designed to replicate the standard control layout of arcade games from the era. Other similar joystick controllers were produced by third-party manufacturers, such as the Python 4 by QuickShot and the Stick Engine by ASCII Corporation. The TurboBooster attached to the back of the system and allowed it to output composite video and stereo audio. Hudson released the Ten no Koe 2 in Japan, which enabled the ability to save progress in compatible HuCard titles. In 1991, NEC Avenue released the Avenue Pad 3, which added a third action button labelled \"III\" that could be assigned via a switch to function as either the Select or Run button, as many games had begun to use one of those for in-game commands. The Avenue Pad 6 was released in 1993 in conjunction with the PC Engine port of Street Fighter II: Champion Edition, adding four action buttons numbered \"III\" through \"VI\"; unlike the three-button pad, these buttons did not duplicate existing buttons, and instead added new functionalities in compatible titles. Another six-button controller, the Arcade Pad 6, was released by NEC Home Electronics in 1994, replacing the TurboPad as the bundled controller of the PC Engine Duo-RX (the last model of the console).","title":"Technical specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of TurboGrafx-16 games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TurboGrafx-16_games"},{"link_name":"Keith Courage in Alpha Zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Courage_in_Alpha_Zones"},{"link_name":"Bomberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomberman"},{"link_name":"Bonk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonk_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Adventure Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Island_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Air Zonk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Zonk"},{"link_name":"Dungeon Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeon_Explorer_(1989_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Compile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compile_(company)"},{"link_name":"Alien Crush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_Crush"},{"link_name":"Devil's Crush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Crush"},{"link_name":"Namco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namco"},{"link_name":"Valkyrie no Densetsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrie_no_Densetsu"},{"link_name":"Pac-Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-Land"},{"link_name":"Galaga '88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaga_%2788"},{"link_name":"Final Lap Twin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Lap_Twin"},{"link_name":"Splatterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatterhouse"},{"link_name":"Capcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter II': Champion Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_II:_Champion_Edition"},{"link_name":"Konami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konami"},{"link_name":"Gradius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradius_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Salamander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Soft"},{"link_name":"Super Star Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Star_Soldier"},{"link_name":"Soldier Blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_Blade"},{"link_name":"Namco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namco"},{"link_name":"Galaga '88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaga_%2788"},{"link_name":"Irem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irem"},{"link_name":"R-Type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-Type"},{"link_name":"Taito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taito"},{"link_name":"Darius Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Darius Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Super Darius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Victor Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"The Legendary Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legendary_Axe"},{"link_name":"Ys I & II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ys_I_%26_II"},{"link_name":"Nihon Falcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_Falcom"},{"link_name":"Ys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ys_(series)"},{"link_name":"Cosmic Fantasy 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Fantasy_2"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"See also: List of TurboGrafx-16 gamesA total of 686 commercial games were released for the TurboGrafx-16. In North America, the system featured Keith Courage in Alpha Zones as a pack-in game, a conversion of the PC Engine title Mashin Eiyuuden Wataru. The PC Engine console received strong third-party support in Japan, while the TurboGrafx-16 console struggled to gain the attention of other developers. Hudson brought over many of its popular franchises, such as Bomberman, Bonk, and Adventure Island, to the system with graphically impressive follow-ups. Hudson also designed and published several original titles, such as Air Zonk and Dungeon Explorer. Compile published Alien Crush and Devil's Crush, two well-received virtual pinball games. Namco contributed several high-quality conversions of its arcade games, such as Valkyrie no Densetsu, Pac-Land, Galaga '88, Final Lap Twin, and Splatterhouse, as did Capcom with a port of Street Fighter II': Champion Edition.A large portion of the TurboGrafx-16's library is made up of horizontal and vertical-scrolling shooters. Examples include Konami's Gradius and Salamander, Hudson's Super Star Soldier and Soldier Blade, Namco's Galaga '88, Irem's R-Type, and Taito's Darius Alpha, Darius Plus and Super Darius. The console is also known for its platformers and role-playing games; Victor Entertainment's The Legendary Axe won numerous awards and is seen among the TurboGrafx-16's definitive titles. Ys I & II, a compilation of two games from Nihon Falcom's Ys series, was particularly successful in Japan. Cosmic Fantasy 2 was an RPG ported from Japan to the United States that earned Electronic Gaming Magazine RPG of the year in 1993.[31]","title":"Library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"software developers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developer"},{"link_name":"ACE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_(games_magazine)"},{"link_name":"racing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_video_game"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Atari Jaguar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_Jaguar"},{"link_name":"Mattel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattel"},{"link_name":"Intellivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellivision"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Therrien-7"}],"text":"In Japan, the PC Engine was very successful, and at one point it was the top-selling console in the nation.[32] In North America and Europe, the situation was reversed, with both Sega and Nintendo dominating the console market at the expense of NEC. Initially, the TurboGrafx-16 sold well in the U.S., but eventually, it suffered from a lack of support from third-party software developers and publishers.In 1990, ACE magazine praised the console's racing game library, stating that, compared to \"all the popular consoles, the PC Engine is way out in front in terms of the range and quality of its race games.\"[33] Reviewing the Turbo Duo model in 1993, GamePro gave it a \"thumbs down\". Though they praised the system's CD sound, graphics, and five-player capability, they criticized the outdated controller and the games library, saying the third-party support was \"almost nonexistent\" and that most of the first party games were localizations of games better suited to the Japanese market.[34] In 2009, the TurboGrafx-16 was ranked the 13th greatest video game console of all time by IGN, citing \"a solid catalog of games worth playing,\" but also a lack of third-party support and the absence of a second controller port.[35]The controversy over bit width marketing strategy reappeared with the advent of the Atari Jaguar console. Mattel did not market its 1979 Intellivision system with bit width, although it used a 16-bit CPU.[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC-FX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-FX"},{"link_name":"32-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bit"},{"link_name":"Emulation programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console_emulator"},{"link_name":"Mednafen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mednafen"},{"link_name":"Virtual Console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Console"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Wii U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_U"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 3DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_3DS"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"ten TurboGrafx-16 games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_PlayStation_Store_TurboGrafx-16_games"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Network"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"in-app purchases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-app_purchases"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Hyperdimension Neptunia Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperdimension_Neptunia_Victory"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"8th solo album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_Grafx_16_(album)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Konami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konami"},{"link_name":"E3 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2019"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Game Show 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Game_Show"},{"link_name":"TurboGrafx-16 Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurboGrafx-16_Mini"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"dedicated console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_console"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"In 1994, NEC released a new console, the Japanese-exclusive PC-FX, a 32-bit system with a tower-like design. It was a commercial failure, leading NEC to abandon the video game industry.Emulation programs for the TurboGrafx-16 exist for several modern and retro operating systems and architectures. Popular and regularly updated programs include Mednafen and BizHawk.In 2006, a number of TurboGrafx-16 (TurboChip/HuCARD), TurboGrafx-CD (CD-ROM²) and Turbo Duo (Super CD-ROM²) games were released on Nintendo's Virtual Console download service for the Wii,[36] and later the Wii U, and Nintendo 3DS, including several that were originally never released outside Japan.[37][38] In 2011, ten TurboGrafx-16 games were released on the PlayStation Network for play on the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable in the North American region.In 2010, Hudson released an iPhone application entitled \"TurboGrafx-16 GameBox\" which allowed users to buy and play a number of select Turbo Grafx games via in-app purchases.[39]The 2012 JRPG Hyperdimension Neptunia Victory features a character, known as Peashy, that pays homage to the console.In 2016, rapper Kanye West's 8th solo album was initially announced to be titled \"Turbo Grafx 16\".[40][41] The album, however, was eventually scrapped.In 2019, Konami announced at E3 2019 and at Tokyo Game Show 2019 the TurboGrafx-16 Mini,[42] a dedicated console featuring many built-in games.[43] On March 6, 2020, Konami announced that the TurboGrafx-16 Mini and its peripheral accessories would be delayed indefinitely from its previous March 19, 2020 launch date due to the COVID-19 pandemic disrupting supply chains in China.[44][45][46] It was released in North America on May 22, 2020, and released in Europe on June 5, 2020.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg"},{"link_name":"1980s portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:1980s"},{"link_name":"Video games portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Video_games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png"},{"link_name":"Electronics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Electronics"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"}],"text":"1980s portalVideo games portalElectronics portal^ Japanese: PCエンジン, Hepburn: Pīshī Enjin","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The TurboGrafx-16/PC Engine was the first video game console capable of playing CD-ROM games with an optional add-on.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/NEC-TurboGrafx-16-CD-FL.jpg/220px-NEC-TurboGrafx-16-CD-FL.jpg"},{"image_text":"PC Engine CoreGrafx with CD-ROM² and interface unit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/PC_Engine_CD-ROM2_Interface_Unit.jpg/220px-PC_Engine_CD-ROM2_Interface_Unit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Super CD-ROM² attached to a CoreGrafx II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Super_CD-ROM2_with_CoreGrafx_II_%283-4_right_view%29.jpg/220px-Super_CD-ROM2_with_CoreGrafx_II_%283-4_right_view%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"CoreGrafx & CoreGrafx II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/PC_Engine_Core_Grafx1%262.jpg/220px-PC_Engine_Core_Grafx1%262.jpg"},{"image_text":"PC Engine Shuttle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PC_Engine_Shuttle.jpg/220px-PC_Engine_Shuttle.jpg"},{"image_text":"TurboExpress","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/NEC-TurboExpress-Upright-FL.jpg/220px-NEC-TurboExpress-Upright-FL.jpg"},{"image_text":"PC Engine Duo RX","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PC_Engine_Duo-RX.jpg/220px-PC_Engine_Duo-RX.jpg"},{"image_text":"Top view of the motherboard for the TurboGrafx-16","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NEC-TurboGrafx-16-Motherboard-Top.jpg/250px-NEC-TurboGrafx-16-Motherboard-Top.jpg"},{"image_text":"The TurboGrafx-16 TurboPad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/NEC-TurboGrafx-16-Controller-FR.jpg/220px-NEC-TurboGrafx-16-Controller-FR.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Retro Sales Age Thread\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neogaf.com/threads/retro-sales-age-thread.981407/","url_text":"\"Retro Sales Age Thread\""}]},{"reference":"Anglin, Paul; Rand, Paul; Boone, Tim (August 15, 1992). \"4 Page Review: BC Kid (Amiga)\" (PDF). Computer and Video Games. No. 130 (September 1992). pp. 22–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/images/0/08/CVG_UK_130.pdf#page=22","url_text":"\"4 Page Review: BC Kid (Amiga)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games","url_text":"Computer and Video Games"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211001190810/https://retrocdn.net/images/0/08/CVG_UK_130.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NEC PC Engine: A New Age Has Dawned\". United Kingdom: Micro Media. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://i1.wp.com/tiredoldhack.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/pc-engine-magazine-ad.png?ssl=1","url_text":"\"NEC PC Engine: A New Age Has Dawned\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825222536/http://i1.wp.com/tiredoldhack.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/pc-engine-magazine-ad.png?ssl=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McFerran, Damien (November 2, 2012). \"Feature: The Making of the PC Engine\". Nintendo Life. 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Retrieved December 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/feb/27/why-kanye-west-right-recommend-turbografx-16-console","url_text":"\"Why Kanye West is right to recommend the TurboGrafx-16\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170622125924/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/feb/27/why-kanye-west-right-recommend-turbografx-16-console","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Console Yourself\". New Computer Express. No. 43 (2 September 1989). August 31, 1989. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/NewComputerExpress043/page/n7","url_text":"\"Console Yourself\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Computer_Express","url_text":"New Computer Express"}]},{"reference":"Feldman, Tony (1990). The Emergence of the Electronic Book. British Library. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-7123-3227-9. These figures exclude the extraordinary phenomenon in Japan of the 'PC Engine' games console. In December 1988, NEC launched a CD-ROM drive dedicated to a computer games console. They sold 60,000 in the first five months.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V5ksAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Emergence of the Electronic Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library","url_text":"British Library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-3227-9","url_text":"978-0-7123-3227-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese Announcements\". Database. 12. Online, Incorporated: 121. 1989. NEC showed both regular CD-ROM drives and a small consumer drive that is an option for the PC Engine System, a modular game machine that has sold over 1.2 million units. 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March 1990. p. 66.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/re-play-volume-14-issue-no.-6-march-1990-600dpi/RePlay%20-%20Volume%2014%2C%20Issue%20No.%206%20-%20March%201990/page/66","url_text":"\"The Revolution That Failed: NEC's bold TurboGrafx-16 coin-op venture didn't pan out\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Secret's Out!\" (PDF). ACE. No. 26 (November 1989). October 1989. pp. 27–30.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/images/d/d9/ACE_UK_26.pdf#page=27","url_text":"\"The Secret's Out!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_(magazine)","url_text":"ACE"}]},{"reference":"McFerran, Damien (June 15, 2019). \"Feature: The Making Of The PC Engine, The 8-Bit Wonder That Took On Nintendo\". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on July 30, 2019. 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Retrieved July 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081201134356/http://www.revolutionfanboy.com/2006/03/23/virtual-console-sega-and-hudson-games-are-a-go/","url_text":"\"Virtual Console: Sega and Hudson games are a go! – Nintendo Wii Fanboy\""},{"url":"http://www.revolutionfanboy.com/2006/03/23/virtual-console-sega-and-hudson-games-are-a-go/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cowan, Danny (December 21, 2010). \"Hudson Releases TurboGrafx-16 GameBox Emulator For iOS\". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/122690/Hudson_Releases_TurboGrafx16_GameBox_Emulator_For_iOS.php","url_text":"\"Hudson Releases TurboGrafx-16 GameBox Emulator For iOS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra","url_text":"Gamasutra"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160712180223/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/122690/Hudson_Releases_TurboGrafx16_GameBox_Emulator_For_iOS.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"West, Kanye [@kanyewest] (February 27, 2016). \"My next album is titled \"Turbo Grafx 16\" as of now…\" (Tweet). Archived from the original on June 14, 2016 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West","url_text":"West, Kanye [@kanyewest]"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160614185134/https://twitter.com/kanyewest/status/703446573552967680","url_text":"\"My next album is titled \"Turbo Grafx 16\" as of now…\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://x.com/kanyewest/status/703446573552967680","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Byford, Sam (February 27, 2016). \"Kanye West says his new album is called Turbo Grafx 16 and coming this summer\". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 6, 2018. 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Retrieved March 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-03-06-turbografx-16-mini-indefinitely-delayed-due-to-coronavirus","url_text":"\"TurboGrafx-16 Mini indefinitely delayed due to coronavirus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesIndustry.biz","url_text":"GamesIndustry.biz"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200307135801/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-03-06-turbografx-16-mini-indefinitely-delayed-due-to-coronavirus","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yin-Poole, Wesley (March 6, 2020). \"Konami delays PC Engine Core Grafx mini over coronavirus\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-03-06-konami-delays-pc-engine-core-grafx-mini-over-coronavirus","url_text":"\"Konami delays PC Engine Core Grafx mini over coronavirus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200310175829/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-03-06-konami-delays-pc-engine-core-grafx-mini-over-coronavirus","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"@konamieu (March 6, 2020). \"[Notice] We have added the notice \"Regarding the manufacturing and shipping delays of the PC Engine Core Grafx mini products due to the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)\" to the official website. Check here for more details: https://konami.com/games/pcemini/eu/en/ #CoreGrafx\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/konamieu/status/1235852906856730624","url_text":"\"[Notice] We have added the notice \"Regarding the manufacturing and shipping delays of the PC Engine Core Grafx mini products due to the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)\" to the official website. Check here for more details: https://konami.com/games/pcemini/eu/en/ #CoreGrafx\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twat
Twat
["1 Historical use","2 Modern use","3 Sensitivity","4 See also","5 References"]
Derogatory epithet For other uses, see Twat (disambiguation). Twat is an English-language vulgarism which means the vulva or vagina, and is used figuratively as a derogatory epithet. In British English, and Irish English it is a common insult referring to an obnoxious or stupid person regardless of gender; in American English, it is rarer and usually used to insult a woman. In Britain and Ireland, the usual pronunciation rhymes with "hat", while Americans most often use the older pronunciation that rhymes with "squat". This is reflected in the former variant spelling of "twot". The literal sense is first attested in 1656, the epithet in the 1930s. The word's etymology is uncertain. The American Heritage Dictionary suggests a conjectural Old English word "thwāt", meaning "a cut", cognate with the Old Norse "þveit" ("thveit"). Jonathon Green suggests a connection with "twitchel", a dialect term for a narrow passage. The twentieth-century British slang verb twat, meaning 'to hit, whack', is probably an unrelated homonym of onomatopoeic origin. Historical use Road sign pointing to Twatt, Shetland, which was ranked No. 4 of the most vulgar-sounding names in Rude Britain, alongside Twatt, Orkney, also in Scotland Robert Browning famously misused the term in his 1841 poem "Pippa Passes": Then owls and bats Cowls and twats Monks and nuns in a cloister's moods Adjourn to the oak-stump pantry Many years later, Frederick J. Furnivall wrote to ask Browning what he meant by twat; Browning replied that as a youth he had encountered the word in a volume of broadsides and inferred it to be an item of nun's clothing akin to a wimple. The relevant lines are from Vanity of Vanities, a 1660 attack on Henry Vane the Younger which includes an anti-Catholic joke: They talk't of his having a Cardinalls Hat They'd send him as soon an Old Nuns Twat Melissa Mohr suggests few Victorians knew the word, given that "none of the twenty-three or so Victorian editions" of Browning's poem omit it. An 1868 query to Notes and Queries asked what the word in the poem meant; the only published reply was, "Twat is good Somersetshire dialect for a toad=twoad=twat". A footnote in William James Rolfe and Heloise Hersey's 1886 Select Poems of Robert Browning summarised his reply to Furnivall with the additional comment, "Twat is in no dictionary"; H. W. Fay noted in 1888 in The Academy that the word was in fact in Thomas Wright's 1857 Dictionary of Obsolete and Provincial English, and said Browning, Furnivall and Rolfe had all made a "distressing blunder". The 1894 reprint of Select Poems replaced the comment with "Browning would not have used the word if he had known its meaning". In 1911 Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve alluded to "a notorious word which smirches the skirt of Pippa Passes". Browning's error posed a dilemma for many pre-1960s lexicographers, who excluded words deemed obscene but aspired to include all words used by major writers like Browning. The 1890 Century Dictionary included the correct definition, labelled "vulgar", and noted Browning's "supposition" of its meaning. In 1934 Webster's Second New International Dictionary's entry for twat read: "Some part of a nun's garb. Erron. Browning". The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) included many taboo words, albeit often with circumscribed definition and quotations, and twat was duly included in the relevant OED fascicle, published in 1916. The entry labelled it "low" and obsolete and noted Browning's "erroneous" use. There was no direct definition, but rather "See quot. 1727", a reference to the latest of the entry's five historical citations, namely the definition in the 1727 Universal Etymological English Dictionary, which was in Neo-Latin: pudendum muliebre ("female private part"). Two of the other OED citations included quotes: Vanity of Vanities and a c. 1704 bawdy verse with a variant spelling: "At last, as groping thro' a dang'rous Street, / Where Stones and Twaits in frosty Winters meet". The two unquoted citations were a 1656 translation of Martial's Epigrams and a 1719 bawdy song by Thomas d'Urfey. In 1986 the Supplement to the OED deleted the "obsolete" label and added twentieth-century quotations and the figurative insult as a second sense. Besides Thomas Wright's 1857 dialect dictionary ("twat pudendum f.") the word also appears in Joseph Wright's 1892 Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill ("twot pudendum fem.") but not in the latter's 1905 English Dialect Dictionary. The 1950s Survey of English Dialects recorded the word at several sites as the term for a cow's vulva. Edward Bulwer-Lytton's 1870 science fiction novel The Coming Race, uses it to mean tadpole in an apparent satire on Darwin: Among the pithy sayings which, according to tradition, the philosopher bequeathed to posterity in rhythmical form and sententious brevity, this is notably recorded: "Humble yourselves, my descendants; the father of your race was a 'twat' (tadpole): exalt yourselves, my descendants, for it was the same Divine Thought which created your father that develops itself in exalting you. Modern use In 1979, British punk poet John Cooper Clarke included the poem "Twat" on his album Walking Back to Happiness. It has been described, by Nick Duerden of The Independent, as "memorable". In August 2008, Random House, the publisher of the children's book My Sister Jodie by Jacqueline Wilson, decided after receiving three complaints to reprint the word twat as twit in future editions of the novel so as not to offend readers or their parents. In a 2009 breakfast radio interview with Christian O'Connell, British Conservative Party leader and future Prime Minister David Cameron quipped that "the trouble with Twitter, the instantness of it—too many twits might make a twat". O'Connell said Cameron did not realise the word could cause offense until Gabrielle Bertin advised him to issue an apology. In his 2011 book Filthy English, linguist Peter Silverton asked, "Can you distinguish an utter twat from a complete prick? I think you can. An utter twat knows not what he or she does. A complete prick does." Workers who go to the office on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays and work remotely from home on Mondays and Fridays have been irreverently called "TWaTs". Although the term predated the COVID-19 lockdowns it has become more prevalent since, as more people partially return to offices. Sensitivity For the purposes of film certification, usage of the word is not considered as serious as many other swear words. It is listed by the British Board of Film Classification as an example of "moderate language" for the 12 certificate. However, the film Kes originally released in 1969 and given a 'U' certificate by the then British Board of Film Censors, denoting suitable for children, has in later years been re-certified PG in the United Kingdom, meaning: "All ages admitted, but certain scenes may be unsuitable for young children. Should not disturb children aged 8 years or over", despite more than one instance of the word. The word also appears in writing in an episode of Fawlty Towers (the letters on the sign have been rearranged to say "Flowery Twats"). The episode has a 12 certificate. It also is not on the list of the seven dirty words by George Carlin in his 1972 monologue "Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television", perhaps because the word is much less common in North America than in Britain, although it was used as a term of insult in Mel Brooks' comedy western Blazing Saddles (1974). Unlike many other swear words, it is included in Google's auto-complete function. In 2023 the UK Advertising Standards Authority rejected two complaints about an ad in The Sunday Times for the comedy show "Dawn French is a Huge Twat", commenting, "the use of the word would be understood by readers to be self-deprecating and tongue-in-cheek, and it was not, for example, used in a sexual context". See also Look up twat in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Cunt Twatt, Orkney Twatt, Shetland References ^ a b c d Twat definition and meaning. Collins. Collins English Dictionary, Webster's New World College Dictionary, 4th Edition. Retrieved 24 July 2020. ^ a b "Definition of twat". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 24 July 2020. ^ a b "Definition of Twat by Oxford Dictionary". Lexico. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2020. ^ a b "twat". The American Heritage Dictionary entry: twat. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved 24 July 2020. ^ a b c Green, Jonathon. "twat, n." Dictionary of Slang. Retrieved 24 July 2020. ^ "twat, v.2". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ a b c McAlpine, Erica (2020). "Robert Browning's Bad Habit". The Poet's Mistake. Princeton University Press. pp. 47–73. ISBN 978-0-691-20347-8. Retrieved 13 July 2020. ^ Fowler, Rowena (Summer 1998). "Robert Browning in the Oxford English Dictionary: A New Approach" (PDF). Studies in Philology. 95 (3): 342. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ a b c d Mohr, Melissa (2013). Holy Shit: A Brief History of Swearing. Oxford University Press. p. 189. ISBN 9780199908479. Retrieved 5 June 2020. ^ Peterson, William S., ed. (1979). Browning's Trumpeter: The Correspondence of Robert Browning and Frederick J. Furnivall, 1872–1889. Decatur House Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-916276-05-8. ^ Vanity of vanities or Sir Harry Vane's picture. To the tune of the Jews corant. London: Charls Gustavus. 1660. Retrieved 11 July 2020 – via EEBO. ^ Makrocheir (10 October 1868). "Twat". Notes and Queries. s4 v2 (41): 346. ^ U. O. N. (31 October 1868). "Twat". Notes and Queries. s4 v2 (44): 427. ^ Rolfe, William; Hersey, Heloise, eds. (1886). Select poems of Robert Browning. English classics / Edited by Wm. J. Rolfe. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 195 l.96. Retrieved 13 July 2020. ^ Fay, H. W. (16 June 1888). "A Distressing Blunder". The Academy. 33: 415. ^ Rolfe, William; Hersey, Heloise, eds. (1894). Select poems of Robert Browning. English classics. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 195 l.96. Retrieved 13 July 2020. ^ "Brief Mention". The American Journal of Philology. 32 (2): 241. 1911. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 288870.; cited in Pyles, Thomas (1949). "Innocuous Linguistic Indecorum: A Semantic Byway". Modern Language Notes. 64 (1): 2 fn.4. doi:10.2307/2909241. ISSN 0149-6611. JSTOR 2909241. ^ The Century Dictionary of the English Language and Encyclopedic Lexicon. Vol. XXIII. New York: Century. 1891. p. 6548. Retrieved 13 July 2020. ^ New international dictionary of the English language. Vol. V (2nd unabridged ed.). Springfield, Mass: G. & C. Merriam. 1953 . p. 2744. Retrieved 11 July 2020 – via Internet Archive. ^ Gilliver, Peter (2016). The Making of the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-100968-6. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ a b c d e "Twat". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. X (1st ed.). 1926 . p. 519. ^ a b Brewer, Charlotte (2007). Treasure-house of the Language: The Living OED. Yale University Press. pp. 204–205. ISBN 978-0-300-12429-3. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ Browne, Thomas (1711). "A Sober Slip in the Dark". The Works. Vol. II. Briscoe. p. 182. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ Fletcher, R (1656). "Lib. 11.; In Ʋxorem, Epig. 44.". Ex otio negotium. Or, Martiall his epigrams translated. With sundry poems and fancies. engraved by Robert Vaughan. London: William Shears. p. 104. Retrieved 11 July 2020 – via EEBO. Give not male names then to such things as thine / But think thou hast two Twats ô wife of mine. ^ D'Urfey, Thomas (1719). "A Scotch Song". Wit and mirth: or, Pills to purge melancholy. Vol. III. London: J. Tonson. p. 307. Retrieved 11 July 2020. I took her by the lilly white hand / And by the Twat I caught her ^ Burchfield, R. W (1986). A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 4. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1055. ISBN 978-0-19-861115-8. Retrieved 11 July 2020 – via Internet Archive. ^ Wright, Thomas (1857). Dictionary of Obsolete and Provincial English. Henry G. Bohn: London. p. 985. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ Wright, Joseph (1892). A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill. London, UK: Truebner and Co. pp. 77, 251. ^ Wright, Joseph (1905). The English dialect dictionary. Vol. 6. Oxford: Henry Frowde. pp. 280, 294. ^ Upton, Clive; Parry, David; Widdowson, John David Allison (1994). Survey of English Dialects: The Dictionary and Grammar. UK: Routledge. p. 451. ISBN 9780415020299. ^ "Walking Back To Happiness". Discogs. ^ "Twat - John Cooper Clarke". www.cyberspike.com. ^ "The punk poet whose time has come again". The Independent. 23 September 2012. ^ Floot, Alison (21 August 2008). "'Offensive' word to be removed from Jacqueline Wilson book". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2010. ^ "David Cameron apologises for Twitter radio swearing gaffe". Telegraph Media Group. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2013. ^ Siddique, Haroon (29 July 2009). "David Cameron says sorry for 'twat' comment during radio interview". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ Peter Silverton, Peter (2011). Filthy English: The How, Why, When And What Of Everyday Swearing. Portobello Books. p. 52. ISBN 9781846274527. ^ "The TWaT revolution: Office on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday only | the Spectator". 17 January 2019. ^ "12A and 12 | British Board of Film Classification". www.bbfc.co.uk. ^ "- IMDb" – via www.imdb.com. ^ "Fawlty Towers | British Board of Film Classification". www.bbfc.co.uk. ^ Doug Linder. "Filthy Words by George Carlin". Law.umkc.edu. Archived from the original on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2014. ^ These are the filthy words Google voice search doesn't want to hear, PC World ^ Rawlinson, Kevin (15 March 2023). "Dawn French ad cleared by watchdog after title of show draws complaints". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twat (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twat_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"vulgarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgarism"},{"link_name":"vulva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulva"},{"link_name":"vagina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina"},{"link_name":"epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collinsdictionary-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mw-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lexico-3"},{"link_name":"British English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"Irish English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collinsdictionary-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lexico-3"},{"link_name":"American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collinsdictionary-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mw-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHD-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greensdictofslang-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greensdictofslang-5"},{"link_name":"etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"},{"link_name":"American Heritage Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"conjectural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"cognate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHD-4"},{"link_name":"Jonathon Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathon_Green"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greensdictofslang-5"},{"link_name":"homonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonym"},{"link_name":"onomatopoeic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopoeia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collinsdictionary-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Derogatory epithetFor other uses, see Twat (disambiguation).Twat is an English-language vulgarism which means the vulva or vagina, and is used figuratively as a derogatory epithet.[1][2][3] In British English, and Irish English it is a common insult referring to an obnoxious or stupid person regardless of gender;[1][3] in American English, it is rarer and usually used to insult a woman.[1][2][4] In Britain and Ireland, the usual pronunciation rhymes with \"hat\", while Americans most often use the older pronunciation that rhymes with \"squat\". This is reflected in the former variant spelling of \"twot\".[5]The literal sense is first attested in 1656, the epithet in the 1930s.[5] The word's etymology is uncertain. The American Heritage Dictionary suggests a conjectural Old English word \"thwāt\", meaning \"a cut\", cognate with the Old Norse \"þveit\" (\"thveit\").[4] Jonathon Green suggests a connection with \"twitchel\", a dialect term for a narrow passage.[5] The twentieth-century British slang verb twat, meaning 'to hit, whack', is probably an unrelated homonym of onomatopoeic origin.[1][6]","title":"Twat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twatt_road_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"Twatt, Shetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twatt,_Shetland"},{"link_name":"Rude Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rude_Britain"},{"link_name":"Twatt, Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twatt,_Orkney"},{"link_name":"Robert Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Browning"},{"link_name":"Pippa Passes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippa_Passes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAlpine-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Frederick J. Furnivall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_J._Furnivall"},{"link_name":"broadsides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_ballad"},{"link_name":"wimple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimple"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAlpine-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mohr-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Henry Vane the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"anti-Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mohr-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cardinalls Hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal%27s_hat"},{"link_name":"Victorians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mohr-9"},{"link_name":"Notes and Queries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_and_Queries"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Somersetshire dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country_English"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"William James Rolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_Rolfe"},{"link_name":"Heloise Hersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heloise_Hersey"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Academy_(periodical)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wright_(antiquarian)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mohr-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAlpine-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Lanneau_Gildersleeve"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Century Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Webster's Second New International Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster%27s_Second_New_International_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"fascicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascicle_(book)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oed1-21"},{"link_name":"historical citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_dictionary"},{"link_name":"Universal Etymological English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Universal_Etymological_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Neo-Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Latin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oed1-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brewer2007-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oed1-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Martial's Epigrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial%27s_Epigrams"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oed1-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Thomas d'Urfey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_d%27Urfey"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oed1-21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brewer2007-22"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Joseph Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wright_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"Windhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhill_and_Wrose"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"English Dialect Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Dialect_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Survey of English Dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_of_English_Dialects"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Edward Bulwer-Lytton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bulwer-Lytton"},{"link_name":"The Coming Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coming_Race"},{"link_name":"tadpole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadpole"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"}],"text":"Road sign pointing to Twatt, Shetland, which was ranked No. 4 of the most vulgar-sounding names in Rude Britain, alongside Twatt, Orkney, also in ScotlandRobert Browning famously misused the term in his 1841 poem \"Pippa Passes\":[7][8]Then owls and bats\nCowls and twats\nMonks and nuns in a cloister's moods\nAdjourn to the oak-stump pantryMany years later, Frederick J. Furnivall wrote to ask Browning what he meant by twat; Browning replied that as a youth he had encountered the word in a volume of broadsides and inferred it to be an item of nun's clothing akin to a wimple.[7][9][10] The relevant lines are from Vanity of Vanities, a 1660 attack on Henry Vane the Younger which includes an anti-Catholic joke:[9][11]They talk't of his having a Cardinalls Hat\nThey'd send him as soon an Old Nuns TwatMelissa Mohr suggests few Victorians knew the word, given that \"none of the twenty-three or so Victorian editions\" of Browning's poem omit it.[9] An 1868 query to Notes and Queries asked what the word in the poem meant;[12] the only published reply was, \"Twat is good Somersetshire dialect for a toad=twoad=twat\".[13] A footnote in William James Rolfe and Heloise Hersey's 1886 Select Poems of Robert Browning summarised his reply to Furnivall with the additional comment, \"Twat is in no dictionary\";[14] H. W. Fay noted in 1888 in The Academy that the word was in fact in Thomas Wright's 1857 Dictionary of Obsolete and Provincial English, and said Browning, Furnivall and Rolfe had all made a \"distressing blunder\".[9][7][15] The 1894 reprint of Select Poems replaced the comment with \"Browning would not have used the word if he had known its meaning\".[16] In 1911 Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve alluded to \"a notorious word which smirches the skirt of Pippa Passes\".[17]Browning's error posed a dilemma for many pre-1960s lexicographers, who excluded words deemed obscene but aspired to include all words used by major writers like Browning. The 1890 Century Dictionary included the correct definition, labelled \"vulgar\", and noted Browning's \"supposition\" of its meaning.[18] In 1934 Webster's Second New International Dictionary's entry for twat read: \"Some part of a nun's garb. Erron. Browning\".[19] The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) included many taboo words, albeit often with circumscribed definition and quotations,[20] and twat was duly included in the relevant OED fascicle, published in 1916. The entry labelled it \"low\" and obsolete and noted Browning's \"erroneous\" use.[21] There was no direct definition, but rather \"See quot. 1727\", a reference to the latest of the entry's five historical citations, namely the definition in the 1727 Universal Etymological English Dictionary, which was in Neo-Latin: pudendum muliebre (\"female private part\").[21][22] Two of the other OED citations included quotes: Vanity of Vanities and a c. 1704 bawdy verse with a variant spelling: \"At last, as groping thro' a dang'rous Street, / Where Stones and Twaits in frosty Winters meet\".[21][23]\nThe two unquoted citations were a 1656 translation of Martial's Epigrams[21][24] and a 1719 bawdy song by Thomas d'Urfey.[21][25] In 1986 the Supplement to the OED deleted the \"obsolete\" label and added twentieth-century quotations and the figurative insult as a second sense.[26][22]Besides Thomas Wright's 1857 dialect dictionary (\"twat pudendum f.\"[27]) the word also appears in Joseph Wright's 1892 Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill (\"twot pudendum fem.\"[28]) but not in the latter's 1905 English Dialect Dictionary.[29] The 1950s Survey of English Dialects recorded the word at several sites as the term for a cow's vulva.[30]Edward Bulwer-Lytton's 1870 science fiction novel The Coming Race, uses it to mean tadpole in an apparent satire on Darwin:Among the pithy sayings which, according to tradition, the philosopher bequeathed to posterity in rhythmical form and sententious brevity, this is notably recorded: \"Humble yourselves, my descendants; the father of your race was a 'twat' (tadpole): exalt yourselves, my descendants, for it was the same Divine Thought which created your father that develops itself in exalting you.","title":"Historical use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Cooper Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cooper_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Walking Back to Happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_Back_to_Happiness"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House"},{"link_name":"My Sister Jodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Sister_Jodie"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Christian O'Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_O%27Connell"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"David Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Bertin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Bertin,_Baroness_Bertin"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"prick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prick_(slang)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 lockdowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns"}],"text":"In 1979, British punk poet John Cooper Clarke included the poem \"Twat\" on his album Walking Back to Happiness.[31][32] It has been described, by Nick Duerden of The Independent, as \"memorable\".[33]In August 2008, Random House, the publisher of the children's book My Sister Jodie by Jacqueline Wilson, decided after receiving three complaints to reprint the word twat as twit in future editions of the novel so as not to offend readers or their parents.[34]In a 2009 breakfast radio interview with Christian O'Connell, British Conservative Party leader and future Prime Minister David Cameron quipped that \"the trouble with Twitter, the instantness of it—too many twits might make a twat\".[35] O'Connell said Cameron did not realise the word could cause offense until Gabrielle Bertin advised him to issue an apology.[36]In his 2011 book Filthy English, linguist Peter Silverton asked, \"Can you distinguish an utter twat from a complete prick? I think you can. An utter twat knows not what he or she does. A complete prick does.\"[37]Workers who go to the office on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays and work remotely from home on Mondays and Fridays have been irreverently called \"TWaTs\".[38] Although the term predated the COVID-19 lockdowns it has become more prevalent since, as more people partially return to offices.","title":"Modern use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Board of Film Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification"},{"link_name":"12 certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification#Current_certificates"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Kes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kes_(film)"},{"link_name":"PG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification#Current_certificates"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"an episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anniversary_(Fawlty_Towers)"},{"link_name":"Fawlty Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawlty_Towers"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"seven dirty words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_dirty_words"},{"link_name":"George Carlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Carlin"},{"link_name":"monologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monologue"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Mel Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Brooks"},{"link_name":"Blazing Saddles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazing_Saddles"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Advertising Standards Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_Standards_Authority_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"Dawn French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_French"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"For the purposes of film certification, usage of the word is not considered as serious as many other swear words. It is listed by the British Board of Film Classification as an example of \"moderate language\" for the 12 certificate.[39] However, the film Kes originally released in 1969 and given a 'U' certificate by the then British Board of Film Censors, denoting suitable for children, has in later years been re-certified PG in the United Kingdom, meaning: \"All ages admitted, but certain scenes may be unsuitable for young children. Should not disturb children aged 8 years or over\", despite more than one instance of the word.[40] The word also appears in writing in an episode of Fawlty Towers (the letters on the sign have been rearranged to say \"Flowery Twats\"). The episode has a 12 certificate.[41]It also is not on the list of the seven dirty words by George Carlin in his 1972 monologue \"Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television\",[42] perhaps because the word is much less common in North America than in Britain, although it was used as a term of insult in Mel Brooks' comedy western Blazing Saddles (1974).Unlike many other swear words, it is included in Google's auto-complete function.[43]In 2023 the UK Advertising Standards Authority rejected two complaints about an ad in The Sunday Times for the comedy show \"Dawn French is a Huge Twat\", commenting, \"the use of the word would be understood by readers to be self-deprecating and tongue-in-cheek, and it was not, for example, used in a sexual context\".[44]","title":"Sensitivity"}]
[{"image_text":"Road sign pointing to Twatt, Shetland, which was ranked No. 4 of the most vulgar-sounding names in Rude Britain, alongside Twatt, Orkney, also in Scotland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Twatt_road_sign.jpg/180px-Twatt_road_sign.jpg"}]
[{"title":"twat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/twat"},{"title":"Cunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunt"},{"title":"Twatt, Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twatt,_Orkney"},{"title":"Twatt, Shetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twatt,_Shetland"}]
[{"reference":"Twat definition and meaning. Collins. Collins English Dictionary, Webster's New World College Dictionary, 4th Edition. Retrieved 24 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/twat","url_text":"Twat definition and meaning"},{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/twat#twat__2","url_text":"Collins English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/twat#twat__3","url_text":"Webster's New World College Dictionary, 4th Edition"}]},{"reference":"\"Definition of twat\". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 24 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/twat","url_text":"\"Definition of twat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster","url_text":"Merriam-Webster"}]},{"reference":"\"Definition of Twat by Oxford Dictionary\". Lexico. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211252/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/twat","url_text":"\"Definition of Twat by Oxford Dictionary\""},{"url":"https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/twat","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"twat\". The American Heritage Dictionary entry: twat. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved 24 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=twat","url_text":"\"twat\""}]},{"reference":"Green, Jonathon. \"twat, n.\" Dictionary of Slang. Retrieved 24 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://greensdictofslang.com/entry/nfgb7ei","url_text":"\"twat, n.\""}]},{"reference":"\"twat, v.2\". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/80685765","url_text":"\"twat, v.2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"McAlpine, Erica (2020). \"Robert Browning's Bad Habit\". The Poet's Mistake. Princeton University Press. pp. 47–73. ISBN 978-0-691-20347-8. Retrieved 13 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eqvQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4","url_text":"\"Robert Browning's Bad Habit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20347-8","url_text":"978-0-691-20347-8"}]},{"reference":"Fowler, Rowena (Summer 1998). \"Robert Browning in the Oxford English Dictionary: A New Approach\" (PDF). Studies in Philology. 95 (3): 342. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://oed.hertford.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/fowler1998.pdf#page=10","url_text":"\"Robert Browning in the Oxford English Dictionary: A New Approach\""}]},{"reference":"Mohr, Melissa (2013). Holy Shit: A Brief History of Swearing. Oxford University Press. p. 189. ISBN 9780199908479. Retrieved 5 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hPfuSMp_70oC&pg=PA189","url_text":"Holy Shit: A Brief History of Swearing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199908479","url_text":"9780199908479"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, William S., ed. (1979). Browning's Trumpeter: The Correspondence of Robert Browning and Frederick J. Furnivall, 1872–1889. Decatur House Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-916276-05-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916276-05-8","url_text":"978-0-916276-05-8"}]},{"reference":"Vanity of vanities or Sir Harry Vane's picture. To the tune of the Jews corant. London: Charls Gustavus. 1660. Retrieved 11 July 2020 – via EEBO.","urls":[{"url":"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A96040.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext","url_text":"Vanity of vanities or Sir Harry Vane's picture. To the tune of the Jews corant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEBO","url_text":"EEBO"}]},{"reference":"Makrocheir (10 October 1868). \"Twat\". Notes and Queries. s4 v2 (41): 346.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y3Ct0ObEbUMC&pg=PA346","url_text":"\"Twat\""}]},{"reference":"U. O. N. (31 October 1868). \"Twat\". Notes and Queries. s4 v2 (44): 427.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y3Ct0ObEbUMC&pg=PA427","url_text":"\"Twat\""}]},{"reference":"Rolfe, William; Hersey, Heloise, eds. (1886). Select poems of Robert Browning. English classics / Edited by Wm. J. Rolfe. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 195 l.96. Retrieved 13 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433112057934&view=1up&seq=201","url_text":"Select poems of Robert Browning"}]},{"reference":"Fay, H. W. (16 June 1888). \"A Distressing Blunder\". The Academy. 33: 415.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rolfe, William; Hersey, Heloise, eds. (1894). Select poems of Robert Browning. English classics. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 195 l.96. Retrieved 13 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044086845484&view=1up&seq=199","url_text":"Select poems of Robert Browning"}]},{"reference":"\"Brief Mention\". The American Journal of Philology. 32 (2): 241. 1911. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 288870.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jstor-288870/page/n13","url_text":"\"Brief Mention\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9475","url_text":"0002-9475"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/288870","url_text":"288870"}]},{"reference":"Pyles, Thomas (1949). \"Innocuous Linguistic Indecorum: A Semantic Byway\". Modern Language Notes. 64 (1): 2 fn.4. doi:10.2307/2909241. ISSN 0149-6611. JSTOR 2909241.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2909241","url_text":"10.2307/2909241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0149-6611","url_text":"0149-6611"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2909241","url_text":"2909241"}]},{"reference":"The Century Dictionary of the English Language and Encyclopedic Lexicon. Vol. XXIII. New York: Century. 1891. p. 6548. Retrieved 13 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/centurydictipt2300whituoft/page/6548","url_text":"The Century Dictionary of the English Language and Encyclopedic Lexicon"}]},{"reference":"New international dictionary of the English language. Vol. V (2nd unabridged ed.). Springfield, Mass: G. & C. Merriam. 1953 [1934]. p. 2744. Retrieved 11 July 2020 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newinternational0005webs/page/2744","url_text":"New international dictionary of the English language"}]},{"reference":"Gilliver, Peter (2016). The Making of the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-100968-6. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5tfeDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA297","url_text":"The Making of the Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100968-6","url_text":"978-0-19-100968-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Twat\". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. X (1st ed.). 1926 [1916]. p. 519.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/ANewEnglishDictionaryOnHistoricalPrinciples.10VolumesWithSupplement/10.p1.NEDHP.TiTzU.Oxford.Murray.1926..#page/n530/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Twat\""}]},{"reference":"Brewer, Charlotte (2007). Treasure-house of the Language: The Living OED. Yale University Press. pp. 204–205. ISBN 978-0-300-12429-3. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pHfOX6DRPv8C&pg=PA204","url_text":"Treasure-house of the Language: The Living OED"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12429-3","url_text":"978-0-300-12429-3"}]},{"reference":"Browne, Thomas (1711). \"A Sober Slip in the Dark\". The Works. Vol. II. Briscoe. p. 182. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Gs9LAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA182","url_text":"\"A Sober Slip in the Dark\""}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, R[obert] (1656). \"Lib. 11.; In Ʋxorem, Epig. 44.\". Ex otio negotium. Or, Martiall his epigrams translated. With sundry poems and fancies. engraved by Robert Vaughan. London: William Shears. p. 104. Retrieved 11 July 2020 – via EEBO. Give not male names then to such things as thine / But think thou hast two Twats ô wife of mine.","urls":[{"url":"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A89611.0001.001/1:5.11.13?rgn=div3;view=fulltext","url_text":"\"Lib. 11.; In Ʋxorem, Epig. 44.\""}]},{"reference":"D'Urfey, Thomas (1719). \"A Scotch Song\". Wit and mirth: or, Pills to purge melancholy. Vol. III. London: J. Tonson. p. 307. Retrieved 11 July 2020. I took her by the lilly white hand / And by the Twat I caught her","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/witmirthorpillst02durf/page/307","url_text":"\"A Scotch Song\""}]},{"reference":"Burchfield, R. W (1986). A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 4. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1055. ISBN 978-0-19-861115-8. Retrieved 11 July 2020 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/supplementtooxfo04burc/page/n1055","url_text":"A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861115-8","url_text":"978-0-19-861115-8"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Thomas (1857). Dictionary of Obsolete and Provincial English. Henry G. Bohn: London. p. 985. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433082311717&view=1up&seq=1001","url_text":"Dictionary of Obsolete and Provincial English"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Joseph (1892). A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill. London, UK: Truebner and Co. pp. 77, 251.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/grammarofdialec00wrig","url_text":"A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/grammarofdialec00wrig/page/77","url_text":"77"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/grammarofdialec00wrig/page/251","url_text":"251"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Joseph (1905). The English dialect dictionary. Vol. 6. Oxford: Henry Frowde. pp. 280, 294.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/englishdialectdi06wrig/","url_text":"The English dialect dictionary"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/englishdialectdi06wrig/page/280","url_text":"280"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/englishdialectdi06wrig/page/294","url_text":"294"}]},{"reference":"Upton, Clive; Parry, David; Widdowson, John David Allison (1994). Survey of English Dialects: The Dictionary and Grammar. UK: Routledge. p. 451. ISBN 9780415020299.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415020299","url_text":"9780415020299"}]},{"reference":"\"Walking Back To Happiness\". Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/John-Cooper-Clarke-Walking-Back-To-Happiness/release/3056557","url_text":"\"Walking Back To Happiness\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twat - John Cooper Clarke\". www.cyberspike.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyberspike.com/clarke/twat.html","url_text":"\"Twat - John Cooper Clarke\""}]},{"reference":"\"The punk poet whose time has come again\". The Independent. 23 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/john-cooper-clarke-the-punk-poet-whose-time-has-come-again-8165968.html","url_text":"\"The punk poet whose time has come again\""}]},{"reference":"Floot, Alison (21 August 2008). \"'Offensive' word to be removed from Jacqueline Wilson book\". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/21/jacqueline.wilson","url_text":"\"'Offensive' word to be removed from Jacqueline Wilson book\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Cameron apologises for Twitter radio swearing gaffe\". Telegraph Media Group. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/5930350/David-Cameron-apologises-for-Twitter-radio-swearing-gaffe.html","url_text":"\"David Cameron apologises for Twitter radio swearing gaffe\""}]},{"reference":"Siddique, Haroon (29 July 2009). \"David Cameron says sorry for 'twat' comment during radio interview\". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/jul/29/david-cameron-apology-radio-twitter","url_text":"\"David Cameron says sorry for 'twat' comment during radio interview\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Silverton, Peter (2011). Filthy English: The How, Why, When And What Of Everyday Swearing. Portobello Books. p. 52. ISBN 9781846274527.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xSErq0ssG74C&pg=PT52","url_text":"Filthy English: The How, Why, When And What Of Everyday Swearing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846274527","url_text":"9781846274527"}]},{"reference":"\"The TWaT revolution: Office on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday only | the Spectator\". 17 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-twat-revolution-office-on-tuesday-wednesday-and-thursday-only","url_text":"\"The TWaT revolution: Office on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday only | the Spectator\""}]},{"reference":"\"12A and 12 | British Board of Film Classification\". www.bbfc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/about-classification/12a-and-12","url_text":"\"12A and 12 | British Board of Film Classification\""}]},{"reference":"\"- IMDb\" – via www.imdb.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064541/parentalguide","url_text":"\"- IMDb\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fawlty Towers | British Board of Film Classification\". www.bbfc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/fawlty-towers-vod","url_text":"\"Fawlty Towers | British Board of Film Classification\""}]},{"reference":"Doug Linder. \"Filthy Words by George Carlin\". Law.umkc.edu. Archived from the original on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110123114427/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/filthywords.html","url_text":"\"Filthy Words by George Carlin\""},{"url":"http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/filthywords.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rawlinson, Kevin (15 March 2023). \"Dawn French ad cleared by watchdog after title of show draws complaints\". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/mar/15/dawn-french-ad-cleared-by-watchdog-after-complaints-about-title-of-new-show","url_text":"\"Dawn French ad cleared by watchdog after title of show draws complaints\""}]}]
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To the tune of the Jews corant"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y3Ct0ObEbUMC&pg=PA346","external_links_name":"\"Twat\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y3Ct0ObEbUMC&pg=PA427","external_links_name":"\"Twat\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433112057934&view=1up&seq=201","external_links_name":"Select poems of Robert Browning"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044086845484&view=1up&seq=199","external_links_name":"Select poems of Robert Browning"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/jstor-288870/page/n13","external_links_name":"\"Brief Mention\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9475","external_links_name":"0002-9475"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/288870","external_links_name":"288870"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2909241","external_links_name":"10.2307/2909241"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0149-6611","external_links_name":"0149-6611"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2909241","external_links_name":"2909241"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/centurydictipt2300whituoft/page/6548","external_links_name":"The Century Dictionary of the English Language and Encyclopedic Lexicon"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newinternational0005webs/page/2744","external_links_name":"New international dictionary of the English language"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5tfeDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA297","external_links_name":"The Making of the Oxford English Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/ANewEnglishDictionaryOnHistoricalPrinciples.10VolumesWithSupplement/10.p1.NEDHP.TiTzU.Oxford.Murray.1926..#page/n530/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Twat\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pHfOX6DRPv8C&pg=PA204","external_links_name":"Treasure-house of the Language: The Living OED"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Gs9LAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA182","external_links_name":"\"A Sober Slip in the Dark\""},{"Link":"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A89611.0001.001/1:5.11.13?rgn=div3;view=fulltext","external_links_name":"\"Lib. 11.; In Ʋxorem, Epig. 44.\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/witmirthorpillst02durf/page/307","external_links_name":"\"A Scotch Song\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/supplementtooxfo04burc/page/n1055","external_links_name":"A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433082311717&view=1up&seq=1001","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Obsolete and Provincial English"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/grammarofdialec00wrig","external_links_name":"A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/grammarofdialec00wrig/page/77","external_links_name":"77"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/grammarofdialec00wrig/page/251","external_links_name":"251"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/englishdialectdi06wrig/","external_links_name":"The English dialect dictionary"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/englishdialectdi06wrig/page/280","external_links_name":"280"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/englishdialectdi06wrig/page/294","external_links_name":"294"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/John-Cooper-Clarke-Walking-Back-To-Happiness/release/3056557","external_links_name":"\"Walking Back To Happiness\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyberspike.com/clarke/twat.html","external_links_name":"\"Twat - John Cooper Clarke\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/john-cooper-clarke-the-punk-poet-whose-time-has-come-again-8165968.html","external_links_name":"\"The punk poet whose time has come again\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/21/jacqueline.wilson","external_links_name":"\"'Offensive' word to be removed from Jacqueline Wilson book\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/5930350/David-Cameron-apologises-for-Twitter-radio-swearing-gaffe.html","external_links_name":"\"David Cameron apologises for Twitter radio swearing gaffe\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/jul/29/david-cameron-apology-radio-twitter","external_links_name":"\"David Cameron says sorry for 'twat' comment during radio interview\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xSErq0ssG74C&pg=PT52","external_links_name":"Filthy English: The How, Why, When And What Of Everyday Swearing"},{"Link":"https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-twat-revolution-office-on-tuesday-wednesday-and-thursday-only","external_links_name":"\"The TWaT revolution: Office on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday only | the Spectator\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/about-classification/12a-and-12","external_links_name":"\"12A and 12 | British Board of Film Classification\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064541/parentalguide","external_links_name":"\"- IMDb\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/fawlty-towers-vod","external_links_name":"\"Fawlty Towers | British Board of Film Classification\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110123114427/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/filthywords.html","external_links_name":"\"Filthy Words by George Carlin\""},{"Link":"http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/filthywords.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.pcworld.com/article/2091416/these-are-the-filthy-words-google-voice-search-doesnt-want-to-hear.html","external_links_name":"These are the filthy words Google voice search doesn't want to hear"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/mar/15/dawn-french-ad-cleared-by-watchdog-after-complaints-about-title-of-new-show","external_links_name":"\"Dawn French ad cleared by watchdog after title of show draws complaints\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Division_(Japan)
10th Division (Japan)
["1 Organization","2 External links"]
10th Division10th Division Distinctive Unit InsigniaActive18 January 1962 – presentCountry JapanBranch Japan Ground Self-Defense ForceTypeInfantry divisionSizeabout 9000 soldiersPart of Central ArmyGarrison/HQNagoyaCommandersCurrentcommanderLt. Gen. Yorito YamamotoMilitary unit The 10th Division (第10師団) is one of nine active divisions of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. The division is subordinated to the Central Army and is headquartered in Nagoya, Aichi. Its responsibility is the defense of the Aichi, Fukui, Gifu, Ishikawa, Mie and Toyama prefectures. The division was raised on 18 January 1962. The march on the 51st anniversary commemoration event of the 10th Division (September 29, 2013 Moriyama garrison) 74 type tank belonging to the 10th Division. In October 2011, Moriyama garrison. Organization JGSDF 10th Division organization in 2022 10th Division, in Nagoya 10th Division HQ, in Nagoya 14th Infantry Regiment, in Kanazawa, with 1 × headquarters, 4 × infantry, and 1 × 120 mm mortar company 33rd Infantry Regiment, in Tsu, with 1 × headquarters, 4 × infantry, and 1 × 120 mm mortar company 35th Infantry Regiment, in Nagoya, with 1 × headquarters, 4 × infantry, and 1 × 120 mm mortar company 13th Reconnaissance Combat Battalion, in Toyokawa, with Type 16 Maneuver Combat Vehicles, and Type 87 armored reconnaissance vehicles 10th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion, in Toyokawa, with Type 81 and Type 93 Surface-to-air missile systems 10th Combat Engineer Battalion, in Kasugai 10th Signal Battalion, in Nagoya 10th Aviation Squadron, in Ise, flying UH-1J and OH-6D helicopters 10th NBC Protection Company, in Nagoya 10th Logistic Support Regiment, in Kasugai 1st Maintenance Battalion 2nd Maintenance Battalion Supply Company Medical Company Transport Company note 1: Scheduled to be merged into the new 10th Reconnaissance Combat Battalion with Type 16 maneuver combat vehicles in 2023.note 2: Scheduled to deactivated at a date to be determined. External links Homepage 10th Division (Japanese) vte Japan Ground Self-Defense Force UnitsGround Component Command(Direct reporting units) 1st Airborne Brigade Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade Central Readiness Regiment Special Forces Group 1st Helicopter Brigade Armies Northern Army 2nd Division 5th Brigade 7th Division 11th Brigade 1st Artillery Brigade 1st Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade 3rd Engineer Brigade Northern Army Aviation Group North Eastern Army 6th Division 9th Division 2nd Engineer Brigade North Eastern Army Field Artillery Regement North Eastern Army Aviation Group Eastern Army 1st Division 12th Brigade 2nd Antiaircraft Artillery Group 1st Engineer Brigade Eastern Army Field Artillery Regement Eastern Army Aviation Group Central Army 3rd Division 10th Division 13th Brigade 14th Brigade 4th Engineer Brigade Central Army Field Artillery Regement Central Army Aviation Group Western Army 4th Division 8th Division 15th Brigade 2nd Artillery Brigade 2nd Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade 5th Engineer Brigade Western Army Tank Battalion Western Army Aviation Group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"Japan Ground Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"Central Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Army_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"},{"link_name":"Aichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Aichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Fukui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukui_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Gifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifu_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Ishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Mie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Toyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyama_Prefecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%AC%AC%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%90%E5%B8%AB%E5%9B%A3%E5%89%B5%E7%AB%8B%EF%BC%95%EF%BC%91%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E8%A1%8C%E4%BA%8B%EF%BC%88%E5%AE%88%E5%B1%B1%EF%BC%89_%E3%82%A4%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E8%A1%8C%E4%BA%8B%E3%83%BB%E5%BA%83%E5%A0%B1%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95%E7%AD%89_40.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Type74_10th_division.jpg"}],"text":"Military unitThe 10th Division (第10師団) is one of nine active divisions of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. The division is subordinated to the Central Army and is headquartered in Nagoya, Aichi. Its responsibility is the defense of the Aichi, Fukui, Gifu, Ishikawa, Mie and Toyama prefectures.The division was raised on 18 January 1962.The march on the 51st anniversary commemoration event of the 10th Division (September 29, 2013 Moriyama garrison)74 type tank belonging to the 10th Division. In October 2011, Moriyama garrison.","title":"10th Division (Japan)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JGSDF_10th_Division_ORBAT.png"},{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"},{"link_name":"Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"Kanazawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanazawa,_Ishikawa"},{"link_name":"Tsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsu,_Mie"},{"link_name":"Toyokawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyokawa,_Aichi"},{"link_name":"Type 16 Maneuver Combat Vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_16_Maneuver_Combat_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Type 87 armored reconnaissance vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_87_ARV"},{"link_name":"Type 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_81_Surface-to-air_Missile"},{"link_name":"Type 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_93_Surface-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"Surface-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"Combat Engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Engineer"},{"link_name":"Ise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ise,_Mie"},{"link_name":"UH-1J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois"},{"link_name":"OH-6D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_OH-6_Cayuse"},{"link_name":"NBC Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction"}],"text":"JGSDF 10th Division organization in 202210th Division, in Nagoya\n10th Division HQ, in Nagoya\n14th Infantry Regiment, in Kanazawa, with 1 × headquarters, 4 × infantry, and 1 × 120 mm mortar company\n33rd Infantry Regiment, in Tsu, with 1 × headquarters, 4 × infantry, and 1 × 120 mm mortar company\n35th Infantry Regiment, in Nagoya, with 1 × headquarters, 4 × infantry, and 1 × 120 mm mortar company\n13th Reconnaissance Combat Battalion, in Toyokawa, with Type 16 Maneuver Combat Vehicles, and Type 87 armored reconnaissance vehicles\n10th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion, in Toyokawa, with Type 81 and Type 93 Surface-to-air missile systems\n10th Combat Engineer Battalion, in Kasugai\n10th Signal Battalion, in Nagoya\n10th Aviation Squadron, in Ise, flying UH-1J and OH-6D helicopters\n10th NBC Protection Company, in Nagoya\n10th Logistic Support Regiment, in Kasugai\n1st Maintenance Battalion\n2nd Maintenance Battalion\nSupply Company\nMedical Company\nTransport Companynote 1: Scheduled to be merged into the new 10th Reconnaissance Combat Battalion with Type 16 maneuver combat vehicles in 2023.note 2: Scheduled to deactivated at a date to be determined.","title":"Organization"}]
[{"image_text":"The march on the 51st anniversary commemoration event of the 10th Division (September 29, 2013 Moriyama garrison)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%E7%AC%AC%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%90%E5%B8%AB%E5%9B%A3%E5%89%B5%E7%AB%8B%EF%BC%95%EF%BC%91%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E8%A1%8C%E4%BA%8B%EF%BC%88%E5%AE%88%E5%B1%B1%EF%BC%89_%E3%82%A4%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E8%A1%8C%E4%BA%8B%E3%83%BB%E5%BA%83%E5%A0%B1%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95%E7%AD%89_40.jpg/250px-%E7%AC%AC%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%90%E5%B8%AB%E5%9B%A3%E5%89%B5%E7%AB%8B%EF%BC%95%EF%BC%91%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E8%A1%8C%E4%BA%8B%EF%BC%88%E5%AE%88%E5%B1%B1%EF%BC%89_%E3%82%A4%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E8%A1%8C%E4%BA%8B%E3%83%BB%E5%BA%83%E5%A0%B1%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95%E7%AD%89_40.jpg"},{"image_text":"74 type tank belonging to the 10th Division. In October 2011, Moriyama garrison.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Type74_10th_division.jpg/250px-Type74_10th_division.jpg"},{"image_text":"JGSDF 10th Division organization in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/JGSDF_10th_Division_ORBAT.png/350px-JGSDF_10th_Division_ORBAT.png"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.mod.go.jp/gsdf/mae/10d/","external_links_name":"Homepage 10th Division"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjadi
Unjadi
["1 Language","2 Country","3 Social organization","4 Alternative names","5 Notes","5.1 Citations","6 Sources"]
The Unjadi (Unyadi) were an indigenous Australian people of the Cape York Peninsula of northern Queensland. Language According to Lauriston Sharp, the Unjadi language differed only marginally from that spoken by the neighbouring Okara. Country The Unjadi's traditional lands, embracing some 500 square miles (1,300 km2) of territory, lay around the upper Dulhunty tributary of the Ducie river as far north as the headwaters of the Jardine River. Social organization The American anthropologist R. Lauriston Sharp described the Unjadi as belonging to what he called the Jathaikana type with regard to their totemic organization. By this he meant that the Unjadi lacked a moiety and section division. Their totemic clans were patrilineal whose totems were not normally tabu, tabus being applied rigorously only to personal totems from the mother's clan, which were assigned to male and female individuals with the onset of puberty. Alternative names Unyadi Onyengadi Oyungo, Oyonggo (a Tjongkandji exonym). Empikeno ( a Jathaikana exonym) Umtadee (?) Wundjur (?) Notes Citations ^ Sharp 1939, p. 259, n.6. ^ a b Tindale 1974, p. 186. ^ Sharp 1939, p. 258. ^ Sharp 1939, p. 259. ^ Thomson 1934, p. 219. Sources McConnel, Ursula H. (September 1939). "Social Organization of the Tribes of Cape York Peninsula, North Queensland". Oceania. 10 (1): 54–72. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1939.tb00256.x. JSTOR 40327720. McConnel, Ursula H. (June 1940). "Social Organization of the Tribes of Cape York Peninsula, North Queensland (Continued)". Oceania. 10 (4): 434–455. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1940.tb00305.x. JSTOR 40327867. Parry-Okeden, William (1897). Report on the North Queensland aborigines and the native police. Edmond Gregory, government printer. Sharp, R. Lauriston (March 1939). "Tribes and Totemism in North-East Australia". Oceania. 9 (3): 254–275. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1939.tb00232.x. JSTOR 40327744. Thomson, Donald Fergusson (July–December 1933). "Hero cult, initiation and totemism on Cape York Peninsula". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 63: 453–537. doi:10.2307/2843801. JSTOR 2843801. Thomson, Donald Fergusson (July–December 1934). "Notes on a Hero Cult from the Gulf of Carpentaria, North Queensland". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 64: 217–235. doi:10.2307/2843808. JSTOR 2843808. Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Unjadi (QLD)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6. vteIndigenous Australian peoples in QueenslandAboriginal Ankamuti Araba Atjinuri Ayabakan Ayapathu Badjiri Bakanambia Barada Barna Baruŋgam Barungguan Bidia Bigambul Bindal Birri Gubba Bidjara (Bulloo River) Bidjara (Warrego River) Biyaygiri Bugulmara Buluwai Butchulla Bwgcolman Dalla Darumbal Djabugay/Tjapukai Djagaraga Djakunda Djankun Djindubari Dyirbal Djiru Ewamin Garrwa Geynyon Gia Giabal Girramay Goeng Goreng goreng Gubbi Gubbi Kutjala/Gudjal Gugu-Badhun/Kokopatun Gugu Rarmul Gulngai Gumakudin Gungganyji/Kongkandji Gunggari/Kunggari Guugu Yimithirr/Kokoimudji Iningai Injilarija Injinoo Ithu Jarowair Julaolinja Jupangati Juru Kaantju Kabalbara Kaiabara Kaiadilt Kairi Kalali Kalibamu Kalkadoon Kambuwal Kangulu Kanolu Karanja Kareldi Karendala Karingbal Karuwali Kaurareg Kawadji Koa Koamu Koinjmal Kokangol Kokobididji Kokobujundji Kokokulunggur Kokomini Kokonyekodi Kokopera Kokowalandja Kokowara Kongabula Kooma Kugu Nganhcara Kukatja Kuku Nyungkal Kuku Yalanji Kulumali Kungadutji Kunggara Kungkalenja Kunja Kutjal Kuungkari Laia Lama Lama Lanima Lardil Lotiga Madjandji Maiawali Maijabi Maikulan Maithakari Malintji Mamu Manbarra Mandandanji Maranganji Marrago Marulta Mayi-Kutuna Mbabaram Mbara Mbewum Mimungkum Mingin/Mingginda Mitaka Miyan Muluridji Muragan Murri Mutumui Ngajanji Ngandangara Ngaro Ngathokudi Ngaun Ngaygungu Nggamadi Nguburinji Ngulungbara Ngundjan Ngurawola Nguri Nyawagyi Nyuwathai Olkola Otati Pakadji Pitapita Pontunj Punthamara Quandamooka Hordes: Ngugi, Nunukul, Goenpul Rakkaia Ringaringa Rungarungawa Tagalag Taribelang Tepiti Thaayorre Thereila Tjongkandji Totj Tulua Turrbal Umpila Umpithamu Undanbi Unduyamo Unjadi Uw Oykangand/Kwantari Waanyi Wadja Wadjabangai Wadjalang Wakabunga Wakaman Wakara Wakka Wakka Walangama Walmbaria Waluwara Wanamara Wangan Wanjuru Warakamai Warrongo Wik Wikampama Wikapatja Wikatinda Wikepa Wikianji Wikmean Wik-Mungkan Wiknatanja Winduwinda Wiri Wongkadjera Wongkumara Woppaburra Wulgurukaba Wulili Wulpura Wuthathi Yadhaykenu Yagalingu Yambina Yanda Yanga Yangga Yanggal Yalarnnga Yetimarala Yetteneru Yidiny Yilba Yiman Yintyingka Yinwum Yirandhali Yirrganydji Yir-Yoront Yugambeh Clans: Gugingin, Wanggeriburra, Kombumerri, Mununjali, Tulgigin Yugara Yuibera Yukulta Yungkurara Yurlayurlanya Torres Strait Islanders Badu Kaurareg‎ Mabuiag Meriam Mua By state or territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indigenous Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian"},{"link_name":"Cape York Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"}],"text":"The Unjadi (Unyadi) were an indigenous Australian people of the Cape York Peninsula of northern Queensland.","title":"Unjadi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unjadi language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjadi_language"},{"link_name":"Okara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotiga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp1939259,_n.6-1"}],"text":"According to Lauriston Sharp, the Unjadi language differed only marginally from that spoken by the neighbouring Okara.[1]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dulhunty tributary of the Ducie river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducie_River"},{"link_name":"Jardine River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardine_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974186-2"}],"text":"The Unjadi's traditional lands, embracing some 500 square miles (1,300 km2) of territory, lay around the upper Dulhunty tributary of the Ducie river as far north as the headwaters of the Jardine River.[2]","title":"Country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R. Lauriston Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauriston_Sharp"},{"link_name":"Jathaikana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadhaykenu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp1939258-3"},{"link_name":"moiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moiety_(kinship)"},{"link_name":"patrilineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp1939259-4"}],"text":"The American anthropologist R. Lauriston Sharp described the Unjadi as belonging to what he called the Jathaikana type with regard to their totemic organization.[3] By this he meant that the Unjadi lacked a moiety and section division. Their totemic clans were patrilineal whose totems were not normally tabu, tabus being applied rigorously only to personal totems from the mother's clan, which were assigned to male and female individuals with the onset of puberty.[4]","title":"Social organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tjongkandji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjongkandji"},{"link_name":"exonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1934219-5"},{"link_name":"Jathaikana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadhaykenu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974186-2"}],"text":"Unyadi\nOnyengadi\nOyungo, Oyonggo (a Tjongkandji exonym).[5]\nEmpikeno ( a Jathaikana exonym)\nUmtadee (?)\nWundjur (?)[2]","title":"Alternative names"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp1939259,_n.6_1-0"},{"link_name":"Sharp 1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSharp1939"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974186_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974186_2-1"},{"link_name":"Tindale 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTindale1974"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp1939258_3-0"},{"link_name":"Sharp 1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSharp1939"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp1939259_4-0"},{"link_name":"Sharp 1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSharp1939"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1934219_5-0"},{"link_name":"Thomson 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThomson1934"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ Sharp 1939, p. 259, n.6.\n\n^ a b Tindale 1974, p. 186.\n\n^ Sharp 1939, p. 258.\n\n^ Sharp 1939, p. 259.\n\n^ Thomson 1934, p. 219.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McConnel, Ursula H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_McConnel"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1939.tb00256.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1939.tb00256.x"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40327720","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40327720"},{"link_name":"McConnel, Ursula H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_McConnel"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1940.tb00305.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1940.tb00305.x"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40327867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40327867"},{"link_name":"Parry-Okeden, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parry-Okeden"},{"link_name":"Sharp, R. Lauriston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauriston_Sharp"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1939.tb00232.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1939.tb00232.x"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40327744","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40327744"},{"link_name":"Thomson, Donald Fergusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Thomson"},{"link_name":"The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2843801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2843801"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2843801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2843801"},{"link_name":"Thomson, Donald Fergusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Thomson"},{"link_name":"The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and 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University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-708-10741-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Indigenous 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Gubba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birri_Gubba"},{"link_name":"Bidjara (Bulloo River)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidjara_(Bulloo_River)"},{"link_name":"Bidjara (Warrego River)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidjara_(Warrego_River)"},{"link_name":"Biyaygiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyaygiri"},{"link_name":"Bugulmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugulmara"},{"link_name":"Buluwai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buluwai"},{"link_name":"Butchulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butchulla"},{"link_name":"Bwgcolman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwgcolman"},{"link_name":"Dalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalla_people"},{"link_name":"Darumbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darumbal"},{"link_name":"Djabugay/Tjapukai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djabugay"},{"link_name":"Djagaraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djagaraga"},{"link_name":"Djakunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djakunda"},{"link_name":"Djankun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djankun"},{"link_name":"Djindubari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djindubari"},{"link_name":"Dyirbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyirbal_people"},{"link_name":"Djiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djiru_people"},{"link_name":"Ewamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewamin"},{"link_name":"Garrwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrwa_people"},{"link_name":"Geynyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geynyon"},{"link_name":"Gia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_tribe"},{"link_name":"Giabal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giabal"},{"link_name":"Girramay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girramay"},{"link_name":"Goeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goeng"},{"link_name":"Goreng goreng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goreng_goreng"},{"link_name":"Gubbi Gubbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubbi_Gubbi_people"},{"link_name":"Kutjala/Gudjal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudjal"},{"link_name":"Gugu-Badhun/Kokopatun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugu-Badhun"},{"link_name":"Gugu Rarmul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugu_Rarmul"},{"link_name":"Gulngai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulngai"},{"link_name":"Gumakudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumakudin"},{"link_name":"Gungganyji/Kongkandji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gungganyji"},{"link_name":"Gunggari/Kunggari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunggari_people"},{"link_name":"Guugu Yimithirr/Kokoimudji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guugu_Yimithirr_people"},{"link_name":"Iningai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iningai"},{"link_name":"Injilarija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injilarija"},{"link_name":"Injinoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injinoo"},{"link_name":"Ithu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithu"},{"link_name":"Jarowair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarowair"},{"link_name":"Julaolinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julaolinja"},{"link_name":"Jupangati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupangati"},{"link_name":"Juru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juru_people"},{"link_name":"Kaantju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaantju"},{"link_name":"Kabalbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabalbara"},{"link_name":"Kaiabara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiabara"},{"link_name":"Kaiadilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiadilt"},{"link_name":"Kairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairi_people"},{"link_name":"Kalali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalali_people"},{"link_name":"Kalibamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalibamu"},{"link_name":"Kalkadoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkatungu"},{"link_name":"Kambuwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambuwal"},{"link_name":"Kangulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangulu"},{"link_name":"Kanolu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanolu"},{"link_name":"Karanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanja_people"},{"link_name":"Kareldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareldi"},{"link_name":"Karendala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karendala"},{"link_name":"Karingbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karingbal"},{"link_name":"Karuwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuwali"},{"link_name":"Kaurareg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurareg"},{"link_name":"Kawadji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawadji"},{"link_name":"Koa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koa_people"},{"link_name":"Koamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koamu"},{"link_name":"Koinjmal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koinjmal_tribe"},{"link_name":"Kokangol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokangol"},{"link_name":"Kokobididji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokobididji"},{"link_name":"Kokobujundji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokobujundji"},{"link_name":"Kokokulunggur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokokulunggur"},{"link_name":"Kokomini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokomini"},{"link_name":"Kokonyekodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokonyekodi"},{"link_name":"Kokopera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokopera"},{"link_name":"Kokowalandja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokowalandja"},{"link_name":"Kokowara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokowara"},{"link_name":"Kongabula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongabula"},{"link_name":"Kooma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooma"},{"link_name":"Kugu Nganhcara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugu_Nganhcara"},{"link_name":"Kukatja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukatja_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"Kuku Nyungkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuku_Nyungkal"},{"link_name":"Kuku Yalanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuku_Yalanji"},{"link_name":"Kulumali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulumali"},{"link_name":"Kungadutji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungadutji"},{"link_name":"Kunggara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunggara"},{"link_name":"Kungkalenja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungkalenja"},{"link_name":"Kunja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunja_people"},{"link_name":"Kutjal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutjal"},{"link_name":"Kuungkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuungkari"},{"link_name":"Laia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laia_people"},{"link_name":"Lama Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_Lama_people"},{"link_name":"Lanima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanima_people"},{"link_name":"Lardil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lardil_people"},{"link_name":"Lotiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotiga"},{"link_name":"Madjandji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madjandji"},{"link_name":"Maiawali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiawali"},{"link_name":"Maijabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maijabi"},{"link_name":"Maikulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maikulan"},{"link_name":"Maithakari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithakari"},{"link_name":"Malintji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malintji"},{"link_name":"Mamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamu_people"},{"link_name":"Manbarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manbarra"},{"link_name":"Mandandanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandandanji"},{"link_name":"Maranganji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranganji"},{"link_name":"Marrago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrago"},{"link_name":"Marulta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marulta"},{"link_name":"Mayi-Kutuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayi-Kutuna"},{"link_name":"Mbabaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbabaram_people"},{"link_name":"Mbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbara_people"},{"link_name":"Mbewum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbewum"},{"link_name":"Mimungkum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimungkum"},{"link_name":"Mingin/Mingginda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingin_people"},{"link_name":"Mitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitaka_people"},{"link_name":"Miyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyan_people"},{"link_name":"Muluridji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muluridji"},{"link_name":"Muragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muragan"},{"link_name":"Murri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murri_people"},{"link_name":"Mutumui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutumui"},{"link_name":"Ngajanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngajanji"},{"link_name":"Ngandangara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngandangara"},{"link_name":"Ngaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaro_people"},{"link_name":"Ngathokudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngathokudi"},{"link_name":"Ngaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaun"},{"link_name":"Ngaygungu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaygungu_people"},{"link_name":"Nggamadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nggamadi"},{"link_name":"Nguburinji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguburinji"},{"link_name":"Ngulungbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngulungbara"},{"link_name":"Ngundjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngundjan"},{"link_name":"Ngurawola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngurawola"},{"link_name":"Nguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguri_people"},{"link_name":"Nyawagyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyawagyi"},{"link_name":"Nyuwathai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuwathai"},{"link_name":"Olkola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkola"},{"link_name":"Otati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otati"},{"link_name":"Pakadji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakadji"},{"link_name":"Pitapita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitapita"},{"link_name":"Pontunj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontunj"},{"link_name":"Punthamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punthamara"},{"link_name":"Quandamooka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quandamooka_people"},{"link_name":"Ngugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngugi_people"},{"link_name":"Nunukul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunukul"},{"link_name":"Goenpul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goenpul"},{"link_name":"Rakkaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakkaia"},{"link_name":"Ringaringa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringaringa"},{"link_name":"Rungarungawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rungarungawa"},{"link_name":"Tagalag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalag_people"},{"link_name":"Taribelang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taribelang"},{"link_name":"Tepiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepiti"},{"link_name":"Thaayorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaayorre"},{"link_name":"Thereila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thereila"},{"link_name":"Tjongkandji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjongkandji"},{"link_name":"Totj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totj"},{"link_name":"Tulua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulua_people"},{"link_name":"Turrbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turrbal"},{"link_name":"Umpila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpila"},{"link_name":"Umpithamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpithamu"},{"link_name":"Undanbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undanbi"},{"link_name":"Unduyamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unduyamo"},{"link_name":"Unjadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Uw Oykangand/Kwantari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uw_Oykangand"},{"link_name":"Waanyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waanyi"},{"link_name":"Wadja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadja_people"},{"link_name":"Wadjabangai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadjabangai"},{"link_name":"Wadjalang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadjalang"},{"link_name":"Wakabunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakabunga"},{"link_name":"Wakaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakaman"},{"link_name":"Wakara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakara_people"},{"link_name":"Wakka Wakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakka_Wakka"},{"link_name":"Walangama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walangama"},{"link_name":"Walmbaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmbaria"},{"link_name":"Waluwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waluwara"},{"link_name":"Wanamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanamara"},{"link_name":"Wangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangan_people"},{"link_name":"Wanjuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanjuru"},{"link_name":"Warakamai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warakamai"},{"link_name":"Warrongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrongo_people"},{"link_name":"Wik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wik_peoples"},{"link_name":"Wikampama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikampama"},{"link_name":"Wikapatja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikapatja"},{"link_name":"Wikatinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikatinda"},{"link_name":"Wikepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikepa"},{"link_name":"Wikianji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikianji"},{"link_name":"Wikmean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikmean"},{"link_name":"Wik-Mungkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wik-Mungkan_people"},{"link_name":"Wiknatanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiknatanja"},{"link_name":"Winduwinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winduwinda"},{"link_name":"Wiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiri_people"},{"link_name":"Wongkadjera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wongkadjera"},{"link_name":"Wongkumara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wongkumara"},{"link_name":"Woppaburra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woppaburra"},{"link_name":"Wulgurukaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulgurukaba"},{"link_name":"Wulili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulili"},{"link_name":"Wulpura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulpura"},{"link_name":"Wuthathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuthathi"},{"link_name":"Yadhaykenu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadhaykenu"},{"link_name":"Yagalingu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagalingu"},{"link_name":"Yambina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yambina"},{"link_name":"Yanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanda_people"},{"link_name":"Yanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanga_people"},{"link_name":"Yangga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangga"},{"link_name":"Yanggal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanggal"},{"link_name":"Yalarnnga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalarnnga"},{"link_name":"Yetimarala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yetimarala"},{"link_name":"Yetteneru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yetteneru"},{"link_name":"Yidiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yidiny_people"},{"link_name":"Yilba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yilba"},{"link_name":"Yiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiman_people"},{"link_name":"Yintyingka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yintyingka"},{"link_name":"Yinwum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinwum"},{"link_name":"Yirandhali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yirandhali"},{"link_name":"Yirrganydji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yirrganydji"},{"link_name":"Yir-Yoront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yir-Yoront"},{"link_name":"Yugambeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugambeh_people"},{"link_name":"Gugingin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugingin_clan"},{"link_name":"Wanggeriburra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanggeriburra_clan"},{"link_name":"Kombumerri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombumerri_clan"},{"link_name":"Mununjali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mununjali_clan"},{"link_name":"Tulgigin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulgigin_clan"},{"link_name":"Yugara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugara"},{"link_name":"Yuibera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuibera"},{"link_name":"Yukulta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukulta"},{"link_name":"Yungkurara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yungkurara"},{"link_name":"Yurlayurlanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurlayurlanya"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders"},{"link_name":"Badu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badu_people"},{"link_name":"Kaurareg‎","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurareg"},{"link_name":"Mabuiag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabuiag"},{"link_name":"Meriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriam_people"},{"link_name":"Mua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mua_people"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Victorian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Western_Australia"}],"text":"McConnel, Ursula H. (September 1939). \"Social Organization of the Tribes of Cape York Peninsula, North Queensland\". Oceania. 10 (1): 54–72. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1939.tb00256.x. JSTOR 40327720.\nMcConnel, Ursula H. (June 1940). \"Social Organization of the Tribes of Cape York Peninsula, North Queensland (Continued)\". Oceania. 10 (4): 434–455. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1940.tb00305.x. JSTOR 40327867.\nParry-Okeden, William (1897). Report on the North Queensland aborigines and the native police. Edmond Gregory, government printer.\nSharp, R. Lauriston (March 1939). \"Tribes and Totemism in North-East Australia\". Oceania. 9 (3): 254–275. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1939.tb00232.x. JSTOR 40327744.\nThomson, Donald Fergusson (July–December 1933). \"Hero cult, initiation and totemism on Cape York Peninsula\". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 63: 453–537. doi:10.2307/2843801. JSTOR 2843801.\nThomson, Donald Fergusson (July–December 1934). \"Notes on a Hero Cult from the Gulf of Carpentaria, North Queensland\". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 64: 217–235. doi:10.2307/2843808. JSTOR 2843808.\nTindale, Norman Barnett (1974). \"Unjadi (QLD)\". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.vteIndigenous Australian peoples in QueenslandAboriginal\nAnkamuti\nAraba\nAtjinuri\nAyabakan\nAyapathu\nBadjiri\nBakanambia\nBarada\nBarna\nBaruŋgam\nBarungguan\nBidia\nBigambul\nBindal\nBirri Gubba\nBidjara (Bulloo River)\nBidjara (Warrego River)\nBiyaygiri\nBugulmara\nBuluwai\nButchulla\nBwgcolman\nDalla\nDarumbal\nDjabugay/Tjapukai\nDjagaraga\nDjakunda\nDjankun\nDjindubari\nDyirbal\nDjiru\nEwamin\nGarrwa\nGeynyon\nGia\nGiabal\nGirramay\nGoeng\nGoreng goreng\nGubbi Gubbi\nKutjala/Gudjal\nGugu-Badhun/Kokopatun\nGugu Rarmul\nGulngai\nGumakudin\nGungganyji/Kongkandji\nGunggari/Kunggari\nGuugu Yimithirr/Kokoimudji\nIningai\nInjilarija\nInjinoo\nIthu\nJarowair\nJulaolinja\nJupangati\nJuru\nKaantju\nKabalbara\nKaiabara\nKaiadilt\nKairi\nKalali\nKalibamu \nKalkadoon\nKambuwal\nKangulu\nKanolu\nKaranja\nKareldi\nKarendala\nKaringbal\nKaruwali\nKaurareg\nKawadji\nKoa\nKoamu\nKoinjmal\nKokangol\nKokobididji\nKokobujundji\nKokokulunggur\nKokomini\nKokonyekodi\nKokopera\nKokowalandja\nKokowara\nKongabula\nKooma\nKugu Nganhcara\nKukatja\nKuku Nyungkal\nKuku Yalanji\nKulumali\nKungadutji\nKunggara\nKungkalenja\nKunja\nKutjal\nKuungkari\nLaia\nLama Lama\nLanima\nLardil\nLotiga\nMadjandji\nMaiawali\nMaijabi\nMaikulan\nMaithakari\nMalintji\nMamu\nManbarra\nMandandanji\nMaranganji\nMarrago\nMarulta\nMayi-Kutuna\nMbabaram\nMbara\nMbewum\nMimungkum\nMingin/Mingginda\nMitaka\nMiyan\nMuluridji\nMuragan\nMurri\nMutumui\nNgajanji\nNgandangara\nNgaro\nNgathokudi\nNgaun\nNgaygungu\nNggamadi\nNguburinji\nNgulungbara\nNgundjan\nNgurawola\nNguri\nNyawagyi\nNyuwathai\nOlkola\nOtati\nPakadji\nPitapita\nPontunj\nPunthamara\nQuandamooka\nHordes: Ngugi, Nunukul, Goenpul \nRakkaia\nRingaringa\nRungarungawa\nTagalag\nTaribelang\nTepiti\nThaayorre\nThereila\nTjongkandji\nTotj\nTulua\nTurrbal\nUmpila\nUmpithamu\nUndanbi\nUnduyamo\nUnjadi\nUw Oykangand/Kwantari\nWaanyi\nWadja\nWadjabangai\nWadjalang\nWakabunga\nWakaman\nWakara\nWakka Wakka\nWalangama\nWalmbaria\nWaluwara\nWanamara\nWangan\nWanjuru\nWarakamai\nWarrongo\nWik\nWikampama\nWikapatja\nWikatinda\nWikepa\nWikianji\nWikmean\nWik-Mungkan\nWiknatanja\nWinduwinda\nWiri\nWongkadjera\nWongkumara\nWoppaburra\nWulgurukaba\nWulili\nWulpura\nWuthathi\nYadhaykenu\nYagalingu\nYambina\nYanda\nYanga\nYangga\nYanggal\nYalarnnga\nYetimarala\nYetteneru\nYidiny\nYilba\nYiman\nYintyingka\nYinwum\nYirandhali\nYirrganydji\nYir-Yoront\nYugambeh\nClans: Gugingin, Wanggeriburra, Kombumerri, Mununjali, Tulgigin\nYugara\nYuibera\nYukulta\nYungkurara\nYurlayurlanya\nTorres Strait Islanders\nBadu\nKaurareg‎\nMabuiag\nMeriam\nMua\n\nBy state or territory\nNew South Wales\nNorthern Territory\nQueensland\nSouth Australia\nTasmania\nVictoria\nWestern Australia","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"McConnel, Ursula H. (September 1939). \"Social Organization of the Tribes of Cape York Peninsula, North Queensland\". Oceania. 10 (1): 54–72. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1939.tb00256.x. JSTOR 40327720.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_McConnel","url_text":"McConnel, Ursula H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_(journal)","url_text":"Oceania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1939.tb00256.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1939.tb00256.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40327720","url_text":"40327720"}]},{"reference":"McConnel, Ursula H. (June 1940). \"Social Organization of the Tribes of Cape York Peninsula, North Queensland (Continued)\". Oceania. 10 (4): 434–455. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1940.tb00305.x. JSTOR 40327867.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_McConnel","url_text":"McConnel, Ursula H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_(journal)","url_text":"Oceania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1940.tb00305.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1940.tb00305.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40327867","url_text":"40327867"}]},{"reference":"Parry-Okeden, William (1897). Report on the North Queensland aborigines and the native police. Edmond Gregory, government printer.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parry-Okeden","url_text":"Parry-Okeden, William"}]},{"reference":"Sharp, R. Lauriston (March 1939). \"Tribes and Totemism in North-East Australia\". Oceania. 9 (3): 254–275. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1939.tb00232.x. JSTOR 40327744.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauriston_Sharp","url_text":"Sharp, R. Lauriston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_(journal)","url_text":"Oceania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1939.tb00232.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1939.tb00232.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40327744","url_text":"40327744"}]},{"reference":"Thomson, Donald Fergusson (July–December 1933). \"Hero cult, initiation and totemism on Cape York Peninsula\". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 63: 453–537. doi:10.2307/2843801. JSTOR 2843801.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Thomson","url_text":"Thomson, Donald Fergusson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland","url_text":"The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2843801","url_text":"10.2307/2843801"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843801","url_text":"2843801"}]},{"reference":"Thomson, Donald Fergusson (July–December 1934). \"Notes on a Hero Cult from the Gulf of Carpentaria, North Queensland\". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 64: 217–235. doi:10.2307/2843808. JSTOR 2843808.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Thomson","url_text":"Thomson, Donald Fergusson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland","url_text":"The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2843808","url_text":"10.2307/2843808"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843808","url_text":"2843808"}]},{"reference":"Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). \"Unjadi (QLD)\". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale","url_text":"Tindale, Norman Barnett"},{"url":"http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/unjadi.htm","url_text":"\"Unjadi (QLD)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6","url_text":"978-0-708-10741-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemley
Hemley
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°01′56″N 1°19′48″E / 52.0323°N 1.3300°E / 52.0323; 1.3300Not to be confused with Henley, Suffolk. All Saints' Church Hemley is a village and a civil parish in the East Suffolk district, in the English county of Suffolk. It is located near the River Deben. Nearby settlements include the large town of Ipswich and the villages of Waldringfield and Newbourne. In 2001 the population of the civil parish of Hemley was 66. At the 2011 Census the population of the village remained less than 100 and was included in the civil parish of Newbourne All Saints' parish church dates from the 14th century and is a Grade II* listed building. References ^ "Check Browser Settings". Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. ^ Historic England. "CHURCH OF ALL SAINTS (1030929)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 April 2014. http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/SFK/Hemley/index.html External links http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/england/suffolk/hemley https://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/TM2842 52°01′56″N 1°19′48″E / 52.0323°N 1.3300°E / 52.0323; 1.3300 vteEast SuffolkTowns Aldeburgh Beccles Bungay Carlton Colville Felixstowe Halesworth Kesgrave Leiston Lowestoft Orford Saxmundham Southwold Woodbridge Civil parishes Alderton Aldringham cum Thorpe All Saints and St Nicholas, South Elmham Badingham Barnby Barsham Bawdsey Benacre Benhall Blaxhall Blundeston Blythburgh Blyford Boulge Boyton Bramfield Brampton with Stoven Brandeston Bredfield Brightwell Bromeswell Bruisyard Bucklesham Burgh Butley Campsey Ash Capel St Andrew Charsfield Chediston Chillesford Clopton Cookley Corton Covehithe Cransford Cratfield Cretingham Culpho Dallinghoo Darsham Debach Dennington Dunwich Earl Soham Easton Ellough Eyke Falkenham Farnham Flixton (Lothingland) Flixton (the Saints) Foxhall Framlingham Friston Frostenden Gedgrave Gisleham Great Bealings Great Glemham Grundisburgh Hacheston Hasketon Hemley Henstead with Hulver Street Heveningham Hollesley Holton Hoo Huntingfield Iken Ilketshall St Andrew Ilketshall St John Ilketshall St Lawrence Ilketshall St Margaret Kettleburgh Kelsale cum Carlton Kessingland Kirton Knodishall Letheringham Levington Linstead Magna Linstead Parva Little Bealings Little Glemham Lound Marlesford Martlesham Melton Mettingham Middleton Monewden Mutford Nacton Newbourne North Cove Otley Oulton Oulton Broad Parham Peasenhall Pettistree Playford Purdis Farm Ramsholt Redisham Rendham Rendlesham Reydon (Easton Bavents) Ringsfield Rumburgh Rushmere Rushmere St Andrew Saxtead Shadingfield Shipmeadow Shottisham Sibton Snape Somerleyton, Ashby and Herringfleet Sotherton Sotterley South Cove Spexhall St Cross, South Elmham St James, South Elmham St Margaret, South Elmham St Mary, South Elmham otherwise Homersfield St Michael, South Elmham St Peter, South Elmham Sternfield Stratford St Andrew Stratton Hall Sudbourne Sutton Sutton Heath Sweffling Swilland Theberton Thorington Trimley St Martin Trimley St. Mary Tuddenham St Martin Tunstall Ubbeston Ufford Uggeshall Walberswick Waldringfield Walpole Wangford with Henham Wantisden Wenhaston with Mells Hamlet Westerfield Westhallilk Westleton Weston Wickham Market Willingham St Mary Wissett Witnesham Worlingham Wrentham Yoxford Other settlements Aldringham All Saints' South Elmham Ashby Brampton Carlton Eastbridge Gunton Henham Henstead Herringfleet Hulver Street Kelsale Kirkley Mells Minsmere Pakefield Sizewell Somerleyton St Nicholas South Elmham Stoven Thorpeness Walton Wangford Wenhaston See also: Grade I listed buildings in East Suffolk District Suffolk Coastal local elections Waveney local elections 2019 East Suffolk District Council election Waveney (UK Parliament constituency) vteCeremonial county of SuffolkBoroughs or districts Babergh East Suffolk Ipswich Mid Suffolk West Suffolk Major settlements(cities in italics) Aldeburgh Beccles Brandon Bungay Bury St Edmunds Clare Eye Felixstowe Framlingham Hadleigh Halesworth Haverhill Ipswich Kesgrave Leiston Lowestoft Mildenhall Needham Market Newmarket Orford Saxmundham Southwold Stowmarket Sudbury WoodbridgeSee also: List of civil parishes in Suffolk Topics Flag Parliamentary constituencies Places Places of interest Population of major settlements SSSIs Country houses Grade I listed buildings Grade II* listed buildings History Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Schools Museums Windmills This Suffolk location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"All Saints' Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/All_Saints%2C_Hemley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1417228.jpg/220px-All_Saints%2C_Hemley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1417228.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Check Browser Settings\". Archived from the original on 7 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085127/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/viewFullDataset.do?instanceSelection=03070&productId=779&$ph=60_61_60_61&datasetInstanceId=3070&startColumn=1&numberOfColumns=8&containerAreaId=790524","url_text":"\"Check Browser Settings\""},{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/viewFullDataset.do?instanceSelection=03070&productId=779&$ph=60_61_60_61&datasetInstanceId=3070&startColumn=1&numberOfColumns=8&containerAreaId=790524","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"CHURCH OF ALL SAINTS (1030929)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1030929","url_text":"\"CHURCH OF ALL SAINTS (1030929)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Trent
Leonard Trent
["1 Early life","2 Early service career","3 Second World War","3.1 Service with No. 487 Squadron","3.2 Stalag Luft III","4 Victoria Cross","5 Post-war service career","6 Later life","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading"]
New Zealand aviator and VC recipient Leonard Henry TrentPortrait of Leonard Trent, 1946, by William DringBorn(1915-04-14)14 April 1915Nelson, New ZealandDied19 May 1986(1986-05-19) (aged 71)Takapuna, New ZealandBuriedFremantle Cemetery, Western AustraliaAllegianceUnited KingdomNew ZealandService/branchRoyal Air Force(1938–1945; 1948–1965)Royal New Zealand Air Force(1946–1947)Years of service1938–1965RankGroup CaptainUnitNo. 487 (NZ) SquadronCommands heldNo. 214 Squadron (1956–1958)RAF Wittering (1960–1962)Battles/warsSecond World War Phoney War Battle of France Operation Ramrod 16 Suez CrisisAwardsVictoria CrossDistinguished Flying Cross Group Captain Leonard Henry Trent, VC, DFC (14 April 1915 – 19 May 1986) was a New Zealand aviator, senior Royal Air Force officer, and recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Born in Nelson, Trent obtained a short-term commission in the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1938 after receiving flying training in New Zealand. After travelling to England, he was posted to No. 15 Squadron RAF and was sent to France shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War, flying Fairey Battles on photo-reconnaissance missions into Germany. After his squadron returned to England and converted to Bristol Blenheims, he flew several bombing missions during the Battle of France for which he was later awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC). Afterwards he spent several months on instructing duties before being posted to No. 487 (NZ) Squadron in August 1942, which operated Lockheed Venturas. He was shot down over Amsterdam while on a bombing mission, codenamed Operation Ramrod 16, on 3 May 1943, becoming a prisoner of war. After the war, he was awarded the VC for his actions during Ramrod 16. He continued to serve with the RAF and was commander of No. 214 Squadron during the Suez Crisis. He retired in June 1965 and lived in Australia, and then New Zealand, in his later years. He died in 1986, aged 71. Early life Leonard Henry Trent was born in Nelson, New Zealand, on 14 April 1915, the son of Leonard Trent, a dentist, and his wife Irene née Everett. In April 1919 the family relocated to Tākaka, along the shore of Golden Bay. Three years later, his father paid for Trent to take a short flight in a Gipsy Moth piloted by Malcolm C. McGregor, a fighter ace of the First World War, and subsequently Trent became interested in flying. He was educated at Nelson College, boarding at the school from 1928. Not particularly academically inclined he became increasingly interested in golf and in his final year at school, in 1934, won the Nelson Golf Club Senior Championship. Trent had intended to go to university to study dentistry, but the family could not afford to pay for his studies and he instead took up a position as a clerk in the administrative office of an abattoir in Hastings. He gave up the work after a year and returned to Nelson to assist his father in his dental practice. After a time he moved to Wellington taking up office work again. He was soon earning enough money that he could afford to go to night school and study aero engineering and maintenance. Early service career In early 1937, in response to an advertisement in a newspaper, Trent applied for a short-term commission in the Royal Air Force (RAF). He passed a selection interview and subsequent medical test and in August was accepted for flying training. Induction training was with the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) and was held at Taieri, near Dunedin, where he flew Gipsy Moths and Miles Magisters. Trent then undertook flight training at the RNZAF's Wigram Air Base in Christchurch, flying Avro 626 and Vickers Vildebeest aircraft. He gained his wings on 12 May 1938 and a month later he sailed for Britain to join the RAF. He was granted a short-service commission of five years in the rank of pilot officer on 23 August 1938. Posted to No. 15 Squadron RAF, which operated Fairey Battles out of Abingdon in Berkshire, Trent spent the next few months learning bombing and reconnaissance flying techniques. In February 1939, he spent three months at Hamble, near Southampton, attending a navigation course. Here he met Ursula Woolhouse, while playing golf at the local club in his downtime. Second World War In early September 1939, following the outbreak of the Second World War, No. 15 Squadron flew to France as part of the RAF Advanced Air Striking Force. Stationed at Vraux, the squadron was to fly high-level photo-reconnaissance missions over enemy territory, collecting information on German airfields, factories and major infrastructure. Trent flew his first mission into Germany on 24 September 1939, No. 15 Squadron's first operational sortie of the war. This period of the war was known as the Phoney War, and much the squadron's flying revolved around training and practice bombing missions. The squadron was sent back to England in early December to convert to the Bristol Blenheim IV, a light bomber, operating from Wyton. Initial conversion work was on the Bristol Blenheim I and during this time Trent had to make an emergency landing, having become lost in overcast conditions while on a flight to Scotland. In March 1940, he was promoted to flying officer. The squadron returned to operations when the Germans invaded France and the Low Countries on 10 May 1940. That day he flew one of three aircraft that bombed German forces at an aerodrome near Rotterdam. Further missions followed, including a bombing raid on bridges over the Albert Canal that saw six of the twelve participating aircraft destroyed. On another mission, his aircraft suffered damage from flak and an attacking Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter and he put down at an airfield on the way back to his base for repairs. However, advancing Germans threatened the airfield and as night fell, he and his crew had to fly to England as they could not navigate back to their base in France. On 23 May, casualties in the squadron saw Trent take command of one of its flights in conjunction with a promotion to acting flight lieutenant. He led several bombing sorties while Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk, was in effect and by mid-June had flown 14 sorties. Exhausted, he was sent on leave. On his return to duty, Trent was posted to No. 17 Operational Training Unit, stationed at Upwood, as an instructor. He taught trainees formation flying and made navigational flights in Avro Ansons. He also had the opportunity to fly other aircraft; these included the Wellington bomber. In the meantime, his relationship with Ursula Woolhouse continued to grow and on 7 August 1940 the couple were married at Holborn, London. The previous month he had been awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his outstanding performance during the Battle of France. In March 1941, his flight lieutenant rank was made substantive and six months later Trent received a new posting at the Operational Training Squadron at Warboys. He helped assess the Douglas Boston bomber for service in the RAF; on his first flight in the aircraft, it suffered an engine fire forcing an immediate return to his base. Trent returned to operational duty in March 1942 and, promoted to temporary squadron leader on 1 June, was assigned to Headquarters, No. 2 Group RAF. He found the duty dull and began to seek a position at No. 88 Squadron where a friend of his was the squadron leader. Service with No. 487 Squadron Squadron Leader Trent (left) with Wing Commander G. J. "Chopper" Grindell (centre) and Squadron Leader T. Turnbull (right) in 1943 In August 1942, the RAF established a new bomber squadron, designated No. 487 (NZ) Squadron, based at Feltwell in Norfolk. An Article XV squadron, many of its flying personnel were New Zealanders, although other nationalities also served with the squadron. Trent, still hoping for a posting to No. 88 Squadron, was instead sent to No. 487 Squadron as one of its flight commanders. The squadron was to operate Lockheed Venturas; these were unpopular aircraft, being relatively slow and demanding to fly, with an inadequate defensive armament. Although the senior officers in the squadron were experienced flying personnel, many crew members were novices and needed extensive practice in formation flying before reaching an acceptable standard for operational duties. The squadron flew its first mission in December, a raid on a factory at Eindhoven in the Netherlands. Over the next several months, the squadron flew raids to targets in France and the Low Countries. On 3 May 1943 the squadron flew a bombing mission, codenamed Operation Ramrod 16, on a power station in Amsterdam. The mission was intended to be as a diversion for another raid being carried out almost simultaneously on a power station at Ijmuiden. "Ramrod" was a term designating a daylight bombing mission, with a fighter escort, that targeted a specific objective. The twelve participating Venturas, led by Trent, were to cross the Dutch coast at sea level, escorted by six squadrons of Supermarine Spitfires. Two more squadrons of Spitfires were to provide top cover for the Venturas over the target, with all of the aircraft keeping to sea level as they approached the Dutch coast so as to avoid showing up on German radar, before climbing to reach bombing height. However, the Spitfires flying top cover mistimed their departure from England, arriving early and failing to keep low enough when reaching the Dutch coast. This alerted the German defences. Non-commissioned officers of Trent's No. 487 Squadron, with a Ventura at RAF Methwold, early 1943 One Ventura had returned to England with a malfunction and as the eleven remaining aircraft of No. 487 Squadron approached Amsterdam, they and their escorts were set upon by Bf 109s and Focke-Wulf Fw 190s, 70 aircraft in all. The top cover, arriving well before the Venturas, had already been recalled having run low on fuel. The Fw 190s dealt with the escorting Spitfires while the Bf 109s targeted the bombers. Under constant attack by the German fighters, No. 487 Squadron continued on to its target, with only five aircraft making it to Amsterdam to commence their bombing run. Only Trent successfully completed his run, and in doing so shot down one Bf 109 with the forward machine guns of his Ventura. Immediately afterwards, his own aircraft was hit and put into a spin. As the Ventura broke up, Trent and his navigator were thrown clear at 7,000 feet (2,100 m) and became prisoners of war (POW). The remaining crew members, trapped in the aircraft, were unable to exit and were killed when it crashed. Stalag Luft III Trent was sent to Stalag Luft III, a POW camp well to the southeast of Berlin, in what is now Żagań, in Poland. He soon became involved in the various escape attempts mounted by the POWs, helping conceal the sand extracted from tunnels that were under construction. He took part in the "Great Escape" of 24 March 1944. On exiting the tunnel, he had planned with another POW, Mike Shand, to head to Switzerland via Czechoslovakia and Austria. He was the 79th POW to pass through the escape tunnel, just behind Shand. However, as he was exiting the tunnel, a German guard thwarted his escape and Trent was recaptured almost immediately and placed in solitary confinement. The majority of the successful escapees were eventually recaptured, the Germans executing 50 of them. By January 1945, the Soviet forces were advancing into Germany and the POWs at Stalag Luft III were force marched away to the west to a camp near Bremen. They were moved again in April but were liberated by the British on 2 May 1945. Trent returned to England on 7 May and went on leave for two months before reporting back for duty with the RAF. Preferring active flying to instructional duties, he requested a post at Transport Command. He qualified as a Douglas Dakota pilot and then spent a few months at Syerston, a paratrooper training school. In late 1945, Trent transferred back to RNZAF service. He wanted to pursue a career in the military and felt that the RNZAF offered better remuneration and promotion opportunities than the RAF. Victoria Cross On his return to duty, Trent had provided a written debrief on the Ramrod 16 raid. After considering Trent's statements on the Ramrod 16 raid and other evidence collected by the Air Ministry, the commander of No. 2 Group, Air Vice-Marshal Basil Embry, recommended him for the Victoria Cross (VC). Instituted in 1856, the VC was the highest gallantry award that could be bestowed on military personnel of the British Commonwealth. Having been informally advised that he was to be a recipient of the VC earlier that day, Trent's award was publicly announced on 1 March 1946. The citation for Trent's VC was published in the London Gazette and read: On 3 May 1943, Squadron Leader Trent was detailed to lead a formation of Ventura aircraft in a daylight attack on the power station at Amsterdam. This operation was intended to encourage the Dutch workmen in their resistance to enemy pressure and the target was known to be heavily defended. The importance of bombing it, regardless of enemy fighters or anti-aircraft fire, was strongly impressed on the aircrews taking part in the operation. Before taking off Squadron Leader Trent told the deputy leader that he was going over the target whatever happened. All went well until the eleven Venturas and their fighter escort were nearing the Dutch Coast. Then one bomber was hit and had to turn back. Suddenly large numbers of enemy fighters appeared. Our escorting fighters were hotly engaged and lost touch with the bombing force. The Venturas closed up for mutual protection and commenced their run up to the target. Unfortunately the fighters detailed to support them over the target had reached the area too early and had been recalled. Soon the bombers were attacked. They were at the mercy of fifteen to twenty Messerschmitts which dived on them incessantly. Within four minutes six Venturas were destroyed. Squadron Leader Trent continued on his course with the remaining three aircraft, and in a short time two more Venturas went down in flames. Heedless of the murderous attacks and of the heavy anti-aircraft fire which was now encountered, Squadron Leader Trent completed an accurate bombing run, and even shot down a Messerschmitt at point blank range. Dropping his bombs in the target area he turned away. The aircraft following him was shot down on reaching the target. Immediately afterwards his own aircraft was hit and went into a spin and broke up. Squadron Leader Trent and his navigator were thrown clear and became prisoners of war. The two other members of the crew perished. On this, his twenty-fourth sortie, Squadron Leader Trent showed outstanding leadership. Such was the trust placed in this gallant officer that the other pilots followed him unwaveringly. His cool unflinching courage and devotion to duty in the face of overwhelming odds rank with the fine examples of these virtues. — The London Gazette, No. 37486, 26 February 1946 Trent, with his wife present, received the VC from King George VI in an investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace on 26 March 1946. Post-war service career In late 1946, Trent and his family travelled by sea to Auckland in New Zealand for a period of extended leave before commencing service with the RNZAF. As a VC recipient, he attended a number of civic functions around the country and had his portrait painted by Archibald Nicoll. Once his leave had finished, his initial work for the RNZAF was as part of a committee to select fliers for service with the RAF, which was seeking to augment its ranks with experienced personnel. The RAF was also increasing rates of remuneration for its personnel and when it offered Trent a permanent commission, he accepted. He returned to England with his family, which now included a son, in late 1947 and resumed his career in the RAF with the substantive rank of flight lieutenant. Trent was posted to Bircham Newton, a Transport Command station, as an instructor to help prepare students to fly Dakotas. In September 1948, having been promoted to the substantive rank of squadron leader earlier in the year, he was sent to Dishforth which trained pilots to fly the Avro York transport. He flew several operations during the Berlin airlift but soon began to suffer from ankylosing spondylitis which required specialist treatment for a few months before he could return to duty. Now posted to Flying Training Command, in August 1950 Trent undertook refresher and leadership courses before going on to Central Flying School early the following year. Trent returned to Feltwell, where he had been based while at No. 487 Squadron, in March 1951. He was chief instructor at No. 3 Flying Training School, teaching students to fly the Harvard trainer. In October 1952, he was appointed squadron commander of No. 4 Squadron, which was based at Little Rissington and operated de Havilland Vampires. The following year, he was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal, promoted to wing commander and posted to Oakington where he instructed on Gloster Meteors. While there, he had to bail out of a Meteor which had gone into an unrecoverable spin. Not long afterwards, in early 1954, with the flight school having re-equipped with Vampires, Trent had to again bail out when he lost control of his aircraft. A Vickers Valiant of No. 214 Squadron In early 1956, after attending a six-month course at No. 6 Flying College Course at Manby, Trent was appointed commander of No. 214 Squadron, which was the first unit to be equipped with the new Vickers Valiant. Later that year, in October, his squadron was dispatched to Malta due to the outbreak of the Suez Crisis and flew a number of missions into Egypt. The squadron returned to England at the end of year when tensions eased. In March 1958, he flew a Valiant to New Zealand as part of the celebrations for the twenty-first anniversary of the founding of the RNZAF. The next month, he took up a post as Wing Commander Training at No. 3 Group Headquarters at Mildenhall and was promoted to the rank of group captain on 1 July 1959. Trent was appointed station commander at RAF Wittering in April 1960. He still occasionally flew Valiants, including taking one on a goodwill tour to the United States. He then served as an air attaché, representing Bomber Command at the British Embassy in Washington, D.C. from mid-1962, and on 12 June the same year, he was appointed an air aide-de-camp to the Queen. As the Queen never visited Washington, D.C. during his tenure there, he was never called upon to serve in this role. After three years, his service in the United States ended and he retired from the RAF on 23 June 1965. Later life Following his retirement in 1965, Trent moved his family to Western Australia. With his wife, he later returned to New Zealand to live at Matheson Bay, north of Auckland. He died on 19 May 1986 at North Shore Hospital, survived by his wife and two children. He was cremated and his ashes were taken to Western Australia, where they were interred at Fremantle Cemetery alongside those of his daughter, Judith, who had predeceased him. Trent's medals, including the VC, are held by the Air Force Museum of New Zealand at Wigram in Christchurch. There is a memorial to Trent at the airport in Nelson, his home town, and there is also a plaque honouring him in Queens Gardens in Dunedin. Trent Street in the suburb of Taradale, Napier in New Zealand was renamed in his honour in 1969. Notes ^ a b c d e Hayward, Joel. "Trent, Leonard Henry". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 8 January 2011. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 21. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 22–23. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 24. ^ a b Sanders 1983, p. 25. ^ a b Sanders 1983, p. 26. ^ a b Sanders 1983, p. 27. ^ a b c Sanders 1983, pp. 28–29. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 36–37. ^ "No. 34548". The London Gazette. 6 September 1938. p. 5678. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 38. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 41. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 43. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 44–45. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 48. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 52–53. ^ "No. 34822". The London Gazette. 2 April 1940. p. 1916. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 54. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 55. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 56–59. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 63–64. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 68. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 69–70. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 71. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 72. ^ "No. 34892". The London Gazette. 9 July 1940. p. 4177. ^ "No. 35119". The London Gazette. 28 March 1941. p. 1811. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 75–76. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 76–78. ^ "No. 35618". The London Gazette. 3 July 1942. p. 2925. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 79. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 80–81. ^ Thompson 1953, pp. 210–217. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 83–84. ^ Harper & Richardson 2007, p. 288. ^ a b Thompson 1956, pp. 143–147. ^ a b Harper & Richardson 2007, pp. 288–290. ^ Carroll 2004, p. 58. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 133–134. ^ Carroll 2004, p. 167. ^ Carroll 2004, pp. 178–179. ^ Carroll 2004, p. 181. ^ Carroll 2004, p. 211. ^ Carroll 2004, pp. 234–237. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 193. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 196–197. ^ "No. 37345". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 November 1945. p. 5523. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 201. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 196. ^ a b Sanders 1983, p. 199. ^ O'Shea 2000, pp. 558–559. ^ "No. 37486". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 March 1946. p. 1179. ^ "Receives V.C. from King". Northern Advocate. 27 March 1946. Retrieved 13 February 2020. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 199–200. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 201–203. ^ "No. 38175". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 January 1948. p. 257. ^ a b Sanders 1983, p. 203. ^ "No. 38344". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 July 1948. p. 3895. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 205–206. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 206. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 208. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 209. ^ "Coronation Medal" (PDF). Supplement to the New Zealand Gazette. No. 37. 3 July 1953. pp. 1021–1035. Retrieved 20 March 2022. ^ "No. 39900". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 June 1953. p. 3607. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 212. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 216–217. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 220. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 222–224. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 233. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 234–234. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 239. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 243. ^ "No. 41753". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 June 1959. p. 4227. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 245. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 246. ^ Sanders 1983, pp. 251–252. ^ "No. 42701". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 June 1962. p. 4723. ^ Sanders 1983, p. 251. ^ "No. 43705". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 July 1965. p. 6424. ^ a b c Sanders 1983, p. 256. ^ "Summary of Record Information: Leonard Trent". Metropolitan Cemeteries Board. Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 3 February 2020. ^ a b "Online Cenotaph: Leonard Henry Trent". Online Cenotaph. Auckland Museum. Retrieved 3 February 2020. ^ "Leonard Henry Trent VC, DFC". The Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria Cross & George Cross. Retrieved 9 January 2020. ^ "Leonard Trent VC Memorial". NZ History. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 13 February 2020. ^ Napier City Council minutes book (10/04/68-31/03/69). Held at Napier City Council archives department. p. 566. References Carroll, Tim (2004). The Great Escapers: The Full Story of the Second World War's Most Remarkable Mass Escape. Edinburgh, Great Britain: Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 1-84018-795-6. Harper, Glyn; Richardson, Colin (2007). In the Face of the Enemy: The Complete History of the Victoria Cross and New Zealand. Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-1-86950-650-6. O'Shea, Phillip (2000). "Victoria Cross". In McGibbon, Ian (ed.). The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press. pp. 558–561. ISBN 0-19-558376-0. Sanders, James (1983). Venturer Courageous: Group Captain Leonard Trent V.C., D.F.C. Auckland, New Zealand: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-154600-1. Thompson, H. L. (1953). New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45. Vol. I. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch. OCLC 270919916. Thompson, H. L. (1956). New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45. Vol. II. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch. OCLC 271476032. Further reading Bowyer, Chaz (1992). For Valour: The Air VCs. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-94881-757-1. Bowyer, Michael (1974). 2 Group RAF: A Complete History 1936–45. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-57111-460-3. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Group Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_Captain"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"DFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"No. 15 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._15_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Fairey Battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Battle"},{"link_name":"photo-reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Bristol Blenheims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim_IV"},{"link_name":"Battle of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Flying Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"No. 487 (NZ) Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._487_Squadron_RNZAF"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Venturas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Operation Ramrod 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ramrod_16"},{"link_name":"prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"No. 214 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._214_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Suez Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis"}],"text":"New Zealand aviator and VC recipientGroup Captain Leonard Henry Trent, VC, DFC (14 April 1915 – 19 May 1986) was a New Zealand aviator, senior Royal Air Force officer, and recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.Born in Nelson, Trent obtained a short-term commission in the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1938 after receiving flying training in New Zealand. After travelling to England, he was posted to No. 15 Squadron RAF and was sent to France shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War, flying Fairey Battles on photo-reconnaissance missions into Germany. After his squadron returned to England and converted to Bristol Blenheims, he flew several bombing missions during the Battle of France for which he was later awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC). Afterwards he spent several months on instructing duties before being posted to No. 487 (NZ) Squadron in August 1942, which operated Lockheed Venturas. He was shot down over Amsterdam while on a bombing mission, codenamed Operation Ramrod 16, on 3 May 1943, becoming a prisoner of war.After the war, he was awarded the VC for his actions during Ramrod 16. He continued to serve with the RAF and was commander of No. 214 Squadron during the Suez Crisis. He retired in June 1965 and lived in Australia, and then New Zealand, in his later years. He died in 1986, aged 71.","title":"Leonard Trent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayward_1-1"},{"link_name":"Tākaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81kaka"},{"link_name":"Golden Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bay_/_Mohua"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198321-2"},{"link_name":"Gipsy Moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.60_Moth"},{"link_name":"Malcolm C. McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_C._McGregor"},{"link_name":"fighter ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_ace"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198322%E2%80%9323-3"},{"link_name":"Nelson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198324-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198325-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198325-5"},{"link_name":"abattoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abattoir"},{"link_name":"Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198326-6"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198326-6"}],"text":"Leonard Henry Trent was born in Nelson, New Zealand, on 14 April 1915, the son of Leonard Trent, a dentist, and his wife Irene née Everett.[1] In April 1919 the family relocated to Tākaka, along the shore of Golden Bay.[2] Three years later, his father paid for Trent to take a short flight in a Gipsy Moth piloted by Malcolm C. McGregor, a fighter ace of the First World War, and subsequently Trent became interested in flying.[3] He was educated at Nelson College, boarding at the school from 1928.[4] Not particularly academically inclined he became increasingly interested in golf and in his final year at school, in 1934, won the Nelson Golf Club Senior Championship.[5]Trent had intended to go to university to study dentistry,[5] but the family could not afford to pay for his studies and he instead took up a position as a clerk in the administrative office of an abattoir in Hastings. He gave up the work after a year and returned to Nelson to assist his father in his dental practice.[6] After a time he moved to Wellington taking up office work again. He was soon earning enough money that he could afford to go to night school and study aero engineering and maintenance.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198327-7"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Taieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taieri_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"Dunedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198328%E2%80%9329-8"},{"link_name":"Gipsy Moths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipsy_Moth"},{"link_name":"Miles Magisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Magister"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198327-7"},{"link_name":"Wigram Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigram"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198328%E2%80%9329-8"},{"link_name":"Avro 626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_626"},{"link_name":"Vickers Vildebeest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198328%E2%80%9329-8"},{"link_name":"wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrew_brevet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198336%E2%80%9337-9"},{"link_name":"pilot officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_officer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"No. 15 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._15_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Fairey Battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Battle"},{"link_name":"Abingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Abingdon"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198338-11"},{"link_name":"Hamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamble-le-Rice"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198341-12"}],"text":"In early 1937, in response to an advertisement in a newspaper, Trent applied for a short-term commission in the Royal Air Force (RAF).[7] He passed a selection interview and subsequent medical test and in August was accepted for flying training. Induction training was with the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) and was held at Taieri, near Dunedin,[8] where he flew Gipsy Moths and Miles Magisters.[7] Trent then undertook flight training at the RNZAF's Wigram Air Base in Christchurch,[8] flying Avro 626 and Vickers Vildebeest aircraft.[8] He gained his wings on 12 May 1938 and a month later he sailed for Britain to join the RAF.[9] He was granted a short-service commission of five years in the rank of pilot officer on 23 August 1938.[10]Posted to No. 15 Squadron RAF, which operated Fairey Battles out of Abingdon in Berkshire, Trent spent the next few months learning bombing and reconnaissance flying techniques.[11] In February 1939, he spent three months at Hamble, near Southampton, attending a navigation course. Here he met Ursula Woolhouse, while playing golf at the local club in his downtime.[12]","title":"Early service career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"RAF Advanced Air Striking Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Advanced_Air_Striking_Force"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198343-13"},{"link_name":"Vraux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vraux"},{"link_name":"photo-reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198344%E2%80%9345-14"},{"link_name":"Phoney War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoney_War"},{"link_name":"Bristol Blenheim IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim_IV"},{"link_name":"light bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bomber"},{"link_name":"Wyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Wyton"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198348-15"},{"link_name":"Bristol Blenheim I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim_I"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198352%E2%80%9353-16"},{"link_name":"flying officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_officer"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"invaded France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198354-18"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198355-19"},{"link_name":"Albert Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Canal"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198356%E2%80%9359-20"},{"link_name":"flak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flak"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Bf 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198363%E2%80%9364-21"},{"link_name":"flights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"flight lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198368-22"},{"link_name":"Operation Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dynamo"},{"link_name":"British Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198369%E2%80%9370-23"},{"link_name":"No. 17 Operational Training Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._17_Operational_Training_Unit_RAF"},{"link_name":"Upwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Upwood"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198371-24"},{"link_name":"Avro Ansons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Anson"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198372-25"},{"link_name":"Wellington bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Holborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayward_1-1"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Flying Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Warboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Warboys"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198375%E2%80%9376-28"},{"link_name":"Douglas Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198376%E2%80%9378-29"},{"link_name":"squadron leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_leader"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"No. 2 Group RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198379-31"},{"link_name":"No. 88 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._88_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198380%E2%80%9381-32"}],"text":"In early September 1939, following the outbreak of the Second World War, No. 15 Squadron flew to France as part of the RAF Advanced Air Striking Force.[13] Stationed at Vraux, the squadron was to fly high-level photo-reconnaissance missions over enemy territory, collecting information on German airfields, factories and major infrastructure. Trent flew his first mission into Germany on 24 September 1939, No. 15 Squadron's first operational sortie of the war.[14] This period of the war was known as the Phoney War, and much the squadron's flying revolved around training and practice bombing missions. The squadron was sent back to England in early December to convert to the Bristol Blenheim IV, a light bomber, operating from Wyton.[15]Initial conversion work was on the Bristol Blenheim I and during this time Trent had to make an emergency landing, having become lost in overcast conditions while on a flight to Scotland.[16] In March 1940, he was promoted to flying officer.[17] The squadron returned to operations when the Germans invaded France and the Low Countries on 10 May 1940.[18] That day he flew one of three aircraft that bombed German forces at an aerodrome near Rotterdam.[19] Further missions followed, including a bombing raid on bridges over the Albert Canal that saw six of the twelve participating aircraft destroyed.[20] On another mission, his aircraft suffered damage from flak and an attacking Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter and he put down at an airfield on the way back to his base for repairs. However, advancing Germans threatened the airfield and as night fell, he and his crew had to fly to England as they could not navigate back to their base in France.[21] On 23 May, casualties in the squadron saw Trent take command of one of its flights in conjunction with a promotion to acting flight lieutenant.[22] He led several bombing sorties while Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk, was in effect and by mid-June had flown 14 sorties. Exhausted, he was sent on leave.[23]On his return to duty, Trent was posted to No. 17 Operational Training Unit, stationed at Upwood, as an instructor.[24] He taught trainees formation flying and made navigational flights in Avro Ansons.[25] He also had the opportunity to fly other aircraft; these included the Wellington bomber. In the meantime, his relationship with Ursula Woolhouse continued to grow and on 7 August 1940 the couple were married at Holborn, London.[1] The previous month he had been awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his outstanding performance during the Battle of France.[26]In March 1941, his flight lieutenant rank was made substantive[27] and six months later Trent received a new posting at the Operational Training Squadron at Warboys.[28] He helped assess the Douglas Boston bomber for service in the RAF; on his first flight in the aircraft, it suffered an engine fire forcing an immediate return to his base.[29] Trent returned to operational duty in March 1942 and, promoted to temporary squadron leader on 1 June,[30] was assigned to Headquarters, No. 2 Group RAF.[31] He found the duty dull and began to seek a position at No. 88 Squadron where a friend of his was the squadron leader.[32]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trent_Grindell_Turnbull_IWM_HU_81283.jpg"},{"link_name":"No. 487 (NZ) Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._487_Squadron_RNZAF"},{"link_name":"Feltwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Feltwell"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Article XV squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_XV_squadrons"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1953210%E2%80%93217-33"},{"link_name":"flight commanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_commander"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders198383%E2%80%9384-34"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Venturas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura"},{"link_name":"formation flying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_flying"},{"link_name":"Eindhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eindhoven"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperRichardson2007288-35"},{"link_name":"Operation Ramrod 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ramrod_16"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Ijmuiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijmuiden"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Spitfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfires"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1956143%E2%80%93147-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperRichardson2007288%E2%80%93290-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:487_Squadron_RNZAF_NCOs_RAF_Methold_early_1943.JPG"},{"link_name":"Focke-Wulf Fw 190s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190"},{"link_name":"machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"navigator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigator"},{"link_name":"prisoners of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1956143%E2%80%93147-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperRichardson2007288%E2%80%93290-37"}],"sub_title":"Service with No. 487 Squadron","text":"Squadron Leader Trent (left) with Wing Commander G. J. \"Chopper\" Grindell (centre) and Squadron Leader T. Turnbull (right) in 1943In August 1942, the RAF established a new bomber squadron, designated No. 487 (NZ) Squadron, based at Feltwell in Norfolk. An Article XV squadron, many of its flying personnel were New Zealanders, although other nationalities also served with the squadron.[33] Trent, still hoping for a posting to No. 88 Squadron, was instead sent to No. 487 Squadron as one of its flight commanders.[34] The squadron was to operate Lockheed Venturas; these were unpopular aircraft, being relatively slow and demanding to fly, with an inadequate defensive armament. Although the senior officers in the squadron were experienced flying personnel, many crew members were novices and needed extensive practice in formation flying before reaching an acceptable standard for operational duties. The squadron flew its first mission in December, a raid on a factory at Eindhoven in the Netherlands. Over the next several months, the squadron flew raids to targets in France and the Low Countries.[35]On 3 May 1943 the squadron flew a bombing mission, codenamed Operation Ramrod 16, on a power station in Amsterdam. The mission was intended to be as a diversion for another raid being carried out almost simultaneously on a power station at Ijmuiden. \"Ramrod\" was a term designating a daylight bombing mission, with a fighter escort, that targeted a specific objective. The twelve participating Venturas, led by Trent, were to cross the Dutch coast at sea level, escorted by six squadrons of Supermarine Spitfires. Two more squadrons of Spitfires were to provide top cover for the Venturas over the target, with all of the aircraft keeping to sea level as they approached the Dutch coast so as to avoid showing up on German radar, before climbing to reach bombing height. However, the Spitfires flying top cover mistimed their departure from England, arriving early and failing to keep low enough when reaching the Dutch coast. This alerted the German defences.[36][37]Non-commissioned officers of Trent's No. 487 Squadron, with a Ventura at RAF Methwold, early 1943One Ventura had returned to England with a malfunction and as the eleven remaining aircraft of No. 487 Squadron approached Amsterdam, they and their escorts were set upon by Bf 109s and Focke-Wulf Fw 190s, 70 aircraft in all. The top cover, arriving well before the Venturas, had already been recalled having run low on fuel. The Fw 190s dealt with the escorting Spitfires while the Bf 109s targeted the bombers. Under constant attack by the German fighters, No. 487 Squadron continued on to its target, with only five aircraft making it to Amsterdam to commence their bombing run. Only Trent successfully completed his run, and in doing so shot down one Bf 109 with the forward machine guns of his Ventura. Immediately afterwards, his own aircraft was hit and put into a spin. As the Ventura broke up, Trent and his navigator were thrown clear at 7,000 feet (2,100 m) and became prisoners of war (POW). The remaining crew members, trapped in the aircraft, were unable to exit and were killed when it crashed.[36][37]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stalag Luft III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayward_1-1"},{"link_name":"Żagań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBaga%C5%84"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll200458-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983133%E2%80%93134-39"},{"link_name":"\"Great Escape\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III_escape"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004167-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004178%E2%80%93179-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004181-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004211-43"},{"link_name":"Soviet forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"liberated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III#Liberation_in_1945"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004234%E2%80%93237-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983193-45"},{"link_name":"Transport Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Transport_Command"},{"link_name":"Douglas Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"Syerston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Syerston"},{"link_name":"paratrooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratrooper"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983196%E2%80%93197-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983201-48"}],"sub_title":"Stalag Luft III","text":"Trent was sent to Stalag Luft III,[1] a POW camp well to the southeast of Berlin, in what is now Żagań, in Poland.[38] He soon became involved in the various escape attempts mounted by the POWs, helping conceal the sand extracted from tunnels that were under construction.[39]He took part in the \"Great Escape\" of 24 March 1944. On exiting the tunnel, he had planned with another POW, Mike Shand, to head to Switzerland via Czechoslovakia and Austria.[40] He was the 79th POW to pass through the escape tunnel, just behind Shand. However, as he was exiting the tunnel, a German guard thwarted his escape and Trent was recaptured almost immediately[41] and placed in solitary confinement.[42] The majority of the successful escapees were eventually recaptured, the Germans executing 50 of them.[43] By January 1945, the Soviet forces were advancing into Germany and the POWs at Stalag Luft III were force marched away to the west to a camp near Bremen. They were moved again in April but were liberated by the British on 2 May 1945.[44]Trent returned to England on 7 May[45] and went on leave for two months before reporting back for duty with the RAF. Preferring active flying to instructional duties, he requested a post at Transport Command. He qualified as a Douglas Dakota pilot and then spent a few months at Syerston, a paratrooper training school.[46] In late 1945, Trent transferred back to RNZAF service.[47] He wanted to pursue a career in the military and felt that the RNZAF offered better remuneration and promotion opportunities than the RAF.[48]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983196-49"},{"link_name":"Air Vice-Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Vice-Marshal"},{"link_name":"Basil Embry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Embry"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983199-50"},{"link_name":"British Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Shea2000558%E2%80%93559-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983199-50"},{"link_name":"London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"King George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_VI"},{"link_name":"Buckingham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"On his return to duty, Trent had provided a written debrief on the Ramrod 16 raid.[49] After considering Trent's statements on the Ramrod 16 raid and other evidence collected by the Air Ministry, the commander of No. 2 Group, Air Vice-Marshal Basil Embry, recommended him for the Victoria Cross (VC).[50] Instituted in 1856, the VC was the highest gallantry award that could be bestowed on military personnel of the British Commonwealth.[51] Having been informally advised that he was to be a recipient of the VC earlier that day, Trent's award was publicly announced on 1 March 1946.[50] The citation for Trent's VC was published in the London Gazette and read:On 3 May 1943, Squadron Leader Trent was detailed to lead a formation of Ventura aircraft in a daylight attack on the power station at Amsterdam. This operation was intended to encourage the Dutch workmen in their resistance to enemy pressure and the target was known to be heavily defended. The importance of bombing it, regardless of enemy fighters or anti-aircraft fire, was strongly impressed on the aircrews taking part in the operation. Before taking off Squadron Leader Trent told the deputy leader that he was going over the target whatever happened. All went well until the eleven Venturas and their fighter escort were nearing the Dutch Coast. Then one bomber was hit and had to turn back. Suddenly large numbers of enemy fighters appeared. Our escorting fighters were hotly engaged and lost touch with the bombing force. The Venturas closed up for mutual protection and commenced their run up to the target. Unfortunately the fighters detailed to support them over the target had reached the area too early and had been recalled. Soon the bombers were attacked. They were at the mercy of fifteen to twenty Messerschmitts which dived on them incessantly. Within four minutes six Venturas were destroyed. Squadron Leader Trent continued on his course with the remaining three aircraft, and in a short time two more Venturas went down in flames. Heedless of the murderous attacks and of the heavy anti-aircraft fire which was now encountered, Squadron Leader Trent completed an accurate bombing run, and even shot down a Messerschmitt at point blank range. Dropping his bombs in the target area he turned away. The aircraft following him was shot down on reaching the target. Immediately afterwards his own aircraft was hit and went into a spin and broke up. Squadron Leader Trent and his navigator were thrown clear and became prisoners of war. The two other members of the crew perished. On this, his twenty-fourth sortie, Squadron Leader Trent showed outstanding leadership. Such was the trust placed in this gallant officer that the other pilots followed him unwaveringly. His cool unflinching courage and devotion to duty in the face of overwhelming odds rank with the fine examples of these virtues.\n\n— The London Gazette, No. 37486, 26 February 1946[52]Trent, with his wife present, received the VC from King George VI in an investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace on 26 March 1946.[53]","title":"Victoria Cross"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Archibald Nicoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Nicoll"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983199%E2%80%93200-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983201%E2%80%93203-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Bircham Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Bircham_Newton"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983203-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Dishforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Dishforth"},{"link_name":"Avro York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_York"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983203-57"},{"link_name":"Berlin airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_airlift"},{"link_name":"ankylosing spondylitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983205%E2%80%93206-59"},{"link_name":"Flying Training Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Flying_Training_Command"},{"link_name":"Central Flying School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Flying_School"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983206-60"},{"link_name":"No. 3 Flying Training School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._3_Flying_Training_School_RAF"},{"link_name":"Harvard trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983208-61"},{"link_name":"No. 4 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._4_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Little Rissington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rissington"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Vampires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983209-62"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Medal"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"wing commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_commander_(rank)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Oakington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Oakington"},{"link_name":"Gloster Meteors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Meteor"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983212-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983216%E2%80%93217-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983220-67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vickers_Valiant_BK.1_XD816_214_Sqn_ABIN_150668_edited-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manby"},{"link_name":"No. 214 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._214_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Vickers Valiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valiant"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983222%E2%80%93224-68"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Suez Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983233-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983234%E2%80%93234-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983239-71"},{"link_name":"No. 3 Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._3_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"Mildenhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Mildenhall"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983243-72"},{"link_name":"group captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_captain"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983245-74"},{"link_name":"RAF Wittering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Wittering"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983246-75"},{"link_name":"air attaché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_attach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayward_1-1"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983251%E2%80%93252-76"},{"link_name":"air aide-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_aide-de-camp"},{"link_name":"the Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983251-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983256-80"}],"text":"In late 1946, Trent and his family travelled by sea to Auckland in New Zealand for a period of extended leave before commencing service with the RNZAF. As a VC recipient, he attended a number of civic functions around the country and had his portrait painted by Archibald Nicoll.[54] Once his leave had finished, his initial work for the RNZAF was as part of a committee to select fliers for service with the RAF, which was seeking to augment its ranks with experienced personnel. The RAF was also increasing rates of remuneration for its personnel and when it offered Trent a permanent commission, he accepted. He returned to England with his family, which now included a son, in late 1947[55] and resumed his career in the RAF with the substantive rank of flight lieutenant.[56]Trent was posted to Bircham Newton, a Transport Command station, as an instructor to help prepare students to fly Dakotas. In September 1948,[57] having been promoted to the substantive rank of squadron leader earlier in the year,[58] he was sent to Dishforth which trained pilots to fly the Avro York transport.[57] He flew several operations during the Berlin airlift but soon began to suffer from ankylosing spondylitis which required specialist treatment for a few months before he could return to duty.[59]Now posted to Flying Training Command, in August 1950 Trent undertook refresher and leadership courses before going on to Central Flying School early the following year.[60] Trent returned to Feltwell, where he had been based while at No. 487 Squadron, in March 1951. He was chief instructor at No. 3 Flying Training School, teaching students to fly the Harvard trainer.[61] In October 1952, he was appointed squadron commander of No. 4 Squadron, which was based at Little Rissington and operated de Havilland Vampires.[62] The following year, he was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal,[63] promoted to wing commander[64] and posted to Oakington where he instructed on Gloster Meteors.[65] While there, he had to bail out of a Meteor which had gone into an unrecoverable spin.[66] Not long afterwards, in early 1954, with the flight school having re-equipped with Vampires, Trent had to again bail out when he lost control of his aircraft.[67]A Vickers Valiant of No. 214 SquadronIn early 1956, after attending a six-month course at No. 6 Flying College Course at Manby, Trent was appointed commander of No. 214 Squadron, which was the first unit to be equipped with the new Vickers Valiant.[68] Later that year, in October, his squadron was dispatched to Malta due to the outbreak of the Suez Crisis[69] and flew a number of missions into Egypt. The squadron returned to England at the end of year when tensions eased.[70] In March 1958, he flew a Valiant to New Zealand as part of the celebrations for the twenty-first anniversary of the founding of the RNZAF.[71] The next month, he took up a post as Wing Commander Training at No. 3 Group Headquarters at Mildenhall[72] and was promoted to the rank of group captain on 1 July 1959.[73][74]Trent was appointed station commander at RAF Wittering in April 1960.[75] He still occasionally flew Valiants, including taking one on a goodwill tour to the United States. He then served as an air attaché, representing Bomber Command at the British Embassy in Washington, D.C. from mid-1962,[1][76] and on 12 June the same year, he was appointed an air aide-de-camp to the Queen.[77] As the Queen never visited Washington, D.C. during his tenure there, he was never called upon to serve in this role.[78] After three years, his service in the United States ended and he retired from the RAF on 23 June 1965.[79][80]","title":"Post-war service career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983256-80"},{"link_name":"Matheson Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matheson_Bay"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983256-80"},{"link_name":"North Shore Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayward_1-1"},{"link_name":"Fremantle Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cenotaph-82"},{"link_name":"Air Force Museum of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Museum_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vconline-83"},{"link_name":"airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Airport_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Queens Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Gardens,_Dunedin"},{"link_name":"Dunedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cenotaph-82"},{"link_name":"Taradale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taradale,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"text":"Following his retirement in 1965, Trent moved his family to Western Australia.[80] With his wife, he later returned to New Zealand to live at Matheson Bay, north of Auckland.[80] He died on 19 May 1986 at North Shore Hospital, survived by his wife and two children.[1] He was cremated and his ashes were taken to Western Australia, where they were interred at Fremantle Cemetery[81] alongside those of his daughter, Judith, who had predeceased him.[82]Trent's medals, including the VC, are held by the Air Force Museum of New Zealand at Wigram in Christchurch.[83] There is a memorial to Trent at the airport in Nelson, his home town,[84] and there is also a plaque honouring him in Queens Gardens in Dunedin.[82] Trent Street in the suburb of Taradale, Napier in New Zealand was renamed in his honour in 1969.[85]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hayward_1_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hayward_1_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hayward_1_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hayward_1_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hayward_1_1-4"},{"link_name":"\"Trent, Leonard Henry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5t20"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of New Zealand Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography"},{"link_name":"Ministry for Culture and 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38175\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38175/supplement/257"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983203_57-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983203_57-1"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"\"No. 38344\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38344/supplement/3895"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983205%E2%80%93206_59-0"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983206_60-0"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983208_61-0"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983209_62-0"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"\"Coronation Medal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nzlii.org/nz/other/nz_gazette/1953/37.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"\"No. 39900\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39900/supplement/3607"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983212_65-0"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983216%E2%80%93217_66-0"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983220_67-0"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983222%E2%80%93224_68-0"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983233_69-0"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983234%E2%80%93234_70-0"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983239_71-0"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983243_72-0"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"\"No. 41753\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41753/supplement/4227"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983245_74-0"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983246_75-0"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983251%E2%80%93252_76-0"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-77"},{"link_name":"\"No. 42701\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42701/supplement/4723"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983251_78-0"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-79"},{"link_name":"\"No. 43705\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43705/supplement/6424"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983256_80-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983256_80-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983256_80-2"},{"link_name":"Sanders 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSanders1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-81"},{"link_name":"\"Summary of Record Information: Leonard Trent\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www2.mcb.wa.gov.au/NameSearch/details.php?id=FO00031521"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cenotaph_82-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cenotaph_82-1"},{"link_name":"\"Online Cenotaph: Leonard Henry Trent\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.aucklandmuseum.com/war-memorial/online-cenotaph/record/C131843"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vconline_83-0"},{"link_name":"\"Leonard Henry Trent VC, DFC\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.vconline.org.uk/leonard-h-trent-vc/4588360262"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-84"},{"link_name":"\"Leonard Trent VC Memorial\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/leonard-trent-vc-memorial"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-85"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Hayward, Joel. \"Trent, Leonard Henry\". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 8 January 2011.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 21.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 22–23.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 24.\n\n^ a b Sanders 1983, p. 25.\n\n^ a b Sanders 1983, p. 26.\n\n^ a b Sanders 1983, p. 27.\n\n^ a b c Sanders 1983, pp. 28–29.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 36–37.\n\n^ \"No. 34548\". The London Gazette. 6 September 1938. p. 5678.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 38.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 41.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 43.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 44–45.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 48.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 52–53.\n\n^ \"No. 34822\". The London Gazette. 2 April 1940. p. 1916.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 54.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 55.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 56–59.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 63–64.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 68.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 69–70.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 71.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 72.\n\n^ \"No. 34892\". The London Gazette. 9 July 1940. p. 4177.\n\n^ \"No. 35119\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1941. p. 1811.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 75–76.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 76–78.\n\n^ \"No. 35618\". The London Gazette. 3 July 1942. p. 2925.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 79.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 80–81.\n\n^ Thompson 1953, pp. 210–217.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 83–84.\n\n^ Harper & Richardson 2007, p. 288.\n\n^ a b Thompson 1956, pp. 143–147.\n\n^ a b Harper & Richardson 2007, pp. 288–290.\n\n^ Carroll 2004, p. 58.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 133–134.\n\n^ Carroll 2004, p. 167.\n\n^ Carroll 2004, pp. 178–179.\n\n^ Carroll 2004, p. 181.\n\n^ Carroll 2004, p. 211.\n\n^ Carroll 2004, pp. 234–237.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 193.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 196–197.\n\n^ \"No. 37345\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 November 1945. p. 5523.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 201.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 196.\n\n^ a b Sanders 1983, p. 199.\n\n^ O'Shea 2000, pp. 558–559.\n\n^ \"No. 37486\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 March 1946. p. 1179.\n\n^ \"Receives V.C. from King\". Northern Advocate. 27 March 1946. Retrieved 13 February 2020.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 199–200.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 201–203.\n\n^ \"No. 38175\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 January 1948. p. 257.\n\n^ a b Sanders 1983, p. 203.\n\n^ \"No. 38344\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 July 1948. p. 3895.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 205–206.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 206.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 208.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 209.\n\n^ \"Coronation Medal\" (PDF). Supplement to the New Zealand Gazette. No. 37. 3 July 1953. pp. 1021–1035. Retrieved 20 March 2022.\n\n^ \"No. 39900\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 June 1953. p. 3607.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 212.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 216–217.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 220.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 222–224.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 233.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 234–234.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 239.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 243.\n\n^ \"No. 41753\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 June 1959. p. 4227.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 245.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 246.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, pp. 251–252.\n\n^ \"No. 42701\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 June 1962. p. 4723.\n\n^ Sanders 1983, p. 251.\n\n^ \"No. 43705\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 July 1965. p. 6424.\n\n^ a b c Sanders 1983, p. 256.\n\n^ \"Summary of Record Information: Leonard Trent\". Metropolitan Cemeteries Board. Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 3 February 2020.\n\n^ a b \"Online Cenotaph: Leonard Henry Trent\". Online Cenotaph. Auckland Museum. Retrieved 3 February 2020.\n\n^ \"Leonard Henry Trent VC, DFC\". The Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria Cross & George Cross. Retrieved 9 January 2020.\n\n^ \"Leonard Trent VC Memorial\". NZ History. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 13 February 2020.\n\n^ Napier City Council minutes book (10/04/68-31/03/69). Held at Napier City Council archives department. p. 566.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-94881-757-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-94881-757-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-57111-460-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-57111-460-3"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6525372#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1899322/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000025473833"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/65422122"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjxtvtK8g3bQJd83PDjG3"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n84218613"}],"text":"Bowyer, Chaz (1992). For Valour: The Air VCs. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-94881-757-1.\nBowyer, Michael (1974). 2 Group RAF: A Complete History 1936–45. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-57111-460-3.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Squadron Leader Trent (left) with Wing Commander G. J. \"Chopper\" Grindell (centre) and Squadron Leader T. Turnbull (right) in 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Trent_Grindell_Turnbull_IWM_HU_81283.jpg/220px-Trent_Grindell_Turnbull_IWM_HU_81283.jpg"},{"image_text":"Non-commissioned officers of Trent's No. 487 Squadron, with a Ventura at RAF Methwold, early 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/487_Squadron_RNZAF_NCOs_RAF_Methold_early_1943.JPG/220px-487_Squadron_RNZAF_NCOs_RAF_Methold_early_1943.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Vickers Valiant of No. 214 Squadron","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Vickers_Valiant_BK.1_XD816_214_Sqn_ABIN_150668_edited-2.jpg/220px-Vickers_Valiant_BK.1_XD816_214_Sqn_ABIN_150668_edited-2.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Hayward, Joel. \"Trent, Leonard Henry\". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 8 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5t20","url_text":"\"Trent, Leonard Henry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of New Zealand Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage","url_text":"Ministry for Culture and Heritage"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34548\". The London Gazette. 6 September 1938. p. 5678.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34548/page/5678","url_text":"\"No. 34548\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34822\". The London Gazette. 2 April 1940. p. 1916.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34822/page/1916","url_text":"\"No. 34822\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34892\". The London Gazette. 9 July 1940. p. 4177.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34892/page/4177","url_text":"\"No. 34892\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35119\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1941. p. 1811.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35119/page/1811","url_text":"\"No. 35119\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35618\". The London Gazette. 3 July 1942. p. 2925.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35618/page/2925","url_text":"\"No. 35618\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 37345\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 November 1945. p. 5523.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37345/supplement/5523","url_text":"\"No. 37345\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 37486\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 March 1946. p. 1179.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37486/supplement/1179","url_text":"\"No. 37486\""}]},{"reference":"\"Receives V.C. from King\". Northern Advocate. 27 March 1946. Retrieved 13 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NA19460327.2.104","url_text":"\"Receives V.C. from King\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 38175\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 January 1948. p. 257.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38175/supplement/257","url_text":"\"No. 38175\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 38344\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 July 1948. p. 3895.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38344/supplement/3895","url_text":"\"No. 38344\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coronation Medal\" (PDF). Supplement to the New Zealand Gazette. No. 37. 3 July 1953. pp. 1021–1035. Retrieved 20 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzlii.org/nz/other/nz_gazette/1953/37.pdf","url_text":"\"Coronation Medal\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 39900\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 June 1953. p. 3607.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39900/supplement/3607","url_text":"\"No. 39900\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41753\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 June 1959. p. 4227.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41753/supplement/4227","url_text":"\"No. 41753\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 42701\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 June 1962. p. 4723.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42701/supplement/4723","url_text":"\"No. 42701\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 43705\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 July 1965. p. 6424.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43705/supplement/6424","url_text":"\"No. 43705\""}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of Record Information: Leonard Trent\". Metropolitan Cemeteries Board. Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 3 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.mcb.wa.gov.au/NameSearch/details.php?id=FO00031521","url_text":"\"Summary of Record Information: Leonard Trent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Online Cenotaph: Leonard Henry Trent\". Online Cenotaph. Auckland Museum. Retrieved 3 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/war-memorial/online-cenotaph/record/C131843","url_text":"\"Online Cenotaph: Leonard Henry Trent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leonard Henry Trent VC, DFC\". The Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria Cross & George Cross. Retrieved 9 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vconline.org.uk/leonard-h-trent-vc/4588360262","url_text":"\"Leonard Henry Trent VC, DFC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leonard Trent VC Memorial\". NZ History. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 13 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/leonard-trent-vc-memorial","url_text":"\"Leonard Trent VC Memorial\""}]},{"reference":"Napier City Council minutes book (10/04/68-31/03/69). Held at Napier City Council archives department. p. 566.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carroll, Tim (2004). The Great Escapers: The Full Story of the Second World War's Most Remarkable Mass Escape. Edinburgh, Great Britain: Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 1-84018-795-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84018-795-6","url_text":"1-84018-795-6"}]},{"reference":"Harper, Glyn; Richardson, Colin (2007). In the Face of the Enemy: The Complete History of the Victoria Cross and New Zealand. Auckland, New Zealand: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-1-86950-650-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyn_Harper","url_text":"Harper, Glyn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86950-650-6","url_text":"978-1-86950-650-6"}]},{"reference":"O'Shea, Phillip (2000). \"Victoria Cross\". In McGibbon, Ian (ed.). The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press. pp. 558–561. ISBN 0-19-558376-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McGibbon","url_text":"McGibbon, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-558376-0","url_text":"0-19-558376-0"}]},{"reference":"Sanders, James (1983). Venturer Courageous: Group Captain Leonard Trent V.C., D.F.C. Auckland, New Zealand: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-154600-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-154600-1","url_text":"0-09-154600-1"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, H. L. (1953). New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45. Vol. I. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch. OCLC 270919916.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1RAF.html","url_text":"New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_History_of_New_Zealand_in_the_Second_World_War_1939%E2%80%9345","url_text":"Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/270919916","url_text":"270919916"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, H. L. (1956). New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45. Vol. II. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch. OCLC 271476032.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-2RAF.html","url_text":"New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/271476032","url_text":"271476032"}]},{"reference":"Bowyer, Chaz (1992). For Valour: The Air VCs. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-94881-757-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-94881-757-1","url_text":"978-0-94881-757-1"}]},{"reference":"Bowyer, Michael (1974). 2 Group RAF: A Complete History 1936–45. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-57111-460-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-57111-460-3","url_text":"978-0-57111-460-3"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursins
Ursins
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Coat of arms","4 Demographics","5 Heritage sites of national significance","6 Politics","7 Economy","8 Religion","9 Education","10 References"]
Coordinates: 46°44′N 6°40′E / 46.733°N 6.667°E / 46.733; 6.667Municipality in Vaud, SwitzerlandUrsinsMunicipality Coat of armsLocation of Ursins UrsinsShow map of SwitzerlandUrsinsShow map of Canton of VaudCoordinates: 46°44′N 6°40′E / 46.733°N 6.667°E / 46.733; 6.667CountrySwitzerlandCantonVaudDistrictJura-Nord VaudoisGovernment • MayorSyndicArea • Total3.37 km2 (1.30 sq mi)Elevation645 m (2,116 ft)Population (31 December 2018) • Total230 • Density68/km2 (180/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (Central European Time) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time)Postal code(s)1412SFOS number5932ISO 3166 codeCH-VDSurrounded byCronay, Essertines-sur-Yverdon, Orzens, Pomy, Valeyres-sous-UrsinsWebsitewww.ursins.ch Profile (in French), SFSO statistics Ursins (French pronunciation: ) is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord Vaudois of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. History Ursins is first mentioned in 1174 as Ursi. Geography Ursins has an area, as of 2009, of 3.4 square kilometers (1.3 sq mi). Of this area, 2.58 km2 (1.00 sq mi) or 77.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.7 km2 (0.27 sq mi) or 20.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.12 km2 (30 acres) or 3.6% is settled (buildings or roads). Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.1%. Out of the forested land, 19.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 69.3% is used for growing crops and 6.0% is pastures, while 1.8% is used for orchards or vine crops. The municipality was part of the Yverdon District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Ursins became part of the new district of Jura-Nord Vaudois. The municipalities of Cronay, Cuarny, Pomy, Ursins, Valeyres-sous-Ursins and Villars-Epeney are considering a merger at a date in the future into the new municipality with an, as of 2011, undetermined name. Coat of arms The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Pally of Six Argent and Azure, on a Bend Gules three Bears' heads bendwise Or. This may be an example of canting with the bear or Ursus on the coat of arms." Demographics Ursins has a population (as of December 2020) of 239. As of 2008, 4.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 18.9%. It has changed at a rate of 19.4% due to migration and at a rate of -0.6% due to births and deaths. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks French (164 or 96.5%) as their first language, with German being second most common (2 or 1.2%) and Afrikanische Sprachen being third (2 or 1.2%). The age distribution, as of 2009, in Ursins is; 24 children or 11.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 20 teenagers or 9.6% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 27 people or 13.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 36 people or 17.3% are between 30 and 39, 28 people or 13.5% are between 40 and 49, and 24 people or 11.5% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 24 people or 11.5% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 14 people or 6.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 10 people or 4.8% who are between 80 and 89, and there is 1 person who is 90 and older. As of 2000, there were 65 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 92 married individuals, 9 widows or widowers and 4 individuals who are divorced. As of 2000, there were 66 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 14 households that consist of only one person and 4 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 67 households that answered this question, 20.9% were households made up of just one person and there was 1 adult who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 20 married couples without children, 27 married couples with children There were 3 single parents with a child or children. There was 1 household that was made up of unrelated people and 1 household that was made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing. In 2000 there were 20 single family homes (or 41.7% of the total) out of a total of 48 inhabited buildings. There were 5 multi-family buildings (10.4%) and along with 23 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (47.9%). In 2000, a total of 63 apartments (87.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 6 apartments (8.3%) were seasonally occupied and 3 apartments (4.2%) were empty. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 0%. The historical population is given in the following chart: Heritage sites of national significance The Roman era Sanctuary is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Politics In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 50.29% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (17.46%), the Green Party (11.26%) and the SP (10.32%). In the federal election, a total of 79 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 56.4%. Economy As of  2010, Ursins had an unemployment rate of 1.4%. As of 2008, there were 22 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 10 businesses involved in this sector. 7 people were employed in the secondary sector and there was 1 business in this sector. 1 person was employed in the tertiary sector, with 1 business in this sector. There were 87 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.5% of the workforce. In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 19. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 11, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 7, all of which were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 1, a technical professional or scientist. In 2000, there were 4 workers who commuted into the municipality and 65 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 16.3 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 6.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 66.7% used a private car. Religion From the 2000 census, 9 or 5.3% were Roman Catholic, while 134 or 78.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 2 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.18% of the population). 20 (or about 11.76% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 5 individuals (or about 2.94% of the population) did not answer the question. Education Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ursins. In Ursins about 61 or (35.9%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 22 or (12.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 22 who completed tertiary schooling, 54.5% were Swiss men, 27.3% were Swiss women. In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 23 students in the Ursins school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 578 children of which 359 children (62.1%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 13 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 10 students in those schools. As of 2000, there were 29 students from Ursins who attended schools outside the municipality. References ^ a b "Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019. ^ "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019. ^ a b Ursins in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. ^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2009 data (in German) accessed 25 March 2010 ^ Nomenklaturen – Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz Archived 2015-11-13 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 4 April 2011 ^ Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz published by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (in German) accessed 17 February 2011 ^ Flags of the World.com accessed 23-August-2011 ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Superweb database - Gemeinde Statistics 1981-2008 (in German) accessed 19 June 2010 ^ a b c d e f Swiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 23-August-2011 ^ a b c d e STAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 - 2000 Archived 2014-04-09 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 2 February 2011 ^ Canton of Vaud Statistical Office (in French) accessed 29 April 2011 ^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB - Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 - Gebäude und Wohnungen Archived 2014-09-07 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011 ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850-2000 Archived 2014-09-30 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 29 January 2011 ^ "Kantonsliste A-Objekte". KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/Canton (in German) accessed 28 May 2010 ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1-3 Archived 2014-12-25 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011 ^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Statweb Archived 2012-08-04 at archive.today (in German) accessed 24 June 2010 ^ Organigramme de l'école vaudoise, année scolaire 2009-2010 (in French) accessed 2 May 2011 ^ Canton of Vaud Statistical Office - Scol. obligatoire/filières de transition (in French) accessed 2 May 2011 vteMunicipalities in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois, Switzerland L'Abbaye L'Abergement Agiez Arnex-sur-Orbe Ballaigues Baulmes Bavois Belmont-sur-Yverdon Bioley-Magnoux Bofflens Bonvillars Bretonnières Bullet Chamblon Champagne Champvent Chavannes-le-Chêne Chavornay Chêne-Pâquier Le Chenit Cheseaux-Noréaz Les Clées Concise Corcelles-près-Concise Cronay Croy Cuarny Démoret Donneloye Épendes Fiez Fontaines-sur-Grandson Giez Grandevent Grandson Juriens Le Lieu Lignerolle Mathod Mauborget Molondin Montagny-près-Yverdon Montcherand Mutrux Novalles Onnens Orbe Orges Orzens Pomy La Praz Premier Provence Rances Romainmôtier-Envy Rovray Sainte-Croix Sergey Suchy Suscévaz Tévenon Treycovagnes Ursins Valeyres-sous-Montagny Valeyres-sous-Rances Valeyres-sous-Ursins Vallorbe Vaulion Villars-Epeney Vugelles-La Mothe Vuiteboeuf Yverdon-les-Bains Yvonand Canton of Vaud Districts of the canton of Vaud Municipalities of the canton of Vaud Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[yʁsɛ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Jura-Nord Vaudois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura-North_Vaudois_District"},{"link_name":"canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Vaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaud"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"}],"text":"Municipality in Vaud, SwitzerlandUrsins (French pronunciation: [yʁsɛ̃]) is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord Vaudois of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.","title":"Ursins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-3"}],"text":"Ursins is first mentioned in 1174 as Ursi.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFS_land-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFS_land-4"},{"link_name":"Yverdon District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yverdon_District"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutation-5"},{"link_name":"Cronay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronay"},{"link_name":"Cuarny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarny"},{"link_name":"Pomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomy_VD"},{"link_name":"Valeyres-sous-Ursins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeyres-sous-Ursins"},{"link_name":"Villars-Epeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villars-Epeney"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fusion-6"}],"text":"Ursins has an area, as of 2009[update], of 3.4 square kilometers (1.3 sq mi). Of this area, 2.58 km2 (1.00 sq mi) or 77.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.7 km2 (0.27 sq mi) or 20.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.12 km2 (30 acres) or 3.6% is settled (buildings or roads).[4]Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.1%. Out of the forested land, 19.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 69.3% is used for growing crops and 6.0% is pastures, while 1.8% is used for orchards or vine crops.[4]The municipality was part of the Yverdon District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Ursins became part of the new district of Jura-Nord Vaudois.[5]The municipalities of Cronay, Cuarny, Pomy, Ursins, Valeyres-sous-Ursins and Villars-Epeney are considering a merger at a date in the future into the new municipality with an, as of 2011[update], undetermined name.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazon"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"canting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canting_arms"},{"link_name":"Ursus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Pally of Six Argent and Azure, on a Bend Gules three Bears' heads bendwise Or. This may be an example of canting with the bear or Ursus on the coat of arms.[7]\"","title":"Coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stat2020_VD-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_superweb-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-10"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STAT2000-11"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaud_Pop_Stats-12"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STAT2000-11"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STAT2000-11"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Housing-13"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Housing-13"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-10"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Ursins has a population (as of December 2020[update]) of 239.[8] As of 2008[update], 4.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals.[9] Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 18.9%. It has changed at a rate of 19.4% due to migration and at a rate of -0.6% due to births and deaths.[10]Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks French (164 or 96.5%) as their first language, with German being second most common (2 or 1.2%) and Afrikanische Sprachen being third (2 or 1.2%).[11]The age distribution, as of 2009[update], in Ursins is; 24 children or 11.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 20 teenagers or 9.6% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 27 people or 13.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 36 people or 17.3% are between 30 and 39, 28 people or 13.5% are between 40 and 49, and 24 people or 11.5% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 24 people or 11.5% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 14 people or 6.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 10 people or 4.8% who are between 80 and 89, and there is 1 person who is 90 and older.[12]As of 2000[update], there were 65 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 92 married individuals, 9 widows or widowers and 4 individuals who are divorced.[11]As of 2000[update], there were 66 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household.[10] There were 14 households that consist of only one person and 4 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 67 households that answered this question, 20.9% were households made up of just one person and there was 1 adult who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 20 married couples without children, 27 married couples with children There were 3 single parents with a child or children. There was 1 household that was made up of unrelated people and 1 household that was made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.[11]In 2000[update] there were 20 single family homes (or 41.7% of the total) out of a total of 48 inhabited buildings. There were 5 multi-family buildings (10.4%) and along with 23 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (47.9%).[13]In 2000[update], a total of 63 apartments (87.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 6 apartments (8.3%) were seasonally occupied and 3 apartments (4.2%) were empty.[13] As of 2009[update], the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents.[10] The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010[update], was 0%.[10]The historical population is given in the following chart:[3][14]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era"},{"link_name":"heritage site of national significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_inventory_of_cultural_property_of_national_and_regional_significance"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The Roman era Sanctuary is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.[15]","title":"Heritage sites of national significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2007 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Swiss_federal_election"},{"link_name":"SVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"FDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDP.The_Liberals"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"SP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"voter turnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 50.29% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (17.46%), the Green Party (11.26%) and the SP (10.32%). In the federal election, a total of 79 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 56.4%.[16]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"primary economic sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"secondary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"tertiary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-10"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"full-time equivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_equivalent"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-commuter-18"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-10"}],"text":"As of  2010[update], Ursins had an unemployment rate of 1.4%. As of 2008[update], there were 22 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 10 businesses involved in this sector. 7 people were employed in the secondary sector and there was 1 business in this sector. 1 person was employed in the tertiary sector, with 1 business in this sector.[10] There were 87 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.5% of the workforce.In 2008[update] the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 19. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 11, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 7, all of which were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 1, a technical professional or scientist.[17]In 2000[update], there were 4 workers who commuted into the municipality and 65 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 16.3 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering.[18] Of the working population, 6.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 66.7% used a private car.[10]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Swiss Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"members of an Orthodox church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy#Christianity"},{"link_name":"agnostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosticism"},{"link_name":"atheist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STAT2000-11"}],"text":"From the 2000 census[update], 9 or 5.3% were Roman Catholic, while 134 or 78.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 2 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.18% of the population). 20 (or about 11.76% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 5 individuals (or about 2.94% of the population) did not answer the question.[11]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ursins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ursins"},{"link_name":"upper secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Fachhochschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschule"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STAT2000-11"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"primary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaud_Education-20"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursins&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-commuter-18"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ursins.In Ursins about 61 or (35.9%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 22 or (12.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 22 who completed tertiary schooling, 54.5% were Swiss men, 27.3% were Swiss women.[11]In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 23 students in the Ursins school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts.[19] During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 578 children of which 359 children (62.1%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 13 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 10 students in those schools.[20]As of 2000[update], there were 29 students from Ursins who attended schools outside the municipality.[18]","title":"Education"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/raum-umwelt/bodennutzung-bedeckung/gesamtspektrum-regionalen-stufen/gemeinden.html","url_text":"\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung.assetdetail.7966022.html","url_text":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-0102020000_201","url_text":"\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kantonsliste A-Objekte\". KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100628110559/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.html","url_text":"\"Kantonsliste A-Objekte\""},{"url":"http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teiidae
Teiidae
["1 Morphology and behavior","2 Parthenogenesis","3 Taxonomy","4 References"]
Family of lizards TeiidaeTemporal range: Eocene - Recent Tupinambis teguixin Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Superfamily: Lacertoidea Family: TeiidaeGray, 1827 Genera 18, See text. Teiidae is a family of Lacertoidean lizards native to the Americas. Members of this family are generally known as whiptails or racerunners; however, tegus also belong to this family. Teiidae is sister to the Gymnopthalmidae, and both families comprise the Teiioidea. The Teiidae includes several parthenogenic species – a mode of clonal reproduction. Presently, the Teiidae consists of approximately 150 species in eighteen genera. Morphology and behavior Teiids can be distinguished from other lizards by the following characteristics: large rectangular scales that form distinct transverse rows ventrally and generally small granular scales dorsally, head scales that are separate from the skull bones, and teeth that are solid at the base and "glued" to the jaw bones. Additionally, all teiids have a forked, snake-like tongue. They all possess well-developed limbs. Teiids are all terrestrial (few are semi-aquatic) and diurnal, and are primarily carnivorous or insectivorous. Most teiids forage quite actively within their ideal temperature range, quickly skirting between cover objects. Some will include a small amount of plant matter in their diet. They are oviparous, and some species lay very large clutches. Parthenogenesis Several species of whiptail lizards are entirely female and no males are known. These all-female species reproduce by obligate parthenogenesis (obligate, because the lizards do not involve males and cannot reproduce sexually). Like all squamate obligate parthenogenetic lineages, parthenogenetic teiids are hybrids. Two or more species rarely hybridize and the offspring are thought to occasionally be capable of reproduction without sperm. The meiotic mechanism for bypassing fertilization is an ongoing area of research. Primarily known from lab studies of parthenogenetic Aspidoscelis neomexicanus, simulated mating behavior can increase fertility. In this behavior known as pseudocopulation, one female assumes a male-like role and the other a female-like role. Individuals can switch roles throughout their life. The claim of pseudocopulation was initially met with hesitation by some researchers, and the behavior has not been observed in all parthenogenetic varieties. Since at least some all-female lineages exhibit pseudocopulation, these lizards can be considered to reproduce unisexually (in contrast to asexually). Taxonomy The Teiidae contains approximately 150 species divided into two subfamilies and 18 genera. This assessment includes several recent changes: three resurrected genera, five newly described genera, and the large genus Cnemidophorus split into Aspidoscelis and Cnemidophorus. In some technical literature, the Teiidae are referred to as macroteiids (in opposition to the microteiids, which are members of a sister family Gymnopthalmidae). Parthenogenetic lineages are generally referred to as species, though the concept of a species is meant loosely. Other terms include array, clone, type, or morph. Subfamily Teiinae: Ameiva – junglerunners (14 species) Ameivula – (11 species) Aspidoscelis – North American whiptail lizards (46 species) Aurivela – (2 species) Cnemidophorus – South American whiptail lizards (19 species) Contomastix – (6 species) Dicrodon – desert tegus (3 species) Glaucomastix – (5 species) Holcosus – (18 species) Kentropyx – (9 species) Medopheos – (1 species) Pholidoscelis – (20 species) Teius – (3 species) Subfamily Tupinambinae: Callopistes – false monitors (4 species) Crocodilurus – the crocodile tegu (1 species) Dracaena – caiman lizards (3 species) Salvator – (3 species) Tupinambis – tegus (8 species) References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teiidae. ^ eol.org ^ a b Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 170–171. ISBN 978-0-12-178560-4. ^ AAAS – All-Female Species of the Lizard Genus Cnemidophorus, Teiidae ^ Collins, H. M. & Pinch, T. J. (1993). The Golem: What You Should Know about Science. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, pp. 109-119. ^ Uetz, P.; Hosek, J. "The Reptile Database". Retrieved December 1, 2016. ^ Tucker, D. B., G. R. Colli, L. G. Giugliano, S. B. Hedges, C. R. Hendry, E. M. Lemmon, A. R. Lemmon, J. W. Sites, Jr., and R. A. Pyron. 2016. Methodological congruence in phylogenomic analyses with morphological support for teiid lizards (Sauria: Teiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 103, 75-84. ^ Costa, H. C., P. C. Garcia, and H. Zaher. 2016. The correct authorship and date of lizard names Teiinae, Tupinambinae, and Gymnophthalmidae. Zootaxa, 4132(2), 295-300. ^ Harvey, M. B., G. N. Ugueto, and R. L. Gutberlet Jr. 2012. Review of teiid morphology with a revised taxonomy and phylogeny of the Teiidae (Lepidosauria: Squamata). Zootaxa, 3459(1), 156. vteSquamata families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Dibamia Dibamidae Gekkota Gekkonidae Carphodactylidae Diplodactylidae Eublepharidae Phyllodactylidae Pygopodidae Sphaerodactylidae Scincoidea Cordylidae Gerrhosauridae Scincidae Xantusiidae Laterata / Lacertoidea Lacertidae Gymnophthalmoidea Alopoglossidae Gymnophthalmidae Teiidae Amphisbaenia Amphisbaenidae Bipedidae Blanidae Cadeidae Rhineuridae Trogonophidae Anguimorpha Shinisauridae Lanthanotidae Varanidae Helodermatidae Xenosauridae Anguidae Anniellidae Diploglossidae Iguania Agamidae Chamaeleonidae Corytophanidae Crotaphytidae Dactyloidae Hoplocercidae Iguanidae Leiocephalidae Leiosauridae Liolaemidae Opluridae Phrynosomatidae Polychrotidae Tropiduridae SerpentesScolecophidia Anomalepididae Gerrhopilidae Leptotyphlopidae Typhlopidae Xenotyphlopidae Alethinophidia Acrochordidae Aniliidae Anomochilidae Atractaspididae Boidae Bolyeriidae Colubridae Cylindrophiidae Elapidae Loxocemidae Pythonidae Tropidophiidae Uropeltidae Viperidae Xenopeltidae Taxon identifiersTeiidae Wikidata: Q827111 Wikispecies: Teiidae ADW: Teiidae BioLib: 18527 BOLD: 34406 CoL: GYH EoL: 8110 GBIF: 5019 iNaturalist: 38634 IRMNG: 102040 ITIS: 174012 NCBI: 8530 Open Tree of Life: 661790 Paleobiology Database: 37927 Plazi: 65424420-FFB6-FFEF-FF24-8AEEA609235D uBio: 215851 WoRMS: 1377292 Authority control databases: National Israel
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They all possess well-developed limbs.Teiids are all terrestrial (few are semi-aquatic) and diurnal, and are primarily carnivorous or insectivorous. Most teiids forage quite actively within their ideal temperature range, quickly skirting between cover objects. Some will include a small amount of plant matter in their diet. They are oviparous, and some species lay very large clutches.[2]","title":"Morphology and behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"parthenogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis"},{"link_name":"squamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamata"},{"link_name":"hybrids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"sperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm"},{"link_name":"meiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis"},{"link_name":"fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisation"},{"link_name":"Aspidoscelis neomexicanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_whiptail"},{"link_name":"fertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility"},{"link_name":"pseudocopulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocopulation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Several species of whiptail lizards are entirely female and no males are known.[3] These all-female species reproduce by obligate parthenogenesis (obligate, because the lizards do not involve males and cannot reproduce sexually). Like all squamate obligate parthenogenetic lineages, parthenogenetic teiids are hybrids. Two or more species rarely hybridize and the offspring are thought to occasionally be capable of reproduction without sperm. The meiotic mechanism for bypassing fertilization is an ongoing area of research.Primarily known from lab studies of parthenogenetic Aspidoscelis neomexicanus, simulated mating behavior can increase fertility. In this behavior known as pseudocopulation, one female assumes a male-like role and the other a female-like role. Individuals can switch roles throughout their life. The claim of pseudocopulation was initially met with hesitation by some researchers,[4] and the behavior has not been observed in all parthenogenetic varieties. Since at least some all-female lineages exhibit pseudocopulation, these lizards can be considered to reproduce unisexually (in contrast to asexually).","title":"Parthenogenesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gymnopthalmidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnophthalmidae"},{"link_name":"Ameiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameiva"},{"link_name":"Ameivula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameivula"},{"link_name":"Aspidoscelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspidoscelis"},{"link_name":"Aurivela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurivela"},{"link_name":"Cnemidophorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnemidophorus"},{"link_name":"Contomastix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contomastix"},{"link_name":"Dicrodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicrodon"},{"link_name":"Glaucomastix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucomastix"},{"link_name":"Holcosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holcosus"},{"link_name":"Kentropyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentropyx"},{"link_name":"Medopheos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medopheos"},{"link_name":"Pholidoscelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidoscelis"},{"link_name":"Teius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teius"},{"link_name":"Callopistes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callopistes"},{"link_name":"Crocodilurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilurus"},{"link_name":"Dracaena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracaena_(lizard)"},{"link_name":"Salvator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvator_(lizard)"},{"link_name":"Tupinambis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupinambis"}],"text":"The Teiidae contains approximately 150 species[5] divided into two subfamilies and 18 genera.[6][7][8] This assessment includes several recent changes: three resurrected genera, five newly described genera, and the large genus Cnemidophorus split into Aspidoscelis and Cnemidophorus. In some technical literature, the Teiidae are referred to as macroteiids (in opposition to the microteiids, which are members of a sister family Gymnopthalmidae). Parthenogenetic lineages are generally referred to as species, though the concept of a species is meant loosely. Other terms include array, clone, type, or morph.Subfamily Teiinae:\nAmeiva – junglerunners (14 species)\nAmeivula – (11 species)\nAspidoscelis – North American whiptail lizards (46 species)\nAurivela – (2 species)\nCnemidophorus – South American whiptail lizards (19 species)\nContomastix – (6 species)\nDicrodon – desert tegus (3 species)\nGlaucomastix – (5 species)\nHolcosus – (18 species)\nKentropyx – (9 species)\nMedopheos – (1 species)\nPholidoscelis – (20 species)\nTeius – (3 species)\nSubfamily Tupinambinae:\nCallopistes – false monitors (4 species)\nCrocodilurus – the crocodile tegu (1 species)\nDracaena – caiman lizards (3 species)\nSalvator – (3 species)\nTupinambis – tegus (8 species)","title":"Taxonomy"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 170–171. ISBN 978-0-12-178560-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-178560-4","url_text":"978-0-12-178560-4"}]},{"reference":"Uetz, P.; Hosek, J. \"The Reptile Database\". Retrieved December 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reptile-database.org/","url_text":"\"The Reptile Database\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandale
Scandale
["1 Geography","2 Notes and references"]
Coordinates: 39°7′20″N 16°57′30″E / 39.12222°N 16.95833°E / 39.12222; 16.95833This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Scandale" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) For other uses, see Scandale (disambiguation). Comune in Calabria, ItalyScandaleComuneComune di ScandaleLocation of Scandale ScandaleLocation of Scandale in ItalyShow map of ItalyScandaleScandale (Calabria)Show map of CalabriaCoordinates: 39°7′20″N 16°57′30″E / 39.12222°N 16.95833°E / 39.12222; 16.95833CountryItalyRegionCalabriaProvinceCrotone (KR)FrazioniCorazzoGovernment • MayorAntonio BarberioArea • Total54.26 km2 (20.95 sq mi)Elevation350 m (1,150 ft)Population (2018-01-01) • Total3,177 • Density59/km2 (150/sq mi)DemonymScandalesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code88831Dialing code0962Patron saintSaint Nicholas of MyraSaint day6 DecemberWebsiteOfficial website Scandale is a town and comune in the province of Crotone, in the Calabria region of southern Italy. Geography The town is bordered by Crotone, Cutro, Rocca di Neto, San Mauro Marchesato and Santa Severina. Notes and references ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. vteCalabria · Comuni of the Province of Crotone Belvedere di Spinello Caccuri Carfizzi Casabona Castelsilano Cerenzia Cirò Cirò Marina Cotronei Crotone Crucoli Cutro Isola di Capo Rizzuto Melissa Mesoraca Pallagorio Petilia Policastro Rocca di Neto Roccabernarda San Mauro Marchesato San Nicola dell'Alto Santa Severina Savelli Scandale Strongoli Umbriatico Verzino Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany This Calabrian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Spinello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvedere_di_Spinello"},{"link_name":"Caccuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caccuri"},{"link_name":"Carfizzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carfizzi"},{"link_name":"Casabona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casabona"},{"link_name":"Castelsilano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelsilano"},{"link_name":"Cerenzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerenzia"},{"link_name":"Cirò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cir%C3%B2,_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Cirò Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cir%C3%B2_Marina"},{"link_name":"Cotronei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotronei"},{"link_name":"Crotone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotone"},{"link_name":"Crucoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucoli"},{"link_name":"Cutro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutro"},{"link_name":"Isola di Capo Rizzuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola_di_Capo_Rizzuto"},{"link_name":"Melissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa,_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Mesoraca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoraca"},{"link_name":"Pallagorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallagorio"},{"link_name":"Petilia Policastro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petilia_Policastro"},{"link_name":"Rocca di Neto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocca_di_Neto"},{"link_name":"Roccabernarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roccabernarda"},{"link_name":"San Mauro Marchesato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mauro_Marchesato"},{"link_name":"San Nicola dell'Alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Nicola_dell%27Alto"},{"link_name":"Santa Severina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Severina"},{"link_name":"Savelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savelli,_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Scandale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Strongoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongoli"},{"link_name":"Umbriatico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbriatico"},{"link_name":"Verzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verzino"},{"link_name":"Authority control 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\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.\n\n^ \"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.vteCalabria · Comuni of the Province of Crotone\nBelvedere di Spinello\nCaccuri\nCarfizzi\nCasabona\nCastelsilano\nCerenzia\nCirò\nCirò Marina\nCotronei\nCrotone\nCrucoli\nCutro\nIsola di Capo Rizzuto\nMelissa\nMesoraca\nPallagorio\nPetilia Policastro\nRocca di Neto\nRoccabernarda\nSan Mauro Marchesato\nSan Nicola dell'Alto\nSanta Severina\nSavelli\nScandale\nStrongoli\nUmbriatico\nVerzinoAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermanyThis Calabrian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes and references"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour_%26_Co.
Armour and Company
["1 History","1.1 1863–1970","1.2 1970–1985","1.3 1985–2000","1.4 2000–present","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
Former American company Armour and CompanyView of Armour & Company's plant and stock yards from a balloon, c. 1910IndustryMeatpacking, consumer products, pharmaceuticalsFounded1867 in ChicagoFounderPhilip Danforth ArmourDefunct1983 (1983)FateSold to ConAgraHeadquartersChicago, Illinois, United StatesArea servedUnited StatesProductsProcessed meat, canned food, soap, pharmaceuticalsOwnerPhilip Danforth Armour family (1863–1920)Frederick H. Prince (1920–1969)The Greyhound Corporation (1970–1983) Armour (brand)Product typeProcessed meatOwnerSmithfield FoodsCountryUnited StatesMarketsUnited StatesPrevious ownersArmour and Company (1863–1983), ConAgra (1983–2006)Websitearmourmeats.com Armour Star (brand)Product typeCanned foodOwnerPinnacle FoodsCountryUnited StatesMarketsUnited StatesPrevious ownersArmour and Company (1944–1983), The Dial Corporation (1983–2006)TaglineAny Time is Armour TimeWebsitearmour-star.com Armour & Company was an American company and was one of the five leading firms in the meat packing industry. It was founded in Chicago, in 1863, by the Armour brothers led by Philip Danforth Armour. By 1880, the company had become Chicago's most important business and had helped make Chicago and its Union Stock Yards the center of America's meatpacking industry. During the same period, its facility in Omaha, Nebraska, boomed, making the city's meatpacking industry the largest in the nation by 1959. In connection with its meatpacking operations, the company also ventured into pharmaceuticals (Armour Pharmaceuticals) and soap manufacturing, introducing Dial soap in 1948. Presently, the Armour food brands are split between Smithfield Foods (for refrigerated meat — "Armour Meats") and ConAgra Brands (for canned shelf-stable meat products — "Armour Star"). The Armour pharmaceutical brand is owned by Forest Laboratories. Dial soap is now owned by Henkel. History 1863–1970 Hanging room, Armour's packing house, Chicago, 1896 Postcard of the Armour Packing Plant in Fort Worth, undated Armour and Company had its roots in Milwaukee, where in 1863 Philip D. Armour joined with John Plankinton (the founder of the Layton and Plankinton Packing Company in 1852) to establish Plankinton, Armour and Company. Together, the partners expanded Plankinton's Milwaukee meat packing operation and established branches in Chicago and Kansas City and an exporting house in New York City. Armour and Plankinton dissolved their partnership in 1884 with the Milwaukee operation eventually becoming the Cudahy Packing Company. In addition to meats, Armour sold many types of consumer products made from animals in its early years, including glue, oil, fertilizer, hairbrushes, buttons, oleomargarine, and drugs, made from slaughterhouse byproducts. Armour operated in an environment without labor unions, health inspections, or government regulation. Accidents were commonplace. Armour was notorious for the low pay it offered its line workers. It fought unionization by banning known union activists and breaking strikes in 1904 and 1921 by employing African Americans and new immigrants as strikebreakers. The company did not become fully unionized until the late 1930s when the meatpacking union succeeded in creating an interracial industrial union as part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations. Miss Oak Ridge Tennessee 1947 wins an Armour smoked ham During the Spanish–American War (1898), Armour sold 500,000 pounds (230,000 kg) of beef to the US Army. An army inspector tested the meat two months later and found that 751 cases were rotten and had contributed to the food poisoning of thousands of soldiers. In the first decade of the 20th century, a young Dale Carnegie, representing the South Omaha sales region, became the company's highest-selling salesman, an experience he drew on in his best-selling book, How to Win Friends and Influence People. Armour's Food Source Map : The Greatness of the United States Is Founded on Agriculture, 1922 In the early 1920s, Armour encountered financial troubles and the family sold its majority interest to financier Frederick H. Prince. The firm retained its position as one of the largest American firms through the Great Depression and the sharp increase in demand during World War II. During this period, it expanded its operations across the United States; at its peak, the company employed just under 50,000 people. In 1948, Armour, which had made soap for years as a byproduct of the meatpacking process, developed a deodorant soap by adding the germicidal agent AT-7 to soap. This limited body odor by reducing bacteria on the skin. The new soap was named Dial because of its 24-hour protection against the odor-causing bacteria. Armour introduced the soap with a full-page advertisement using scented ink in the Chicago Tribune. During the 1950s, Dial became the best-selling deodorant soap in the US. The company adopted the slogan "Aren't you glad you use Dial? Don't you wish everybody did?" in 1953. In the 1960s, the Dial brand was expanded to include deodorants and shaving creams. Because of the popularity and strong sales of Dial brand, fueled by magazine, radio, and television advertising, Armour's consumer-products business was incorporated as Armour-Dial, Inc. in 1967. In 1958, William Wood-Prince, a cousin of Frederick H. Prince, became president of Armour and Company. 1970–1985 Armour and Company historical marker in Fort Worth, Texas; the company closed its operations there in 1962 In 1970, Armour and Company was acquired by Chicago-based bus company Greyhound Corporation after a hostile takeover attempt by General Host Corporation a year before. Prior to the hostile takeover bid by General Host, the company had originally planned to merge with Gulf and Western Industries in 1968. In 1971, Greyhound relocated Armour's headquarters from Chicago to Phoenix, Arizona, to a new $83-million building. Rock icon Stevie Nicks' father, Jess Nicks, who was a Greyhound executive, became president of Armour. In 1978, Greyhound sold Armour Pharmaceuticals to Revlon. Revlon sold its drug unit in 1985 to Rorer (later known as Rhône-Poulenc Rorer). Forest Laboratories acquired the rights to Armour Thyroid from Rhone-Poulenc Rorer in 1991. The remaining assets of Armour Pharmaceuticals are now part of CSL Behring. Armour's Factor VIII product "Factorate" was widely reported as infecting thousands of hemophiliacs worldwide with HIV during the 1980s; there have also been allegations that the firm suppressed evidence showing the product was defective. As a result, there have been lawsuits, inquiries and criminal charges. Greyhound's rapid diversification and frequent unit restructurings led to erratic profitability. In 1981, John W. Teets was appointed chairman of Greyhound and began selling unprofitable subsidiaries. After meat packers struck at the Armour plants in the early-1980s, Teets shut 29 facilities and sold Armour Food Company to ConAgra in 1983 but kept the Armour Star canned meat business. Armour-Dial continued to manufacture the canned meat products using the Armour Star trademark under license from ConAgra. 1985–2000 In 1985, Greyhound acquired the household products business of Purex Industries, Inc. in 1985 and combined it with Armour-Dial to form The Dial Corporation. In late 1995, parent company Greyhound (renamed The Dial Corp in 1991) announced its intention to spin off the Dial consumer-products business. Afterwards, Dial's former parent company was renamed Viad Corp, consisting of the service businesses. The Dial consumer business was reborn as the new Dial Corporation, relocating its corporate offices to Scottsdale, Arizona, adjacent to its long-time research and development facility. Under new CEO Malcolm Jozoff, a former P&G executive, the new Dial Corporation underwent major layoffs in the fall of 1996 and a series of financially disastrous acquisitions the following four years. In 2000, Jozoff was replaced by Herbert Baum with a mandate from the board of directors to find a suitable buyer for the company. 2000–present Dial was acquired by Henkel KGaA of Düsseldorf, Germany in March 2004. The food business of Dial, including Armour Star canned meats, was sold to Pinnacle Foods in March 2006. In 2007 Pinnacle Foods was acquired by the Blackstone Group, a New York City-based private equity firm. Conagra acquired Pinnacle Foods for $10.9 billion in 2018. In July 2006, ConAgra sold most of their refrigerated meats businesses, including the Armour brand, to Smithfield Foods. See also Treet Armour Refrigerator Line Desiccated thyroid extract (Armour Thyroid) Lester Pearson, former Canadian Prime Minister of Nobel winner worked at Armour meat plant in Chicago. References ^ "Plankinton, John 1820 - 1891". Archived from the original on 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2014-02-11. ^ Zinn, Howard. A People's History of the United States. New York: Perennial, 2003. p.309 ISBN 0-06-052837-0 ^ How To Win Friends And Influence People, by Dale Carnegie, Introduction by Lowell Thomas, p. 9, Copyright 1964 ^ Armour Company, and Armour Company, Chicago. Armour's Food Source Map : The Greatness of the United States Is Founded on Agriculture. Chicago: Armour & Company, 1922. https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/id/1967 ^ Lueck, Thomas J. (June 11, 1983). "Greyhound to Dispose of Armour". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-07-07. ^ Belair, Felix Jr. (18 January 1973). "SEC sues General Host and 9 over Armour bid". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2018. ^ "Revlon Set to Buy Armour Druz Units". The New York Times. 6 July 1977. ^ Crudele, John (30 November 1985). "RORER BUYS DRUG UNIT OF REVLON". The New York Times. ^ "COMPANY NEWS; Rhone Sells Rights". The New York Times. Reuters. 3 January 1991. ^ "Caliber Associates - Clients". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-09-09. ^ Society, Eric Feldman Associate Director New York University's Institute for Law and; Health, Columbia University Ronald Bayer Professor Joseph L. Mailman School of Public (5 March 1999). Blood Feuds : AIDS, Blood, and the Politics of Medical Disaster: AIDS, Blood, and the Politics of Medical Disaster. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 9780199759736. ^ "New Scientist". Reed Business Information. 17 July 1986. ^ "Firm squelched study showing risk of HIV in hemophilia drug". AIDS Policy & Law. 10 (19): 5. 20 October 1995. PMID 11362848. ^ Hollie, Pamel (30 June 1983). "Greyhound Selling Armour". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 March 2018. ^ Hicks, Jonathan (22 February 1985). "Greyhound to buy Purex Division". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 March 2018. ^ Winter, Greg (9 August 2000). "2 officers resign as Dial says profits will be off". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 March 2018. ^ "Pinnacle Foods Group acquires Armour dry food products". Food Ingredients First. 2 March 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2018. ^ "Blackstone Group buying Pinnacle Foods". NBC News. 12 February 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2018. ^ Watrous, Monica (December 21, 2018). "Conagra Brands cleaning up Pinnacle Foods' mess". Food Business News. Retrieved August 22, 2022. ^ Naidu, Richa. "Conagra to buy Pinnacle for $8.1 billion, creating frozen food powerhouse". Reuters U.S. Retrieved 2018-07-14. ^ "ConAgra Foods to Sell Refrigerated Meats Businesses to Smithfield Foods for $575 Million; Sale Includes Butterball, Eckrich and Armour Brands". Business Wire. 31 July 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2018. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1957". Further reading Arnould, Richard J. "Changing patterns of concentration in American meat packing, 1880–1963." Business History Review 45.1 (1971): 18-34. Gras, N.S.B. and Henrietta M. Larson. Casebook in American business history (1939) pp 623–43. Warren, Wilson J. Tied to the great packing machine: The Midwest and meatpacking (University of Iowa Press, 2007). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Armour and Company. Armour Meats (Smithfield) Armour Star (Conagra) vteConagra BrandsBrands and divisions Act II Andy Capp's Angie's Kettle Corn Armour Star Banquet Bertolli 1 Birds Eye 2 Blue Bonnet Chef Boyardee Crunch 'n Munch David Sunflower Seeds Del Monte 3 Egg Beaters Fiddle Faddle Gulden's Healthy Choice Hebrew National Hunt's Hunt's Snack Pack Jiffy Pop Kid Cuisine La Choy Libby's Manwich Marie Callender's Orville Redenbacher's P.F. Chang's PAM Parkay Poppycock Reddi-Wip Ro-Tel Ry-Krisp Slim Jim Swanson 1 Swiss Miss Thanasi Foods Van Camp's Wolf Brand Chili Acquisitions Beatrice Foods International Home Foods Lincoln Snacks Company Pinnacle Foods Ralcorp Thanasi Foods 1 Frozen foods only 2 U.S. only 3 Canada and Mexico Category vtePinnacle Foods, Inc.Grocery segment Armour Star Bernstein's Brooks Duncan Hines Comstock Wilderness Log Cabin Syrup Mrs. Butterworth's Nalley Open Pit barbecue sauce Smart Balance Vlasic Wish-Bone Frozen segment Pearl Milling Frozen Breakfast1 Birds Eye C&W Voila! Celeste Hungry-Man Lender’s Mrs. Paul's Van de Kamp's Boulder segment Earth Balance EVOL Gardein Glutino Udi's Specialty segment El Restaurante Erin's Hawaiian Kettle Style Potato Chips and Snack Rings Husman's Snyder of Berlin Tim's Cascade Snacks 1under license from Quaker Oats vteMeatpacking industry in OmahaOmaha Stockyards Union Stock Yards Company of Omaha South Omaha Terminal Railway South Omaha Land Company Related places South Omaha Livestock Exchange Building Union Stockyards Packer's National Bank Building South 24th Street Syndicate Park Greek Town Companies Armour and Company Cudahy Packing Company Swift & Company Morris & Company Sheely Packing Company Packing houses in Omaha Hammond Swift Cudahy Armour Wilson Boyd's Related people Bill Paxton Herman Kountze John Creighton James Boyd Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"meat packing industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_packing_industry"},{"link_name":"Philip Danforth Armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Danforth_Armour"},{"link_name":"Union Stock Yards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Stock_Yards"},{"link_name":"its facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour_Packing_Plant_(Omaha,_Nebraska)"},{"link_name":"Omaha, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Dial soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial_(soap)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield_Foods"},{"link_name":"ConAgra Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConAgra_Brands"},{"link_name":"Forest Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"Henkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henkel"}],"text":"Armour & Company was an American company and was one of the five leading firms in the meat packing industry. It was founded in Chicago, in 1863, by the Armour brothers led by Philip Danforth Armour. By 1880, the company had become Chicago's most important business and had helped make Chicago and its Union Stock Yards the center of America's meatpacking industry. During the same period, its facility in Omaha, Nebraska, boomed, making the city's meatpacking industry the largest in the nation by 1959. In connection with its meatpacking operations, the company also ventured into pharmaceuticals (Armour Pharmaceuticals) and soap manufacturing, introducing Dial soap in 1948.Presently, the Armour food brands are split between Smithfield Foods (for refrigerated meat — \"Armour Meats\") and ConAgra Brands (for canned shelf-stable meat products — \"Armour Star\"). The Armour pharmaceutical brand is owned by Forest Laboratories. Dial soap is now owned by Henkel.","title":"Armour and Company"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hanging_room,_Armour%27s_packing_house,_Chicago,_Ill,_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armour_%26_Company_(20102202).jpg"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Philip D. Armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_D._Armour"},{"link_name":"John Plankinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Plankinton"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Cudahy Packing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudahy_Packing_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"glue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glue"},{"link_name":"fertilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer"},{"link_name":"oleomargarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleomargarine"},{"link_name":"labor unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_union"},{"link_name":"government regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_regulation"},{"link_name":"African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"Congress of Industrial Organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miss_Oak_Ridge_Oak_Ridge_Tennessee_1947.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"food poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dale Carnegie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carnegie"},{"link_name":"South Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Omaha"},{"link_name":"How to Win Friends and Influence People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Win_Friends_and_Influence_People"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armour%27s_Food_Source_Map_.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Frederick H. Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_H._Prince"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"AT-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachlorophene"},{"link_name":"Dial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial_(soap)"}],"sub_title":"1863–1970","text":"Hanging room, Armour's packing house, Chicago, 1896Postcard of the Armour Packing Plant in Fort Worth, undatedArmour and Company had its roots in Milwaukee, where in 1863 Philip D. Armour joined with John Plankinton (the founder of the Layton and Plankinton Packing Company in 1852) to establish Plankinton, Armour and Company. Together, the partners expanded Plankinton's Milwaukee meat packing operation and established branches in Chicago and Kansas City and an exporting house in New York City. Armour and Plankinton dissolved their partnership in 1884 with the Milwaukee operation eventually becoming the Cudahy Packing Company.[1]In addition to meats, Armour sold many types of consumer products made from animals in its early years, including glue, oil, fertilizer, hairbrushes, buttons, oleomargarine, and drugs, made from slaughterhouse byproducts. Armour operated in an environment without labor unions, health inspections, or government regulation. Accidents were commonplace. Armour was notorious for the low pay it offered its line workers. It fought unionization by banning known union activists and breaking strikes in 1904 and 1921 by employing African Americans and new immigrants as strikebreakers. The company did not become fully unionized until the late 1930s when the meatpacking union succeeded in creating an interracial industrial union as part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.Miss Oak Ridge Tennessee 1947 wins an Armour smoked hamDuring the Spanish–American War (1898), Armour sold 500,000 pounds (230,000 kg) of beef to the US Army. An army inspector tested the meat two months later and found that 751 cases were rotten and had contributed to the food poisoning of thousands of soldiers.[2]In the first decade of the 20th century, a young Dale Carnegie, representing the South Omaha sales region, became the company's highest-selling salesman, an experience he drew on in his best-selling book, How to Win Friends and Influence People.[3]Armour's Food Source Map : The Greatness of the United States Is Founded on Agriculture, 1922[4]In the early 1920s, Armour encountered financial troubles and the family sold its majority interest to financier Frederick H. Prince. The firm retained its position as one of the largest American firms through the Great Depression and the sharp increase in demand during World War II. During this period, it expanded its operations across the United States; at its peak, the company employed just under 50,000 people.In 1948, Armour, which had made soap for years as a byproduct of the meatpacking process, developed a deodorant soap by adding the germicidal agent AT-7 to soap. This limited body odor by reducing bacteria on the skin. The new soap was named Dial because of its 24-hour protection against the odor-causing bacteria. Armour introduced the soap with a full-page advertisement using scented ink in the Chicago Tribune. During the 1950s, Dial became the best-selling deodorant soap in the US. The company adopted the slogan \"Aren't you glad you use Dial? Don't you wish everybody did?\" in 1953. In the 1960s, the Dial brand was expanded to include deodorants and shaving creams. Because of the popularity and strong sales of Dial brand, fueled by magazine, radio, and television advertising, Armour's consumer-products business was incorporated as Armour-Dial, Inc. in 1967.In 1958, William Wood-Prince, a cousin of Frederick H. Prince, became president of Armour and Company.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armour_%26_Company,_Fort_Worth,_Texas_Historical_Marker_(8118049679).jpg"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Greyhound Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"hostile takeover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeover#Hostile"},{"link_name":"General Host Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Host"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gulf and Western Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_and_Western_Industries"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Stevie Nicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Nicks"},{"link_name":"Revlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revlon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rhône-Poulenc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne-Poulenc"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Forest Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"CSL Behring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSL_Behring"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"ConAgra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConAgra"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"1970–1985","text":"Armour and Company historical marker in Fort Worth, Texas; the company closed its operations there in 1962In 1970, Armour and Company was acquired by Chicago-based bus company Greyhound Corporation[5] after a hostile takeover attempt by General Host Corporation[6] a year before. Prior to the hostile takeover bid by General Host, the company had originally planned to merge with Gulf and Western Industries in 1968.In 1971, Greyhound relocated Armour's headquarters from Chicago to Phoenix, Arizona, to a new $83-million building. Rock icon Stevie Nicks' father, Jess Nicks, who was a Greyhound executive, became president of Armour.In 1978, Greyhound sold Armour Pharmaceuticals to Revlon.[7] Revlon sold its drug unit in 1985 to Rorer (later known as Rhône-Poulenc Rorer).[8] Forest Laboratories acquired the rights to Armour Thyroid from Rhone-Poulenc Rorer in 1991.[9] The remaining assets of Armour Pharmaceuticals are now part of CSL Behring.[10] Armour's Factor VIII product \"Factorate\" was widely reported as infecting thousands of hemophiliacs worldwide with HIV during the 1980s;[11][12] there have also been allegations that the firm suppressed evidence showing the product was defective.[13] As a result, there have been lawsuits, inquiries and criminal charges.Greyhound's rapid diversification and frequent unit restructurings led to erratic profitability. In 1981, John W. Teets was appointed chairman of Greyhound and began selling unprofitable subsidiaries. After meat packers struck at the Armour plants in the early-1980s, Teets shut 29 facilities and sold Armour Food Company to ConAgra in 1983[14] but kept the Armour Star canned meat business. Armour-Dial continued to manufacture the canned meat products using the Armour Star trademark under license from ConAgra.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Dial Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dial_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Viad Corp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viad"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"P&G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%26G"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"1985–2000","text":"In 1985, Greyhound acquired the household products business of Purex Industries, Inc. in 1985[15] and combined it with Armour-Dial to form The Dial Corporation.In late 1995, parent company Greyhound (renamed The Dial Corp in 1991) announced its intention to spin off the Dial consumer-products business. Afterwards, Dial's former parent company was renamed Viad Corp, consisting of the service businesses. The Dial consumer business was reborn as the new Dial Corporation, relocating its corporate offices to Scottsdale, Arizona, adjacent to its long-time research and development facility. Under new CEO Malcolm Jozoff, a former P&G executive, the new Dial Corporation underwent major layoffs in the fall of 1996 and a series of financially disastrous acquisitions the following four years. In 2000, Jozoff was replaced by Herbert Baum[16] with a mandate from the board of directors to find a suitable buyer for the company.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henkel KGaA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henkel"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Pinnacle Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacle_Foods"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Conagra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conagra_Brands"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Smithfield Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield_Foods"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"2000–present","text":"Dial was acquired by Henkel KGaA of Düsseldorf, Germany in March 2004. The food business of Dial, including Armour Star canned meats, was sold to Pinnacle Foods in March 2006.[17] In 2007 Pinnacle Foods was acquired by the Blackstone Group, a New York City-based private equity firm.[18] Conagra acquired Pinnacle Foods for $10.9 billion in 2018.[19][20]In July 2006, ConAgra sold most of their refrigerated meats businesses, including the Armour brand, to Smithfield Foods.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Arnould, Richard J. \"Changing patterns of concentration in American meat packing, 1880–1963.\" Business History Review 45.1 (1971): 18-34.\nGras, N.S.B. and Henrietta M. Larson. Casebook in American business history (1939) pp 623–43.\nWarren, Wilson J. Tied to the great packing machine: The Midwest and meatpacking (University of Iowa Press, 2007).","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Hanging room, Armour's packing house, Chicago, 1896","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hanging_room%2C_Armour%27s_packing_house%2C_Chicago%2C_Ill%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg/220px-Hanging_room%2C_Armour%27s_packing_house%2C_Chicago%2C_Ill%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg"},{"image_text":"Postcard of the Armour Packing Plant in Fort Worth, undated","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Armour_%26_Company_%2820102202%29.jpg/220px-Armour_%26_Company_%2820102202%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Miss Oak Ridge Tennessee 1947 wins an Armour smoked ham","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Miss_Oak_Ridge_Oak_Ridge_Tennessee_1947.jpg/150px-Miss_Oak_Ridge_Oak_Ridge_Tennessee_1947.jpg"},{"image_text":"Armour's Food Source Map : The Greatness of the United States Is Founded on Agriculture, 1922[4]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Armour%27s_Food_Source_Map_.jpg/220px-Armour%27s_Food_Source_Map_.jpg"},{"image_text":"Armour and Company historical marker in Fort Worth, Texas; the company closed its operations there in 1962","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Armour_%26_Company%2C_Fort_Worth%2C_Texas_Historical_Marker_%288118049679%29.jpg/150px-Armour_%26_Company%2C_Fort_Worth%2C_Texas_Historical_Marker_%288118049679%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Treet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treet"},{"title":"Armour Refrigerator Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour_Refrigerator_Line"},{"title":"Desiccated thyroid extract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccated_thyroid_extract"},{"title":"Lester Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Pearson"},{"title":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}]
[{"reference":"\"Plankinton, John 1820 - 1891\". Archived from the original on 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2014-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131030074914/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=1725&term_type_id=1&term_type_text=People&letter=P","url_text":"\"Plankinton, John 1820 - 1891\""},{"url":"http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=1725&term_type_id=1&term_type_text=people&letter=P","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lueck, Thomas J. (June 11, 1983). \"Greyhound to Dispose of Armour\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/11/business/greyhound-to-dispose-of-armour.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Aw","url_text":"\"Greyhound to Dispose of Armour\""}]},{"reference":"Belair, Felix Jr. (18 January 1973). \"SEC sues General Host and 9 over Armour bid\". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/18/archives/s-e-c-sues-general-host-and-9-over-armour-bid-fraud-charged-to-2.html","url_text":"\"SEC sues General Host and 9 over Armour bid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Revlon Set to Buy Armour Druz Units\". The New York Times. 6 July 1977.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/06/archives/revlon-set-to-buy-armour-drug-units.html","url_text":"\"Revlon Set to Buy Armour Druz Units\""}]},{"reference":"Crudele, John (30 November 1985). \"RORER BUYS DRUG UNIT OF REVLON\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/30/business/rorer-buys-drug-unit-of-revlon.html","url_text":"\"RORER BUYS DRUG UNIT OF REVLON\""}]},{"reference":"\"COMPANY NEWS; Rhone Sells Rights\". The New York Times. Reuters. 3 January 1991.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/03/business/company-news-rhone-sells-rights.html","url_text":"\"COMPANY NEWS; Rhone Sells Rights\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caliber Associates - Clients\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222451/http://www.caliberassociates.com/functionalfocus.php?functional=dev&clientid=13","url_text":"\"Caliber Associates - Clients\""},{"url":"http://www.caliberassociates.com/functionalfocus.php?functional=dev&clientid=13","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Society, Eric Feldman Associate Director New York University's Institute for Law and; Health, Columbia University Ronald Bayer Professor Joseph L. Mailman School of Public (5 March 1999). Blood Feuds : AIDS, Blood, and the Politics of Medical Disaster: AIDS, Blood, and the Politics of Medical Disaster. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 9780199759736.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mcRp6cvcTm4C&q=armour+factorate+hiv&pg=PA139","url_text":"Blood Feuds : AIDS, Blood, and the Politics of Medical Disaster: AIDS, Blood, and the Politics of Medical Disaster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199759736","url_text":"9780199759736"}]},{"reference":"\"New Scientist\". Reed Business Information. 17 July 1986.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a5CS6IcW0FEC&q=armour+factorate+aids&pg=PA19","url_text":"\"New Scientist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Firm squelched study showing risk of HIV in hemophilia drug\". AIDS Policy & Law. 10 (19): 5. 20 October 1995. PMID 11362848.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11362848","url_text":"11362848"}]},{"reference":"Hollie, Pamel (30 June 1983). \"Greyhound Selling Armour\". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/30/business/greyhound-selling-armour.html","url_text":"\"Greyhound Selling Armour\""}]},{"reference":"Hicks, Jonathan (22 February 1985). \"Greyhound to buy Purex Division\". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/22/business/greyhound-to-buy-a-purex-division.html","url_text":"\"Greyhound to buy Purex Division\""}]},{"reference":"Winter, Greg (9 August 2000). \"2 officers resign as Dial says profits will be off\". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/09/business/2-officers-resign-as-dial-says-profits-will-be-off.html","url_text":"\"2 officers resign as Dial says profits will be off\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pinnacle Foods Group acquires Armour dry food products\". Food Ingredients First. 2 March 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foodingredientsfirst.com/news/pinnacle-foods-group-acquires-armour-dry-food-products-business.html","url_text":"\"Pinnacle Foods Group acquires Armour dry food products\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackstone Group buying Pinnacle Foods\". NBC News. 12 February 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17114175/ns/business-us_business/t/blackstone-group-buying-pinnacle-foods/#.WqihRmaB2YU","url_text":"\"Blackstone Group buying Pinnacle Foods\""}]},{"reference":"Watrous, Monica (December 21, 2018). \"Conagra Brands cleaning up Pinnacle Foods' mess\". Food Business News. Retrieved August 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foodbusinessnews.net/articles/13066-conagra-brands-cleaning-up-pinnacle-foods-mess","url_text":"\"Conagra Brands cleaning up Pinnacle Foods' mess\""}]},{"reference":"Naidu, Richa. \"Conagra to buy Pinnacle for $8.1 billion, creating frozen food powerhouse\". Reuters U.S. Retrieved 2018-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pinnacle-fds-m-a-conagra-brands/conagra-to-buy-pinnacle-for-8-1-billion-creating-frozen-food-powerhouse-idUSKBN1JN19Y","url_text":"\"Conagra to buy Pinnacle for $8.1 billion, creating frozen food powerhouse\""}]},{"reference":"\"ConAgra Foods to Sell Refrigerated Meats Businesses to Smithfield Foods for $575 Million; Sale Includes Butterball, Eckrich and Armour Brands\". Business Wire. 31 July 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20060731005495/en/ConAgra-Foods-Sell-Refrigerated-Meats-Businesses-Smithfield","url_text":"\"ConAgra Foods to Sell Refrigerated Meats Businesses to Smithfield Foods for $575 Million; Sale Includes Butterball, Eckrich and Armour Brands\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Nobel Peace Prize 1957\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1957/pearson/biographical/","url_text":"\"The Nobel Peace Prize 1957\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne_Lewis
Hawthorne Lewis
["1 References","2 External links"]
Sir Hawthorne LewisGovernor of OdishaIn office1 April 1941 – 31 March 1946Preceded byJohn Austen HubbackSucceeded byChandulal Madhavlal Trivedi Personal detailsNationalityBritish Sir William Hawthorne Lewis, KCSI, KCIE (29 June 1888 – 19 October 1970) was a member of the Indian Civil Service who served as the governor of Odisha from 1941 to 1946. Educated at Oundle School and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, Lewis entered the Indian Civil Service by examination in 1911. He laid the foundation stone for the Hirakud Dam in 1946. References ^ Sir Hawthorne Lewis (1954). Speeches Delivered by His Excellency Sir Hawthorne Lewis, ..., Governor of Orissa, 1941-1946. Government of Orissa. p. 27. Retrieved 26 May 2018. ^ Dilip D'Souza (2002). The Narmada Dammed: An Inquiry Into the Politics of Development. Penguin Books India. pp. 95–. ISBN 978-0-14-302865-9. ^ Prof. M.N Das & Dr.C.P Nanda (22 August 2016). Harekrushna Mahtab. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. pp. 71–. ISBN 978-81-230-2325-0. Retrieved 26 May 2018. ^ Dorothy Hogg (16 April 2013). India - A Plea For Understanding. Read Books Limited. pp. 259–. ISBN 978-1-4733-8511-5. Retrieved 26 May 2018. External links Portraits of Sir (William) Hawthorne Lewis at the National Portrait Gallery, London vteGovernors of Odisha Sir John Austen Hubback George Townsend Boag* Sir Hawthorne Lewis Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi Kailash Nath Katju Asaf Ali VP Menon* C Rangarajan M. M. Rajendran Rameshwar Thakur Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare S. C. Jamir Satya Pal Malik* Ganeshi Lal Raghubar Das *Acting
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_F-4EAT_transmission
Ford F-4EAT transmission
["1 Applications","2 See also"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ford F-4EAT transmission" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Motor vehicle F-4EATOverviewManufacturerFord Motor CompanyMazda Motor CompanyKia MotorsProduction1990–2005Body and chassisClass4-speed transverse automatic transaxleChronologyPredecessorATXSuccessor4F27E The F-4EAT was a 4-speed, electronically controlled automatic transmission developed by Mazda and JATCO starting in 1990. It was also later produced by Ford Motor Company from 1991 to 2003, to replace the aging, 3-speed/hydraulic controlled ATX. It is referred to as the F4A-EL by Mazda and Kia who also used this transmission. This transmission is an updated Mazda F3A transmission, 3 speed hydraulic controlled transmission. The F-4EAT uses electronic, computer controls, a 4th gear overdrive, has a lock-up torque converter and differential. It used a computer-controlled speed sensor for the speedometer. 1 2 3 4 R 2.80:1 1.54:1 1.00:1 0.70:1 2.33:1 Applications Ford Motor Company 1991–1996 Ford Laser (EU AUS & NZ) 1991–2002 Ford Escort 1998–2003 Ford ZX2 1993–1997 Ford Probe 1991–1999 Mercury Tracer 1991–1994 Mercury Capri Mazda 1990–2003 Mazda Protege 1993 Mazda 626 LX V6/ES V6 1990–1994 Mazda 323 1992–1995 Mazda MX-3 1995–2001 Mazda Millenia (non-Miller cycle engine) 1999–2001 Mazda MPV 2.5 Duratec (non-3.0 Duratec) 2007–2012 Ford Escape (ZC, ZD series, 2.3 L Duratec) also known to be used in Mazda Xedos 6 and Mazda Xedos 9 Kia 1994–2001 Kia Sephia 2000–2003 Kia Spectra 2000–2005 Kia Rio See also List of Ford transmissions List of Mazda transmissions
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[]
[{"title":"List of Ford transmissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ford_transmissions"},{"title":"List of Mazda transmissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mazda_transmissions"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Dumas
Russell Dumas
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Honours","4 Legacy","5 See also","6 References"]
Australian public servant and engineer For the Australian dancer, choreographer and writer, see Russell Dumas (choreographer). Sir Russell John DumasBorn(1887-01-17)January 17, 1887Mount Barker, South AustraliaDiedAugust 10, 1975(1975-08-10) (aged 88)Albany, Western AustraliaNationalityAustralianEducationUniversity of AdelaideOccupationEngineerEngineering careerDisciplineCivil engineeringProjectsCanning Dam, Harvey Weir, Wellington DamAwardsPeter Nicol Russell Award (1952)KBE (1964) Sir Russell John Dumas KBE, CMG (17 January 1887 – 10 August 1975) was a public servant and engineer who led several large works projects in Western Australia. Early life Dumas was born in Mount Barker, South Australia second of five children of Charles M. R. Dumas (1851–1935), who founded the Mount Barker Courier newspaper. Dumas attended Prince Alfred College and completed a Bachelor of Engineering at the University of Adelaide. Career Dumas started work as a draughtsman in the Engineer-in-Chief's Department in 1910, then became a drainage-works designer at Naracoorte. Dumas enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force in 1916, and served on the Western Front in France from 1917 to 1918. He became lieutenant and was wounded twice; his service ended on 16 November 1919. Dumas returned to his job at Naracoorte, and was promoted to resident engineer in 1923. In 1925, Dumas and his family moved to Western Australia where he joined the Metropolitan Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Department. There he directed the construction of the Churchman Brook Dam, Drakesbrook/Waroona and Wellington dams; the raising of Harvey weir; and the extension of the irrigation areas in Collie and Harvey. In 1932, he was chair of the Institution of Engineers' Perth division. In 1934, Dumas became chief engineer at the Metropolitan Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Department and led the design and construction of the Canning, Samson Brook and Stirling dams. At 45 metres tall, Stirling Dam was Australia's highest earthen dam. Senior Officers of Public Works and Metropolitan Water Supply. Dumas is second from left in back row. Dumas became the head of engineering at the Public Works Department in 1941. He proposed a water supply scheme for the Wheatbelt region that involved raising Mundaring Weir and Wellington Dam. Dumas negotiated with the Federal government and obtained funding for the project. He was also involved in the Ord River Scheme from early on. Dumas was responsible for extensive land development in the district governed by the Albany Zone Development Committee, and negotiated the establishment of an oil refinery, steel rolling mill and cement works at Kwinana. In 1952 he reached normal retirement age, but as the Kwinana development was still being completed, the Government employed Dumas with additional power and status to oversee the completion of the project. Dumas retired in December 1953. After retirement, Dumas joined the Weld Club, became director of several companies and was an advisor to Sir Charles Court. In the 1960s, Dumas took part in the campaign to save The Barracks Arch, the former home of the Public Works Department, from demolition. Dumas died on 10 August 1975 in Albany, Western Australia. Honours Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George, 1950. Knight Bachelor, 1959. Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, 1964. Honorary Member of the Institution of Engineers, Australia, 1966. Legacy Dumas House. The Russell Dumas Medal is awarded to the top engineering student each year at the University of Western Australia. Dumas House, a State government office building, is named in his honour. A bronze plaque with Dumas's name was laid in the footpath of St Georges Terrace, Perth as part of the WAY 1979 celebrations to commemorate 150 notable figures in Western Australia's history. Lincoln Street Ventilation Stack, also known as Dumas's Folly, is an obelisk or plinth-like structure in Perth. And while it was not useful for its intended purpose it was repurposed as a radio-frequency antenna during WWII. See also French Australian References ^ "Planner dies". The Canberra Times. Vol. 49, no. 14, 142. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 12 August 1975. p. 3. Retrieved 12 May 2017 – via National Library of Australia. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Lenore Layman (1996). "Dumas, Sir Russell John (1887–1975)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 26 November 2009. ^ Another son, Sir Lloyd Dumas (1891–1973) was an even more influential newspaperman. ^ a b c d e f Le Page, J.S.H. (1986). Building a State: the Story of the Public Works Department of Western Australia 1829–1985. Leederville, WA: Water Authority of Western Australia. pp. 90–91, 529–531. ISBN 0-7244-6862-5. ^ "Birthday Honours TWO FORMER MINISTERS NEW KNIGHTS". The Canberra Times. Vol. 38, no. 10, 873. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 13 June 1964. p. 1. Retrieved 12 May 2017 – via National Library of Australia., ...Sir Russell John Dumas, of Perth, already a Knight-Batchelor has been promoted to Knight Commander of the British Empire... ^ "Engineers Australia". Archived from the original on 19 November 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007. Dumas, R. J. (Russell John) Sir (1960), The industrial potential of the Perth Metropolitan Region, retrieved 12 May 2017 Dumas, R. J. (Russell John), Sir (1916), Russell Dumas papers, 1916-1956, retrieved 12 May 2017{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Authority control databases International VIAF People Australia Trove Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russell Dumas (choreographer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Dumas_(choreographer)"},{"link_name":"KBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"public servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_servant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"}],"text":"For the Australian dancer, choreographer and writer, see Russell Dumas (choreographer).Sir Russell John Dumas KBE, CMG (17 January 1887 – 10 August 1975) was a public servant and engineer who led several large works projects in Western Australia.[2]","title":"Russell Dumas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Barker, South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Barker,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Charles M. R. Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dumas_(newspaperman)"},{"link_name":"Mount Barker Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Barker_Courier"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Prince Alfred College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Alfred_College"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"University of Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lepage-4"}],"text":"Dumas was born in Mount Barker, South Australia second of five children of Charles M. R. Dumas (1851–1935), who founded the Mount Barker Courier newspaper.[3] Dumas attended Prince Alfred College and completed a Bachelor of Engineering at the University of Adelaide.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lepage-4"},{"link_name":"Naracoorte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naracoorte,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"Australian Imperial Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"Churchman Brook Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchman_Brook_Dam"},{"link_name":"Waroona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waroona,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dams"},{"link_name":"Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"Collie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collie,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"Institution of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineers_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"Canning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning_River_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russell_Dumas_-_Public_Works_Department.jpg"},{"link_name":"Public Works Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Works_Department,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"Wheatbelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatbelt_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Mundaring Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundaring_Weir"},{"link_name":"Wellington Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Dam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"Ord River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"oil refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery"},{"link_name":"rolling mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_mill"},{"link_name":"Kwinana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinana_Beach,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"Weld Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weld_Club"},{"link_name":"Charles Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Court"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"The Barracks Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barracks_Arch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"Albany, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"}],"text":"Dumas started work as a draughtsman in the Engineer-in-Chief's Department in 1910,[4] then became a drainage-works designer at Naracoorte.[2] Dumas enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force in 1916, and served on the Western Front in France from 1917 to 1918.[2] He became lieutenant and was wounded twice; his service ended on 16 November 1919.[2]Dumas returned to his job at Naracoorte, and was promoted to resident engineer in 1923.[2] In 1925, Dumas and his family moved to Western Australia where he joined the Metropolitan Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Department.[2] There he directed the construction of the Churchman Brook Dam, Drakesbrook/Waroona and Wellington dams; the raising of Harvey weir; and the extension of the irrigation areas in Collie and Harvey.[2]In 1932, he was chair of the Institution of Engineers' Perth division.[2] In 1934, Dumas became chief engineer at the Metropolitan Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Department and led the design and construction of the Canning, Samson Brook and Stirling dams.[2] At 45 metres tall, Stirling Dam was Australia's highest earthen dam.[2]Senior Officers of Public Works and Metropolitan Water Supply. Dumas is second from left in back row.Dumas became the head of engineering at the Public Works Department in 1941.[2] He proposed a water supply scheme for the Wheatbelt region that involved raising Mundaring Weir and Wellington Dam.[2] Dumas negotiated with the Federal government and obtained funding for the project.[2] He was also involved in the Ord River Scheme from early on.[2]Dumas was responsible for extensive land development in the district governed by the Albany Zone Development Committee, and negotiated the establishment of an oil refinery, steel rolling mill and cement works at Kwinana.[2] In 1952 he reached normal retirement age, but as the Kwinana development was still being completed, the Government employed Dumas with additional power and status to oversee the completion of the project.[2] Dumas retired in December 1953.[2]After retirement, Dumas joined the Weld Club, became director of several companies and was an advisor to Sir Charles Court.[2] In the 1960s, Dumas took part in the campaign to save The Barracks Arch, the former home of the Public Works Department, from demolition.[2]Dumas died on 10 August 1975 in Albany, Western Australia.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lepage-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lepage-4"},{"link_name":"Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lepage-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lepage-4"}],"text":"Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George, 1950.[4]\nKnight Bachelor, 1959.[4]\nKnight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, 1964.[4][5]\nHonorary Member of the Institution of Engineers, Australia, 1966.[4]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dumas_House,_Western_Australia.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dumas House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumas_House"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_plaque"},{"link_name":"St Georges Terrace, Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Georges_Terrace,_Perth"},{"link_name":"WAY 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY_1979"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Street Ventilation Stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Street_Ventilation_Stack"}],"text":"Dumas House.The Russell Dumas Medal is awarded to the top engineering student each year at the University of Western Australia.[6]\nDumas House, a State government office building, is named in his honour.[2]\nA bronze plaque with Dumas's name was laid in the footpath of St Georges Terrace, Perth as part of the WAY 1979 celebrations to commemorate 150 notable figures in Western Australia's history.\nLincoln Street Ventilation Stack, also known as Dumas's Folly, is an obelisk or plinth-like structure in Perth. And while it was not useful for its intended purpose it was repurposed as a radio-frequency antenna during WWII.","title":"Legacy"}]
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[{"title":"French Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Australian"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacov
Pacov
["1 Administrative parts","2 Geography","3 History","4 Demographics","5 Sport","6 Sights","7 Notable people","8 Twin towns – sister cities","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 49°28′15″N 15°0′6″E / 49.47083°N 15.00167°E / 49.47083; 15.00167Town in Vysočina, Czech RepublicPacovTownChurch of Saint Wenceslaus (left) and Church of Saint Michael the Archangel (right) FlagCoat of armsPacovLocation in the Czech RepublicCoordinates: 49°28′15″N 15°0′6″E / 49.47083°N 15.00167°E / 49.47083; 15.00167Country Czech RepublicRegionVysočinaDistrictPelhřimovFirst mentioned1316Government • MayorTomáš KocourArea • Total35.86 km2 (13.85 sq mi)Elevation562 m (1,844 ft)Population (2023-01-01) • Total4,743 • Density130/km2 (340/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code395 01Websitewww.mestopacov.cz Pacov (Czech pronunciation: ; German: Patzau) is a town in Pelhřimov District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 4,700 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone. Administrative parts Svobody Square with the former town hall Villages of Bedřichov, Jetřichovec, Roučkovice, Velká Rovná and Zhoř are administrative parts of Pacov. Geography Pacov is located about 16 kilometres (10 mi) west of Pelhřimov. It lies directly on the 15th meridian east. The town lies in the Křemešník Highlands. The area is rich in small ponds. History The first written mention of Pacov is from 1316. The settlement was probably founded in the late 13th century. Pacov flourished in the 15th and 16th centuries. During this period, it obtained the town rights. The development ended with the Battle of White Mountain and Thirty Years' War. The second period of prosperity occurred in the 19th century. The foundations were laid for the current industry: food machinery industry and leather accessories manufacture. In 1888, the railway was built, which helped further expansion. Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±%18694,229—    18804,147−1.9%18904,095−1.3%19004,114+0.5%19104,264+3.6%YearPop.±%19214,076−4.4%19303,787−7.1%19503,663−3.3%19614,026+9.9%19704,577+13.7%YearPop.±%19805,180+13.2%19915,201+0.4%20015,232+0.6%20114,972−5.0%20214,581−7.9%Source: Censuses Sport Since 1906, there is a historical motorcycle racecourse in Pacov. The first international race in Austria-Hungary (and the third world-wide) took place here. The Pacov Circuit is still being used to this day. Sights Château courtyard Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Zhoř Pacov has preserved historic centre with several valuable houses, including the former town hall from 1921–1923. Pacov Château was originally a Gothic castle from the 12th century, rebuilt into a château in the 16th century. In 1718, it was rebuilt into a monastery. After the monastery was abolished by the reform of Joseph II in 1787, it was rebuilt to a château again. Today it houses the municipal office, tourist information centre, library and Antonín Sova Town Museum. The château complex includes a castle park with three ponds. The deanery Church of Saint Michael the Archangel is a Gothic church from the late 14th century. Despite several reconstructions and repairs, its appearance has been roughly preserved. The Church of Saint Wenceslaus is a Baroque building from 1719, originally built as the monastery church. After it was damaged by fire in 1727, it was reconstructed in 1732. Nowadays it serves as a gallery. The Jewish community is reminded by the Jewish cemetery and former synagogue. The cemetery was founded in 1680 and the oldest tombs are from the 18th century. The synagogue building is privately owned and closed to the public. The village of Zhoř is protected as a village monument zone for its valuable preserved historical buildings with a high degree of urban preservation. The landmark of Zhoř is the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. Notable people Antonín Sova (1864–1928), poet Jan Autengruber (1887–1920), painter Jiří Němec (born 1966), footballer Twin towns – sister cities See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic Pacov is twinned with: Arni, Switzerland See also Patzau, Wisconsin, named after Pacov References ^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023". Czech Statistical Office. 2023-05-23. ^ a b c d e f "Pacov Area". Město Pacov. p. 2. Retrieved 2021-10-22. ^ "Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Pelhřimov" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 13–14. ^ "Population Census 2021: Population by sex". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27. ^ "Motorcycle Racing in Pacov". Město Pacov. Retrieved 2021-10-22. ^ "Zhoř". National Heritage Institute. Retrieved 2023-03-10. ^ "Home Page (Partnerská obec)" (in Czech). Město Pacov. Retrieved 2021-10-21. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pacov. Official website Stražiště Microregion vteTowns, market towns and villages of Pelhřimov District Arneštovice Bácovice Bělá Bohdalín Bořetice Bořetín Božejov Bratřice Budíkov Buřenice Bystrá Čáslavsko Častrov Čejov Čelistná Černov Černovice Červená Řečice Cetoraz Chýstovice Chyšná Čížkov Dehtáře Dobrá Voda Dobrá Voda u Pacova Dubovice Důl Eš Hojanovice Hojovice Hořepník Hořice Horní Cerekev Horní Rápotice Horní Ves Humpolec Jankov Ježov Jiřice Kaliště Kámen Kamenice nad Lipou Kejžlice Koberovice Kojčice Komorovice Košetice Krasíkovice Křeč Křelovice Křešín Leskovice Lesná Lhota-Vlasenice Libkova Voda Lidmaň Litohošť Lukavec Martinice u Onšova Mezilesí Mezná Mladé Bříště Mnich Moraveč Mysletín Nová Buková Nová Cerekev Nový Rychnov Obrataň Olešná Ondřejov Onšov Pacov Pavlov Pelhřimov Píšť Počátky Polesí Pošná Proseč Proseč pod Křemešníkem Putimov Řečice Rodinov Rovná Rynárec Salačova Lhota Samšín Sedlice Senožaty Staré Bříště Stojčín Střítež Střítež pod Křemešníkem Svépravice Syrov Těchobuz Těmice Ústrašín Útěchovice Útěchovice pod Stražištěm Útěchovičky Včelnička Velká Chyška Velký Rybník Veselá Věžná Vojslavice Vokov Vyklantice Vyskytná Vysoká Lhota Vystrkov Zachotín Zajíčkov Zhořec Žirov Žirovnice Zlátenka Želiv Authority control databases International VIAF National Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈpatsof]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Pelhřimov District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelh%C5%99imov_District"},{"link_name":"Vysočina Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyso%C4%8Dina_Region"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"urban monument zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_monument_(Czech_Republic)#Monument_zones"}],"text":"Town in Vysočina, Czech RepublicPacov (Czech pronunciation: [ˈpatsof]; German: Patzau) is a town in Pelhřimov District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 4,700 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.","title":"Pacov"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pacov_n%C3%A1m._Svobody_%C3%BA%C5%99ady.jpg"}],"text":"Svobody Square with the former town hallVillages of Bedřichov, Jetřichovec, Roučkovice, Velká Rovná and Zhoř are administrative parts of Pacov.","title":"Administrative parts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pelhřimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelh%C5%99imov"},{"link_name":"15th meridian east","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_meridian_east"},{"link_name":"Křemešník Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99eme%C5%A1n%C3%ADk_Highlands"}],"text":"Pacov is located about 16 kilometres (10 mi) west of Pelhřimov. It lies directly on the 15th meridian east. The town lies in the Křemešník Highlands. The area is rich in small ponds.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-2"},{"link_name":"Battle of White Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-2"}],"text":"The first written mention of Pacov is from 1316. The settlement was probably founded in the late 13th century.[2]Pacov flourished in the 15th and 16th centuries. During this period, it obtained the town rights. The development ended with the Battle of White Mountain and Thirty Years' War. The second period of prosperity occurred in the 19th century. The foundations were laid for the current industry: food machinery industry and leather accessories manufacture. In 1888, the railway was built, which helped further expansion.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Since 1906, there is a historical motorcycle racecourse in Pacov. The first international race in Austria-Hungary (and the third world-wide) took place here. The Pacov Circuit is still being used to this day.[5]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Z%C3%A1meck%C3%A9_n%C3%A1dvo%C5%99%C3%AD.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kostel_Zho%C5%99.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-2"},{"link_name":"Joseph II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-2"},{"link_name":"village monument zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_monument_(Czech_Republic)#Monument_zones"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Château courtyardChurch of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in ZhořPacov has preserved historic centre with several valuable houses, including the former town hall from 1921–1923.[2]Pacov Château was originally a Gothic castle from the 12th century, rebuilt into a château in the 16th century. In 1718, it was rebuilt into a monastery. After the monastery was abolished by the reform of Joseph II in 1787, it was rebuilt to a château again. Today it houses the municipal office, tourist information centre, library and Antonín Sova Town Museum. The château complex includes a castle park with three ponds.[2]The deanery Church of Saint Michael the Archangel is a Gothic church from the late 14th century. Despite several reconstructions and repairs, its appearance has been roughly preserved. The Church of Saint Wenceslaus is a Baroque building from 1719, originally built as the monastery church. After it was damaged by fire in 1727, it was reconstructed in 1732. Nowadays it serves as a gallery.[2]The Jewish community is reminded by the Jewish cemetery and former synagogue. The cemetery was founded in 1680 and the oldest tombs are from the 18th century. The synagogue building is privately owned and closed to the public.[2]The village of Zhoř is protected as a village monument zone for its valuable preserved historical buildings with a high degree of urban preservation. The landmark of Zhoř is the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary.[6]","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonín Sova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Sova"},{"link_name":"Jan Autengruber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Autengruber"},{"link_name":"Jiří Němec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_N%C4%9Bmec"}],"text":"Antonín Sova (1864–1928), poet\nJan Autengruber (1887–1920), painter\nJiří Němec (born 1966), footballer","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Arni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arni,_Bern"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech RepublicPacov is twinned with:[7]Arni, Switzerland","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"}]
[{"image_text":"Svobody Square with the former town hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pacov_n%C3%A1m._Svobody_%C3%BA%C5%99ady.jpg/220px-Pacov_n%C3%A1m._Svobody_%C3%BA%C5%99ady.jpg"},{"image_text":"Château courtyard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Z%C3%A1meck%C3%A9_n%C3%A1dvo%C5%99%C3%AD.jpg/220px-Z%C3%A1meck%C3%A9_n%C3%A1dvo%C5%99%C3%AD.jpg"},{"image_text":"Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Zhoř","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kostel_Zho%C5%99.jpg/220px-Kostel_Zho%C5%99.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Patzau, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patzau,_Wisconsin"}]
[{"reference":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023\". Czech Statistical Office. 2023-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population-of-municipalities-1-january-2023","url_text":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Pacov Area\". Město Pacov. p. 2. Retrieved 2021-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mestopacov.cz/assets/File.ashx?id_org=11721&id_dokumenty=3837","url_text":"\"Pacov Area\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Pelhřimov\" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 13–14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/130084150633.pdf/42cb0679-2d95-42c0-8702-4895f2cd1caf?version=1.2","url_text":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Pelhřimov\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK","url_text":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Motorcycle Racing in Pacov\". Město Pacov. Retrieved 2021-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mestopacov.cz/assets/File.ashx?id_org=11721&id_dokumenty=3721","url_text":"\"Motorcycle Racing in Pacov\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zhoř\". National Heritage Institute. Retrieved 2023-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://pamatkovykatalog.cz/zhor-7665882","url_text":"\"Zhoř\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home Page (Partnerská obec)\" (in Czech). Město Pacov. Retrieved 2021-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mestopacov.cz/","url_text":"\"Home Page (Partnerská obec)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highway_324
China National Highway 324
["1 Route and distance","2 See also"]
Road in China This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "China National Highway 324" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) National Highway 324324国道Route informationLength2,712 km (1,685 mi)Major junctionsFromFuzhou, FujianToKunming, Yunnan LocationCountryChina Highway system National Trunk Highway System Primary Auxiliary ← G323→ G325 China National Highway 324 (G324) runs west from Fuzhou, Fujian towards Guangdong Province, Guangxi Province, Guizhou Province, and ends in Kunming, Yunnan Province. It is 2,712 kilometres in length. Route and distance Route and distance City Distance (km) Fuzhou, Fujian 0 Hanjiang District, Fujian 93 Putian, Fujian 108 Hui'an, Fujian 167 Quanzhou, Fujian 196 Tong'an District, Fujian 264 Zhangzhou, Fujian 328 Zhangpu, Fujian 384 Yunxiao, Fujian 425 Zhao'an, Fujian 476 Raoping, Guangdong 498 Chenghai, Guangdong 537 Shantou, Guangdong 557 Chaoyang, Guangdong 575 Puning, Guangdong 623 Lufeng, Guangdong 701 Haifeng, Guangdong 733 Huidong, Guangdong 834 Huizhou, Guangdong 872 Boluo County, Guangdong 904 Zengcheng, Guangdong 962 Guangzhou, Guangdong 1028 Dali, Guangdong 1046 Sanshui, Guangdong 1073 Zhaoqing, Guangdong 1138 Yunfu, Guangdong 1201 Luoding, Guangdong 1284 Cenxi, Guangxi 1364 Rong County, Guangxi 1445 Beiliu, Guangxi 1473 Yulin, Guangxi 1502 Xingye, Guangxi 1536 Guigang, Guangxi 1595 Binyang, Guangxi 1690 Nanning, Guangxi 1777 Long'an, Guangxi 1875 Tiandong, Guangxi 1979 Tianyang, Guangxi 2009 Baise, Guangxi 2048 Tianlin, Guangxi 2122 Ceheng, Guizhou 2265 Anlong, Guizhou 2325 Xingyi, Guizhou 2404 Luoping, Yunnan 2492 Shizong County, Yunnan 2541 Shilin, Yunnan 2631 Yiliang, Yunnan 2663 Kunming, Yunnan 2712 See also China National Highways vte China National Highways (CNH)Radial G101 G102 G103 G104 G105 G106 G107 G108 G109 G110 G111 G112 North–south G201 G202 G203 G204 G205 G206 G207 G208 G209 G210 G211 G212 G213 G214 G215 G216 G217 G218 G219 G220 G221 G222 G223 G224 G225 G226 G227 G228 East–west G301 G302 G303 G304 G305 G306 G307 G308 G309 G310 G311 G312 G313 G314 G315 G316 G317 G318 G319 G320 G321 G322 G323 G324 G325 G326 G327 G328 G329 G330 Extended plan in 2013under construction/renovation G228 G229 G230 G231 G232 G233 G234 G235 G236 G237 G238 G239 G240 G241 G242 G243 G244 G245 G246 G247 G248 G331 G332 G333 G334 G335 G336 G337 G338 G339 G340 G341 G342 G343 G344 G345 G346 G347 G348 G349 G350 G351 G352 G353 G354 G355 G356 G357 G358 G359 G360 G361 G501 G502 G503 G504 G505 G506 G507 G508 G509 G510 G511 G512 G513 G514 G515 G516 G517 G518 G519 G520 G521 G522 G523 G524 G525 G526 G527 G528 G529 G530 G531 G532 G533 G534 G535 G536 G537 G538 G539 G540 G541 G542 G543 G544 G545 G546 G547 G548 G549 G550 G551 G552 G553 G554 G555 G556 G557 G558 G559 G560 G561 G562 G563 G564 G565 G566 G567 G568 G569 G570 G571 G572 G573 G574 G575 G576 G577 G578 G579 G580 G581 Extended in 2022under planning G601 G602 G603 G604 G605 G606 G607 G608 G609 G610 G611 G612 G613 G614 G615 G616 G617 G618 G619 G620 G621 G622 G623 G624 G625 G626 G627 G628 G629 G630 G631 G632 G633 G634 G635 G636 G637 G638 G639 G640 G641 G642 G643 G644 G645 G646 G647 G648 G649 G650 G651 G652 G653 G654 G655 G656 G657 G658 G659 G660 G661 G662 G663 G664 G665 G666 G667 G668 G669 G670 G671 G672 G673 G674 G675 G676 G677 G678 G679 G680 G681 G682 G683 G684 G685 G686 G687 G688 G689 G690 G691 G692 G693 G694 G695 G696 G697 G698 G699 G700 G701 Major routes(abolished and absorbed into NTHS) G010 G1011 G1 (Shenyang-Harbin Section) G15 (Shenyang-Shanghai) G1503 (West Ring) G15 (Shanghai-Haikou) G98 (Haikou-Sanya Section) G020 G3 G030 G4 (Beijing-Zhuhai Section) G040 G55 (Erenhot-Taiyuan Section) G5 G80 (Kunming-Kaiyuan Section) G8011 G050 G75 G015 G10 G025 G1113 G1 (Beijing-Shenyang Section) G6 G035 G20 G045 G30 G055 G42 G065 G60 G56 (Hangzhou-Ruili Section) G075 G72 (Hengyang-Nanjing Section) G80 (Nanning-Baise Section) G78 (Baise-Kunming Section) Note China National Highway 112 runs around Beijing Before 2013, Mainland China observed National Highway 228 as Taiwan Ring, composed of several National Expressway (Republic of China) and Taiwan provincial highways, this designation is not recognized by Republic of China (Taiwan). This observation was eventually dropped in new National Highway plans, replaced by Dandong-Dongxing Highway. A extension plan of the highway system was announced in 2013, including extension of existing highways(101-112, 201-227, 301-330) and new highways (North-South 228-248, East-West 331-361, Connections 501-581). Only small portions of them needs to be constructed from scratch; most of the new highways would be upgraded provincial/county highways. Another extension plan was announced in 2022, including new small purpose connection highways (601-701).
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou"},{"link_name":"Fujian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"Guangxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi"},{"link_name":"Guizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou"},{"link_name":"Kunming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming"},{"link_name":"Yunnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan"}],"text":"China National Highway 324 (G324) runs west from Fuzhou, Fujian towards Guangdong Province, Guangxi Province, Guizhou Province, and ends in Kunming, Yunnan Province. It is 2,712 kilometres in length.","title":"China National Highway 324"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Route and distance"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falealupo
Falealupo
["1 Myths and Legends","2 Falealupo Rainforest conservation","3 Notable Samoans from Falealupo","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 13°30′S 172°48′W / 13.500°S 172.800°W / -13.500; -172.800 Village & Electoral Constituency in Vaisigano, SamoaFalealupoVillage & Electoral ConstituencyFalealupo sunsetMain road in the afternoon, Falealupo TaiFalealupo Coordinates: 13°30′9″S 172°47′23″W / 13.50250°S 172.78972°W / -13.50250; -172.78972Country SamoaDistrictVaisiganoPopulation (2016) • Total545Time zone+13Falealupo-uta (inland) & Falealupo-tai (coast) View of Falealupo rainforest canopy walkway and old wooden tower. Falealupo is a village in Samoa situated at the west end of Savai'i island 20 miles (32 km) from the International Date Line used until 29 December 2011. The village has two main settlements, Falealupo-Uta, situated inland by the main island highway and Falealupo-Tai, situated by the sea. The road to the coastal settlement is about 9 km, most of it unsealed, from the main highway. The village's population is 545. Due to its location in the west of the country, and because Samoa was just to the east of the International Date Line, Falealupo has been described as "the last village in the world to see the sunset of each day". This has now changed, as the Samoan government has moved the International Date Line east of the country in 2011. Families have moved inland for the convenience of living by the main road near public transport, as well as the extensive damage to the coastal village from cyclones in the early 1990s, which left behind old church ruins along the coast. There are rock pools, caves, and sandy beaches in the area. Falealupo-Uta has small shops and facilities for Western Union money transfer while there are beach fale accommodation and a shop at Falealupo-tai. The settlement is part of Falealupo Electoral Constituency (Faipule District) which forms part of the larger political district of Vaisigano. Roman Catholic Cardinal Pio Taofinu'u (1923–2006), the first Polynesian bishop and cardinal, was born in Falealupo and attended the village school. Myths and Legends Falealupo is mentioned in different myths and legends in Samoan mythology. In the sea at the farthest point of the peninsula, the Fafā-o-Sauali’i, an outcropping of volcanic rocks, is said in legend to be the gateway to the underworld Pulotu, where aitu, the spirits of deceased persons, reside. The ruler of Pulotu is Saveasi'uleo, the father of Nafanua, a goddess of war from Falealupo. Another legend tells that Nafanua's mother is Tilafaiga, who brought the art of Samoan tattoo with her sister Taema from Fiti. The village is also associated with the legend of Moso. Nafanua, the goddess of war, fertility, and tattooing, is revered as the protector of her home village of Falealupo in Samoa. The History of the Tātau It is believed that the tatau, a traditional form of Samoan tattooing, was introduced to Samoa in the village of Falealupo. The origins of the tatau in Falealupo are steeped in legends and stories, passed down through generations of Samoans. The tatau was introduced to Samoa by two sisters, Taema and Tilafaiga, who brought it over from Fiti. Their story is often recounted in the Tatau Samoa Song, which tells of how they travelled to Samoa and sang a song that emphasized that only women should receive the tatau, not men. However, upon reaching Falealupo, they spotted a large clam and dived to see it. When they resurfaced, their song had changed to indicate that men, not women, should receive the tatau. House of Rock The phrase "e au le inailau a tamaitai" originates from an ancient Samoan legend that tells a story of the village people of Falealupo; a group of women completed the thatching of a fale's roof before the men did. This proverb exemplifies the strong work ethic of Samoan women and their resolute commitment to accomplishing their goals, no matter the challenges they may face. It underscores the value and importance that Samoan society places on the contributions of women, portraying them as skilled and determined members of their communities. Falealupo Rainforest conservation Falealupo land include large tracts of lowland rainforest. Most of Samoa's land is locally village owned under customary land governed by family matai, the chiefly heads of extended families. In 1990 the Samoan government gave the remote village of Falealupo an ultimatum to build a better school or teachers would be removed and their children would not be educated. Education in Samoa is a partnership between villages and the government, and with most of the land under customary ownership, villages provide land and school buildings with the government providing teachers and the curriculum. Most of the island's economy is based on subsistence living from plantations and fishing and with no other source of revenue, the villagers sold logging rights to their rainforests. Before the logging could take place, however, Seacology co-founder and chairman Paul Alan Cox, an American ethnobotanist who had lived with his family in the village, discovered that the pristine rainforests surrounding the village of Falealupo were to be logged. Cox worked with the village chiefs and promised to raise the funds for the school in exchange for a covenant protecting the 30,000-acre (120 km2) rainforest. Satellite image of Falealupo at the west end of Savai'i island. (NASA photo 2009). The Falealupo Rainforest School was constructed, and the village bestowed matai titles on Paul Cox, Ken Murdock, and Rex Maughan. In recognition of his achievement, in 1997 Cox together with the late High Chief Fuiono Senio shared the prestigious Goldman Environmental Prize. Cox donated his share of the prize to Seacology, which uses the funds to maintain the Falealupo Rainforest Canopy Aerial Walkway, dedicated in 1997. Seacology funded the walkway, which is owned and operated by the village, in order to help the community generate revenues from eco-tourism. At the ceremonial dedication, it was announced that the village would extend the 50-year covenant and promised to protect the rainforest in perpetuity. In 1989, Cox was bestowed a matai chief title, Nafanua, by Falealupo in honour of his work. The title is registered with the Samoan Lands and Title Court. In 1999, the village announced that beginning 1 January 2000 monthly tourist revenues from the aerial canopy walkway would be used to fund a modest retirement fund for village elders. In February 2008, the canopy walkway was closed due to rot in the 10m wooden tower leading up to the aerial rope walkway and platforms in a giant banyan tree. Seacology funded and constructed a new aluminium tower which was completed and opened on 10 June 2010. Entry to the Falealupo rainforest walkway is about 2 km from the main road, on the way to the Falealupo Tai. A modest fee is charged by the village to visitors who wish to ascend the walkway. Looking west at the western tip of Savai'i Notable Samoans from Falealupo Falealupo beach fale, local owned tourist accommodation Notable Samoans from Falealupo include; John Schuster, a former All Black (rugby union national team of New Zealand). Leo Lafaiali'i, a player for Manu Samoa (rugby union national team of Samoa) and a former Auckland Blues player. King Kapisi, a hip hop artist in New Zealand. The chief title of his family in Falealupo is A'eau. The grave of King Kapisi's great grandfather Aeau Fa'aloaga is behind the new church in Falealupo-tai. In 1999, King Kapisi filmed his music video Reverse Resistance at Falealupo as well as Fagamalo, Safotu and at the Taga blowholes in Savaii. The opening shot in the video starts at the old church ruin in Falealupo (now the new church) and the closing shot is a sunset at Falealupo beach with children from his family. The song became the first hip hop song to win the prestigious APRA Silver Scroll Award in New Zealand. Aleni Smith - Olympic judoka who competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Pio Toanfinu'u - Archbishop of Somoa- Apia, First Somoan Cardinal. See also List of protected areas of Samoa Central Savai'i Rainforest, largest continuous patch of rainforest in Polynesia Samoan plant names, includes scientific names and many used in traditional medicine Prostratin References ^ "A December day disappears in Samoa and Tokelau". stuff.co.nz. 21 December 2011. ^ "Census 2016 Preliminary count" (PDF). Samoa Bureau of Statistics. 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ Samoa was just to the east of the International Date Line until 30 December 2011 at 10:00 UTC. ^ "Samoa and Tokelau to Cross Date Line Dec. 29". Time. 28 December 2011. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2011. ^ "Population and Housing Census Report 2006" (PDF). Samoa Bureau of Statistics. July 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2009. ^ "College of Cardinals Biographical Note". Holy See Press Office, Vatican. 21 January 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2010. ^ Religious and Cosmic Beliefs of Central Polynesia. Cambridge University Press archive. 1933. p. 156. ISBN 1-00-140985-X. ^ "Savai'i Schools". Samoa Ministry of Education, Sports & Culture. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Zeppel, Heather (2006). Indigenous ecotourism: sustainable development and management. Volume 3 of Ecotourism (Hardcover). CABI. p. 58. ISBN 1-84593-124-6. ^ "Falealupo matai defend Nafanua Cox". Samoa Observer. 25 January 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ "Samoa, Falealupo village, Savai'i Island". Seacology Island Projects. June 2010. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010. External links Seacology Falealupo Project Seacology Watch King Kapisi music video filmed in Falealupo Wikimedia Commons has media related to Falealupo. 13°30′S 172°48′W / 13.500°S 172.800°W / -13.500; -172.800 vte Vaisigano District: ItūmālōTraditional center: AsauVillages Auala Avata Fagasa Falealupo Falelima Neiafu Papa Uta Sataua Tufutafoe Utuloa Vaisala Vaotupua Conservation & Environment Falealupo rainforest Auala turtle habitat Samoan plant names List of birds of Samoa List of mammals of Samoa List of protected areas of Samoa Education & Schools List of schools in Savai'i Savai'i Public Library Electoral constituencies: Faipule Districts Alataua Sisifo Falealupo Vaisigano 1 Vaisigano 2 Samoan mythology Nafanua Pulotu Saveasi'uleo Taema Tilafaiga
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canopy_Falealupo_Rainforest,_Savaii.JPG"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"Savai'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savai%27i"},{"link_name":"International Date Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Date_Line"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"beach fale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_fale"},{"link_name":"Vaisigano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisigano"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-5"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Pio Taofinu'u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_Taofinu%27u"},{"link_name":"Polynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesians"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pio-6"}],"text":"Village & Electoral Constituency in Vaisigano, SamoaView of Falealupo rainforest canopy walkway and old wooden tower.Falealupo is a village in Samoa situated at the west end of Savai'i island 20 miles (32 km) from the International Date Line used until 29 December 2011.[1] The village has two main settlements, Falealupo-Uta, situated inland by the main island highway and Falealupo-Tai, situated by the sea. The road to the coastal settlement is about 9 km, most of it unsealed, from the main highway. The village's population is 545.[2]Due to its location in the west of the country, and because Samoa was just to the east of the International Date Line,[3] Falealupo has been described as \"the last village in the world to see the sunset of each day\". This has now changed, as the Samoan government has moved the International Date Line east of the country in 2011.[4]Families have moved inland for the convenience of living by the main road near public transport, as well as the extensive damage to the coastal village from cyclones in the early 1990s, which left behind old church ruins along the coast. There are rock pools, caves, and sandy beaches in the area. Falealupo-Uta has small shops and facilities for Western Union money transfer while there are beach fale accommodation and a shop at Falealupo-tai.The settlement is part of Falealupo Electoral Constituency (Faipule District) which forms part of the larger political district of Vaisigano.[5]Roman Catholic Cardinal Pio Taofinu'u (1923–2006), the first Polynesian bishop and cardinal, was born in Falealupo and attended the village school.[6]","title":"Falealupo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samoan mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_mythology"},{"link_name":"Pulotu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulotu"},{"link_name":"aitu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Saveasi'uleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saveasi%27uleo"},{"link_name":"Nafanua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafanua"},{"link_name":"Tilafaiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilafaiga"},{"link_name":"Samoan tattoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%27a"},{"link_name":"Taema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taema"}],"text":"Falealupo is mentioned in different myths and legends in Samoan mythology.In the sea at the farthest point of the peninsula, the Fafā-o-Sauali’i, an outcropping of volcanic rocks, is said in legend to be the gateway to the underworld Pulotu, where aitu, the spirits of deceased persons, reside.[7]The ruler of Pulotu is Saveasi'uleo, the father of Nafanua, a goddess of war from Falealupo. Another legend tells that Nafanua's mother is Tilafaiga, who brought the art of Samoan tattoo with her sister Taema from Fiti. The village is also associated with the legend of Moso.Nafanua, the goddess of war, fertility, and tattooing, is revered as the protector of her home village of Falealupo in Samoa.The History of the Tātau\nIt is believed that the tatau, a traditional form of Samoan tattooing, was introduced to Samoa in the village of Falealupo. The origins of the tatau in Falealupo are steeped in legends and stories, passed down through generations of Samoans. The tatau was introduced to Samoa by two sisters, Taema and Tilafaiga, who brought it over from Fiti. Their story is often recounted in the Tatau Samoa Song, which tells of how they travelled to Samoa and sang a song that emphasized that only women should receive the tatau, not men. However, upon reaching Falealupo, they spotted a large clam and dived to see it. When they resurfaced, their song had changed to indicate that men, not women, should receive the tatau.House of Rock\nThe phrase \"e au le inailau a tamaitai\" originates from an ancient Samoan legend that tells a story of the village people of Falealupo; a group of women completed the thatching of a fale's roof before the men did. This proverb exemplifies the strong work ethic of Samoan women and their resolute commitment to accomplishing their goals, no matter the challenges they may face. It underscores the value and importance that Samoan society places on the contributions of women, portraying them as skilled and determined members of their communities.","title":"Myths and Legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"customary land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_land"},{"link_name":"matai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%27amatai"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sch-8"},{"link_name":"Seacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seacology"},{"link_name":"Paul Alan Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Alan_Cox"},{"link_name":"ethnobotanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnobotanist"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISS018-E-38788_Nasa_Falealupo_West_Savai%27i.jpg"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Goldman Environmental Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Environmental_Prize"},{"link_name":"matai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%27amatai"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"banyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seacology-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samoa_-_Savaii_Western_tip.JPG"}],"text":"Falealupo land include large tracts of lowland rainforest. Most of Samoa's land is locally village owned under customary land governed by family matai, the chiefly heads of extended families. In 1990 the Samoan government gave the remote village of Falealupo an ultimatum to build a better school or teachers would be removed and their children would not be educated. Education in Samoa is a partnership between villages and the government, and with most of the land under customary ownership, villages provide land and school buildings with the government providing teachers and the curriculum.[8] Most of the island's economy is based on subsistence living from plantations and fishing and with no other source of revenue, the villagers sold logging rights to their rainforests. Before the logging could take place, however, Seacology co-founder and chairman Paul Alan Cox, an American ethnobotanist who had lived with his family in the village, discovered that the pristine rainforests surrounding the village of Falealupo were to be logged. Cox worked with the village chiefs and promised to raise the funds for the school in exchange for a covenant protecting the 30,000-acre (120 km2) rainforest.[9]Satellite image of Falealupo at the west end of Savai'i island. (NASA photo 2009).The Falealupo Rainforest School was constructed, and the village bestowed matai titles on Paul Cox, Ken Murdock, and Rex Maughan. In recognition of his achievement, in 1997 Cox together with the late High Chief Fuiono Senio shared the prestigious Goldman Environmental Prize. Cox donated his share of the prize to Seacology, which uses the funds to maintain the Falealupo Rainforest Canopy Aerial Walkway, dedicated in 1997. Seacology funded the walkway, which is owned and operated by the village, in order to help the community generate revenues from eco-tourism. At the ceremonial dedication, it was announced that the village would extend the 50-year covenant and promised to protect the rainforest in perpetuity.In 1989, Cox was bestowed a matai chief title, Nafanua, by Falealupo in honour of his work.[10] The title is registered with the Samoan Lands and Title Court.In 1999, the village announced that beginning 1 January 2000 monthly tourist revenues from the aerial canopy walkway would be used to fund a modest retirement fund for village elders. In February 2008, the canopy walkway was closed due to rot in the 10m wooden tower leading up to the aerial rope walkway and platforms in a giant banyan tree. Seacology funded and constructed a new aluminium tower which was completed and opened on 10 June 2010.[11]Entry to the Falealupo rainforest walkway is about 2 km from the main road, on the way to the Falealupo Tai. A modest fee is charged by the village to visitors who wish to ascend the walkway.Looking west at the western tip of Savai'i","title":"Falealupo Rainforest conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falealupo_Beach_Fale_Accommodation,_Savai%27i,_Samoa,_Polynesia.JPG"},{"link_name":"John Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schuster"},{"link_name":"All Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Black"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Leo Lafaiali'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Lafaiali%27i"},{"link_name":"Manu Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Auckland Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_(Super_Rugby)"},{"link_name":"King Kapisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kapisi"},{"link_name":"Fagamalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagamalo"},{"link_name":"Safotu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safotu"},{"link_name":"Taga blowholes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alofaaga_Blowholes"},{"link_name":"APRA Silver Scroll Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRA_Awards_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Aleni Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleni_Smith"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Pio Toanfinu'u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pio_Toanfinu%27u&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Falealupo beach fale, local owned tourist accommodationNotable Samoans from Falealupo include;John Schuster, a former All Black (rugby union national team of New Zealand).\nLeo Lafaiali'i, a player for Manu Samoa (rugby union national team of Samoa) and a former Auckland Blues player.\nKing Kapisi, a hip hop artist in New Zealand. The chief title of his family in Falealupo is A'eau. The grave of King Kapisi's great grandfather Aeau Fa'aloaga is behind the new church in Falealupo-tai. In 1999, King Kapisi filmed his music video Reverse Resistance at Falealupo as well as Fagamalo, Safotu and at the Taga blowholes in Savaii. The opening shot in the video starts at the old church ruin in Falealupo (now the new church) and the closing shot is a sunset at Falealupo beach with children from his family. The song became the first hip hop song to win the prestigious APRA Silver Scroll Award in New Zealand.\nAleni Smith - Olympic judoka who competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics.\nPio Toanfinu'u - Archbishop of Somoa- Apia, First Somoan Cardinal.","title":"Notable Samoans from Falealupo"}]
[{"image_text":"View of Falealupo rainforest canopy walkway and old wooden tower.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Canopy_Falealupo_Rainforest%2C_Savaii.JPG/260px-Canopy_Falealupo_Rainforest%2C_Savaii.JPG"},{"image_text":"Satellite image of Falealupo at the west end of Savai'i island. (NASA photo 2009).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ISS018-E-38788_Nasa_Falealupo_West_Savai%27i.jpg/150px-ISS018-E-38788_Nasa_Falealupo_West_Savai%27i.jpg"},{"image_text":"Looking west at the western tip of Savai'i","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Samoa_-_Savaii_Western_tip.JPG/170px-Samoa_-_Savaii_Western_tip.JPG"},{"image_text":"Falealupo beach fale, local owned tourist accommodation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Falealupo_Beach_Fale_Accommodation%2C_Savai%27i%2C_Samoa%2C_Polynesia.JPG/170px-Falealupo_Beach_Fale_Accommodation%2C_Savai%27i%2C_Samoa%2C_Polynesia.JPG"}]
[{"title":"List of protected areas of Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Samoa"},{"title":"Central Savai'i Rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Savai%27i_Rainforest"},{"title":"Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia"},{"title":"Samoan plant names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_plant_names"},{"title":"Prostratin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostratin"}]
[{"reference":"\"A December day disappears in Samoa and Tokelau\". stuff.co.nz. 21 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/south-pacific/6172409/A-December-day-disappears-in-Samoa-and-Tokelau","url_text":"\"A December day disappears in Samoa and Tokelau\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff.co.nz","url_text":"stuff.co.nz"}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2016 Preliminary count\" (PDF). Samoa Bureau of Statistics. 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbs.gov.ws/digi/1-Preliminary%20count%20report%202016.V2.pdf","url_text":"\"Census 2016 Preliminary count\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samoa and Tokelau to Cross Date Line Dec. 29\". Time. 28 December 2011. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111229104704/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2103243,00.html","url_text":"\"Samoa and Tokelau to Cross Date Line Dec. 29\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2103243,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Census Report 2006\" (PDF). Samoa Bureau of Statistics. July 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721230100/http://www.sbs.gov.ws/Portals/138/PDF/census%20survey/Table%202.%20Population%20byregion%2C%20faipule%20district%202006.pdf","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Census Report 2006\""},{"url":"http://www.sbs.gov.ws/Portals/138/PDF/census%20survey/Table%202.%20Population%20byregion,%20faipule%20district%202006.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"College of Cardinals Biographical Note\". Holy See Press Office, Vatican. 21 January 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_taofinuu_p_en.html","url_text":"\"College of Cardinals Biographical Note\""}]},{"reference":"Religious and Cosmic Beliefs of Central Polynesia. Cambridge University Press archive. 1933. p. 156. ISBN 1-00-140985-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pG83AAAAIAAJ&q=Falealupo","url_text":"Religious and Cosmic Beliefs of Central Polynesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-00-140985-X","url_text":"1-00-140985-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Savai'i Schools\". Samoa Ministry of Education, Sports & Culture. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131220205735/http://www.mesc.gov.ws/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=112&Itemid=82","url_text":"\"Savai'i Schools\""},{"url":"http://www.mesc.gov.ws/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=112&Itemid=82","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zeppel, Heather (2006). Indigenous ecotourism: sustainable development and management. Volume 3 of Ecotourism (Hardcover). CABI. p. 58. ISBN 1-84593-124-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=noFNSuofi6IC&dq=Falealupo&pg=PT72","url_text":"Indigenous ecotourism: sustainable development and management"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84593-124-6","url_text":"1-84593-124-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Falealupo matai defend Nafanua Cox\". Samoa Observer. 25 January 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305025130/http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?view=article&id=3660%3Afalealupo-matai-defend-nafanua&option=com_content&catid=1%3Alatest-news&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Falealupo matai defend Nafanua Cox\""},{"url":"http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?view=article&id=3660:falealupo-matai-defend-nafanua&option=com_content&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=53","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Samoa, Falealupo village, Savai'i Island\". Seacology Island Projects. June 2010. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100726033613/http://www.seacology.org/projects/individualprojects/SAMOA_falealupo2009.htm","url_text":"\"Samoa, Falealupo village, Savai'i Island\""},{"url":"http://www.seacology.org/projects/individualprojects/SAMOA_falealupo2009.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toukon_Road:_Brave_Spirits
Yuke's
["1 History","2 Games developed","3 References","4 External links"]
Japanese video game developer "Yukes" redirects here. For the Canadian rugby player, see Colin Yukes. Yuke's Co. Ltd.Company typeKabushiki gaishaIndustryVideo gamesFounded26 February 1993; 31 years ago (1993-02-26)FounderYukinori TaniguchiHeadquartersOsaka, JapanProductsWWE 2K series (2000–2018)Number of employees188 (January 2023)Websitewww.yukes.co.jp/en/ Yuke's Co. Ltd. is a Japanese video game developer based in Osaka. It was established on 26 February 1993 by Yukinori Taniguchi. The company is best known for developing the WWE video game series, based on the professional wrestling promotion of the same name, until 2018. History Founded in 1993, Yuke's was named after founder Yukinori Taniguchi's high school nickname. The first two games that the company developed were the platform game Hermie Hopperhead and the pro wrestling game Toukon Retsuden. The latter title was a best-seller in Japan. Though Activision purchased the rights to publish the game in North America and began localization work, only the first game was localized, becoming Power Move Pro Wrestling with a different roster of wrestlers. Beginning in 2000, Yuke's began to develop wrestling games for THQ based on the World Wrestling Federation (WWF; now WWE). They were recommended to THQ by Aki, who had developed their own line of wrestling games. From 2005 to 2012, Yuke's owned 54% of New Japan Pro-Wrestling, the top professional wrestling promotion in Japan. In August 2019, then-series publisher 2K Games announced it had moved WWE game development to California-based studio Visual Concepts. Earlier that year, Yuke's had revealed its frustration over what it had been able to achieve with recent WWE 2K games and suggested that its relationship with publisher 2K Sports was partly responsible. Producer Hiromi Furuta revealed that Yuke's had established a new development team tasked with creating a rival wrestling IP, with the intention of reinvigorating its staff. On November 10, 2020, All Elite Wrestling (AEW) announced an upcoming console game developed by Yuke's, led by Def Jam Vendetta and WWF No Mercy director, Hideyuki "Geta" Iwashita,; this game would later go on to become AEW Fight Forever. Games developed These are the list of games that the company developed. Year Title Publisher(s) Platform(s) 1995 New Japan Pro-Wrestling: Toukon Retsuden Tomy PlayStation 1995 Hermie Hopperhead: Scrap Panic SCEI 1996 New Japan Pro-Wrestling: Toukon Retsuden 2 Tomy 1997 Ucchannanchan no Honō no Challenger: Denryū Iraira Bō Hudson Soft Nintendo 64 1998 New Japan Pro-Wrestling: Fighting Spirit Blazing Road BRAVE SPIRITS 1998 New Japan Pro-Wrestling: Toukon Retsuden 3 Tomy PlayStation 1998 Soukaigi SquareSoft 1998 Shin Nippon Pro Wrestling: Fighting Spirit Blazing Guidance 2 - The Next Generation Hudson Nintendo 64 1999 Evil Zone Titus Software PlayStation 1999 Last Legion UX Hudson Nintendo 64 1999 New Japan Pro-Wrestling: Toukon Retsuden 4 Tomy Dreamcast 1999 Sword of the Berserk: Guts' Rage ASCII Corporation 2000 WWF SmackDown! THQ PlayStation 2000 WWF Royal Rumble Arcade, Dreamcast 2000 WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role PlayStation 2000 The Pro Wrestling 2 D3 Publisher 2001 WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It THQ PlayStation 2 2002 EOE: Eve of Extinction Eidos Interactive 2002 Edit Racing D3 Publisher 2002 WWE WrestleMania X8 THQ GameCube 2002 WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth PlayStation 2 2003 WWE WrestleMania XIX GameCube 2003 WWE SmackDown! Here Comes the Pain PlayStation 2 2004 Online Pro Wrestling Yuke's 2004 WWE Day of Reckoning THQ GameCube 2004 Berserk: Millennium Falcon Hen Seima Senki no Shō Sammy Corporation PlayStation 2 2004 WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw THQ 2004 Rumble Roses Konami 2005 D1 Grand Prix Yuke's 2005 WWE Day of Reckoning 2 THQ GameCube 2005 D1 Grand Prix 2005 Yuke's PlayStation 2 2005 WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw 2006 THQ PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable 2005 Wrestle Kingdom Yuke's PlayStation 2, Xbox 360 2006 The Dog: Happy Life PlayStation Portable 2006 Rumble Roses XX Konami Xbox 360 2006 WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007 THQ PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Xbox 360 2007 The Dog Island Ubisoft PlayStation 2, Wii 2007 Wrestle Kingdom 2 Yuke's PlayStation 2 2007 Go! Sports Ski SCEI PlayStation 3 2007 Neves Atlus Nintendo DS 2007 WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008 THQ PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Wii, Xbox 360 2007 Petz: Dogz 2 and Catz 2 Ubisoft PlayStation 2, Wii 2007 Soukou Kihei Votoms Bandai Namco Entertainment PlayStation 2 2008 Double D Dodgeball Yuke's Xbox 360 2008 Mobile Suit Gundam 00: Gundam Meisters Bandai Namco Entertainment PlayStation 2 2008 Neverland Card Battles Idea Factory PlayStation Portable 2008 WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 THQ PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Wii, Xbox 360 2009 WWE Legends of WrestleMania PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, iOS 2009 UFC 2009 Undisputed PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 2009 WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010 Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Wii, Xbox 360 2010 UFC Undisputed 2010 PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Xbox 360 2010 WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011 PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Wii, Xbox 360 2011 Real Steel Yuke's PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 2011 WWE '12 THQ PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360 2012 UFC Undisputed 3 PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 2012 WWE '13 PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360 2013 Pacific Rim Yuke's Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 2013 WWE 2K14 2K Sports PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 2014 WWE 2K15 Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One 2015 WWE 2K16 Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One 2016 WWE 2K17 2017 WWE 2K18 Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One 2018 WWE 2K19 Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One 2019 Earth Defense Force: Iron Rain D3 Publisher Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 2020 Earth Defense Force: World Brothers Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 2023 AEW Fight Forever THQ Nordic Nintendo Switch, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S References ^ Andy Robinson (6 August 2019). "2K splits with veteran WWE studio Yuke's". Video Games Chronicle. Retrieved 2019-08-06. ^ "Company Profile". ^ a b Ekberg, Brian (November 11, 2005). "Yukes Behind the Scenes". GameSpot. Retrieved May 23, 2019. ^ a b "Buyers Beware". GamePro. No. 98. IDG. November 1996. p. 24. ^ "Yuke's Media Creations". Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-10.. uk.games.ign.com ^ Yuke's Buys Controlling Share of New Japan Pro-Wrestling. Gamasutra.com (November 15, 2005). Retrieved on May 10, 2014. ^ Caldwell, James (January 31, 2012). "NJPW News: New Japan sold to new owners, change-over taking effect February 1". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved January 31, 2012. ^ Robinson, Andy (August 6, 2019). "2K splits with veteran WWE studio Yukes". Video Games Chronicle. ^ Robinson, Andy (May 13, 2019). "WWE 2K studio creating rival wrestling IP". Video Games Chronicle. ^ Walker, Ian (November 10, 2020). "Three All Elite Wrestling Games In Development". Kotaku. Retrieved November 10, 2020. ^ "Game RELEASES". TUKE'S Co., Ltd. Retrieved 8 November 2017. External links Official website
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Colours:_Red
Three Colours: Red
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Analysis","5 Reception","5.1 Critical response","5.2 Year-end lists","5.3 Awards and recognition","6 Soundtrack","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
1994 film by Krzysztof Kieślowski You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Polish. (May 2024) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Polish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|pl|Trzy kolory. Czerwony}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Three Colours: RedTheatrical release posterFrenchTrois couleurs: Rouge Directed byKrzysztof KieślowskiWritten by Krzysztof Kieślowski Krzysztof Piesiewicz Produced byMarin KarmitzStarring Irène Jacob Jean-Louis Trintignant Jean-Pierre Lorit Frédérique Feder CinematographyPiotr SobocińskiEdited byJacques WittaMusic byZbigniew PreisnerProductioncompanies mk2 Productions SA France 3 Cinéma CAB Productions SA TOR Production Canal+ Télévision Suisse Romande Distributed by mk2 Diffusion (France) Rialto Film (Switzerland) Release dates 12 May 1994 (1994-05-12) (Cannes) 27 May 1994 (1994-05-27) (Poland) 31 August 1994 (1994-08-31) (Switzerland) 14 September 1994 (1994-09-14) (France) Running time99 minutesCountriesSwitzerlandFrancePolandLanguageFrenchBox office$4 million Three Colours: Red (French: Trois couleurs: Rouge, Polish: Trzy kolory: Czerwony) is a 1994 drama film co-written, produced and directed by Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Kieślowski. It is the final installment of the Three Colours trilogy, which examines the French Revolutionary ideals; it is preceded by Blue and White. Kieślowski had announced that this would be his final film, planning to retire claiming to be through with filmmaking; he would die suddenly less than two years later. Red is about fraternity, which it examines by showing characters whose lives gradually become closely interconnected, with bonds forming between two characters who appear to have little in common. Red was released to universal critical acclaim and was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Director for Kieślowski. It was also selected as the Swiss entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards, but was disqualified for not being a majority-Swiss production; its precedent however, submitted by Poland, was accepted although it did not secure a nomination. Since then it has been widely regarded as the best film of the trilogy, Kieślowski's magnum opus, one of the best movies of all time, as well one of the greatest French-speaking films ever made. Plot Valentine Dussaut is a University of Geneva student who works part-time as a model. She often contacts her possessive boyfriend, who is currently overseas, and plans to meet him in London. One day, she poses for a chewing-gum advertising campaign, and a photograph of her displaying sadness is chosen. After a modeling job, Valentine hits Rita, a pregnant Malinois dog, while driving home. She tracks down the dog's owner, Joseph Kern. When he shows no concern, Valentine takes the dog to a veterinarian and decides to keep her. She selects her favorite photo at the studio, rebuffing sexual advances from the ad company's photographer. Money later is delivered to Valentine's apartment from an unknown sender. The next day, Valentine takes Rita for a walk, and the dog leads her back to Kern's house. Kern confirms that he sent the money for the vet expenses and tells Valentine to keep the dog. As he gave her extra money, she decides to return it to him. While waiting for Kern, Valentine goes inside his house and catches him eavesdropping on a male neighbor's phone conversation with his male lover. She tries to convince Kern to respect his neighbor's privacy; he challenges her to reveal the eavesdropping to the neighbor. When Valentine goes next door to attempt this, she discovers the neighbor's daughter listening on the phone extension. Kern reveals that he is a retired judge, and his actions will not change the outcome of people's lives. Valentine shares that her brother's biological father is not her dad. Kern directs Valentine's attention to his heroin trafficking neighbor. He also shows her Auguste, a law student neighbor of Valentine. Auguste finds a relevant chapter in the Criminal Code when his textbooks fall open while he walks home. He passes his exam to become a judge, crediting his success to the dropped textbook. That night, Kern writes letters confessing his spying activities, resulting in a class-action lawsuit. At court, Kern sees Karin flirting and admits to confessing due to Valentine's disgust. While they discuss altruism, Kern recounts a case where he wrongly acquitted a sailor. Valentine asks if Kern has ever loved; he evades the question and talks about a dream in which Valentine was happy. Auguste cannot reach Karin by phone, so he climbs up to her flat and catches her having sex with another man. He takes his anger out on his dog and leaves it at a lamppost. Kern calls Karin's "Personal Weather Service" to inquire about the weather for the English Channel, which she predicts will be clear. Karin plans to sail there soon with her new boyfriend, who owns a yacht. Before leaving for England, Valentine invites Kern to her fashion show. As they have coffee at the theater, Kern senses that the gathering storm will soon put Valentine in danger. Their conversation turns to Kern's doomed love life. Kern reveals that the girl he loved died in an accident after he followed her across the English Channel. His last case as a judge involved his ex-girlfriend's lover. By coincidence, Auguste's first case as a judge is Kern's trial. Kern shares more details of his dream with Valentine, in which she is 50 and happy with a man she loves. Before parting ways, Kern and Valentine plan to meet again in three weeks, when he will give her one of Rita's puppies. Finally, Valentine boards the ferry to England. Auguste also boards the ferry, reunited with his dog. While searching for their seats, they come in close proximity to each other as they ask an employee for directions. Meanwhile, Kern tends to the puppies and learns that a storm has hit the English Channel, causing both the ferry and the yacht to sink. Watching the television coverage of the incident, it is revealed there were only seven survivors: a barman, Julie and Olivier (from Blue), Karol and Dominique (from White), Auguste (without his dog), and Valentine. Upon seeing the news, Kern is relieved. Cast Irène Jacob as Valentine Dussaut Jean-Louis Trintignant as Joseph Kern Jean-Pierre Lorit as Auguste Bruner Frédérique Feder as Karin Samuel Le Bihan as Le photographe (photographer) Marion Stalens as Le vétérinaire (Veterinary surgeon) Teco Celio as Le barman (barman) Bernard Escalon as Le disquaire (record dealer) Jean Schlegel as Le voisin (neighbour) Roland Carey as Le trafiquant (drug dealer) Production Kieslowski said that Red was the most difficult film of the trilogy to write: "I've got everything I need to put across what I want to say, which is really quite complicated. Therefore, if the idea I've got in mind doesn't come across, it meant that either film is too primitive a medium to support such a construction or that all of us put together haven't got enough talent for it". The main theme of the score, "Bolero", was written before any filming took place. According to the filmmakers, it was meant to symbolize events that occur repeatedly in people's lives. Principal photography began from 01 March 1993 to 29 April 1993. Analysis As in the previous two films, a single color dominates: numerous objects in the film are bright red, including the huge advertising banner featuring Valentine's facial profile. Several images recur throughout the film. Characters are often juxtaposed on different physical levels. The scenes between Valentine and Kern at his house never show the characters on the same level: Valentine either stands above him or sits below him. When Karin searches for Auguste, he hides on a walkway below her. During the climactic scene in the theater, Valentine stands on the stage, towering over Kern who is in the pit below. Telephone communication is important throughout, and so is broken glass (when Kern reveals his eavesdropping, his neighbors throw rocks through his windows, and at the end of the film Kern watches Valentine and Auguste on the news while watching the outside world through broken glass). Also, when Valentine is bowling, the camera moves down the line to where there sits a broken glass next to a packet of Marlboro cigarettes, which is the brand that Auguste smokes. Biblical references relating to the Gospel of Matthew are also evident. The old man can be pictured as an Old Testament archetype, a God-like figure. Exploring biblical ideas in Red the questions of the judge being a 'God' figure is probably the one that has been explored most often. That he is as an Old Testament God, control over the wind and seas and predicts about people future. This film also depicts topics of the Philosophy of Law and the manner in which man acts in society, the relationship between the law, ethics and socially acceptable behavior and how not all of them coincide, particularly in the reflections by Judge Kern and some symbols related to Auguste. Roger Ebert interpreted the film as an anti-romance, in parallel with Blue being an anti-tragedy and White being an anti-comedy. Reception Critical response This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2017) At the time of Red’s release, film critic Geoff Andrew responded positively in Time Out London: "While Kieślowski dips into various interconnecting lives, the central drama is the electrifying encounter between Valentine—caring, troubled—and the judge, whose tendency to play God fails to match, initially, the girl's compassion. It's a film about destiny and chance, solitude and communication, cynicism and faith, doubt and desire; about lives affected by forces beyond rationalization. The assured direction avoids woolly mysticism by using material resources—actors, color, movement, composition, sound—to illuminate abstract concepts. Stunningly beautiful, powerfully scored and immaculately performed, the film is virtually flawless, and one of the very greatest cinematic achievements of the last few decades. A masterpiece". Film critic James Berardinelli of Reelviews also lauded the film, giving it four out of four stars. He described it as a "subtle" masterpiece, also praising the film's "satisfying exploration of such complex and diverse themes as destiny and platonic love". The film went on to become his 18th greatest film of all time. The trade magazine Variety was also enthusiastic about the film, highlighting the lead performances from Jacob and Trittingant. The British Film magazine Empire described the film as a "superb example of French arthouse which is also very watchable". The film was included in the San Francisco Chronicle's "Hot 100 Films from the Past" in 1997. Altogether, Three Colors: Red received overwhelmingly positive reviews. It holds a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 8.8/10. Rotten Tomatoes' critical consensus reads: "A complex, stirring, and beautifully realized portrait of interconnected lives, Red is the captivating conclusion to a remarkable trilogy". On Metacritic, it was assigned a score of 100 out of 100, based on 11 critic reviews, meaning "universal acclaim". Year-end lists 1st – Desson Howe, The Washington Post 1st – Kevin Thomas, Los Angeles Times 2nd - Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times Ebert included the entire Three Colors Trilogy in his list; later, when he wrote about it a separate essay for "Great Movies" section, he noted that Red is "the best film among equals". 2nd – Kenneth Turan, Los Angeles Times 4th – James Berardinelli, ReelViews 8th – Janet Maslin, The New York Times 8th – Robert Denerstein, Rocky Mountain News 9th – Scott Schuldt, The Oklahoman Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Matt Zoller Seitz, Dallas Observer Top 10 (not ranked) – Howie Movshovitz, The Denver Post Awards and recognition Nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Director – Krzysztof Kieślowski Best Original Screenplay – Krzysztof Kieślowski and Krzysztof Piesiewicz Best Cinematography – Piotr Sobociński 1996 BAFTA Awards: Best Director - Krzysztof Kieślowski (Nominated) Best Original Screenplay - Krzysztof Kieślowski and Krzysztof Piesiewicz (Nominated) Best Film Not in English Language - Martin Karmitz and Krzysztof Kieślowski (Nominated) Cannes Film Festival, Palme d'Or (nominated) National Board of Review, Best Foreign Language Film New York Film Critics Circle Awards, Best Foreign Language Film Bodil Awards, Best European Film National Society of Film Critics Awards, Best Foreign Language Film Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, Best Foreign Film French Syndicate of Cinema Critics Awards, Best French Film Zbigniew Preisner won the César Award for Best Music César Award nominations: Best Film Best Actor – Jean-Louis Trintignant Best Actress – Irène Jacob Best Director – Krzysztof Kieślowski Best Writing – Krzysztof Kieślowski and Krzysztof Piesiewicz Red was selected by The New York Times as one of "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made". In 2007, the film was ranked at No. 33 by The Guardian's readers poll on the list of "40 greatest foreign films of all time". Soundtrack Main article: Three Colors: Red (soundtrack) See also List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a film review aggregator website List of submissions to the 67th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film List of Swiss submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film References ^ "Trois couleurs: Rouge (1994) - Financial Information". The Numbers. ^ Maslin, Janet (4 October 1994). "After 'Blue' and 'White', the Rosiness of 'Red'". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 January 2022. ^ Lodge, Guy (20 September 2012). "This year's foreign Oscar race reflects a growingly global medium". Hitfix. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015. ^ Galea, Roberto (2012). "Three Colours Trilogy: Krzysztof Kieślowski". Culture.pl. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2017. ^ Mark Russell; James Edward Young (2000). Film Music. Focal Press. ISBN 9780240804415. ^ https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/87822/red#notes ^ a b Ebert, Roger (9 March 2003). "Three Colors Trilogy: Blue, White, Red". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2022. ^ Andrew, Geoff (21 July 2014). "Three Colours: Red". Time Out London. Time Out Group. Retrieved 10 April 2018. ^ Berardinelli, James. "Three Colors: Red". Reelviews Movie Reviews. Retrieved 18 February 2023. ^ Nesselson, Lisa (19 May 1994). "Three Colors: Red". Variety. Retrieved 18 February 2023. ^ "Three Colors: Red - Movie Reviews". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 18 February 2023. ^ "Hot 100 Films From the Past by San Francisco Chronicle Film Critics". Filmsite.org. Retrieved 19 April 2009. ^ "Three Colors: Red (Trois Couleurs: Rouge) (1994)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved 28 February 2023. ^ "Three Colors: Red 1994". Metacritic. Retrieved 18 June 2023. ^ Howe, Desson (30 December 1994), "The Envelope Please: Reel Winners and Losers of 1994", The Washington Post, retrieved 19 July 2020 ^ a b Turan, Kenneth (25 December 1994). "1994: YEAR IN REVIEW: No Weddings, No Lions, No Gumps". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 July 2020. ^ Ebert, Roger (31 December 1994). "The Best 10 Movies of 1994". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved 17 March 2022. ^ Berardinelli, James (2 January 1995). "Rewinding 1994 -- The Year in Film". ReelViews. Retrieved 19 July 2020. ^ Maslin, Janet (27 December 1994). "CRITIC'S NOTEBOOK; The Good, Bad and In-Between In a Year of Surprises on Film". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2020. ^ Denerstein, Robert (1 January 1995). "Perhaps It Was Best to Simply Fade to Black". Rocky Mountain News (Final ed.). p. 61A. ^ Schuldt, Scott (1 January 1995). "Oklahoman Movie Critics Rank Their Favorites for the Year Without a Doubt, Blue Ribbon Goes to "Pulp Fiction", Scott Says". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 20 July 2020. ^ Zoller Seitz, Matt (12 January 1995). "Personal best From a year full of startling and memorable movies, here are our favorites". Dallas Observer. ^ Movshovitz, Howie (25 December 1994). "Memorable Movies of '94 Independents, fringes filled out a lean year". The Denver Post (Rockies ed.). p. E-1. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Three Colours: Red". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 30 August 2009. ^ "1995". Bodilprisen (in Danish). 19 October 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2021. ^ "As chosen by you...the greatest foreign films of all time". The Guardian. 11 May 2007. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Three Colours: Red. Three Colours: Red at IMDb Three Colours: Red at AllMovie Three Colours: Red at the TCM Movie Database Three Colours: Red at Box Office Mojo Three Colors: A Hymn to European Cinema an essay by Colin MacCabe at the Criterion Collection Red: A Fraternity of Strangers an essay by Georgina Evans at the Criterion Collection Online Exhibition: On Location - Revisiting Trois Couleurs: Rouge at Roman's Lab vteKrzysztof KieślowskiFeature films Personnel (1975) The Scar (1976) Camera Buff (1979) The Calm (1980) Short Working Day (1981) Blind Chance (1981) No End (1985) A Short Film About Killing (1988) A Short Film About Love (1988) The Double Life of Veronique (1991) Three Colours trilogy Blue (1993) White (1994) Red (1994) Dekalog One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten (1989) Short films The Office (1966) Tramway (1966) Concert of Requests (1967) Curriculum Vitae (1975) From a Night Porter's Point of View (1977) Screenplays only The Big Animal (2000) Heaven (2002) Hell (2005) Hope (2007) Awards for Three Colours: Red vteBoston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Non-English Language Film Mr. Hire (1990) Europa Europa (1991) No Award (1992) Farewell My Concubine (1993) Three Colours: Red (1994) Mina Tannenbaum (1995) My Favorite Season (1996) Underground (1997) Taste of Cherry (1998) All About My Mother (1999) Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) Love's a Bitch (2001) And Your Mother Too (2002) The Triplets of Belleville (2003) House of Flying Daggers (2004) Kung Fu Hustle (2005) Pan's Labyrinth (2006) The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007) Let the Right One In (2008) Summer Hours (2009) Mother (2010) Incendies (2011) Amour (2012) The Great Beauty (2013) Two Days, One Night (2014) The Look of Silence (2015) The Handmaiden (2016) The Square (2017) Shoplifters (2018) Parasite (2019) La Llorona (2020) The Zone of Interest (2023) vteChicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Foreign Language Film1980s Au revoir les enfants (1988) Henry V (1989) 1990s The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (1990) An Angel at My Table (1991) The Crying Game (1992) The Piano (1993) Three Colours: Red (1994) Il Postino: The Postman (1995) Dekalog (1996) Shall We Dance? (1997) Life Is Beautiful (1998) All About My Mother (1999) 2000s Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) Amélie (2001) Y tu mamá también (2002) City of God (2003) A Very Long Engagement (2004) Caché (2005) Letters from Iwo Jima (2006) 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days (2007) Let the Right One In (2008) The White Ribbon (2009) 2010s A Prophet (2010) A Separation (2011) Amour (2012) The Act of Killing (2013) Force Majeure (2014) Son of Saul (2015) The Handmaiden (2016) The Square (2017) Roma (2018) Parasite (2019) 2020s Another Round (2020) Drive My Car (2021) Decision to Leave (2022) The Zone of Interest (2023) vteDallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Foreign Language Film1990s Cinema Paradiso (1990) The Double Life of Veronique (1991) Indochine (1992) Farewell My Concubine (1993) Three Colours: Red (1994) Les Misérables (1995) Prisoner of the Mountains (1996) Character (1997) Life Is Beautiful (1998) Run Lola Run (1999) 2000s Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) Amélie (2001) And Your Mother Too (2002) City of God (2003) A Very Long Engagement (2004) Paradise Now (2005) Letters from Iwo Jima (2006) The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007) Tell No One (2008) Sin nombre (2009) 2010s Biutiful (2010) A Separation (2011) Amour (2012) Blue Is the Warmest Colour (2013) Force Majeure (2014) Son of Saul (2015) The Handmaiden (2016) The Square (2017) Roma (2018) Parasite (2019) 2020s Minari (2020) Drive My Car (2021) Decision to Leave (2022) Anatomy of a Fall (2023) vteIndependent Spirit Award for Best International Film Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985) A Room with a View (1986) My Life as a Dog (1987) Wings of Desire (1988) My Left Foot (1989) Sweetie (1990) An Angel at My Table (1991) The Crying Game (1992) The Piano (1993) Three Colours: Red (1994) Before the Rain (1995) Secrets & Lies (1996) The Sweet Hereafter (1997) The Celebration (1998) Run Lola Run (1999) Dancer in the Dark (2000) Amélie (2001) Y Tu Mamá También (2002) Whale Rider (2003) The Sea Inside (2004) Paradise Now (2005) The Lives of Others (2006) Once (2007) The Class (2008) An Education (2009) The King's Speech (2010) A Separation (2011) Amour (2012) Blue Is the Warmest Colour (2013) Ida (2014) Son of Saul (2015) Toni Erdmann (2016) A Fantastic Woman (2017) Roma (2018) Parasite (2019) Quo Vadis, Aida? (2020) Drive My Car (2021) Joyland (2022) Anatomy of a Fall (2023) vteLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Foreign Language Film1975–2000 And Now My Love (1975) Face to Face (1976) That Obscure Object of Desire (1977) Madame Rosa (1978) Soldier of Orange (1979) No Award (1980) The Tin Drum (1981) Pixote (1982) Mad Max 2 (1983) Fanny and Alexander / The Fourth Man (1984) The Official Story / Ran (1985) Vagabond (1986) Goodbye, Children (1987) Wings of Desire (1988) Distant Voices, Still Lives / Story of Women (1989) Life and Nothing But (1990) The Beautiful Troublemaker (1991) The Crying Game (1992) Farewell My Concubine (1993) Three Colours: Red (1994) Wild Reeds (1995) A Judgement in Stone (1996) The Promise (1997) The Celebration (1998) All About My Mother (1999) Yi Yi (2000) 2001–present No Man's Land (2001) And Your Mother Too (2002) The Man on the Train (2003) House of Flying Daggers (2004) Hidden (2005) The Lives of Others (2006) 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days (2007) Still Life (2008) Summer Hours (2009) Carlos (2010) City of Life and Death (2011) Holy Motors (2012) Blue Is the Warmest Colour (2013) Ida (2014) Son of Saul (2015) The Handmaiden (2016) BPM (Beats per Minute) / Loveless (2017) Burning / Shoplifters (2018) Pain and Glory (2019) Beanpole (2020) Petite Maman (2021) EO (2022) Anatomy of a Fall (2023) vteNational Society of Film Critics Award for Best Foreign Language Film Ariel (1990) The Double Life of Veronique (1991) Raise the Red Lantern (1992) The Story of Qiu Ju (1993) Three Colours: Red (1994) Wild Reeds (1995) La Cérémonie (1996) The Promise (1997) Taste of Cherry (1998) Autumn Tale (1999) No Award (2000) In the Mood for Love (2001) Y tu mamá también (2002) The Man Without a Past (2003) Moolaadé (2004) Head-On (2005) No Award (2006) 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days (2007) No Award (2008) Summer Hours (2009) Carlos (2010) A Separation (2011) No Award (2012) Blue Is the Warmest Colour (2013) No Award (2014) Timbuktu (2015) Toni Erdmann (2016) Graduation (2017) Roma (2018) No Award (2019) Collective (2020) No Award (2021) EO (2022) Fallen Leaves (2023) vteNew York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Foreign Language Film1937–1977 Mayerling (1937) Grand Illusion (1938) Harvest (1939) The Baker's Wife (1940) No Award (1941–1945) Rome, Open City (1946) To Live in Peace (1947) Paisan (1948) Bicycle Thieves (1949) L'Amore (1950) Miracle in Milan (1951) Forbidden Games (1952) Justice Is Done (1953) Gate of Hell (1954) Umberto D. (1955) The Road (1956) Gervaise (1957) My Uncle (1958) The 400 Blows (1959) Hiroshima My Love (1960) The Sweet Life (1961) No Award (1962) 8½ (1963) That Man from Rio (1964) Juliet of the Spirits (1965) The Shop on Main Street (1966) The War Is Over (1967) War and Peace (1968) No Award (1969–1977) 1978–2000 Bread and Chocolate (1978) The Tree of Wooden Clogs (1979) My American Uncle (1980) Pixote (1981) Time Stands Still (1982) Fanny and Alexander (1983) A Sunday in the Country (1984) Ran (1985) The Decline of the American Empire (1986) My Life as a Dog (1987) Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (1988) Story of Women (1989) The Nasty Girl (1990) Europa Europa (1991) Raise the Red Lantern (1992) Farewell My Concubine (1993) Three Colours: Red (1994) Wild Reeds (1995) The White Balloon (1996) Ponette (1997) The Celebration (1998) All About My Mother (1999) Yi Yi (2000) 2001–present In the Mood for Love (2001) And Your Mother Too (2002) City of God (2003) Bad Education (2004) 2046 (2005) Army of Shadows (2006) The Lives of Others (2007) 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days (2008) Summer Hours (2009) Carlos (2010) A Separation (2011) Amour (2012) Blue Is the Warmest Colour (2013) Ida (2014) Timbuktu (2015) Toni Erdmann (2016) BPM (Beats per Minute) (2017) Cold War (2018) Parasite (2019) Bacurau (2020) The Worst Person in the World (2021) EO (2022) Anatomy of a Fall (2023) vteSwiss submissions for Academy Award for Best International Feature Film1960–1980 The Shadows Grow Longer (1961) First Love (1970) The Salamander (1972) The Invitation (1973) The Middle of the World (1974) Assassination in Davos (1975) Jonah Who Will Be 25 in the Year 2000 (1976) Les petites fugues (1979) Every Man for Himself (1980) 1981–2000 The Boat Is Full (1981) Yol (1982) In the White City (1983) Dangerous Moves (1984) Alpine Fire (1985) Tanner (1986) If the Sun Never Returns (1987) Lounge Chair (1988) My Dear Subject (1989) Journey of Hope (1990) The Mountain (1991) Off Season (1992) The Diary of Lady M (1993) Three Colours: Red (1994) Adultery: A User's Guide (1995) The Lambs (1996) For Ever Mozart (1997) War in the Highlands (1998) Beresina, or the Last Days of Switzerland (1999) Gripsholm (2000) 2001–2020 In Praise of Love (2001) A Loving Father (2002) Mein Name ist Bach (2004) One Long Winter Without Fire (2005) Vitus (2006) Late Bloomers (2007) The Friend (2008) Home (2009) The Little Room (2010) Summer Games (2011) Sister (2012) More than Honey (2013) The Circle (2014) Iraqi Odyssey (2015) My Life as a Courgette (2016) The Divine Order (2017) Eldorado (2018) The Awakening of Motti Wolkenbruch (2019) My Little Sister (2020) 2021–present Olga (2021) A Piece of Sky (2022) Thunder (2023)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Kieślowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski"},{"link_name":"Three Colours trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Colours_trilogy"},{"link_name":"French Revolutionary ideals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%89galit%C3%A9,_Fraternit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Colours:_Blue"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Colours:_White"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"67th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hitfix-3"}],"text":"Three Colours: Red (French: Trois couleurs: Rouge, Polish: Trzy kolory: Czerwony) is a 1994 drama film co-written, produced and directed by Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Kieślowski. It is the final installment of the Three Colours trilogy, which examines the French Revolutionary ideals; it is preceded by Blue and White. Kieślowski had announced that this would be his final film, planning to retire claiming to be through with filmmaking;[2] he would die suddenly less than two years later. Red is about fraternity, which it examines by showing characters whose lives gradually become closely interconnected, with bonds forming between two characters who appear to have little in common.Red was released to universal critical acclaim and was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Director for Kieślowski. It was also selected as the Swiss entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards, but was disqualified for not being a majority-Swiss production; its precedent however, submitted by Poland, was accepted although it did not secure a nomination.[3] Since then it has been widely regarded as the best film of the trilogy, Kieślowski's magnum opus, one of the best movies of all time, as well one of the greatest French-speaking films ever made.","title":"Three Colours: Red"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Geneva"},{"link_name":"Malinois dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Colours:_Blue"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Colours:_White"}],"text":"Valentine Dussaut is a University of Geneva student who works part-time as a model. She often contacts her possessive boyfriend, who is currently overseas, and plans to meet him in London. One day, she poses for a chewing-gum advertising campaign, and a photograph of her displaying sadness is chosen.After a modeling job, Valentine hits Rita, a pregnant Malinois dog, while driving home. She tracks down the dog's owner, Joseph Kern. When he shows no concern, Valentine takes the dog to a veterinarian and decides to keep her. She selects her favorite photo at the studio, rebuffing sexual advances from the ad company's photographer. Money later is delivered to Valentine's apartment from an unknown sender.The next day, Valentine takes Rita for a walk, and the dog leads her back to Kern's house. Kern confirms that he sent the money for the vet expenses and tells Valentine to keep the dog. As he gave her extra money, she decides to return it to him. While waiting for Kern, Valentine goes inside his house and catches him eavesdropping on a male neighbor's phone conversation with his male lover. She tries to convince Kern to respect his neighbor's privacy; he challenges her to reveal the eavesdropping to the neighbor. When Valentine goes next door to attempt this, she discovers the neighbor's daughter listening on the phone extension. Kern reveals that he is a retired judge, and his actions will not change the outcome of people's lives. Valentine shares that her brother's biological father is not her dad. Kern directs Valentine's attention to his heroin trafficking neighbor. He also shows her Auguste, a law student neighbor of Valentine. Auguste finds a relevant chapter in the Criminal Code when his textbooks fall open while he walks home. He passes his exam to become a judge, crediting his success to the dropped textbook.That night, Kern writes letters confessing his spying activities, resulting in a class-action lawsuit. At court, Kern sees Karin flirting and admits to confessing due to Valentine's disgust. While they discuss altruism, Kern recounts a case where he wrongly acquitted a sailor. Valentine asks if Kern has ever loved; he evades the question and talks about a dream in which Valentine was happy.Auguste cannot reach Karin by phone, so he climbs up to her flat and catches her having sex with another man. He takes his anger out on his dog and leaves it at a lamppost. Kern calls Karin's \"Personal Weather Service\" to inquire about the weather for the English Channel, which she predicts will be clear. Karin plans to sail there soon with her new boyfriend, who owns a yacht.Before leaving for England, Valentine invites Kern to her fashion show. As they have coffee at the theater, Kern senses that the gathering storm will soon put Valentine in danger. Their conversation turns to Kern's doomed love life. Kern reveals that the girl he loved died in an accident after he followed her across the English Channel. His last case as a judge involved his ex-girlfriend's lover. By coincidence, Auguste's first case as a judge is Kern's trial. Kern shares more details of his dream with Valentine, in which she is 50 and happy with a man she loves. Before parting ways, Kern and Valentine plan to meet again in three weeks, when he will give her one of Rita's puppies.Finally, Valentine boards the ferry to England. Auguste also boards the ferry, reunited with his dog. While searching for their seats, they come in close proximity to each other as they ask an employee for directions. Meanwhile, Kern tends to the puppies and learns that a storm has hit the English Channel, causing both the ferry and the yacht to sink. Watching the television coverage of the incident, it is revealed there were only seven survivors: a barman, Julie and Olivier (from Blue), Karol and Dominique (from White), Auguste (without his dog), and Valentine. Upon seeing the news, Kern is relieved.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irène Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Jacob"},{"link_name":"Jean-Louis Trintignant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Trintignant"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Lorit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Lorit"},{"link_name":"Samuel Le Bihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Le_Bihan"}],"text":"Irène Jacob as Valentine Dussaut\nJean-Louis Trintignant as Joseph Kern\nJean-Pierre Lorit as Auguste Bruner\nFrédérique Feder as Karin\nSamuel Le Bihan as Le photographe (photographer)\nMarion Stalens as Le vétérinaire (Veterinary surgeon)\nTeco Celio as Le barman (barman)\nBernard Escalon as Le disquaire (record dealer)\nJean Schlegel as Le voisin (neighbour)\nRoland Carey as Le trafiquant (drug dealer)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Kieslowski said that Red was the most difficult film of the trilogy to write: \"I've got everything I need to put across what I want to say, which is really quite complicated. Therefore, if the idea I've got in mind doesn't come across, it meant that either film is too primitive a medium to support such a construction or that all of us put together haven't got enough talent for it\".[4] The main theme of the score, \"Bolero\", was written before any filming took place. According to the filmmakers, it was meant to symbolize events that occur repeatedly in people's lives.[5]\nPrincipal photography began from 01 March 1993 to 29 April 1993. [6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philosophy of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"text":"As in the previous two films, a single color dominates: numerous objects in the film are bright red, including the huge advertising banner featuring Valentine's facial profile. Several images recur throughout the film. Characters are often juxtaposed on different physical levels. The scenes between Valentine and Kern at his house never show the characters on the same level: Valentine either stands above him or sits below him. When Karin searches for Auguste, he hides on a walkway below her. During the climactic scene in the theater, Valentine stands on the stage, towering over Kern who is in the pit below. Telephone communication is important throughout, and so is broken glass (when Kern reveals his eavesdropping, his neighbors throw rocks through his windows, and at the end of the film Kern watches Valentine and Auguste on the news while watching the outside world through broken glass). Also, when Valentine is bowling, the camera moves down the line to where there sits a broken glass next to a packet of Marlboro cigarettes, which is the brand that Auguste smokes.Biblical references relating to the Gospel of Matthew are also evident. The old man can be pictured as an Old Testament archetype, a God-like figure. Exploring biblical ideas in Red the questions of the judge being a 'God' figure is probably the one that has been explored most often. That he is as an Old Testament God, control over the wind and seas and predicts about people future. This film also depicts topics of the Philosophy of Law and the manner in which man acts in society, the relationship between the law, ethics and socially acceptable behavior and how not all of them coincide, particularly in the reflections by Judge Kern and some symbols related to Auguste.Roger Ebert interpreted the film as an anti-romance, in parallel with Blue being an anti-tragedy and White being an anti-comedy.[7]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Time Out London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"James Berardinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Berardinelli"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"At the time of Red’s release, film critic Geoff Andrew responded positively in Time Out London: \"While Kieślowski dips into various interconnecting lives, the central drama is the electrifying encounter between Valentine—caring, troubled—and the judge, whose tendency to play God fails to match, initially, the girl's compassion. It's a film about destiny and chance, solitude and communication, cynicism and faith, doubt and desire; about lives affected by forces beyond rationalization. The assured direction avoids woolly mysticism by using material resources—actors, color, movement, composition, sound—to illuminate abstract concepts. Stunningly beautiful, powerfully scored and immaculately performed, the film is virtually flawless, and one of the very greatest cinematic achievements of the last few decades. A masterpiece\".[8]Film critic James Berardinelli of Reelviews also lauded the film, giving it four out of four stars. He described it as a \"subtle\" masterpiece, also praising the film's \"satisfying exploration of such complex and diverse themes as destiny and platonic love\". The film went on to become his 18th greatest film of all time.[9] The trade magazine Variety was also enthusiastic about the film, highlighting the lead performances from Jacob and Trittingant.[10] The British Film magazine Empire described the film as a \"superb example of French arthouse which is also very watchable\".[11]The film was included in the San Francisco Chronicle's \"Hot 100 Films from the Past\" in 1997.[12] Altogether, Three Colors: Red received overwhelmingly positive reviews. It holds a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 8.8/10. Rotten Tomatoes' critical consensus reads: \"A complex, stirring, and beautifully realized portrait of interconnected lives, Red is the captivating conclusion to a remarkable trilogy\".[13] On Metacritic, it was assigned a score of 100 out of 100, based on 11 critic reviews, meaning \"universal acclaim\".[14]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Desson Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desson_Howe"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kevin Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Thomas_(film_critic)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimesYE-16"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Three Colors Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Colours_trilogy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Turan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Turan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimesYE-16"},{"link_name":"James Berardinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Berardinelli"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Janet Maslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Maslin"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_News"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The Oklahoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oklahoman"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Matt Zoller Seitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Zoller_Seitz"},{"link_name":"Dallas Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Observer"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The Denver Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Denver_Post"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Year-end lists","text":"1st – Desson Howe, The Washington Post[15]\n1st – Kevin Thomas, Los Angeles Times[16]\n2nd - Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times[17] Ebert included the entire Three Colors Trilogy in his list; later, when he wrote about it a separate essay for \"Great Movies\" section, he noted that Red is \"the best film among equals\".[7]\n2nd – Kenneth Turan, Los Angeles Times[16]\n4th – James Berardinelli, ReelViews[18]\n8th – Janet Maslin, The New York Times[19]\n8th – Robert Denerstein, Rocky Mountain News[20]\n9th – Scott Schuldt, The Oklahoman[21]\nTop 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Matt Zoller Seitz, Dallas Observer[22]\nTop 10 (not ranked) – Howie Movshovitz, The Denver Post[23]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Kieślowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski"},{"link_name":"Best Original Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"Best Cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"1996 BAFTA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th_British_Academy_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Direction"},{"link_name":"Best Original Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Palme d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-24"},{"link_name":"National Board of Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Board_of_Review_of_Motion_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Board_of_Review_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"New York Film Critics Circle Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"Bodil Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodil_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best European Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodil_Award_for_Best_Non-American_Film"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bodilprisen_1995-25"},{"link_name":"National Society of Film Critics Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Society_of_Film_Critics_Awards_1994"},{"link_name":"Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Society_of_Film_Critics_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Film_Critics_Association_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Foreign Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Film_Critics_Association_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"French Syndicate of Cinema Critics Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Syndicate_of_Cinema_Critics"},{"link_name":"Zbigniew Preisner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Preisner"},{"link_name":"César Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award"},{"link_name":"César Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award"},{"link_name":"Jean-Louis Trintignant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Trintignant"},{"link_name":"Irène Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Jacob"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Awards and recognition","text":"Nominated for three Academy Awards:\nBest Director – Krzysztof Kieślowski\nBest Original Screenplay – Krzysztof Kieślowski and Krzysztof Piesiewicz\nBest Cinematography – Piotr Sobociński\n1996 BAFTA Awards:\nBest Director - Krzysztof Kieślowski (Nominated)\nBest Original Screenplay - Krzysztof Kieślowski and Krzysztof Piesiewicz (Nominated)\nBest Film Not in English Language - Martin Karmitz and Krzysztof Kieślowski (Nominated)\nCannes Film Festival, Palme d'Or (nominated)[24]\nNational Board of Review, Best Foreign Language Film\nNew York Film Critics Circle Awards, Best Foreign Language Film\nBodil Awards, Best European Film[25]\nNational Society of Film Critics Awards, Best Foreign Language Film\nLos Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, Best Foreign Film\nFrench Syndicate of Cinema Critics Awards, Best French Film\nZbigniew Preisner won the César Award for Best Music\nCésar Award nominations:\nBest Film\nBest Actor – Jean-Louis Trintignant\nBest Actress – Irène Jacob\nBest Director – Krzysztof Kieślowski\nBest Writing – Krzysztof Kieślowski and Krzysztof Piesiewicz\nRed was selected by The New York Times as one of \"The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made\".\nIn 2007, the film was ranked at No. 33 by The Guardian's readers poll on the list of \"40 greatest foreign films of all time\".[26]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Soundtrack"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_with_a_100%25_rating_on_Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"title":"List of submissions to the 67th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_67th_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"title":"List of Swiss submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swiss_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"}]
[{"reference":"\"Trois couleurs: Rouge (1994) - Financial Information\". The Numbers.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Trois-couleurs-Rouge#tab=summary","url_text":"\"Trois couleurs: Rouge (1994) - Financial Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Numbers_(website)","url_text":"The Numbers"}]},{"reference":"Maslin, Janet (4 October 1994). \"After 'Blue' and 'White', the Rosiness of 'Red'\". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/04/movies/film-festival-review-after-blue-and-white-the-rosiness-of-red.html","url_text":"\"After 'Blue' and 'White', the Rosiness of 'Red'\""}]},{"reference":"Lodge, Guy (20 September 2012). \"This year's foreign Oscar race reflects a growingly global medium\". Hitfix. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151002101748/http://www.hitfix.com/in-contention/this-years-foreign-oscar-race-reflects-a-growingly-global-medium","url_text":"\"This year's foreign Oscar race reflects a growingly global medium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitfix","url_text":"Hitfix"},{"url":"http://www.hitfix.com/in-contention/this-years-foreign-oscar-race-reflects-a-growingly-global-medium","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Galea, Roberto (2012). \"Three Colours Trilogy: Krzysztof Kieślowski\". Culture.pl. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140304184939/https://culture.pl/en/work/three-colours-trilogy-krzysztof-kieslowski","url_text":"\"Three Colours Trilogy: Krzysztof Kieślowski\""},{"url":"http://culture.pl/en/work/three-colours-trilogy-krzysztof-kieslowski","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mark Russell; James Edward Young (2000). Film Music. Focal Press. ISBN 9780240804415.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NkXmXozBYj4C&pg=PA168","url_text":"Film Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780240804415","url_text":"9780240804415"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (9 March 2003). \"Three Colors Trilogy: Blue, White, Red\". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-three-colors-trilogy-blue-white-red","url_text":"\"Three Colors Trilogy: Blue, White, Red\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181218124123/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-three-colors-trilogy-blue-white-red","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Andrew, Geoff (21 July 2014). \"Three Colours: Red\". Time Out London. Time Out Group. Retrieved 10 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/london/film/three-colours-red","url_text":"\"Three Colours: Red\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)","url_text":"Time Out London"}]},{"reference":"Berardinelli, James. \"Three Colors: Red\". Reelviews Movie Reviews. Retrieved 18 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/three-colors-red","url_text":"\"Three Colors: Red\""}]},{"reference":"Nesselson, Lisa (19 May 1994). \"Three Colors: Red\". Variety. Retrieved 18 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1994/film/reviews/three-colors-red-1200437097/","url_text":"\"Three Colors: Red\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three Colors: Red - Movie Reviews\". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 18 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1058966-red/reviews","url_text":"\"Three Colors: Red - Movie Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot 100 Films From the Past by San Francisco Chronicle Film Critics\". Filmsite.org. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmsite.org/sfchron2.html","url_text":"\"Hot 100 Films From the Past by San Francisco Chronicle Film Critics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmsite.org","url_text":"Filmsite.org"}]},{"reference":"\"Three Colors: Red (Trois Couleurs: Rouge) (1994)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved 28 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1058966-red/","url_text":"\"Three Colors: Red (Trois Couleurs: Rouge) (1994)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Three Colors: Red 1994\". Metacritic. Retrieved 18 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/three-colors-red","url_text":"\"Three Colors: Red 1994\""}]},{"reference":"Howe, Desson (30 December 1994), \"The Envelope Please: Reel Winners and Losers of 1994\", The Washington Post, retrieved 19 July 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/12/30/the-envelope-please-reel-winners-and-losers-of-1994/3cf88a79-b416-4c9a-8ff1-8e9c9a91df37/","url_text":"\"The Envelope Please: Reel Winners and Losers of 1994\""}]},{"reference":"Turan, Kenneth (25 December 1994). \"1994: YEAR IN REVIEW: No Weddings, No Lions, No Gumps\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-12-25-ca-12998-story.html","url_text":"\"1994: YEAR IN REVIEW: No Weddings, No Lions, No Gumps\""}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (31 December 1994). \"The Best 10 Movies of 1994\". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved 17 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-10-movies-of-1994","url_text":"\"The Best 10 Movies of 1994\""}]},{"reference":"Berardinelli, James (2 January 1995). \"Rewinding 1994 -- The Year in Film\". ReelViews. Retrieved 19 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://preview.reelviews.net/comment/010295.html","url_text":"\"Rewinding 1994 -- The Year in Film\""}]},{"reference":"Maslin, Janet (27 December 1994). \"CRITIC'S NOTEBOOK; The Good, Bad and In-Between In a Year of Surprises on Film\". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/27/movies/critic-s-notebook-the-good-bad-and-in-between-in-a-year-of-surprises-on-film.html","url_text":"\"CRITIC'S NOTEBOOK; The Good, Bad and In-Between In a Year of Surprises on Film\""}]},{"reference":"Denerstein, Robert (1 January 1995). \"Perhaps It Was Best to Simply Fade to Black\". Rocky Mountain News (Final ed.). p. 61A.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schuldt, Scott (1 January 1995). \"Oklahoman Movie Critics Rank Their Favorites for the Year Without a Doubt, Blue Ribbon Goes to \"Pulp Fiction\", Scott Says\". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 20 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://oklahoman.com/article/2488346/oklahoman-movie-critics-rank-their-favorites-for-the-year-without-a-doubt-blue-ribbon-goes-to-pulp-fiction-scott-says","url_text":"\"Oklahoman Movie Critics Rank Their Favorites for the Year Without a Doubt, Blue Ribbon Goes to \"Pulp Fiction\", Scott Says\""}]},{"reference":"Zoller Seitz, Matt (12 January 1995). \"Personal best From a year full of startling and memorable movies, here are our favorites\". Dallas Observer.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Observer","url_text":"Dallas Observer"}]},{"reference":"Movshovitz, Howie (25 December 1994). \"Memorable Movies of '94 Independents, fringes filled out a lean year\". The Denver Post (Rockies ed.). p. E-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Denver_Post","url_text":"The Denver Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Festival de Cannes: Three Colours: Red\". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 30 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2965/year/1994.html","url_text":"\"Festival de Cannes: Three Colours: Red\""}]},{"reference":"\"1995\". Bodilprisen (in Danish). 19 October 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bodilprisen.dk/aar-for-aar/1995-2/","url_text":"\"1995\""}]},{"reference":"\"As chosen by you...the greatest foreign films of all time\". The Guardian. 11 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/may/11/1","url_text":"\"As chosen by you...the greatest foreign films of all time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_Glacier
Dusty Glacier
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 48°07′24″N 121°06′14″W / 48.12333°N 121.10389°W / 48.12333; -121.10389Dusty GlacierLeft to right, Cool, Chocolate, North Guardian and Dusty Glaciers on the east slopes of Glacier PeakDusty GlacierTypeMountain glacierLocationGlacier Peak, Snohomish County, Washington, USACoordinates48°07′24″N 121°06′14″W / 48.12333°N 121.10389°W / 48.12333; -121.10389Length1.4 mi (2.3 km)TerminusIce fallStatusRetreating Dusty Glacier is located on northeast slopes of Glacier Peak in the U.S. state of Washington. The glacier descends from 9,022 ft (2,750 m) to 6,430 ft (1,960 m) and in places along its length is connected to North Guardian Glacier which lies to its south and Ermine Glacier to the north. As is true with all the glaciers found on Glacier Peak, Dusty Glacier is retreating. During the Little Ice Age, Dusty Glacier extended down to an altitude of 4,800 ft (1,500 m), but since approximately the year 1850, the glacier has been in a general state of retreat and has lost more than 1,500 m (4,900 ft) of its length. Dusty Glacier is heavily crevassed and the glacier ends in an ice fall at its terminus. See also List of glaciers in the United States References ^ "Dusty Glacier". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2012-11-18. ^ Gamma Peak, WA (Map). TopoQwest (United States Geological Survey Maps). Retrieved 2012-11-18. ^ Monroe, James; Reed Wicander (2011). The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution. Cengage Learning. p. 349. ISBN 9780840062086. Retrieved 2012-11-18. ^ Pelto, Mauri (2007). "Glacier Peak A Century Of Change". North Cascade Glacier Climate Project. Nichols College. Archived from the original on 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2012-11-18. This article about a glacier in Washington is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"List of glaciers in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_United_States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Johnstone_(explorer)
James Johnstone (explorer)
["1 Naval and private career","2 Vancouver expedition","3 Later naval career and death","4 References"]
British naval officer and explorer James Johnstone (c. 1759 – 1823) was a British naval officer and explorer. He is noted for having served as sailing master of the armed tender HMS Chatham and later acting lieutenant during George Vancouver's 1791–1795 expedition to the Pacific Northwest. Johnstone Strait in British Columbia is named after him. Naval and private career Johnstone joined the navy early in 1779, serving aboard the ships HMS Keppel (a 14-gun sloop), HMS La Fortune (a recently captured French frigate), HMS Formidable, HMS Queen, and HMS Assistance; during this time he sailed to New York, the West Indies (several times), and participated in the Battle of the Chesapeake. On the last ship he met Archibald Menzies, whom Johnstone would become lifelong friends with. He was appointed master in 1785, receiving his master's certificate the following year. Both he and Menzies were discharged in August 1786. Despite passing his lieutenant's examination the next month, he wouldn't receive his commission until seven years later. In October 1786 Johnstone left Britain as mate of Prince of Wales under James Colnett on a voyage to the Northwest coast of North America in search of sea otter. Menzies accompanied him. In January 1789 in Macau, when Colnett decided to take another ship, Argonaut, back to the Northwest coast, Johnstone assumed command of Prince of Wales. He sailed the ship back to Britain, which he reached in July. Vancouver expedition After rejoining the navy, Johnstone signed on as master of HMS Chatham, which would accompany George Vancouver in HMS Discovery on an upcoming voyage to chart the Northwest coast of America. His old friend Menzies was appointed naturalist of the expedition. The two ships left in April 1791, reaching what is now the U.S. state of Washington in the spring of 1792. During the next three summers (1792, 1793, and 1794), Johnstone would lead many of the boat parties that surveyed the intricate coastline that makes up much of the region. During the first summer, besides helping to chart Hood Canal and exploring up Bute and Loughborough Inlets, as well as Fitz Hugh Sound and Burke Channel. Johnstone, early in July, discovered what Vancouver later named Johnstone Strait in his honor. During the following surveying season, 1793, with first lieutenant Peter Puget having been promoted commander of Chatham in William Robert Broughton's absence, Johnstone led more of the boat surveys—often splitting them with Discovery's sailing master, Joseph Whidbey. That spring and summer, Johnstone was sent out on at least six major boat surveys, lasting from only a few days to nearly two weeks in one case. During these journeys he explored and charted North and South Bentinck Arms; Bullock, Spiller, Mathieson, and Finlayson Channels and Spiller and Mussel Inlets; the northern half of Princess Royal Channel and Whale and Squally Channels; Work Channel and Khutzeymateen and Quottoon Inlets; and Clarence Strait, Ernest Sound, Blake Channel and Eastern Passage, and Bradfield and Duncan Canals. In exploring these channels and inlets, he charted the coasts of several islands, including Roderick Island and the east side of Princess Royal Island in modern British Columbia, and the south side of Kupreanof Island and parts of Wrangell, Zarembo and Etolin Islands in present-day Southeast Alaska. In the spring and summer of 1794 he only led two major boat surveys. During the first he charted the east side of Prince William Sound, while during the second he charted much of the northwestern half of Kuiu Island—in doing so proving its insular nature. Later naval career and death After the voyage Johnstone was confirmed in the rank of lieutenant, after having served as acting lieutenant of Chatham since 11 June 1793. Early in 1796 he is believed to have served on HMS Shannon before returning to HMS Formidable. The same year he moved to HMS Sans Pareil, sailing to the West Indies in 1798. Menzies, once again, accompanied him. In September 1801, while acting as commander-lieutenant of the 18-gun ship-sloop Lark near Cuba, he captured the Spanish privateer-schooner Esperanza. In June 1802 he was promoted commander, commanding the sloop Shark the same year. He later commanded the sloop Alert (1804) in the North Sea as well as HMS Curieux (1805–06); he captured two Spanish privateers while commanding the latter. In January 1806 he was promoted to captain, being appointed to HMS Leopard in 1808—on which he was part of a convoy to the Cape of Good Hope, from where he continued on to the East Indies. In April 1810, while commanding Leopard, he participated in the attack on the Ile de France. Later in 1810 he was transferred to HMS Scipion. From 1811 to 1817 he served as Commissioner of the Navy in Bombay before being forced to return to Britain because of poor health. He then lived in Paris. He died in London at Menzies' home on 1 April 1823. References ^ a b c d e "The Men who sailed with George Vancouver D – J". John Robson's homepage. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2011. ^ a b c Vancouver, George, and John Vancouver (1801). A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean, and round the world. London: J. Stockdale.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration"},{"link_name":"HMS Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Chatham_(1788)"},{"link_name":"George Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"1791–1795 expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GV-1"},{"link_name":"Johnstone Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstone_Strait"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"}],"text":"James Johnstone (c. 1759 – 1823) was a British naval officer and explorer. He is noted for having served as sailing master of the armed tender HMS Chatham and later acting lieutenant during George Vancouver's 1791–1795 expedition to the Pacific Northwest.[1] Johnstone Strait in British Columbia is named after him.","title":"James Johnstone (explorer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"HMS Formidable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Formidable_(1777)"},{"link_name":"HMS Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Queen_(1769)"},{"link_name":"HMS Assistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Assistance"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake"},{"link_name":"Archibald Menzies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Menzies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GV-1"},{"link_name":"James Colnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Colnett"},{"link_name":"Northwest coast of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"sea otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_otter"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GV-1"}],"text":"Johnstone joined the navy early in 1779, serving aboard the ships HMS Keppel (a 14-gun sloop), HMS La Fortune (a recently captured French frigate), HMS Formidable, HMS Queen, and HMS Assistance; during this time he sailed to New York, the West Indies (several times), and participated in the Battle of the Chesapeake. On the last ship he met Archibald Menzies, whom Johnstone would become lifelong friends with. He was appointed master in 1785, receiving his master's certificate the following year. Both he and Menzies were discharged in August 1786. Despite passing his lieutenant's examination the next month, he wouldn't receive his commission until seven years later.[1]In October 1786 Johnstone left Britain as mate of Prince of Wales under James Colnett on a voyage to the Northwest coast of North America in search of sea otter. Menzies accompanied him. In January 1789 in Macau, when Colnett decided to take another ship, Argonaut, back to the Northwest coast, Johnstone assumed command of Prince of Wales. He sailed the ship back to Britain, which he reached in July.[1]","title":"Naval and private career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1789)"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Hood Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_Canal"},{"link_name":"Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bute_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Loughborough Inlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughborough_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Fitz Hugh Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitz_Hugh_Sound"},{"link_name":"Burke Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke_Channel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vancouver1801-2"},{"link_name":"Peter Puget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Puget"},{"link_name":"William Robert Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robert_Broughton"},{"link_name":"Joseph Whidbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Whidbey"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bentinck_Arm"},{"link_name":"South Bentinck Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bentinck_Arm"},{"link_name":"Bullock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullock_Channel"},{"link_name":"Spiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiller_Channel"},{"link_name":"Mathieson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieson_Channel"},{"link_name":"Finlayson Channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlayson_Channel"},{"link_name":"Spiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiller_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Mussel Inlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Princess Royal Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Royal_Channel"},{"link_name":"Work Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_Channel"},{"link_name":"Khutzeymateen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khutzeymateen_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Quottoon Inlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quottoon_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Clarence Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Strait"},{"link_name":"Ernest Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Sound"},{"link_name":"Blake Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Channel"},{"link_name":"Eastern Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Passage_(Alaska)"},{"link_name":"Bradfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradfield_Canal"},{"link_name":"Duncan Canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Canal,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Roderick Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Island"},{"link_name":"Princess Royal Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Royal_Island"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Kupreanof Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupreanof_Island"},{"link_name":"Wrangell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrangell_Island"},{"link_name":"Zarembo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarembo_Island"},{"link_name":"Etolin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etolin_Island"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Panhandle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vancouver1801-2"},{"link_name":"Prince William Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_Sound"},{"link_name":"Kuiu Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiu_Island"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vancouver1801-2"}],"text":"After rejoining the navy, Johnstone signed on as master of HMS Chatham, which would accompany George Vancouver in HMS Discovery on an upcoming voyage to chart the Northwest coast of America. His old friend Menzies was appointed naturalist of the expedition. The two ships left in April 1791, reaching what is now the U.S. state of Washington in the spring of 1792. During the next three summers (1792, 1793, and 1794), Johnstone would lead many of the boat parties that surveyed the intricate coastline that makes up much of the region. During the first summer, besides helping to chart Hood Canal and exploring up Bute and Loughborough Inlets, as well as Fitz Hugh Sound and Burke Channel. Johnstone, early in July, discovered what Vancouver later named Johnstone Strait in his honor.[2]During the following surveying season, 1793, with first lieutenant Peter Puget having been promoted commander of Chatham in William Robert Broughton's absence, Johnstone led more of the boat surveys—often splitting them with Discovery's sailing master, Joseph Whidbey. That spring and summer, Johnstone was sent out on at least six major boat surveys, lasting from only a few days to nearly two weeks in one case. During these journeys he explored and charted North and South Bentinck Arms; Bullock, Spiller, Mathieson, and Finlayson Channels and Spiller and Mussel Inlets; the northern half of Princess Royal Channel and Whale and Squally Channels; Work Channel and Khutzeymateen and Quottoon Inlets; and Clarence Strait, Ernest Sound, Blake Channel and Eastern Passage, and Bradfield and Duncan Canals. In exploring these channels and inlets, he charted the coasts of several islands, including Roderick Island and the east side of Princess Royal Island in modern British Columbia, and the south side of Kupreanof Island and parts of Wrangell, Zarembo and Etolin Islands in present-day Southeast Alaska.[2] In the spring and summer of 1794 he only led two major boat surveys. During the first he charted the east side of Prince William Sound, while during the second he charted much of the northwestern half of Kuiu Island—in doing so proving its insular nature.[2]","title":"Vancouver expedition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Sans Pareil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sans_Pareil_(1794)"},{"link_name":"ship-sloop Lark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Lark_(1794)"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"HMS Curieux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Curieux_(1804)"},{"link_name":"HMS Leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Leopard_(1790)"},{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Ile de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GV-1"},{"link_name":"HMS Scipion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Scipion_(1801)"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GV-1"}],"text":"After the voyage Johnstone was confirmed in the rank of lieutenant, after having served as acting lieutenant of Chatham since 11 June 1793. Early in 1796 he is believed to have served on HMS Shannon before returning to HMS Formidable. The same year he moved to HMS Sans Pareil, sailing to the West Indies in 1798. Menzies, once again, accompanied him. In September 1801, while acting as commander-lieutenant of the 18-gun ship-sloop Lark near Cuba, he captured the Spanish privateer-schooner Esperanza. In June 1802 he was promoted commander, commanding the sloop Shark the same year. He later commanded the sloop Alert (1804) in the North Sea as well as HMS Curieux (1805–06); he captured two Spanish privateers while commanding the latter. In January 1806 he was promoted to captain, being appointed to HMS Leopard in 1808—on which he was part of a convoy to the Cape of Good Hope, from where he continued on to the East Indies. In April 1810, while commanding Leopard, he participated in the attack on the Ile de France.[1]Later in 1810 he was transferred to HMS Scipion. From 1811 to 1817 he served as Commissioner of the Navy in Bombay before being forced to return to Britain because of poor health. He then lived in Paris. He died in London at Menzies' home on 1 April 1823.[1]","title":"Later naval career and death"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Men who sailed with George Vancouver D – J\". John Robson's homepage. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100525091749/http://pages.quicksilver.net.nz/jcr/~vancouver22.html","url_text":"\"The Men who sailed with George Vancouver D – J\""},{"url":"http://pages.quicksilver.net.nz/jcr/~vancouver22.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vancouver, George, and John Vancouver (1801). A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean, and round the world. London: J. Stockdale.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/avoyagediscover00vancgoog","url_text":"A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean, and round the world"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amba_language_(Solomon_Islands)
Amba language (Solomon Islands)
["1 Name","2 References","3 Bibliography"]
One of the three Oceanic languages of Utupua (Solomon Islands) AmbaAbaNative toSolomon IslandsRegionUtupuaNative speakers(590 cited 1999)Language familyAustronesian Malayo-PolynesianOceanicTemotuUtupuaAmbaLanguage codesISO 639-3utpGlottologamba1266Amba is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Amba (also known as Aba, Nembao or Nebao) is the main language spoken on the island of Utupua, in the easternmost province of the Solomon Islands. Name The speaker population calls their own language (with prenasalised ). This name may be rendered Amba or Aba depending on spelling conventions, which have not been fixed yet for these languages. Speakers of neighbouring Asumboa designate the Amba language as . This form, which may be spelled Nembao or Nebao, has sometimes been used by foreigners as another name for the Amba language. References ^ Amba at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) ^ Tryon (1994). Bibliography Tryon, Darrell (1994). "Language contact and contact-induced language change in the Eastern Outer Islands, Solomon Islands". In Tom Dutton; Darrell Tryon (eds.). Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 611–648. ISBN 978-3-11-088309-1.. vteLanguages of the Solomon IslandsOfficial language English Lingua franca Pijin IndigenouslanguagesMicronesian Gilbertese NorthwestSolomonic Babatana Blablanga Cheke Holo Duke Gao Ghanongga Hoava Kazukuru Kokota Kusaghe Laghu Lungga Marovo Mono Ririo Roviana Simbo Ughele Vaghua Vangunu Varisi Zabana Zazao Papuan Bilua Lavukaleve Savosavo Touo Polynesian Anuta Luangiua Rennellese Sikaiana Tikopia Vaeakau-Taumako SoutheastSolomonic 'Are'are Arosi Baeggu Baelelea Bauro Birao Bughotu Dori'o Fagani Fataleka Gela Ghari Gula'alaa Kahua Kwaio Kwara'ae Lau Lengo Longgu Malango Oroha Owa Sa'a Talise To’abaita Wala Temotu Amba Asubuo Äiwoo Lovono Nanggu Natügu Tanema Tanimbili Teanu vteAustronesian languagesFormosan languagesRukaic Rukai Tsouic Tsou Kanakanavu Saaroa NorthernAtayalic Atayal Seediq NorthwestFormosan Saisiyat Pazeh † Kulon † Thao Babuza Favorlang † Papora-Hoanya † EastKavalanic Basay † Kavalan Luilang † Ami Amis Sakizaya Siraiyac Siraya † Taivoan † Southern ? Puyuma Paiwan Bunun Malayo–PolynesianWestern branches of Malayo–PolynesianPhilippine(linkage) ?Batanic (Bashiic) Itbayat Ivatan Yami Northern Luzon Arta Dicamay Agta † Ilocano Cagayan Valley Atta Cagayan Agta Ga'dang Gaddang Ibanag Isnag Itawis Yogad Meso-Cordilleran Northern Alta Southern Alta Central Cordilleran Balangao Bontoc Ifugao Isinai Itneg Kalinga Kankanaey Tuwali Southern Cordilleran Bugkalot Ibaloi Iwaak Kalanguya Karao Pangasinan Central Luzon Kapampangan Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Sambalic Abellen Ambala Mag-antsi Bolinao Botolan Mag-indi Mariveleño Sambal Northern Mindoro Alangan Iraya Tadyawan Greater CentralPhilippineSouthern Mindoro Buhid Hanunoo Tawbuid Central PhilippineTagalogic Filipino Kasiguranin Tagalog Old Tagalog † Batangueño Bikol Albay Bikol Central Bikol Isarog Agta Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bisayan Akeanon Asi Bantayanon Baybay Butuanon Caluyanon Capiznon Cebuano Boholano Old Cebuano † Cuyonon Hiligaynon Kabalian Karay-a Karolanos Magahat Masbateño Northern Sorsogon Onhan Porohanon Ratagnon Romblomanon Southern Sorsogon Sulod Surigaonon Tausug Waray Mansakan Davawenyo Kalagan Kamayo Mamanwa Mandaya Mansaka (unclassified) Ata † Palawanic Aborlan Tagbanwa Batak Central Tagbanwa Palawano Taaw't Bato Subanen Western Subanon Danao Iranun Maguindanao Maranao Manobo Agusan Ata Manobo Binukid Cotabato Manobo Higaonon Ilianen Kagayanen Kamigin Matigsalug Obo Sarangani Tagabawa Western Bukidnon Gorontalo–Mongondow Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontalo Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa Kalamian Agutaynen Calamian Tagbanwa Bilic Blaan Tboli Teduray Sangiric Bantik Ratahan Sangirese Talaud Minahasan Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan Other branches Ati Klata Umiray Dumaget Manide–Alabat Inagta Alabat Manide Greater Barito *Barito Malagasy Bushi Deyah Malang Witu Balangan Ma'anyan Paku Lawangan Kohin Dohoi Siang Bakumpai Ngaju Ampanang Tunjung Sama–Bajaw Abaknon Bajaw Mapun Pangutaran Sama Sama West Coast Bajaw Yakan Basap *GreaterNorth Borneo *North Borneo *Northeast Sabah * Ida'an Bonggi Molbog ? Southwest Sabah *GreaterDusunic *Bisaya–Lotud Brunei Bisaya Lotud Dusunic Kadazandusun Central Dusun Coastal Kadazan Kuijau Eastern Kadazan Kota Marudu Talantang Rungus / Momogun Klias River Kadazan Paitanic Tombonuwo Kinabatangan Abai Sungai Serudung GreaterMurutic * Tatana ? Papar Murutic Tagol Timugon Keningau Selungai Sembakung Baukan Okolod Paluan Ganaʼ Kalabakan Nonukan Tidong Sesayap Tidong North Sarawak * Kenyah / Bakung Sebob Tutoh Umaʼ Lasan Wahau Kenyah Penan ? Kelabit Lengilu Lundayeh Sa'ban Tring Berawan Belait Kiput Narom Tutong Bintulu Central Sarawak Kajaman Lahanan Sekapan Daro-Matu Kanowit–Tanjong Melanau Bukitan Punan Batu Sian Ukit Burusu Bah-Biau Punan Sajau Punan Merap Bukat Seru † Lelak † Kayanic Kayan Bahau Modang Segai Hovongan Aoheng Aput Punan Krio Dayak Murik Land Dayak Bakatiʼ Sara Laraʼ Bukar–Sadong Biatah Tringgus Jagoi Jangkang Kembayan Semandang Ribun Benyaduʼ Sanggau Malayo–Chamic *Aceh–Chamic Acehnese Cham dialects Chru Haroi Jarai Rade Roglai Tsat Iban–MalayanIbanic Iban Keninjal ? Mualang Remun Seberuang Malay Malaysian Indonesian Minangkabau Brunei/Kedayan Malay Bamayo Banjar Berau Malay Bangka Malay Bengkulu Col Duanoʼ Haji Jambi Malay Jakun Kedah Malay Kendayan / Selako ? Kutai Malay Kaur Kerinci Kelantan-Pattani Malay Kubu Orang Laut Lubu Musi Negeri Sembilan Malay Orang Kanaq Orang Seletar Pahang Malay Pekal Perak Malay Pontianak Malay Reman Malay Sarawak Malay Temuan Terengganu Malay Urak Lawoi' Sundanese Sundanese Old Sundanese † Baduy Bantenese Cirebonese Rejang ? Rejang Moklenic ? Moken Moklen Sumatran *Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands Enggano ? Gayo Mentawai Nias Sikule Simeulue Batak Alas Angkola Dairi Karo Simalungun Toba Mandailing Nasal ? Lampungic Lampung Lampung Nyo Lampung Api Komering Javanese Javanese Kawi / Old Javanese † Banyumasan Osing Tenggerese Madurese Madurese Kangean Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa Balinese Sasak Sumbawa CelebicBungku–Tolaki Bahonsuai Bungku Kodeoha Kulisusu Moronene Mori Bawah Mori Atas Padoe Rahambuu Tolaki Tomadino Waru Wawonii Muna–Buton Bonerate Busoa Cia-Cia Kaimbulawa Kumbewaha Lasalimu Liabuku Muna Pancana Tukang Besi Saluan–Banggai Andio Balantak Banggai Batui Bobongko Saluan Tomini–Tolitoli * Balaesang Boano ? Dampelas Dondo Lauje Pendau Taje Tajio Tomini Totoli ? Kaili–Wolio *Kaili–Pamona Kaili Mbelala Moma Pamona Rampi Sarudu Sedoa Topoiyo Uma Wotu–Wolio Kalao Kamaru Laiyolo Ledo Kaili * Wolio Wotu South SulawesiBugis Buginese Campalagian Embaloh Taman Makassar Makassarese Bentong Coastal Konjo Highland Konjo Selayar Seko–Badaic *Seko Budong-Budong Panasuan Seko Padang Seko Tengah Badaic Bada Behoa Napu Northern Mamuju Mandar Massenrempulu Duri Enrekang Maiwa Malimpung Pitu Ulunna Salu Aralle-Tabulahan Bambam Dakka Pannei Ulumandaʼ Toraja Kalumpang Mamasa Pattae' Lawa Talondoʼ ? Toraja-Saʼdan Lemolang Isolates Chamorro Palauan Central Malayo-Polynesian languagesBima Bima Sumba–FloresSumba–HawuSavu Hawu Dhao Sumba Kambera Mamboru Anakalangu Wanukaka Pondok Baliledo Wejewa Lamboya Kodi Gaura Western Flores Komodo Manggarai Riung Rembong Rajong Kepoʼ Wae Rana Palu'e Ende Lio Nagé-Kéo Ngadha Rongga Soʼa Flores–Lembata Sika Kedang Lamaholot Lamaholot Alorese Lamatuka Lewo Eleng Levuka South Lembata Lamalera Lewotobi Adonara Ile Ape Mingar Selaru Selaru Seluwasan Kei–Tanimbar ? Kei Fordata Yamdena Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Aru Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir Timoric * Helong Tetum Idalaka Central Timor * Kemak Tukudede Mambai Bekais Wetar–Galoli ? Wetar Galoli Atauran Kawaimina Kairui Waimoa Midiki Naueti ? Habun ? Luangic–Kisaric ? Romang Kisar Leti Luang Makuva Rote–Meto Bilba Dengka Lole Ringgou Dela-Oenale Termanu Tii Uab Meto Amarasi Babar West Damar Dawera-Daweloor North Babar Dai Masela Serili Southeast Babar Emplawas Imroing Telaʼa Southwest Maluku East Damar Teun Nila Serua Kowiai ? Kowiai Central Maluku * Teor-Kur West Ambelau Buru Lisela Hukumina † Moksela † Sula Mangole Taliabo East Banda Bati Geser Watubela Bobot Masiwang Hoti † Benggoi Salas Liana Nunusaku Kayeli † Nuaulu Huaulu Manusela Wemale Yalahatan Piru Bay ? Asilulu Luhu Manipa Wakasihu Boano Sepa-Teluti Paulohi Kaibobo Hitu Tulehu Laha Seit-Kaitetu Kamarian † Haruku Amahai Nusa Laut Saparua Latu Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languagesSHWNG Tandia † Mor Waropen Warembori ? Yoke ? Halmahera SeaAmbel–Biga Ambel Biga Maya–Matbat Ma'ya Matbat Maden Maden Fiawat As As South Halmahera Gane Taba Buli Maba Patani Sawai Gebe CenderawasihBiakic Biak Dusner † Meoswar Roon Yapen Ambai Ansus Marau Wamesa Wooi Munggui Papuma Pom Serui-Laut Kurudu Wabo Southwest Yaur Yerisiam Umar OceanicAdmiralty Yapese ? Eastern Manus Baluan-Pam Lenkau Lou Nauna Penchal Western Northern Kaniet † Southern Kaniet † Seimat Wuvulu Aua Saint Matthias Mussau-Emira Tenis TemotuUtupua Amba Asumboa Tanimbili Vanikoro Teanu Lovono Tanema Reefs–Santa Cruz Äiwoo Engdewu / Nanggu Natügu / Santa Cruz Nalögo Noipx SoutheastSolomonicGela–Guadalcanal Bugotu Gela Lengo Birao Ghari Malango Talise Malaita–San Cristobal Longgu Sa'a Arosi Fagani Bauro Kahua Owa Marau Wawa ? † Toʼabaita Baelelea Baeggu Fataleka Lau Kwara'ae Wala Gula'alaa Kwaio Dori'o ꞋAreꞌare Oroha WesternOceanicMeso–MelanesianWillaumez Bola Bulu Meramera Nakanai Bali-Vitu Bali Vitu New Ireland–NorthwestSolomonicTungag–Nalik Kara Laxudumau Nalik Tiang Tigak Tungag Tabar Lihir Madara Notsi Madak Barok Lavatbura–Lamusong Madak St. George Bilur Fanamaket Guramalum † Kandas Konomala Label Lungalunga Niwer Mil Patpatar Ramoaaina Siar Sursurunga Tangga Tolai NorthwestSolomonic Babatana Bannoni Blablanga Cheke Holo Gao Ghanongga Hahon Hakö Halia Hoava Kazukuru † Kokota Kusaghe Laghu † Lungga Marovo Mono-Alu Nduke Nehan Papapana Petats Piva Ririo Roviana Saposa Simbo Solos Teop Tinputz Torau Ughele Uruava † Vaghua Vangunu Varisi Zabana Zazao Tomoip NorthNew GuineaSarmi–Jayapura ? Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna Schouten Arop-Sissano Sera Sissano Ulau-Suain Tumleo Yakamul Kaiep Kairiru Terebu Biem Kis Manam Medebur Sepa Wogeo Huon Gulf Bukawa Kela Yabem Aribwatsa † Aribwaung Adzera Dangal Duwet Labu Maralango Mari Musom Nafi Silisili Wampar Wampur Hote Iwal Kapin Kumalu Mangga Buang Mapos Buang Mumeng Piu Vehes Yamap Numbami Ngero–Vitiaz Bariai Gitua Kove Lusi Malalamai Mutu Awad Bing Bilibil Gedaged Marik Matukar Mindiri Takia Wab Lamogai Mouk-Aria Aigon Karore Kaulong † Miu Sengseng Aiklep Akolet Apalik Avau Bebeli Gimi Lesing-Gelimi Mangseng Solong Lote Mamusi Mengen Arop-Lukep Karnai Malasanga Mur Pano Mato Ronji Amara Maleu Mbula Sio Tami Papuan TipNuclear ʼAuhelawa Buhutu Bwanabwana Oya'oya Saliba Suau Unubahe Wagawaga Bwaidoka Diodio Iamalele Iduna Koluwawa Maiadomu Bunama Boselewa Dobu Duau Galeya Molima Mwatebu Sewa Bay Dawawa Kakabai Are Arifama-Miniafia Doga Gapapaiwa Ghayavi Kaninuwa Ubir Gweda Haigwai Maiwala Minaveha Taupota Tawala Yakaikeke Anuki Gumawana Kilivila–Misima Budibud Kilivila Misima Muyuw Nimoa–Sudest Nimoa Sudest SouthernOceanicNorthVanuatuTorres–Banks Dorig Hiw Koro Lakon Lehali Lemerig Lo-Toga Löyöp Mota Mwerlap Mwesen Mwotlap Nume Olrat Vera’a Volow Vurës Maewo–Ambae–North Pentecost Baetora Duidui Northeast Ambae Raga Sun̄wadaga Sun̄wadia South Pentecost Apma Sa Ske Sowa † Espiritu Santo Akei Aore † Araki Cape Cumberland Nokuku Kiai M̈av̈ea Merei-Tiale Mores Sakao Shark Bay Tamambo Tangoa Tasiriki Tolomako Tutuba Wusi NuclearSouthernOceanicCentral Vanuatu North Efate Nafsan Efatese Eton Lelepa Makura Daakaka Dalkalaen Lonwolwol Paamese Port Vato Southeast Ambrym Epi Baki Bierebo Bieria Lamen Lewo Maii Malakula Aulua Avava Aveteian Axamb Big Nambas Botovro Burmbar Bwenelang Larëvat Lendamboi Litzlitz Malfaxal Malua Bay Maskelynes Nahavaq Nasarian Nasvang Nāti Navwien Nese Neve'ei Neverver Ninde Nisvai Nitita Port Sandwich Rerep Sörsörian Tape Tirax Unua Northeast Malakula Vao Vivti Rutan Alovas Najit Njav South VanuatuErromango Erromanga / Sie Sorung † Ura Utaha / Ifo † Tanna Kwamera / South Tanna Lenakel / West Tanna North Tanna Southwest Tanna Whitesands / East Tanna Aneityum Loyalties–New CaledoniaLoyalty Islands Drehu Iaai Nengone New CaledonianSouthern Ajië Arhâ Arhö Ndrumbea Neku Numèè Orowe Tîrî Xârâcùù Xârâgurè Zire † Northern Bwatoo Caac Cèmuhî Fwâi Haeke Haveke Hmwaveke Jawe Kumak Nemi Nyâlayu Paicî Pije Pwaamei Pwapwâ Vamale Waamwang † Yuanga Micronesian Nauruan NuclearMicronesian Gilbertese Kosraean Marshallese Chuukic–PohnpeicChuukic Carolinian Chuukese Mapia † Mortlockese Namonuito Pááfang Puluwatese Satawalese Sonsorol Tanapag Tobian Ulithian Woleaian Pohnpeic Mokilese Ngatikese Pingelapese Pohnpeian CentralPacificWest Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua Rotuman Western Fijian East Fijian Gone Dau Lauan Lomaiviti PolynesianNuclearPolynesian Kapingamarangi Nuguria Nukumanu Nukuoro Ontong Java Sikaiana Takuu Tuvaluan Samoic Niuatoputapu † Samoan Tokelauan Eastern Austral Cook Islands Māori Hawaiian Mangareva Māori Moriori † Marquesan Penrhyn Rakahanga-Manihiki Rapa Rapa Nui Tahitian Tuamotuan Futunic Anuta Emae Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan Futunan / East Futunan Mele-Fila Pukapukan Rennellese Tikopia Wallisian / East Uvean West Uvean Tongic Niuafoʻou ? Niuean Tongan * indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct status Authority control databases: National Israel This article about Oceanic languages is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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This name may be rendered Amba or Aba depending on spelling conventions, which have not been fixed yet for these languages.Speakers of neighbouring Asumboa designate the Amba language as [neᵐbao]. This form, which may be spelled Nembao or Nebao, has sometimes been used by foreigners as another name for the Amba language.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darrell Tryon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Tryon"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-11-088309-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088309-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Languages of the Solomon 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Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagayan_Valley_languages"},{"link_name":"Atta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atta_language"},{"link_name":"Cagayan Agta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Cagayan_Agta_language"},{"link_name":"Ga'dang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%27dang_language"},{"link_name":"Gaddang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaddang_language"},{"link_name":"Ibanag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanag_language"},{"link_name":"Isnag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isnag_language"},{"link_name":"Itawis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itawis_language"},{"link_name":"Yogad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogad_language"},{"link_name":"Meso-Cordilleran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meso-Cordilleran_languages"},{"link_name":"Northern Alta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alta_language"},{"link_name":"Southern Alta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Alta_language"},{"link_name":"Central Cordilleran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Cordilleran_languages"},{"link_name":"Balangao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balangao_language"},{"link_name":"Bontoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bontoc_language"},{"link_name":"Ifugao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifugao_language"},{"link_name":"Isinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isinai_language"},{"link_name":"Itneg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itneg_language"},{"link_name":"Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_language"},{"link_name":"Kankanaey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankanaey_language"},{"link_name":"Tuwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuwali_language"},{"link_name":"Southern Cordilleran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Cordilleran_languages"},{"link_name":"Bugkalot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugkalot_language"},{"link_name":"Ibaloi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibaloi_language"},{"link_name":"Iwaak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwaak_language"},{"link_name":"Kalanguya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalanguya_language"},{"link_name":"Karao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karao_language"},{"link_name":"Pangasinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasinan_language"},{"link_name":"Central Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages"},{"link_name":"Kapampangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapampangan_language"},{"link_name":"Hatang 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Mindoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages"},{"link_name":"Alangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alangan_language"},{"link_name":"Iraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraya_language"},{"link_name":"Tadyawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadyawan_language"},{"link_name":"Greater CentralPhilippine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages"},{"link_name":"Southern Mindoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Mindoro_languages"},{"link_name":"Buhid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhid_language"},{"link_name":"Hanunoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanunoo_language"},{"link_name":"Tawbuid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawbuid_language"},{"link_name":"Central Philippine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language"},{"link_name":"Kasiguranin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasiguranin_language"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"Old Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Tagalog"},{"link_name":"Batangueño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batangas_Tagalog"},{"link_name":"Bikol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikol_languages"},{"link_name":"Albay Bikol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language"},{"link_name":"Central Bikol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bikol_language"},{"link_name":"Isarog Agta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inagta_Partido_language"},{"link_name":"Mount Iraya Agta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Iraya_Agta_language"},{"link_name":"Mount Iriga Agta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Iriga_Agta_language"},{"link_name":"Pandan Bikol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandan_Bikol_language"},{"link_name":"Rinconada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language"},{"link_name":"Bisayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisayan_languages"},{"link_name":"Akeanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeanon_language"},{"link_name":"Asi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantoanon_language"},{"link_name":"Bantayanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantayanon_language"},{"link_name":"Baybay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybay_language"},{"link_name":"Butuanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butuanon_language"},{"link_name":"Caluyanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caluyanon_language"},{"link_name":"Capiznon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capiznon_language"},{"link_name":"Cebuano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_language"},{"link_name":"Boholano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boholano_dialect"},{"link_name":"Old Cebuano †","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Cebuano"},{"link_name":"Cuyonon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyonon_language"},{"link_name":"Hiligaynon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiligaynon_language"},{"link_name":"Kabalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabalian_language"},{"link_name":"Karay-a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karay-a_language"},{"link_name":"Karolanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolanos_language"},{"link_name":"Magahat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magahat_language"},{"link_name":"Masbateño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language"},{"link_name":"Northern Sorsogon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sorsogon_language"},{"link_name":"Onhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onhan_language"},{"link_name":"Porohanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porohanon_language"},{"link_name":"Ratagnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratagnon_language"},{"link_name":"Romblomanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romblomanon_language"},{"link_name":"Southern Sorsogon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language"},{"link_name":"Sulod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulod_language"},{"link_name":"Surigaonon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surigaonon_language"},{"link_name":"Tausug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tausug_language"},{"link_name":"Waray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waray_language"},{"link_name":"Mansakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansakan_languages"},{"link_name":"Davawenyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davaoe%C3%B1o_language"},{"link_name":"Kalagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalagan_language"},{"link_name":"Kamayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamayo_language"},{"link_name":"Mamanwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamanwa_language"},{"link_name":"Mandaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaya_language"},{"link_name":"Mansaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansaka_language"},{"link_name":"Ata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata_language_(Negros)"},{"link_name":"Palawanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Aborlan Tagbanwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborlan_Tagbanwa_language"},{"link_name":"Batak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_language_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Central Tagbanwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Tagbanwa_language"},{"link_name":"Palawano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawano_language"},{"link_name":"Taaw't Bato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taaw%27t_Bato_language"},{"link_name":"Subanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subanen_languages"},{"link_name":"Western Subanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Subanon_language"},{"link_name":"Danao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danao_languages"},{"link_name":"Iranun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranun_language"},{"link_name":"Maguindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguindanao_language"},{"link_name":"Maranao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranao_language"},{"link_name":"Manobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manobo_languages"},{"link_name":"Agusan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agusan_language"},{"link_name":"Ata Manobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata_Manobo_language"},{"link_name":"Binukid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukid_language"},{"link_name":"Cotabato Manobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotabato_Manobo_language"},{"link_name":"Higaonon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higaonon_language"},{"link_name":"Ilianen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilianen_language"},{"link_name":"Kagayanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagayanen_language"},{"link_name":"Kamigin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamigin_language"},{"link_name":"Matigsalug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matigsalug_language"},{"link_name":"Obo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obo_language"},{"link_name":"Sarangani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarangani_language"},{"link_name":"Tagabawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagabawa_language"},{"link_name":"Western Bukidnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bukidnon_Manobo"},{"link_name":"Gorontalo–Mongondow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorontalo%E2%80%93Mongondow_languages"},{"link_name":"Bintauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintauna_language"},{"link_name":"Bolango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolango_language"},{"link_name":"Buol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buol_language"},{"link_name":"Gorontalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorontalo_language"},{"link_name":"Kaidipang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaidipang_language"},{"link_name":"Lolak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolak_language"},{"link_name":"Mongondow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongondow_language"},{"link_name":"Ponosakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponosakan_language"},{"link_name":"Suwawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwawa_language"},{"link_name":"Kalamian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamian_languages"},{"link_name":"Agutaynen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agutaynen_language"},{"link_name":"Calamian Tagbanwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamian_Tagbanwa_language"},{"link_name":"Bilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages"},{"link_name":"Blaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaan_language"},{"link_name":"Tboli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tboli_language"},{"link_name":"Teduray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teduray_language"},{"link_name":"Sangiric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiric_languages"},{"link_name":"Bantik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantik_language"},{"link_name":"Ratahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratahan_language"},{"link_name":"Sangirese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangirese_language"},{"link_name":"Talaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaud_language"},{"link_name":"Minahasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minahasan_languages"},{"link_name":"Tombulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombulu_language"},{"link_name":"Tondano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondano_language"},{"link_name":"Tonsawang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsawang_language"},{"link_name":"Tonsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsea_language"},{"link_name":"Tontemboan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tontemboan_language"},{"link_name":"Ati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ati_language_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Klata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klata_language"},{"link_name":"Umiray Dumaget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language"},{"link_name":"Inagta Alabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inagta_Alabat_language"},{"link_name":"Manide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manide_language"},{"link_name":"Barito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barito_languages"},{"link_name":"Malagasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_language"},{"link_name":"Bushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushi_language"},{"link_name":"Deyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deyah_language"},{"link_name":"Malang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusun_Malang_language"},{"link_name":"Witu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusun_Witu_language"},{"link_name":"Balangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusun_Balangan_language"},{"link_name":"Ma'anyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language"},{"link_name":"Paku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paku_language_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Lawangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawangan_language"},{"link_name":"Kohin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohin_language"},{"link_name":"Dohoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot_Danum_language"},{"link_name":"Siang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siang_language"},{"link_name":"Bakumpai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakumpai_language"},{"link_name":"Ngaju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaju_language"},{"link_name":"Ampanang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampanang_language"},{"link_name":"Tunjung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunjung_language"},{"link_name":"Sama–Bajaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages"},{"link_name":"Abaknon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaknon_language"},{"link_name":"Bajaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajaw_language"},{"link_name":"Mapun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajaw_language"},{"link_name":"Pangutaran Sama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangutaran_Sama_language"},{"link_name":"Sama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama_language"},{"link_name":"West Coast Bajaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajaw_language"},{"link_name":"Yakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakan_language"},{"link_name":"Basap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basap_language"},{"link_name":"GreaterNorth Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages"},{"link_name":"Northeast Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahan_languages"},{"link_name":"Ida'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida%27an_language"},{"link_name":"Bonggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonggi_language"},{"link_name":"Molbog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbog_language"},{"link_name":"Southwest Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahan_languages"},{"link_name":"Brunei Bisaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language"},{"link_name":"Lotud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotud_language"},{"link_name":"Dusunic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusunic_languages"},{"link_name":"Central Dusun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusun_language"},{"link_name":"Coastal Kadazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_dialect"},{"link_name":"Kuijau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuijau_language"},{"link_name":"Eastern Kadazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language"},{"link_name":"Kota Marudu Talantang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language"},{"link_name":"Rungus / Momogun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momogun_language"},{"link_name":"Klias River 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Sungai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_language"},{"link_name":"Serudung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serudung_language"},{"link_name":"Tatana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language"},{"link_name":"Papar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papar_language"},{"link_name":"Murutic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murutic_languages"},{"link_name":"Tagol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagol_language"},{"link_name":"Timugon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timugon_language"},{"link_name":"Keningau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language"},{"link_name":"Selungai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language"},{"link_name":"Sembakung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sembakung_language"},{"link_name":"Baukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookan_language"},{"link_name":"Okolod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okolod_language"},{"link_name":"Paluan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paluan_language"},{"link_name":"Ganaʼ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana%CA%BC_language"},{"link_name":"Kalabakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabakan_language"},{"link_name":"Nonukan Tidong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language"},{"link_name":"Sesayap Tidong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesayap_Tidong_language"},{"link_name":"North Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages"},{"link_name":"Kenyah / Bakung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language"},{"link_name":"Sebob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebop_language"},{"link_name":"Tutoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutoh_language"},{"link_name":"Umaʼ Lasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma%CA%BC_Lasan_language"},{"link_name":"Wahau Kenyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahau_Kenyah_language"},{"link_name":"Penan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penan_language"},{"link_name":"Kelabit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelabit_language"},{"link_name":"Lengilu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengilu_language"},{"link_name":"Lundayeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language"},{"link_name":"Sa'ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27ban_language"},{"link_name":"Tring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tring_language"},{"link_name":"Berawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berawan_language"},{"link_name":"Belait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belait_language"},{"link_name":"Kiput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiput_language"},{"link_name":"Narom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narom_language"},{"link_name":"Tutong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutong_language"},{"link_name":"Bintulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintulu_language"},{"link_name":"Central Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages"},{"link_name":"Kajaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaman_language"},{"link_name":"Lahanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahanan_language"},{"link_name":"Sekapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekapan_language"},{"link_name":"Daro-Matu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daro-Matu_language"},{"link_name":"Kanowit–Tanjong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanowit_language"},{"link_name":"Melanau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanau_language"},{"link_name":"Bukitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukitan_language"},{"link_name":"Punan Batu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punan_Batu_language"},{"link_name":"Sian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sian_language"},{"link_name":"Ukit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukit_language"},{"link_name":"Burusu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burusu_language"},{"link_name":"Bah-Biau Punan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language"},{"link_name":"Sajau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajau_Basap_language"},{"link_name":"Punan Merap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punan_Merap_language"},{"link_name":"Bukat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukat_language"},{"link_name":"Seru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seru_language"},{"link_name":"Lelak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelak_language"},{"link_name":"Kayanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages"},{"link_name":"Kayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)"},{"link_name":"Bahau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahau_language"},{"link_name":"Modang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modang_language"},{"link_name":"Segai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segai_language"},{"link_name":"Hovongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovongan_language"},{"link_name":"Aoheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoheng_language"},{"link_name":"Aput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aput_language"},{"link_name":"Punan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punan_Merah_language"},{"link_name":"Krio 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Dayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages"},{"link_name":"Bakatiʼ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakati%CA%BC_language"},{"link_name":"Sara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Bakati%27_language"},{"link_name":"Laraʼ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara%CA%BC_language"},{"link_name":"Bukar–Sadong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language"},{"link_name":"Biatah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biatah_language"},{"link_name":"Tringgus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tringgus_language"},{"link_name":"Jagoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagoi_language"},{"link_name":"Jangkang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangkang_language"},{"link_name":"Kembayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembayan_language"},{"link_name":"Semandang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semandang_language"},{"link_name":"Ribun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribun_language"},{"link_name":"Benyaduʼ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyadu%CA%BC_language"},{"link_name":"Sanggau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanggau_language"},{"link_name":"Aceh–Chamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamic_languages"},{"link_name":"Acehnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acehnese_language"},{"link_name":"Cham 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Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Malay"},{"link_name":"Bamayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamayo_language"},{"link_name":"Banjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjarese_language"},{"link_name":"Berau Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berau_Malay_language"},{"link_name":"Bangka Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangka_Malay"},{"link_name":"Bengkulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengkulu_language"},{"link_name":"Col","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col_language"},{"link_name":"Duanoʼ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duano%CA%BC_language"},{"link_name":"Haji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_language"},{"link_name":"Jambi Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi_Malay"},{"link_name":"Jakun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakun_language"},{"link_name":"Kedah Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_Malay"},{"link_name":"Kendayan / Selako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendayan_language"},{"link_name":"Kutai Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutainese_language"},{"link_name":"Kaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaur_language"},{"link_name":"Kerinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerinci_language"},{"link_name":"Kelantan-Pattani Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay"},{"link_name":"Kubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubu_language"},{"link_name":"Orang Laut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loncong_language"},{"link_name":"Lubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubu_language"},{"link_name":"Musi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang_language"},{"link_name":"Negeri Sembilan Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay"},{"link_name":"Orang Kanaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language"},{"link_name":"Orang Seletar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language"},{"link_name":"Pahang Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang_Malay"},{"link_name":"Pekal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekal_language"},{"link_name":"Perak Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_Malay"},{"link_name":"Pontianak Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak_Malay"},{"link_name":"Reman Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reman_Malay"},{"link_name":"Sarawak Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_Malay"},{"link_name":"Temuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuan_language"},{"link_name":"Terengganu Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu_Malay"},{"link_name":"Urak Lawoi'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%27_language"},{"link_name":"Sundanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_language"},{"link_name":"Old Sundanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Sundanese_language"},{"link_name":"Baduy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baduy_language"},{"link_name":"Bantenese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantenese_language"},{"link_name":"Cirebonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirebonese_Sundanese_language"},{"link_name":"Rejang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejang_language"},{"link_name":"Moklenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moklenic_languages"},{"link_name":"Moken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moken_language"},{"link_name":"Moklen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moklen_language"},{"link_name":"Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages"},{"link_name":"Enggano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enggano_language"},{"link_name":"Gayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayo_language"},{"link_name":"Mentawai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentawai_language"},{"link_name":"Nias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nias_language"},{"link_name":"Sikule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikule_language"},{"link_name":"Simeulue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeulue_language"},{"link_name":"Batak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_languages"},{"link_name":"Alas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alas_language"},{"link_name":"Angkola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkola_language"},{"link_name":"Dairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakpak_language"},{"link_name":"Karo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_Karo_language"},{"link_name":"Simalungun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_Simalungun_language"},{"link_name":"Toba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_Batak_language"},{"link_name":"Mandailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandailing_language"},{"link_name":"Nasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_language"},{"link_name":"Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung_language"},{"link_name":"Komering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komering_language"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language"},{"link_name":"Kawi / Old Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawi_language"},{"link_name":"Banyumasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyumasan_dialect"},{"link_name":"Osing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osing_language"},{"link_name":"Tenggerese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect"},{"link_name":"Madurese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurese_language"},{"link_name":"Kangean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangean_language"},{"link_name":"Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak%E2%80%93Sumbawa_languages"},{"link_name":"Balinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_language"},{"link_name":"Sasak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasak_language"},{"link_name":"Sumbawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbawa_language"},{"link_name":"Celebic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebic_languages"},{"link_name":"Bungku–Tolaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungku%E2%80%93Tolaki_languages"},{"link_name":"Bahonsuai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahonsuai_language"},{"link_name":"Bungku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungku_language"},{"link_name":"Kodeoha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodeoha_language"},{"link_name":"Kulisusu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulisusu_language"},{"link_name":"Moronene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moronene_language"},{"link_name":"Mori Bawah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mori_Bawah_language"},{"link_name":"Mori Atas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mori_Atas_language"},{"link_name":"Padoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padoe_language"},{"link_name":"Rahambuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahambuu_language"},{"link_name":"Tolaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolaki_language"},{"link_name":"Tomadino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomadino_language"},{"link_name":"Waru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waru_language"},{"link_name":"Wawonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawonii_language"},{"link_name":"Muna–Buton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muna%E2%80%93Buton_languages"},{"link_name":"Bonerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonerate_language"},{"link_name":"Busoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busoa_language"},{"link_name":"Cia-Cia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cia-Cia_language"},{"link_name":"Kaimbulawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaimbulawa_language"},{"link_name":"Kumbewaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbewaha_language"},{"link_name":"Lasalimu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasalimu_language"},{"link_name":"Liabuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liabuku_language"},{"link_name":"Muna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muna_language"},{"link_name":"Pancana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancana_language"},{"link_name":"Tukang Besi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language"},{"link_name":"Saluan–Banggai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saluan%E2%80%93Banggai_languages"},{"link_name":"Andio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andio_language"},{"link_name":"Balantak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balantak_language"},{"link_name":"Banggai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banggai_language"},{"link_name":"Batui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batui_language"},{"link_name":"Bobongko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobongko_language"},{"link_name":"Saluan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saluan_language"},{"link_name":"Tomini–Tolitoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomini%E2%80%93Tolitoli_languages"},{"link_name":"Balaesang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaesang_language"},{"link_name":"Boano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boano_language_(Sulawesi)"},{"link_name":"Dampelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampelas_language"},{"link_name":"Dondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dondo_language_(Austronesian)"},{"link_name":"Lauje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauje_language"},{"link_name":"Pendau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendau_language"},{"link_name":"Taje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taje_language"},{"link_name":"Tajio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajio_language"},{"link_name":"Tomini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomini_language"},{"link_name":"Totoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totoli_language"},{"link_name":"Kaili–Pamona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaili%E2%80%93Pamona_languages"},{"link_name":"Kaili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaili_language"},{"link_name":"Mbelala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbelala_language"},{"link_name":"Moma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moma_language"},{"link_name":"Pamona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamona_language"},{"link_name":"Rampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampi_language"},{"link_name":"Sarudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarudu_language"},{"link_name":"Sedoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedoa_language"},{"link_name":"Topoiyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoiyo_language"},{"link_name":"Uma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma_language"},{"link_name":"Wotu–Wolio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wotu%E2%80%93Wolio_languages"},{"link_name":"Kalao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalao_language"},{"link_name":"Kamaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaru_language"},{"link_name":"Laiyolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laiyolo_language"},{"link_name":"Ledo Kaili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledo_Kaili_language"},{"link_name":"Wolio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolio_language"},{"link_name":"Wotu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wotu_language"},{"link_name":"South Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages"},{"link_name":"Buginese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buginese_language"},{"link_name":"Campalagian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campalagian_language"},{"link_name":"Embaloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embaloh_language"},{"link_name":"Taman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_language_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Makassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar_languages"},{"link_name":"Makassarese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassarese_language"},{"link_name":"Bentong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentong_language"},{"link_name":"Coastal Konjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Konjo_language"},{"link_name":"Highland Konjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Konjo_language"},{"link_name":"Selayar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selayar_language"},{"link_name":"Seko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seko_languages"},{"link_name":"Budong-Budong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budong-Budong_language"},{"link_name":"Panasuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasuan_language"},{"link_name":"Seko Padang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seko_Padang_language"},{"link_name":"Seko 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Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewa_Bay_language"},{"link_name":"Dawawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawawa_language"},{"link_name":"Kakabai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakabai_language"},{"link_name":"Are","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_language"},{"link_name":"Arifama-Miniafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arifama-Miniafia_language"},{"link_name":"Doga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doga_language"},{"link_name":"Gapapaiwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapapaiwa_language"},{"link_name":"Ghayavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghayavi_language"},{"link_name":"Kaninuwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaninuwa_language"},{"link_name":"Ubir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubir_language"},{"link_name":"Gweda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweda_language"},{"link_name":"Haigwai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haigwai_language"},{"link_name":"Maiwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiwala_language"},{"link_name":"Minaveha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaveha_language"},{"link_name":"Taupota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taupota_language"},{"link_name":"Tawala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawala_language"},{"link_name":"Yakaikeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakaikeke_language"},{"link_name":"Anuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuki_language"},{"link_name":"Gumawana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumawana_language"},{"link_name":"Budibud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budibud_language"},{"link_name":"Kilivila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilivila_language"},{"link_name":"Misima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misima_language"},{"link_name":"Muyuw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muyuw_language"},{"link_name":"Nimoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimoa_language"},{"link_name":"Sudest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudest_language"},{"link_name":"SouthernOceanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages"},{"link_name":"NorthVanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages"},{"link_name":"Torres–Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres%E2%80%93Banks_languages"},{"link_name":"Dorig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorig_language"},{"link_name":"Hiw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiw_language"},{"link_name":"Koro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koro_language_(Vanuatu)"},{"link_name":"Lakon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakon_language"},{"link_name":"Lehali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehali_language"},{"link_name":"Lemerig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemerig_language"},{"link_name":"Lo-Toga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-Toga_language"},{"link_name":"Löyöp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6y%C3%B6p_language"},{"link_name":"Mota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mota_language"},{"link_name":"Mwerlap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwerlap_language"},{"link_name":"Mwesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwesen_language"},{"link_name":"Mwotlap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwotlap_language"},{"link_name":"Nume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nume_language"},{"link_name":"Olrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olrat_language"},{"link_name":"Vera’a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera%27a_language"},{"link_name":"Volow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volow_language"},{"link_name":"Vurës","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vur%C3%ABs_language"},{"link_name":"Baetora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baetora_language"},{"link_name":"Duidui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ambae_language"},{"link_name":"Northeast Ambae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Ambae_language"},{"link_name":"Raga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raga_language"},{"link_name":"Sun̄wadaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungwadaga_language"},{"link_name":"Sun̄wadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungwadia_language"},{"link_name":"Apma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apma_language"},{"link_name":"Sa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saa_language"},{"link_name":"Ske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ske_language"},{"link_name":"Sowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowa_language"},{"link_name":"Espiritu Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritu_Santo_languages"},{"link_name":"Akei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akei_language"},{"link_name":"Aore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aore_language"},{"link_name":"Araki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araki_language"},{"link_name":"Cape Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpei_language"},{"link_name":"Nokuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokuku_language"},{"link_name":"Kiai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiai_language"},{"link_name":"M̈av̈ea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavea_language"},{"link_name":"Merei-Tiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merei-Tiale_language"},{"link_name":"Mores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores_language"},{"link_name":"Sakao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakao_language"},{"link_name":"Shark Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngen_language"},{"link_name":"Tamambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamambo_language"},{"link_name":"Tangoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangoa_language"},{"link_name":"Tasiriki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akei_language"},{"link_name":"Tolomako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolomako_language"},{"link_name":"Tutuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutuba_language"},{"link_name":"Wusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wusi_language"},{"link_name":"Central Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages"},{"link_name":"North Efate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Efate_language"},{"link_name":"Nafsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafsan_language"},{"link_name":"Efatese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efatese_language"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_language_(Vanuatu)"},{"link_name":"Lelepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelepa_language"},{"link_name":"Makura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makura_language"},{"link_name":"Daakaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daakaka_language"},{"link_name":"Dalkalaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalkalaen_language"},{"link_name":"Lonwolwol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonwolwol_language"},{"link_name":"Paamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paamese_language"},{"link_name":"Port Vato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vato_language"},{"link_name":"Southeast Ambrym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Ambrym_language"},{"link_name":"Epi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epi_languages"},{"link_name":"Baki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baki_language"},{"link_name":"Bierebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bierebo_language"},{"link_name":"Bieria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieria_language"},{"link_name":"Lamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamen_language"},{"link_name":"Lewo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewo_language"},{"link_name":"Maii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maii_language"},{"link_name":"Malakula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakula_languages"},{"link_name":"Aulua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulua_language"},{"link_name":"Avava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avava_language"},{"link_name":"Aveteian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveteian_language"},{"link_name":"Axamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axamb_language"},{"link_name":"Big Nambas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Nambas_language"},{"link_name":"Botovro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botovro_language"},{"link_name":"Burmbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmbar_language"},{"link_name":"Bwenelang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwenelang_language"},{"link_name":"Larëvat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar%C3%ABvat_language"},{"link_name":"Lendamboi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lendamboi_language"},{"link_name":"Litzlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litzlitz_language"},{"link_name":"Malfaxal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malfaxal_language"},{"link_name":"Malua Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malua_Bay_language"},{"link_name":"Maskelynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskelynes_language"},{"link_name":"Nahavaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahavaq_language"},{"link_name":"Nasarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasarian_language"},{"link_name":"Nasvang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasvang_language"},{"link_name":"Nāti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ti_language"},{"link_name":"Navwien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navwien_language"},{"link_name":"Nese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nese_language"},{"link_name":"Neve'ei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neve%27ei_language"},{"link_name":"Neverver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neverver_language"},{"link_name":"Ninde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninde_language"},{"link_name":"Nisvai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisvai_language"},{"link_name":"Nitita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitita_language"},{"link_name":"Port Sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Sandwich_language"},{"link_name":"Rerep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerep_language"},{"link_name":"Sörsörian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6rs%C3%B6rian_language"},{"link_name":"Tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_language"},{"link_name":"Tirax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirax_language"},{"link_name":"Unua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unua_language"},{"link_name":"Northeast Malakula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Malakula_language"},{"link_name":"Vao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vao_language"},{"link_name":"Vivti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivti_language"},{"link_name":"Rutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutan_language"},{"link_name":"Alovas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alovas_language"},{"link_name":"Najit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najit_language"},{"link_name":"Njav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njav_language"},{"link_name":"South Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages"},{"link_name":"Erromanga / Sie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromanga_language"},{"link_name":"Sorung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorung_language"},{"link_name":"Ura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ura_language_(Vanuatu)"},{"link_name":"Utaha / Ifo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utaha_language"},{"link_name":"Kwamera / South Tanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwamera_language"},{"link_name":"Lenakel / West Tanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language"},{"link_name":"North Tanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Tanna_language"},{"link_name":"Southwest Tanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Tanna_language"},{"link_name":"Whitesands / East Tanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitesands_language"},{"link_name":"Aneityum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneityum_language"},{"link_name":"Drehu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drehu_language"},{"link_name":"Iaai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaai_language"},{"link_name":"Nengone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nengone_language"},{"link_name":"Ajië","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_language"},{"link_name":"Arhâ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arh%C3%A2_language"},{"link_name":"Arhö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arh%C3%B6_language"},{"link_name":"Ndrumbea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndrumbea_language"},{"link_name":"Neku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neku_language"},{"link_name":"Numèè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Num%C3%A8%C3%A8_language"},{"link_name":"Orowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orowe_language"},{"link_name":"Tîrî","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AEr%C3%AE_language"},{"link_name":"Xârâcùù","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2c%C3%B9%C3%B9"},{"link_name":"Xârâgurè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2gur%C3%A8_language"},{"link_name":"Zire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zire_language"},{"link_name":"Bwatoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haveke_language"},{"link_name":"Caac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caac_language"},{"link_name":"Cèmuhî","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8muh%C3%AE_language"},{"link_name":"Fwâi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fw%C3%A2i_language"},{"link_name":"Haeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haeke_language"},{"link_name":"Haveke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haveke_language"},{"link_name":"Hmwaveke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmwaveke_language"},{"link_name":"Jawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawe_language"},{"link_name":"Kumak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumak_language"},{"link_name":"Nemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemi_language"},{"link_name":"Nyâlayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C3%A2layu_language"},{"link_name":"Paicî","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paic%C3%AE_language"},{"link_name":"Pije","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pije_language"},{"link_name":"Pwaamei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwaamei_language"},{"link_name":"Pwapwâ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwapw%C3%A2_language"},{"link_name":"Vamale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamale_language"},{"link_name":"Waamwang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waamwang_language"},{"link_name":"Yuanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuanga_language"},{"link_name":"Micronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Nauruan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauruan_language"},{"link_name":"Gilbertese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbertese_language"},{"link_name":"Kosraean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosraean_language"},{"link_name":"Marshallese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallese_language"},{"link_name":"Chuukic–Pohnpeic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuukic%E2%80%93Pohnpeic_languages"},{"link_name":"Chuukic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuukic_languages"},{"link_name":"Carolinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolinian_language"},{"link_name":"Chuukese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuukese_language"},{"link_name":"Mapia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapia_language"},{"link_name":"Mortlockese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortlockese_language"},{"link_name":"Namonuito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namonuito_language"},{"link_name":"Pááfang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1%C3%A1fang_language"},{"link_name":"Puluwatese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puluwat_language"},{"link_name":"Satawalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satawalese_language"},{"link_name":"Sonsorol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonsorolese_language"},{"link_name":"Tanapag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanapag_language"},{"link_name":"Tobian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobian_language"},{"link_name":"Ulithian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulithian_language"},{"link_name":"Woleaian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woleaian_language"},{"link_name":"Pohnpeic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohnpeic_languages"},{"link_name":"Mokilese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokilese_language"},{"link_name":"Ngatikese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngatikese_language"},{"link_name":"Pingelapese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingelapese_language"},{"link_name":"Pohnpeian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohnpeian_language"},{"link_name":"CentralPacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages"},{"link_name":"Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua_language"},{"link_name":"Rotuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotuman_language"},{"link_name":"Western Fijian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Fijian_language"},{"link_name":"Fijian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijian_language"},{"link_name":"Gone Dau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_Dau_language"},{"link_name":"Lauan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauan_language"},{"link_name":"Lomaiviti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomaiviti_language"},{"link_name":"Polynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_languages"},{"link_name":"NuclearPolynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Polynesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Kapingamarangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language"},{"link_name":"Nuguria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukuria_language"},{"link_name":"Nukumanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukumanu_language"},{"link_name":"Nukuoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukuoro_language"},{"link_name":"Ontong Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontong_Java_language"},{"link_name":"Sikaiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikaiana_language"},{"link_name":"Takuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuu_language"},{"link_name":"Tuvaluan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvaluan_language"},{"link_name":"Samoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoic_languages"},{"link_name":"Niuatoputapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuatoputapu_language"},{"link_name":"Samoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_language"},{"link_name":"Tokelauan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokelauan_language"},{"link_name":"Austral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austral_language"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language"},{"link_name":"Mangareva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangareva_language"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language"},{"link_name":"Moriori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriori_language"},{"link_name":"Marquesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquesan_language"},{"link_name":"Penrhyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrhyn_language"},{"link_name":"Rakahanga-Manihiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakahanga-Manihiki_language"},{"link_name":"Rapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa_language"},{"link_name":"Rapa Nui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language"},{"link_name":"Tahitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahitian_language"},{"link_name":"Tuamotuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuamotuan_language"},{"link_name":"Anuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuta_language"},{"link_name":"Emae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emae_language"},{"link_name":"Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuna-Aniwa_language"},{"link_name":"Futunan / East Futunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futunan_language"},{"link_name":"Mele-Fila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mele-Fila_language"},{"link_name":"Pukapukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukapukan_language"},{"link_name":"Rennellese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennellese_language"},{"link_name":"Tikopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikopia_language"},{"link_name":"Wallisian / East Uvean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallisian_language"},{"link_name":"West Uvean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Uvean_language"},{"link_name":"Tongic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongic_languages"},{"link_name":"Niuafoʻou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuafo%CA%BBou_language"},{"link_name":"Niuean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuean_language"},{"link_name":"Tongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongan_language"},{"link_name":"extinct status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2841465#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012403290005171"},{"link_name":"Oceanic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_languages"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amba_language_(Solomon_Islands)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Oceanic-lang-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Oceanic-lang-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceanic-lang-stub"}],"text":"Tryon, Darrell (1994). \"Language contact and contact-induced language change in the Eastern Outer Islands, Solomon Islands\". In Tom Dutton; Darrell Tryon (eds.). Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 611–648. ISBN 978-3-11-088309-1..vteLanguages of the Solomon IslandsOfficial language\nEnglish\nLingua franca\nPijin\nIndigenouslanguagesMicronesian\nGilbertese\nNorthwestSolomonic\nBabatana\nBlablanga\nCheke Holo\nDuke\nGao\nGhanongga\nHoava\nKazukuru\nKokota\nKusaghe\nLaghu\nLungga\nMarovo\nMono\nRirio\nRoviana\nSimbo\nUghele\nVaghua\nVangunu\nVarisi\nZabana\nZazao\nPapuan\nBilua\nLavukaleve\nSavosavo\nTouo\nPolynesian\nAnuta\nLuangiua\nRennellese\nSikaiana\nTikopia\nVaeakau-Taumako\nSoutheastSolomonic\n'Are'are\nArosi\nBaeggu\nBaelelea\nBauro\nBirao\nBughotu\nDori'o\nFagani\nFataleka\nGela\nGhari\nGula'alaa\nKahua\nKwaio\nKwara'ae\nLau\nLengo\nLonggu\nMalango\nOroha\nOwa\nSa'a\nTalise\nTo’abaita\nWala\nTemotu\nAmba\nAsubuo\nÄiwoo\nLovono\nNanggu\nNatügu\nTanema\nTanimbili\nTeanuvteAustronesian languagesFormosan languagesRukaic\nRukai\nTsouic\nTsou\nKanakanavu\nSaaroa\nNorthernAtayalic\nAtayal\nSeediq\nNorthwestFormosan\nSaisiyat\nPazeh †\nKulon †\nThao\nBabuza\nFavorlang †\nPapora-Hoanya †\nEastKavalanic\nBasay †\nKavalan\nLuilang †\nAmi\nAmis\nSakizaya\nSiraiyac\nSiraya †\nTaivoan †\nSouthern ?\nPuyuma\nPaiwan\nBunun\nMalayo–PolynesianWestern branches of Malayo–PolynesianPhilippine(linkage) ?Batanic (Bashiic)\nItbayat\nIvatan\nYami\nNorthern Luzon\nArta\nDicamay Agta †\nIlocano\nCagayan Valley\nAtta\nCagayan Agta\nGa'dang\nGaddang\nIbanag\nIsnag\nItawis\nYogad\nMeso-Cordilleran\nNorthern Alta\nSouthern Alta\nCentral Cordilleran\nBalangao\nBontoc\nIfugao\nIsinai\nItneg\nKalinga\nKankanaey\nTuwali\nSouthern Cordilleran\nBugkalot\nIbaloi\nIwaak\nKalanguya\nKarao\nPangasinan\nCentral Luzon\nKapampangan\nHatang Kayi (Remontado)\nSambalic\nAbellen\nAmbala\nMag-antsi\nBolinao\nBotolan\nMag-indi\nMariveleño\nSambal\nNorthern Mindoro\nAlangan\nIraya\nTadyawan\nGreater CentralPhilippineSouthern Mindoro\nBuhid\nHanunoo\nTawbuid\nCentral PhilippineTagalogic\nFilipino\nKasiguranin\nTagalog\nOld Tagalog †\nBatangueño\nBikol\nAlbay Bikol\nCentral Bikol\nIsarog Agta\nMount Iraya Agta\nMount Iriga Agta\nPandan Bikol\nRinconada\nBisayan\nAkeanon\nAsi\nBantayanon\nBaybay\nButuanon\nCaluyanon\nCapiznon\nCebuano\nBoholano\nOld Cebuano †\nCuyonon\nHiligaynon\nKabalian\nKaray-a\nKarolanos\nMagahat\nMasbateño\nNorthern Sorsogon\nOnhan\nPorohanon\nRatagnon\nRomblomanon\nSouthern Sorsogon\nSulod\nSurigaonon\nTausug\nWaray\nMansakan\nDavawenyo\nKalagan\nKamayo\nMamanwa\nMandaya\nMansaka\n(unclassified)\nAta †\nPalawanic\nAborlan Tagbanwa\nBatak\nCentral Tagbanwa\nPalawano\nTaaw't Bato\nSubanen\nWestern Subanon\nDanao\nIranun\nMaguindanao\nMaranao\nManobo\nAgusan\nAta Manobo\nBinukid\nCotabato Manobo\nHigaonon\nIlianen\nKagayanen\nKamigin\nMatigsalug\nObo\nSarangani\nTagabawa\nWestern Bukidnon\nGorontalo–Mongondow\nBintauna\nBolango\nBuol\nGorontalo\nKaidipang\nLolak\nMongondow\nPonosakan\nSuwawa\nKalamian\nAgutaynen\nCalamian Tagbanwa\nBilic\nBlaan\nTboli\nTeduray\nSangiric\nBantik\nRatahan\nSangirese\nTalaud\nMinahasan\nTombulu\nTondano\nTonsawang\nTonsea\nTontemboan\nOther branches\nAti\nKlata\nUmiray Dumaget\nManide–Alabat\nInagta Alabat\nManide\nGreater Barito *Barito\nMalagasy\nBushi\nDeyah\nMalang\nWitu\nBalangan\nMa'anyan\nPaku\nLawangan\nKohin\nDohoi\nSiang\nBakumpai\nNgaju\nAmpanang\nTunjung\nSama–Bajaw\nAbaknon\nBajaw\nMapun\nPangutaran Sama\nSama\nWest Coast Bajaw\nYakan\nBasap *GreaterNorth Borneo *North Borneo *Northeast Sabah *\nIda'an\nBonggi\nMolbog ?\nSouthwest Sabah *GreaterDusunic *Bisaya–Lotud\nBrunei Bisaya\nLotud\nDusunic\nKadazandusun\nCentral Dusun\nCoastal Kadazan\nKuijau\nEastern Kadazan\nKota Marudu Talantang\nRungus / Momogun\nKlias River Kadazan\nPaitanic\nTombonuwo\nKinabatangan\nAbai Sungai\nSerudung\nGreaterMurutic *\nTatana ?\nPapar\nMurutic\nTagol\nTimugon\nKeningau\nSelungai\nSembakung\nBaukan\nOkolod\nPaluan\nGanaʼ\nKalabakan\nNonukan Tidong\nSesayap Tidong\nNorth Sarawak *\nKenyah / Bakung\nSebob\nTutoh\nUmaʼ Lasan\nWahau Kenyah\nPenan ?\nKelabit\nLengilu\nLundayeh\nSa'ban\nTring\nBerawan\nBelait\nKiput\nNarom\nTutong\nBintulu\nCentral Sarawak\nKajaman\nLahanan\nSekapan\nDaro-Matu\nKanowit–Tanjong\nMelanau\nBukitan\nPunan Batu\nSian\nUkit\nBurusu\nBah-Biau Punan\nSajau\nPunan Merap\nBukat\nSeru †\nLelak †\nKayanic\nKayan\nBahau\nModang\nSegai\nHovongan\nAoheng\nAput\nPunan\nKrio Dayak\nMurik\nLand Dayak\nBakatiʼ\nSara\nLaraʼ\nBukar–Sadong\nBiatah\nTringgus\nJagoi\nJangkang\nKembayan\nSemandang\nRibun\nBenyaduʼ\nSanggau\nMalayo–Chamic *Aceh–Chamic\nAcehnese\nCham dialects\nChru\nHaroi\nJarai\nRade\nRoglai\nTsat\nIban–MalayanIbanic\nIban\nKeninjal ?\nMualang\nRemun\nSeberuang\n\nMalay\nMalaysian\nIndonesian\nMinangkabau\nBrunei/Kedayan Malay\nBamayo\nBanjar\nBerau Malay\nBangka Malay\nBengkulu\nCol\nDuanoʼ\nHaji\nJambi Malay\nJakun\nKedah Malay\nKendayan / Selako ?\nKutai Malay\nKaur\nKerinci\nKelantan-Pattani Malay\nKubu\nOrang Laut\nLubu\nMusi\nNegeri Sembilan Malay\nOrang Kanaq\nOrang Seletar\nPahang Malay\nPekal\nPerak Malay\nPontianak Malay\nReman Malay\nSarawak Malay\nTemuan\nTerengganu Malay\nUrak Lawoi'\nSundanese\nSundanese\nOld Sundanese †\nBaduy\nBantenese\nCirebonese\nRejang ?\nRejang\nMoklenic ?\nMoken\nMoklen\nSumatran *Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands\nEnggano ?\nGayo\nMentawai\nNias\nSikule\nSimeulue\nBatak\nAlas\nAngkola\nDairi\nKaro\nSimalungun\nToba\nMandailing\n\nNasal ?\nLampungic\nLampung\nLampung Nyo\nLampung Api\nKomering\nJavanese\nJavanese\nKawi / Old Javanese †\nBanyumasan\nOsing\nTenggerese\nMadurese\nMadurese\nKangean\nBali–Sasak–Sumbawa\nBalinese\nSasak\nSumbawa\nCelebicBungku–Tolaki\nBahonsuai\nBungku\nKodeoha\nKulisusu\nMoronene\nMori Bawah\nMori Atas\nPadoe\nRahambuu\nTolaki\nTomadino\nWaru\nWawonii\nMuna–Buton\nBonerate\nBusoa\nCia-Cia\nKaimbulawa\nKumbewaha\nLasalimu\nLiabuku\nMuna\nPancana\nTukang Besi\nSaluan–Banggai\nAndio\nBalantak\nBanggai\nBatui\nBobongko\nSaluan\nTomini–Tolitoli *\nBalaesang\nBoano ?\nDampelas\nDondo\nLauje\nPendau\nTaje\nTajio\nTomini\nTotoli ?\nKaili–Wolio *Kaili–Pamona\nKaili\nMbelala\nMoma\nPamona\nRampi\nSarudu\nSedoa\nTopoiyo\nUma\nWotu–Wolio\nKalao\nKamaru\nLaiyolo\nLedo Kaili *\nWolio\nWotu\nSouth SulawesiBugis\nBuginese\nCampalagian\nEmbaloh\nTaman\nMakassar\nMakassarese\nBentong\nCoastal Konjo\nHighland Konjo\nSelayar\nSeko–Badaic *Seko\nBudong-Budong\nPanasuan\nSeko Padang\nSeko Tengah\nBadaic\nBada\nBehoa\nNapu\nNorthern\nMamuju\nMandar\nMassenrempulu\nDuri\nEnrekang\nMaiwa\nMalimpung\nPitu Ulunna Salu\nAralle-Tabulahan\nBambam\nDakka\nPannei\nUlumandaʼ\nToraja\nKalumpang\nMamasa\nPattae'\nLawa\nTalondoʼ ?\nToraja-Saʼdan\n\nLemolang\nIsolates\nChamorro\nPalauan\nCentral Malayo-Polynesian languagesBima\nBima\nSumba–FloresSumba–HawuSavu\nHawu\nDhao\nSumba\nKambera\nMamboru\nAnakalangu\nWanukaka\nPondok\nBaliledo\nWejewa\nLamboya\nKodi\nGaura\nWestern Flores\nKomodo\nManggarai\nRiung\nRembong\nRajong\nKepoʼ\nWae Rana\nPalu'e\nEnde\nLio\nNagé-Kéo\nNgadha\nRongga\nSoʼa\nFlores–Lembata\nSika\nKedang\nLamaholot\nLamaholot\nAlorese\nLamatuka\nLewo Eleng\nLevuka\nSouth Lembata\nLamalera\nLewotobi\nAdonara\nIle Ape\nMingar\nSelaru\nSelaru\nSeluwasan\nKei–Tanimbar ?\nKei\nFordata\nYamdena\nOnin\nSekar\nUruangnirin\nAru\nBarakai\nBatuley\nDobel\nKarey\nKoba\nKola\nLola\nLorang\nManombai\nMariri\nTarangan\nUjir\nTimoric *\nHelong\nTetum\nIdalaka\nCentral Timor *\nKemak\nTukudede\nMambai\nBekais\nWetar–Galoli ?\nWetar\nGaloli\nAtauran\nKawaimina\nKairui\nWaimoa\nMidiki\nNaueti ?\nHabun ?\nLuangic–Kisaric ?\nRomang\nKisar\nLeti\nLuang\nMakuva\nRote–Meto\nBilba\nDengka\nLole\nRinggou\nDela-Oenale\nTermanu\nTii\nUab Meto\nAmarasi\nBabar\nWest Damar\nDawera-Daweloor\nNorth Babar\nDai\nMasela\nSerili\nSoutheast Babar\nEmplawas\nImroing\nTelaʼa\nSouthwest Maluku\nEast Damar\nTeun\nNila\nSerua\nKowiai ?\nKowiai\nCentral Maluku *\nTeor-Kur\nWest\nAmbelau\nBuru\nLisela\nHukumina †\nMoksela †\nSula\nMangole\nTaliabo\nEast\nBanda\nBati\nGeser\nWatubela\nBobot\nMasiwang\nHoti †\nBenggoi\nSalas\nLiana\nNunusaku\nKayeli †\nNuaulu\nHuaulu\nManusela\nWemale\nYalahatan\nPiru Bay ?\nAsilulu\nLuhu\nManipa\nWakasihu\nBoano\nSepa-Teluti\nPaulohi\nKaibobo\nHitu\nTulehu\nLaha\nSeit-Kaitetu\nKamarian †\nHaruku\nAmahai\nNusa Laut\nSaparua\nLatu\nEastern Malayo-Polynesian languagesSHWNG\nTandia †\nMor\nWaropen\nWarembori ?\nYoke ?\nHalmahera SeaAmbel–Biga\nAmbel\nBiga\nMaya–Matbat\nMa'ya\nMatbat\nMaden\nMaden\nFiawat\nAs\nAs\nSouth Halmahera\nGane\nTaba\nBuli\nMaba\nPatani\nSawai\nGebe\nCenderawasihBiakic\nBiak\nDusner †\nMeoswar\nRoon\nYapen\nAmbai\nAnsus\nMarau\nWamesa\nWooi\nMunggui\nPapuma\nPom\nSerui-Laut\nKurudu\nWabo\nSouthwest\nYaur\nYerisiam\nUmar\nOceanicAdmiralty\nYapese ?\nEastern\nManus\nBaluan-Pam\nLenkau\nLou\nNauna\nPenchal\nWestern\nNorthern Kaniet †\nSouthern Kaniet †\nSeimat\nWuvulu\nAua\nSaint Matthias\nMussau-Emira\nTenis\nTemotuUtupua\nAmba\nAsumboa\nTanimbili\nVanikoro\nTeanu\nLovono\nTanema\nReefs–Santa Cruz\nÄiwoo\nEngdewu / Nanggu\nNatügu / Santa Cruz\nNalögo\nNoipx\nSoutheastSolomonicGela–Guadalcanal\nBugotu\nGela\nLengo\nBirao\nGhari\nMalango\nTalise\nMalaita–San Cristobal\nLonggu\nSa'a\nArosi\nFagani\nBauro\nKahua\nOwa\nMarau Wawa ? †\nToʼabaita\nBaelelea\nBaeggu\nFataleka\nLau\nKwara'ae\nWala\nGula'alaa\nKwaio\nDori'o\nꞋAreꞌare\nOroha\nWesternOceanicMeso–MelanesianWillaumez\nBola\nBulu\nMeramera\nNakanai\nBali-Vitu\nBali\nVitu\nNew Ireland–NorthwestSolomonicTungag–Nalik\nKara\nLaxudumau\nNalik\nTiang\nTigak\nTungag\nTabar\nLihir\nMadara\nNotsi\nMadak\nBarok\nLavatbura–Lamusong\nMadak\nSt. George\nBilur\nFanamaket\nGuramalum †\nKandas\nKonomala\nLabel\nLungalunga\nNiwer Mil\nPatpatar\nRamoaaina\nSiar\nSursurunga\nTangga\nTolai\nNorthwestSolomonic\nBabatana\nBannoni\nBlablanga\nCheke Holo\nGao\nGhanongga\nHahon\nHakö\nHalia\nHoava\nKazukuru †\nKokota\nKusaghe\nLaghu †\nLungga\nMarovo\nMono-Alu\nNduke\nNehan\nPapapana\nPetats\nPiva\nRirio\nRoviana\nSaposa\nSimbo\nSolos\nTeop\nTinputz\nTorau\nUghele\nUruava †\nVaghua\nVangunu\nVarisi\nZabana\nZazao\n\nTomoip\nNorthNew GuineaSarmi–Jayapura ?\nAnus\nBonggo\nKayupulau\nLiki\nMasimasi\nOrmu\nPodena\nKaptiau\nSobei\nTarpia\nTobati\nWakde\nYamna\nSchouten\nArop-Sissano\nSera\nSissano\nUlau-Suain\nTumleo\nYakamul\nKaiep\nKairiru\nTerebu\nBiem\nKis\nManam\nMedebur\nSepa\nWogeo\nHuon Gulf\nBukawa\nKela\nYabem\nAribwatsa †\nAribwaung\nAdzera\nDangal\nDuwet\nLabu\nMaralango\nMari\nMusom\nNafi\nSilisili\nWampar\nWampur\nHote\nIwal\nKapin\nKumalu\nMangga Buang\nMapos Buang\nMumeng\nPiu\nVehes\nYamap\nNumbami\nNgero–Vitiaz\nBariai\nGitua\nKove\nLusi\nMalalamai\nMutu\nAwad Bing\nBilibil\nGedaged\nMarik\nMatukar\nMindiri\nTakia\nWab\nLamogai\nMouk-Aria\nAigon\nKarore\nKaulong †\nMiu\nSengseng\nAiklep\nAkolet\nApalik\nAvau\nBebeli\nGimi\nLesing-Gelimi\nMangseng\nSolong\nLote\nMamusi\nMengen\nArop-Lukep\nKarnai\nMalasanga\nMur Pano\nMato\nRonji\nAmara\nMaleu\nMbula\nSio\nTami\nPapuan TipNuclear\nʼAuhelawa\nBuhutu\nBwanabwana\nOya'oya\nSaliba\nSuau\nUnubahe\nWagawaga\nBwaidoka\nDiodio\nIamalele\nIduna\nKoluwawa\nMaiadomu\nBunama\nBoselewa\nDobu\nDuau\nGaleya\nMolima\nMwatebu\nSewa Bay\nDawawa\nKakabai\nAre\nArifama-Miniafia\nDoga\nGapapaiwa\nGhayavi\nKaninuwa\nUbir\nGweda\nHaigwai\nMaiwala\nMinaveha\nTaupota\nTawala\nYakaikeke\nAnuki\nGumawana\nKilivila–Misima\nBudibud\nKilivila\nMisima\nMuyuw\nNimoa–Sudest\nNimoa\nSudest\nSouthernOceanicNorthVanuatuTorres–Banks\nDorig\nHiw\nKoro\nLakon\nLehali\nLemerig\nLo-Toga\nLöyöp\nMota\nMwerlap\nMwesen\nMwotlap\nNume\nOlrat\nVera’a\nVolow\nVurës\nMaewo–Ambae–North Pentecost\nBaetora\nDuidui\nNortheast Ambae\nRaga\nSun̄wadaga\nSun̄wadia\nSouth Pentecost\nApma\nSa\nSke\nSowa †\nEspiritu Santo\nAkei\nAore †\nAraki\nCape Cumberland\nNokuku\nKiai\nM̈av̈ea\nMerei-Tiale\nMores\nSakao\nShark Bay\nTamambo\nTangoa\nTasiriki\nTolomako\nTutuba\nWusi\nNuclearSouthernOceanicCentral Vanuatu\nNorth Efate\nNafsan\nEfatese\nEton\nLelepa\nMakura\nDaakaka\nDalkalaen\nLonwolwol\nPaamese\nPort Vato\nSoutheast Ambrym\nEpi\nBaki\nBierebo\nBieria\nLamen\nLewo\nMaii\nMalakula\nAulua\nAvava\nAveteian\nAxamb\nBig Nambas\nBotovro\nBurmbar\nBwenelang\nLarëvat\nLendamboi\nLitzlitz\nMalfaxal\nMalua Bay\nMaskelynes\nNahavaq\nNasarian\nNasvang\nNāti\nNavwien\nNese\nNeve'ei\nNeverver\nNinde\nNisvai\nNitita\nPort Sandwich\nRerep\nSörsörian\nTape\nTirax\nUnua\nNortheast Malakula\nVao\nVivti\nRutan\nAlovas\nNajit\nNjav\n\nSouth VanuatuErromango\nErromanga / Sie\nSorung †\nUra\nUtaha / Ifo †\nTanna\nKwamera / South Tanna\nLenakel / West Tanna\nNorth Tanna\nSouthwest Tanna\nWhitesands / East Tanna\n\nAneityum\nLoyalties–New CaledoniaLoyalty Islands\nDrehu\nIaai\nNengone\nNew CaledonianSouthern\nAjië\nArhâ\nArhö\nNdrumbea\nNeku\nNumèè\nOrowe\nTîrî\nXârâcùù\nXârâgurè\nZire †\nNorthern\nBwatoo\nCaac\nCèmuhî\nFwâi\nHaeke\nHaveke\nHmwaveke\nJawe\nKumak\nNemi\nNyâlayu\nPaicî\nPije\nPwaamei\nPwapwâ\nVamale\nWaamwang †\nYuanga\nMicronesian\nNauruan\nNuclearMicronesian\nGilbertese\nKosraean\nMarshallese\nChuukic–PohnpeicChuukic\nCarolinian\nChuukese\nMapia †\nMortlockese\nNamonuito\nPááfang\nPuluwatese\nSatawalese\nSonsorol\nTanapag\nTobian\nUlithian\nWoleaian\nPohnpeic\nMokilese\nNgatikese\nPingelapese\nPohnpeian\nCentralPacificWest\nNamosi-Naitasiri-Serua\nRotuman\nWestern Fijian\nEast\nFijian\nGone Dau\nLauan\nLomaiviti\nPolynesianNuclearPolynesian\nKapingamarangi\nNuguria\nNukumanu\nNukuoro\nOntong Java\nSikaiana\nTakuu\nTuvaluan\nSamoic\nNiuatoputapu †\nSamoan\nTokelauan\nEastern\nAustral\nCook Islands Māori\nHawaiian\nMangareva\nMāori\nMoriori †\nMarquesan\nPenrhyn\nRakahanga-Manihiki\nRapa\nRapa Nui\nTahitian\nTuamotuan\nFutunic\nAnuta\nEmae\nFutuna-Aniwa / West Futunan\nFutunan / East Futunan\nMele-Fila\nPukapukan\nRennellese\nTikopia\nWallisian / East Uvean\nWest Uvean\nTongic\nNiuafoʻou ?\nNiuean\nTongan\n* indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct statusAuthority control databases: National \nIsraelThis article about Oceanic languages is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"reference":"Tryon, Darrell (1994). \"Language contact and contact-induced language change in the Eastern Outer Islands, Solomon Islands\". In Tom Dutton; Darrell Tryon (eds.). Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 611–648. ISBN 978-3-11-088309-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Tryon","url_text":"Darrell Tryon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088309-1","url_text":"978-3-11-088309-1"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/amba1266","external_links_name":"amba1266"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/utp/","external_links_name":"Amba"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012403290005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amba_language_(Solomon_Islands)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_(Jack)_Todd
John (Jack) Todd
["1 References","2 External links"]
For other people with the same name, see John Todd (disambiguation). Jack Todd John Todd (May 16, 1911 – June 21, 2007) was a Northern Irish mathematician most of whose career was spent in England and the USA; he was a pioneer in the field of numerical analysis. He was born in Carnacally, County Down, Ireland, and grew up near Belfast. He attended Methodist College Belfast after winning a scholarship. In his final year at the College he only studied maths as a result of his desire to become an engineer. He received his BSc degree from Queen's University in 1931, and went to St. John's College at Cambridge University, studying for 2 years with J. E. Littlewood, who advised him against getting a doctorate and just to do research. He taught at Queen's University Belfast 1933-1937, and was an invited speaker at the 1936 ICM in Oslo on "Transfinite Superpositions of Absolutely Continuous Functions" He worked at King's College in London for the years 1937–1939 (and again 1945–1947), where he met Olga Taussky, a matrix and number theorist (she had also been an invited speaker in Oslo). They were married in 1938. Todd returned to Belfast to teach at Methodist College Belfast 1940-1941. As part of the war effort, he had worked for the British Admiralty 1941-1945. One of Todd's greatest achievements was the preservation of the Mathematical Research Institute of Oberwolfach in Germany at the end of the war. In 1945 the Todds emigrated to the United States and worked for the National Bureau of Standards. In 1957 they joined the faculty of California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California. Todd retired from the faculty, and in May, 2001 was honored by a symposium at Caltech in honor of his 90th birthday. He was called Jack Todd by all who knew him. He died at his home in Pasadena, California on June 21, 2007. References ^ a b O'Connor, JJ; Robertson, EF. "John Todd". School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews. Retrieved 31 July 2016. ^ 1936 ICM in Oslo ^ Congrès International Des Mathématiciens Oslo 1936 ^ "Professor John Todd". The Telegraph. 5 July 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2016. ^ Todd, Josh (1981). "Oberwolfach - 1945". General Inequalities 3. 3rd International Conference on General Inequalities. Oberwolfach: Springer Basel AG. External links Caltech press release Biography from University of St. Andrews archive Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
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[{"image_text":"Jack Todd","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/John_Todd.jpeg/220px-John_Todd.jpeg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Executive_Mansion
Illinois Governor's Mansion
["1 References","2 Further reading","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°47′47″N 89°39′0.6″W / 39.79639°N 89.650167°W / 39.79639; -89.650167Historic house in Illinois, United States United States historic placeExecutive MansionU.S. National Register of Historic Places Mansion in 2012Show map of IllinoisShow map of the United StatesLocation410 E. Jackson Street,Springfield, ILCoordinates39°47′47″N 89°39′0.6″W / 39.79639°N 89.650167°W / 39.79639; -89.650167Built1855ArchitectJohn Murray Van OsdelArchitectural styleItalianateNRHP reference No.76000728Added to NRHPJuly 19, 1976 The Illinois Governor's Mansion (formerly, Illinois Executive Mansion) is the official residence of the governor of Illinois. It is located in the state capital of Springfield, Illinois, near the Illinois State Capitol building, and the Lincoln Home National Historic Site. The Italianate-style Mansion was designed by Chicago architect John M. Van Osdel with a modified I-shaped configuration with a long central section stretching front to back. The 16-room manor was completed in 1855 and was first occupied by governor Joel Matteson, who held the official grand opening on January 10, 1856. It is one of the oldest historic residences in the state of Illinois and one of the three oldest continuously occupied governor's mansions in the United States. In 1898 alterations to the exterior added neoclassical elements. In 1972, the Illinois Governor's Mansion Association was founded as a charitable corporation to assist in the maintenance and programming at the mansion. The Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. During the Christmas season the mansion is decorated lavishly with Christmas decorations, including over a dozen Christmas trees. While used for state functions such as state dinners and meetings, the mansion is also a house museum open to the public. The public libraries, bedrooms, parlors, sitting rooms, etc. are maintained as they may have looked in the 19th century. The governor and his family are not required to reside in the mansion, although a 7-room private apartment on the second floor of the mansion is provided for the governor and his family. Governor George Ryan and First Lady Lura Lynn Ryan refurbished much of the mansion's furniture during their 1999 - 2003 tenure using private donations. In 2011, a multimillion-dollar renovation was planned because the last repairs to the mansion were in 1971. The 2014 polar vortex led to significant water damage to the mansion, and Governor Pat Quinn, who chose to live in the mansion part-time, allocated about $40,000 in emergency repairs. Shortly after his election as governor, Bruce Rauner announced that he and his wife would invest some of their money into repairing the mansion so they could live in it during his term. On July 18, 2016, Illinois First Lady Diana Rauner announced a $15 million renovation project for the mansion, with the funding being raised privately. The work was completed for the Illinois bicentennial in 2018. Governor Rauner signed an executive order renaming the Executive Mansion, the Illinois Governor's Mansion, which became effective July 1, 2018. The renovated mansion includes a new visitor's center, and made the mansion compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act. Governor J. B. Pritzker resides in the governor's mansion full-time while his family commutes between Chicago and Springfield. Again using private funds, additional renovations to guest rooms, fixtures, and plumbing were done in fall 2019. In 2023, First Lady M.K. Pritzker, with the help of designer Michael S. Smith, completed an updated refurbishment of the interior and they published a book with Rizzoli, A House That Made History: The Illinois Governor's Mansion. References ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007. ^ "About Us". Illinois Governor's Mansion Association. Retrieved 2018-05-16. ^ Angelo, Phil (2011-06-29). "Lura Lynn Ryan: State's former first lady was 'June Cleaver without the pearls". Daily Journal (Illinois). Archived from the original on 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2011-07-15. ^ Ross Weidner (16 February 2011). "Quinn plans multimillion-dollar mansion renovation". ABC 7 Chicago News website. Retrieved 11 May 2014. ^ a b Wilson, Caitlin (November 28, 2014) - "Rauner Says He Will Contribute Some of His Own Money to Repair Illinois Governor’s Mansion at Thanksgiving Dinner with Veterans" Archived May 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Reboot Illinois. Retrieved November 30, 2014. ^ a b Kamin, Blair (July 18, 2016). "Illinois' First Lady Unveils $15 Million Plan to Renovate Crumbling Executive Mansion". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 24, 2016. ^ "Private Funds to Cover Executive Mansion Repairs". Rock River Times. July 21, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2016. ^ "Rauner Renames Illinois' Executive Mansion". NBC Chicago. Retrieved 2018-05-29. ^ Mackey, Brian. "Look Inside The Renovated Governor's Mansion". NPR Illinois. Retrieved 2018-07-21. ^ Donovan, Lisa. "Pritzker: I'm moving to Springfield". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 23 June 2019. ^ "Pritzker spends $850K of his money to fix Governor's Mansion". 2019-10-06. Retrieved 2019-10-19. ^ Taylor, Elise (2023-10-06). "From Mary Todd Lincoln's China to New Work by Theaster Gates: Inside the Artful Redecoration of the Illinois Governor's Mansion". Vogue. Condé Nast. Further reading Pritzker, MK (2023). A House That Made History: The Illinois Governors Mansion, Legacy of an Architectural Treasure. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-7363-0. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Illinois Executive Mansion. Official website Illinois Governor's Mansion Association vteUnited States governors' residences Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona† Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia† Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho† Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts† Michigan Summer Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands† Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island† South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Virgin Islands † - No official residence Authority control databases ISNI VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"official residence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_residence"},{"link_name":"governor of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Home National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Home_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Italianate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianate"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"John M. Van Osdel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Van_Osdel"},{"link_name":"Joel Matteson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Aldrich_Matteson"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Christmas decorations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_decorations"},{"link_name":"Christmas trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree"},{"link_name":"state dinners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_dinner"},{"link_name":"house museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_museum"},{"link_name":"George Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ryan"},{"link_name":"First Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady"},{"link_name":"Lura Lynn Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lura_Lynn_Ryan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dj-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mansion-4"},{"link_name":"2014 polar vortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_polar_vortex"},{"link_name":"Pat Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Quinn_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mansionfix-5"},{"link_name":"Bruce Rauner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Rauner"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mansionfix-5"},{"link_name":"Diana Rauner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Rauner"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15million-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15million-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Americans with Disabilities Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"J. B. Pritzker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Pritzker"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Michael S. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_S._Smith_(interior_designer)"},{"link_name":"Rizzoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizzoli_Libri"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Historic house in Illinois, United StatesUnited States historic placeThe Illinois Governor's Mansion (formerly, Illinois Executive Mansion) is the official residence of the governor of Illinois. It is located in the state capital of Springfield, Illinois, near the Illinois State Capitol building, and the Lincoln Home National Historic Site. The Italianate-style Mansion was designed by Chicago architect John M. Van Osdel with a modified I-shaped configuration with a long central section stretching front to back. The 16-room manor was completed in 1855 and was first occupied by governor Joel Matteson, who held the official grand opening on January 10, 1856. It is one of the oldest historic residences in the state of Illinois and one of the three oldest continuously occupied governor's mansions in the United States. In 1898 alterations to the exterior added neoclassical elements. In 1972, the Illinois Governor's Mansion Association was founded as a charitable corporation to assist in the maintenance and programming at the mansion.[2] The Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.During the Christmas season the mansion is decorated lavishly with Christmas decorations, including over a dozen Christmas trees. While used for state functions such as state dinners and meetings, the mansion is also a house museum open to the public. The public libraries, bedrooms, parlors, sitting rooms, etc. are maintained as they may have looked in the 19th century. The governor and his family are not required to reside in the mansion, although a 7-room private apartment on the second floor of the mansion is provided for the governor and his family.Governor George Ryan and First Lady Lura Lynn Ryan refurbished much of the mansion's furniture during their 1999 - 2003 tenure using private donations.[3] In 2011, a multimillion-dollar renovation was planned because the last repairs to the mansion were in 1971.[4]The 2014 polar vortex led to significant water damage to the mansion, and Governor Pat Quinn, who chose to live in the mansion part-time, allocated about $40,000 in emergency repairs.[5] Shortly after his election as governor, Bruce Rauner announced that he and his wife would invest some of their money into repairing the mansion so they could live in it during his term.[5] On July 18, 2016, Illinois First Lady Diana Rauner announced a $15 million renovation project for the mansion, with the funding being raised privately.[6][7] The work was completed for the Illinois bicentennial in 2018.[6]Governor Rauner signed an executive order renaming the Executive Mansion, the Illinois Governor's Mansion, which became effective July 1, 2018.[8] The renovated mansion includes a new visitor's center, and made the mansion compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act.[9]Governor J. B. Pritzker resides in the governor's mansion full-time while his family commutes between Chicago and Springfield.[10] Again using private funds, additional renovations to guest rooms, fixtures, and plumbing were done in fall 2019.[11] In 2023, First Lady M.K. Pritzker, with the help of designer Michael S. Smith, completed an updated refurbishment of the interior and they published a book with Rizzoli, A House That Made History: The Illinois Governor's Mansion.[12]","title":"Illinois Governor's Mansion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8478-7363-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-7363-0"}],"text":"Pritzker, MK (2023). A House That Made History: The Illinois Governors Mansion, Legacy of an Architectural Treasure. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-7363-0.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Illinois Governor's Mansion Association. Retrieved 2018-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://illinoismansion.org/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"Angelo, Phil (2011-06-29). \"Lura Lynn Ryan: State's former first lady was 'June Cleaver without the pearls\". Daily Journal (Illinois). Archived from the original on 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2011-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130121134032/http://daily-journal.com/archives/dj/display.php?id=475713","url_text":"\"Lura Lynn Ryan: State's former first lady was 'June Cleaver without the pearls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Journal_(Illinois)","url_text":"Daily Journal (Illinois)"},{"url":"http://daily-journal.com/archives/dj/display.php?id=475713","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ross Weidner (16 February 2011). \"Quinn plans multimillion-dollar mansion renovation\". ABC 7 Chicago News website. Retrieved 11 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?id=7963224","url_text":"\"Quinn plans multimillion-dollar mansion renovation\""}]},{"reference":"Kamin, Blair (July 18, 2016). \"Illinois' First Lady Unveils $15 Million Plan to Renovate Crumbling Executive Mansion\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/ct-executive-mansion-kamin-met-0719-20160718-column.html","url_text":"\"Illinois' First Lady Unveils $15 Million Plan to Renovate Crumbling Executive Mansion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Private Funds to Cover Executive Mansion Repairs\". Rock River Times. July 21, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://rockrivertimes.com/2016/07/21/private-funds-to-cover-executive-mansion-repairs/","url_text":"\"Private Funds to Cover Executive Mansion Repairs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_River_Times","url_text":"Rock River Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Rauner Renames Illinois' Executive Mansion\". NBC Chicago. Retrieved 2018-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcchicago.com/blogs/ward-room/rauner-renames-illinois-executive-mansion-478741793.html","url_text":"\"Rauner Renames Illinois' Executive Mansion\""}]},{"reference":"Mackey, Brian. \"Look Inside The Renovated Governor's Mansion\". NPR Illinois. Retrieved 2018-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://nprillinois.org/post/look-inside-renovated-governors-mansion#stream/0","url_text":"\"Look Inside The Renovated Governor's Mansion\""}]},{"reference":"Donovan, Lisa. \"Pritzker: I'm moving to Springfield\". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 23 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct-met-politics-pritizker-mansion-20181112-story.html","url_text":"\"Pritzker: I'm moving to Springfield\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pritzker spends $850K of his money to fix Governor's Mansion\". 2019-10-06. Retrieved 2019-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://wgntv.com/2019/10/06/pritzker-spends-850k-of-his-money-to-fix-governors-mansion/","url_text":"\"Pritzker spends $850K of his money to fix Governor's Mansion\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Elise (2023-10-06). \"From Mary Todd Lincoln's China to New Work by Theaster Gates: Inside the Artful Redecoration of the Illinois Governor's Mansion\". Vogue. Condé Nast.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/from-mary-todd-lincolns-china-to-work-by-theaster-gates-inside-the-artful-redecoration-of-the-illinois-governors-mansion","url_text":"\"From Mary Todd Lincoln's China to New Work by Theaster Gates: Inside the Artful Redecoration of the Illinois Governor's Mansion\""}]},{"reference":"Pritzker, MK (2023). A House That Made History: The Illinois Governors Mansion, Legacy of an Architectural Treasure. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-7363-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-7363-0","url_text":"978-0-8478-7363-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise-Victorine_Ackermann
Louise-Victorine Ackermann
["1 Life","2 Published works","3 References","4 External links"]
French poet (1813–1890) Louise-Victorine Ackermann French and Francophone literature by category History Medieval Renaissance 17th 18th 19th 20th century Contemporary Movements Précieuses Classicism Rococo Decadent Parnassianism Symbolism Nouveau roman Writers Chronological list Writers by category Essayists Novelists Playwrights Poets Short story writers Children's writers Countries and regions France Quebec Franco-American Haiti Postcolonial Portals France Literature vte Louise-Victorine Ackermann (née Choquet) (30 November 1813 – 2 August 1890) was a French Parnassian poet. Life Ackermann was born in Paris, but spent her younger days in more rural surroundings near Montdidier, south-east of Amiens. In 1829, her father, having undertaken her early education, in the philosophy of the Encyclopaedists, sent her to school in Paris. In 1838, Victorine Choquet went to Berlin to study German, and there married Paul Ackermann, an Alsatian philologist, in 1843. After little more than two years of happy married life her husband died, and Madame Ackermann went to live in Nice with a favorite sister. In 1855, she published Contes en vers, and in 1862, Contes et poésies. Very different from these simple and charming contes is the work on which Madame Ackermann's real reputation rests. She published in 1874 Poésies, premières poésies, poésies philosophiques, a volume of sombre and powerful verse, expressing her revolt against human suffering. The volume was enthusiastically reviewed in the Revue des deux mondes for May 1871 by Elme Marie Caro, who, though he deprecated the impiété désespérée of the verses, did full justice to their vigour and the excellence of their form. Soon after the publication of this volume Madame Ackermann moved back to Paris, where she gathered round her a circle of friends, but published nothing further except a prose volume, the Pensées d'un solitaire ("Thoughts of a Recluse", 1883), to which she prefixed a short autobiography. She died at Nice on 2 August 1890. Published works Louise Ackermann's published works as cited by An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers.: 2  Contes et Poésues, 1862. Le Deluge, 1876. Pensées d'une Solitaire, Precédées d'une Autobiographie, 1882. Oeuvres, 1885. Ma Vie, 1885. Première Poésies, 1885. Poésies Philosophiques, 1885. Contes, 1955. Poésies Philosophiques, 1971. References ^ a b c  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ackermann, Louise Victorine Choquet". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 148. Endnotes: See also Anatole France, La vie littéraire, 4th series (1892); the comte d'Haussonville, Mme Ackermann (1882); M. Citoleux, La poésie philosophique au XIXe siècle (vol. 1., Mme Ackermann d'après de nombreux documents inédits, Paris, 1906). ^ Wilson, Katharina M. (1991). An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc. External links Works by Louise-Victorine Ackermann at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louise-Victorine_Ackermann.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parnassian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnassianism"}],"text":"Louise-Victorine AckermannLouise-Victorine Ackermann (née Choquet) (30 November 1813 – 2 August 1890) was a French Parnassian poet.","title":"Louise-Victorine Ackermann"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Montdidier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montdidier,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedists"},{"link_name":"Alsatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace"},{"link_name":"philologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"human suffering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_suffering"},{"link_name":"Revue des deux mondes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_des_deux_mondes"},{"link_name":"Elme Marie Caro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elme_Marie_Caro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"}],"text":"Ackermann was born in Paris, but spent her younger days in more rural surroundings near Montdidier, south-east of Amiens. In 1829, her father, having undertaken her early education, in the philosophy of the Encyclopaedists, sent her to school in Paris.In 1838, Victorine Choquet went to Berlin to study German, and there married Paul Ackermann, an Alsatian philologist, in 1843. After little more than two years of happy married life her husband died, and Madame Ackermann went to live in Nice with a favorite sister. In 1855, she published Contes en vers, and in 1862, Contes et poésies.[1]Very different from these simple and charming contes is the work on which Madame Ackermann's real reputation rests. She published in 1874 Poésies, premières poésies, poésies philosophiques, a volume of sombre and powerful verse, expressing her revolt against human suffering. The volume was enthusiastically reviewed in the Revue des deux mondes for May 1871 by Elme Marie Caro, who, though he deprecated the impiété désespérée of the verses, did full justice to their vigour and the excellence of their form.[1]Soon after the publication of this volume Madame Ackermann moved back to Paris, where she gathered round her a circle of friends, but published nothing further except a prose volume, the Pensées d'un solitaire (\"Thoughts of a Recluse\", 1883), to which she prefixed a short autobiography. She died at Nice on 2 August 1890.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Encyclopedia_of_Continental_Women_Writers-2"}],"text":"Louise Ackermann's published works as cited by An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers.[2]: 2Contes et Poésues, 1862.\nLe Deluge, 1876.\nPensées d'une Solitaire, Precédées d'une Autobiographie, 1882.\nOeuvres, 1885.\nMa Vie, 1885.\nPremière Poésies, 1885.\nPoésies Philosophiques, 1885.\nContes, 1955.\nPoésies Philosophiques, 1971.","title":"Published works"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Ackermann, Louise Victorine Choquet\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 148.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ackermann,_Louise_Victorine_Choquet","url_text":"Ackermann, Louise Victorine Choquet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Katharina M. (1991). An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Belgrave
James Belgrave
["1 Family background","2 Military service","3 References","4 External links"]
British World War I flying ace (1896–1918) James Dacres BelgraveBorn(1896-09-27)27 September 1896Kensington, London, EnglandDied13 June 1918(1918-06-13) (aged 21)near Albert, FranceBuriedGrove Town Cemetery, Meaulte, FranceAllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchBritish ArmyRoyal Air ForceYears of service1914–1918RankCaptainUnitOxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light InfantryNo. 45 Squadron RFCNo. 61 Squadron RAFNo. 60 Squadron RAFBattles/warsWorld War IAwardsMilitary Cross and BarRelations Sir Charles Belgrave (brother) Rear-Admiral James Richard Dacres (great-grandfather) General Sir Hew Dalrymple (great-great-grandfather) Captain James Dacres Belgrave MC* (27 September 1896 – 13 June 1918) was a British World War I flying ace credited with 18 aerial victories. Family background James Dacres Belgrave was born in Kensington, London, the second son of the barrister and writer Dalrymple James Belgrave and his wife Isabella Richardson. His older brother, Sir Charles Dalrymple Belgrave, also served in the Army during the First World War, and was later advisor to the rulers of Bahrain from 1926 until 1957. His grandfather was Commander Thomas Belgrave, RN, of Kilworth, Leicester, who had married Charlotte, the daughter of Rear-Admiral James Richard Dacres, who had in turn married Arabella Boyd, daughter of General Sir Hew Dalrymple. Military service Belgrave attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry on 16 December 1914. He was wounded in action in November 1915, and was promoted to Lieutenant on 13 February 1916. On 27 October 1916 he was seconded to the Royal Flying Corps, serving in 45 Squadron, flying the Sopwith 1½ Strutter. He shot down six enemy aircraft between February and May 1917. On 18 July 1917 he was awarded the Military Cross. His citation read: Lieutenant James Dacres Belgrave, Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Infantry and Royal Flying Corps. For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. On at least five occasions he successfully engaged and shot down hostile aeroplanes, and has consistently shown great courage and determination to get to the closest range; an invaluable example in a fighting squadron. On 1 September 1917 he was appointed flight commander with the temporary rank of Captain. After serving in 61 Squadron on Home Defence duties, he returned to France in April 1918 to serve in 60 Squadron, and flying the S.E.5a he shot down twelve more aircraft in May and June, bringing his total up to 18. Belgrave was killed in action about four miles east of Albert on 13 June 1918, and is buried at the Grove Town Cemetery in Méaulte, Somme. The bar to his Military Cross was gazetted in September 1918, three months after his death. The citation read: Lieutenant (Temporary Captain) James Dacres Belgrave, MC, Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, attached Royal Air Force. For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty whilst leading offensive patrols. In four days he destroyed two enemy machines and drove down four others. The odds were heavy against him, and he did magnificent work. References ^ a b c d "James Dacres Belgrave". theaerodrome.com. 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ^ Foster, Joseph (1894). The Descendants of John Backhouse, Yeoman, of Moss Side. London. p. 18. Retrieved 25 August 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b "Belgrave of Bahrain: The Life of Charles Dalrymple Belgrave". Emirates Natural History Group. 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ^ "Death: Dalrymple James Belgrave". The Times. No. 43622. London. 4 May 1922. col A, p. 1. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ^ Davis, Peter (2014). "Biography of Thomas Belgrave R.N." pdavis.nl. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ^ "Obituary: Vice-Admiral Dacres". The Gentleman's Magazine. XLI (I): 201. 1854. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ^ "No. 29007". The London Gazette. 15 December 1914. p. 10696. ^ "No. 29552". The London Gazette. 18 April 1916. p. 4025. ^ "No. 29822". The London Gazette. 14 November 1916. p. 10970. ^ "No. 30188". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 July 1917. p. 7221. ^ "No. 30351". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 October 1917. p. 10988. ^ "Casualties: June 1918". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ^ Whalley, John (2001). "Grove Town Cemetery, Meaulte". A Guide to the Cemeteries & Memorials to the 'Missing' in France and Flanders 1914-1918. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ^ "No. 30901". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 September 1918. p. 10881. External links "Photograph of 2nd Lt. James Dacres Belgrave. KIA 13 June 1918". Lochnagar Crater. 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2014. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States People Commonwealth War Graves Commission
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He shot down six enemy aircraft between February and May 1917.[1]On 18 July 1917 he was awarded the Military Cross. His citation read:Lieutenant James Dacres Belgrave, Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Infantry and Royal Flying Corps.\nFor conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. On at least five occasions he successfully engaged and shot down hostile aeroplanes, and has consistently shown great courage and determination to get to the closest range; an invaluable example in a fighting squadron.[10]On 1 September 1917 he was appointed flight commander with the temporary rank of Captain.[11] After serving in 61 Squadron on Home Defence duties, he returned to France in April 1918 to serve in 60 Squadron, and flying the S.E.5a he shot down twelve more aircraft in May and June, bringing his total up to 18.[1]Belgrave was killed in action about four miles east of Albert on 13 June 1918,[12] and is buried at the Grove Town Cemetery in Méaulte, Somme.[13]The bar to his Military Cross was gazetted in September 1918, three months after his death. The citation read:Lieutenant (Temporary Captain) James Dacres Belgrave, MC, Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, attached Royal Air Force.\nFor conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty whilst leading offensive patrols. In four days he destroyed two enemy machines and drove down four others. The odds were heavy against him, and he did magnificent work.[14]","title":"Military service"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanson_Robotics_Limited
Hanson Robotics
["1 History","2 Humanoid robots","2.1 Sophia","2.2 Alice","2.3 Albert Einstein HUBO","2.4 BINA48","2.5 Han","2.6 Jules","2.7 Professor Einstein","2.8 Philip K. Dick Android","2.9 Zeno","2.10 Joey Chaos","3 Criticism","4 Awards","5 Affiliations","6 References","7 External links"]
Hong Kong-based engineering and robotics company Hanson Robotics LimitedCompany typePrivateIndustryEngineeringRoboticsFounded2007; 17 years ago (2007) in Dallas, Texas, United StatesFounderDavid HansonHeadquartersScience Park, Hong KongKey peopleBen Goertzel (Former chief scientist)Amit Pandey (Chief scientist)ProductsAlbert HUBOBINA48SophiaWebsitehansonrobotics.com Hanson Robotics Limited is a Hong Kong-based engineering and robotics company founded by David Hanson, known for its development of human-like robots with artificial intelligence (AI) for consumer, entertainment, service, healthcare, and research applications. The robots include Albert HUBO, the first walking robot with human-like expressions; BINA48, an interactive humanoid robot bust; and Sophia, the world's first robot citizen. The company has 45 employees. Hanson Robotics’ robots feature a patented spongy elastomer skin called Frubber that resembles human skin in its feel and flexibility. Underneath the Frubber are proprietary motor control systems by which the robots mimic human expressions. History In 2013, the company moved from Texas to Hong Kong Science Park and planned to develop a robotics hub in Hong Kong. In October 2016, the company was selected as one of nine companies to join the Disney Accelerator program. Humanoid robots The company has focused on building robots that mimic the look of humans. Sophia Main article: Sophia (robot) Sophia is Hanson Robotics’ most well-known robot, is regularly featured in news outlets, and receives a great deal of public interest. The company's latest creation made her debut at the 2016 South by Southwest (SXSW) show, with her interview by CNBC reaching a broad audience. Since then, she has become a global media personality, having conducted numerous press interviews and appeared on broadcast television shows including CBS 60 Minutes with Charlie Rose, the Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, and Good Morning Britain. She has also been a keynote and panel speaker at global conferences and events, including those hosted by ITU, United Nations. Sophia was featured in AUDI's annual report and has graced the cover and centerfold of ELLE Magazine. Sophia is also the first United Nations Development Programme's first ever Innovation Champion, and the first non-human to be given any UN title. In 2018, Sophia won an Edison Award for Innovation in that competition's robotics category. Alice Alice was developed in 2008 for MIRA Labs in Geneva, Switzerland. The female robot has an emotionally expressive face. She acts to serve cognitive robotics research at the University of Geneva and is part of the INDIGO cognitive robotics consortium, where Hanson Robotics is a founding member. Albert Einstein HUBO Main article: Albert HUBO Albert Einstein HUBO was, developed in November 2005 in collaboration with the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) HUBO group of Korea. Inspired by German-born theoretical physicist Albert Einstein, the expressive walking humanoid featured Einstein's head on a HUBO robot body. KAIST built the walking body, and Hanson Robotics built the animatronic head and the face, which uses elastic polymer called Frubber. The robot debuted at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit in November 2005. Albert Einstein HUBO can perform realistic facial expressions and mimic Albert Einstein's voice via a voice synthesizer. The robot is currently at the University of California, San Diego at the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2). BINA48 Main article: BINA48 BINA48 (Breakthrough Intelligence via Neural Architecture 48) is a humanoid robot who has a bust-like head and shoulders mounted on a frame, and can produce realistic facial appearance from 30 motors beneath her Frubber skin. She was released by Hanson in 2010. She is described as a “technological sketch” of a human being, commissioned by millionaire Martine Rothblatt to mimic the appearance of her spouse of over 35 years, Bina Rothblatt. BINA48 includes a database with dozens of books which she is able to recite. BINA48 is currently stationed at the non-profit Terasem Movement Foundation, Inc. Han Han debuted in 2015 at the Global Sources electronics fair in Hong Kong. The robot was designed to identify and replicate human expressions. He is able to detect people using an array of cameras and speech recognition technology, decipher their gender, age, and facial indications of emotion (i.e. happy or sad), and as such, Hanson Robotics has suggested the robot could be of use in hotels or customer service positions. Han is bald with masculine features. He possesses a British accent, and specializes in making humorous facial expressions. Jules Jules debuted in 2006 at Wired Nextfest. Jules is a robot that has machine learning capabilities, face tracking, and facial recognition. His software was development by Hanson Robotics in collaboration with the Personality Forge AI Chatbot Platform, with Personality Forge founder and developer, Benji Adams, and AI developer Heather McKeen. Jules is described as having a "statistically perfect androgynous face". The robot currently resides at the University of West England in Bristol. Professor Einstein Professor Einstein is Hanson Robotics’ first personal robot available to consumers. The robot was developed in 2016 and was unveiled at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas in January 2017. The robot first became available for purchase to consumers in January 2017 after launching on the crowdfunding platform Kickstarter, and later became available on Amazon and at other popular retailers across the United States. Professor Einstein is marketed as an educational tool to teach science, primarily to children ages 8–13. The robot can speak about science, tell jokes, and connect to Wifi to check the weather or access information on the internet. It has a corresponding app called the Stein-O-Matic that offers games, videos, and lessons. Motors allow it to walk, make different facial expressions, and an on-chest camera tracks faces. Philip K. Dick Android The Hanson Robotics Philip K. Dick Android, in 2019 Philip K. Dick Android was shown publicly for the first time in 2005 at Wired Nextfest. He was designed as an android portrait of the American science fiction writer Philip K. Dick, and was programmed to contain thousands of pages of the writings of the author, including journals and letters, into a Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) corpus and conversational system construct android. In 2005, Hanson and team received an AAAI award for their "intelligent conversational portrait" of Philip K. Dick. In 2005, the original robot was lost on a plane headed for San Francisco and was never found. In 2011, in collaboration with Dutch public broadcaster VPRO, Hanson Robotics developed and introduced a new version of the android. The android bust uses 36 servomotors to create facial expressions and has motion-tracking machine vision . Philip K. Dick Android is currently dedicated to research with the nonprofit Apollo Mind Initiative. Zeno Zeno debuted in 2007 at Wired Nextfest. The robot could see, hear, and talk. Zeno featured more than 28 specialized motors, an agile body, and expressive face. Named for creator David Hanson's son Zeno and designed as a nod to Astro Boy, In 2012, an updated version of Zeno was released, which included Dynamixel RX-28 and RX-64 servos, plus a sensor suite comprising a gyro, accelerometer, compass, torque sensors, touch sensors, and temperature sensors, as well as more cartoon-like features. Joey Chaos Joey Chaos was unveiled by Hanson Robotics at the 2007 RoboBusiness Conference and Expo in Boston, MA. The robot was created to study human-robot interaction and has camera eyes to track human faces and speech recognition software. Criticism This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hanson Robotics" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hanson Robotics' humanoid robotics have been criticized by leading AI researchers. For example, Facebook's Yann LeCun has called Sophia a "puppet" and questioned the value of Sophia and similar robots, as well as the presentation of these robots as far more intelligent than what they truly are. Sophia being given citizenship in Saudi Arabia was further criticized, not only because of Sophia's lack of consciousness, but the difficulty of people achieving citizenship in that country despite actually living and working there for years . Awards Gold Medal, Edison Innovation Awards, 2018 Winner of 2009 Italian Centro Nationale Riserche (CNR) Scholarship, 2008-2009 Winner of TechTitan's Innovator of the Year award, 2007 Winner of TX State Emerging Technology Award, 2007 Cooper-Hewitt Smithsonian Best Design Triennial, December 2006 UTA ARRI Innovation Award, February 2006 2005 AAAI award, First Place for Open Interaction (PKD Android) NIST ATP Award, “Highly meritorious” designation, 2004 (with funding pending the 2005 Congressional spending bill) World Technology Award, nominee and semifinalist: Best IT Hardware, 2004 Themed Entertainment Association, Best Themed Display Award, First Place for the “World of Disney Themed Store” at Walt Disney World, Orlando, FL, 1996 Rhode Island School of Design Merit Award, 1992-1996 Affiliations Member, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) since 2000 Member, American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) since 2001 Member, SPIE since 2001 Member, Visual Sciences Society (VSS) since 2003 References This article needs more complete citations for verification. Please help add missing citation information so that sources are clearly identifiable. (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ^ Lifelike Robots Made in Hong Kong Meant to Win Over Humans ^ "Leadership". Retrieved 3 November 2019. ^ "Forbes". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Hanson Robotics wants to create humanised robots that will work with people". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "'Frubber'-Covered Robot Faces are Disturbingly Realistic | Nerdist". Nerdist. 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Lifelike Robots Made in Hong Kong Meant to Win Over Humans". Voice of America. 2018-01-16. Retrieved 2019-01-12. ^ "SAY HELLO TO HUMANOID ROBOTS". StartMeUp HK. 2017-11-30. Retrieved 2019-01-12. ^ "Robot expert planning to turn Hong Kong into android city". South China Morning Post. 2014-05-19. Retrieved 2019-01-12. ^ Company, The Walt Disney. "Disney Accelerator Showcases Nine Startups at 2016 Demo Day". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ Taylor, Harriet (2016-03-16). "Could you fall in love with robot Sophia?". CNBC. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Charlie Rose interviews…a robot?". Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon (2017-04-25), Tonight Showbotics: Snakebot, Sophia, eMotion Butterflies, retrieved 2017-12-20 ^ "Humanoid Robot Tells Jokes on GMB!". Good Morning Britain. 2017-06-21. Retrieved 2019-01-12 – via YouTube. ^ Medium ^ Business Insider ^ Katz, Brigit (2017-11-02). "Why Saudi Arabia Giving a Robot Citizenship Is Firing People Up". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2019-01-12. ^ Section, United Nations News Service (2017-10-11). "UN News - At UN, robot Sophia joins meeting on artificial intelligence and sustainable development". UN News Service Section. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "AI's Age". www.audi.com. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Instagram post by ELLE Brasil • Dec 2, 2016 at 7:52pm UTC". Instagram. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "UNDP in Asia and the Pacific Appoints World's First Non-Human Innovation Champion". UNDP in Asia and the Pacific. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Edison Awards". www.edisonawards.com. Retrieved 2018-07-09. ^ Weller, Chris (2017-11-13). "The first robot citizen has 7 humanoid 'siblings' -- here's what they look like". Business Insider Australia. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "FORTH-ICS: Welcome note by the Director of FORTH-ICS". www.ics.forth.gr. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "'Meet the Future' at a Feb. 28 Ubben Lecture Featuring David Hanson and His Robot Creation, Sophia - DePauw University". DePauw University. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Hubo II Humanoid Robot Is Lighter and Faster, Makes His Creator Proud". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. 2010-03-31. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Einstein robot the star of high-tech show". msnbc.com. 2005-11-18. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Einstein Robot 'Albert Hubo' Physicist Back To Life (VIDEO)". HuffPost Canada. 2010-03-18. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ Harmon, Amy (2010-07-04). "Trying to Forge a Friendship With a Robot Named Bina48". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Robot blurs biological boundaries | Addison County Independent". www.addisonindependent.com. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ Harmon, Amy (2010-07-04). "Trying to Forge a Friendship With a Robot Named Bina48". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ Temperton, James. "Han is a spookily realistic humanoid robot". Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ Weller, Chris (2017-11-13). "The first robot citizen has 7 humanoid 'siblings' -- here's what they look like". Business Insider Australia. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Watch and cry as Jules the robot says goodbye to his creator". The Daily Dot. 2014-12-12. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Coolest thing at CES 2017? Robots steal show". www.msn.com. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Professor Einstein Robot Science Educational Toy". Professor Einstein. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Professor Einstein Is a Fun, Wacky Robot That Loves to Talk About Science". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. 2017-07-21. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Professor Einstein Is a Fun, Wacky Robot That Loves to Talk About Science". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. 2017-07-21. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Lost Philip K. Dick android back with loud shirts". CNET. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ Bosch, Torie (2012-06-01). "The Android Head of Philip K. Dick". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "The Philip K Dick Android Project". www.pkdandroid.org. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ Schneider, Howard (2013-06-27). "How to build an Android: the real story of Phillip K. Dick's robotic resurrection". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Lost Philip K. Dick android back with loud shirts". CNET. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ Wired Staff. "NextFest 2005". WIRED. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Lost Philip K. Dick android back with loud shirts". CNET. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Zeno robot learns through artificial intelligence". newatlas.com. 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Next-Gen Zeno R-50 Puts a Face on Research Robots". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ White, Charlie. "Joey the Rocker Robot, More Conscious Than Some Humans". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Robots Have Existential Crises, Too". 2017-03-22. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ White, Charlie. "Joey the Rocker Robot, More Conscious Than Some Humans". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2017-12-20. ^ "Facebook's head of AI really hates Sophia the robot (and with good reason)". The Verge. ^ "Mama Mia It's Sophia: A Show Robot Or Dangerous Platform To Mislead?". Forbes. External links Official website
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"David Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hanson_(robotics_designer)"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence (AI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Albert HUBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_HUBO"},{"link_name":"BINA48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BINA48"},{"link_name":"Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_(robot)"},{"link_name":"citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"elastomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomer"},{"link_name":"Frubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frubber"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Hanson Robotics Limited is a Hong Kong-based engineering and robotics company founded by David Hanson, known for its development of human-like robots with artificial intelligence (AI) for consumer, entertainment, service, healthcare, and research applications. The robots include Albert HUBO, the first walking robot with human-like expressions; BINA48, an interactive humanoid robot bust; and Sophia, the world's first robot citizen. The company has 45 employees.[3]Hanson Robotics’ robots feature a patented spongy elastomer skin called Frubber that resembles human skin in its feel and flexibility.[4] Underneath the Frubber are proprietary motor control systems by which the robots mimic human expressions.[5]","title":"Hanson Robotics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong Science Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Science_Park"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 2013, the company moved from Texas to Hong Kong Science Park[6] and planned to develop a robotics hub in Hong Kong.[7][8]In October 2016, the company was selected as one of nine companies to join the Disney Accelerator program.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The company has focused on building robots that mimic the look of humans.","title":"Humanoid robots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South by Southwest (SXSW)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_by_Southwest"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Edison Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Awards"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Sophia","text":"Sophia is Hanson Robotics’ most well-known robot, is regularly featured in news outlets, and receives a great deal of public interest. The company's latest creation made her debut at the 2016 South by Southwest (SXSW) show, with her interview by CNBC reaching a broad audience.[10] Since then, she has become a global media personality, having conducted numerous press interviews and appeared on broadcast television shows including CBS 60 Minutes with Charlie Rose,[11] the Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon,[12] and Good Morning Britain.[13] She has also been a keynote and panel speaker at global conferences and events,[14][15] including those hosted by ITU,[16] United Nations.[17]Sophia was featured in AUDI's annual report[18] and has graced the cover and centerfold of ELLE Magazine.[19] Sophia is also the first United Nations Development Programme's first ever Innovation Champion, and the first non-human to be given any UN title.[20] In 2018, Sophia won an Edison Award for Innovation in that competition's robotics category.[21]","title":"Humanoid robots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"University of Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Geneva"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Alice","text":"Alice was developed in 2008 for MIRA Labs in Geneva, Switzerland.[22] The female robot has an emotionally expressive face. She acts to serve cognitive robotics research at the University of Geneva and is part of the INDIGO cognitive robotics consortium,[23] where Hanson Robotics is a founding member.","title":"Humanoid robots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAIST"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"humanoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid_robot"},{"link_name":"HUBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUBO"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"voice synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"University of California, San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_for_Telecommunications_and_Information_Technology"}],"sub_title":"Albert Einstein HUBO","text":"Albert Einstein HUBO was,[24] developed in November 2005 in collaboration with the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) HUBO group of Korea. Inspired by German-born theoretical physicist Albert Einstein, the expressive walking humanoid featured Einstein's head on a HUBO robot body. KAIST built the walking body, and Hanson Robotics built the animatronic head and the face, which uses elastic polymer called Frubber.[25]The robot debuted at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit in November 2005.[26]\nAlbert Einstein HUBO can perform realistic facial expressions and mimic Albert Einstein's voice via a voice synthesizer.[27] The robot is currently at the University of California, San Diego at the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2).","title":"Humanoid robots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Martine Rothblatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martine_Rothblatt"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Terasem Movement Foundation, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terasem_Movement"}],"sub_title":"BINA48","text":"BINA48 (Breakthrough Intelligence via Neural Architecture 48) is a humanoid robot who has a bust-like head and shoulders mounted on a frame, and can produce realistic facial appearance from 30 motors beneath her Frubber skin.[28] She was released by Hanson in 2010. She is described as a “technological sketch” of a human being, commissioned by millionaire Martine Rothblatt to mimic the appearance of her spouse of over 35 years, Bina Rothblatt.[29]BINA48 includes a database with dozens of books which she is able to recite.[30] BINA48 is currently stationed at the non-profit Terasem Movement Foundation, Inc.","title":"Humanoid robots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Global Sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Sources"},{"link_name":"speech recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognition"},{"link_name":"facial indications of emotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_recognition"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Han","text":"Han debuted in 2015 at the Global Sources electronics fair in Hong Kong. The robot was designed to identify and replicate human expressions. He is able to detect people using an array of cameras and speech recognition technology, decipher their gender, age, and facial indications of emotion (i.e. happy or sad), and as such, Hanson Robotics has suggested the robot could be of use in hotels or customer service positions.[31] Han is bald with masculine features. He possesses a British accent, and specializes in making humorous facial expressions.","title":"Humanoid robots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wired Nextfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)#NexFest"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Chatbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"University of West England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_West_of_England,_Bristol"}],"sub_title":"Jules","text":"Jules debuted in 2006 at Wired Nextfest. Jules is a robot that has machine learning capabilities, face tracking, and facial recognition.[32] His software was development by Hanson Robotics in collaboration with the Personality Forge AI Chatbot Platform, with Personality Forge founder and developer, Benji Adams, and AI developer Heather McKeen. Jules is described as having a \"statistically perfect androgynous face\".[33] The robot currently resides at the University of West England in Bristol.","title":"Humanoid robots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Consumer Electronics Show (CES)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Professor Einstein","text":"Professor Einstein is Hanson Robotics’ first personal robot available to consumers. The robot was developed in 2016 and was unveiled at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas in January 2017.[34] The robot first became available for purchase to consumers in January 2017 after launching on the crowdfunding platform Kickstarter, and later became available on Amazon and at other popular retailers across the United States.Professor Einstein is marketed as an educational tool to teach science, primarily to children ages 8–13.[35] The robot can speak about science, tell jokes, and connect to Wifi to check the weather or access information on the internet. It has a corresponding app called the Stein-O-Matic that offers games, videos, and lessons.[36] Motors allow it to walk, make different facial expressions, and an on-chest camera tracks faces.[37]","title":"Humanoid robots"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_-_Press_conferences_-_Day_2_061119SMcC0008_(49024444378).jpg"},{"link_name":"Wired Nextfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)#NexFest"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Philip K. Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_K._Dick"},{"link_name":"Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_semantic_analysis"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"VPRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPRO"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Philip K. Dick Android","text":"The Hanson Robotics Philip K. Dick Android, in 2019Philip K. Dick Android was shown publicly for the first time in 2005 at Wired Nextfest.[38] He was designed as an android portrait of the American science fiction writer Philip K. Dick, and was programmed to contain thousands of pages of the writings of the author, including journals and letters, into a Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) corpus and conversational system construct android.[39]In 2005, Hanson and team received an AAAI award for their \"intelligent conversational portrait\" of Philip K. Dick.[40] In 2005, the original robot was lost on a plane headed for San Francisco and was never found.[41]In 2011, in collaboration with Dutch public broadcaster VPRO, Hanson Robotics developed and introduced a new version of the android.[42] The android bust uses 36 servomotors to create facial expressions and has motion-tracking machine vision .[43]\nPhilip K. Dick Android is currently dedicated to research with the nonprofit Apollo Mind Initiative.[44]","title":"Humanoid robots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wired Nextfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)#NexFest"},{"link_name":"Astro Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Boy"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Zeno","text":"Zeno debuted in 2007 at Wired Nextfest. The robot could see, hear, and talk. Zeno featured more than 28 specialized motors, an agile body, and expressive face. Named for creator David Hanson's son Zeno and designed as a nod to Astro Boy,[45] In 2012, an updated version of Zeno was released, which included Dynamixel RX-28 and RX-64 servos, plus a sensor suite comprising a gyro, accelerometer, compass, torque sensors, touch sensors, and temperature sensors, as well as more cartoon-like features.[46]","title":"Humanoid robots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Joey Chaos","text":"Joey Chaos was unveiled by Hanson Robotics at the 2007 RoboBusiness Conference and Expo in Boston, MA.[47] The robot was created to study human-robot interaction[48] and has camera eyes to track human faces and speech recognition software.[49]","title":"Humanoid robots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yann LeCun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_LeCun"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Hanson Robotics' humanoid robotics have been criticized by leading AI researchers. For example, Facebook's Yann LeCun has called Sophia a \"puppet\" and questioned the value of Sophia and similar robots, as well as the presentation of these robots as far more intelligent than what they truly are.[50]\nSophia being given citizenship in Saudi Arabia was further criticized, not only because of Sophia's lack of consciousness, but the difficulty of people achieving citizenship in that country despite actually living and working there for years\n.[51]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gold Medal, Edison Innovation Awards, 2018\nWinner of 2009 Italian Centro Nationale Riserche (CNR) Scholarship, 2008-2009\nWinner of TechTitan's Innovator of the Year award, 2007\nWinner of TX State Emerging Technology Award, 2007\nCooper-Hewitt Smithsonian Best Design Triennial, December 2006\nUTA ARRI Innovation Award, February 2006\n2005 AAAI award, First Place for Open Interaction (PKD Android)\nNIST ATP Award, “Highly meritorious” designation, 2004 (with funding pending the 2005 Congressional spending bill)\nWorld Technology Award, nominee and semifinalist: Best IT Hardware, 2004\nThemed Entertainment Association, Best Themed Display Award, First Place for the “World of Disney Themed Store” at Walt Disney World, Orlando, FL, 1996\nRhode Island School of Design Merit Award, 1992-1996","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"American Association for Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Artificial_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"SPIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPIE"}],"text":"Member, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) since 2000\nMember, American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) since 2001\nMember, SPIE since 2001\nMember, Visual Sciences Society (VSS) since 2003","title":"Affiliations"}]
[{"image_text":"The Hanson Robotics Philip K. Dick Android, in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/2019_-_Press_conferences_-_Day_2_061119SMcC0008_%2849024444378%29.jpg/220px-2019_-_Press_conferences_-_Day_2_061119SMcC0008_%2849024444378%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Leadership\". Retrieved 3 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hansonrobotics.com/leadership/","url_text":"\"Leadership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes\". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2017-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/leifwalcutt/2017/05/24/the-contrived-likeness-of-humanoid-robots/#6155aafc5652","url_text":"\"Forbes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hanson Robotics wants to create humanised robots that will work with people\". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2017-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scmp.com/tech/innovation/article/2112941/lifelike-robots-are-not-enough-hanson-robotics-aims-create-humanised","url_text":"\"Hanson Robotics wants to create humanised robots that will work with people\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Frubber'-Covered Robot Faces are Disturbingly Realistic | Nerdist\". Nerdist. 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2017-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://nerdist.com/frubber-covered-robot-faces-are-disturbingly-realistic/","url_text":"\"'Frubber'-Covered Robot Faces are Disturbingly Realistic | Nerdist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lifelike Robots Made in Hong Kong Meant to Win Over Humans\". Voice of America. 2018-01-16. Retrieved 2019-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voanews.com/a/lifelike-robots-meant-win-over-humans/4211179.html","url_text":"\"Lifelike Robots Made in Hong Kong Meant to Win Over Humans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America","url_text":"Voice of America"}]},{"reference":"\"SAY HELLO TO HUMANOID ROBOTS\". StartMeUp HK. 2017-11-30. Retrieved 2019-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startmeup.hk/2017/11/30/say-hello-to-humanoid-robots-3/","url_text":"\"SAY HELLO TO HUMANOID ROBOTS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robot expert planning to turn Hong Kong into android city\". South China Morning Post. 2014-05-19. Retrieved 2019-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/technology/article/1513567/robotics-guru-david-hanson-hopes-turn-city-hive-android","url_text":"\"Robot expert planning to turn Hong Kong into android city\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post","url_text":"South China Morning Post"}]},{"reference":"Company, The Walt Disney. \"Disney Accelerator Showcases Nine Startups at 2016 Demo Day\". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2017-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/disney-accelerator-showcases-nine-startups-at-2016-demo-day-300344801.html","url_text":"\"Disney Accelerator Showcases Nine Startups at 2016 Demo Day\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Harriet (2016-03-16). \"Could you fall in love with robot Sophia?\". CNBC. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Sonatina_(Sibelius)
Violin Sonatina (Sibelius)
["1 History","2 Structure and music","2.1 Movement I","2.2 Movement II","2.3 Movement III","3 Discography","4 Notes, references, and sources","5 External links"]
Duo for violin and piano by Jean Sibelius (1915) Violin Sonatina in E majorDuo by Jean SibeliusThe composer (c. 1915)Opus80Composed1915 (1915)PublisherHansen (1921)Duration12.25 minsPremiereDate6 December 1915 (1915-12-06)LocationHelsinki, Grand Duchy of FinlandPerformersRichard Burgin (violin)Eino Lindholm  (piano) The Violin Sonatina in E major, Op. 80, is a three-movement duo for violin and piano written in 1915 by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. The main theme of the third movement was originally intended for the Sixth Symphony (Op. 104). History A 6 December 1915 advertisement promoting the premiere of Sibelius's Violin Sonatina The Violin Sonatina received its premiere in Helsinki, Finland on 6 December 1915, on occasion of the semi-centennial of Sibelius's birth (during which there were many concerts celebrating the composer); the soloists were the Polish-American violinist Richard Burgin and the Finnish pianist Eino Lindholm . Also on the program was the String Quartet in B-flat major (Op. 4, 1890), the suite for solo piano Kyllikki (Op. 41, 1904), and the String Quartet in D minor, Voces intimae (Op. 56, 1909). Structure and music The Violin Sonatina is in three movements, as follows: Lento – AllegroAndantinoLento – Allegretto The piece was published in 1921 by Edition Wilhelm Hansen. Movement I The first movement begins in 44 time before switching to 22 for the Allegro. It has a duration of about 3.75 minutes. Movement II The second movement is in 64 time and has a duration of about 4.5 minutes. Movement III The third movement begins 44 time before switching to 24 at the Allegretto. It has a duration of about four minutes. Discography The American violinist Diana Steiner and the pianist David Berfield made the world premiere studio recording of the Violin Sonatina in 1977 for Orion. The sortable table below lists this and other commercially available recordings: No. Violin Piano Runtime Rec. Recording venue Label Ref. 1 Diana Steiner David Berfield 11:54 1977 Orion 2 Ruggiero Ricci Sylvia Rabinof 10:22 1979 St. Andrew's Church Masters of the Bow 3 Yoshiko Arai  (1) Izumi Tateno 11:50 1980 Munkkivuoren kirkko  Finlandia 4 Yoshiko Arai  (2) Eero Heinonen  1988 Kulttuuritalo Martinus  Ondine 5 Nils-Erik Sparf  Bengt Forsberg 12:51 1991 Danderyds gymnasium  BIS 6 Kaija Saarikettu Teppo Koivisto  12:15 2001 Martti Talvela Hall, Mikaeli Alba  7 Manfred Gräsbeck  Maija Lehtonen  14:23 2005 Tulinberg Hall, Oulun musiikkikeskus  Fuga  8 Carlos Damas Anna Tomasik 11:34 Etcetera 9 Satu Jalas Folke Gräsbeck  2014 Ainola Ainola 10 Fenella Humphreys Nicola Eimer 11:22 2016 Church of St John the Evangelist, Oxford Stone 11 Maxime Gulikers Andrea Vasi 7 Mountain 12 Emma Arizza Stefano Marzanni 13:34 2022 Palazzo Cigola-Martinoni, Cigole Da Vinci Classics Notes, references, and sources Notes ^ All runtimes are official, as printed on CD or LP liner notes. ^ Refers to the year in which the performers recorded the work; this may not be the same as the year in which the recording was first released to the general public. ^ D. Steiner & D. Berfield–Orion (ORS 76244) 1977 ^ R. Ricci & S. Rabinof–Masters of the Bow (MBS 2009–10) 1979 ^ Y. Arai & I. Tateno–Finlandia (FA 322) 1981 ^ Y. Arai & E. Heinonen–Ondine (ODE 720–2) 1988 ^ N. Sparf & B. Forsberg–BIS (CD–525) 1991 ^ K. Saarikettu & T. Koivisto–Alba (ABCD 167) 2001 ^ M. Gräsbeck & M. Lehtonen–Fuga (FUGA 9198) 2005 ^ C. Damas & A. Tomasik–Etcetera (KTC1564) 2016 ^ S. Jalas & F. Gräsbeck–Ainola (AINOLA–01) 2015 ^ F. Humphreys & N. Eimer–Stone (5060192780826) 2018 ^ M. Gulikers & A. Vasi–7 Mountain (7MNTN032DIG) 2021 ^ E. Arizza & S. Marzanni–Da Vinci Classics (C00739) 2023 References ^ a b c d e Dahlström 2003, p. 349. ^ a b Dahlström 2003, p. 348. ^ Barnett 2007, p. 249. ^ a b c Dahlström 2003, p. 448. Sources Barnett, Andrew (2007). Sibelius. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11159-0. Dahlström, Fabian (2003). Jean Sibelius: Thematisch-bibliographisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke (in German). Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel. ISBN 3-7651-0333-0. External links Violin Sonatina, Op. 80: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project vteJean SibeliusList of compositionsDiscography of symphony cyclesSymphonies Kullervo (1892) Symphony No. 1 (1899, rev. 1900) Symphony No. 2 (1902) Symphony No. 3 (1907) Symphony No. 4 (1911) Symphony No. 5 (1915, rev. 1916, 1919) Symphony No. 6 (1923) Symphony No. 7 (1924) Symphony No. 8 (mid 1920s–c. 1938, abandoned) Concertante Violin Concerto (1904, rev. 1905) Two Serenades (1912–1913) Two Serious Melodies (1914–1915) Six Humoresques (1917–1918, No. 1 rev. 1940) Suite for Violin and String Orchestra (1929) Tone poems En saga (1892, rev. 1902) Spring Song (1894, rev. 1895) The Wood Nymph (1895) Lemminkäinen Suite 1895, rev. 1897, 1900, 1939; includes The Swan of Tuonela Finlandia (1899) Pohjola's Daughter (1906) Nightride and Sunrise (1909) The Dryad (1910) The Bard (1913) Luonnotar (1913) The Oceanides (1914, rev. 1914) Tapiola (1926) Opera & theatre The Building of the Boat (1893–1894, abandoned) The Maiden in the Tower (1896) King Christian II (1898) Kuolema 1903; includes Valse triste Pelléas et Mélisande (1905) Belshazzar's Feast (1906) Swanwhite (1908) The Lizard (1909) The Language of the Birds (1911) Scaramouche (1913) Everyman (1916) The Tempest (1925) Cantatas Cantata for the University Graduation Ceremonies of 1894 Cantata for the Coronation of Nicholas II (1896) Cantata for the University Graduation Ceremonies of 1897 The Origin of Fire (1902, rev. 1910) The Captive Queen (1906) My Own Land (1918) Song of the Earth (1919) Hymn of the Earth (1920) Väinämöinen's Song (1926) Other voice(s) & orchestra The Rapids-Rider's Brides (1897) The Breaking of the Ice on the Oulu River (1899) Snöfrid (1900) Marjatta (1905, abandoned) Impromptu (1902, rev. 1910) The Raven (1910, abandoned) Other orchestral Overture in E major (1891) Ballet Scene (1891) Karelia Suite (1893) Rakastava (1894, arr. 1912) Scènes historiques I (1899, arr. 1911) Overture in A minor (1902) Romance in C major (1904) Cassazione (1904, rev. 1905) Pan and Echo (1906) In memoriam (1909, rev. 1910) Scènes historiques II (1912) Suite mignonne (1921) Suite champêtre (1922) Suite caractéristique (1922) String quartets String Quartet in E-flat major (1885) String Quartet in A minor (1889) String Quartet in B-flat major (1890) String Quartet in D minor, Voces intimae (1909) Andante festivo (1922, orch. 1938) Piano trios Piano Trio in A minor, Hafträsk (1886) Piano Trio in D major, Korpo (1887) Piano Trio in C major, Lovisa (1888) Other chamber Water Droplets (c. 1875–1881) Pieces for brass septet (1889–1899) Piano Quintet (1890) Malinconia (1900) Violin Sonatina (1915) Piano Six Impromptus (1893) Piano Sonata (1893) Ten Pieces, Op. 24 (1895–1903) Kyllikki (1904) Three Sonatinas (1912) The Bells of Kallio Church (1912, arr. 1912) Two Rondinos (1912) Five Pieces, The Trees, Op. 75 (1914) Five Pieces, The Flowers, Op. 85 (1916–1917) Five Esquisses (1929) Songs Seven Runeberg Songs, Op. 13 (1891–1892) "Serenad", JS 168 (1894–1895) Six Songs, Op. 36 (1899–1900) Five Songs, Op. 37 (1900–1902) Seven Songs, Op. 17 (1891–1904) Five Songs, Op. 38 (1903–1904; includes "Höstkväll") Six Songs, Op. 50 (1906) Two Songs, Op. 35 (1908) "Kom nu hit, död", Op. 60/1 (1909, orch. 1957) "Arioso", Op. 3 (1911) Five Christmas Songs, Op. 1 (1897–1913; includes "Giv mig ej glans, ej guld, ej prakt") Six Runeberg Songs, Op. 90  (1917) Choral works Hymn, Op. 21 (1896, rev. 1898) Songs for Mixed Chorus from the 1897 Promotional Cantata (arr. 1898) Finlandia Hymn (1899, arr. 1938–1940) Six Partsongs, Op. 18 (1893–1901) Jäger March (1917) Family Ainola (home) Aino Sibelius (wife) Ruth Snellman  (daughter) Heidi Blomstedt (daughter) Christian Sibelius (brother) Aulis Blomstedt (son-in-law) Jussi Jalas (son-in-law) Jussi Snellman  (son-in-law) Alexander Järnefelt (father-in-law) Elisabeth Järnefelt (mother-in-law) Armas Järnefelt (brother-in-law) Arvid Järnefelt (brother-in-law) Eero Järnefelt (brother-in-law) Kasper Järnefelt  (brother-in-law) Teachers Helsinki Music Institute: Martin Wegelius (theory, composition) Mitrofan Vasiliev (violin) Hermann Csillag  (violin) Post-graduate studies: Albert Becker Robert Fuchs Karl Goldmark Pupils Toivo Kuula Leevi Madetoja Bengt de Törne  Colleagues & friends Juhani Aho Aino Ackté Granville Bantock Ferruccio Busoni Axel Carpelan  (patron) Olin Downes Ida Ekman Richard Faltin  Ida Flodin  Karl Flodin  Akseli Gallen-Kallela Heikki Klemetti  Santeri Levas (secretary) Erkki Melartin Oskar Merikanto Rosa Newmarch Abraham Ojanperä Selim Palmgren Adolf Paul Wilhelm Stenhammar Karl Wasenius  Select interpreters Sir Thomas Beecham Paavo Berglund Sir Colin Davis Neeme Järvi Paavo Järvi Robert Kajanus Herbert von Karajan Serge Koussevitzky Hannu Lintu Sakari Oramo Eugene Ormandy Sir Simon Rattle Jukka-Pekka Saraste Georg Schnéevoigt Leif Segerstam Leopold Stokowski Osmo Vänskä Select biographers Fabian Dahlström  Karl Ekman  Erik Furuhjelm  Glenda Dawn Goss Cecil Gray Robert Layton Nils-Eric Ringbom  Erik W. Tawaststjerna Namesakes International Jean Sibelius Violin Competition Jean Sibelius Quartet Sibelius (2003 film) Sibelius (scorewriter) Sibelius Academy Sibelius Academy Quartet Sibelius Glacier Sibelius Hall Sibelius Medal Sibelius Monument Sibelius Museum Sibelius Piano Trio Sibelius Society of Finland 1405 Sibelius (asteroid) Wihuri Sibelius Prize Category Portal: Classical Music
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The main theme of the third movement was originally intended for the Sixth Symphony (Op. 104).[3]","title":"Violin Sonatina (Sibelius)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JSibelius_6Dec1915_ViolinSonatina_HelsinginSanomat.png"},{"link_name":"Richard Burgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Burgin_(violinist)"},{"link_name":"Eino Lindholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eino_Lindholm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eino_Lindholm"},{"link_name":"String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_Quartet_in_B-flat_major_(Sibelius)"},{"link_name":"B-flat major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-flat_major"},{"link_name":"Kyllikki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyllikki_(Sibelius)"},{"link_name":"String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_Quartet_in_D_minor_(Sibelius)"},{"link_name":"D minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_minor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstr%C3%B6m2003349-1"}],"text":"A 6 December 1915 advertisement promoting the premiere of Sibelius's Violin SonatinaThe Violin Sonatina received its premiere in Helsinki, Finland on 6 December 1915, on occasion of the semi-centennial of Sibelius's birth (during which there were many concerts celebrating the composer); the soloists were the Polish-American violinist Richard Burgin and the Finnish pianist Eino Lindholm [fi]. Also on the program was the String Quartet in B-flat major (Op. 4, 1890), the suite for solo piano Kyllikki (Op. 41, 1904), and the String Quartet in D minor, Voces intimae (Op. 56, 1909).[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edition Wilhelm Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edition_Wilhelm_Hansen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstr%C3%B6m2003349-1"}],"text":"The Violin Sonatina is in three movements, as follows:Lento – AllegroAndantinoLento – AllegrettoThe piece was published in 1921 by Edition Wilhelm Hansen.[1]","title":"Structure and music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstr%C3%B6m2003448-4"}],"sub_title":"Movement I","text":"The first movement begins in 44 time before switching to 22 for the Allegro. It has a duration of about 3.75 minutes.[4]","title":"Structure and music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstr%C3%B6m2003448-4"}],"sub_title":"Movement II","text":"The second movement is in 64 time and has a duration of about 4.5 minutes.[4]","title":"Structure and music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstr%C3%B6m2003448-4"}],"sub_title":"Movement III","text":"The third movement begins 44 time before switching to 24 at the Allegretto. It has a duration of about four minutes.[4]","title":"Structure and music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstr%C3%B6m2003349-1"}],"text":"The American violinist Diana Steiner and the pianist David Berfield made the world premiere studio recording of the Violin Sonatina in 1977 for Orion.[1] The sortable table below lists this and other commercially available recordings:","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Runtimes_5-0"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record"},{"link_name":"liner notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liner_notes"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"D. Steiner & D. Berfield–Orion (ORS 76244) 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.discogs.com/release/9419053-Ernst-Von-Dohn%C3%A1nyi-Jean-Sibelius-Diana-Steiner-David-Berfield-Sonata-For-Violin-Piano-Op-21-Sonatin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"R. Ricci & S. Rabinof–Masters of the Bow (MBS 2009–10) 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.discogs.com/release/12100438-Sibelius-Ruggiero-Ricci-Sylvia-Rabinof-Complete-Works-For-Violin-Piano"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Y. Arai & I. Tateno–Finlandia (FA 322) 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.discogs.com/release/10123936-Yoshiko-Arai-Izumi-Tateno-Thomas-Bystr%C3%B6m-Jean-Sibelius-Johannes-Brahms-SonatinaOp80-SonataOp78-Sona"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Y. Arai & E. Heinonen–Ondine (ODE 720–2) 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/8017719--sibelius-complete-violin-and-piano-music-vol-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"N. Sparf & B. Forsberg–BIS (CD–525) 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/7937725--sibelius-music-for-violin-and-piano-volume-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"K. Saarikettu & T. Koivisto–Alba (ABCD 167) 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/8033926--sibelius-works-for-violin-piano"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"M. Gräsbeck & M. Lehtonen–Fuga (FUGA 9198) 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/9433724--manfred-grasbeck-plays-sibelius"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"C. Damas & A. Tomasik–Etcetera (KTC1564) 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/8188836--sibelius-music-for-violin-piano"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"S. Jalas & F. Gräsbeck–Ainola (AINOLA–01) 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.discogs.com/release/26524244-Jean-Sibelius-Satu-Jalas-Lilli-Paasikivi-Folke-Gr%C3%A4sbeck-Ainola-Music-By-Jean-Sibelius-Performed-In-"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"F. Humphreys & N. Eimer–Stone (5060192780826) 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/8539129--so-many-stars"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"M. Gulikers & A. Vasi–7 Mountain (7MNTN032DIG) 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/9309122--red-diamonds"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"E. Arizza & S. Marzanni–Da Vinci Classics (C00739) 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/9528138--jean-sibelius-complete-violin-sonatas"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstr%C3%B6m2003349_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstr%C3%B6m2003349_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstr%C3%B6m2003349_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstr%C3%B6m2003349_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstr%C3%B6m2003349_1-4"},{"link_name":"Dahlström 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDahlstr%C3%B6m2003"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstr%C3%B6m2003348_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstr%C3%B6m2003348_2-1"},{"link_name":"Dahlström 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDahlstr%C3%B6m2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett2007249_3-0"},{"link_name":"Barnett 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBarnett2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstr%C3%B6m2003448_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstr%C3%B6m2003448_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstr%C3%B6m2003448_4-2"},{"link_name":"Dahlström 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDahlstr%C3%B6m2003"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-11159-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11159-0"},{"link_name":"Dahlström, Fabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Dahlstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7651-0333-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7651-0333-0"}],"text":"Notes^ All runtimes are official, as printed on CD or LP liner notes.\n\n^ Refers to the year in which the performers recorded the work; this may not be the same as the year in which the recording was first released to the general public.\n\n^ D. Steiner & D. Berfield–Orion (ORS 76244) 1977\n\n^ R. Ricci & S. Rabinof–Masters of the Bow (MBS 2009–10) 1979\n\n^ Y. Arai & I. Tateno–Finlandia (FA 322) 1981\n\n^ Y. Arai & E. Heinonen–Ondine (ODE 720–2) 1988\n\n^ N. Sparf & B. Forsberg–BIS (CD–525) 1991\n\n^ K. Saarikettu & T. Koivisto–Alba (ABCD 167) 2001\n\n^ M. Gräsbeck & M. Lehtonen–Fuga (FUGA 9198) 2005\n\n^ C. Damas & A. Tomasik–Etcetera (KTC1564) 2016\n\n^ S. Jalas & F. Gräsbeck–Ainola (AINOLA–01) 2015\n\n^ F. Humphreys & N. Eimer–Stone (5060192780826) 2018\n\n^ M. Gulikers & A. Vasi–7 Mountain (7MNTN032DIG) 2021\n\n^ E. Arizza & S. Marzanni–Da Vinci Classics (C00739) 2023References^ a b c d e Dahlström 2003, p. 349.\n\n^ a b Dahlström 2003, p. 348.\n\n^ Barnett 2007, p. 249.\n\n^ a b c Dahlström 2003, p. 448.SourcesBarnett, Andrew (2007). Sibelius. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11159-0.\nDahlström, Fabian [in Swedish] (2003). Jean Sibelius: Thematisch-bibliographisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke [Jean Sibelius: A Thematic Bibliographic Index of His Works] (in German). Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel. ISBN 3-7651-0333-0.","title":"Notes, references, and sources"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Barnett, Andrew (2007). Sibelius. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11159-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11159-0","url_text":"978-0-300-11159-0"}]},{"reference":"Dahlström, Fabian [in Swedish] (2003). Jean Sibelius: Thematisch-bibliographisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke [Jean Sibelius: A Thematic Bibliographic Index of His Works] (in German). Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel. ISBN 3-7651-0333-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Dahlstr%C3%B6m","url_text":"Dahlström, Fabian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7651-0333-0","url_text":"3-7651-0333-0"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/9419053-Ernst-Von-Dohn%C3%A1nyi-Jean-Sibelius-Diana-Steiner-David-Berfield-Sonata-For-Violin-Piano-Op-21-Sonatin","external_links_name":"D. Steiner & D. Berfield–Orion (ORS 76244) 1977"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/12100438-Sibelius-Ruggiero-Ricci-Sylvia-Rabinof-Complete-Works-For-Violin-Piano","external_links_name":"R. Ricci & S. Rabinof–Masters of the Bow (MBS 2009–10) 1979"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/10123936-Yoshiko-Arai-Izumi-Tateno-Thomas-Bystr%C3%B6m-Jean-Sibelius-Johannes-Brahms-SonatinaOp80-SonataOp78-Sona","external_links_name":"Y. Arai & I. Tateno–Finlandia (FA 322) 1981"},{"Link":"https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/8017719--sibelius-complete-violin-and-piano-music-vol-1","external_links_name":"Y. Arai & E. Heinonen–Ondine (ODE 720–2) 1988"},{"Link":"https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/7937725--sibelius-music-for-violin-and-piano-volume-1","external_links_name":"N. Sparf & B. Forsberg–BIS (CD–525) 1991"},{"Link":"https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/8033926--sibelius-works-for-violin-piano","external_links_name":"K. Saarikettu & T. Koivisto–Alba (ABCD 167) 2001"},{"Link":"https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/9433724--manfred-grasbeck-plays-sibelius","external_links_name":"M. Gräsbeck & M. Lehtonen–Fuga (FUGA 9198) 2005"},{"Link":"https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/8188836--sibelius-music-for-violin-piano","external_links_name":"C. Damas & A. Tomasik–Etcetera (KTC1564) 2016"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/26524244-Jean-Sibelius-Satu-Jalas-Lilli-Paasikivi-Folke-Gr%C3%A4sbeck-Ainola-Music-By-Jean-Sibelius-Performed-In-","external_links_name":"S. Jalas & F. Gräsbeck–Ainola (AINOLA–01) 2015"},{"Link":"https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/8539129--so-many-stars","external_links_name":"F. Humphreys & N. Eimer–Stone (5060192780826) 2018"},{"Link":"https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/9309122--red-diamonds","external_links_name":"M. Gulikers & A. Vasi–7 Mountain (7MNTN032DIG) 2021"},{"Link":"https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/products/9528138--jean-sibelius-complete-violin-sonatas","external_links_name":"E. Arizza & S. Marzanni–Da Vinci Classics (C00739) 2023"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agusta_(disambiguation)
Agusta (disambiguation)
["1 Companies","2 People with the surname","3 Other uses","4 See also"]
Agusta is an Italian manufacturer of helicopters and part of AgustaWestland. Agusta is the Italian form of the name "Augusta" (though not necessarily a feminine name), and may also refer to: Companies AgustaWestland, a helicopter company Bell/Agusta Aerospace Company, joint venture between Bell Helicopter Textron company and Agusta (now AgustaWestland) MV Agusta, Italian motorcycle manufacturer People with the surname Giovanni Agusta (1879–1927), Italian engineer Domenico Agusta (1907-1971), Italian entrepreneur and son of Giovanni Agusta Rocky Agusta (1950–2018), Italian racing driver Other uses Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir (born 1982), Icelandic singer and actress Agusta scandal, a 1988 Belgian corruption scandal over the purchase of Agusta helicopters See also Augusta (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Agusta.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Agusta is the Italian form of the name \"Augusta\" (though not necessarily a feminine name), and may also refer to:","title":"Agusta (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AgustaWestland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland"},{"link_name":"Bell/Agusta Aerospace Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell/Agusta_Aerospace_Company"},{"link_name":"MV Agusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agusta"}],"text":"AgustaWestland, a helicopter company\nBell/Agusta Aerospace Company, joint venture between Bell Helicopter Textron company and Agusta (now AgustaWestland)\nMV Agusta, Italian motorcycle manufacturer","title":"Companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giovanni Agusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Agusta"},{"link_name":"Domenico Agusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Agusta"},{"link_name":"Rocky Agusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Agusta"}],"text":"Giovanni Agusta (1879–1927), Italian engineer\nDomenico Agusta (1907-1971), Italian entrepreneur and son of Giovanni Agusta\nRocky Agusta (1950–2018), Italian racing driver","title":"People with the surname"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81g%C3%BAsta_Eva_Erlendsd%C3%B3ttir"},{"link_name":"Agusta scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agusta_scandal"}],"text":"Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir (born 1982), Icelandic singer and actress\nAgusta scandal, a 1988 Belgian corruption scandal over the purchase of Agusta helicopters","title":"Other uses"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mosaic_Company
The Mosaic Company
["1 Overview","2 Products","2.1 Potash","2.2 Phosphate","3 Carbon footprint","4 Timeline","5 References","6 External links"]
American chemical company The Mosaic CompanyCompany typePublicTraded asNYSE: MOSS&P 500 ComponentIndustryAgricultureFertilizerPredecessorIMC GlobalCargill (crop nutrition division)FoundedOctober 22, 2004; 19 years ago (2004-10-22), through combination of IMC Global Inc. and Cargill, IncorporatedHeadquartersTampa, Florida, U.S.Key peopleGregory L. Ebel(Chairman)Bruce Bodine(President & CEO)ProductsAspireFeedK-MagMicroEssentialsPegasusPhosphatePotashUreaRevenue US$ 12.36 billion (2021) Operating income US$ 465.7 million (2017)Net income US$ 1.6 billion (2021)Total assets US$ 22.04 billion (2021)Total equity US$ 10.75 billion (2021)Number of employees~13,000 (2021)WebsiteMosaicCo.comFootnotes / references The Mosaic Company is a Fortune 500 company based in Tampa, Florida which mines phosphate, potash, and collects urea for fertilizer, through various international distribution networks, and Mosaic Fertilizantes. It is the largest U.S. producer of potash and phosphate fertilizer. Overview The Mosaic Company was formed in October 2004 by a merger between IMC Global, a fertilizer company formed in 1909, and Cargill's crop nutrition division. It is a combined producer and marketer of concentrated phosphate and potash with a customer base which includes wholesalers, retail dealers and individual growers worldwide. Its headquarters are in Tampa, Florida and it employs approximately 13,000 people in eight countries. Products Potash K3 North Shaft headframe. Esterhazy, Saskatchewan Mosaic has approximately 10.4 million tonnes of operational potash capacity. Mosaic currently owns potash mines or surface mills at; Belle Plaine, Colonsay, Esterhazy K1, Esterhazy K2, Esterhazy K3 and Carlsbad, with another potash mine recently purchased in Brazil during the Vale Fertilizantes acquisition. Colonsay mine and mill has been indefinitely idled and is currently in care and maintenance mode. Esterhazy K3, currently in development, consists of an underground mine and service/production shafts separate from the K1 and K2 underground mine that is beginning to supply the K1 and K2 surface facilities with ore. Esterhazy K3 does not have surface milling and storage facilities, instead it is intended to replace the ore currently mined from the K1 and K2 mine. This shift in production will decrease brine management costs of the K1 and K2 mine, which stood at $108.0 million for 2020. Mosaic is a member of Canpotex, an export association of Canadian potash producers through which they sell their Canadian potash outside the U.S. and Canada. Potash mines are located in: Carlsbad, New Mexico (32°24′43″N 103°56′20″W / 32.412°N 103.939°W / 32.412; -103.939) Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan (50°25′44″N 105°11′56″W / 50.429°N 105.199°W / 50.429; -105.199) Colonsay, Saskatchewan (51°55′41″N 105°45′58″W / 51.928°N 105.766°W / 51.928; -105.766) Esterhazy, Saskatchewan K1 (50°43′44″N 101°55′44″W / 50.729°N 101.929°W / 50.729; -101.929) Esterhazy, Saskatchewan K2 (50°39′36″N 101°50′46″W / 50.660°N 101.846°W / 50.660; -101.846) Esterhazy, Saskatchewan K3 (50°38′38″N 101°59′35″W / 50.644°N 101.993°W / 50.644; -101.993) Phosphate Mosaic has approximately 16.8 million tonnes of operational capacity for finished concentrated phosphates. Mosaic is the largest producer of finished phosphate products with an annual capacity greater than the next two largest producers combined. It has a global distribution network made up of plants, port facilities, warehouses and sales offices. In 2013 Mosaic produced 7.6 million tons of concentrated phosphate crop nutrients and over 15 million tons of phosphate rock production. In October, 2013, Mosaic reached an agreement to purchase the phosphate operations of CF Industries for 1.4 billion dollars, which eliminates the need for Mosaic to spend an additional billion dollars to build a new processing facility in Hardee County, Florida to process the rock from their mines in that area. Phosphate mines are located in the Bone Valley Formation of the Peace River watershed in Central Florida: Fort Meade (27°38′53″N 81°45′25″W / 27.648°N 81.757°W / 27.648; -81.757) South Pasture (27°35′10″N 81°56′31″W / 27.586°N 81.942°W / 27.586; -81.942) Four Corners (27°42′54″N 82°08′28″W / 27.715°N 82.141°W / 27.715; -82.141) Wingate Creek (27°30′22″N 82°07′48″W / 27.506°N 82.130°W / 27.506; -82.130) Fort Lonesome (27°42′54″N 82°09′00″W / 27.715°N 82.150°W / 27.715; -82.150)(Closed) Mosaic owns a 25% stake of the Ma'aden Wa'ad Al Shamal Phosphate Company joint venture in Saudi Arabia. With the completion of the Vale Fertilizantes acquisition in January, 2018, an additional 5 Brazilian phosphate rock mines, 4 chemical plants and an additional 40% economic interest in the Miski Mayo mine were purchased. Carbon footprint The Mosaic Company reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for 31 December 2020 at 4,920 Kt (+340/+7.4% y-o-y). There is little evidence of a consistent declining trend as yet. The Mosaic Company's Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) (in kilotonnes) Dec 2018 Dec 2019 Dec 2020 5,270 4,580 4,920 Timeline This section is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this section, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (May 2018) 2023 August: Mosaic Board of Directors elects Bruce Bodine to succeed Joc O'Rourke as Mosaic's CEO effective January 1, 2024. Bruce will serve as Mosaic President and Member of the Board of Directors effective immediately. 2018 January: Mosaic completes acquisition of Vale Fertilizantes. 2015 August: Joc O'Rourke succeeds Jim Prokopanko as Mosaic's president and CEO. 2014 December: Mosaic acquires Archer Daniels Midland Company's (ADM) fertilizer distribution business in Brazil and Paraguay. July: Cargill acquired Mosaic's Hersey, Michigan salt plant. 2013 November: Mosaic closed the potash operations at their Hersey, Michigan facility. 2011 May: Mosaic and Cargill complete the transaction to split off and distribute Cargill's stake in Mosaic. January: Mosaic and Cargill agree to split off and orderly distribute Cargill's stake in Mosaic. 2007 January: Jim Prokopanko succeeds Fritz Corrigan as president and CEO of Mosaic. 2006 July: Jim Prokopanko named Mosaic Chief Operating Officer. 2004 October: The Mosaic Company (NYSE: MOS) begins trading on the New York Stock Exchange. June: Mosaic announced as the chosen name for the newly formed company. January: The crop nutrition business of Cargill, Inc. and IMC Global enter into a definitive agreement to form a new crop nutrition company. References ^ "SEC: Form 10-K The Mosaic Company". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ "US SEC: Form 10-K The Mosaic Company". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved March 7, 2018. ^ MarketScreener. "THE MOSAIC COMPANY : Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile | MarketScreener". www.marketscreener.com. Retrieved 2020-05-21. ^ "Mosaic (MOS)". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-05-21. ^ "Bloomberg, Mosaic Says Fertilizer Prices to Remain 'Challenging' Into 2014, 5 November 2013". Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. ^ a b c "Facts About Mosaic". Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2018-03-06. ^ "Esterhazy K3". Archived from the original on 2018-02-15. Retrieved 2018-02-14. ^ a b "Global Presence Map". Archived from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2013. ^ Editorial, Reuters. "${Instrument_CompanyName} ${Instrument_Ric} Company Profile - Reuters.com". U.S. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help) ^ "Mosaic buys CF Industries' Tampa area phosphate facilities". 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2014. ^ "Mosaic: Vale Fertilizantes Deal Repricing A Tailwind". Seeking Alpha. ^ a b "The Mosaic Company's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 11, 2021. Alt URL ^ "The Mosaic Company's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 11, 2021. Alt URL ^ "The Mosaic Company's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 11, 2021. Alt URL ^ "BRUCE BODINE TO SUCCEED JOC O'ROURKE AS PRESIDENT AND CEO OF THE MOSAIC COMPANY". Retrieved December 11, 2023. ^ "Mosaic Completes Acquisition of Vale Fertilizantes". www.mosaicco.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018. ^ "Joc O'Rourke To Succeed Jim Prokopanko As Mosaic President And CEO". mosaicco.com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2015. Retrieved February 3, 2016. ^ "Mosaic completes acquisition of ADM fertilizer distribution business". ^ a b "Cargill acquires Hersey salt business". ^ "Mosaic Company Form 8-K12B, Filing May 25, 2011" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved February 20, 2013. ^ "Cargill to Split Off 64% Stake in Mosaic to Holders". Bloomberg. Retrieved February 20, 2013. ^ "Mosaic Company Form 8-K, Filing October 3, 2006" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved February 20, 2013. ^ "Mosaic Company Form 8-K, Filing July 12, 2006" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved February 20, 2013. ^ "The Mosaic Company Launches Today as Newest Fortune 500-sized, NYSE-listed firm" (PDF). October 25, 2004. Retrieved February 23, 2013. ^ "Cargill and IMC Global to Combine Fertilizer Units". The New York Times. Retrieved February 20, 2013. External links Official website Business data for The Mosaic Company: BloombergGoogleSEC filingsYahoo! vteCargillPeople Cargill family Austen S. Cargill II James R. Cargill James R. Cargill II Margaret Anne Cargill William Wallace Cargill Marianne Cargill Liebmann Cargill MacMillan Jr Cargill MacMillan Sr Whitney MacMillan Pauline MacMillan Keinath Gwendolyn Sontheim Meyer Gregory R. Page Marion MacMillan Pictet Subsidiaries Cargill Ltd. Cargill Meat Solutions Provimi Wilbur Chocolate Company Joint ventures Frontier Agriculture The Mosaic Company Products Peter's Chocolate Rebiana Robin Hood Flour Truvia Related articles 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster Alberger process Criticisms of Cargill 2018 Virginia strike vteMajor mining companiesMethodology: FY2010/11 revenues of over US$5 billion Aluminum Corporation of China Anglo American Anglo American Platinum AngloGold Ashanti Antofagasta Barrick Gold BHP Codelco Freeport-McMoRan Glencore Goldcorp Hindalco Industries Impala Platinum The Mosaic Company Newcrest Newmont Nornickel Nutrien Rio Tinto Shenhua Southern Copper Vale Mining companies
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Its headquarters are in Tampa, Florida and it employs approximately 13,000 people in eight countries.[6]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaic_Company_-_K3_North_Shaft_Headframe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Esterhazy, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhazy,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Canpotex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canpotex"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-locations-8"},{"link_name":"Carlsbad, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsbad,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"32°24′43″N 103°56′20″W / 32.412°N 103.939°W / 32.412; -103.939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Mosaic_Company&params=32.412_N_103.939_W_"},{"link_name":"Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Plaine,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"50°25′44″N 105°11′56″W / 50.429°N 105.199°W / 50.429; -105.199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Mosaic_Company&params=50.429_N_105.199_W_"},{"link_name":"Colonsay, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonsay,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"51°55′41″N 105°45′58″W / 51.928°N 105.766°W / 51.928; -105.766","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Mosaic_Company&params=51.928_N_105.766_W_"},{"link_name":"Esterhazy, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhazy,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"50°43′44″N 101°55′44″W / 50.729°N 101.929°W / 50.729; -101.929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Mosaic_Company&params=50.729_N_101.929_W_"},{"link_name":"Esterhazy, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhazy,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"50°39′36″N 101°50′46″W / 50.660°N 101.846°W / 50.660; -101.846","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Mosaic_Company&params=50.66_N_101.846_W_"},{"link_name":"Esterhazy, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhazy,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"50°38′38″N 101°59′35″W / 50.644°N 101.993°W / 50.644; -101.993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Mosaic_Company&params=50.644_N_101.993_W_"}],"sub_title":"Potash","text":"K3 North Shaft headframe. Esterhazy, SaskatchewanMosaic has approximately 10.4 million tonnes of operational potash capacity.[6] Mosaic currently owns potash mines or surface mills at; Belle Plaine, Colonsay, Esterhazy K1, Esterhazy K2, Esterhazy K3 and Carlsbad, with another potash mine recently purchased in Brazil during the Vale Fertilizantes acquisition. Colonsay mine and mill has been indefinitely idled and is currently in care and maintenance mode. Esterhazy K3, currently in development, consists of an underground mine and service/production shafts separate from the K1 and K2 underground mine that is beginning to supply the K1 and K2 surface facilities with ore.[7] Esterhazy K3 does not have surface milling and storage facilities, instead it is intended to replace the ore currently mined from the K1 and K2 mine. This shift in production will decrease brine management costs of the K1 and K2 mine, which stood at $108.0 million for 2020.Mosaic is a member of Canpotex, an export association of Canadian potash producers through which they sell their Canadian potash outside the U.S. and Canada.Potash mines are located in:[8]Carlsbad, New Mexico (32°24′43″N 103°56′20″W / 32.412°N 103.939°W / 32.412; -103.939)\nBelle Plaine, Saskatchewan (50°25′44″N 105°11′56″W / 50.429°N 105.199°W / 50.429; -105.199)\nColonsay, Saskatchewan (51°55′41″N 105°45′58″W / 51.928°N 105.766°W / 51.928; -105.766)\nEsterhazy, Saskatchewan K1 (50°43′44″N 101°55′44″W / 50.729°N 101.929°W / 50.729; -101.929)\nEsterhazy, Saskatchewan K2 (50°39′36″N 101°50′46″W / 50.660°N 101.846°W / 50.660; -101.846)\nEsterhazy, Saskatchewan K3 (50°38′38″N 101°59′35″W / 50.644°N 101.993°W / 50.644; -101.993)","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"CF Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Industries"},{"link_name":"Hardee County, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardee_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bone Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_Valley"},{"link_name":"Peace River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_River_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-locations-8"},{"link_name":"Fort Meade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Meade,_Florida"},{"link_name":"27°38′53″N 81°45′25″W / 27.648°N 81.757°W / 27.648; -81.757","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Mosaic_Company&params=27.648_N_81.757_W_"},{"link_name":"South Pasture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Green,_Florida"},{"link_name":"27°35′10″N 81°56′31″W / 27.586°N 81.942°W / 27.586; -81.942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Mosaic_Company&params=27.586_N_81.942_W_"},{"link_name":"Four Corners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Corners,_Florida"},{"link_name":"27°42′54″N 82°08′28″W / 27.715°N 82.141°W / 27.715; -82.141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Mosaic_Company&params=27.715_N_82.141_W_"},{"link_name":"Wingate Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wingate,_Florida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"27°30′22″N 82°07′48″W / 27.506°N 82.130°W / 27.506; -82.130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Mosaic_Company&params=27.506_N_82.13_W_"},{"link_name":"Fort Lonesome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lonesome,_Florida"},{"link_name":"27°42′54″N 82°09′00″W / 27.715°N 82.150°W / 27.715; -82.150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Mosaic_Company&params=27.715_N_82.15_W_"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Phosphate","text":"Mosaic has approximately 16.8 million tonnes of operational capacity for finished concentrated phosphates.[6] Mosaic is the largest producer of finished phosphate products with an annual capacity greater than the next two largest producers combined. It has a global distribution network made up of plants, port facilities, warehouses and sales offices. In 2013 Mosaic produced 7.6 million tons of concentrated phosphate crop nutrients and over 15 million tons of phosphate rock production.[9] In October, 2013, Mosaic reached an agreement to purchase the phosphate operations of CF Industries for 1.4 billion dollars, which eliminates the need for Mosaic to spend an additional billion dollars to build a new processing facility in Hardee County, Florida to process the rock from their mines in that area.[10]Phosphate mines are located in the Bone Valley Formation of the Peace River watershed in Central Florida:[8]Fort Meade (27°38′53″N 81°45′25″W / 27.648°N 81.757°W / 27.648; -81.757)\nSouth Pasture (27°35′10″N 81°56′31″W / 27.586°N 81.942°W / 27.586; -81.942)\nFour Corners (27°42′54″N 82°08′28″W / 27.715°N 82.141°W / 27.715; -82.141)\nWingate Creek (27°30′22″N 82°07′48″W / 27.506°N 82.130°W / 27.506; -82.130)\nFort Lonesome (27°42′54″N 82°09′00″W / 27.715°N 82.150°W / 27.715; -82.150)(Closed)Mosaic owns a 25% stake of the Ma'aden Wa'ad Al Shamal Phosphate Company joint venture in Saudi Arabia.With the completion of the Vale Fertilizantes acquisition in January, 2018, an additional 5 Brazilian phosphate rock mines, 4 chemical plants and an additional 40% economic interest in the Miski Mayo mine were purchased.[11]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CO2e emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprint"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Mosaic_Company_Total_CO2e_emissions_for_2020Q4-12"}],"text":"The Mosaic Company reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for 31 December 2020 at 4,920 Kt (+340/+7.4% y-o-y).[12] There is little evidence of a consistent declining trend as yet.","title":"Carbon footprint"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"IMC Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMC_Global"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"2023August: Mosaic Board of Directors elects Bruce Bodine to succeed Joc O'Rourke as Mosaic's CEO effective January 1, 2024. Bruce will serve as Mosaic President and Member of the Board of Directors effective immediately.[15]2018January: Mosaic completes acquisition of Vale Fertilizantes.[16]2015August: Joc O'Rourke succeeds Jim Prokopanko as Mosaic's president and CEO.[17]2014December: Mosaic acquires Archer Daniels Midland Company's (ADM) fertilizer distribution business in Brazil and Paraguay.[18]\nJuly: Cargill acquired Mosaic's Hersey, Michigan salt plant.[19]2013November: Mosaic closed the potash operations at their Hersey, Michigan facility.[19]2011May: Mosaic and Cargill complete the transaction to split off and distribute Cargill's stake in Mosaic.[20]\nJanuary: Mosaic and Cargill agree to split off and orderly distribute Cargill's stake in Mosaic.[21]2007January: Jim Prokopanko succeeds Fritz Corrigan as president and CEO of Mosaic.[22]2006July: Jim Prokopanko named Mosaic Chief Operating Officer.[23]2004October: The Mosaic Company (NYSE: MOS) begins trading on the New York Stock Exchange.[24]\nJune: Mosaic announced as the chosen name for the newly formed company.\nJanuary: The crop nutrition business of Cargill, Inc. and IMC Global enter into a definitive agreement to form a new crop nutrition company.[25]","title":"Timeline"}]
[{"image_text":"K3 North Shaft headframe. Esterhazy, Saskatchewan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mosaic_Company_-_K3_North_Shaft_Headframe.jpg/220px-Mosaic_Company_-_K3_North_Shaft_Headframe.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"SEC: Form 10-K The Mosaic Company\". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1285785/000161803422000004/mos-20211231.htm#i4fdbad511df349818d67f496becc5898_223","url_text":"\"SEC: Form 10-K The Mosaic Company\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission","url_text":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"US SEC: Form 10-K The Mosaic Company\". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved March 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1285785/000161803418000003/mos-20171231x10k.htm","url_text":"\"US SEC: Form 10-K The Mosaic Company\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission","url_text":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission"}]},{"reference":"MarketScreener. \"THE MOSAIC COMPANY : Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile | MarketScreener\". www.marketscreener.com. Retrieved 2020-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marketscreener.com/THE-MOSAIC-COMPANY-11900095/company/","url_text":"\"THE MOSAIC COMPANY : Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile | MarketScreener\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mosaic (MOS)\". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/companies/mosaic/","url_text":"\"Mosaic (MOS)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bloomberg, Mosaic Says Fertilizer Prices to Remain 'Challenging' Into 2014, 5 November 2013\". Archived from the original on November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20131105174607/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-11-05/mosaic-says-fertilizer-prices-to-remain-challenging-into-2014","url_text":"\"Bloomberg, Mosaic Says Fertilizer Prices to Remain 'Challenging' Into 2014, 5 November 2013\""},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-11-05/mosaic-says-fertilizer-prices-to-remain-challenging-into-2014","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Facts About Mosaic\". Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2018-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180307023026/http://www.mosaicco.com/media_center/3102.htm","url_text":"\"Facts About Mosaic\""},{"url":"http://www.mosaicco.com/media_center/3102.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Esterhazy K3\". Archived from the original on 2018-02-15. Retrieved 2018-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180215083600/http://www.mosaicco.com/products/esterhazy_k3.htm","url_text":"\"Esterhazy K3\""},{"url":"http://www.mosaicco.com/products/esterhazy_k3.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Global Presence Map\". Archived from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190226173124/http://www.mosaicco.com/Who_We_Are/global_presence_map.htm","url_text":"\"Global Presence Map\""},{"url":"http://www.mosaicco.com/Who_We_Are/global_presence_map.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Editorial, Reuters. \"${Instrument_CompanyName} ${Instrument_Ric} Company Profile - Reuters.com\". U.S.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile/MOS","url_text":"\"${Instrument_CompanyName} ${Instrument_Ric} Company Profile - Reuters.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mosaic buys CF Industries' Tampa area phosphate facilities\". 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005403/http://www.tbo.com/news/business/mosaic-buys-cf-industries-tampa-area-phosphate-facilities-20131028/","url_text":"\"Mosaic buys CF Industries' Tampa area phosphate facilities\""},{"url":"http://tbo.com/news/business/mosaic-buys-cf-industries-tampa-area-phosphate-facilities-20131028/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mosaic: Vale Fertilizantes Deal Repricing A Tailwind\". Seeking Alpha.","urls":[{"url":"https://seekingalpha.com/article/4137241-mosaic-vale-fertilizantes-deal-repricing-tailwind?page=3","url_text":"\"Mosaic: Vale Fertilizantes Deal Repricing A Tailwind\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeking_Alpha","url_text":"Seeking Alpha"}]},{"reference":"\"The Mosaic Company's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210911153130/https://www.mosaicco.com/fileLibrary/publicFiles/0-2020_Sustainability_Disclosure_and_GRI.pdf","url_text":"\"The Mosaic Company's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4\""},{"url":"https://www.mosaicco.com/fileLibrary/publicFiles/0-2020_Sustainability_Disclosure_and_GRI.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Mosaic Company's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210911153130/https://www.mosaicco.com/fileLibrary/publicFiles/0-2020_Sustainability_Disclosure_and_GRI.pdf","url_text":"\"The Mosaic Company's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4\""},{"url":"https://www.mosaicco.com/fileLibrary/publicFiles/0-2020_Sustainability_Disclosure_and_GRI.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Mosaic Company's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210911153130/https://www.mosaicco.com/fileLibrary/publicFiles/0-2020_Sustainability_Disclosure_and_GRI.pdf","url_text":"\"The Mosaic Company's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4\""},{"url":"https://www.mosaicco.com/fileLibrary/publicFiles/0-2020_Sustainability_Disclosure_and_GRI.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BRUCE BODINE TO SUCCEED JOC O'ROURKE AS PRESIDENT AND CEO OF THE MOSAIC COMPANY\". Retrieved December 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://investors.mosaicco.com/press-releases/news-details/2023/Bruce-Bodine-to-Succeed-Joc-ORourke-as-President-and-CEO-of-The-Mosaic-Company/default.aspx","url_text":"\"BRUCE BODINE TO SUCCEED JOC O'ROURKE AS PRESIDENT AND CEO OF THE MOSAIC COMPANY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mosaic Completes Acquisition of Vale Fertilizantes\". www.mosaicco.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023824/http://www.mosaicco.com/Who_We_Are/4213.htm","url_text":"\"Mosaic Completes Acquisition of Vale Fertilizantes\""},{"url":"http://www.mosaicco.com/Who_We_Are/4213.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Joc O'Rourke To Succeed Jim Prokopanko As Mosaic President And CEO\". mosaicco.com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2015. Retrieved February 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151024041538/http://www.mosaicco.com/Who_We_Are/3666.htm","url_text":"\"Joc O'Rourke To Succeed Jim Prokopanko As Mosaic President And CEO\""},{"url":"http://www.mosaicco.com/Who_We_Are/3666.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mosaic completes acquisition of ADM fertilizer distribution business\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-mosaic-company-completes-acquisition-of-archer-daniels-midlands-fertilizer-distribution-business-300011293.html","url_text":"\"Mosaic completes acquisition of ADM fertilizer distribution business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cargill acquires Hersey salt business\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cargill.com/news/releases/2014/NA31668676.jsp","url_text":"\"Cargill acquires Hersey salt business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mosaic Company Form 8-K12B, Filing May 25, 2011\" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved February 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdf.secdatabase.com/548/0001193125-11-150132.pdf","url_text":"\"Mosaic Company Form 8-K12B, Filing May 25, 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cargill to Split Off 64% Stake in Mosaic to Holders\". Bloomberg. Retrieved February 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-18/cargill-to-distribute-64-stake-in-mosaic-to-holders.html","url_text":"\"Cargill to Split Off 64% Stake in Mosaic to Holders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mosaic Company Form 8-K, Filing October 3, 2006\" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved February 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdf.secdatabase.com/330/0001193125-06-201564.pdf","url_text":"\"Mosaic Company Form 8-K, Filing October 3, 2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mosaic Company Form 8-K, Filing July 12, 2006\" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved February 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdf.secdatabase.com/667/0001193125-06-144920.pdf","url_text":"\"Mosaic Company Form 8-K, Filing July 12, 2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Mosaic Company Launches Today as Newest Fortune 500-sized, NYSE-listed firm\" (PDF). October 25, 2004. Retrieved February 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/irol/70/70455/mos2004/10252004.pdf","url_text":"\"The Mosaic Company Launches Today as Newest Fortune 500-sized, NYSE-listed firm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cargill and IMC Global to Combine Fertilizer Units\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/28/business/cargill-and-imc-global-to-combine-fertilizer-units.html","url_text":"\"Cargill and IMC Global to Combine Fertilizer Units\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Prices_and_Consumer_Protection
Department of Prices and Consumer Protection
["1 Secretaries of State for Prices and Consumer Protection","2 References"]
British government department (1974–1979) The Department of Prices and Consumer Protection was a short-lived United Kingdom government department created by the incoming Labour government in 1974 when the functions of the Department of Trade and Industry were divided between three new departments (the Department of Trade, the Department of Industry and the Department of Prices and Consumer Protection). In 1979 the department was abolished by the new Conservative government and its responsibilities were re-integrated into the Department of Trade. Secretaries of State for Prices and Consumer Protection Colour key (for political parties):   Labour Secretary of State Term of Office Political party Prime Minister Shirley Williams 5 March 1974 10 September 1976 Labour Harold Wilson James Callaghan Roy Hattersley 10 September 1976 4 May 1979 Labour References ^ Morris, David; Reeson, David (March 1979). "The Costs and Benefits of Consumer Advisory Services: The Case of Nottinghamshire". Journal of Consumer Policy. 3 (1): 1 – via HeinOnline. ^ Flickinger, Richard (February 1983). "THE COMPARATIVE POLITICS OF AGENDA SETTING: THE EMERGENCE OF CONSUMER PROTECTION AS A PUBLIC POLICY ISSUE IN BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES". Review of Policy Research. 2 (3): 441. doi:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1983.tb00729.x. ISSN 1541-132X. Authority control databases International VIAF People UK Parliament
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Kember
Norman Kember
["1 Kidnapping","2 Release","3 Aftermath","3.1 Pleas for his release","4 Arrest of kidnappers","5 Hostage in Iraq","6 Kember provides bail for Abu Qatada","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Norman KemberBornNorman Frank Kember1931 (age 92–93)EnglandOccupationProfessorKnown forBeing taken hostage in Iraq Norman Frank Kember (born 1931) is an emeritus professor of biophysics at Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry and a Christian pacifist active in campaigning on issues of war and peace. As a Baptist, he is a long-standing member of the Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America and the Fellowship of Reconciliation. As a conscientious objector to military service, he worked in a hospital in the early 1950s, which stimulated his interest in medical physics. He has been involved with the "Peace Zone" at the annual Greenbelt Festival. He became internationally known in 2005 when, as a member of a delegation of Christian Peacemaker Teams (CPT) in Iraq, he was taken hostage with three other CPT members, leading to a widely publicised hostage crisis. Kidnapping On 26 November 2005, Kember (a delegate) and three other Western peace workers with CPT (American Tom Fox and Canadians James Loney and Harmeet Singh Sooden) were kidnapped by a previously unknown group calling itself the Swords of Righteousness Brigade. According to his family, Kember went to Iraq to help Iraqis. Kember's family said: "Norman’s recent trip to visit the people of Iraq serves to highlight his willingness to listen to people from all backgrounds, beliefs, and walks of life and his determination to promote equality amongst all people." "He has gone to Iraq to listen, not convert; to learn from the Iraqi people, not to impose values; to promote peace and understanding." On 5 December 2005 Kember's wife made a plea for his release. Her 30-second plea was shown on Arab broadcast station Al Jazeera. A 10 December deadline was set by the kidnappers for the release of all Iraqi prisoners, or the hostages would be executed. It passed without any word on the hostages' fate. As the deadline passed, and with no news of his whereabouts, his friends held an hour-long silent vigil for him in Trafalgar Square, London. A further vigil was held by local dignitaries and friends at Harrow Civic Centre. Two weeks later, with the Kember family still waiting to hear news, they set up a telephone line, hoping that the kidnappers would contact them. On 28 January 2006 a new video was released by his captors and shown on Al-Jazeera television. They stated that this was the "last chance" for their demands to be met. On 5 March vigils were held in Trafalgar Square to mark 100 days since Kember was taken hostage. and on March 7 a new tape of Kember was aired on Arab satellite television station al-Jazeera. Three days later, the body of Kember's American colleague Tom Fox was found. Release On 23 March Kember and the others were freed during a raid by multinational forces led by British Special Forces. None of the captors were present at the time of the raid, no shots were fired and no-one was injured. Kember himself assumes that the non-violent manner of his release was a result of a previous campaign to get hold of one of his captors who obviously uncovered the address of the place in return for allowance to inform his comrades that they should stay away from the place. Kember was repeatedly criticised for his response toward the military forces involved in his release. He refused to provide military intelligence with any information regarding his captors. He also requested the withdrawal of coalition forces from Iraq. On 24 March General Sir Michael Jackson told Channel 4 News that he was "saddened that there doesn't seem to have been a note of gratitude for the soldiers who risked their lives to save those lives". On 25 March, in a telephone phone-in discussion on BBC Radio 5 Live, Colonel Bob Stewart, a former British Commander under United Nations command in Bosnia from September 1992 to May 1993 suggested that Kember and people like him were a liability, since he had ignored advice not to go to Baghdad and the security services, the British government and multinational forces had diverted valuable time and resources to rescue a "foolish, albeit well-intentioned, meddling civilian". His alleged lack of gratitude was criticised as not being characteristic of true Christian values. Aftermath He arrived back in the United Kingdom on 25 March and released a written statement saying "I do not believe that a lasting peace is achieved by armed force, but I pay tribute to their (the armed forces) courage and thank those who played a part in my rescue". Later that day he also released a video statement in which he again thanked his rescuers, and those who had supported his family throughout his kidnapping. A public interview with Kember was recorded at the Greenbelt Christian Arts Festival at Cheltenham in August 2006. Kember wrote an account of his kidnapping, Hostage in Iraq, which was published in 2007. He himself considers it an irony that he travelled to Iraq to oppose the military intervention and was flown out of Baghdad in a military helicopter, guarded by machine guns. He also discusses whether his peace testimony has been compromised and what alternatives would have been at hand. In lectures and interviews, Kember states that what saddens him is the fact that he is alive and well, while people in Iraq, servicemen as well as civilians, are constantly threatened and many have meanwhile lost their lives. Wikinews has related news: Information from prisoner leads to freedom for 3 hostages Wikinews has related news: Norman Kember returns home safely Pleas for his release Many individuals and groups asked for Kember's release; including: Terry Waite, radical Islamic cleric Abu Qatada, Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood, and Briton Moazzam Begg, a former detainee at the Guantanamo Bay prison. Arrest of kidnappers On 7 November 2006 Iraqi government troops arrested individuals suspected of involvement in the kidnap and imprisonment of Kember. The same day, Kember released a statement in which he refused to testify against them. Hostage in Iraq A year after his dramatic release by a multinational military raid, Kember revealed his story behind the controversy of his captivity in Baghdad in his book Hostage in Iraq. Writing for The Guardian newspaper, Kember praised his captors' conduct, stating that "I am almost surprised that we were treated so moderately by our captors – apart, that is, from the tragic, largely unexplained, decision to kill Tom Fox, the American Quaker." Kember provides bail for Abu Qatada In May 2008 Kember controversially provided bail security for the release of Abu Qatada. Qatada, who requested the release of Kember, entered the UK using a forged passport but was allowed to remain in the UK on appeal under the British Human Rights Act 1998 and European Convention on Human Rights, despite suspected continued terrorist involvement, and was held in prison until his release by the Special Immigration Appeals Commission. See also Foreign hostages in Iraq Harmeet Singh Sooden James Loney Tom Fox List of kidnappings List of solved missing person cases References Notes ^ Wilby, Peter (3 April 2006). "The media column - Peter Wilby is cornered by the finger-waggers". New Statesman. Retrieved 29 January 2014. ^ Christian peacemakers bring their message to Greenbelt https://www.indcatholicnews.com/news/14715 ^ Kidnapped Briton 'a man of peace', say family, Times Online, November 30, 2005 ^ Hostage wife in TV plea, Daily Record, 5 December 2005 ^ Kember family pray as deadline passes, Channel 4, 10 December 2005 ^ Silent vigil for hostage Kember, BBC News, 12 December 2005 ^ Reflection held for Norman Kember, Harrow Times, 14 December 2005 ^ Kember family issue fresh appeal, BBC News, 24 December 2005 ^ Kember captors release new video, BBC News, 28 January 2006 ^ Vigils held for kidnapped Kember, BBC News, 5 March 2006 ^ British Iraq hostage Kember freed, BBC News, 23 March 2006 ^ Carrell, Severin (26 March 2006). "The return of Norman Kember: A bitter homecoming". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2017. ^ Freed Kember thanks rescue troops. BBC News, 25 March 2006 ^ "An Interview with Norman Kember (Hosted by Canon Lucy Winkett)". ^ pub.Darton,Longman & Todd Ltd ISBN 9780232526998 ^ "Peacemaker who wanted to do more". BBC News. 23 March 2006. ^ Kember court testimony 'unlikely' ^ Kember, Norman (27 November 2009). "Iraqis' stories must be heard". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 May 2010. General references Concern grows for Iraq hostages, BBC News, 10 December 2005 Iraq hostage deadline passes with silence from kidnappers, CBC News, 10 December 2005 External links Baptist Peace Fellowship Christian Peacemaker Teams Fellowship of Reconciliation Free The Captives: Petition for the release of Christian Peacemakers being held in Iraq – includes latest news and daily updates Interview with Norman Kember at Premier.tv Norman Kember talks to Nigel Bovey, editor of The War Cry Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Israel United States Netherlands
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysics"},{"link_name":"Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barts_and_The_London_School_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"pacifist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_Peace_Fellowship_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"Fellowship of Reconciliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation"},{"link_name":"conscientious objector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientious_objector"},{"link_name":"military service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service"},{"link_name":"medical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_physics"},{"link_name":"Greenbelt Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenbelt_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Christian Peacemaker Teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Peacemaker_Teams"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"a widely publicised hostage crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005-2006_Christian_Peacemaker_hostage_crisis"}],"text":"Norman Frank Kember (born 1931) is an emeritus professor of biophysics at Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry[1] and a Christian pacifist active in campaigning on issues of war and peace. As a Baptist, he is a long-standing member of the Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America and the Fellowship of Reconciliation. As a conscientious objector to military service, he worked in a hospital in the early 1950s, which stimulated his interest in medical physics. He has been involved with the \"Peace Zone\" at the annual Greenbelt Festival.[2]He became internationally known in 2005 when, as a member of a delegation of Christian Peacemaker Teams (CPT) in Iraq, he was taken hostage with three other CPT members, leading to a widely publicised hostage crisis.","title":"Norman Kember"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"Tom Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Fox_(activist)"},{"link_name":"James Loney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Loney_(peace_activist)"},{"link_name":"Harmeet Singh Sooden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmeet_Singh_Sooden"},{"link_name":"kidnapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005-2006_Christian_Peacemaker_hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"Swords of Righteousness Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swords_of_Righteousness_Brigade"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times20051130a-3"},{"link_name":"Al Jazeera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailyrecord20061205a-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-channel4-20050510-5"},{"link_name":"vigil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigil"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc20051212a-6"},{"link_name":"Harrow Civic Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_Civic_Centre"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harrowtimes20051214a-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc20051224a-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc20060128a-9"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc20060305a-10"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"al-Jazeera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Tom Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Fox_(Quaker)"}],"text":"On 26 November 2005, Kember (a delegate) and three other Western peace workers with CPT (American Tom Fox and Canadians James Loney and Harmeet Singh Sooden) were kidnapped by a previously unknown group calling itself the Swords of Righteousness Brigade.[citation needed]According to his family, Kember went to Iraq to help Iraqis. Kember's family said: \"Norman’s recent trip to visit the people of Iraq serves to highlight his willingness to listen to people from all backgrounds, beliefs, and walks of life and his determination to promote equality amongst all people.\" \"He has gone to Iraq to listen, not convert; to learn from the Iraqi people, not to impose values; to promote peace and understanding.\"[3]On 5 December 2005 Kember's wife made a plea for his release. Her 30-second plea was shown on Arab broadcast station Al Jazeera.[4] A 10 December deadline was set by the kidnappers for the release of all Iraqi prisoners, or the hostages would be executed. It passed without any word on the hostages' fate.[5]As the deadline passed, and with no news of his whereabouts, his friends held an hour-long silent vigil for him in Trafalgar Square, London.[6] A further vigil was held by local dignitaries and friends at Harrow Civic Centre.[7] Two weeks later, with the Kember family still waiting to hear news, they set up a telephone line, hoping that the kidnappers would contact them.[8]On 28 January 2006 a new video was released by his captors and shown on Al-Jazeera television. They stated that this was the \"last chance\" for their demands to be met.[9]On 5 March vigils were held in Trafalgar Square to mark 100 days since Kember was taken hostage.[10] and on March 7 a new tape of Kember was aired on Arab satellite television station al-Jazeera. Three days later, the body of Kember's American colleague Tom Fox was found.","title":"Kidnapping"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc20060323a-11"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General"},{"link_name":"Sir Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Channel 4 News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4_News"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 5 Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live"},{"link_name":"Colonel Bob Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Stewart_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"}],"text":"On 23 March Kember and the others were freed during a raid by multinational forces led by British Special Forces. None of the captors were present at the time of the raid, no shots were fired and no-one was injured.[11] Kember himself assumes that the non-violent manner of his release was a result of a previous campaign to get hold of one of his captors who obviously uncovered the address of the place in return for allowance to inform his comrades that they should stay away from the place.Kember was repeatedly criticised for his response toward the military forces involved in his release. He refused to provide military intelligence with any information regarding his captors. He also requested the withdrawal of coalition forces from Iraq. On 24 March General Sir Michael Jackson told Channel 4 News that he was \"saddened that there doesn't seem to have been a note of gratitude for the soldiers who risked their lives to save those lives\".[12] On 25 March, in a telephone phone-in discussion on BBC Radio 5 Live, Colonel Bob Stewart, a former British Commander under United Nations command in Bosnia from September 1992 to May 1993 suggested that Kember and people like him were a liability, since he had ignored advice not to go to Baghdad and the security services, the British government and multinational forces had diverted valuable time and resources to rescue a \"foolish, albeit well-intentioned, meddling civilian\". His alleged lack of gratitude was criticised as not being characteristic of true Christian values.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc20060325a-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Information from prisoner leads to freedom for 3 hostages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Information_from_prisoner_leads_to_freedom_for_3_hostages"},{"link_name":"Norman Kember returns home safely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Norman_Kember_returns_home_safely"}],"text":"He arrived back in the United Kingdom on 25 March and released a written statement saying \"I do not believe that a lasting peace [in Iraq] is achieved by armed force, but I pay tribute to their (the armed forces) courage and thank those who played a part in my rescue\". Later that day he also released a video statement in which he again thanked his rescuers, and those who had supported his family throughout his kidnapping.[13]A public interview with Kember was recorded at the Greenbelt Christian Arts Festival at Cheltenham in August 2006.[14]Kember wrote an account of his kidnapping, Hostage in Iraq, which was published in 2007.[15] He himself considers it an irony that he travelled to Iraq to oppose the military intervention and was flown out of Baghdad in a military helicopter, guarded by machine guns. He also discusses whether his peace testimony has been compromised and what alternatives would have been at hand. In lectures and interviews, Kember states that what saddens him is the fact that he is alive and well, while people in Iraq, servicemen as well as civilians, are constantly threatened and many have meanwhile lost their lives.[citation needed]Wikinews has related news:\n Information from prisoner leads to freedom for 3 hostagesWikinews has related news:\n Norman Kember returns home safely","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terry Waite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Waite"},{"link_name":"Abu Qatada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Qatada_al-Filistini"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Muslim Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"Moazzam Begg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moazzam_Begg"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detainment_camp"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Pleas for his release","text":"Many individuals and groups asked for Kember's release; including: Terry Waite, radical Islamic cleric Abu Qatada, Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood, and Briton Moazzam Begg, a former detainee at the Guantanamo Bay prison.[16]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"On 7 November 2006 Iraqi government troops arrested individuals suspected of involvement in the kidnap and imprisonment of Kember. The same day, Kember released a statement in which he refused to testify against them.[17]","title":"Arrest of kidnappers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"A year after his dramatic release by a multinational military raid, Kember revealed his story behind the controversy of his captivity in Baghdad in his book Hostage in Iraq. Writing for The Guardian newspaper, Kember praised his captors' conduct, stating that \"I am almost surprised that we were treated so moderately by our captors – apart, that is, from the tragic, largely unexplained, decision to kill Tom Fox, the American Quaker.\"[18]","title":"Hostage in Iraq"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human Rights Act 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998"},{"link_name":"European Convention on Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Special Immigration Appeals Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Immigration_Appeals_Commission"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In May 2008 Kember controversially provided bail security for the release of Abu Qatada. Qatada, who requested the release of Kember, entered the UK using a forged passport but was allowed to remain in the UK on appeal under the British Human Rights Act 1998 and European Convention on Human Rights, despite suspected continued terrorist involvement, and was held in prison until his release by the Special Immigration Appeals Commission.[citation needed]","title":"Kember provides bail for Abu Qatada"}]
[]
[{"title":"Foreign hostages in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_hostages_in_Iraq"},{"title":"Harmeet Singh Sooden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmeet_Singh_Sooden"},{"title":"James Loney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Loney_(peace_activist)"},{"title":"Tom Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Fox_(Quaker)"},{"title":"List of kidnappings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kidnappings"},{"title":"List of solved missing person cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solved_missing_person_cases:_post-2000"}]
[{"reference":"Wilby, Peter (3 April 2006). \"The media column - Peter Wilby is cornered by the finger-waggers\". New Statesman. Retrieved 29 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wilby","url_text":"Wilby, Peter"},{"url":"http://www.newstatesman.com/node/152844","url_text":"\"The media column - Peter Wilby is cornered by the finger-waggers\""}]},{"reference":"Carrell, Severin (26 March 2006). \"The return of Norman Kember: A bitter homecoming\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150925180214/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-return-of-norman-kember-a-bitter-homecoming-471499.html","url_text":"\"The return of Norman Kember: A bitter homecoming\""},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-return-of-norman-kember-a-bitter-homecoming-471499.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"An Interview with Norman Kember (Hosted by Canon Lucy Winkett)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greenbelt.org.uk/talks/an-interview-with-norman-kember-hosted-by-canon-lucy-winkett/","url_text":"\"An Interview with Norman Kember (Hosted by Canon Lucy Winkett)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peacemaker who wanted to do more\". BBC News. 23 March 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4514966.stm","url_text":"\"Peacemaker who wanted to do more\""}]},{"reference":"Kember, Norman (27 November 2009). \"Iraqis' stories must be heard\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/nov/27/iraqis-stories-must-be-heard","url_text":"\"Iraqis' stories must be heard\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Kaliakra
Kaliakra
["1 Name","2 History","3 Ancient fortress","3.1 History","4 Legends","5 Climate","6 Honour","7 Gallery","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 43°22′N 28°28′E / 43.367°N 28.467°E / 43.367; 28.467Cape in Bulgaria For the tall ship, see Kaliakra (ship). For the association football team, see PFC Kaliakra Kavarna. For the former county of Romania, see Caliacra County. KaliakraSouthern Dobruja, Bulgaria The medieval fortress of KaliakraKaliakraCoordinates43°22′N 28°28′E / 43.367°N 28.467°E / 43.367; 28.467Site informationConditionruin Location of Kaliakra Kaliakra (Bulgarian: Калиакра) is a cape in the Southern Dobruja region of the northern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, which ends with a long and narrow headland 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Kavarna, 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Varna and 65 kilometres (40 mi) southwest of Mangalia. The coast is steep with vertical cliffs reaching 70 metres (230 ft) down to the sea. Kaliakra is a nature reserve, where dolphins and cormorants can be observed. It sits on the Via Pontica, a major bird migration route from Africa into Eastern and Northern Europe. Many rare and migrant birds can be seen here in spring and autumn and, like much of this coastline, is home to several rare breeding birds (e.g. pied wheatear and a local race of European shag). The rest of the reserve also has unusual breeding birds; saker falcon, lesser grey shrike and a host of others. It also features the remnants of the fortified walls, water-main, baths and residence of Despot Dobrotitsa in the short-lived Despotate of Dobruja's medieval capital. The Bolata Cove with a small sheltered beach lies just north at the mouth of a picturesque canyon, also part of the nature reserve. Name The following names have been used for the headland and the fortress throughout their history: Thracian: Tirizis (Greek: Τίριζις) Latin: T(i)rissa Greek: Ἂκραι or Καλή Άκρα, Akrai or Kalē Akra Bulgarian: Нос Калиакра Italian: Capo Caliacra Turkish: Kaligra Burnu Romanian: Caliacra The name "Kaliakra" is of Byzantine Greek origin. It is a combination of "καλός" ("beautiful") and "άκρα" ("headland" or "edge" or "extremity") and is traditionally translated as "Beautiful Headland". History Kaliakra was the site of the naval Battle of Cape Kaliakra on 11 August 1791, part of the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792). The first modern lighthouse on Kaliakra was built in 1866 by the Compagnie des Phares de l’Empire Ottoman; the present one, a 10-metre (33 ft) cylindrical stone masonry tower with lantern and gallery, was erected in 1901, with focal plane height of 68 metres (223 ft) and a white flash (every 5 seconds); it also has a radio navigation emitter and a foghorn. Near Kaliakra, there is a large mediumwave broadcasting facility, which never went into service as planned. As of 2009, several wind power facilities are under development in the vicinity. The area now has three championship golf courses designed by the legendary golfers Gary Player and Ian Woosnam. Ancient fortress History The earliest naval settlement dates back to the 4th century BC, when the area was inhabited by the Thracian tribe of Tiris and who gave the area its original name of Tirisis. The ancient geographer Strabo, describing Kaliakra, stated that the capital of King Lisimachus, one of Alexander's generals and ruler of Thrace, was located here. According to rumor, he hid in the caves near the peninsula his innumerable treasure, reputedly captured on the campaigns against Persia. In the Hellenistic era, a second fortress wall was built inland, and in Roman times the Thracian fortress was expanded. In the years 341–342, round towers were completed, and there was already a city built up around the fortress. In the second half of the 4th century, a third fortification with 10 m walls, 2.90 m thick, was erected even farther from the end of the peninsula. During the archeological excavations made in the 20th century, the remains of ancient and early Christian necropolises were discovered on Kaliakra. In the 5-6th century, according to Hierocele, the fortress (now known as Accra Castellium or simply Accra-cape) gained the importance of a fortified nucleus against the oncoming barbarian tribes and was one of the 15 cities in the province of Scythia. In 513, a battle ensued between Kaliakra and the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I. The settlement and fortress developed in the following centuries, but according to some researchers in the 7th century a decline occurred because the Slavs and Proto-Bulgarians showed no interest in settling this place. In 10th century sources, the area is variously listed as Tetrasida, Tetrasiada, Tetrisias, Trisa, Tirisa, or Tirista. The earliest dated Western European map that mentions the modern name Kaliakra is that of the Italian Petrus Vesconta, from 1318. In other Italian maps and 14th-century writings, the peninsula is also described as Capo Calacria or Calacria. The German armored bearer Hans Schiltberger describes the peninsula as Kalacerca, derived from the "καλός" – beautiful / good and "τσέρκι" – a hoop, given the three walls of the Kaliakra fortress. The Bulgarian Navy of the First World War included a mine-clearing boat named "Kalatserka". The heyday of Kaliakra was in the second half of the 14th century when it was the capital of the principality (despotate) of Carvun under the Bulgarian rulers Balik and Dobrotitsa. The despotate covered the northeastern Bulgarian lands, and was detached from the central government. Dobrotica is also called Dobrudzha, which is the Turkish pronunciation of its name. Written records speak of a powerful, medieval town where the ruler cut his own coins and turned the fortress into a church center. Today there are remains of the fortress walls on the tip of the headlands; some of the water supply, baths and the residence of the prince are still preserved. Kaliakra's despots were the first of the native rulers to begin building a navy. Dobrotica's galleys participated in successful combat operations in the Black Sea. In 1393 - 1394 the Carvun principality became one of the last Bulgarian possessions to fall under Ottoman rule. In 1402, the Vlach voivode Mircea Stari took over the lands around Kaliakra, but later that year the area was again occupied by the Ottoman troops. In 1444, the knights of the Polish and Hungarian King Vladislav III Varnenczyk were stopped near Cape Kaliakra in their campaign against the Ottoman Empire. In the old Turkish lawmen, Kaliakra is mentioned as a port with a Kilagra or Celigra Burun customs. On July 31, 1791, the largest naval battle in the Black Sea began off the coast of Kaliakra during the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792. The Russian squadron, led by Admiral Fyodor Ushakov, repeatedly defeated Hussein Pasha's superior Turkish armada, and helped end the war. A plaque with a bas-relief of the Russian Admiral was erected on the headland's tip. On August 10, 2006, the 215th anniversary of this victory, a monument to him was erected. The monument is a figure in full height and is located on a hill, where it is visible from the sea. Legends Rock beach Probably the most popular legend about the place is one about 40 Bulgarian girls, who preferred to tie their hair together and jump into the Black Sea rather than face the prospect of being captured by the Ottomans. An obelisk dedicated to this legend is placed at the entrance to the cape, called The Gate of the 40 Maidens. Another legend tells the story of Saint Nicholas, the patron of seamen, who was running away from the Ottomans when God made the earth under him longer and longer so he could escape, and the cape was formed this way. The saint was eventually captured and a chapel was built in 1993, symbolizing his grave. A dervish monastery is also said to have existed on the same place during Ottoman rule, which is thought to have preserved the relics of Muslim Bektashi saint Sarı Saltık. A third legend is about Lysimachus, a successor of Alexander the Great, who seized the royal treasure and escaped to Kaliakra, dying in a major storm along with his whole fleet. Climate Climate data for Kaliakra (2000-2013) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.2(41.4) 5.6(42.1) 8.9(48.0) 13.2(55.8) 20.5(68.9) 24.6(76.3) 27.5(81.5) 27.8(82.0) 23.2(73.8) 17.8(64.0) 12.7(54.9) 7.7(45.9) 16.2(61.2) Daily mean °C (°F) 2.7(36.9) 3.1(37.6) 6.3(43.3) 10.6(51.1) 17.3(63.1) 21.6(70.9) 24.3(75.7) 24.6(76.3) 20.3(68.5) 15.1(59.2) 10.3(50.5) 5.2(41.4) 13.5(56.3) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.2(32.4) 0.5(32.9) 3.6(38.5) 8.0(46.4) 14.1(57.4) 18.6(65.5) 21.0(69.8) 21.5(70.7) 17.5(63.5) 12.5(54.5) 7.9(46.2) 2.7(36.9) 10.7(51.3) Mean monthly sunshine hours 90 100 159 211 302 331 354 322 215 151 100 78 2,413 Source: Stringmeteo.com Kaliakra (2002-2012) Climate chart (explanation) J F M A M J J A S O N D     34     5 0     30     6 1     25     9 4     22     13 8     24     21 14     36     25 19     34     28 21     20     28 22     61     23 18     57     18 13     29     13 8     52     8 3 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mmSource: Imperial conversion JFMAMJJASOND     1.3     41 32     1.2     43 34     1     48 39     0.9     55 46     0.9     70 57     1.4     77 66     1.3     82 70     0.8     82 72     2.4     73 64     2.2     64 55     1.1     55 46     2     46 37 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches Honour Kaliakra Glacier on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Kaliakra. Gallery See also Kaliakra transmitter Cape Emine Bulgarian Black Sea Coast Caliacra County References ^ a b c "Нос Калиакра (Cape Kaliakra)" (in Bulgarian). Visit.bg. Retrieved 2007-02-11. ^ a b Асадуров, Милан. Фаровете по българския черноморски бряг (in Bulgarian). Stalker.Dir.bg. Retrieved 2007-02-11. ^ Трифонов, Трифон (2006). 700 наименования от българското черноморие (in Bulgarian). ISBN 954-8991-33-0. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-02-11. ^ a b "Българските крепости — Калиакра" (in Bulgarian). BulgarianCastles.com. Archived from the original on 2007-02-09. Retrieved 2007-02-11. ^ Димитров, Божидар (2006-03-06). "Цар Лизимах криел съкровища в Калиакра" (in Bulgarian). Standart News. Archived from the original on 2007-08-28. Retrieved 2007-02-11. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kaliakra. aerial photos by Rumen Rainov vteBulgarian Black Sea CoastDobrujan Black Sea coast(Northern coast, Dobrich Province) Albena Alen Mak Balchik Balchishka Tuzla Balgarevo Bolata Bozhurets Dobruja Kaliakra Kamen Briag Karvuna Kavarna Kosmos Kranevo Krapets Rogachevo Rusalka Shabla Topola Tyulenovo Yaylata Moesian Black Sea coast(Central coast, Varna Province) Asparuhovo Briz Byala Chaika Chernomorets Golden Sands Golden Sands Nature Park Emona Euxinograd Fichoza Galata Irakli (Burgas Province) Kabakum Kamchia (biosphere reserve) Kamchia (resort) Kara Dere Luna Obzor (Burgas Province) Pasha Dere Prostor Rakitnika Rai Riviera Romantika Constantine and Helena Shkorpilovtsi Sunny Day Trakata Varna Thracian Black Sea coast(Southern coast, Burgas Province) Agalina Alepu Aheloy Ahtopol Arapia Arkutino Atia Begliktash Burgas Chernomorets Chervenka Dyuni Evropa Gradina Kavatsite Kiten Kolokita Koral Kosharitsa Kraimorie Lazurno More Lozenets Nesebar Nestinarka Perla Pomorie Primorsko Raiski Zaliv Ravda Rezovo Robinzon Ropotamo Sarafovo Silistar Sinemorets Smokinya Sozopol Sunny Beach St. Anastasia Island St. Cyricus Island St. Ivan Island St. Peter Island St. Thomas Island Stomoplo Strandzha Nature Park Sveti Vlas Tsarevo Veselie Varvara Zlatna Ribka Tourism in Bulgaria vte Castles in Bulgaria Anevo Fortress Asen's Fortress Baba Vida Belogradchik Fortress Bozhenishki Urvich Byalgrad Castra Martis Castra ad Montanesium Cherven Devingrad Gate of Trajan Hisarlaka Kaliakra Kipilovo Fortress Kovachevsko kale Krasen Krivus Ktenia Lardea Lovech Fortress Lyutitsa Markeli Matochina Fortress Mezek Fortress Monyak Palace of Omurtag Patmos Perperikon Shumen Fortress Sostra Storgosia Trapezitsa Tsarevets Tsepina Urvich Ustra Vishegrad
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaliakra (ship)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliakra_(ship)"},{"link_name":"PFC Kaliakra Kavarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_Kaliakra_Kavarna"},{"link_name":"Caliacra County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliacra_County"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaliakra-map.png"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Southern Dobruja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Dobruja"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Black Sea Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Black_Sea_Coast"},{"link_name":"Kavarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavarna"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Mangalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visit-1"},{"link_name":"dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin"},{"link_name":"cormorants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormorant"},{"link_name":"Via Pontica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Pontica"},{"link_name":"pied wheatear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_wheatear"},{"link_name":"European shag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_shag"},{"link_name":"saker falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saker_falcon"},{"link_name":"lesser grey shrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_grey_shrike"},{"link_name":"Despot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despot_(court_title)"},{"link_name":"Dobrotitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrotitsa"},{"link_name":"Despotate of Dobruja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotate_of_Dobruja"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visit-1"},{"link_name":"Bolata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolata"}],"text":"Cape in BulgariaFor the tall ship, see Kaliakra (ship). For the association football team, see PFC Kaliakra Kavarna. For the former county of Romania, see Caliacra County.Location of KaliakraKaliakra (Bulgarian: Калиакра) is a cape in the Southern Dobruja region of the northern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, which ends with a long and narrow headland 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Kavarna, 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Varna and 65 kilometres (40 mi) southwest of Mangalia. The coast is steep with vertical cliffs reaching 70 metres (230 ft) down to the sea.[1]\nKaliakra is a nature reserve, where dolphins and cormorants can be observed. It sits on the Via Pontica, a major bird migration route from Africa into Eastern and Northern Europe. Many rare and migrant birds can be seen here in spring and autumn and, like much of this coastline, is home to several rare breeding birds (e.g. pied wheatear and a local race of European shag). The rest of the reserve also has unusual breeding birds; saker falcon, lesser grey shrike and a host of others.It also features the remnants of the fortified walls, water-main, baths and residence of Despot Dobrotitsa in the short-lived Despotate of Dobruja's medieval capital.[1] The Bolata Cove with a small sheltered beach lies just north at the mouth of a picturesque canyon, also part of the nature reserve.","title":"Kaliakra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farove-2"},{"link_name":"Thracian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Greek"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visit-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trifon-3"}],"text":"The following names have been used for the headland and the fortress throughout their history:[2]Thracian: Tirizis (Greek: Τίριζις)\nLatin: T(i)rissa\nGreek: Ἂκραι or Καλή Άκρα, Akrai or Kalē Akra\nBulgarian: Нос Калиакра\nItalian: Capo Caliacra\nTurkish: Kaligra Burnu\nRomanian: CaliacraThe name \"Kaliakra\" is of Byzantine Greek origin. It is a combination of \"καλός\" (\"beautiful\") and \"άκρα\" (\"headland\" or \"edge\" or \"extremity\") and is traditionally translated as \"Beautiful Headland\".[1][3]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Cape Kaliakra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Kaliakra"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)"},{"link_name":"lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"focal plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_point_(optics)"},{"link_name":"radio navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_navigation"},{"link_name":"foghorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foghorn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farove-2"},{"link_name":"mediumwave broadcasting facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliakra_transmitter"},{"link_name":"wind power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power"},{"link_name":"Gary Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Player"},{"link_name":"Ian Woosnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Woosnam"}],"text":"Kaliakra was the site of the naval Battle of Cape Kaliakra on 11 August 1791, part of the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792).The first modern lighthouse on Kaliakra was built in 1866 by the Compagnie des Phares de l’Empire Ottoman; the present one, a 10-metre (33 ft) cylindrical stone masonry tower with lantern and gallery, was erected in 1901, with focal plane height of 68 metres (223 ft) and a white flash (every 5 seconds); it also has a radio navigation emitter and a foghorn.[2]Near Kaliakra, there is a large mediumwave broadcasting facility, which never went into service as planned. As of 2009, several wind power facilities are under development in the vicinity. The area now has three championship golf courses designed by the legendary golfers Gary Player and Ian Woosnam.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ancient fortress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"link_name":"Mircea Stari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"The earliest naval settlement dates back to the 4th century BC, when the area was inhabited by the Thracian tribe of Tiris and who gave the area its original name of Tirisis.The ancient geographer Strabo, describing Kaliakra, stated that the capital of King Lisimachus, one of Alexander's generals and ruler of Thrace, was located here. According to rumor, he hid in the caves near the peninsula his innumerable treasure, reputedly captured on the campaigns against Persia. In the Hellenistic era, a second fortress wall was built inland, and in Roman times the Thracian fortress was expanded. In the years 341–342, round towers were completed, and there was already a city built up around the fortress. In the second half of the 4th century, a third fortification with 10 m walls, 2.90 m thick, was erected even farther from the end of the peninsula. During the archeological excavations made in the 20th century, the remains of ancient and early Christian necropolises were discovered on Kaliakra.In the 5-6th century, according to Hierocele, the fortress (now known as Accra Castellium or simply Accra-cape) gained the importance of a fortified nucleus against the oncoming barbarian tribes and was one of the 15 cities in the province of Scythia. In 513, a battle ensued between Kaliakra and the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I. The settlement and fortress developed in the following centuries, but according to some researchers in the 7th century a decline occurred because the Slavs and Proto-Bulgarians showed no interest in settling this place. In 10th century sources, the area is variously listed as Tetrasida, Tetrasiada, Tetrisias, Trisa, Tirisa, or Tirista.The earliest dated Western European map that mentions the modern name Kaliakra is that of the Italian Petrus Vesconta, from 1318. In other Italian maps and 14th-century writings, the peninsula is also described as Capo Calacria or Calacria. The German armored bearer Hans Schiltberger describes the peninsula as Kalacerca, derived from the \"καλός\" – beautiful / good and \"τσέρκι\" – a hoop, given the three walls of the Kaliakra fortress. The Bulgarian Navy of the First World War included a mine-clearing boat named \"Kalatserka\".The heyday of Kaliakra was in the second half of the 14th century when it was the capital of the principality (despotate) of Carvun under the Bulgarian rulers Balik and Dobrotitsa. The despotate covered the northeastern Bulgarian lands, and was detached from the central government. Dobrotica is also called Dobrudzha, which is the Turkish pronunciation of its name. Written records speak of a powerful, medieval town where the ruler cut his own coins and turned the fortress into a church center. Today there are remains of the fortress walls on the tip of the headlands; some of the water supply, baths and the residence of the prince are still preserved. Kaliakra's despots were the first of the native rulers to begin building a navy. Dobrotica's galleys participated in successful combat operations in the Black Sea. In 1393 - 1394 the Carvun principality became one of the last Bulgarian possessions to fall under Ottoman rule.In 1402, the Vlach voivode Mircea Stari took over the lands around Kaliakra, but later that year the area was again occupied by the Ottoman troops. In 1444, the knights of the Polish and Hungarian King Vladislav III Varnenczyk were stopped near Cape Kaliakra in their campaign against the Ottoman Empire. In the old Turkish lawmen, Kaliakra is mentioned as a port with a Kilagra or Celigra Burun customs.On July 31, 1791, the largest naval battle in the Black Sea began off the coast of Kaliakra during the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792. The Russian squadron, led by Admiral Fyodor Ushakov, repeatedly defeated Hussein Pasha's superior Turkish armada, and helped end the war. A plaque with a bas-relief of the Russian Admiral was erected on the headland's tip. On August 10, 2006, the 215th anniversary of this victory, a monument to him was erected. The monument is a figure in full height and is located on a hill, where it is visible from the sea.","title":"Ancient fortress"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgaria_Kaliakra-01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"obelisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legends-4"},{"link_name":"Saint Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"dervish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervish"},{"link_name":"Ottoman rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_early_Ottoman_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Bektashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi"},{"link_name":"Sarı Saltık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1_Salt%C4%B1k"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legends-4"},{"link_name":"Lysimachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysimachus"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Rock beachProbably the most popular legend about the place is one about 40 Bulgarian girls, who preferred to tie their hair together and jump into the Black Sea rather than face the prospect of being captured by the Ottomans. An obelisk dedicated to this legend is placed at the entrance to the cape, called The Gate of the 40 Maidens.[4]Another legend tells the story of Saint Nicholas, the patron of seamen, who was running away from the Ottomans when God made the earth under him longer and longer so he could escape, and the cape was formed this way. The saint was eventually captured and a chapel was built in 1993, symbolizing his grave. A dervish monastery is also said to have existed on the same place during Ottoman rule, which is thought to have preserved the relics of Muslim Bektashi saint Sarı Saltık.[4]A third legend is about Lysimachus, a successor of Alexander the Great, who seized the royal treasure and escaped to Kaliakra, dying in a major storm along with his whole fleet.[5]","title":"Legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"}],"text":"Climate data for Kaliakra (2000-2013)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n5.2(41.4)\n\n5.6(42.1)\n\n8.9(48.0)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n24.6(76.3)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n12.7(54.9)\n\n7.7(45.9)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n2.7(36.9)\n\n3.1(37.6)\n\n6.3(43.3)\n\n10.6(51.1)\n\n17.3(63.1)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n24.6(76.3)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n10.3(50.5)\n\n5.2(41.4)\n\n13.5(56.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n0.2(32.4)\n\n0.5(32.9)\n\n3.6(38.5)\n\n8.0(46.4)\n\n14.1(57.4)\n\n18.6(65.5)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n7.9(46.2)\n\n2.7(36.9)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n90\n\n100\n\n159\n\n211\n\n302\n\n331\n\n354\n\n322\n\n215\n\n151\n\n100\n\n78\n\n2,413\n\n\nSource: Stringmeteo.com","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaliakra Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliakra_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Livingston Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_Island"},{"link_name":"South Shetland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"}],"text":"Kaliakra Glacier on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Kaliakra.","title":"Honour"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nos_Kaliakra.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BGKaliakra-fortress-2003.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cabo_de_Kaliakra,_Bulgaria,_2016-05-27,_DD_135.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cabo_de_Kaliakra,_Bulgaria,_2016-05-27,_DD_129.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cabo_de_Kaliakra,_Bulgaria,_2016-05-27,_DD_132.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaliakra_4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BGKaliakraChapel2003.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaliakra_Nos_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KaliakraWindMills.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cabo_de_Kaliakra,_Bulgaria,_2016-05-27,_DD_136.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolata_IMG_6367.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaliakra_fortress.png"}],"title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Location of Kaliakra","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Kaliakra-map.png"},{"image_text":"Rock beach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bulgaria_Kaliakra-01.jpg/200px-Bulgaria_Kaliakra-01.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation_Parliament
English Reformation Parliament
["1 Background","2 Acts","2.1 1529 Clergy legal privilege removed","2.2 1530 Praemunire charges reinstated","2.3 1532 Rome deprived of a portion of Annates normally remitted","2.4 1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals","2.5 1534 Act Concerning Peter's Pence and Dispensations","2.6 1534 The First Succession Act","2.7 1534 Treasons Act 1534","2.8 1534 Act of Supremacy; Annates reserved to the English Crown","2.9 1536 Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries Act","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References"]
16th-century English legislature Part of a series on theHistory of the Church of EnglandWestminster Abbey (1749) by Canaletto Middle Ages (597–1500)Anglo-Saxon ChristianityReligion in Medieval EnglandConvocations of Canterbury and YorkDevelopment of dioceses Reformation (1509–1559)Reformation ParliamentDissolution of the MonasteriesThomas CranmerBook of Common Prayer (1549)Edwardine OrdinalsBook of Common Prayer (1552)Forty-two ArticlesMartyrsMarian exiles Elizabethan Church (1558–1603)Book of Common Prayer (1559)Thirty-nine ArticlesConvocation of 1563The Books of HomiliesHistory of the Puritans under Elizabeth IVestments controversyRichard HookerFoxe's Book of MartyrsMarprelate Controversy Jacobean period (1603–1625)James I and religious issuesHistory of the Puritans under King James IMillenary PetitionHampton Court ConferenceBook of Common Prayer (1604)King James Version Caroline period (1625–1649)Arminianism in the Church of EnglandCaroline DivinesLaudianismHistory of the Puritans under King Charles I 1649–1688History of the Puritans from 1649Westminster AssemblySavoy ConferenceBook of Common Prayer (1662)Great EjectionNonjuring schism 1700–1950Bangorian ControversyEvangelical RevivalOxford MovementDisestablishmentarianismPrayer Book CrisisHistory of the Anglican Communion vte The English Reformation Parliament, which sat from 3 November 1529 to 14 April 1536, established the legal basis for the English Reformation, passing major pieces of legislation leading to the break with Rome and increasing the authority of the Church of England. Under the direction of King Henry VIII of England, the Reformation Parliament was the first in English history to deal with major religious legislation, much of it orchestrated by, among others, the Boleyn family and Thomas Cromwell. This legislation transferred many aspects of English life away from the control of the Catholic Church to control under The Crown. This action both set a precedent for future monarchs to utilize parliamentary statutes affecting the Church of England; strengthened the role of the English Parliament; and provided a significant transference of wealth from the Catholic Church to the English Crown. Background By the mid-1520s, King Henry VIII was in desperate need of a male heir. His wife, Catherine of Aragon, was increasingly considered to be past child-bearing age, and in Henry’s mind, having a female on the throne (i.e, his only legitimate heir, later Mary I of England) would destabilize the country. Henry then concluded that a divorce was needed in order for him to marry Anne Boleyn and sent Cardinal Wolsey to negotiate with Pope Clement VII. Wolsey was unable to convince Clement to grant a divorce. Frustrated with Wolsey and the English clergy as a whole, Henry then turned to combating the influence and the benefits that the Catholic clergy enjoyed in England, hoping that pressure on the Church would influence the Pope to support his cause. However, England was not all that powerful and important enough in Europe at this time for the Pope to pay it much attention. Henry then consulted with his advisors including Thomas Cromwell to address the influence of canonical law in England. Cromwell orchestrated much of the legislation and ran propaganda campaigns throughout England to win over the laity. Henry called Parliament to session in 1529. Acts The major pieces of legislation from the Reformation Parliament included: 1529 Clergy legal privilege removed An Act was passed to prevent the clergy from being subject to separate canonical courts. Instead, they were now to be tried in the same way as everybody else in England was and not be looked upon favourably by the courts. 1530 Praemunire charges reinstated In October 1530 Cromwell surprised even his mentor Wolsey by taking praemunire action against the English clergy, essentially accusing them of appealing to a power outside of the realm (i.e., the Pope) - not for a specific reason but rather the entire principle of papal authority over English law. The clergy were therefore charged with treason. Once the clergy acknowledged Henry as the head of the Church of England, charges were dropped. 1532 Rome deprived of a portion of Annates normally remitted The session of 1532 saw plan and purpose that had not been evident in earlier sessions. The first Act of Annates (the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates) was passed allowing only 5% of the money normally remitted to Rome. Annates were monies (church taxes effectively) that were collected in England and sent to Rome. They were levied on any diocese by Rome as payment in return for the nomination and papal authorization for the consecration of a bishop. One third of the first year's revenues from the particular diocese went to Rome. The King passed legislation threatening to deprive the pope of these revenues. During this year even more intensive work was done to try to get Pope Clement to agree to the divorce Henry required. The Parliament threatened that if Henry did not get his annulment/divorce within a year, then all payments to Rome would be stopped. The anti-clerical Act titled Supplication against the Ordinaries was also passed. 1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals Main article: Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532 This act removed the Pope from any jurisdiction over the English crown, affairs, or lands; the English monarch was now the ultimate authority. Henry used the argument that England was an empire and therefore not subject to the Pope’s control. Ultimately, as “supreme head” of the church, this act provided Henry the ability to legally divorce Katherine and marry Anne Boleyn. Most importantly, it provided the foundation for subsequent legislative reform concerning the English church and the monarch’s authority. 1534 Act Concerning Peter's Pence and Dispensations Main article: Ecclesiastical Licences Act 1533 Payment of Peter's Pence (a tax collected annually from householders) to the See of Rome was abolished. The Act also eradicated pluralism in the clergy (the right to hold more than one parish) and forbade English clergy from attending religious assemblies abroad. 1534 The First Succession Act Main article: First Succession Act The Succession Act of 1533 (passed in 1534) declared Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon's marriage invalid and Mary therefore illegitimate, which established his daughter Elizabeth (later Elizabeth I) as his heir. 1534 Treasons Act 1534 Main article: Treasons Act 1534 Henry wanted to silence critics of these changes to legislation and heirs (for example, Elizabeth Barton). As a result, Cromwell wrote legislation to ensure that any challenge to the Act of Supremacy (questioning the monarch’s authority) or the Act of Succession (questioning the line of succession) would be considered treason and punishable by death. 1534 Act of Supremacy; Annates reserved to the English Crown The second Act of Annates was passed, called the Act in Absolute Restraint of Annates. The annates were, along with the supremacy over the church in England, reserved to the Crown, and the English crown now took all revenue charged for the appointment of bishops. The Act of First Fruits and Tenths transferred the taxes on ecclesiastical income from the pope to the Crown. The Treasons Act 1534 made it high treason punishable by death to deny royal supremacy. The first Act of Supremacy (among other things) began the process by which the dissolution of monasteries was to be undertaken. It quickly followed the receipt of a survey called Valor Ecclesiasticus, but applied only to religious houses with an income of less than two hundred pounds a year. 1536 Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries Act Main article: Suppression of Religious Houses Act 1535 This act decreed that smaller monasteries with a yearly income of less than £200 throughout England would be closed. Under the guise of addressing corrupt and usury practices of the clergy, Cromwell sought a way to not only extend Crown control of the clergy but also seize their assets. In doing so, Cromwell found a way to enrich the Crown’s struggling treasury. This action would also continue to limit the clergy’s authority. In reality, the corruption of the clergy was most likely not as severe as Cromwell purported, and most laity seemed satisfied that their spiritual and pastoral needs were being met. Dissolving monasteries had been Cromwell’s goal for some time. By starting with the smaller monasteries first, he could avoid the accusation of displacing monks and nuns who could find a home elsewhere in larger, richer monasteries. It would also avoid angering influential patrons and supporters at Court, who largely supported those monasteries. Additionally, dissolution would also provide a means to win loyalty by enriching landowners by bestowing them these smaller monastic lands. Abbots agreed, in the hopes that the larger monasteries would be spared. Aftermath These eight sessions of Parliament began the separation of canonical law from statutory law in England. Ultimately, these acts transitioned laws controlling many aspects of life away from Rome and under the control of Parliament and the Crown, establishing Parliament as the ultimate authority over English law without the pope's interference. As a result, it also transferred significant wealth away from the English Roman Catholic Church to the Crown, with the added benefit of helping to boost the English economy. See also Scottish Reformation Parliament, commencing 1560 References ^ Haigh, Christopher (1993). English Reformations: religion, politics, and society under the Tudors. Oxford University Press. p. 105. hdl:2027/heb01871.0001.001. ^ UK Parliament. "Reformation Parliament". Retrieved 13 March 2023. ^ UK Parliament. "Reformation Parliament". Retrieved 13 March 2023. ^ History of Parliament Trust. "KS3 > The Reformation > Parliaments > Reformation Parliament". Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Study, University of London. Retrieved 23 March 2023. ^ Bucholz, Robert (2020). Early Modern England 1485-1714 (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 67–78. ISBN 9781118532225. ^ Bucholz, Robert (2020). Early Modern England 1485-1714 (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 67–78. ISBN 9781118532225. ^ Haigh, Christopher (1993). English Reformations: religion, politics, and society under the Tudors. Oxford University Press. p. 99. hdl:2027/heb01871.0001.001. ^ Rex, Richard (Winter 2000). "Jasper Fyloll and the Enormities of the Clergy: Two Tracts Written during the Reformation Parliament". The Sixteenth Century Journal. 31 (4): 1043–1062. doi:10.2307/2671186. JSTOR 2671186. Retrieved 26 February 2023. ^ Bucholz, Robert (2020). Early Modern England 1485-1714 (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 67–78. ISBN 9781118532225. ^ Bucholz, Robert (2020). Early Modern England 1485-1714 (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 67–78. ISBN 9781118532225. ^ History of Parliament Trust. "KS3 > The Reformation > Parliaments > Reformation Parliament". Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Study, University of London. Retrieved 23 March 2023. ^ Rockett, William (Spring 2017). "Wolsey, More, and the Unity of Christendom". The Sixteenth Century Journal. 35 (1): 140. doi:10.2307/20476841. JSTOR 20476841. ^ Rockett, William (Spring 2017). "Wolsey, More, and the Unity of Christendom". The Sixteenth Century Journal. 35 (1): 141. doi:10.2307/20476841. JSTOR 20476841. ^ Elton, G. R. (1955). England under the Tudors. London: Methuen. p. 130. ^ History of Parliament Trust. "KS3 > The Reformation > Parliaments > Reformation Parliament". Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Study, University of London. Retrieved 23 March 2023. ^ Haigh, Christopher (1993). English Reformations: religion, politics, and society under the Tudors. Oxford University Press. p. 108. hdl:2027/heb01871.0001.001. ^ History of Parliament Trust. "KS3 > The Reformation > Parliaments > Reformation Parliament". Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Study, University of London. Retrieved 23 March 2023. ^ Lehmberg, Stanford E (1970). The Reformation Parliament 1529-1536. The Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 0-521-07655-2. ^ History of Parliament Trust. "KS3 > The Reformation > Parliaments > Reformation Parliament". Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Study, University of London. Retrieved 23 March 2023. ^ Lehmberg, Stanford E (1970). The Reformation Parliament 1529-1536. The Cambridge University Press. p. 194. ISBN 0-521-07655-2. ^ Lehmberg, Stanford E (1970). The Reformation Parliament 1529-1536. The Cambridge University Press. pp. 196–197. ISBN 0-521-07655-2. ^ History of Parliament Trust. "KS3 > The Reformation > Parliaments > Reformation Parliament". Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Study, University of London. Retrieved 23 March 2023. ^ Lehmberg, Stanford E (1970). The Reformation Parliament 1529-1536. The Cambridge University Press. p. 222. ISBN 0-521-07655-2. ^ Haigh, Christopher (1983). "Anticlericalism and the English Reformation". History. 68 (224): 392. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1983.tb02194.x. JSTOR 24417597. ^ Lehmberg, Stanford E (1970). The Reformation Parliament 1529-1536. The Cambridge University Press. p. 222. ISBN 0-521-07655-2. ^ Lehmberg, Stanford E (1970). The Reformation Parliament 1529-1536. The Cambridge University Press. p. 226. ISBN 0-521-07655-2. ^ Roberts, Peter R (2007). "Henry VIII, Francis I and the Reformation Parliament". Parliaments, Estates & Representation. 27 (1): 129–144. doi:10.1080/02606755.2007.9522257. S2CID 143359563. Retrieved 26 February 2023. ^ UK Parliament. "Reformation Parliament". Retrieved 13 March 2023. ^ History of Parliament Trust. "KS3 > The Reformation > Parliaments > Reformation Parliament". Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Study, University of London. Retrieved 23 March 2023. ^ Lehmberg, Stanford E (1970). The Reformation Parliament 1529-1536. The Cambridge University Press. pp. 250–251. ISBN 0-521-07655-2. Lehmberg, Stanford E (1970). The Reformation Parliament 1529-1536. The Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07655-2. vteParliaments of medieval EnglandThirteenth centuryHenry III Oxford, 1258 London, 1265 Edward I Westminster, 1295 Fourteenth centuryEdward II Westminster, 1327 Edward III Westminster, 1376 Westminster, 1377 Richard II Westminster, 1386 Westminster, 1388 Fifteenth centuryHenry IV Westminster, 1399 Coventry, 1404 Henry V Leicester, 1414 Henry VI Leicester, 1426 Coventry, 1459 Sixteenth centuryHenry VIII Westminster, 1529–1536
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His wife, Catherine of Aragon, was increasingly considered to be past child-bearing age, and in Henry’s mind, having a female on the throne (i.e, his only legitimate heir, later Mary I of England) would destabilize the country.[5] Henry then concluded that a divorce was needed in order for him to marry Anne Boleyn and sent Cardinal Wolsey to negotiate with Pope Clement VII.[6]Wolsey was unable to convince Clement to grant a divorce. 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Henry used the argument that England was an empire and therefore not subject to the Pope’s control.[15] Ultimately, as “supreme head” of the church,[16] this act provided Henry the ability to legally divorce Katherine and marry Anne Boleyn.[17] Most importantly, it provided the foundation for subsequent legislative reform concerning the English church and the monarch’s authority.[18]","title":"Acts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter's Pence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%27s_Pence"}],"sub_title":"1534 Act Concerning Peter's Pence and Dispensations","text":"Payment of Peter's Pence (a tax collected annually from householders) to the See of Rome was abolished. The Act also eradicated pluralism in the clergy (the right to hold more than one parish) and forbade English clergy from attending religious assemblies abroad.","title":"Acts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"1534 The First Succession Act","text":"The Succession Act of 1533 (passed in 1534) declared Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon's marriage invalid and Mary therefore illegitimate, which established his daughter Elizabeth (later Elizabeth I) as his heir.[19]","title":"Acts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Barton"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Act of Supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy"},{"link_name":"treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"1534 Treasons Act 1534","text":"Henry wanted to silence critics of these changes to legislation and heirs (for example, Elizabeth Barton[20]). As a result, Cromwell wrote legislation to ensure that any challenge to the Act of Supremacy (questioning the monarch’s authority) or the Act of Succession (questioning the line of succession) would be considered treason and punishable by death.[21]","title":"Acts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annates"},{"link_name":"Act in Absolute Restraint of Annates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_in_Absolute_Restraint_of_Annates"},{"link_name":"Treasons Act 1534","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasons_Act_1534"},{"link_name":"high treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_treason"},{"link_name":"punishable by death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"Act of Supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy"},{"link_name":"dissolution of monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries"},{"link_name":"Valor Ecclesiasticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valor_Ecclesiasticus"},{"link_name":"pounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"}],"sub_title":"1534 Act of Supremacy; Annates reserved to the English Crown","text":"The second Act of Annates was passed, called the Act in Absolute Restraint of Annates. The annates were, along with the supremacy over the church in England, reserved to the Crown, and the English crown now took all revenue charged for the appointment of bishops. The Act of First Fruits and Tenths transferred the taxes on ecclesiastical income from the pope to the Crown. The Treasons Act 1534 made it high treason punishable by death to deny royal supremacy. The first Act of Supremacy (among other things) began the process by which the dissolution of monasteries was to be undertaken. It quickly followed the receipt of a survey called Valor Ecclesiasticus, but applied only to religious houses with an income of less than two hundred pounds a year.","title":"Acts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasteries"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"1536 Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries Act","text":"This act decreed that smaller monasteries with a yearly income of less than £200 throughout England would be closed.[22]Under the guise of addressing corrupt and usury practices of the clergy, Cromwell sought a way to not only extend Crown control of the clergy but also seize their assets. In doing so, Cromwell found a way to enrich the Crown’s struggling treasury. This action would also continue to limit the clergy’s authority.[23] In reality, the corruption of the clergy was most likely not as severe as Cromwell purported, and most laity seemed satisfied that their spiritual and pastoral needs were being met.[24]Dissolving monasteries had been Cromwell’s goal for some time. By starting with the smaller monasteries first, he could avoid the accusation of displacing monks and nuns who could find a home elsewhere in larger, richer monasteries. It would also avoid angering influential patrons and supporters at Court, who largely supported those monasteries. Additionally, dissolution would also provide a means to win loyalty by enriching landowners by bestowing them these smaller monastic lands.[25] Abbots agreed, in the hopes that the larger monasteries would be spared.[26]","title":"Acts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"statutory law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_law"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"These eight sessions of Parliament began the separation of canonical law from statutory law in England.[27] Ultimately, these acts transitioned laws controlling many aspects of life away from Rome and under the control of Parliament and the Crown, establishing Parliament as the ultimate authority over English law without the pope's interference.[28]As a result, it also transferred significant wealth away from the English Roman Catholic Church to the Crown,[29] with the added benefit of helping to boost the English economy.[30]","title":"Aftermath"}]
[]
[{"title":"Scottish Reformation Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Reformation_Parliament"}]
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Retrieved 26 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02606755.2007.9522257","url_text":"\"Henry VIII, Francis I and the Reformation Parliament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02606755.2007.9522257","url_text":"10.1080/02606755.2007.9522257"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143359563","url_text":"143359563"}]},{"reference":"UK Parliament. \"Reformation Parliament\". Retrieved 13 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/reformation/#:~:text=It%20passed%20laws%20which%20transferred,inaugurated%20a%20wider%20programme%20of","url_text":"\"Reformation Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"History of Parliament Trust. \"KS3 > The Reformation > Parliaments > Reformation Parliament\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhurong
Zhurong
["1 Genealogy","1.1 Character genealogy","1.2 Mythical ancestry","2 Description","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
Chinese mythological figure For other uses, see Zhurong (disambiguation). Zhurong riding two dragons, depicted in the Classic of Mountains and Seas, 1597 edition Zhurong (Chinese: 祝融), also known as Chongli (Chinese: 重黎), is an important personage in Chinese mythology and Chinese folk religion. According to the Huainanzi and the philosophical texts of Mozi and his followers, Zhurong is a god of fire and of the south. The Classic of Mountains and Seas gives alternative genealogies for Zhurong, including descent from both the Yan Emperor and Yellow Emperor. However, it is recorded in suspicious part Dahuangjing (大荒經) and Haineijing (海內經) that were written last. Some sources associate Zhurong with some of the principal early and ancient myths of China, such as those of Nüwa (Nüwa Mends the Heavens), Gonggong, and the Great Flood. Chinese mythology has in the past been believed to be, at least in part, a factual recording of history. Thus, in the study of historical Chinese culture, many of the stories that have been told regarding characters and events which have been written or told of the distant past have a double tradition: one tradition which presents a more historicised and one which presents a more mythological version. This is also true in the case of Zhurong. In Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, Zhurong is portrayed as a historical person, who held the governmental office of Minister of Fire. Zhurong was said to be the son of Gaoyang (also known as Zhuanxu), a sky god. (Again, the more historicised versions of the mythology portray Zhuanxu as a historical person; in this case an "Emperor of China"). Gaoyang also had a son, Gun, who fathered Yu the Great. The imperial clan of the Qin dynasty also claimed descent through Gaoyang (but not Zhurong). Zhurong was also claimed to be an ancestor to the eight lineages of the royal families of the state of Chu. Genealogy Character genealogy One aspect of the traditional Chinese characters used in the case of Zhurong's name is that the character 融 is composed by combining the character 鬲 which refers to a ritual cauldron or tripodal vessel with three hollow legs, which is well known from archeological reports as a characteristic Chalcolithic (Late Neolithic/Early Bronze) Age feature encountered in archaeological sites in northern China. This character is combined with another character, 虫; which, in the case of certain other complex characters is used productively to represent words with meanings related to worms, snakes, or insects. David Hawkes makes a connection between the characters in Zhurong's name and the culture and ceramic technology in ancient China. Mythical ancestry The Classic of Mountains and Seas represents Zhurong as the son of a father whose name translates as "Play-with-Pots", who in turn is represented as the son of a father whose name translates as "Skillful Pot" (and is described as having a square top upon his head). In "General Introduction" to the Chu Ci anthology, Hawkes uses these observations to bolster his speculation of a significant relationship between the archeological evidence regarding ceramic technology and the cultural background of the Chu Ci material. Description The Wu Liang Shrine inscriptions describe Zhurong as: 「祝誦〔融〕氏：無所造為，未有嗜欲，刑罰未施。」 ": He did nothing. He was addicted to nothing and desired nothing. And punishment were not in practice." However, in one myth, Zhurong was interested in physical power and fought against Gonggong for days in a contest to see who was stronger. According to the Classic of Mountains and Seas, Gonggong is a descendant of Zhurong. This raises suspicions that Haineijing(海內經)'s record was distorted in the Han dynasty for Chinese political purposes. See also Chinese ritual bronzes Lady Zhurong Xirang Zhurong rover, 2021 Mars rover Notes ^ Yang, An & Anderson Turner 2008, p. 248. ^ Yang, An & Anderson Turner 2008, p. 124. ^ Yang, An & Anderson Turner 2008, pp. 12–13. ^ Hawkes 2011, p. 81. ^ Hawkes 2011, pp. 21 and 79. ^ a b Hawkes 2011, p. 23. ^ Barbieri, Anthony (2019). Virtual Tour of Wuzhai Shan Site, 2nd Century CE (v. 2.0). University of California, Santa Barbara. The entry for Zhurong is located at "Wu Liang" > right wall > second row of reliefs > second relief from the right ^ Bellingham, David; Whittaker, Clio; Grant, John (1992). Myths and Legends. Secaucus, New Jersey: Wellfleet Press. p. 132. ISBN 1-55521-812-1. OCLC 27192394. ^ 山海經 > 海內經 > 炎帝之妻，赤水之子聽訞生炎居，炎居生節竝，節竝生戲器，戲器生祝融，祝融降處於江水，生共工。共工生術器，術器首方顚，是復土穰，以處江水。共工生后土，后土生噎鳴，噎鳴生歳十有二 References Hawkes, David, ed. (2011) . The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044375-2. Yang, Lihui; An, Deming; Anderson Turner, Jessica (2008). Handbook of Chinese Mythology. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533263-6. External links Unihan Database - U+9B32 vteThree Sovereigns and Five EmperorsFour Clans: Youchao · Suiren · Fuxi · Shennong Three Exalted Ones: Suiren · Fuxi · Taihao · Nüwa · Zhurong · Shennong · Yandi · Gonggong · Yellow Emperor (Huangdi) Four Perils: Gonggong · Huandou · Gun · Sanmiao · Hundun · Qiongqi · Taowu · Taotie Five Primal Emperors: Yellow Emperor (Huangdi) · Shaohao · Zhuanxu · Ku · Zhi · Yao · Shun Three Perfect Kings: Yao · Shun · Yu vteReligious ConfucianismRituals Jesa Sacrifice to Heaven Festival Huế Feng Shan Ritual and music system Guan Li Ji Li Marriage Ghost marriage Worship of the living Concepts Shendao shejiao Chinese theology Mandate of Heaven Confucian ritual religion Filial piety Unity of Heaven and humanity Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind Chinese folk religion Ancestor veneration in China Son of Heaven Tianxia Yan Huang Zisun Soil and grain Organizations Confucian church Holy Confucian Church Xuanyuan teaching Taigu school Shengdao Confucian Academy Confucian Shinto Taiseikyo Shusei Suika Shinto Onmyōdō People Yellow Emperor Confucius Xunzi Kang Youwei Yamazaki Ansai Buildings Temple of Confucius Confucian royal ancestral shrine Ancestral shrine Religious goods store Hero shrine Myo shrine Jongmyo Munmyo Ci shrine Miao shrine Yin miao Beijing Temples Temple of Heaven Beijing Shejitan Temple of Agriculture Objects Spirit tablet Tiangong censer Hell money Confucian coin charm Joss paper Books Four Books and Five Classics Thirteen Classics Deities Tian Shangdi Wufang Shangdi Yellow Emperor White Emperor Shaohao Black Emperor Zhuanxu Xuanwu Bluegreen Emperor Fu Xi Red Emperor Shennong Flame Emperor Zhurong Tutelary deities Landlord deity Tudigong City God Mountain God This article related to religion in China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a deity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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According to the Huainanzi and the philosophical texts of Mozi and his followers, Zhurong is a god of fire and of the south.[citation needed]The Classic of Mountains and Seas gives alternative genealogies for Zhurong, including descent from both the Yan Emperor and Yellow Emperor.[1] However, it is recorded in suspicious part Dahuangjing (大荒經) and Haineijing (海內經) that were written last. Some sources associate Zhurong with some of the principal early and ancient myths of China, such as those of Nüwa (Nüwa Mends the Heavens), Gonggong, and the Great Flood.[2] Chinese mythology has in the past been believed to be, at least in part, a factual recording of history. Thus, in the study of historical Chinese culture, many of the stories that have been told regarding characters and events which have been written or told of the distant past have a double tradition: one tradition which presents a more historicised and one which presents a more mythological version.[3] This is also true in the case of Zhurong. In Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, Zhurong is portrayed as a historical person, who held the governmental office of Minister of Fire.[4]Zhurong was said to be the son of Gaoyang (also known as Zhuanxu), a sky god.[5] (Again, the more historicised versions of the mythology portray Zhuanxu as a historical person; in this case an \"Emperor of China\"). Gaoyang also had a son, Gun, who fathered Yu the Great. The imperial clan of the Qin dynasty also claimed descent through Gaoyang (but not Zhurong). Zhurong was also claimed to be an ancestor to the eight lineages of the royal families of the state of Chu.","title":"Zhurong"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Genealogy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tripodal vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod"},{"link_name":"Chalcolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkes201123-6"},{"link_name":"David Hawkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hawkes_(Sinologist)"}],"sub_title":"Character genealogy","text":"One aspect of the traditional Chinese characters used in the case of Zhurong's name is that the character 融 is composed by combining the character 鬲 which refers to a ritual cauldron or tripodal vessel with three hollow legs, which is well known from archeological reports as a characteristic Chalcolithic (Late Neolithic/Early Bronze) Age feature encountered in archaeological sites in northern China.[6] This character is combined with another character, 虫; which, in the case of certain other complex characters is used productively to represent words with meanings related to worms, snakes, or insects. David Hawkes makes a connection between the characters in Zhurong's name and the culture and ceramic technology in ancient China.","title":"Genealogy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Classic of Mountains and Seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas"},{"link_name":"Chu Ci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Ci"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkes201123-6"}],"sub_title":"Mythical ancestry","text":"The Classic of Mountains and Seas represents Zhurong as the son of a father whose name translates as \"Play-with-Pots\", who in turn is represented as the son of a father whose name translates as \"Skillful Pot\" (and is described as having a square top upon his head). In \"General Introduction\" to the Chu Ci anthology, Hawkes uses these observations to bolster his speculation of a significant relationship between the archeological evidence regarding ceramic technology and the cultural background of the Chu Ci material.[6]","title":"Genealogy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wu Liang Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Liang_Shrine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gonggong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonggong"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"}],"text":"The Wu Liang Shrine inscriptions describe Zhurong as:「祝誦〔融〕氏：無所造為，未有嗜欲，刑罰未施。」\n\"[...]: He did nothing. He was addicted to nothing and desired nothing. And punishment were not in [his] practice.\"[7]However, in one myth, Zhurong was interested in physical power and fought against Gonggong for days in a contest to see who was stronger.[8] According to the Classic of Mountains and Seas, Gonggong is a descendant of Zhurong.[9] This raises suspicions that Haineijing(海內經)'s record was distorted in the Han dynasty for Chinese political purposes.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYangAnAnderson_Turner2008248_1-0"},{"link_name":"Yang, An & Anderson Turner 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFYangAnAnderson_Turner2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYangAnAnderson_Turner2008124_2-0"},{"link_name":"Yang, An & Anderson Turner 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFYangAnAnderson_Turner2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYangAnAnderson_Turner200812%E2%80%9313_3-0"},{"link_name":"Yang, An & Anderson Turner 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFYangAnAnderson_Turner2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkes201181_4-0"},{"link_name":"Hawkes 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHawkes2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkes201121_and_79_5-0"},{"link_name":"Hawkes 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHawkes2011"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkes201123_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkes201123_6-1"},{"link_name":"Hawkes 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHawkes2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Virtual Tour of Wuzhai Shan Site, 2nd Century CE (v. 2.0)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//barbierilow.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/Research/WuzhaishanRemastered/index.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Myths and Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/27192394"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55521-812-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55521-812-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27192394","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/27192394"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ Yang, An & Anderson Turner 2008, p. 248.\n\n^ Yang, An & Anderson Turner 2008, p. 124.\n\n^ Yang, An & Anderson Turner 2008, pp. 12–13.\n\n^ Hawkes 2011, p. 81.\n\n^ Hawkes 2011, pp. 21 and 79.\n\n^ a b Hawkes 2011, p. 23.\n\n^ Barbieri, Anthony (2019). Virtual Tour of Wuzhai Shan Site, 2nd Century CE (v. 2.0). University of California, Santa Barbara. The entry for Zhurong is located at \"Wu Liang\" > right wall > second row of reliefs > second relief from the right \n\n^ Bellingham, David; Whittaker, Clio; Grant, John (1992). Myths and Legends. Secaucus, New Jersey: Wellfleet Press. p. 132. ISBN 1-55521-812-1. OCLC 27192394.\n\n^ 山海經 > 海內經 > 炎帝之妻，赤水之子聽訞生炎居，炎居生節竝，節竝生戲器，戲器生祝融，祝融降處於江水，生共工。共工生術器，術器首方顚，是復土穰，以處江水。共工生后土，后土生噎鳴，噎鳴生歳十有二","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"title":"Chinese ritual bronzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_ritual_bronzes"},{"title":"Lady Zhurong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Zhurong"},{"title":"Xirang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xirang"},{"title":"Zhurong rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasmo
Lasmo
["1 History","2 References"]
Lasmo plcTrade nameLasmoIndustryOil and gasFounded1971; 53 years ago (1971)Defunct2001 (2001)FateAcquiredSuccessorEniHeadquartersLondon, UKKey peopleRudolph Agnew(Chairman)Joe Darby(Chief executive officer) Lasmo plc was a British oil and gas exploration and production business. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. History The Company was founded in 1971 as London and Scottish Marine Oil (LASMO) to explore the North Sea. It struck oil in the Ninian Field in 1974 and was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1977. In the early 1990s it expanded its operations into Indonesia, Algeria and Pakistan. It bought Ultramar plc in 1991 in a hostile takeover battle. It successfully fought off a hostile bid from Enterprise Oil in 1994. It expanded into Venezuela in 1997 paying $453m for an interest in the Dacion Field. In 1999 it acquired Monument Oil & Gas for £460m. In 2001 it was acquired by Eni, who successfully outbid an initial offer from Amerada Hess. References ^ a b c Lasmo falls to £2.4bn bid from Amerada Hess The Independent, 7 November 2000 ^ Scripophily ^ Lasmo attacks Enterprise Oil's 'dismal' record Independent, 18 May 1994 ^ Eni swoops on Lasmo BBC News, 21 December 2000 This article about a company of the UK is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil"},{"link_name":"gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_(economics)"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"FTSE 100 Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_100_Index"}],"text":"Lasmo plc was a British oil and gas exploration and production business. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.","title":"Lasmo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"Ultramar plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramar_plc"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Enterprise Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Oil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"Eni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eni"},{"link_name":"Amerada Hess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerada_Hess"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Company was founded in 1971 as London and Scottish Marine Oil (LASMO) to explore the North Sea.[1] It struck oil in the Ninian Field in 1974 and was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1977. In the early 1990s it expanded its operations into Indonesia, Algeria and Pakistan.[1] It bought Ultramar plc in 1991 in a hostile takeover battle.[2]It successfully fought off a hostile bid from Enterprise Oil in 1994.[3] It expanded into Venezuela in 1997 paying $453m for an interest in the Dacion Field. In 1999 it acquired Monument Oil & Gas for £460m.[1]In 2001 it was acquired by Eni, who successfully outbid an initial offer from Amerada Hess.[4]","title":"History"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/lasmo-falls-to-pound24bn-bid-from-amerada-hess-623770.html","external_links_name":"Lasmo falls to £2.4bn bid from Amerada Hess"},{"Link":"http://www.scripophily.net/diamshamrmin.html","external_links_name":"Scripophily"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022231928/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4651815.html","external_links_name":"Lasmo attacks Enterprise Oil's 'dismal' record"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1081201.stm","external_links_name":"Eni swoops on Lasmo"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lasmo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HT48FXX_Flash_I/O_type_series
Holtek
["1 History","2 Products","3 Development tools","4 References","5 See also"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Holtek" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Holtek Semiconductor Inc.盛群半導體股份有限公司Holtek Semiconductor headquarters (2017)Company typePublicIndustrySemiconductor devicesFounded1983HeadquartersHsinchu, TaiwanKey peopleKeith Wu, Chairperson Gordon Gau, PresidentChang Chi, Exec Vice PresidentArmstrong Tsai, SpokespersonProductsMicrocontrollers, MemoryComputer peripheralRemote Control, TelecomPower Management, Display DriverRevenue4,157 Million Taiwan Dollars for 2016Number of employees700 + Holtek Semiconductor (Chinese: 盛群半導體股份有限公司) is a Taiwan-based semiconductor design centre and provider with its headquarters and design operations based in the Hsinchu Science Park in Taiwan, and has sales offices located the United States and India. Holtek's design focus is in both 32-bit and 8-bit along with Touch microcontroller development, and as of 2022 the firm employed 631 employees. Holtek also designs and provides peripheral semiconductor products such as remote control, telecommunication, power management, computer peripheral, and memory devices. Holtek's device application area is concentrated in the consumer product field such as household appliances, computer peripheral products, remote controllers, leisure products, medical equipment as well as industrial controllers. Holtek microcontrollers are in home appliances including brands such as Philips, Siemens, Märklin and Japanese brands such as Futaba and Sony. History Holtek Semiconductor was established as a design house in Taipei in 1983. From the design of remote control, telecom and voice/music devices, the company moved into microcontroller design. In 1988 the company moved to the Hsinchu Science Park under the name of Holtek Microelectronics and began also its combined manufacturing and design operations. In 1998 Holtek Semiconductor Inc. became a pure design house with its device manufacturing contracted out. The decision to move out of manufacturing and focus on only design reflected many similar companies. Products Holtek HT82K95E microcontroller Holtek's design focus is in the area of microcontroller development. Holtek's 32-bit series is based on ARM Cortex-M0+ and Cortex-M3 cores. They are also producing 8051 based controllers, but the majority of their 8-bit microcontrollers are based on a core designed in-house that is very similar to the Microchip PIC16 architecture. All have common features such as timers, external interrupts, power-down functions, low-voltage reset, bi-directional I/O pins etc. The range of microcontrollers support clock speeds from 32 kHz up to 20 MHz. Device specific features include functions such as EEPROM memory, A/D converters, LCD interfaces, USB interfaces, operational amplifiers. Some of Holtek's 8-bit and 32-bit microcontroller devices: HT32F51XX ARM M3 core based 32-bit series HT85F22XX 8051 core based 8-bit series HT46RXX A/D type series HT46FXX Flash A/D type series HT48RXX I/O type series HT48FXX Flash I/O type series HT49XX LCD type series HT56RXX Tiny Power A/D type series HT66FXX Flash A/D type series HT68FXX Flash I/O type series HT82XX Computer Peripheral series HT95XX Telecom Peripheral series BS8XXX Touch IC series Holtek develops other devices, most of which could be classified as microcontroller peripheral devices. One area is that of Low Dropout Regulators where Holtek has provided a range of products with low supply currents. Holtek supports traditional products such as remote control and telecommunication devices. Some peripheral products include: HT7XX Power Management Devices HT93X/24X Memory Products HT12X Remote Control Devices HT16XX Display Drivers HT9XX Telecom Peripherals Holtek Semiconductor devices are used in home appliances, computer peripheral equipment, home medical equipment market. The company also provides a design service for customers with specific microcontroller needs. These special microcontroller devices may integrate functions such as smart card interface or medical analog circuitry within the microcontroller. Development tools Hardware Emulator with Integrated Programmer Holtek also supplies its IDE-3000 development system to support its microcontroller devices. This is a suite of hardware and software development tools which includes real time hardware emulation and software simulation as well as tools for device programming of OTP and flash type devices. Some of Holtek's ICE In-Circuit Emulators also include an integrated device programmer eliminating the need for separate programming tools. The separate programming tools can be operated in a stand-alone mode without a PC connection. References ^ "Locations - Holtek". www.holtek.com. Retrieved 2022-08-25. ^ "Holtek Semiconductor Inc, 6202:TAI profile - FT.com". markets.ft.com. Retrieved 2022-08-25. ^ "Microcontroller Market 2022: Industry Trends, Growth, Size, Segmentation, Future Demands, Latest Innovation, Sales Revenue by Regional Forecast". newsorigins.com. 2022-08-19. Retrieved 2022-08-25. See also List of companies of Taiwan Instruction listings for Holtek 8-bit processors with 14 or 16 bit instructions Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holtek Semiconductor.
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Holtek's device application area is concentrated in the consumer product field such as household appliances, computer peripheral products, remote controllers, leisure products, medical equipment as well as industrial controllers. Holtek microcontrollers are in home appliances including brands such as Philips, Siemens, Märklin and Japanese brands such as Futaba and Sony.","title":"Holtek"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Hsinchu Science Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsinchu_Science_Park"}],"text":"Holtek Semiconductor was established as a design house in Taipei in 1983. From the design of remote control, telecom and voice/music devices, the company moved into microcontroller design.In 1988 the company moved to the Hsinchu Science Park under the name of Holtek Microelectronics and began also its combined manufacturing and design operations.In 1998 Holtek Semiconductor Inc. became a pure design house with its device manufacturing contracted out. The decision to move out of manufacturing and focus on only design reflected many similar companies.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cherry_MX_3850_USB_-_Holtek_HT82K95E-3539.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cortex-M0+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-M0%2B"},{"link_name":"Cortex-M3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-M3"},{"link_name":"8051","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8051"},{"link_name":"Microchip PIC16 architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller#PIC16"},{"link_name":"peripheral equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_equipment"}],"text":"Holtek HT82K95E microcontrollerHoltek's design focus is in the area of microcontroller development.[3] Holtek's 32-bit series is based on ARM Cortex-M0+ and Cortex-M3 cores. They are also producing 8051 based controllers, but the majority of their 8-bit microcontrollers are based on a core designed in-house that is very similar to the Microchip PIC16 architecture. All have common features such as timers, external interrupts, power-down functions, low-voltage reset, bi-directional I/O pins etc. The range of microcontrollers support clock speeds from 32 kHz up to 20 MHz. Device specific features include functions such as EEPROM memory, A/D converters, LCD interfaces, USB interfaces, operational amplifiers. Some of Holtek's 8-bit and 32-bit microcontroller devices:HT32F51XX ARM M3 core based 32-bit series\nHT85F22XX 8051 core based 8-bit series\nHT46RXX A/D type series\nHT46FXX Flash A/D type series\nHT48RXX I/O type series\nHT48FXX Flash I/O type series\nHT49XX LCD type series\nHT56RXX Tiny Power A/D type series\nHT66FXX Flash A/D type series\nHT68FXX Flash I/O type series\nHT82XX Computer Peripheral series\nHT95XX Telecom Peripheral series\nBS8XXX Touch IC seriesHoltek develops other devices, most of which could be classified as microcontroller peripheral devices. One area is that of Low Dropout Regulators where Holtek has provided a range of products with low supply currents. Holtek supports traditional products such as remote control and telecommunication devices. Some peripheral products include:HT7XX Power Management Devices\nHT93X/24X Memory Products\nHT12X Remote Control Devices\nHT16XX Display Drivers\nHT9XX Telecom PeripheralsHoltek Semiconductor devices are used in home appliances, computer peripheral equipment, home medical equipment market. The company also provides a design service for customers with specific microcontroller needs. These special microcontroller devices may integrate functions such as smart card interface or medical analog circuitry within the microcontroller.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holtek_ice1.jpg"}],"text":"Hardware Emulator with Integrated ProgrammerHoltek also supplies its IDE-3000 development system to support its microcontroller devices. This is a suite of hardware and software development tools which includes real time hardware emulation and software simulation as well as tools for device programming of OTP and flash type devices. Some of Holtek's ICE In-Circuit Emulators also include an integrated device programmer eliminating the need for separate programming tools. The separate programming tools can be operated in a stand-alone mode without a PC connection.","title":"Development tools"}]
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[{"title":"List of companies of Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Taiwan"},{"title":"Instruction listings for Holtek 8-bit processors with 14 or 16 bit instructions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_instruction_listings#Holtek_clones_(14,_15_or_16_bit)"},{"title":"Holtek Semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Holtek_Semiconductor"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister-President_of_Flanders
Minister-President of Flanders
["1 Appointment","2 List of officeholders","3 Timeline","4 See also","5 References"]
Head of the Flemish Government Minister-President of FlandersMinister-president van VlaanderenCoat of arms of FlandersFlag of FlandersIncumbentJan Jambonsince 2 October 2019Executive branch of the Flemish GovernmentMember ofFlemish GovernmentResidenceErrera HouseKoningsstraat 14Brussels, BelgiumSeatMartyrs' Square 19Brussels, BelgiumAppointerKing of the BelgiansTerm lengthFive yearsConstituting instrumentConstitution of BelgiumPrecursorPresident of the Flemish ExecutiveInaugural holderGaston GeensFormation22 December 1981DeputyHilde CrevitsBart SomersBen WeytsSalary€253,000 annuallyWebsitehttp://www.flanders.be/ The minister-president of Flanders (Dutch: Minister-president van Vlaanderen) is the head of the Flemish Government, which is the executive branch of the Flemish Region and Flemish Community. The incumbent officeholder is Jan Jambon, who took over from Liesbeth Homans, the interim minister-president, following the 2019 Belgian regional elections. A new agreement to form a government between the three same parties, the New Flemish Alliance (N-VA), Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V) and the Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open Vld), was obtained on 30 September 2019. The ministers were sworn in on 2 October 2019. The government consists of nine ministers, four for the N-VA, three for CD&V and two for the Open Vld. Appointment Following the election of the Flemish Parliament, a Flemish Government is formed with a maximum of eleven ministers. The largest party in the government coalition may choose the minister-president. Following the oath of office of all ministers before the Flemish Parliament, the minister-president alone takes the oath of office before the King as well. Regional elections are held every 5 years. The Flemish Parliament was elected directly for the first time in 1995. Prior to 1995, the members of the Flemish Parliament were the members of the Dutch language group of the Federal Parliament of Belgium. The Errera House, the official residence of the Minister-President of Flanders and his ministers The cabinet offices are located at the Place des Martyrs/Martelaarsplein in Brussels List of officeholders No. Portrait Name(Birth–Death) Elected Term of office Political Party Government Took office Left office Time in office 1 Gaston Geens(1931–2002) 1981 22 December 1981 21 January 1992 10 years 30 days CVP Geens I CVP, PVV, SP, VU 1985 Geens II CVP, PVV 1987 Geens III CVP, PVV Geens IV CVP, SP, PVV, VU 2 Luc Van den Brande(born 1945) 1991 21 January 1992 13 July 1999 7 years, 174 days CVP Van den Brande I CVP, SP Van den Brande II CVP, SP, VU Van den Brande III CVP, SP, VU 1995 Van den Brande IV CVP, SP 3 Patrick Dewael(born 1955) 1999 13 July 1999 5 June 2003 3 years, 327 days VLD Dewael VLD, SP, Agalev, VU-ID 4 Bart Somers(born 1964) — 11 June 2003 20 July 2004 1 year, 39 days VLD Somers VLD, sp.a, Groen!, Spirit 5 Yves Leterme(born 1960) 2004 20 July 2004 28 June 2007 2 years, 342 days CD&V Leterme CD&V, sp.a-Spirit, VLD-Vivant, N-VA 6 Kris Peeters(born 1962) — 28 June 2007 25 July 2014 7 years, 27 days CD&V Peeters I CD&V, sp.a-Spirit, VLD, N-VA 2009 Peeters II CD&V, sp.a, N-VA 7 Geert Bourgeois(born 1951) 2014 25 July 2014 1 July 2019 4 years, 350 days N-VA Bourgeois N-VA, CD&V, Open Vld 8 Liesbeth Homans(born 1973) — 2 July 2019 1 October 2019 91 days N-VA Homans N-VA, CD&V, Open Vld 9 Jan Jambon(born 1960) 2019 2 October 2019 Incumbent 4 years, 261 days N-VA Jambon N-VA, CD&V, Open Vld Timeline See also Prime Minister of Belgium Minister-President of the Brussels Capital-Region Minister-President of the French Community Minister-President of the German-speaking Community Minister-President of Wallonia Politics of Flanders Flemish Parliament Flemish Government References ^ Geen manager mag meer verdienen dan Kris Peeters, Het Nieuwsblad, Retrieved 2014-07-24. ^ See the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium. vteGovernments of BelgiumFederal BelgiumGovernment Prime Minister Cabinet of Belgium ParliamentChamber of RepresentativesRepresentatives (Constituencies)SenateSenatorsBrussels-Capital Region Government Minister-President Parliament members Flemish Region and Community(merged institutions) Government Minister-President Parliament members Walloon Region Government Minister-President Parliament members French Community Government Minister-President Parliament members German-speaking Community Government Minister-President Parliament members See also Politics of Belgium Political parties in Belgium Elections in Belgium
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffern_Central_School_District
Suffern Central School District
["1 History","2 Schools","3 References","4 External links"]
School district in Rockland County, New York, United States Suffern Central School DistrictCherry Lane Elementary, in Airmont, NY, was awarded the National Blue Ribbon of Excellence award in 2013.45 Mountain AvenueHillburn, NY 10931District informationGradesPreK to 12SuperintendentDr. P. Erik GundersenSchools7 (soon to be 6)Students and staffEnrollment4,518 (as of 2014–15)Faculty371.3 FTEsStudent–teacher ratio12.2:1Other informationWebsitewww.sufferncentral.org Suffern Central School District, formerly the Ramapo Central School District, is a school district headquartered in Hillburn, a village in the Town of Ramapo in Rockland County, New York, United States located north of Suffern; east of Orange County, New York; south of Viola and west of Montebello. As of the 2014–15 school year, the district and its seven schools had an enrollment of 4,518 students and 371.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.2:1. The Suffern Central School District serves the villages of Airmont, Hillburn, Montebello, Sloatsburg, Suffern (including Viola), and a portion of Monsey. Its middle school and high school are named for Suffern. The six villages together have a combined population of 46,926 according to the 2000 census that takes up 20.9 square miles (54 km2) which makes the population density for the area the district serves about 2245.26 people per square mile. Several of the schools within the district have the privilege of being designated High Performing Reward Schools by the New York State Education Department in August 2014. These schools include Cherry Lane Elementary, Montebello Elementary, Sloatsburg Elementary, and Suffern High School. Suffern High School was once again named a High Performing Reward School for the 2016–2017 academic year. In addition to being named a Reward School, Cherry Lane Elementary also received the title of being a National Blue Ribbon School by the United States Department of Education in 2013. History Main article: Brooks School (Hillburn, New York) Until the 1940s, some of the schools in the district were racially segregated, until the desegregation of the previously all-black Brooks School in 1943. Thurgood Marshall who served as Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, litigated this case as head of the NAACP legal team. Marshall later litigated and won Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Kansas). In late 2016, the Ramapo Central School District began to explore the possibility of officially changing its name in order to avoid continuing confusion with the nearby East Ramapo Central School District. It was announced in June 2017 that the New York State Legislature approved of the name change and the bill was signed by Governor Andrew Cuomo', changing the name to "Suffern Central School District." In October 2023, the district announced that it was considering closing Viola Elementary School in Montebello, due to declining public-school enrollment driven by demographic shifts, as more families opt for Orthodox Jewish yeshivas in the area. At the same time, the four remaining elementary schools would be realigned; while currently they are all K–5, the plan under consideration would make two K–2 only and the other two 3–5 only. Schools Elementary schools All of the districts elementary schools are K-5 Richard P. Connor Elementary School (Suffern) (RPC), formerly Cypress Road Elementary School Montebello Elementary School (Montebello), formerly Montebello Road Elementary School Viola Elementary School (Montebello) Cherry Lane Elementary School (Airmont) Sloatsburg Elementary School (Sloatsburg) Middle school 6-8: Suffern Middle School High school 9-12: Suffern High School References ^ a b c d District information for Ramapo Central School District (Suffern), National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed December 7, 2016. ^ SCSD At A Glance, Suffern Central School District. Accessed September 3, 2017. "The District serves students residing in the Rockland County communities of Airmont, Hillburn, Montebello, Sloatsburg, Suffern, Tallman, and part of Monsey." ^ National Blue Ribbon Schools Program Schools Recognized 1982 Through 2016, United States Department of Education. Accessed September 3, 2017. ^ Thomas J. Sugrue "Gof have Pity on Such a City", in his Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North Random House, 2009 ISBN 978-0-8129-7038-8 chapter in G Books ^ "Thurgood Marshall's Hillburn desegregation battle recalled". USA Today. ^ Kuhn, Joe. 'Ramapo Rebrand: Say Hello to the Suffern Central School District", Rockland County Times, August 31, 2017. Accessed September 3, 2017. "Just in time for the new school year, the Ramapo Central School District on Wednesday officially changed its name to the Suffern Central School District.... According to Deputy Superintendent Walker, the main goal of the rebranding is 'to establish identity as a premiere school district' and to “ensure that people inside and outside the area see the district as the best place to receive an education.” The renaming was also an effort to end the long-standing confusion between the former Ramapo Central School District and the East Ramapo Central School District." ^ a b Cutler, Nancy (2023-10-04). "Suffern school district eyes shutting Viola Elementary as more opt for yeshivas". The Journal News. Archived from the original on 5 Oct 2023. External links Suffern Central School District vteEducation in Orange County, New YorkCentral and Union Free school districts are authorized to operate high schools, though not all do, while common school districts may not operate high schools.Schooldistricts Chester UFSD Cornwall CSD Eldred CSD Florida UFSD Goshen CSD Greenwood Lake UFSD Haverstraw-Stony Point (North Rockland) CSD Highland Falls-Fort Montgomery CSD Kiryas Joel Village UFSD Marlboro CSD Middletown City CSD Minisink Valley CSD Monroe-Woodbury CSD Newburgh City SD Pine Bush CSD Port Jervis City SD Suffern CSD Tuxedo UFSD Valley CSD Wallkill CSD Warwick Valley CSD Washingtonville CSD vteEducation in Rockland County, New YorkCentral and Union Free school districts are authorized to operate high schools, though not all do, while common school districts may not operate high schools.Schooldistricts Clarkstown CSD East Ramapo CSD Haverstraw-Stony Point (North Rockland) CSD Nanuet UFSD Nyack UFSD Pearl River UFSD South Orangetown CSD Suffern CSD Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"school district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_district"},{"link_name":"Hillburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillburn,_New_York"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_subdivisions_of_New_York_State#Village"},{"link_name":"Town of Ramapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramapo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Rockland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockland_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Suffern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffern,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Orange County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Viola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Montebello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montebello,_New_York"},{"link_name":"FTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_equivalent"},{"link_name":"student–teacher ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%E2%80%93teacher_ratio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCES-1"},{"link_name":"Airmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmont,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Montebello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montebello,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sloatsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloatsburg,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Suffern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffern,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Monsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsey,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Blue Ribbon School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Blue_Ribbon_School"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Suffern Central School District, formerly the Ramapo Central School District, is a school district headquartered in Hillburn, a village in the Town of Ramapo in Rockland County, New York, United States located north of Suffern; east of Orange County, New York; south of Viola and west of Montebello.As of the 2014–15 school year, the district and its seven schools had an enrollment of 4,518 students and 371.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.2:1.[1]The Suffern Central School District serves the villages of Airmont, Hillburn, Montebello, Sloatsburg, Suffern (including Viola), and a portion of Monsey.[2] Its middle school and high school are named for Suffern.The six villages together have a combined population of 46,926 according to the 2000 census that takes up 20.9 square miles (54 km2) which makes the population density for the area the district serves about 2245.26 people per square mile.Several of the schools within the district have the privilege of being designated High Performing Reward Schools by the New York State Education Department in August 2014. These schools include Cherry Lane Elementary, Montebello Elementary, Sloatsburg Elementary, and Suffern High School. Suffern High School was once again named a High Performing Reward School for the 2016–2017 academic year. In addition to being named a Reward School, Cherry Lane Elementary also received the title of being a National Blue Ribbon School by the United States Department of Education in 2013.[3]","title":"Suffern Central School District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooks School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_School_(Hillburn,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Thurgood Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"East Ramapo Central School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Ramapo_Central_School_District"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"yeshivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"text":"Until the 1940s, some of the schools in the district were racially segregated, until the desegregation of the previously all-black Brooks School in 1943.[4] Thurgood Marshall who served as Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, litigated this case as head of the NAACP legal team. Marshall later litigated and won Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Kansas).[5]In late 2016, the Ramapo Central School District began to explore the possibility of officially changing its name in order to avoid continuing confusion with the nearby East Ramapo Central School District. It was announced in June 2017 that the New York State Legislature approved of the name change and the bill was signed by Governor Andrew Cuomo', changing the name to \"Suffern Central School District.\"[6]In October 2023, the district announced that it was considering closing Viola Elementary School in Montebello, due to declining public-school enrollment driven by demographic shifts, as more families opt for Orthodox Jewish yeshivas in the area.[7] At the same time, the four remaining elementary schools would be realigned; while currently they are all K–5, the plan under consideration would make two K–2 only and the other two 3–5 only.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suffern High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffern_High_School"}],"text":"Elementary schools\nAll of the districts elementary schools are K-5Richard P. Connor Elementary School (Suffern) (RPC), formerly Cypress Road Elementary School\nMontebello Elementary School (Montebello), formerly Montebello Road Elementary School\nViola Elementary School (Montebello)\nCherry Lane Elementary School (Airmont)\nSloatsburg Elementary School (Sloatsburg)Middle school6-8: Suffern Middle SchoolHigh school9-12: Suffern High School","title":"Schools"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.sufferncentral.org/","external_links_name":"www.sufferncentral.org"},{"Link":"http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?Search=2&details=1&ID2=3628320&DistrictID=3628320","external_links_name":"District information for Ramapo Central School District (Suffern)"},{"Link":"http://www.sufferncentral.org/at-a-glance/","external_links_name":"SCSD At A Glance"},{"Link":"https://www2.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-2003.pdf","external_links_name":"National Blue Ribbon Schools Program Schools Recognized 1982 Through 2016"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NA_UPxK6jroC&dq=Hillburn+%22new+york%22+school&pg=PA165","external_links_name":"chapter in G Books"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2016/03/29/thurgood-marshall-civil-rights-battle-hillburn-school/82401894","external_links_name":"\"Thurgood Marshall's Hillburn desegregation battle recalled\""},{"Link":"http://www.rocklandtimes.com/2017/08/31/ramapo-rebrand-say-hello-to-the-suffern-central-school-district/","external_links_name":"'Ramapo Rebrand: Say Hello to the Suffern Central School District\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20231005190409/https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/rockland/2023/10/04/orthodox-jewish-yeshivas-gain-and-public-school-census-dip-in-suffern-ny-spurs-likely-viola-closure/71031616007/","external_links_name":"\"Suffern school district eyes shutting Viola Elementary as more opt for yeshivas\""},{"Link":"https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/rockland/2023/10/04/orthodox-jewish-yeshivas-gain-and-public-school-census-dip-in-suffern-ny-spurs-likely-viola-closure/71031616007/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sufferncentral.org/","external_links_name":"Suffern Central School District"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/313504283","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015015011","external_links_name":"United States"}]