Datasets:
BrightData
/
Wikipedia-Articles

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
url
stringlengths
31
184
title
stringlengths
1
146
⌀
table_of_contents
stringlengths
2
24.4k
raw_text
stringlengths
16
424k
⌀
cataloged_text
stringlengths
2
1.2M
images
stringlengths
2
86.9k
see_also
stringlengths
2
149k
⌀
references
stringlengths
2
542k
external_links
stringlengths
2
292k
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidilizumab
Pidilizumab
["1 Clinical trials","2 References"]
Monoclonal antibody PidilizumabMonoclonal antibodyTypeWhole antibodySourceHumanized (from mouse)TargetDLL1Clinical dataATC codenoneIdentifiersCAS Number1036730-42-3 YChemSpidernoneUNIIB932PAQ1BQKEGGD10390Chemical and physical dataFormulaC6424H9920N1704O2002S48Molar mass144594.83 g·mol−1 Pidilizumab (formerly CT-011) is a monoclonal antibody being developed by Medivation for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Pidilizumab was originally thought to bind to the PD-1 immune checkpoint molecule, however, recent evidence suggests that Delta-like 1 (DLL1) is its primary binding target while binding to PD-1 is secondary and restricted to non-glycosylated and hypoglycosylated forms of this molecule. Pidilizumab causes in the attenuation of apoptotic processes in lymphocytes, primarily effector/memory T cells. Clinical trials It had encouraging results by 2011 from phase II clinical trials for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. A phase II open-label study in combination for relapsed follicular lymphoma found good results compared to usual response rates. A phase I/II open label study in pediatric patients with a rare form of brain cancer, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, found improvement in overall survival compared to expected outcome. An add-on trial for multiple myeloma is ongoing. References ^ Westin JR, Chu F, Zhang M, Fayad LE, Kwak LW, Fowler N, et al. (January 2014). "Safety and activity of PD1 blockade by pidilizumab in combination with rituximab in patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma: a single group, open-label, phase 2 trial". The Lancet. Oncology. 15 (1): 69–77. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70551-5. PMC 3922714. PMID 24332512. ^ Statement On A Nonproprietary Name Adopted By The USAN Council - Pidilizumab, American Medical Association- needs login. ^ Carroll J (26 January 2016). "Anti-PD-1? Well, no, says Medivation as a partial hold forces a halt to 'pivotal' cancer study". Fierce Biotech. ^ "Teva Invests $19M More in CureTech After Positive Phase II DLBCL Data". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. September 2011. ^ Clinical trial number NCT02077959 for "Lenalidomide and Pidilizumab in Treating Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma" at ClinicalTrials.gov vteMonoclonal antibodies for the immune systemImmune systemHuman Immunosuppression: Abrilumab Adalimumab# Anifrolumab Atorolimumab Avelumab Avdoralimab Belimumab Bleselumab Brodalumab Camidanlumab tesirine Carlumab Cemiplimab Dupilumab Eldelumab Emapalumab Fresolimumab Golimumab Ianalumab† Lanadelumab Lenzilumab Lerdelimumab Lirentelimab Lirilumab Mavrilimumab Metelimumab Morolimumab Namilumab Oleclumab Oxelumab§ Pamrevlumab Placulumab Relatlimab† Sarilumab Sifalimumab Tabalumab Tezepelumab Ulocuplumab Varlilumab Immune activation: Ipilimumab Durvalumab Nivolumab Tremelimumab Urelumab Other: Bertilimumab Ontamalimab Zanolimumab Combination: Nivolumab/relatlimab Mouse Afelimomab Elsilimomab Faralimomab Gavilimomab Inolimomab Maslimomab Nerelimomab Odulimomab Telimomab aritox Vepalimomab Zolimomab aritox Chimeric Andecaliximab† Basiliximab Clenoliximab Galiximab Gomiliximab Infliximab Keliximab Lumiliximab Priliximab Teneliximab Vapaliximab Humanized Immunosuppressive: Apolizumab§ Aselizumab Atezolizumab Benralizumab Camrelizumab† Cedelizumab Certolizumab pegol Crizanlizumab Daclizumab Eculizumab Efalizumab‡ Epratuzumab Erlizumab Etrolizumab† Fontolizumab Frexalimab† Inebilizumab Itolizumab Lampalizumab† Letolizumab Ligelizumab† Lulizumab pegol Mepolizumab Mogamulizumab Natalizumab Ocrelizumab Omalizumab Ozoralizumab Pascolizumab Pateclizumab Pembrolizumab Pexelizumab Pidilizumab Plozalizumab PRO 140† Quilizumab Ravulizumab Reslizumab Retifanlimab Rontalizumab Rovelizumab Ruplizumab Samalizumab Satralizumab Siplizumab Spartalizumab† Talizumab Teclistamab Teplizumab Tislelizumab Tocilizumab Toralizumab Tregalizumab Vatelizumab Vedolizumab Visilizumab Vobarilizumab TGN1412§ Immune activation: Dostarlimab Other: Ibalizumab Chimeric + humanized Otelixizumab Rozanolixizumab Sutimlimab InterleukinHuman Bermekimab Brazikumab Briakinumab Canakinumab Fezakinumab Fletikumab Guselkumab Secukinumab Sirukumab Tralokinumab Ustekinumab Humanized Anrukinzumab Bimekizumab Clazakizumab Gevokizumab Ixekizumab Mirikizumab† Lebrikizumab Olokizumab† Perakizumab Risankizumab Spesolimab Tildrakizumab Veterinary Lokivetmab Inflammatory lesionsMouse Besilesomab Fanolesomab‡ Lemalesomab Sulesomab #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III This monoclonal antibody–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medivation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westin2014-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"PD-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-1"},{"link_name":"immune checkpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_checkpoint"},{"link_name":"Delta-like 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-like_1"},{"link_name":"PD-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Pidilizumab (formerly CT-011) is a monoclonal antibody being developed by Medivation for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases.[1][2] Pidilizumab was originally thought to bind to the PD-1 immune checkpoint molecule, however, recent evidence suggests that Delta-like 1 (DLL1) is its primary binding target while binding to PD-1 is secondary and restricted to non-glycosylated and hypoglycosylated forms of this molecule.[3] Pidilizumab causes in the attenuation of apoptotic processes in lymphocytes, primarily effector/memory T cells.","title":"Pidilizumab"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_large_B-cell_lymphoma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"follicular lymphoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_lymphoma"},{"link_name":"diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_intrinsic_pontine_glioma"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"It had encouraging results by 2011 from phase II clinical trials for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.[4] A phase II open-label study in combination for relapsed follicular lymphoma found good results compared to usual response rates. A phase I/II open label study in pediatric patients with a rare form of brain cancer, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, found improvement in overall survival compared to expected outcome.[citation needed] An add-on trial for multiple myeloma is ongoing.[5]","title":"Clinical trials"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Westin JR, Chu F, Zhang M, Fayad LE, Kwak LW, Fowler N, et al. (January 2014). \"Safety and activity of PD1 blockade by pidilizumab in combination with rituximab in patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma: a single group, open-label, phase 2 trial\". The Lancet. Oncology. 15 (1): 69–77. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70551-5. PMC 3922714. PMID 24332512.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3922714","url_text":"\"Safety and activity of PD1 blockade by pidilizumab in combination with rituximab in patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma: a single group, open-label, phase 2 trial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1470-2045%2813%2970551-5","url_text":"10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70551-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3922714","url_text":"3922714"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24332512","url_text":"24332512"}]},{"reference":"Carroll J (26 January 2016). \"Anti-PD-1? Well, no, says Medivation as a partial hold forces a halt to 'pivotal' cancer study\". Fierce Biotech.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/anti-pd-1-well-no-says-medivation-partial-hold-forces-halt-pivotal-cancer-s/2016-01-26","url_text":"\"Anti-PD-1? Well, no, says Medivation as a partial hold forces a halt to 'pivotal' cancer study\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teva Invests $19M More in CureTech After Positive Phase II DLBCL Data\". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/teva-invests-19m-more-in-curetech-after-positive-phase-ii-dlbcl-data/81245673/","url_text":"\"Teva Invests $19M More in CureTech After Positive Phase II DLBCL Data\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1036730-42-3","external_links_name":"1036730-42-3"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/B932PAQ1BQ","external_links_name":"B932PAQ1BQ"},{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D10390","external_links_name":"D10390"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3922714","external_links_name":"\"Safety and activity of PD1 blockade by pidilizumab in combination with rituximab in patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma: a single group, open-label, phase 2 trial\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1470-2045%2813%2970551-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70551-5"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3922714","external_links_name":"3922714"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24332512","external_links_name":"24332512"},{"Link":"http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/usan/pidilizumab.pdf","external_links_name":"Statement On A Nonproprietary Name Adopted By The USAN Council - Pidilizumab"},{"Link":"http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/anti-pd-1-well-no-says-medivation-partial-hold-forces-halt-pivotal-cancer-s/2016-01-26","external_links_name":"\"Anti-PD-1? Well, no, says Medivation as a partial hold forces a halt to 'pivotal' cancer study\""},{"Link":"http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/teva-invests-19m-more-in-curetech-after-positive-phase-ii-dlbcl-data/81245673/","external_links_name":"\"Teva Invests $19M More in CureTech After Positive Phase II DLBCL Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02077959","external_links_name":"NCT02077959"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pidilizumab&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balade_(New_Caledonia)
Balade, New Caledonia
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 20°18′34″S 164°30′00″E / 20.30933°S 164.499969°E / -20.30933; 164.499969Village in New Caledonia, FranceBaladeVillageBaladeLocation in New CaledoniaCoordinates: 20°18′34″S 164°30′00″E / 20.30933°S 164.499969°E / -20.30933; 164.499969CountryFranceOverseas TerritoryNew Caledonia Balade, also written Balaide, is a village located in the north of New Caledonia. It was the site of the establishment of a Catholic mission in 1843. A church still exists in the village. According to New Caledonia Tourism, the bay of Balade is the site where James Cook first visited the island in 1774, as well as where the Bucéphale landed the missionaries in 1843 and where Admiral Auguste Febvrier Despointes disembarked from the ship Le Phoque to take possession of New Caledonia for France in the name of Napoleon III on 24 September 1853. References ^ "Introduction La Mission". docplayer.fr (in French). Retrieved 4 June 2020. ^ "Travel to New Caledonia - Balade Memorial". www.newcaledonia.travel. Retrieved 7 June 2020. This New Caledonia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-La_Mission-1"},{"link_name":"James Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook"},{"link_name":"Auguste Febvrier Despointes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Febvrier_Despointes"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_caledonia_travel-2"}],"text":"Village in New Caledonia, FranceBalade, also written Balaide, is a village located in the north of New Caledonia. It was the site of the establishment of a Catholic mission in 1843.[1] A church still exists in the village.According to New Caledonia Tourism, the bay of Balade is the site where James Cook first visited the island in 1774, as well as where the Bucéphale landed the missionaries in 1843 and where Admiral Auguste Febvrier Despointes disembarked from the ship Le Phoque to take possession of New Caledonia for France in the name of Napoleon III on 24 September 1853.[2]","title":"Balade, New Caledonia"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Introduction La Mission\". docplayer.fr (in French). Retrieved 4 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://docplayer.fr/15343567-Introduction-la-mission.html","url_text":"\"Introduction La Mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Travel to New Caledonia - Balade Memorial\". www.newcaledonia.travel. Retrieved 7 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newcaledonia.travel/au/east-coast/pouebo/balade-memorial","url_text":"\"Travel to New Caledonia - Balade Memorial\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Balade,_New_Caledonia&params=20.30933_S_164.499969_E_type:city_region:NC","external_links_name":"20°18′34″S 164°30′00″E / 20.30933°S 164.499969°E / -20.30933; 164.499969"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Balade,_New_Caledonia&params=20.30933_S_164.499969_E_type:city_region:NC","external_links_name":"20°18′34″S 164°30′00″E / 20.30933°S 164.499969°E / -20.30933; 164.499969"},{"Link":"http://docplayer.fr/15343567-Introduction-la-mission.html","external_links_name":"\"Introduction La Mission\""},{"Link":"https://www.newcaledonia.travel/au/east-coast/pouebo/balade-memorial","external_links_name":"\"Travel to New Caledonia - Balade Memorial\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balade,_New_Caledonia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernt_Haas
Bernt Haas
["1 Career","1.1 Club","1.2 International","2 Post-retirement","3 Personal life","4 Career statistics","5 Honours","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]
Swiss footballer (born 1978) Bernt Haas Haas with St. Gallen in July 2007Personal informationFull name Bernt HaasDate of birth (1978-04-08) 8 April 1978 (age 46)Place of birth Vienna, AustriaHeight 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s) Right-backYouth career FC Freienbach Grasshopper ClubSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1994–2001 Grasshopper Club 165 (6)2001–2002 Sunderland 27 (0)2002–2003 → FC Basel (loan) 22 (1)2003–2005 West Bromwich Albion 46 (1)2005 → Bastia (loan) 4 (0)2005–2006 Bastia 12 (1)2006–2007 1. FC Köln 19 (0)2007–2009 St. Gallen 1 (0)2009–2010 St. Gallen U-21 2 (0)Total 298 (9)International career1996–2005 Switzerland 36 (3)Managerial career2015–2018 Vaduz (Director of football)2020–2022 Schaffhausen (Sporting Director)2022–2024 Grasshopper Club (Sporting Director) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Bernt Haas (born 8 April 1978) is a former Swiss football defender. He was most recently sporting director of Grasshopper Club Zürich. Career Club Haas was born in Vienna, Austria. He played his early youth football with local club FC Freienbach before he moved to the youth department of Grasshoppers Zurich. Aged just 16 years he signed his first professional contract and advanced from the U-21 team to GC first team under head coach Christian Gross during the 1994–95 Nationalliga A season. Haas played his debut on 31 May 1995 as GC won an away game 3–1 against Lausanne-Sport. At the end of the season he won the Swiss Championship. Haas play his Champions League debut on 1 November 1995 as GC played a goalless draw against Ajax. Haas played with GC for seven seasons before moving to England to join Premier League club Sunderland in August 2001. Despite making 27 appearances for the club in 2001–02, he did not play for Sunderland during the following season and was loaned out to FC Basel. On 30 August 2002 it was announced that Haas had joined Basel's first team during their 2002–03 season under head coach Christian Gross, who in the meantime had moved on. Haas played his domestic league debut for the club in the home game in the St. Jakob-Park on 11 September 2002 as Basel won 7–1 against Wil. Basel advanced to the group stage and they ended this in second position behind Valencia, but ahead of Liverpool and Spartak Moscow to advance to the second group stage. They ended this in third position behind Manchester United and Juventus, but ahead of Deportivo La Coruña. Haas scored his first goal for the club on 8 March 2003 in the home game as Basel won 2–0 against Servette. Although Basel had a buy out option in the loan contract, Hass decided he wanted to return to England. During his 10 months with the club he played a total of 43 games for Basel scoring that one goal. 22 of these games were in the Swiss Super League, four in the Swiss Cup, 11 in the Champions League and six were friendly games. Haas joined West Bromwich Albion in 2003, and was a regular at right-back as Albion were promoted back to the Premier League. He scored with a superb volley in the 2–0 League Cup win against Manchester United, having already scored in an earlier round against Brentford. He also scored once in the league against Crewe. However, he found his chances limited in the top-flight, and left the club by mutual consent on 21 January 2005. The following day he signed for SC Bastia in France, whom he played for prior to joining 1. FC Köln. After just one season at Cologne, he joined Swiss Super League club FC St. Gallen in 2007. But injuries obstructed his progress. The career of the strong right-back ended in some doctor's room in St. Gallen. Cartilage damage and osteoarthritis in the knee. International Haas played for the Swiss national team at Euro 2004 and was sent off in the match against England. Post-retirement Following his retirement in 2010, Haas decided to go self-employed and became a player consultant. He functioned as director of football for Liechtensteiner club FC Vaduz from 2015 until 2018. He remained living in Wollerau and commuted the 40 minutes by car to the Principality. Between 2020 and 2022, he functioned as Sporting Director at Swiss Challenge League side FC Schaffhausen. On 7 September 2023, he was fined 2,000 SFr for his role in Schaffhausen fielding ineligible players during the 2021–22 season. That season's top scorer Joaquín Ardaiz and his fellow Uruguayan Agustín González had made appearances in 21 games without a valid work permit. On July 1 2022, he was appointed Sporting Director of his former club Grasshopper Club Zürich. He was dismissed from this position on 27 March 2024. Personal life He has a twin sister named Dina, once a talented sports photographer and well known in the football business. Haas once worked as a model for Armani. Career statistics Source: Club Season League Cup League Cup Continental Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Grasshoppers 1994–95 Super League 2 0 1995–96 20 0 1996–97 29 1 1997–98 27 2 1998–99 28 1 1999–2000 16 1 2000–01 25 1 Total 147 6 Sunderland 2001–02 Premier League 27 0 2002–03 0 0 Total 27 0 Basel 2002–03 Super League 22 1 West Bromwich Albion 2003–04 First Division 36 1 2004–05 Premier League 10 0 Total 46 1 Bastia 2004–05 Ligue 1 4 0 2005–06 Ligue 2 12 1 Total 15 1 1. FC Köln 2006–07 2. Bundesliga 19 0 1 0 St. Gallen 2007–08 Super League 1 0 2008–09 Challenge League 0 0 Total 1 0 Career total 277 9 Honours Grasshoppers Swiss Championship (4): 1994–95, 1995–96, 1997–98, 2000–01 FC Basel Swiss Cup: 2003 References ^ uefa.com (1 November 1995). "Grasshoppers 0:0 Ajax". uefa.com. Retrieved 16 November 2022. ^ Alexander, Nick (3 August 2001). "Haas Deal Complete". SAFC.com. Sunderland Association Football Club. Archived from the original on 20 November 2001. Retrieved 9 May 2020. ^ Weber, Dominik (2002). "Bernt Haas leihweise bis 2003 zum FC Basel" (in German). FC Basel 1893. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2002. ^ Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv” (11 September 2002). "FC Basel - FC Wil 1900 7:1 (3:1)". Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv”. Retrieved 16 November 2022. ^ Ledsom, Mark (18 March 2003). "Basel bow out of Europe – for now". swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 16 November 2020. ^ Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv” (8 March 2003). "FC Basel - Servette FC 2:0 (1:0)". Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv”. Retrieved 16 November 2022. ^ Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv” (2010). "Bernt Haas - FCB statistics". Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv”. Retrieved 16 November 2022. ^ "Baggies seal Haas deal". BBC Sport. 14 July 2003. Retrieved 26 April 2007. ^ "Baggies bounce Man Utd out". BBC. 3 December 2003. Retrieved 2 September 2009. ^ "West Brom 4–0 Brentford". BBC. 12 August 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2009. ^ "West Brom 2–2 Crewe". BBC. 13 December 2003. Retrieved 2 September 2009. ^ "Haas parts company with West Brom". BBC Sport. 21 January 2005. Retrieved 26 April 2007. ^ a b c Rohr, Marcel (23 April 2016). "Spieler Spielerberater Sportchef" (in German). Basler Zeitung. Retrieved 16 November 2022. ^ Huggins, Trevor (18 June 2004). "Rooney nets twice in England's 3-0 win". rediff.com. Retrieved 6 July 2012. ^ "Bernt Haas wird neuer GC-Sportchef". Blick. 1 July 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022. ^ "Bernt Haas wird Sportchef bei GC". schaffhausen24.ch. 1 July 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022. ^ "Zwei FCS-Spieler sind ohne Arbeitsbewilligung angetreten - Der Club muss eine Geldstrafe bezahlenpay". Schaffhauser Nachrichten. 9 July 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2022. ^ "Schaffhausen setzte Spieler ohne Bewilligung ein". Blick. 9 July 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2022. ^ "BERNT HAAS APPOINTED NEW SPORTING DIRECTOR OF GC ZURICH". Grasshopper Club Zürich. 1 July 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022. ^ "GC ZURICH APPOINTS STEPHAN SCHWARZ AS SPORTS DIRECTOR". Grasshopper Club Zürich. 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024. ^ Shaw, Phil (10 June 2004). "Haas claims underdog tag will aid Swiss". The Independent. Retrieved 11 March 2020. ^ "Bernt HAAS". level-k.com. Retrieved 6 July 2012. Sources Die ersten 125 Jahre. Publisher: Josef Zindel im Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel. ISBN 978-3-7245-2305-5 Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv" Homepage External links Bernt Haas at Soccerbase vteSwitzerland squad – UEFA Euro 2004 1 Stiel (c) 2 Haas 3 Berner 4 Henchoz 5 M. Yakin 6 Vogel 7 Cabanas 8 Wicky 9 Frei 10 H. Yakin 11 Chapuisat 12 Zuberbühler 13 Zwyssig 14 Magnin 15 Gygax 16 Celestini 17 Spycher 18 Huggel 19 Barnetta 20 Müller 21 Rama 22 Vonlanthen 23 Roth Coach: Kuhn
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"sporting director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_director"},{"link_name":"Grasshopper Club Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper_Club_Z%C3%BCrich"}],"text":"Bernt Haas (born 8 April 1978) is a former Swiss football defender. He was most recently sporting director of Grasshopper Club Zürich.","title":"Bernt Haas"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"FC Freienbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Freienbach"},{"link_name":"Grasshoppers Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper_Club_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Christian Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Gross"},{"link_name":"1994–95 Nationalliga A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"Lausanne-Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lausanne-Sport"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uefa-CL-1995/96-GC-Ajax-1"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"FC Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Basel"},{"link_name":"2002–03 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_FC_Basel_season"},{"link_name":"Christian Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Gross"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcb2-3"},{"link_name":"domestic league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"St. Jakob-Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Jakob-Park"},{"link_name":"Wil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Wil"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcb-achiv--4"},{"link_name":"group stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_UEFA_Champions_League_first_group_stage"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_CF"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Spartak Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow"},{"link_name":"second group stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_UEFA_Champions_League_second_group_stage"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"Deportivo La Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_de_La_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swissinfo.ch-2003-03-18-Basel_bow_out_of_Europe_%E2%80%93_for_now-5"},{"link_name":"Servette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servette_FC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcb-achiv-2002/03-F-FCBServette-6"},{"link_name":"Swiss Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Swiss Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcb-achiv-Bernt_Haas-7"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"SC Bastia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Bastia"},{"link_name":"1. FC Köln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_K%C3%B6ln"},{"link_name":"Swiss Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"FC St. Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_St._Gallen"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaZ-2016-Haas-Spieler_Spielerberater_Sportchef-13"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"Haas was born in Vienna, Austria. He played his early youth football with local club FC Freienbach before he moved to the youth department of Grasshoppers Zurich. Aged just 16 years he signed his first professional contract and advanced from the U-21 team to GC first team under head coach Christian Gross during the 1994–95 Nationalliga A season. Haas played his debut on 31 May 1995 as GC won an away game 3–1 against Lausanne-Sport. At the end of the season he won the Swiss Championship. Haas play his Champions League debut on 1 November 1995 as GC played a goalless draw against Ajax.[1] Haas played with GC for seven seasons before moving to England to join Premier League club Sunderland in August 2001.[2] Despite making 27 appearances for the club in 2001–02, he did not play for Sunderland during the following season and was loaned out to FC Basel.On 30 August 2002 it was announced that Haas had joined Basel's first team during their 2002–03 season under head coach Christian Gross, who in the meantime had moved on.[3] Haas played his domestic league debut for the club in the home game in the St. Jakob-Park on 11 September 2002 as Basel won 7–1 against Wil.[4] Basel advanced to the group stage and they ended this in second position behind Valencia, but ahead of Liverpool and Spartak Moscow to advance to the second group stage. They ended this in third position behind Manchester United and Juventus, but ahead of Deportivo La Coruña.[5] Haas scored his first goal for the club on 8 March 2003 in the home game as Basel won 2–0 against Servette.[6]Although Basel had a buy out option in the loan contract, Hass decided he wanted to return to England. During his 10 months with the club he played a total of 43 games for Basel scoring that one goal. 22 of these games were in the Swiss Super League, four in the Swiss Cup, 11 in the Champions League and six were friendly games.[7]Haas joined West Bromwich Albion in 2003,[8] and was a regular at right-back as Albion were promoted back to the Premier League. He scored with a superb volley in the 2–0 League Cup win against Manchester United,[9] having already scored in an earlier round against Brentford.[10] He also scored once in the league against Crewe.[11] However, he found his chances limited in the top-flight, and left the club by mutual consent on 21 January 2005.[12] The following day he signed for SC Bastia in France, whom he played for prior to joining 1. FC Köln.After just one season at Cologne, he joined Swiss Super League club FC St. Gallen in 2007. But injuries obstructed his progress. The career of the strong right-back ended in some doctor's room in St. Gallen. Cartilage damage and osteoarthritis in the knee.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Euro 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2004"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"Haas played for the Swiss national team at Euro 2004 and was sent off in the match against England.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liechtensteiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"FC Vaduz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Vaduz"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaZ-2016-Haas-Spieler_Spielerberater_Sportchef-13"},{"link_name":"Swiss Challenge League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Challenge_League"},{"link_name":"FC Schaffhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Schaffhausen"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2021–22 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Swiss_Challenge_League"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Ardaiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Ardaiz"},{"link_name":"Uruguayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Agustín González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(footballer,_born_1997)"},{"link_name":"Grasshopper Club Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper_Club_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Following his retirement in 2010, Haas decided to go self-employed and became a player consultant. He functioned as director of football for Liechtensteiner club FC Vaduz from 2015 until 2018.[15] He remained living in Wollerau and commuted the 40 minutes by car to the Principality.[13]Between 2020 and 2022, he functioned as Sporting Director at Swiss Challenge League side FC Schaffhausen.[16] On 7 September 2023, he was fined 2,000 SFr for his role in Schaffhausen fielding ineligible players during the 2021–22 season.[17][18] That season's top scorer Joaquín Ardaiz and his fellow Uruguayan Agustín González had made appearances in 21 games without a valid work permit.On July 1 2022, he was appointed Sporting Director of his former club Grasshopper Club Zürich.[19] He was dismissed from this position on 27 March 2024.[20]","title":"Post-retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaZ-2016-Haas-Spieler_Spielerberater_Sportchef-13"},{"link_name":"Armani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armani"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"He has a twin sister named Dina, once a talented sports photographer and well known in the football business.[13]Haas once worked as a model for Armani.[21]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Source:[22]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Football_League_2000%E2%80%9301"},{"link_name":"Swiss Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Cup"}],"text":"GrasshoppersSwiss Championship (4): 1994–95, 1995–96, 1997–98, 2000–01FC BaselSwiss Cup: 2003","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7245-2305-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7245-2305-5"},{"link_name":"Verein \"Basler Fussballarchiv\" Homepage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fcb-archiv.ch/home"}],"text":"Die ersten 125 Jahre. Publisher: Josef Zindel im Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel. ISBN 978-3-7245-2305-5\nVerein \"Basler Fussballarchiv\" Homepage","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"uefa.com (1 November 1995). \"Grasshoppers 0:0 Ajax\". uefa.com. Retrieved 16 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/52151--grasshoppers-vs-ajax/","url_text":"\"Grasshoppers 0:0 Ajax\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Nick (3 August 2001). \"Haas Deal Complete\". SAFC.com. Sunderland Association Football Club. Archived from the original on 20 November 2001. Retrieved 9 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011120223850/http://www.safc.com/news.asp?article=54424&aindex=1","url_text":"\"Haas Deal Complete\""},{"url":"http://www.safc.com/news.asp?article=54424&aindex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weber, Dominik (2002). \"Bernt Haas leihweise bis 2003 zum FC Basel\" (in German). FC Basel 1893. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130219192646/http://www.fcb.ch/news/show/byItemID/de-de/-/3436/27/7/7","url_text":"\"Bernt Haas leihweise bis 2003 zum FC Basel\""},{"url":"http://www.fcb.ch/news/show/byItemID/de-de/-/3436/27/7/7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Verein \"Basler Fussballarchiv” (11 September 2002). \"FC Basel - FC Wil 1900 7:1 (3:1)\". Verein \"Basler Fussballarchiv”. Retrieved 16 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcb-archiv.ch/saison/spiele?command=detail&id=11138","url_text":"\"FC Basel - FC Wil 1900 7:1 (3:1)\""}]},{"reference":"Ledsom, Mark (18 March 2003). \"Basel bow out of Europe – for now\". swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 16 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/basel-bow-out-of-europe---for-now/3220794","url_text":"\"Basel bow out of Europe – for now\""}]},{"reference":"Verein \"Basler Fussballarchiv” (8 March 2003). \"FC Basel - Servette FC 2:0 (1:0)\". Verein \"Basler Fussballarchiv”. Retrieved 16 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcb-archiv.ch/saison/spiele?command=detail&id=11187","url_text":"\"FC Basel - Servette FC 2:0 (1:0)\""}]},{"reference":"Verein \"Basler Fussballarchiv” (2010). \"Bernt Haas - FCB statistics\". Verein \"Basler Fussballarchiv”. Retrieved 16 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcb-archiv.ch/spieler?command=detail&id=986","url_text":"\"Bernt Haas - FCB statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baggies seal Haas deal\". BBC Sport. 14 July 2003. Retrieved 26 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/w/west_bromwich_albion/3058863.stm","url_text":"\"Baggies seal Haas deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Baggies bounce Man Utd out\". BBC. 3 December 2003. Retrieved 2 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_cup/3246994.stm","url_text":"\"Baggies bounce Man Utd out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"West Brom 4–0 Brentford\". BBC. 12 August 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_cup/3133189.stm","url_text":"\"West Brom 4–0 Brentford\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"West Brom 2–2 Crewe\". BBC. 13 December 2003. Retrieved 2 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/3296545.stm","url_text":"\"West Brom 2–2 Crewe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Haas parts company with West Brom\". BBC Sport. 21 January 2005. Retrieved 26 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/w/west_bromwich_albion/4164543.stm","url_text":"\"Haas parts company with West Brom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"Rohr, Marcel (23 April 2016). \"Spieler Spielerberater Sportchef\" [Player, Player Advisor, Head of Sport] (in German). Basler Zeitung. Retrieved 16 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.joggeli.ch/presseschau?id=34478-Spieler_Spielerberater_Sportchef","url_text":"\"Spieler Spielerberater Sportchef\""}]},{"reference":"Huggins, Trevor (18 June 2004). \"Rooney nets twice in England's 3-0 win\". rediff.com. Retrieved 6 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/jun/17england.htm","url_text":"\"Rooney nets twice in England's 3-0 win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bernt Haas wird neuer GC-Sportchef\". Blick. 1 July 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blick.ch/sport/fussball/superleague/ex-nati-star-uebernimmt-bei-den-hoppers-bernt-haas-wird-neuer-gc-sportchef-id17624245.html","url_text":"\"Bernt Haas wird neuer GC-Sportchef\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blick","url_text":"Blick"}]},{"reference":"\"Bernt Haas wird Sportchef bei GC\". schaffhausen24.ch. 1 July 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://schaffhausen24.ch/articles/140392-bernt-haas-wird-sportchef-bei-gc","url_text":"\"Bernt Haas wird Sportchef bei GC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zwei FCS-Spieler sind ohne Arbeitsbewilligung angetreten - Der Club muss eine Geldstrafe bezahlenpay\". Schaffhauser Nachrichten. 9 July 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shn.ch/region/kanton/2023-09-07/zwei-fcs-spieler-sind-ohne-arbeitsbewilligung-angetreten-der-club-muss","url_text":"\"Zwei FCS-Spieler sind ohne Arbeitsbewilligung angetreten - Der Club muss eine Geldstrafe bezahlenpay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schaffhausen setzte Spieler ohne Bewilligung ein\". Blick. 9 July 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blick.ch/sport/fussball/challengeleague/zwei-funktionaere-gebuesst-schaffhausen-setzte-spieler-ohne-bewilligung-ein-id18923216.html","url_text":"\"Schaffhausen setzte Spieler ohne Bewilligung ein\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blick","url_text":"Blick"}]},{"reference":"\"BERNT HAAS APPOINTED NEW SPORTING DIRECTOR OF GC ZURICH\". Grasshopper Club Zürich. 1 July 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gcz.ch/en/news/news/article/bernt-haas-appointed-new-sporting-director-of-gc-zurich/","url_text":"\"BERNT HAAS APPOINTED NEW SPORTING DIRECTOR OF GC ZURICH\""}]},{"reference":"\"GC ZURICH APPOINTS STEPHAN SCHWARZ AS SPORTS DIRECTOR\". Grasshopper Club Zürich. 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gcz.ch/en/news/article/17/gc-zurich-appoints-stephan-schwarz-as-sports-director/","url_text":"\"GC ZURICH APPOINTS STEPHAN SCHWARZ AS SPORTS DIRECTOR\""}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Phil (10 June 2004). \"Haas claims underdog tag will aid Swiss\". The Independent. Retrieved 11 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/haas-claims-underdog-tag-will-aid-swiss-731650.html","url_text":"\"Haas claims underdog tag will aid Swiss\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bernt HAAS\". level-k.com. Retrieved 6 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.level-k.com/player/B_Haas.htm","url_text":"\"Bernt HAAS\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/52151--grasshoppers-vs-ajax/","external_links_name":"\"Grasshoppers 0:0 Ajax\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011120223850/http://www.safc.com/news.asp?article=54424&aindex=1","external_links_name":"\"Haas Deal Complete\""},{"Link":"http://www.safc.com/news.asp?article=54424&aindex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130219192646/http://www.fcb.ch/news/show/byItemID/de-de/-/3436/27/7/7","external_links_name":"\"Bernt Haas leihweise bis 2003 zum FC Basel\""},{"Link":"http://www.fcb.ch/news/show/byItemID/de-de/-/3436/27/7/7","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.fcb-archiv.ch/saison/spiele?command=detail&id=11138","external_links_name":"\"FC Basel - FC Wil 1900 7:1 (3:1)\""},{"Link":"https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/basel-bow-out-of-europe---for-now/3220794","external_links_name":"\"Basel bow out of Europe – for now\""},{"Link":"https://www.fcb-archiv.ch/saison/spiele?command=detail&id=11187","external_links_name":"\"FC Basel - Servette FC 2:0 (1:0)\""},{"Link":"https://www.fcb-archiv.ch/spieler?command=detail&id=986","external_links_name":"\"Bernt Haas - FCB statistics\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/w/west_bromwich_albion/3058863.stm","external_links_name":"\"Baggies seal Haas deal\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_cup/3246994.stm","external_links_name":"\"Baggies bounce Man Utd out\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_cup/3133189.stm","external_links_name":"\"West Brom 4–0 Brentford\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/3296545.stm","external_links_name":"\"West Brom 2–2 Crewe\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/w/west_bromwich_albion/4164543.stm","external_links_name":"\"Haas parts company with West Brom\""},{"Link":"https://www.joggeli.ch/presseschau?id=34478-Spieler_Spielerberater_Sportchef","external_links_name":"\"Spieler Spielerberater Sportchef\""},{"Link":"http://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/jun/17england.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rooney nets twice in England's 3-0 win\""},{"Link":"https://www.blick.ch/sport/fussball/superleague/ex-nati-star-uebernimmt-bei-den-hoppers-bernt-haas-wird-neuer-gc-sportchef-id17624245.html","external_links_name":"\"Bernt Haas wird neuer GC-Sportchef\""},{"Link":"https://schaffhausen24.ch/articles/140392-bernt-haas-wird-sportchef-bei-gc","external_links_name":"\"Bernt Haas wird Sportchef bei GC\""},{"Link":"https://www.shn.ch/region/kanton/2023-09-07/zwei-fcs-spieler-sind-ohne-arbeitsbewilligung-angetreten-der-club-muss","external_links_name":"\"Zwei FCS-Spieler sind ohne Arbeitsbewilligung angetreten - Der Club muss eine Geldstrafe bezahlenpay\""},{"Link":"https://www.blick.ch/sport/fussball/challengeleague/zwei-funktionaere-gebuesst-schaffhausen-setzte-spieler-ohne-bewilligung-ein-id18923216.html","external_links_name":"\"Schaffhausen setzte Spieler ohne Bewilligung ein\""},{"Link":"https://www.gcz.ch/en/news/news/article/bernt-haas-appointed-new-sporting-director-of-gc-zurich/","external_links_name":"\"BERNT HAAS APPOINTED NEW SPORTING DIRECTOR OF GC ZURICH\""},{"Link":"https://www.gcz.ch/en/news/article/17/gc-zurich-appoints-stephan-schwarz-as-sports-director/","external_links_name":"\"GC ZURICH APPOINTS STEPHAN SCHWARZ AS SPORTS DIRECTOR\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/haas-claims-underdog-tag-will-aid-swiss-731650.html","external_links_name":"\"Haas claims underdog tag will aid Swiss\""},{"Link":"http://www.level-k.com/player/B_Haas.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bernt HAAS\""},{"Link":"https://www.fcb-archiv.ch/home","external_links_name":"Verein \"Basler Fussballarchiv\" Homepage"},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=16278","external_links_name":"Bernt Haas"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crocker_(disambiguation)
John Crocker (disambiguation)
[]
John Crocker was a British Army officer. John Crocker may also refer to: J. Howard Crocker (John Howard Crocker; 1870–1959), Canadian educator and sports executive John Crocker (jazz musician) John Crocker (physicist) John Crocker (MP for Tavistock), English MP for Tavistock (UK Parliament constituency), 1394 John Crocker (died 1508) (c. 1433–1508), English MP for Devon (UK Parliament constituency), 1491 John Crocker (actor) (1925–2015), English actor Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. Howard Crocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Howard_Crocker"},{"link_name":"John Crocker (jazz musician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crocker_(jazz_musician)"},{"link_name":"John Crocker (physicist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crocker_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"John Crocker (MP for Tavistock)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Crocker_(MP_for_Tavistock)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tavistock (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavistock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"John Crocker (died 1508)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Crocker_(died_1508)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Devon (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"John Crocker (actor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Crocker_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/John_Crocker_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"John Crocker may also refer to:J. Howard Crocker (John Howard Crocker; 1870–1959), Canadian educator and sports executive\nJohn Crocker (jazz musician)\nJohn Crocker (physicist)\nJohn Crocker (MP for Tavistock), English MP for Tavistock (UK Parliament constituency), 1394\nJohn Crocker (died 1508) (c. 1433–1508), English MP for Devon (UK Parliament constituency), 1491\nJohn Crocker (actor) (1925–2015), English actorTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"John Crocker (disambiguation)"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/John_Crocker_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Volcere
Marc Volcere
["1 References"]
Marc VolcereOccupationPoliticianYears active2007 Marc Volcere is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles. He is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2007. References Member page on Assembly website This article about a Seychellois politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Assembly of Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Seychelles People's Progressive Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles_People%27s_Progressive_Front"}],"text":"Marc Volcere is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles. He is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2007.","title":"Marc Volcere"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081004013852/http://www.nationalassembly.gov.sc/pages/memprof/gap.aspx","external_links_name":"Member page on Assembly website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marc_Volcere&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_I_Logothetes
Nikephoros I
["1 Background","2 Reign","3 Family","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources"]
Byzantine emperor from 802 to 811 "Nicephorus I" redirects here. For other uses, see Nicephorus I (disambiguation). This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (August 2020) Nikephoros IEmperor of the RomansGold solidus of Nikephoros I, marked: niciforos basile(us)Byzantine emperorReign31 October 802 – 26 July 811PredecessorIreneSuccessorStaurakiosBorn750Died26 July 811 (aged 60–61)Battle of Pliska, PliskaSpouseUnknownIssueStaurakiosProkopiaDynastyNikephorianReligionEastern Orthodox Nikephorian dynasty Chronology Nikephoros I 802–811  with Staurakios as co-emperor 803–811  Staurakios 811 Michael I 811–813  with Theophylact and Stauracius as co-emperor 811–813  Succession Preceded byIsaurian dynasty Followed byLeo V and the Amorian dynasty vte Nikephoros I (Greek: Νικηφόρος; Latin: Nicephorus; 750 – 26 July 811) was Byzantine emperor from 802 to 811. He began his career as genikos logothetēs under Empress Irene, but later overthrew her to seize the throne. Prior to becoming emperor, he was sometimes referred to as "the Logothete" (Greek: ὁ Λογοθέτης) and "Genikos" or "Genicus" (Greek: ὁ Γενικός), in recognition of his previous role. During his reign, Nikephoros engaged in military campaigns against both the Arabs and the Bulgarians, although the outcomes were varied. While leading an invasion into Bulgaria, he suffered a defeat and was killed at the Battle of Pliska. Background According to several sources outside the Byzantine context, such as Michael the Syrian, al-Tabari, and Mas'udi, there is a tradition that suggests Nikephoros had Ghassanid Arab origins and that he descended from the final Ghassanid ruler Jabala ibn al-Ayham. Al-Tabari assets that he obtained this information from Byzantine sources, although no surviving Byzantine chronicle explicitly mentions the emperor's ethnic background. Paul Julius Alexander, a modern scholar, proposes that al-Tabari might have indeed transmitted information found in Byzantine writings. He points to an apocalyptic text that has been preserved in a "hopelessly corrupt" copy, where it is mentioned that the emperor hailed "from the race of Gopsin". The historian Nadia Maria El-Cheikh transmits another, alternative, tradition from Arab sources (specifically al-Masudi), in which Nikephoros supposedly originated from the Iyad tribe; she doubts both traditions, believing that they are simply legends. Reign This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nikephoros I" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the reign of Nikephoros I, in 802 AD. Nikephoros, a patrician hailing from Seleucia Sidera, was appointed as the finance minister (logothetēs tou genikou) by Empress Irene. He played a significant role in a power struggle among courtiers, which ultimately resulted in the removal of Irene from the throne and her subsequent exile. With the support of his co-conspirators, Nikephoros ascended to the position of emperor on 31 October 802. In 803, he crowned his son Staurakios as co-emperor. During his reign, Nikephoros undertook a comprehensive reorganization of the Roman Empire and made efforts to strengthen its borders. He established new administrative divisions, known as themes, in the Balkans and resettled Greeks from Anatolia in these regions. To fund the expansion of his military forces, he managed the empire's finances with strict discipline, which led to the displeasure and hostility of his subjects. According to later accounts by Theophanes Continuatus in the 10th century and Synopsis Chronike in the 13th century, the rebellion of General Bardanes Tourkos in 803 may have been triggered by dissatisfaction with Nikephoros' handling of army salaries. Nikephoros secretly negotiated with two influential supporters of Bardanes, Generals Leo and Michael, who convinced the rebel army to disband. Bardanes was subsequently captured, blinded, and sent to a monastery. A conspiracy led by the patrician Arsaber had a similar outcome. Nikephoros' imposition of taxes and his attempts to exert control over the church created a rift between him and the clergy. Although he appointed an iconodule named Nikephoros as the patriarch, Emperor Nikephoros was portrayed unfavorably by ecclesiastical historians such as Theophanes the Confessor. Khan Krum captures Nikephoros I, from the 14th-century Manasses Chronicle In 803, Nikephoros concluded a treaty known as the "Pax Nicephori" with Charlemagne but refused to acknowledge Charlemagne's imperial status. Relations between the two deteriorated, leading to a war over Venice between 806 and 810. While Nikephoros managed to suppress a rebellion in Venice in 807, he suffered significant losses to the Franks. The conflict was ultimately resolved after Nikephoros' death, resulting in the assignment of Venice, Istria, the Dalmatian coast, and Southern Italy to the Eastern realm, while Rome, Ravenna, and the Pentapolis were included in the Western realm. By withholding the tribute that Irene had agreed to pay to the caliph Hārūn al-Rashīd, Nikephoros committed himself to a war against the Arabs. Due to Bardanes' disloyalty, Nikephoros was forced to lead the military campaign himself, resulting in a severe defeat at the Battle of Krasos in Phrygia in 805. In 806, a Muslim army comprising 135,000 soldiers invaded the Empire. Unable to match the Muslim forces, Nikephoros agreed to peace on the condition of an immediate payment of 50,000 nomismata and an annual tribute of 30,000 nomismata. With the caliphate embroiled in a succession struggle following Hārūn al-Rashīd's death in 809, Nikephoros was able to focus on dealing with Krum, the Khan of Bulgaria, who was posing a threat to the empire's northern frontiers and had recently conquered Serdica (Sofia). In 811, Nikephoros launched an invasion of Bulgaria, achieved victory over Krum twice, and sacked the Bulgarian capital, Pliska. The Chronicle of Michael the Syrian, a 12th-century patriarch of the Syrian Jacobites, describes the brutality and atrocities committed by Nikephoros: "Nikephoros, emperor of the Roman Empire, walked into the Bulgarians' land: he was victorious and killed great number of them. He reached their capital, seized it and devastated it. His savagery went to the point that he ordered to bring their small children, got them tied down on earth and made thresh grain stones to smash them." During the retreat of Nikephoros' forces, the imperial army was ambushed and annihilated in the Varbishki mountain passes at the Battle of Pliska by Krum. Nikephoros perished in the battle, and Krum is said to have had his head severed and used his skull as a drinking cup. Family By an unknown wife Nikephoros I had at least two children: Staurakios, who succeeded as emperor. Prokopia, who married Michael I Rangabe, emperor 811–813. See also Byzantine Empire portal List of Byzantine emperors References ^ a b Bekkum, Wout Jac van; Drijvers, Jan Willem; Klugkist, Alexander Cornelis (2007). Syriac Polemics: Studies in Honour of Gerrit Jan Reinink. Peeters Publishers. p. 97. ISBN 978-9042919730. ^ Cooper, Eric; Decker, Michael J. (2012). Life and Society in Byzantine Cappadocia. Springer. p. 42. ISBN 978-1137029645. ^ Biliarsky, Ivan (2013). The Tale of the Prophet Isaiah: The Destiny and Meanings of an Apocryphal Text. Brill. p. 208. ISBN 978-9004254381. ^ a b Alexander, Paul Julius (1985). The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition. University of California Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0520049987. ^ El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs. Harvard CMES. pp. 95, 132 n. 40. ISBN 978-0-932885-30-2. ^ a b Mikaberidze 2011, p. 222. Sources Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, ed. by Alexander Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, 1991.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nicephorus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 647–648. Norwich, John J. (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 0-394-53779-3. Nikephoros I Nikephorian dynastyBorn: 8th century Died: 26 July 811 Regnal titles Preceded byIrene Byzantine emperor 802–811 Succeeded byStaurakios Political offices Preceded byConstantine VI in 782,then lapsed Roman consul 803 Succeeded byLapsed,Leo V in 814 vteRoman and Byzantine emperors and empresses regnantPrincipate27 BC – AD 235 Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus Septimius Severus Caracalla Geta Macrinus (w. Diadumenian) Elagabalus Severus Alexander Crisis235–285 Maximinus I Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip I (w. Philip II) Decius (w. Herennius Etruscus) Trebonianus Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus) Aemilianus Silbannacus (?) Valerian Gallienus (w. Saloninus) Claudius II Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Dominate284–610 Diocletian Maximian Galerius Constantius I Severus II Constantine I Maxentius Licinius Maximinus II Valerius Valens Martinian Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Magnentius Nepotianus Vetranio Julian Jovian Valentinian I Valens Procopius Gratian Theodosius I Valentinian II Magnus Maximus (w. Victor) Eugenius Western Empire395–480 Honorius Constantine III (w. Constans II) Priscus Attalus Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Severus III Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Eastern Empire395–610 Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus (w. Marcus) Anastasius I Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice (w. Theodosius) Phocas Eastern/Byzantine Empire610–1453 Heraclius Constantine III Heraclonas (w. Tiberius) Constans II Constantine IV (w. Heraclius & Tiberius) Justinian II Leontius Tiberius III Justinian II (w. Tiberius) Philippicus Anastasius II Theodosius III Leo III Constantine V Artabasdos (w. Nikephoros) Leo IV Constantine VI Irene Nikephoros I Staurakios Michael I Rangabe (w. Theophylact & Staurakios) Leo V (w. Constantine) Michael II Theophilos (w. Constantine) Theodora (II) (w. Thekla) Michael III Basil I (w. Constantine) Leo VI Alexander Constantine VII Romanos I Lekapenos (w. Christopher, Stephen & Constantine Lekapenos) Romanos II Nikephoros II Phokas John I Tzimiskes Basil II Constantine VIII Zoe Romanos III Argyros Michael IV Michael V Constantine IX Monomachos Theodora (III) Michael VI Bringas Isaac I Komnenos Constantine X Doukas Eudokia Makrembolitissa Romanos IV Diogenes (w. Leo & Nikephoros) Michael VII Doukas (w. Andronikos, Konstantios & Constantine Doukas) Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos (w. Constantine Doukas) John II Komnenos (w. Alexios) Manuel I Komnenos Alexios II Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos (w. John) Isaac II Angelos Alexios III Angelos Alexios IV Angelos Alexios V Doukas Theodore I Laskaris (w. Nicholas) John III Vatatzes Theodore II Laskaris John IV Laskaris Michael VIII Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos Michael IX Palaiologos Andronikos III Palaiologos John V Palaiologos John VI Kantakouzenos (w. Matthew) Andronikos IV Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos (w. Andronikos V) Manuel II Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos See also Gallic emperors (260–274) Palmyrene emperors (267–273) Britannic emperors (286–296) Trapezuntine emperors (1204–1461) Thessalonian emperors (1224–1242) Empresses Augustae Usurpers Classical Eastern Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 3 4 WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Belgium United States Greece Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicephorus I (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicephorus_I_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Byzantine emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors"},{"link_name":"genikos logothetēs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou"},{"link_name":"Empress Irene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Logothete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logothete"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pliska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska"}],"text":"\"Nicephorus I\" redirects here. For other uses, see Nicephorus I (disambiguation).Nikephoros I (Greek: Νικηφόρος; Latin: Nicephorus; 750 – 26 July 811) was Byzantine emperor from 802 to 811. He began his career as genikos logothetēs under Empress Irene, but later overthrew her to seize the throne. Prior to becoming emperor, he was sometimes referred to as \"the Logothete\" (Greek: ὁ Λογοθέτης) and \"Genikos\" or \"Genicus\" (Greek: ὁ Γενικός), in recognition of his previous role.During his reign, Nikephoros engaged in military campaigns against both the Arabs and the Bulgarians, although the outcomes were varied. While leading an invasion into Bulgaria, he suffered a defeat and was killed at the Battle of Pliska.","title":"Nikephoros I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael the Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian"},{"link_name":"al-Tabari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari"},{"link_name":"Mas'udi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%27udi"},{"link_name":"Ghassanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghassanid"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"Jabala ibn al-Ayham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabala_ibn_al-Ayham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polemics97-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alex-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polemics97-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alex-4"},{"link_name":"al-Masudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Masudi"},{"link_name":"Iyad tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyad_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"According to several sources outside the Byzantine context, such as Michael the Syrian, al-Tabari, and Mas'udi, there is a tradition that suggests Nikephoros had Ghassanid Arab origins and that he descended from the final Ghassanid ruler Jabala ibn al-Ayham.[1][2][3] Al-Tabari assets that he obtained this information from Byzantine sources,[4] although no surviving Byzantine chronicle explicitly mentions the emperor's ethnic background.[1] Paul Julius Alexander, a modern scholar, proposes that al-Tabari might have indeed transmitted information found in Byzantine writings. He points to an apocalyptic text that has been preserved in a \"hopelessly corrupt\" copy, where it is mentioned that the emperor hailed \"from the race of Gopsin\".[4] The historian Nadia Maria El-Cheikh transmits another, alternative, tradition from Arab sources (specifically al-Masudi), in which Nikephoros supposedly originated from the Iyad tribe; she doubts both traditions, believing that they are simply legends.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantine_Empire_802_AD.png"},{"link_name":"patrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrikios"},{"link_name":"Seleucia Sidera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucia_Sidera"},{"link_name":"logothetēs tou genikou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou"},{"link_name":"Irene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_(empress)"},{"link_name":"Staurakios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staurakios"},{"link_name":"themes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Theophanes Continuatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanes_Continuatus"},{"link_name":"Synopsis Chronike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synopsis_Chronike_(Skoutariotes)"},{"link_name":"Bardanes Tourkos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardanes_Tourkos"},{"link_name":"Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian"},{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_II"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"Arsaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsaber"},{"link_name":"iconodule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconodule"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Nicephorus_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Theophanes the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A(2)-Fig07.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manasses Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasses_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Pax Nicephori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Nicephori"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Istria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istria"},{"link_name":"Dalmatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Southern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Italy"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna"},{"link_name":"Pentapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentapolis"},{"link_name":"Hārūn al-Rashīd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81r%C5%ABn_al-Rash%C4%ABd"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011222-6"},{"link_name":"Battle of Krasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Krasos"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011222-6"},{"link_name":"invaded the Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(806)"},{"link_name":"Krum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krum"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Pliska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliska"},{"link_name":"Michael the Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pliska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska"},{"link_name":"Krum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krum"},{"link_name":"a drinking cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull_cup"}],"text":"The Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the reign of Nikephoros I, in 802 AD.Nikephoros, a patrician hailing from Seleucia Sidera, was appointed as the finance minister (logothetēs tou genikou) by Empress Irene. He played a significant role in a power struggle among courtiers, which ultimately resulted in the removal of Irene from the throne and her subsequent exile. With the support of his co-conspirators, Nikephoros ascended to the position of emperor on 31 October 802. In 803, he crowned his son Staurakios as co-emperor.During his reign, Nikephoros undertook a comprehensive reorganization of the Roman Empire and made efforts to strengthen its borders. He established new administrative divisions, known as themes, in the Balkans and resettled Greeks from Anatolia in these regions. To fund the expansion of his military forces, he managed the empire's finances with strict discipline, which led to the displeasure and hostility of his subjects. According to later accounts by Theophanes Continuatus in the 10th century and Synopsis Chronike in the 13th century, the rebellion of General Bardanes Tourkos in 803 may have been triggered by dissatisfaction with Nikephoros' handling of army salaries. Nikephoros secretly negotiated with two influential supporters of Bardanes, Generals Leo and Michael, who convinced the rebel army to disband. Bardanes was subsequently captured, blinded, and sent to a monastery. A conspiracy led by the patrician Arsaber had a similar outcome.Nikephoros' imposition of taxes and his attempts to exert control over the church created a rift between him and the clergy. Although he appointed an iconodule named Nikephoros as the patriarch, Emperor Nikephoros was portrayed unfavorably by ecclesiastical historians such as Theophanes the Confessor.Khan Krum captures Nikephoros I, from the 14th-century Manasses ChronicleIn 803, Nikephoros concluded a treaty known as the \"Pax Nicephori\" with Charlemagne but refused to acknowledge Charlemagne's imperial status. Relations between the two deteriorated, leading to a war over Venice between 806 and 810. While Nikephoros managed to suppress a rebellion in Venice in 807, he suffered significant losses to the Franks. The conflict was ultimately resolved after Nikephoros' death, resulting in the assignment of Venice, Istria, the Dalmatian coast, and Southern Italy to the Eastern realm, while Rome, Ravenna, and the Pentapolis were included in the Western realm.By withholding the tribute that Irene had agreed to pay to the caliph Hārūn al-Rashīd, Nikephoros committed himself to a war against the Arabs.[6] Due to Bardanes' disloyalty, Nikephoros was forced to lead the military campaign himself, resulting in a severe defeat at the Battle of Krasos in Phrygia in 805.[6] In 806, a Muslim army comprising 135,000 soldiers invaded the Empire. Unable to match the Muslim forces, Nikephoros agreed to peace on the condition of an immediate payment of 50,000 nomismata and an annual tribute of 30,000 nomismata. With the caliphate embroiled in a succession struggle following Hārūn al-Rashīd's death in 809, Nikephoros was able to focus on dealing with Krum, the Khan of Bulgaria, who was posing a threat to the empire's northern frontiers and had recently conquered Serdica (Sofia).In 811, Nikephoros launched an invasion of Bulgaria, achieved victory over Krum twice, and sacked the Bulgarian capital, Pliska. The Chronicle of Michael the Syrian, a 12th-century patriarch of the Syrian Jacobites, describes the brutality and atrocities committed by Nikephoros: \"Nikephoros, emperor of the Roman Empire, walked into the Bulgarians' land: he was victorious and killed great number of them. He reached their capital, seized it and devastated it. His savagery went to the point that he ordered to bring their small children, got them tied down on earth and made thresh grain stones to smash them.\" During the retreat of Nikephoros' forces, the imperial army was ambushed and annihilated in the Varbishki mountain passes at the Battle of Pliska by Krum. Nikephoros perished in the battle, and Krum is said to have had his head severed and used his skull as a drinking cup.","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Staurakios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staurakios"},{"link_name":"Prokopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopia"},{"link_name":"Michael I Rangabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe"}],"text":"By an unknown wife Nikephoros I had at least two children:Staurakios, who succeeded as emperor.\nProkopia, who married Michael I Rangabe, emperor 811–813.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kazhdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Nicephorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nicephorus"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-394-53779-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-53779-3"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors"},{"link_name":"Principate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principate"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"Caligula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula"},{"link_name":"Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius"},{"link_name":"Nero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero"},{"link_name":"Galba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galba"},{"link_name":"Otho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otho"},{"link_name":"Vitellius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitellius"},{"link_name":"Vespasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespasian"},{"link_name":"Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus"},{"link_name":"Domitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian"},{"link_name":"Nerva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerva"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"Antoninus Pius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aurelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius"},{"link_name":"Lucius Verus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Verus"},{"link_name":"Commodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodus"},{"link_name":"Pertinax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertinax"},{"link_name":"Didius Julianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didius_Julianus"},{"link_name":"Septimius Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus"},{"link_name":"Caracalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla"},{"link_name":"Geta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geta_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Macrinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrinus"},{"link_name":"Diadumenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadumenian"},{"link_name":"Elagabalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus"},{"link_name":"Severus Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century"},{"link_name":"Maximinus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax"},{"link_name":"Gordian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_I"},{"link_name":"Gordian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_II"},{"link_name":"Pupienus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupienus"},{"link_name":"Balbinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbinus"},{"link_name":"Gordian III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_III"},{"link_name":"Philip I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Arab"},{"link_name":"Philip II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)"},{"link_name":"Decius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decius"},{"link_name":"Herennius Etruscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus"},{"link_name":"Trebonianus Gallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus"},{"link_name":"Hostilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostilian"},{"link_name":"Volusianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volusianus"},{"link_name":"Aemilianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aemilianus"},{"link_name":"Silbannacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silbannacus"},{"link_name":"Valerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Gallienus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallienus"},{"link_name":"Saloninus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saloninus"},{"link_name":"Claudius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus"},{"link_name":"Quintillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintillus"},{"link_name":"Aurelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Florianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florianus"},{"link_name":"Probus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probus_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Carus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carus"},{"link_name":"Carinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinus"},{"link_name":"Numerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerian"},{"link_name":"Dominate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominate"},{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"Maximian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximian"},{"link_name":"Galerius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerius"},{"link_name":"Constantius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus"},{"link_name":"Severus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_II"},{"link_name":"Constantine I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Maxentius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxentius"},{"link_name":"Licinius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licinius"},{"link_name":"Maximinus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Daza"},{"link_name":"Valerius Valens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Valens"},{"link_name":"Martinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Constantine II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Constantius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_II"},{"link_name":"Constans I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans"},{"link_name":"Magnentius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnentius"},{"link_name":"Nepotianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotianus"},{"link_name":"Vetranio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetranio"},{"link_name":"Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Jovian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Valentinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I"},{"link_name":"Valens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens"},{"link_name":"Procopius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)"},{"link_name":"Gratian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratian"},{"link_name":"Theodosius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I"},{"link_name":"Valentinian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_II"},{"link_name":"Magnus Maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus"},{"link_name":"Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Eugenius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenius"},{"link_name":"Western Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Honorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Constantine III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)"},{"link_name":"Constans II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)"},{"link_name":"Priscus Attalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscus_Attalus"},{"link_name":"Constantius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_III"},{"link_name":"Joannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joannes"},{"link_name":"Valentinian III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_III"},{"link_name":"Petronius Maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronius_Maximus"},{"link_name":"Avitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avitus"},{"link_name":"Majorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorian"},{"link_name":"Severus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libius_Severus"},{"link_name":"Anthemius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthemius"},{"link_name":"Olybrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olybrius"},{"link_name":"Glycerius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius"},{"link_name":"Julius Nepos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Nepos"},{"link_name":"Romulus Augustulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus"},{"link_name":"Eastern Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Arcadius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadius"},{"link_name":"Theodosius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_II"},{"link_name":"Marcian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcian"},{"link_name":"Leo I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Leo II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Zeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Basiliscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basiliscus"},{"link_name":"Marcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)"},{"link_name":"Anastasius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus"},{"link_name":"Justin I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_I"},{"link_name":"Justinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"Justin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_II"},{"link_name":"Tiberius II Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine"},{"link_name":"Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Theodosius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)"},{"link_name":"Phocas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocas"},{"link_name":"Eastern/Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Heraclius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclius"},{"link_name":"Constantine III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine"},{"link_name":"Heraclonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclonas"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)"},{"link_name":"Constans II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_II"},{"link_name":"Constantine IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_IV"},{"link_name":"Heraclius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)"},{"link_name":"Justinian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_II"},{"link_name":"Leontius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontius"},{"link_name":"Tiberius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_III"},{"link_name":"Justinian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_II"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)"},{"link_name":"Philippicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippicus"},{"link_name":"Anastasius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Theodosius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_III"},{"link_name":"Leo III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian"},{"link_name":"Constantine V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_V"},{"link_name":"Artabasdos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artabasdos"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)"},{"link_name":"Leo IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar"},{"link_name":"Constantine VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_VI"},{"link_name":"Irene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Staurakios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staurakios"},{"link_name":"Michael I Rangabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe"},{"link_name":"Theophylact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)"},{"link_name":"Staurakios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)"},{"link_name":"Leo V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian"},{"link_name":"Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)"},{"link_name":"Michael II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_II"},{"link_name":"Theophilos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)"},{"link_name":"Theodora (II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)"},{"link_name":"Thekla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)"},{"link_name":"Michael III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_III"},{"link_name":"Basil I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_I"},{"link_name":"Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)"},{"link_name":"Leo VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)"},{"link_name":"Constantine VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_VII"},{"link_name":"Romanos I Lekapenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos"},{"link_name":"Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos"},{"link_name":"Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos"},{"link_name":"Constantine Lekapenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos"},{"link_name":"Romanos II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_II"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros II Phokas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas"},{"link_name":"John I Tzimiskes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes"},{"link_name":"Basil II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_II"},{"link_name":"Constantine VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_VIII"},{"link_name":"Zoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita"},{"link_name":"Romanos III Argyros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros"},{"link_name":"Michael IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian"},{"link_name":"Michael V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates"},{"link_name":"Constantine IX Monomachos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos"},{"link_name":"Theodora (III)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita"},{"link_name":"Michael VI Bringas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas"},{"link_name":"Isaac I Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"Constantine X Doukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas"},{"link_name":"Eudokia Makrembolitissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa"},{"link_name":"Romanos IV Diogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes"},{"link_name":"Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Diogenes"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes"},{"link_name":"Michael VII Doukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas"},{"link_name":"Andronikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)"},{"link_name":"Konstantios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas"},{"link_name":"Constantine Doukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros III Botaneiates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates"},{"link_name":"Alexios I Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"Constantine Doukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)"},{"link_name":"John II Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"Alexios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)"},{"link_name":"Manuel I Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"Alexios II Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"Andronikos I Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)"},{"link_name":"Isaac II Angelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos"},{"link_name":"Alexios III Angelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos"},{"link_name":"Alexios IV Angelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos"},{"link_name":"Alexios V Doukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas"},{"link_name":"Theodore I Laskaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris"},{"link_name":"Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)"},{"link_name":"John III Vatatzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes"},{"link_name":"Theodore II Laskaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris"},{"link_name":"John IV Laskaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris"},{"link_name":"Michael VIII Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Andronikos II Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Michael IX Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Andronikos III Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"John V Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"John VI Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"Andronikos IV Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"John VII Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Andronikos V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Manuel II Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"John VIII Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Constantine XI Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Gallic emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Empire"},{"link_name":"Palmyrene emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Britannic emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausian_revolt"},{"link_name":"Trapezuntine emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors"},{"link_name":"Thessalonian emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica"},{"link_name":"Empresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses"},{"link_name":"Augustae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Augustae"},{"link_name":"Usurpers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_usurper"},{"link_name":"Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208754#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1837965/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000078206835"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/89202992"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/54958745"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/75151776826318012414"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/393159474047927660350"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyt4fqYf3GH3JH4D669Xd"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144498923"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144498923"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/119465728"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/21181472"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nr91010673"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record45771"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810556305105606"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/206842"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119465728.html?language=en"}],"text":"Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO.\nThe Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, ed. by Alexander Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, 1991.\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Nicephorus\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 647–648.\nNorwich, John J. (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.vteRoman and Byzantine emperors and empresses regnantPrincipate27 BC – AD 235\nAugustus\nTiberius\nCaligula\nClaudius\nNero\nGalba\nOtho\nVitellius\nVespasian\nTitus\nDomitian\nNerva\nTrajan\nHadrian\nAntoninus Pius\nMarcus Aurelius\nLucius Verus\nCommodus\nPertinax\nDidius Julianus\nSeptimius Severus\nCaracalla\nGeta\nMacrinus (w. Diadumenian)\nElagabalus\nSeverus Alexander\nCrisis235–285\nMaximinus I\nGordian I\nGordian II\nPupienus\nBalbinus\nGordian III\nPhilip I (w. Philip II)\nDecius (w. Herennius Etruscus)\nTrebonianus Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus)\nAemilianus\nSilbannacus (?)\nValerian\nGallienus (w. Saloninus)\nClaudius II\nQuintillus\nAurelian\nTacitus\nFlorianus\nProbus\nCarus\nCarinus\nNumerian\nDominate284–610\nDiocletian\nMaximian\nGalerius\nConstantius I\nSeverus II\nConstantine I\nMaxentius\nLicinius\nMaximinus II\nValerius Valens\nMartinian\nConstantine II\nConstantius II\nConstans I\nMagnentius\nNepotianus\nVetranio\nJulian\nJovian\nValentinian I\nValens\nProcopius\nGratian\nTheodosius I\nValentinian II\nMagnus Maximus (w. Victor)\nEugenius\nWestern Empire395–480\nHonorius\nConstantine III (w. Constans II)\nPriscus Attalus\nConstantius III\nJoannes\nValentinian III\nPetronius Maximus\nAvitus\nMajorian\nSeverus III\nAnthemius\nOlybrius\nGlycerius\nJulius Nepos\nRomulus Augustulus\nEastern Empire395–610\nArcadius\nTheodosius II\nMarcian\nLeo I\nLeo II\nZeno\nBasiliscus (w. Marcus)\nAnastasius I\nJustin I\nJustinian I\nJustin II\nTiberius II Constantine\nMaurice (w. Theodosius)\nPhocas\n\nEastern/Byzantine Empire610–1453\nHeraclius\nConstantine III\nHeraclonas (w. Tiberius)\nConstans II\nConstantine IV (w. Heraclius & Tiberius)\nJustinian II\nLeontius\nTiberius III\nJustinian II (w. Tiberius)\nPhilippicus\nAnastasius II\nTheodosius III\nLeo III\nConstantine V\nArtabasdos (w. Nikephoros)\nLeo IV\nConstantine VI\nIrene\nNikephoros I\nStaurakios\nMichael I Rangabe (w. Theophylact & Staurakios)\nLeo V (w. Constantine)\nMichael II\nTheophilos (w. Constantine)\nTheodora (II) (w. Thekla)\nMichael III\nBasil I (w. Constantine)\nLeo VI\nAlexander\nConstantine VII\nRomanos I Lekapenos (w. Christopher, Stephen & Constantine Lekapenos)\nRomanos II\nNikephoros II Phokas\nJohn I Tzimiskes\nBasil II\nConstantine VIII\nZoe\nRomanos III Argyros\nMichael IV\nMichael V\nConstantine IX Monomachos\nTheodora (III)\nMichael VI Bringas\nIsaac I Komnenos\nConstantine X Doukas\nEudokia Makrembolitissa\nRomanos IV Diogenes (w. Leo & Nikephoros)\nMichael VII Doukas (w. Andronikos, Konstantios & Constantine Doukas)\nNikephoros III Botaneiates\nAlexios I Komnenos (w. Constantine Doukas)\nJohn II Komnenos (w. Alexios)\nManuel I Komnenos\nAlexios II Komnenos\nAndronikos I Komnenos (w. John)\nIsaac II Angelos\nAlexios III Angelos\nAlexios IV Angelos\nAlexios V Doukas\nTheodore I Laskaris (w. Nicholas)\nJohn III Vatatzes\nTheodore II Laskaris\nJohn IV Laskaris\nMichael VIII Palaiologos\nAndronikos II Palaiologos\nMichael IX Palaiologos\nAndronikos III Palaiologos\nJohn V Palaiologos\nJohn VI Kantakouzenos (w. Matthew)\nAndronikos IV Palaiologos\nJohn VII Palaiologos (w. Andronikos V)\nManuel II Palaiologos\nJohn VIII Palaiologos\nConstantine XI Palaiologos\nSee also\nGallic emperors (260–274)\nPalmyrene emperors (267–273)\nBritannic emperors (286–296)\nTrapezuntine emperors (1204–1461)\nThessalonian emperors (1224–1242)\nEmpresses\nAugustae\nUsurpers\nClassical\nEastern\nItalics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurperAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\n2\n3\n4\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nBelgium\nUnited States\nGreece\nPoland\nVatican\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"The Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the reign of Nikephoros I, in 802 AD.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Byzantine_Empire_802_AD.png/220px-Byzantine_Empire_802_AD.png"},{"image_text":"Khan Krum captures Nikephoros I, from the 14th-century Manasses Chronicle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/A%282%29-Fig07.jpg/220px-A%282%29-Fig07.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Byzantine Empire portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire"},{"title":"List of Byzantine emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors"}]
[{"reference":"Bekkum, Wout Jac van; Drijvers, Jan Willem; Klugkist, Alexander Cornelis (2007). Syriac Polemics: Studies in Honour of Gerrit Jan Reinink. Peeters Publishers. p. 97. ISBN 978-9042919730.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U7tW-jA2yfkC&pg=PA97","url_text":"Syriac Polemics: Studies in Honour of Gerrit Jan Reinink"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042919730","url_text":"978-9042919730"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Eric; Decker, Michael J. (2012). Life and Society in Byzantine Cappadocia. Springer. p. 42. ISBN 978-1137029645.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZRZTZ5OZC8C&pg=PA42","url_text":"Life and Society in Byzantine Cappadocia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137029645","url_text":"978-1137029645"}]},{"reference":"Biliarsky, Ivan (2013). The Tale of the Prophet Isaiah: The Destiny and Meanings of an Apocryphal Text. Brill. p. 208. ISBN 978-9004254381.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mbevAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA208","url_text":"The Tale of the Prophet Isaiah: The Destiny and Meanings of an Apocryphal Text"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004254381","url_text":"978-9004254381"}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Paul Julius (1985). The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition. University of California Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0520049987.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nw-rR_Skb-cC&pg=PA66","url_text":"The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520049987","url_text":"978-0520049987"}]},{"reference":"El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs. Harvard CMES. pp. 95, 132 n. 40. ISBN 978-0-932885-30-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QC03pKNpfaoC","url_text":"Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932885-30-2","url_text":"978-0-932885-30-2"}]},{"reference":"Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Nicephorus\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 647–648.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nicephorus","url_text":"Nicephorus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Norwich, John J. (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-53779-3","url_text":"0-394-53779-3"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_I&action=edit","external_links_name":"You can help"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nikephoros+I%22","external_links_name":"\"Nikephoros I\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nikephoros+I%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nikephoros+I%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nikephoros+I%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nikephoros+I%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nikephoros+I%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U7tW-jA2yfkC&pg=PA97","external_links_name":"Syriac Polemics: Studies in Honour of Gerrit Jan Reinink"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZRZTZ5OZC8C&pg=PA42","external_links_name":"Life and Society in Byzantine Cappadocia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mbevAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA208","external_links_name":"The Tale of the Prophet Isaiah: The Destiny and Meanings of an Apocryphal Text"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nw-rR_Skb-cC&pg=PA66","external_links_name":"The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QC03pKNpfaoC","external_links_name":"Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1837965/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078206835","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/89202992","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/54958745","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/75151776826318012414","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/393159474047927660350","external_links_name":"4"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyt4fqYf3GH3JH4D669Xd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144498923","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144498923","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119465728","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/21181472","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr91010673","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record45771","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810556305105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/206842","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119465728.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praileaitz_Cave
Praileaitz Cave
["1 Protection concerns","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 43°16′37.2″N 2°22′4.63″W / 43.277000°N 2.3679528°W / 43.277000; -2.3679528Cave and archaeological site in Spain Praileaitz CaveShown within SpainLocationmunicipality of DebaRegionGipuzkoa, Basque CountryCoordinates43°16′37.2″N 2°22′4.63″W / 43.277000°N 2.3679528°W / 43.277000; -2.3679528 The Praileaitz Cave (Basque for Rock of the Monk cave) is located in the municipality of Deba (Gipuzkoa, Basque Country). Early in August 2006, various paleolithic cave paintings were found during an archaeological excavation - a non-figurative iconographic grouping made up of smaller groups of red dots, either isolated or forming a series. Researchers have surmised that the paintings were created c. 18,000 years BP. The cave also yielded an unusual set of portable art on pebbles, with abstract forms that, in one case, suggested to the researchers resembled the Venus figurines found elsewhere in Paleolithic Europe. It was dated to the Lower Magdalenian period of the Cro-Magnon people. Protection concerns The cave is located next to the Sasiola Quarry, which presents a threat to the conservation of the paintings. On May 24, 2007, the Aranzadi Science Society proposed the establishment of a wide protective area around the cave. On July 17, 2007, the Basque Government adopted (with Ezker Batua and Eusko Alkartasuna voting against) a decree that established a 50-meter protective area around the "rock sanctuary." This level of protection was deemed insufficient by the Aranzadi Science Society, which was in charge of the archaeological excavation and studying the cave paintings. External links Cave paintings, discovered in Deba, Gipuzkoa Praileaitz Cave Paintings Threatened by Mining Gipuzkoa Kultura: El sorprendente hallazgo (in Spanish, news of the finding, with nice images) Terrae Antiquae: Praileaitz (in Spanish) vtePrehistoric cave sites, rock shelters and cave paintings Paleoanthropological sites Cave paintings Caves containing pictograms EuropeAustria Drachenhöhle Gudenus Lurgrotte Salzofen Tischofer Belgium Belle-Roche Claminforge Engis Goyet Naulette Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes Ramioul Scladina Spy Trou de l'Abîme Bosnia Badanj Ledenjača Bulgaria Bacho Kiro Devetashka Kozarnika Magura Utroba Cave Croatia Grapčeva Krapina Vela Spila Vindija Romuald's Cave Veternica Cyprus Aetokremnos Czech Republic Amatérská Býčí skála Koněprusy Kůlna Mladeč Šipka Finland Wolf France Vézère Valley World Heritage Site Bara Bahau Bernifal Cap Blanc Castel Merle Abri Castanet Reverdit Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil Abri Audi Abri Chadourne Les Combarelles Cro-Magnon Font-de-Gaume Laugerie-Basse Laugerie-Haute La Micoque La Mouthe Pataud Abri du Poisson Lascaux La Madeleine Rouffignac Other World Heritage Sites Chauvet Other caves with decoration Arcy-sur-Cure Gargas Cosquer Cussac Fontéchevade La Chaire a Calvin La Marche Lombrives Grotte de Gabillou Marsoulas Le Mas-d'Azil Mayrières supérieure Niaux Pair-non-Pair Pech Merle Roc-aux-Sorciers Renne Trois Frères Villars Other caves Arago Aurignac Azé Balauzière Bonne-Femme Bouillon Bruniquel Calès Cauna La Chapelle-aux-Saints Combe Grenal La Ferrassie Fées Fontbrégoua Lazaret Le Moustier Noisetier La Quina Raymonden Le Regourdou Rochereil Vallonnet Germany Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura World Heritage Site Bockstein Geissenklösterle Hohle Fels Hohlenstein-Stadel Sirgenstein Vogelherd Other caves Baumann's Brillenhöhle Kleine Feldhofer Lichtenstein Ofnet Gibraltar Devil's Tower Gorham's Vanguard Greece Alepotrypa Apidima Eileithyia Franchthi Kleidi Megalakkos Petralona Stravomyti Theopetra Hungary Baradla Szelim Italy Addaura Arene Candide Balzi Rossi Cavallo Corbeddu Deer Felci Paglicci Romito Villabruna Jersey St Brelade Luxembourg Loschbur Malta Għar Dalam North Macedonia Cocev Kamen Norway Svarthola Poland Obłazowa Paradise Portugal Aroeira Escoural Furninha Lagar Velho Pala Pinta Pedra Furada Pego do Diabo Salemas Romania Coliboaia Cuciulat Muierilor Oase Russia Akhshtyrskaya Chertovy Vorota Denisova Ignatievka Shulgan-Tash Mezmaiskaya Okladnikov Serbia Hadži-Prodan's Pešturina Risovača Mala Balanica and Velika Balanica Slovakia Čertova pec Domica Jasovská Slovenia Betal Divje Babe Pekel Potok Spain Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain World Heritage Site Altamira Caves in Cantabria Chufín Covalanas La Garma Hornos de la Peña Monte Castillo El Castillo Las Chimeneas Las Monedas La Pasiega El Pendo Tito Bustillo Altxerri Santimamiñe Los Aviones Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin World Heritage Site) Araña Roca dels Moros Other World Heritage Sites Atapuerca Siega Verde Other caves with decoration Bacinete Barranc del Migdia Las Caldas Los Casares Maltravieso los Murciélagos Nerja Niño Ojo Guareña Peñas de Cabrera la Pileta Praileaitz Sidrón Other caves Ángel Antón Armintxe Axlor Bedmar dels Bous Don Gaspar Guanches El Mirón Santa Catalina del Valle Switzerland Bichon Wildkirchli Ukraine Verteba United Kingdom Aveline's Hole Bontnewydd Cathole Coygan Creswell Crags Gough's Heathery Burn High Pasture Kendrick's Kents Long Hole Marble Arch Oldbury Portbraddon Red Lady of Paviland Sand Thor's Windmill Hill AsiaAfghanistan Darra-e Kur Armenia Areni-1 Azerbaijan Allar Azykh Buzeyir Damjili Tağlar Zar Gazma Cambodia Laang Spean China Baishiya Fuyan Guanyindong Luobi Tianyuan Xianren Yuchanyan Zhoukoudian Zengpiyan Zhiren East Timor Jerimalai Laili Lene Hara Georgia Satsurblia India Ambadevi Belum Bhimbetka Edakkal Gudiyam Pahargarh Tikla Indonesia Harimau Jeriji Saléh Liang Bua Pettakere Iran Bisitun Darband Do-Ashkaft Eshkaft-e Siahoo Huto and Kamarband Qaleh Bozi Warwasi Wezmeh Yafteh Iraq Hazar Merd Shanidar Israel Amud HaYonim Kebara Manot Misliya Nahal Me'arot Nahal Hemar Nahal Oren Qafzeh Qesem Raqefet Skhul Tabun Zuttiyeh Japan Kosegasawa Minatogawa Muroya Ōzakai Pinza-Abu Shiraho Saonetabaru Tobayama Yamashita Jordan Iraq ed-Dubb Laos Tham An Mah Tam Pa Ling Lebanon Antelias Jeita Kaukaba Ksar Akil Ras Baalbek I Ras El Kelb Nachcharini Malaysia Niah Mongolia Khoit Tsenkher Myanmar Padah-Lin Pakistan Sanghao Palestine Shuqba Philippines Callao Kalanay Minori Lapuz Lapuz Tabon Sri Lanka Batadombalena Belilena Fa Hien Hunugalagala Thailand Pha Taem Spirit Tham Lod TurkmenistanDzhebelTurkey Belbaşı Karain Yarımburgaz Uzbekistan Obi-Rakhmat Teshik-Tash Vietnam Con Moong Ngườm AfricaAlgeria Gueldaman Botswana Tsodilo Manyana Rock Paintings Cameroon Shum Laka DR Congo Matupi Egypt Beasts Swimmers Kenya Enkapune Ya Muto Njoro River Lesotho Liphofung Libya Haua Fteah Uan Muhuggiag Morocco Hercules Ifri N'Ammar Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa Ifri Oudadane Jebel Irhoud Kelif el Boroud Taforalt Mozambique Ngalue Namibia Apollo 11 The White Lady Nigeria Rop Somaliland Dhambalin Dhaymoole Laas Geel South Africa Cradle of Humankind, World Heritage Site Bolt's Farm Cooper's Drimolen Gladysvale Gondolin Haasgat Kromdraai Makapansgat Malapa Minnaar's Motsetsi Plovers Lake Rising Star Sterkfontein Swartkrans Other caves Blombos Border Boomplaas Byneskranskop Cango Diepkloof Elands Bay Howieson's Poort Klasies River Melkhoutboom Nelson Bay Pinnacle Point Sibudu Stadsaal Wonderwerk Tanzania Kondoa Bahi Mumba Uganda Nyero Zambia Kalemba Mumbwa Zimbabwe Bambata North and South AmericaArgentina Cueva de las Manos Aruba Quadiriki Belize Actun Tunichil Muknal Barton Creek Midnight Terror Brazil Gentio Maquiné Pedra Pintada Peruaçu Rei do Mato Santo Toca da Tira Peia Canada Bluefish Charlie Lake Chile Fell Milodón Colombia El Abra Chiribiquete Piedras del Tunjo Sáchica Tequendama Tibitó Cuba Ambrosio Calero Centella Cura Patana Pluma Curaçao Hato Dominican Republic Pomier Jamaica Long Mile Mexico Chan Hol Coxcatlan Dzibilchaltún Las Flechas Frightful Guilá Naquitz Ox Bel Ha Oxtotitlán Sac Actun Peru Chivateros Guitarrero Pikimachay Qillqatani Toquepala T'uqu T'uquyuq Suriname Werehpai United States Arnold Research Baker Bonfire Bull Thistle Burnet Cherry Creek Colorado Millennial Danger Daugherty's Dry Creek Durango Dust Dutchess Quarry Fort Rock Franktown Gatecliff Graham Hidden Hidden Valley Hogup Humboldt La Grange Last Supper Levi LoDaisKa Lovelock Mammoth Mantle's Marmes Martz Meadowcroft Modoc Mummy On Your Knees Paisley Pendejo Pictograph Rockhouse Cliffs Russell Sandia Shoup Sisyphus Stanfield-Worley Tainter Tomaquag Trail Creek Trinchera Ventana Wilson Butte OceaniaAustralia Abrakurrie Acheron Ballawinne Beeton Shelter Beginner's Luck Blanche Bone Burrup Cave Bay Cliefden Cloggs Devil's Lair Eagles Reach Fossil Gabarnmung Gwion Gwion Jenolan Koongine Koonalda Kutikina Mackintosh 90/1 Madjedbebe Mammoth Mannalargenna Mudgegonga Murrawijinie Murujuga Naracoorte New Guinea II Nunamira ORS 7 Tarragal Ubirr Wargata Mina Warratyi Warreen Wellington Guam Gadao's Mahlac Talagi Hawaii Makauwahi New Caledonia Pindai New Zealand Moncks Ruakuri Northern Mariana Islands Chugai' Papua New Guinea Kilu Samoa Falemauga Tuvalu Nanumanga Cave List of caves Cave painting Speleology This article about a location in the Basque Country, Spain, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language"},{"link_name":"Deba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deba,_Gipuzkoa"},{"link_name":"Gipuzkoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipuzkoa"},{"link_name":"Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)"},{"link_name":"Venus figurines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_figurines"},{"link_name":"Paleolithic Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe"},{"link_name":"Magdalenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalenian"},{"link_name":"Cro-Magnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon"}],"text":"Cave and archaeological site in SpainThe Praileaitz Cave (Basque for Rock of the Monk cave) is located in the municipality of Deba (Gipuzkoa, Basque Country).Early in August 2006, various paleolithic cave paintings were found during an archaeological excavation - a non-figurative iconographic grouping made up of smaller groups of red dots, either isolated or forming a series. Researchers have surmised that the paintings were created c. 18,000 years BP.The cave also yielded an unusual set of portable art on pebbles, with abstract forms that, in one case, suggested to the researchers resembled the Venus figurines found elsewhere in Paleolithic Europe. It was dated to the Lower Magdalenian period of the Cro-Magnon people.","title":"Praileaitz Cave"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aranzadi Science Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aranzadi_Science_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Basque Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Government"},{"link_name":"Ezker Batua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Left_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Eusko Alkartasuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusko_Alkartasuna"}],"text":"The cave is located next to the Sasiola Quarry, which presents a threat to the conservation of the paintings.On May 24, 2007, the Aranzadi Science Society proposed the establishment of a wide protective area around the cave.On July 17, 2007, the Basque Government adopted (with Ezker Batua and Eusko Alkartasuna voting against) a decree that established a 50-meter protective area around the \"rock sanctuary.\" This level of protection was deemed insufficient by the Aranzadi Science Society, which was in charge of the archaeological excavation and studying the cave paintings.","title":"Protection concerns"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Praileaitz_Cave&params=43_16_37.2_N_2_22_4.63_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°16′37.2″N 2°22′4.63″W / 43.277000°N 2.3679528°W / 43.277000; -2.3679528"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Praileaitz_Cave&params=43_16_37.2_N_2_22_4.63_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°16′37.2″N 2°22′4.63″W / 43.277000°N 2.3679528°W / 43.277000; -2.3679528"},{"Link":"http://www.lehendakaritza.ejgv.euskadi.net/r48-11313/en/contenidos/informacion/06_revista_euskaletxeak/en_ee/adjuntos/75_28_28_i.pdf","external_links_name":"Cave paintings, discovered in Deba, Gipuzkoa"},{"Link":"http://slouchingtowardsbethlehem.wordpress.com/2007/12/14/praileaitz-cave-paintings-threatened-by-mining","external_links_name":"Praileaitz Cave Paintings Threatened by Mining"},{"Link":"http://www.gipuzkoakultura.net/index.php/es/museos-y-patrimonio/51-museos-y-patrimonio-2/529-el-sorprendente-hallazgo.html","external_links_name":"Gipuzkoa Kultura: El sorprendente hallazgo"},{"Link":"https://terraeantiqvae.blogia.com/2005/100601-gipuzkoa.-hallan-en-una-cueva-de-deba-vestigios-nicos-en-europa-de-rituales-del.php","external_links_name":"Terrae Antiquae: Praileaitz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praileaitz_Cave&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamash
Iltutmish
["1 Names and titles","2 Early life","2.1 Outside India","2.2 In Qutb al-Din's service","3 Ascension and consolidation of power","3.1 Delhi's dependencies","3.2 Defeat of Yildiz","3.3 Initial conflict with Qabacha","3.4 Khwarazmian threat","4 Territorial expansion","4.1 Eastern India and Rajasthan","4.2 Annexation of Qabacha's empire","5 Later years","5.1 Caliph's recognition","5.2 Other campaigns","5.3 Death and succession","6 Religion","6.1 Policy towards Hindus","7 Legacy","7.1 Iqtas","7.2 Coinage","7.3 Islamic culture","7.4 Architecture","8 Family","8.1 Consorts","8.2 Sons","8.3 Daughters","9 References","9.1 Bibliography"]
13th century ruler of the Delhi Sultinate Shams-ud-Din IltutmishSultanIlltumish Tomb in Qutub Minar Complex3rd Sultan of DelhiReignJune 1211 – 30 April 1236PredecessorAram ShahSuccessorRukn ud din FiruzBornunknownCentral AsiaDied30 April 1236Delhi, Delhi SultanateBurialQutb Complex, Mehrauli, DelhiSpousesTurkan Khatun, a daughter of Qutub-ud-din Aibak (Chief consort) Shah Turkan Malikah-i-JahanIssueNasiruddin MahmudRaziya SultanaMuiz ud din BahramRuknuddin FiruzNasiruddin Mahmud Shah (possibly a grandson) Ghiyasuddin Muhammad Shah Jalaluddin Masud Shah Shihabuddin Muhammad Qutbuddin Muhammad unnamed daughter Shazia Begum FatherIlam KhanReligionSunni Islam Shams ud-Din Iltutmish (Persian: شمس الدین ایلتتمش; died 30 April 1236, r. 1211–1236) was the third of the Mamluk kings who ruled the former Ghurid territories in northern India. He was the first Muslim sovereign to rule from Delhi, and is thus considered the effective founder of the Delhi Sultanate. Sold into slavery as a young boy, Iltutmish spent his early life in Bukhara and Ghazni under multiple masters. In the late 1190s, the Ghurid slave-commander Qutb ud-Din Aibak purchased him in Delhi, thus making him the slave of a slave. Iltutmish rose to prominence in Aibak's service, and was granted the important iqta' of Badaun. His military actions against the Khokhar rebels in 1205–1206 gained attention of the Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor, who manumitted him even before his master Aibak was manumitted. After Muhammad of Ghor's assassination in 1206, Aibak became a practically independent ruler of the Ghurid territories in India, with his headquarters at Lahore. After Aibak's death, Iltutmish dethroned his unpopular successor Aram Shah in 1211, and set up his capital at Delhi. He then consolidated his rule by subjugating several dissidents, and fighting against other former Ghurid slaves, such as Taj al-Din Yildiz and Nasir ad-Din Qabacha. During 1225–1227, he subjugated Aibak's former subordinates who had carved out an independent kingdom headquartered at Lakhnauti in eastern India. He also asserted his authority over Ranthambore (1226) and Mandore (1227), whose Hindu chiefs had declared independence after Aibak's death. In the early 1220s, Iltutmish had largely stayed away from the Indus Valley region, which was embroiled in conflicts between Qabacha, the Khwarazmian dynasty, and the Mongols. In 1228, he invaded the Indus Valley region, defeated Qabacha, and annexed large parts of Punjab and Sindh to his empire. Subsequently, the Abbasid caliph al-Mustansir recognized his authority in India. Over the next few years, Iltutmish suppressed a rebellion in Bengal, captured Gwalior, raided the Paramara-controlled cities of Bhilsa and Ujjain in central India, and expelled Khwarazmian subordinates in the north-west. His officers also attacked and plundered the Chandela-controlled Kalinjar area. Iltutmish organized the administration of the Sultanate, laying the foundation for its dominance over northern India until the Mughal invasion. He introduced the silver tanka and the copper jital – the two basic coins of the Sultanate period, with a standard weight of 175 grains. He set up the Iqtadari system: division of empire into Iqtas, which were assigned to the nobles and officers in lieu of salary. He erected many buildings, including mosques, khanqahs (monasteries), dargahs (shrines or graves of influential people) and a reservoir (hawz) for pilgrims. Names and titles The name "Iltutmish" literally means "maintainer of the kingdom" in Turkic. Since vowel marks are generally omitted in the historical Persian language manuscripts, different 19th-20th century writers read Iltutmish's name variously as "Altamish", "Altamsh", "Iyaltimish", and "Iletmish". However, several verses by contemporary poets, in which the Sultan's name occurs, rhyme properly only if the name is pronounced "Iltutmish". Moreover, a 1425-1426 (AH 829) Tajul-Ma'asir manuscript shows the vowel "u" in the Sultan's name, which confirms that "Iltutmish" is the correct reading of the name. Iltutmish's inscriptions mention several of his grandiloquent titles, including: Maula muluk al-arab wa-l-ajam ("King of the Kings of the Arabs and the Persians"), a title used by earlier Muslim kings including the Ghaznavid ruler Mas'ud Maula muluk al-turk wa-l'ajam, Saiyid as-salatin al-turk wa-l'ajam, Riqab al-imam maula muluk al-turk wa-l-ajam ("Master of Kings of the Turks and the Persians") Hindgir ("Conqueror of Hind") Sultan Salatin ash-Sharq ("the Sultan of the Sultans of the East") Shah-i-Sharq ("King of the East") Shahanshah ("King of Kings"), a title of the emperors of Persia In Sanskrit language inscriptions of the Delhi Sultanate, he has been referred to as "Lititmisi" (a rendering of "Iltutmish"); Suritan Sri Samasadin or Samusdina (a rendering of his title "Sultan Shamsuddin"); or Turushkadhipamadaladan ("the Turushka Lord"). Early life Outside India Iltutmish was born in an affluent family: his father Ilam Khan was a leader of the Ilbari Turkic tribe. According to Minhaj's Tabaqat-i Nasiri, he was a handsome and intelligent boy, because of which his brothers grew jealous of him; these brothers sold him to a slave dealer at a horse show. Minhaj's narrative appears to be inspired by the Quranic story of Hazrat Yusuf (Joseph), who was sold into slavery by his jealous brothers. According to Minhaj, as a young boy, Iltutmish was brought to Bukhara, where he was re-sold to the local Sadr-i Jahan (officer in charge of religious matters and endowments). There are several anecdotes about Iltutmish's childhood interest in religious mysticism. According to a story narrated by Iltutmish himself in Minhaj's book, once a family member of the Sadr-i Jahan gave him some money and asked him to bring some grapes from the market. Iltutmish lost the money on the way to the market, and started crying fearing punishment from his master. A dervish (Sufi religious leader) noticed him, and bought the grapes for him in exchange for a promise that he would treat religious devotees and ascetics well upon becoming powerful. The writings of Isami and some other sources suggest that Iltutmish also spent some time in Baghdad, where he met noted Sufi mystics such as Shahab al-Din Abu Hafs Umar Suhrawardi and Auhaduddin Kermani. Minhaj states that the family of Sadr-i Jahan treated Iltutmish well, and later sold him to a merchant called Bukhara Haji. Iltutmish was subsequently sold to a merchant called Jamaluddin Muhammad Chust Qaba, who brought him to Ghazni. The arrival of a handsome and intelligent slave in the town was reported to the Ghurid king Mu'izz ad-Din, who offered 1,000 gold coins for Iltutmish and another slave named Tamghaj Aibak. When Jamaluddin refused the offer, the king banned the sale of these slaves in Ghazni. A year later, Jamaluddin went to Bukhara, and stayed there for three years with the slaves. In Qutb al-Din's service Subsequently, Iltutmish's master Jamaluddin returned to Ghazni, where Mu'izz ad-Din's slave-commander Qutb al-Din Aibak noticed Iltutmish. Qutb al-Din, who had just returned from a campaign in Gujarat (c. 1197), sought Mu'izz ad-Din's permission to purchase Iltutmish and Tamghaj. Since their sale had been banned in Ghazni, Mu'izz ad-Din directed them to be taken to Delhi. In Delhi, Jamaluddin sold Iltutmish and Tamghaj to Qutb al-Din for 100,000 jitals (silver or copper coins). Tamghaj rose to the position of the muqta (provincial governor) of Tabarhinda (possibly modern Bathinda), while Iltutmish became the sar-jandar (head of bodyguard). Iltutmish rose rapidly in Qutb al-Din's service, attaining the rank of Amir-i Shikar (superintendent of the hunt). After the Ghurid conquest of Gwalior in 1200, he was appointed the Amir of the town, and later, he was granted the iqta' of Baran. His efficient governance prompted Qutb al-Din to grant him the iqta' of Badaun, which according to Minhaj, was the most important one in the Delhi Sultanate. Main article: Battle of Jhelum (1206) In 1205–1206, Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din summoned Qutb al-Din's forces for his campaign against the Khokhar rebels. During this campaign, Iltutmish's Badaun contingent forced the Khokhars into the middle of the Jhelum river, and killed them there. Mu'izz ad-Din noticed Iltutmish, and made inquiries about him. The Sultan subsequently presented Iltutmish with a robe of honour, and asked Aibak to treat him well. Minhaj states that Mu'izz ad-Din also ordered Iltutmish's deed of manumission to be drawn on this occasion, which would mean that Iltutmish - a slave of a slave until this point - was manumitted even before his own master Aibak had been manumitted. However, Iltutmish's manumission doesn't appear to have been well-publicized because Ibn Battuta states that at the time of his ascension a few years later, an ulama deputation led by Qazi Wajihuddin Kashani waited to find if he had obtained a deed of manumission or not. Ascension and consolidation of power Coinage of Shams al-Dīn Iltutmish (AH 607-633 AD 1210–1235). AR Tanka (25mm, 11.07 g, 6h). Sind type. After Mu'izz ad-Din's death in 1206, Qutb al-Din became the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, which evolved independent of the former Ghurid Empire. In 1210, when Qutb al-Din Aibak died unexpectedly in Lahore during a sport game, the local nobles appointed Aram Shah as his successor to prevent instability in the kingdom. However, the nobles in other parts of the Sultanate opposed this decision, and proposed Iltutmish as an alternative, because Aibak used to call him a son, and because he had a distinguished record of service. These nobles, led by the military justiciar (Amir-i Dad) Ali-yi Ismail, invited him to occupy the throne. Iltutmish marched to Delhi, where he seized the power, and later defeated Aram Shah's forces. Some nobles rebelled against his seizure of power, but Iltutmish subjugated them, and had many of them beheaded. Minhaj-i-Siraj states that after Aibak's death, the former Ghurid dominions of India (Mamalik-i-Hindustan) had been divided into four parts, centred at: Delhi, controlled by Iltutmish Sindh, controlled by Nasir ad-Din Qabacha, a former Ghurid slave, who had been muqta (provincial governor) of Uch since 1204 Lakhnauti, controlled by Ali Mardan Khalji, a former governor who proclaimed independence and styled himself as Sultan Ala al-Din Lahore, contested between Qabacha, Yildiz, and Iltutmish Delhi's dependencies Several Muslim officers, who administered Delhi's dependencies during Aibak's reign, did not recognize Iltutmish's authority. According to Minhaj, Iltutmish re-asserted Delhi's control over Badaun, Awadh, Banaras, and Siwalik in a series of campaigns. For example, Iltutmish captured Banaras after defeating Qaymaz, who was presumably a former officer of Aibak. By the time of Iltutmish's ascension, Delhi's hold over various Hindu chiefs had weakened, and some of them - such as those of Ranthambore and Jalor - had declared independence. During the first few years of his reign, Iltutmish other preoccupations appear to have prevented him from campaigning against these chiefs. Hasan Nizami refers to an undated expedition against Jalor, which may have taken place sometime after his victory over Aram Shah. Defeat of Yildiz The Ghurid capital of Ghazni was controlled by Taj al-Din Yildiz, a former slave who claimed to be the rightful successor to the Ghurid emperor. After Iltutmish suppressed the rival claimants to the throne, Yildiz sent him a royal umbrella (chatr) and a baton (durbash): these gifts implied that Iltutmish was a subordinate ruler. Iltutmish did not want an immediate confrontation, and accepted these gifts. Iltutmish's earliest inscription, dated October 1211, styles him as a subordinate king - al-Malik al-Mu'azzam ("the great chief"), rather than as an imperial Sultan. Meanwhile, taking advantage of the succession conflict between Aram Shah and Iltutmish, Qabacha had captured Lahore in 1211. Shortly after this, a Khwarazmian invasion forced Yildiz to leave Ghazni. Yildiz migrated eastwards, displaced Qabacha from Lahore, and captured parts of the Punjab region. Iltutmish became concerned that Yildiz would ultimately try to occupy Delhi, and marched against him. Yildiz sent a message to Iltutmish, declaring that he was the real successor of Mu'izz ad-Din and thus, had claims to the former Ghurid territories in India. According to Isami's Futuh-us-Salatin, Iltutmish replied that the days of such hereditary claims were over: You know that today the dominion of the world is enjoyed by the one who possesses the greatest strength. The principle of hereditary succession is not extinct, long ago destiny abolished this custom.— Iltutmish Iltutmish offered to engage in a negotiation provided both men came to the meeting unaccompanied by any warriors. Yildiz refused the offer, resulting a battle at Tarain on 25 January 1216, which resulted in Iltutmish's victory. Isami states that Yildiz managed to escape to Hansi, while the earlier chronicler Hasan Nizami states that he was injured by an arrow and captured on the battlefield. Yildiz was later taken to Iltutmish's stronghold of Badaun, where he was killed. Iltutmish's success in this conflict reinforced the Delhi Sultanate's independent status. Initial conflict with Qabacha Iltutmish's victory over Yildiz did not result in any substantial increase in his territory. He did not immediately assert his control over the Punjab region, and Qabacha regained control of Lahore. By this time, Qabacha had assumed the sovereign title of Sultan, and controlled a vast territory that included coastal Sindh, Siwistan, Bhakkar, and Multan. Subsequently, Qabacha tried to conquer a greater part of Punjab: according to Firishta, he sought to extend his authority as far as Sirhind in the east. This prompted Iltutmish to march against him in 1217. Qabacha initially retreated, but Iltutmish's army chased him and defeated him at a place called Mansura, which was located on the banks of the Chenab River. Iltutmish then captured Lahore in the winter of 1216–1217, and appointed his son Nasiruddin Mahmud to govern it. Lahore remained contested in the subsequent years; for example, at the time of Khwarazmian invasion of the region (see below), it was under the control of Qabacha's son. Qabacha seems to have posed a serious threat to Iltutmish, as suggested by Muhammad Aufi in Lubab ul-Albab. Aufi, writing shortly before the Khwarazmian invasion, expresses hope that his patron Qabacha will soon conquer the whole of Hindustan. Aufi also mentions that Ahmad Jamaji, who was Iltutmish's governor of Bahraich, defected to Qabacha in 1220. Khwarazmian threat The Khwarazmshahs, who had taken over the western part of the former Ghurid Empire, suffered a Mongol invasion in 1220. After being defeated at the Battle of Indus in 1221, the Khwarazmshah Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu escaped to the Punjab region. He entered into a matrimonial alliance with the local Khokhar chief Rai Khokhar Sankin, and defeated other regional rulers, including Qabacha. The Mongol leader Genghis Khan briefly considered returning to Mongolia through a shorter route which involved crossing the Himalayan foothills. He sent envoys to Iltutmish, asking for the Delhi Sultan's permission to pass through India. No extant sources provide any information about the result of this embassy, but it appears that Genghis Khan abandoned his plan to pass through India. According to the Persian historian Ata-Malik Juvayni, Genghis Khan advanced eastwards into India, but failed to find a suitable route, and therefore, exited the country via Peshawar. It is possible that Genghis Khan, through his envoys, asked Iltutmish to not aid Jalal ad-Din: Iltutmish seems to have obliged. Meanwhile, Jalal ad-Din established himself in the Sindh Sagar Doab in the Punjab region, and captured the fort of Pasrur. He sent his envoy Ainul Mulk to Iltutmish, seeking an alliance against the Mongols, and requesting for a safe place to stay. According to Juvayni, after deliberating over the matter for several days, Iltutmish refused to provide him a residence on the excuse that no place in his kingdom have a suitable climate or a locality fit for a king. Iltutmish also had the envoy killed, and sent troops to aid Qabacha against Jalal ad-Din . Minhaj, another Persian historian, states that Iltutmish himself led an army against Jalal ad-Din. Only the vanguards of the two armies clashed, and the two rulers withdrew after exchanging friendly messages. Meanwhile, Qabacha - who had earlier accepted Jalal ad-Din's suzerainty - rebelled against him, and this conflict kept Jalal ad-Din busy. Jalal-ad-Din carried out some more campaigns in India, including a raid in Gujarat, but none against Iltutmish. He left the Indian frontier in 1223–1224; according to his biographer Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, he did so because he received the news that Iltutmish, Qabacha, and several Hindu chiefs ("rais and thakurs") had formed an alliance against him. The Mongols also maintained a presence in the region: for example, Genghis Khan's general besieged Qabacha in Multan in 1224, before retreating because of hot weather. Until Genghis Khan's death in 1227, Iltutmish chose not to get involved in the politics of the Indus valley region to avoid a potential conflict with the Mongols. Territorial expansion See also: Siege of Kalinjar Eastern India and Rajasthan Extent of Delhi Sultanate under Iltutmish; The Sultanate clearly expanded under Shams ud-din into Bengal, the outskirts of Tibet and south to the Gangentic plains. Coin of Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad, Governor of Bengal (AH 614-616/ AD 1217–1220). Struck in the name of Shams al-Din Iltutmish, Sultan of Dehli. Iltutmish's predecessor Aibak had appointed Ali Mardan Khalji as the governor of Sultanate's territories in eastern India. After Aibak's death, the region became independent, with Lakhnauti as its capital, and Ali Mardan's successor Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah (alias Husamuddin Iwaz Khalji) styled himself as a sovereign Sultan. While Iltutmish was busy at the north-western frontier of his empire, Ghiyasuddin captured parts of present-day Bihar, and also extracted tribute from the smaller states of Jajnagar, Tirhut, Bang (in Bengal region), and Kamrup. Iltutmish's forces captured Bihar in the 1210s, and invaded Bengal in 1225. Ghiyasuddin led an army to check Iltutmish's advance, but then decided to avoid a conflict by paying him tribute and accepting his suzerainty. Iltutmish accepted the offer, and returned to Delhi after appointing Malik Jani as the governor of Bihar. In 1226, Iltutmish captured the Ranthambore Fort, which was reputed to be impregnable. The next year, he captured the fort of Mandore, also in present-day Rajasthan. Meanwhile, in eastern India, Ghiyasuddin re-asserted his independence and occupied Bihar. In 1227, Iltutmish directed his son Nasiruddin Mahmud, who held the iqta' of neighbouring Awadh region at this time, to invade Bengal while Ghiyasuddin was away on a plundering campaign in Kamrup. Nasiruddin captured his capital Lakhnauti, and defeated and executed him on his return to Bengal. Following this conquest, the coinage in the Bengal region was issued in the name of Iltutmish, and the khutba in Lakhnauti was also read in his name. Annexation of Qabacha's empire During the first half of the 1220s, Iltutmish had avoided Indus River Valley, which was contended by the Mongols, the Khwarazm kings, and Qabacha. After the decline of the Mongol and the Khwarazmian threat, Qabacha gained control over this region. Shortly after, during 1228–1229, Iltutmish invaded Qabacha's territory. By this time, the conflicts with the Khwarazmians and the Mongols had weakened Qabacha's power. The writings of Hasan Nizami and Muhammad Aufi suggest that Qabacha had earlier signed some treaties with Iltutmish, probably to secure his support against the Khwarazm prince Jalal ad-Din. These treaties probably involved Qabacha's recognition of Iltutmish's sovereignty, or promises to surrender some territories to the Delhi Sultan. Qabacha's failure to abide by these treaties may have prompted Iltutmish to wage a war against him. Iltutmish's forces captured Tabarhinda, Kuhram, Sarsati (or Sursuti), and Lahore from Qabacha. Iltutmish appointed Nasir al-Din Aytemur al-Baha'i as his provincial governor (muqta) of Lahore. He then sent Nasir al-Din to capture Multan, while he himself invaded Uch. Nasir al-Din captured Lahore, and Iltutmish captured Uch after a three-month long siege, on 4 May 1228. Qabacha fled to Bhakkar, pursued by an army led by Iltutmish's wazir Nizam al-Mulk Junyadi. Finding himself in an unwinnable situation, Qabacha sent his son Malik Alauddin Bahram to Iltutmish, to negotiate a peace treaty. Iltutmish offered peace in exchange for Qabacha's unconditional surrender, but Qabacha preferred death to these terms, and committed suicide by drowning himself into the Indus River on the night of 26 May 1228. Iltutmish then placed Multan and Uch under his own governors, and had his forces occupy several strategic forces, expand his authority up to Makran in the west. Malik Sinanuddin, the wāli (governor) of coastal Sindh, also recognized Iltutmish's authority, and thus Iltutmish's empire spread as far as the Arabian Sea. Qabacha's son and surviving followers also accepted Iltutmish's suzerainty. Later years Caliph's recognition In 1220-, the Abbasid Caliph Al-Nasir sent his Indian-born ambassador Radi al-Din Abu'l-Fada'il al-Hasan bin Muhammad al-Saghani to Delhi. The ambassador returned to the Abbasid capital Baghdad in 1227, during the reign of Al-Mustansir. In 1228, the new Caliph sent the ambassador back to Delhi with robes of honour, recognizing Iltutmish's authority in India and conferring on him the titles Yamin Khalifat Allah ("Right Hand of the God's Deputy") and Nasir Amir al-Mu'minin ("Auxiliary of the Commander of the Faithful"). On 18 February 1229, the embassy arrived in Delhi with a deed of investiture. Although the Caliphate's status as a pan-Islamic institution had been declining, the Caliph's recognition was seen as a religious and political legitimization of Iltutmish's status as an independent ruler rather than a Ghurid subordinate. The Caliph's recognition was a mere formality, but Iltutmish celebrated it in a big way, by decorating the city of Delhi and honouring his nobles, officers, and slaves. Iltutmish's own court poets eulogize the event, and the 14th century Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta describes him as the first independent ruler of Delhi. Iltutmish is the only ruler of India to have the Caliph's recognition. Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah, the ruler of Bengal defeated by Iltutmish's forces, had earlier assumed the title Nasir Amir al-Mu'minin, but he did so unilaterally without the Caliph's sanction. The Caliph probably saw Iltutmish as an ally against his Khwarazmian rival, which may have prompted him to recognize Iltutmish's authority in India. After the Caliph's recognition, Iltutmish began inscribing the Caliph's name on his coins, including the new silver tanka introduced by him. Other campaigns In March–April 1229, Iltutmish's son Nasiruddin Mahmud, who had been governing Bengal since 1227, died unexpectedly. Taking advantage of this, Malik Balkha Khalji, an officer of Iltutmish, usurped the authority in Bengal. Iltutmish invaded Bengal, and defeated him in 1230. He then appointed Malik Alauddin Jani as the governor of Bengal. Meanwhile, Mangal Deva, the Parihara chief of Gwalior in central India, had declared independence. In 1231, Iltutmish besieged the city, and captured it after 11 months of conflict, on 12 December 1232. After Mangal Deva fled, and Iltutmish left the fort under the charge of his officers Majdul Mulk Ziyauddin. In 1233–1234, Iltutmish placed Gwalior under Malik Nusratuddin Taisi, who was also assigned the iqta's of Sultankot and Bayana, and made in-charge of the military contingents at Kannauj, Mehr, and Mahaban. Shortly after, Taisi attacked the Chandela fort of Kalinjar, and subsequently plundered the area for around 50 days. During this campaign, he acquired a large amount of wealth: Iltutmish's share (one-fifth) of the loot amounted to 2.5 million jitals. While Taisi was returning to Gwalior, the Yajvapala ruler Chahada-deva (called Jahar by Minhaj) ambushed him, but Taisi able to fend off the attack by dividing his army into three contingents. Subsequently, Iltutmish raided the Paramara-controlled cities of Bhilsa and Ujjain in 1234–35. Iltutmish's army occupied Bhilsa, and destroyed a temple whose construction - according to Minhaj - had taken three hundred years. At Ujjain, his forces damaged the Mahakaleshwar temple and obtained rich plunder, but made little effort to annex the Paramara territory. The jyotirlinga at the site was dismantled and believed to be thrown into a nearby 'Kotiteerth Kunda' (a pond neighboring the temple) with the Jaladhari (a structure supporting the Lingam) stolen during the invasion. By 1229–1230, the north-western boundary of Iltutmish's kingdom appears to have extended up to the Jhelum River, as Nasawi states that he controlled the area "up to the neighbourhood of the gates of Kashmir". During this period, Iltutmish invaded the territories controlled by the Khwarazmian subordinate Ozbeg-bei, in present-day Pakistan. Ozbeg-bei fled to the Khwarazmian ruler Jalal-ad-Din in Iraq, while Other local commanders - including Hasan Qarluq - surrendered to Iltutmish. Qarluq later changed his allegiance to the Mongols. During his last days, in 1235–1236, Iltutmish is known to have aborted a campaign in the Binban area: this campaign was probably directed against Qarluq. Hammira-mada-mardana, a Sanskrit play by Jayasimha Suri, mentions that a mlechchha (foreigner) called Milachchhrikara invaded Gujarat during the Chaulukya reign. The Chaulukya minister Vastupala used diplomatic tactics to create many difficulties for the invader, who was ultimately defeated by the general Viradhavala. Some historians have identified Milachchhrikara with Iltutmish, thus theorizing that Iltutmish unsuccessfully tried to invade Gujarat. However, others have dismissed this identification as inaccurate. Death and succession In 1236, Iltutmish fell ill during a march towards Qarluq's stronghold of Bamyan, and returned to Delhi on 20 April, at the time chosen by his astrologers. He died in Delhi shortly after, on 30 April 1236. He was buried in the Qutb complex in Mehrauli. Illtumish's tomb in Qutub Minar Complex The death of Iltutmish was followed by years of political instability at Delhi. During this period, four descendants of Iltutmish were put on the throne and murdered. In the 1220s, Iltutmish had groomed his eldest son Malikus Sa'id Nasiruddin Mahmud as his successor, but Nasiruddin died unexpectedly in 1229. While leaving for his Gwalior campaign in 1231, Iltutmish had left Delhi's administration to his daughter Razia. Her effective administration prompted him to declare her as his heir apparent in 1231, upon his return from Gwalior. However, shortly before his death, Iltutmish seems to have chosen his surviving eldest son Ruknuddin Firuz as his successor. When Iltutmish died, the nobles unanimously appointed Ruknuddin as the new king. During Ruknuddin's reign, his mother Shah Turkan took control of the state affairs, and started mistreating her rivals. Their execution of Qutubuddin, a popular son of Iltutmish, led to rebellions by several nobles, including Malik Ghiyasuddin Muhammad Shah - another son of Iltutmish. Amid these circumstances, Razia seized the throne in November 1236, with support of the general public and several nobles, and Ruknuddin was executed. Razia also faced rebellions, and was deposed and killed in 1240. The nobles then appointed Muizzuddin Bahram - another son of Iltutmish - on the throne, but subsequently deposed and killed him in 1242. Next, the nobles placed Ruknuddin's son Alauddin Masud on the throne, but he too, was deposed in 1246. Order was re-established only after Nasiruddin-Mahmud became Sultan with Iltutmish's prominent slave, Ghias-ud-din-Balban as his deputy (Naib) in 1246. Minhaj calls the new Sultan a son of Iltutmish, but Isami and Firishta suggest that he was a grandson of Iltutmish. Some modern historians consider Minhaj more reliable, while others believe that the new Sultan was a son of Iltutmish's eldest son Nasiruddin (who died before Iltutmish), and was named after his father. Balban held all the power at the time and became Sultan in 1266. Balban's descendants ruled Delhi until they were overthrown by the Khaljis. Religion Iltutmish was a devout Muslim, and spent considerable time praying at night. He was punctual in offering his prayers. Nizam-ud-Din Ahmad says: Sultan Shams-ud-Din was very puntilious in his prayers (namaz) and on Fridays he went to the mosque and stayed there to offer obligatory and superogatory prayers. He also made special arrangement for prayers on military campaigns. His court poet Amir Ruhani describes him as a "holy warrior and Ghazi". He revered several Sufi saints, including Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, Hamiduddin Nagauri, Jalaluddin Tabrizi, Bahauddin Zakariya, and Najibuddin Nakhshabi. Policy towards Hindus When a group of ulema came to Iltutmish and requested him to apply the law of "death or Islam" on Hindus, Iltutmish asked Nizam-ul'-Mulk Junaidi to give a suitable reply to the ulama. The Wazir replied to them: "But at the moment India has newly been conquered and the Muslims are so few that they are like salt (in a large dish). If the above orders are to be applied to the Hindus, it is possible they might combine and a general confusion might ensue and the Muslims would be too few in number to suppress this general confusion. However, after a few years when in the capital and in the regions and the small towns the Muslims are well established and the troops are larger, it will be possible to give Hindus, the choice of "death or Islam"". Iltutmish held religious discourses by orthodox ulama - such as Sayyid Nuruddin Mubarak Ghaznavi - in his court, but disregarded their advice while formulating the imperial policies. He understood the limits to which the Islamic shariah law could be implemented in largely non-Muslim India. He did not consult the ulama while making the unorthodox decision of nominating his daughter Raziya as his successor. This balance between the shariah and the practical needs of the time became a feature of Turkic rule in Delhi. Legacy "Iltutmish laid down the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate as a truly independent kingdom, freeing it from a subordinate position to Ghazni. The Caliph's investiture, although a mere formality, reaffirmed his status as an independent sovereign among the Muslims. By the time of his death, the Delhi Sultanate had emerged as the largest and the most powerful kingdom in northern India. Iltutmish was most probably the first ruler to organize a centrally recruited, centrally paid and centrally managed army in the Delhi Sultanate. His courtier Fakhr-i Mudabbir composed Adab al-harb wa-l-shaja'a, a book on the art of warfare. Iqtas Iltutmish implemented the iqta system of administrative grants in the Delhi Sultanate. This system, borrowed from the earlier Islamic dynasties of the Middle East, involved dedicating the revenues from a certain region to a subordinate in exchange for military service and political loyalty. Iltutmish used this iqtas to consolidate his empire by dismantling the existing feudal order of the Indian society. Iltutmish assigned several regions to his Turkic subordinates in the form of iqtas. The larger iqtas - which were effectively provinces of the empire - were assigned to high-ranking men, who were expected to administer the regions, maintain local law and order, and supply military contingents in times of need. The holders of the smaller iqtas were only expected to collect revenues from their regions, in exchange for providing military service to the emperor. To ensure that this iqta system remained bureaucratic - rather than feudal - in nature, Iltutmish transferred the iqta holders from one region to another, refused to grant them legal immunity, and discouraged localism in administration. Both free amirs as well as bandagan-i-shamsi (as opposed to bandagan-i-khass during Mu'izz ad-Din's times) were used by Iltutmish over an extended, long process involving rotation of the iqtas assigned to each noble every once in a while to ensure that there was no question of claims on a specific region by a specific noble. Besides these, princes were used as well in almost the same capacity, but in more important roles. Coinage Iltutmish introduced two coins that became the basis for the subsequent coinage of the Delhi Sultanate: the silver tanka and the copper jital. His predecessors, including the Ghurid rulers, had maintained the local coinage system based on the Hindushahi bull-and horseman coins minted at Delhi. Dehliwala, the standard coin, was a silver-copper alloy with a uniform weight of 3.38 grams, of which 0.59 grams was Silver. The major source of silver for the Delhi mint were coin hoards from Central Asia. Another source was European silver which made its way to Delhi via the Red Sea, Persian Gulf through the ports of Gujarat. By the 1220s, supply from Central Asia had dried up and Gujarat was under control of hostile forces. Coins of Iltutmish Obv: Crude figure of Rider bearing lance on caparisoned horse facing right. Devanagari legends: Sri / hamirah. Star above horse.Rev: Arabic legends: Shams al-dunya wa'l din Iltutmish al-sultan. Obv:Rider bearing lance on caparisoned horse facing right. Devanagari legends: Sri / hamirah.Rev:Arabic legends: Shams al-dunya wa'l din Abu'l Muzaffar Iltutmish al-Sultan. In response to the lack of silver, Iltutmish introduced a new bimetallic coinage system to Northern India consisting of an 11 grams silver tanka and the billon jital, with 0.25 grams of silver. The Dehliwala was devalued to be on par with the jital. This meant that a Dehliwala with 0.59 grams of silver was now equivalent to a coin with 0.25 grams of silver. Each Dehliwala paid as tax, therefore produced an excess 0.34 grams of silver which could be used to produce tankas. The new system served as the basis for coinage for much of the Sultanate period and even beyond, though periodic shortages of silver caused further debasement. The tanka is a forerunner to the Rupee. Islamic culture During Iltutmish's reign, the city of Delhi emerged as the centre of Islamic power and culture in India. He patronized several scholars, including historian Minhaj-i-Siraj and the Sufi mystic Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki. Minhaj states that Iltutmish's patronage attracted several scholars and other prominent people to Delhi, especially from Persia, which had fallen to the Mongols. Iltutmish's court is reported to have had raised seats for distinguished scholars and saints, as opposed to lower seats for others. This is suggested by Fawa'id-ul-Fu'ad, a near-contemporary work, which describes a quarrel between Shaikh Nizamuddin Abul Muwayyid and Sayyid Nuruddin Mubarak Ghaznavi over choice of seats in Iltutmish's presence. Fawa'id-ul-Fu'ad mentions an anecdote about Iltutmish's patronage to scholars: Nasiri, a poet in need of a royal award, composed a qasida in praise of Iltutmish. However, while he was in the middle of reciting the poem, Iltutmish left the recital to attend an urgent administrative matter. A dismayed Nasiri thought Iltutmish would forget him, and lost all hope of getting the royal award. But as soon as Iltutmish was free, he came to Nasiri, recited the first line of the qasida from his memory, and asked Nasiri to complete his recital. Architecture Iltutmish invested in numerous waterworks, mosques, and civil amenities in Delhi. He completed the construction of the Qutb Minar, which had been started by Qutb al-din Aibak. He also commissioned the Hauz-i-Shamsi reservoir to the south of Qutb Minar, and the madrasa (school) around it. He built several khanqah (monasteries) and dargahs (graves) for Sufi saints. He commenced the structure of Hamid ud-din's Khanaqa, and built the Gandhak ki Baoli, a stepwell for the Sufi saint, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, who moved to Delhi during his reign. In 1231, he built the Sultan Ghari funerary monument for his eldest son Nasiruddin, who had died two years earlier. This was the first Islamic mausoleum in Delhi, and lies within fortified grounds, which also include the graves of other relatives of Iltutmish. Qutb Minar was completed by Iltutmish Hauz-i-Shamsi pavilion Gandhak ki Baoli Sultan Ghari Family Consorts Turkan Khatun (died after 1236; also known as Turkman Khatun or Qutub Begum), was the chief consort of Iltutmish and daughter of Qutb ud-Din Aibak. She was the mother of Nasiruddin Mahmud, Razia Sultana, Ghiyasuddin Muhammad Shah, Shihabuddin Muhammad, Shazia Begum and Qutbuddin Muhammad. She was probably the youngest daughter of Qutbuddin Aibak while her two other sisters were married to Nasir ad-Din Qabacha. Shah Turkan (probably died after 1236), was the Khudawanda (concubine) of Iltutmish and mother of Ruknuddin Firuz. She was the first royal lady taking active part in political matters during the Slave Dynasty. Turkan had been a Turkic (enslaved) hand-maid and had risen to take control of the Sultan's harem. She took this opportunity to wreak vengeance against all those who had slighted her in the past. Mother of Muizuddin Bahram (died after 1236), not much known about her but she was the mother of Sultan Muizuddin Bahram and a daughter, who married to Malik Ikhtiyar uddin Aitegin. She probably the daughter or sister of one of Iltutmish's forty chiefs. Malika-i-Jahan (died after 1246; full title: Malika-i-Jahan Jalal ud Dunya wal Din), mother of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah. Her real name was unknown, formerly the concubine of Iltutmish but she was given the title Malika-i-Jahan during his son's reign. Her existence as Iltutmish's consort often debate, some stated she was the wife of Iltutmish's deceased son, Malik-us-Sa'id Nasiruddin Mahmud. Both she and her son was sent to live in a palace in Loni Village. After the death of Iltutmish, she married Malik Saifuddin Qutlugh Khan. Mother of Jalaluddin Masud Shah, unknown identity. Many other concubines. Sons Malik-us-Sa'id Nasiruddin Mahmud (died 1229) –with Turkan Khatun; an eldest son of Iltutmish, who he grommed as his successor but unexpected died in 1229. He was the governor of Oudh later served as governor of Bengal until his death in 1229. He sent by Iltutmish to lead an invasion against the rebel Iwaz Khalji. After defeating Iwaz Khalji, he received the title Malik-ush-Sharq (مٰلك الشّرق Māliku 'sh-Sharq, Arabic: "King of the East") from his father. Sultan Ruknuddin Firuz (executed 19 November 1236) –with Shah Turkan; he was appointed as successor of Iltutmish. However he spent his time in pursuing pleasure and left his mother in control the administration. The misadministration led to rebellions against Ruknuddin and his mother. Sultan Muizuddin Bahram Shah (killed by the rebels in 15 May 1242), –with unnamed consort. He declared himself as a new King with the support of forty chiefs when his sister Razia Sultana was imprisoned in Bathinda and also appointed Amir-i-Hajib Malik Ikhtiyar ud-Din Aitegin as his regent. During the rebel against him, Ikhtiyaruddin Aitegin was killed before him. Malik Ghiyas ud-Din Muhammad Shah (died after 1236) –probably with Turkan Khatun; he was appointed as governor of Oudh. He was rebel against Ruknuddin Firuz after Shah Turkan blinded and executed the popular son of Iltutmish, Qutbuddin. Jalaluddin Masud Shah (died after 1242) –with unnamed consorts; Upon the death of Muiz ud din Bahram, he along with his brother Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah and nephew Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah (son if Ruknuddin Firuz) was brought to Firuzi castle, the royal residence, from the confinement of the white castle by the amirs and Ala ud din Masud was chosen as the Sultan. Both the brothers remained in confinement until September 1243. Shihabuddin Muhammad, not much known about him. His mother probably Turkan Khatun and he probably died in childhood or executed during the reign of Ruknuddin Firuz. Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah (c. 1229/1230 – 19 November 1266) –with Malika-i-Jahan Jalal ud Dunya wal Din; He was named after his deceased eldest brother Nasiruddin Mahmud, he was sent to live in a palace in Loni Village. He ascended the throne in 1246 and appointed his father-in-law Ghiyas ud din Balban as a regent. Qutbuddin Muhammad (blinded and executed in 1236) –with Turkan Khatun; he was the youngest son of Iltutmish and popular among the statesmen. In 1236 during the reign of Ruknuddin Firuz, Shah Turkan started mistreating her rival and one of them was Qutbuddin, who had been blinded and executed. This incident led rebellion against Ruknuddin Firuz. Daughters Razia Sultana (c. 1205 – 15 October 1240) –with Turkan Khatun; she was the first and only female ruler of Delhi Sultanate, when her father leaving for his Gwalior campaign in 1231, Iltutmish left her as in-charge of Delhi's administration. She performed her duties so well that after his father returns, Iltutmish decided to name her as his successor. She ascended the throne in 1236 but overthrown in 1240. In 1240 during the imprisonment in Bathinda, she married Malik Ikhtiyar ud-Din Altunia. Both of them were killed in October 1240. Shazia Begum (probably died 1240) –with Turkan Khatun. not much known about her but Some sources said she was killed along with Razia and her tomb located beside Razia's grave in Mohalla Bulbuli Khanna near Turkman Gate in Old Delhi. She is said to be married to a statesman known as Izz-ud-din Balban-i-Khaslu Khan. Unnamed daughter (died after 1240) –with unnamed consorts; she was the sister of Muiz ud din Bahram, which he married the regent Amir-i-Hajib Malik-i-Kabir Ikhtiyaruddin Aitegin. References ^ Kumar, Sunil (2006). "Service, Status, and Military Slavery in the Delhi Sultanate:Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". In Chatterjee, Indrani; Eaton, Richard M. (eds.). Slavery and South Asian History. Indiana University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-253-11671-0. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2023. Juzjani provided rare details about how Iltutmish was enslaved as a youth in the Central Asian steppes... ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 676. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 676. ^ a b K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 256. ^ a b Jaswant Lal Mehta 1979, p. 105. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625, 633. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625, 661. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625, 633. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 650, 661. ^ "Grave of Delhi's only woman Sultan lies forgotten". www.dnaindia.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 209–210:"There has been considerable controversy during the last several decades regarding the pronunciation and the orthography of the Sultan's name. Contemporary Persian textsTajul Ald'asir, Tarikh-iFakhruddin Mubarak Shah, Adabul Harb and Tabagat-i Nasiri-as well as the inscriptions on buildings and coins have been differently read and differently interpreted by different writers. Elphinstone spelt the name as 'Altamish;! CJliot as 'Altamsh';2 and Raverty as Tyaltimish. In 1907 Barthold suggested that the word was really IItutmish'maintainer of the kingdom' and advanced convincing arguments in support of his view" ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 209. ^ André Wink 1991, pp. 154–155. ^ a b c André Wink 1991, p. 154. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 210. ^ a b c d K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 211. ^ a b c K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 212. ^ a b c K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 213. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 206. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 207–208. ^ a b Peter Jackson 2003, p. 29. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 208. ^ André Wink 1991, p. 152. ^ a b c d e f Peter Jackson 2003, p. 30. ^ F. B. Flood 2009, p. 228. ^ a b c d André Wink 1991, p. 153. ^ a b c d e f K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 214. ^ a b c K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 215. ^ Peter Jackson 2003, pp. 30–31. ^ Peter Jackson 2003, pp. 32–33. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 215–216. ^ a b c d Peter Jackson 2003, p. 33. ^ a b c Peter Jackson 2003, p. 34. ^ a b K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 216. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 216–217. ^ a b c K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 217. ^ a b c Peter Jackson 2003, p. 36. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 217–218. ^ a b K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 218. ^ a b c d Peter Jackson 2003, p. 37. ^ a b André Wink 1991, p. 156. ^ a b c d e f g Peter Jackson 2003, p. 35. ^ a b c d e f g h i K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 219. ^ Peter Jackson 2003, pp. 37–38. ^ Sean Oliver-Dee 2009, p. 31. ^ Blain H. Auer 2012, pp. 107–108. ^ a b F. B. Flood 2009, p. 240. ^ a b c K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 220. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 221. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 221–222. ^ a b K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 222. ^ a b c Satish Chandra 2004, p. 45. ^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (1965). Muslim Rule in India. S. Chand. ^ A. K. Majumdar 1956, pp. 157–159. ^ S. M. Ikram 1966, p. 52. ^ André Wink 1991, p. 157. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 230. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 231. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 235. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 236. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 242. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 244–249. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 250–255. ^ a b Peter Jackson 2003, pp. 46–47. ^ Riazul Islam 2002, p. 323. ^ a b c d e K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 229. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 20. ^ Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi 2003, p. 40. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 24. ^ a b c Salma Ahmed Farooqui 2011, p. 60. ^ a b c Salma Ahmed Farooqui 2011, p. 59. ^ a b K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 227. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 226–227. ^ Kumar, Sunil (2007). The Emergence of the Delhi Sultanate. Ranikhet: Permanent Black. ISBN 978-81-7824-306-1. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 227–228. ^ Ian Blanchard 2005, pp. 1263–1264. ^ Ian Blanchard 2005, pp. 1264–1265. ^ André Wink 1991, p. 155. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 223. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 228. ^ Satish Chandra 2004, p. 46. ^ Ronald Vivian Smith 2005, pp. 11–12. ^ R. Balasubramaniam 2005, p. 98. ^ Y.D.Sharma (2001). "Delhi and its Neighbourhood". Hauzi-i-Shamsi (New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India). pp. 63–64 &73. Retrieved 2009-04-24. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 676. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 676. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, Abu-'Umar-i-'Usman (1873). Tabaqat-i-Nasiri. London: Asiatic Society. pp. 660–673. ^ Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Iltutmish". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 234–235. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 236. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625, 633. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625, 661. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625, 633 ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873) p.676 ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 256. ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). Textbook of medieval Indian history. Primus Books. pp. 74–76. ISBN 978-93-80607-34-4. OCLC 822894456. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625, 633. ^ Guida M. Jackson 1999, p. 341. ^ Sudha Sharma 2016, p. 141 quote:"But as per Abu-Umar-i-Usman Minhaj-ud-din Siraj (Tabaqat-iNasiri), Turkan Khatun was the name of Razia's mother and not of this lady ." ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 230–231. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 243. ^ "Grave of Delhi's only woman Sultan lies forgotten". www.dnaindia.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 650, 661. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 650, 661. Bibliography Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iltutmish. Ian Blanchard (2005). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages. Vol. 3. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 9783515087049. A. K. Majumdar (1956). Chaulukyas of Gujarat. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. André Wink (1991). Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-10236-1. Blain H. Auer (2012). Symbols of Authority in Medieval Islam: History, Religion and Muslim Legitimacy in the Delhi Sultanate. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84885-567-0. F. B. Flood (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12594-7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2019. Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi (2003). Medieval India: essays in intellectual thought and culture. Manohar. ISBN 978-81-7304-499-1. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2019. Jaswant Lal Mehta (1979). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Vol. 2. Sterling Publishers Pvt. ISBN 9788120706170. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. K. A. Nizami (1992). "The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2019. Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2019. R. Balasubramaniam (2005). The World Heritage Complex of the Qutub. Aryan Books International. ISBN 978-81-7305-293-4. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2019. Riazul Islam (2002). Sufism in South Asia: Impact on Fourteenth Century Muslim Society. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195790054. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023. Ronald Vivian Smith (2005). The Delhi that No-one Knows. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-8028-020-7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2019. S. M. Ikram (1966). Muslim Rule in India & Pakistan, 711-1858 A.C. Star Book Depot. Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-81-317-3202-1. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2018. Satish Chandra (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526). Vol. 1. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2016. Sean Oliver-Dee (2009). The Caliphate Question: The British Government and Islamic Governance. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-3603-4. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2019. Preceded byAram Shah Sultan of the Mamluk Dynasty 1211–1236 Succeeded byRukn ud din Firuz Preceded byAram Shah Sultan of Delhi 1211–1236 Succeeded byRukn ud din Firuz Wikiquote has quotations related to Iltutmish. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Other İslâm Ansiklopedisi
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Mamluk kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)"},{"link_name":"Ghurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Bukhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara"},{"link_name":"Ghazni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni"},{"link_name":"Ghurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurid"},{"link_name":"Qutb ud-Din Aibak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak"},{"link_name":"iqta'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqta%27"},{"link_name":"Badaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badaun"},{"link_name":"Khokhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khokhar"},{"link_name":"1205–1206","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jhelum_(1206)"},{"link_name":"Muhammad of Ghor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor"},{"link_name":"manumitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manumission"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Aram Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_Shah"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Taj al-Din Yildiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_al-Din_Yildiz"},{"link_name":"Nasir ad-Din Qabacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_ad-Din_Qabacha"},{"link_name":"Lakhnauti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)"},{"link_name":"Mandore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandore"},{"link_name":"Khwarazmian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"Abbasid caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_caliph"},{"link_name":"al-Mustansir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustansir_I"},{"link_name":"Gwalior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior"},{"link_name":"Paramara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramara_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Bhilsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhilsa"},{"link_name":"Ujjain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjain"},{"link_name":"Chandela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandela"},{"link_name":"Kalinjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinjar_Fort"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"khanqahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanqah"},{"link_name":"dargahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargah"}],"text":"Shams ud-Din Iltutmish (Persian: شمس الدین ایلتتمش; died 30 April 1236, r. 1211–1236) was the third of the Mamluk kings who ruled the former Ghurid territories in northern India. He was the first Muslim sovereign to rule from Delhi, and is thus considered the effective founder of the Delhi Sultanate.Sold into slavery as a young boy, Iltutmish spent his early life in Bukhara and Ghazni under multiple masters. In the late 1190s, the Ghurid slave-commander Qutb ud-Din Aibak purchased him in Delhi, thus making him the slave of a slave. Iltutmish rose to prominence in Aibak's service, and was granted the important iqta' of Badaun. His military actions against the Khokhar rebels in 1205–1206 gained attention of the Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor, who manumitted him even before his master Aibak was manumitted.After Muhammad of Ghor's assassination in 1206, Aibak became a practically independent ruler of the Ghurid territories in India, with his headquarters at Lahore. After Aibak's death, Iltutmish dethroned his unpopular successor Aram Shah in 1211, and set up his capital at Delhi. He then consolidated his rule by subjugating several dissidents, and fighting against other former Ghurid slaves, such as Taj al-Din Yildiz and Nasir ad-Din Qabacha. During 1225–1227, he subjugated Aibak's former subordinates who had carved out an independent kingdom headquartered at Lakhnauti in eastern India. He also asserted his authority over Ranthambore (1226) and Mandore (1227), whose Hindu chiefs had declared independence after Aibak's death.In the early 1220s, Iltutmish had largely stayed away from the Indus Valley region, which was embroiled in conflicts between Qabacha, the Khwarazmian dynasty, and the Mongols. In 1228, he invaded the Indus Valley region, defeated Qabacha, and annexed large parts of Punjab and Sindh to his empire. Subsequently, the Abbasid caliph al-Mustansir recognized his authority in India. Over the next few years, Iltutmish suppressed a rebellion in Bengal, captured Gwalior, raided the Paramara-controlled cities of Bhilsa and Ujjain in central India, and expelled Khwarazmian subordinates in the north-west. His officers also attacked and plundered the Chandela-controlled Kalinjar area.Iltutmish organized the administration of the Sultanate, laying the foundation for its dominance over northern India until the Mughal invasion. He introduced the silver tanka and the copper jital – the two basic coins of the Sultanate period, with a standard weight of 175 grains. He set up the Iqtadari system: division of empire into Iqtas, which were assigned to the nobles and officers in lieu of salary. He erected many buildings, including mosques, khanqahs (monasteries), dargahs (shrines or graves of influential people) and a reservoir (hawz) for pilgrims.","title":"Iltutmish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"omitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"AH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijri_year"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992209-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndr%C3%A9_Wink1991154%E2%80%93155-14"},{"link_name":"Ghaznavid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavid"},{"link_name":"Mas'ud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%27ud_I_of_Ghazni"},{"link_name":"Hind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan"},{"link_name":"the Sultan of the Sultans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Sultans"},{"link_name":"Shahanshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahanshah"},{"link_name":"King of Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Kings"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"Turushka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_people"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndr%C3%A9_Wink1991154-15"}],"text":"The name \"Iltutmish\" literally means \"maintainer of the kingdom\" in Turkic. Since vowel marks are generally omitted in the historical Persian language manuscripts, different 19th-20th century writers read Iltutmish's name variously as \"Altamish\", \"Altamsh\", \"Iyaltimish\", and \"Iletmish\".[12] However, several verses by contemporary poets, in which the Sultan's name occurs, rhyme properly only if the name is pronounced \"Iltutmish\". Moreover, a 1425-1426 (AH 829) Tajul-Ma'asir manuscript shows the vowel \"u\" in the Sultan's name, which confirms that \"Iltutmish\" is the correct reading of the name.[13]Iltutmish's inscriptions mention several of his grandiloquent titles, including:[14]Maula muluk al-arab wa-l-ajam (\"King of the Kings of the Arabs and the Persians\"), a title used by earlier Muslim kings including the Ghaznavid ruler Mas'ud\nMaula muluk al-turk wa-l'ajam, Saiyid as-salatin al-turk wa-l'ajam, Riqab al-imam maula muluk al-turk wa-l-ajam (\"Master of Kings of the Turks and the Persians\")\nHindgir (\"Conqueror of Hind\")\nSultan Salatin ash-Sharq (\"the Sultan of the Sultans of the East\")\nShah-i-Sharq (\"King of the East\")\nShahanshah (\"King of Kings\"), a title of the emperors of PersiaIn Sanskrit language inscriptions of the Delhi Sultanate, he has been referred to as \"Lititmisi\" (a rendering of \"Iltutmish\"); Suritan Sri Samasadin or Samusdina (a rendering of his title \"Sultan Shamsuddin\"); or Turushkadhipamadaladan (\"the Turushka Lord\").[15]","title":"Names and titles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Minhaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhaj-i-Siraj"},{"link_name":"Tabaqat-i Nasiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaqat-i_Nasiri"},{"link_name":"Hazrat Yusuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992210-16"},{"link_name":"Bukhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara"},{"link_name":"dervish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervish"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992211-17"},{"link_name":"Isami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isami_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Shahab al-Din Abu Hafs Umar Suhrawardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Abu_Hafs_Umar_Suhrawardi"},{"link_name":"Auhaduddin Kermani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auhaduddin_Kermani"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992211-17"},{"link_name":"Ghazni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni"},{"link_name":"Ghurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mu'izz ad-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992211-17"}],"sub_title":"Outside India","text":"Iltutmish was born in an affluent family: his father Ilam Khan was a leader of the Ilbari Turkic tribe. According to Minhaj's Tabaqat-i Nasiri, he was a handsome and intelligent boy, because of which his brothers grew jealous of him; these brothers sold him to a slave dealer at a horse show. Minhaj's narrative appears to be inspired by the Quranic story of Hazrat Yusuf (Joseph), who was sold into slavery by his jealous brothers.[16]According to Minhaj, as a young boy, Iltutmish was brought to Bukhara, where he was re-sold to the local Sadr-i Jahan (officer in charge of religious matters and endowments). There are several anecdotes about Iltutmish's childhood interest in religious mysticism. According to a story narrated by Iltutmish himself in Minhaj's book, once a family member of the Sadr-i Jahan gave him some money and asked him to bring some grapes from the market. Iltutmish lost the money on the way to the market, and started crying fearing punishment from his master. A dervish (Sufi religious leader) noticed him, and bought the grapes for him in exchange for a promise that he would treat religious devotees and ascetics well upon becoming powerful.[17] The writings of Isami and some other sources suggest that Iltutmish also spent some time in Baghdad, where he met noted Sufi mystics such as Shahab al-Din Abu Hafs Umar Suhrawardi and Auhaduddin Kermani.[17]Minhaj states that the family of Sadr-i Jahan treated Iltutmish well, and later sold him to a merchant called Bukhara Haji. Iltutmish was subsequently sold to a merchant called Jamaluddin Muhammad Chust Qaba, who brought him to Ghazni. The arrival of a handsome and intelligent slave in the town was reported to the Ghurid king Mu'izz ad-Din, who offered 1,000 gold coins for Iltutmish and another slave named Tamghaj Aibak. When Jamaluddin refused the offer, the king banned the sale of these slaves in Ghazni. A year later, Jamaluddin went to Bukhara, and stayed there for three years with the slaves.[17]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qutb al-Din Aibak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Aibak"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992211-17"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Bathinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathinda"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992212-18"},{"link_name":"Gwalior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior"},{"link_name":"Amir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir"},{"link_name":"iqta'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqta%27"},{"link_name":"Baran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulandshahr"},{"link_name":"Badaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badaun"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992212-18"},{"link_name":"Khokhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khokhar"},{"link_name":"Jhelum river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum_river"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992212-18"},{"link_name":"manumission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manumission"},{"link_name":"Ibn Battuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta"},{"link_name":"ulama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992213-19"}],"sub_title":"In Qutb al-Din's service","text":"Subsequently, Iltutmish's master Jamaluddin returned to Ghazni, where Mu'izz ad-Din's slave-commander Qutb al-Din Aibak noticed Iltutmish.[17] Qutb al-Din, who had just returned from a campaign in Gujarat (c. 1197), sought Mu'izz ad-Din's permission to purchase Iltutmish and Tamghaj. Since their sale had been banned in Ghazni, Mu'izz ad-Din directed them to be taken to Delhi. In Delhi, Jamaluddin sold Iltutmish and Tamghaj to Qutb al-Din for 100,000 jitals (silver or copper coins). Tamghaj rose to the position of the muqta (provincial governor) of Tabarhinda (possibly modern Bathinda), while Iltutmish became the sar-jandar (head of bodyguard).[18]Iltutmish rose rapidly in Qutb al-Din's service, attaining the rank of Amir-i Shikar (superintendent of the hunt). After the Ghurid conquest of Gwalior in 1200, he was appointed the Amir of the town, and later, he was granted the iqta' of Baran. His efficient governance prompted Qutb al-Din to grant him the iqta' of Badaun, which according to Minhaj, was the most important one in the Delhi Sultanate.[18]In 1205–1206, Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din summoned Qutb al-Din's forces for his campaign against the Khokhar rebels. During this campaign, Iltutmish's Badaun contingent forced the Khokhars into the middle of the Jhelum river, and killed them there. Mu'izz ad-Din noticed Iltutmish, and made inquiries about him.[18] The Sultan subsequently presented Iltutmish with a robe of honour, and asked Aibak to treat him well. Minhaj states that Mu'izz ad-Din also ordered Iltutmish's deed of manumission to be drawn on this occasion, which would mean that Iltutmish - a slave of a slave until this point - was manumitted even before his own master Aibak had been manumitted. However, Iltutmish's manumission doesn't appear to have been well-publicized because Ibn Battuta states that at the time of his ascension a few years later, an ulama deputation led by Qazi Wajihuddin Kashani waited to find if he had obtained a deed of manumission or not.[19]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islamic_Sultanates._Delhi._Shams_al-D%C4%ABn_Iltutmish._AH_607-633_AD_1210-1235._AR_Tanka_(25mm,_11.07_g,_6h)._Sind_type.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Aram Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_Shah"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992206-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992207%E2%80%93208-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200329-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992208-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndr%C3%A9_Wink1991152-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200330-25"},{"link_name":"Nasir ad-Din Qabacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_ad-Din_Qabacha"},{"link_name":"Uch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uch"},{"link_name":"Lakhnauti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)"},{"link_name":"Ali Mardan Khalji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mardan_Khalji"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Yildiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_al-Din_Yildiz"}],"text":"Coinage of Shams al-Dīn Iltutmish (AH 607-633 AD 1210–1235). AR Tanka (25mm, 11.07 g, 6h). Sind type.After Mu'izz ad-Din's death in 1206, Qutb al-Din became the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, which evolved independent of the former Ghurid Empire. In 1210, when Qutb al-Din Aibak died unexpectedly in Lahore during a sport game, the local nobles appointed Aram Shah as his successor to prevent instability in the kingdom.[20] However, the nobles in other parts of the Sultanate opposed this decision, and proposed Iltutmish as an alternative, because Aibak used to call him a son, and because he had a distinguished record of service. These nobles, led by the military justiciar (Amir-i Dad) Ali-yi Ismail, invited him to occupy the throne.[21]Iltutmish marched to Delhi, where he seized the power, and later defeated Aram Shah's forces.[22] Some nobles rebelled against his seizure of power, but Iltutmish subjugated them, and had many of them beheaded.[23]Minhaj-i-Siraj states that after Aibak's death, the former Ghurid dominions of India (Mamalik-i-Hindustan) had been divided into four parts, centred at:[24][25]Delhi, controlled by Iltutmish\nSindh, controlled by Nasir ad-Din Qabacha, a former Ghurid slave, who had been muqta (provincial governor) of Uch since 1204\nLakhnauti, controlled by Ali Mardan Khalji, a former governor who proclaimed independence and styled himself as Sultan Ala al-Din\nLahore, contested between Qabacha, Yildiz, and Iltutmish","title":"Ascension and consolidation of power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minhaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhaj-i-Siraj"},{"link_name":"Badaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badaun"},{"link_name":"Awadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadh"},{"link_name":"Banaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi"},{"link_name":"Siwalik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapadalaksha"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200329-22"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Ranthambore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Ranastambhapura"},{"link_name":"Jalor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Jalor"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992213-19"},{"link_name":"Hasan Nizami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Nizami"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200330-25"}],"sub_title":"Delhi's dependencies","text":"Several Muslim officers, who administered Delhi's dependencies during Aibak's reign, did not recognize Iltutmish's authority. According to Minhaj, Iltutmish re-asserted Delhi's control over Badaun, Awadh, Banaras, and Siwalik in a series of campaigns. For example, Iltutmish captured Banaras after defeating Qaymaz, who was presumably a former officer of Aibak.[22]By the time of Iltutmish's ascension, Delhi's hold over various Hindu chiefs had weakened, and some of them - such as those of Ranthambore and Jalor - had declared independence.[19] During the first few years of his reign, Iltutmish other preoccupations appear to have prevented him from campaigning against these chiefs. Hasan Nizami refers to an undated expedition against Jalor, which may have taken place sometime after his victory over Aram Shah.[25]","title":"Ascension and consolidation of power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ghazni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni"},{"link_name":"Taj al-Din Yildiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_al-Din_Yildiz"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992213-19"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200330-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEF._B._Flood2009228-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndr%C3%A9_Wink1991153-27"},{"link_name":"Khwarazmian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992214-28"},{"link_name":"Isami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isami_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Futuh-us-Salatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuh-us-Salatin"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992214-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndr%C3%A9_Wink1991153-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992214-28"},{"link_name":"Tarain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarain"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200330-25"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992214-28"},{"link_name":"Hansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asigarh_Fort"},{"link_name":"Hasan Nizami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Nizami"},{"link_name":"Badaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaun"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992214-28"}],"sub_title":"Defeat of Yildiz","text":"The Ghurid capital of Ghazni was controlled by Taj al-Din Yildiz, a former slave who claimed to be the rightful successor to the Ghurid emperor. After Iltutmish suppressed the rival claimants to the throne, Yildiz sent him a royal umbrella (chatr) and a baton (durbash): these gifts implied that Iltutmish was a subordinate ruler. Iltutmish did not want an immediate confrontation, and accepted these gifts.[19] Iltutmish's earliest inscription, dated October 1211, styles him as a subordinate king - al-Malik al-Mu'azzam (\"the great chief\"), rather than as an imperial Sultan.[25][26]Meanwhile, taking advantage of the succession conflict between Aram Shah and Iltutmish, Qabacha had captured Lahore in 1211.[27] Shortly after this, a Khwarazmian invasion forced Yildiz to leave Ghazni. Yildiz migrated eastwards, displaced Qabacha from Lahore, and captured parts of the Punjab region. Iltutmish became concerned that Yildiz would ultimately try to occupy Delhi, and marched against him.[28]Yildiz sent a message to Iltutmish, declaring that he was the real successor of Mu'izz ad-Din and thus, had claims to the former Ghurid territories in India. According to Isami's Futuh-us-Salatin, Iltutmish replied that the days of such hereditary claims were over:[28]You know that today the dominion of the world is enjoyed by the one who possesses the greatest strength. The principle of hereditary succession is not extinct, [but] long ago destiny abolished this custom.— Iltutmish[27]Iltutmish offered to engage in a negotiation provided both men came to the meeting unaccompanied by any warriors.[28] Yildiz refused the offer, resulting a battle at Tarain on 25 January 1216, which resulted in Iltutmish's victory.[25][28] Isami states that Yildiz managed to escape to Hansi, while the earlier chronicler Hasan Nizami states that he was injured by an arrow and captured on the battlefield. Yildiz was later taken to Iltutmish's stronghold of Badaun, where he was killed. Iltutmish's success in this conflict reinforced the Delhi Sultanate's independent status.[28]","title":"Ascension and consolidation of power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200330-25"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992215-29"},{"link_name":"Siwistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehwan_Sharif"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndr%C3%A9_Wink1991153-27"},{"link_name":"Firishta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firishta"},{"link_name":"Sirhind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirhind"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992214-28"},{"link_name":"Chenab River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenab_River"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992215-29"},{"link_name":"Nasiruddin Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_(eldest_son_of_Iltutmish)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992215-29"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200330-25"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Aufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Aufi"},{"link_name":"Lubab ul-Albab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubab_ul-Albab"},{"link_name":"Bahraich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahraich"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200330%E2%80%9331-30"}],"sub_title":"Initial conflict with Qabacha","text":"Iltutmish's victory over Yildiz did not result in any substantial increase in his territory.[25] He did not immediately assert his control over the Punjab region, and Qabacha regained control of Lahore.[29] By this time, Qabacha had assumed the sovereign title of Sultan, and controlled a vast territory that included coastal Sindh, Siwistan, Bhakkar, and Multan.[27]Subsequently, Qabacha tried to conquer a greater part of Punjab: according to Firishta, he sought to extend his authority as far as Sirhind in the east. This prompted Iltutmish to march against him in 1217.[28] Qabacha initially retreated, but Iltutmish's army chased him and defeated him at a place called Mansura, which was located on the banks of the Chenab River.[29] Iltutmish then captured Lahore in the winter of 1216–1217, and appointed his son Nasiruddin Mahmud to govern it.[29] Lahore remained contested in the subsequent years; for example, at the time of Khwarazmian invasion of the region (see below), it was under the control of Qabacha's son.[25]Qabacha seems to have posed a serious threat to Iltutmish, as suggested by Muhammad Aufi in Lubab ul-Albab. Aufi, writing shortly before the Khwarazmian invasion, expresses hope that his patron Qabacha will soon conquer the whole of Hindustan. Aufi also mentions that Ahmad Jamaji, who was Iltutmish's governor of Bahraich, defected to Qabacha in 1220.[30]","title":"Ascension and consolidation of power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khwarazmshahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mongol invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Khwarezmia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Indus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Indus"},{"link_name":"Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200332%E2%80%9333-31"},{"link_name":"Khokhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khokhar"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992215%E2%80%93216-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200333-33"},{"link_name":"Genghis Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ata-Malik Juvayni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvayni"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200334-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992216-35"},{"link_name":"Sindh Sagar Doab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_Sagar_Doab"},{"link_name":"Pasrur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasrur"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992216-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200333-33"},{"link_name":"Minhaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhaj-i-Siraj"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992216%E2%80%93217-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200333-33"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992217-37"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_Muhammad_al-Nasawi"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200333-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200334-34"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992217-37"}],"sub_title":"Khwarazmian threat","text":"The Khwarazmshahs, who had taken over the western part of the former Ghurid Empire, suffered a Mongol invasion in 1220. After being defeated at the Battle of Indus in 1221, the Khwarazmshah Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu escaped to the Punjab region.[31] He entered into a matrimonial alliance with the local Khokhar chief Rai Khokhar Sankin,[32] and defeated other regional rulers, including Qabacha.[33]The Mongol leader Genghis Khan briefly considered returning to Mongolia through a shorter route which involved crossing the Himalayan foothills. He sent envoys to Iltutmish, asking for the Delhi Sultan's permission to pass through India. No extant sources provide any information about the result of this embassy, but it appears that Genghis Khan abandoned his plan to pass through India. According to the Persian historian Ata-Malik Juvayni, Genghis Khan advanced eastwards into India, but failed to find a suitable route, and therefore, exited the country via Peshawar.[34] It is possible that Genghis Khan, through his envoys, asked Iltutmish to not aid Jalal ad-Din: Iltutmish seems to have obliged.[35]Meanwhile, Jalal ad-Din established himself in the Sindh Sagar Doab in the Punjab region, and captured the fort of Pasrur. He sent his envoy Ainul Mulk to Iltutmish, seeking an alliance against the Mongols, and requesting for a safe place to stay. According to Juvayni, after deliberating over the matter for several days, Iltutmish refused to provide him a residence on the excuse that no place in his kingdom have a suitable climate or a locality fit for a king.[35] Iltutmish also had the envoy killed, and sent troops to aid Qabacha against Jalal ad-Din .[33] Minhaj, another Persian historian, states that Iltutmish himself led an army against Jalal ad-Din.[36] Only the vanguards of the two armies clashed, and the two rulers withdrew after exchanging friendly messages.[33]Meanwhile, Qabacha - who had earlier accepted Jalal ad-Din's suzerainty - rebelled against him, and this conflict kept Jalal ad-Din busy.[37] Jalal-ad-Din carried out some more campaigns in India, including a raid in Gujarat, but none against Iltutmish. He left the Indian frontier in 1223–1224; according to his biographer Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, he did so because he received the news that Iltutmish, Qabacha, and several Hindu chiefs (\"rais and thakurs\") had formed an alliance against him.[33] The Mongols also maintained a presence in the region: for example, Genghis Khan's general besieged Qabacha in Multan in 1224, before retreating because of hot weather.[34]Until Genghis Khan's death in 1227, Iltutmish chose not to get involved in the politics of the Indus valley region to avoid a potential conflict with the Mongols.[37]","title":"Ascension and consolidation of power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siege of Kalinjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kalinjar"}],"text":"See also: Siege of Kalinjar","title":"Territorial expansion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delhisultanatet_under_iltutmish.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad._Governor,_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish,_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"Ali Mardan Khalji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mardan_Khalji"},{"link_name":"Lakhnauti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)"},{"link_name":"Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Iwaj_Shah"},{"link_name":"Jajnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajpur"},{"link_name":"Tirhut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirhut_division"},{"link_name":"Kamrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamrup_region"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992217-37"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200336-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992217%E2%80%93218-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992218-40"},{"link_name":"Mandore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandore"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992218-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200336-38"},{"link_name":"Nasiruddin Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_(eldest_son_of_Iltutmish)"},{"link_name":"iqta'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqta%27"},{"link_name":"Awadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadh"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200337-41"},{"link_name":"khutba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khutba"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndr%C3%A9_Wink1991156-42"}],"sub_title":"Eastern India and Rajasthan","text":"Extent of Delhi Sultanate under Iltutmish;[citation needed] The Sultanate clearly expanded under Shams ud-din into Bengal, the outskirts of Tibet and south to the Gangentic plains.Coin of Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad, Governor of Bengal (AH 614-616/ AD 1217–1220). Struck in the name of Shams al-Din Iltutmish, Sultan of Dehli.Iltutmish's predecessor Aibak had appointed Ali Mardan Khalji as the governor of Sultanate's territories in eastern India. After Aibak's death, the region became independent, with Lakhnauti as its capital, and Ali Mardan's successor Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah (alias Husamuddin Iwaz Khalji) styled himself as a sovereign Sultan. While Iltutmish was busy at the north-western frontier of his empire, Ghiyasuddin captured parts of present-day Bihar, and also extracted tribute from the smaller states of Jajnagar, Tirhut, Bang (in Bengal region), and Kamrup.[37]Iltutmish's forces captured Bihar in the 1210s, and invaded Bengal in 1225. Ghiyasuddin led an army to check Iltutmish's advance, but then decided to avoid a conflict by paying him tribute and accepting his suzerainty.[38][39] Iltutmish accepted the offer, and returned to Delhi after appointing Malik Jani as the governor of Bihar.[40]In 1226, Iltutmish captured the Ranthambore Fort, which was reputed to be impregnable. The next year, he captured the fort of Mandore, also in present-day Rajasthan.[40]Meanwhile, in eastern India, Ghiyasuddin re-asserted his independence and occupied Bihar.[38] In 1227, Iltutmish directed his son Nasiruddin Mahmud, who held the iqta' of neighbouring Awadh region at this time, to invade Bengal while Ghiyasuddin was away on a plundering campaign in Kamrup. Nasiruddin captured his capital Lakhnauti, and defeated and executed him on his return to Bengal.[41] Following this conquest, the coinage in the Bengal region was issued in the name of Iltutmish, and the khutba in Lakhnauti was also read in his name. [42]","title":"Territorial expansion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndr%C3%A9_Wink1991153-27"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200334-34"},{"link_name":"Hasan Nizami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Nizami"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Aufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Aufi"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200335-43"},{"link_name":"Tabarhinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathinda"},{"link_name":"Kuhram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghuram"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200335-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992219-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200335-43"},{"link_name":"Uch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uch"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992219-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200335-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992219-44"},{"link_name":"Bhakkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakkar"},{"link_name":"wazir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200335-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992219-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200335-43"},{"link_name":"Makran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makran"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992219-44"},{"link_name":"wāli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%81li"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200335-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992219-44"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndr%C3%A9_Wink1991154-15"}],"sub_title":"Annexation of Qabacha's empire","text":"During the first half of the 1220s, Iltutmish had avoided Indus River Valley, which was contended by the Mongols, the Khwarazm kings, and Qabacha. After the decline of the Mongol and the Khwarazmian threat, Qabacha gained control over this region. Shortly after, during 1228–1229, Iltutmish invaded Qabacha's territory.[27] By this time, the conflicts with the Khwarazmians and the Mongols had weakened Qabacha's power.[34]The writings of Hasan Nizami and Muhammad Aufi suggest that Qabacha had earlier signed some treaties with Iltutmish, probably to secure his support against the Khwarazm prince Jalal ad-Din. These treaties probably involved Qabacha's recognition of Iltutmish's sovereignty, or promises to surrender some territories to the Delhi Sultan. Qabacha's failure to abide by these treaties may have prompted Iltutmish to wage a war against him.[43]Iltutmish's forces captured Tabarhinda, Kuhram, Sarsati (or Sursuti), and Lahore from Qabacha.[43][44] Iltutmish appointed Nasir al-Din Aytemur al-Baha'i as his provincial governor (muqta) of Lahore.[43] He then sent Nasir al-Din to capture Multan, while he himself invaded Uch.[44] Nasir al-Din captured Lahore,[43] and Iltutmish captured Uch after a three-month long siege, on 4 May 1228.[44]Qabacha fled to Bhakkar, pursued by an army led by Iltutmish's wazir Nizam al-Mulk Junyadi.[43] Finding himself in an unwinnable situation, Qabacha sent his son Malik Alauddin Bahram to Iltutmish, to negotiate a peace treaty. Iltutmish offered peace in exchange for Qabacha's unconditional surrender, but Qabacha preferred death to these terms,[44] and committed suicide by drowning himself into the Indus River on the night of 26 May 1228.[43] Iltutmish then placed Multan and Uch under his own governors, and had his forces occupy several strategic forces, expand his authority up to Makran in the west.[44] Malik Sinanuddin, the wāli (governor) of coastal Sindh, also recognized Iltutmish's authority, and thus Iltutmish's empire spread as far as the Arabian Sea.[43][44] Qabacha's son and surviving followers also accepted Iltutmish's suzerainty.[15]","title":"Territorial expansion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbasid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Al-Nasir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200337-41"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992219-44"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Al-Mustansir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustansir_(Baghdad)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200337%E2%80%9338-45"},{"link_name":"investiture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992219-44"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESean_Oliver-Dee200931-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlain_H._Auer2012107%E2%80%93108-47"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992219-44"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEF._B._Flood2009240-48"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndr%C3%A9_Wink1991154-15"},{"link_name":"Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Iwaj_Shah"},{"link_name":"Khwarazmian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200337-41"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEF._B._Flood2009240-48"}],"sub_title":"Caliph's recognition","text":"In 1220-, the Abbasid Caliph Al-Nasir sent his Indian-born ambassador Radi al-Din Abu'l-Fada'il al-Hasan bin Muhammad al-Saghani to Delhi.[41][44] The ambassador returned to the Abbasid capital Baghdad in 1227, during the reign of Al-Mustansir. In 1228, the new Caliph sent the ambassador back to Delhi with robes of honour, recognizing Iltutmish's authority in India and conferring on him the titles Yamin Khalifat Allah (\"Right Hand of the God's Deputy\") and Nasir Amir al-Mu'minin (\"Auxiliary of the Commander of the Faithful\").[45] On 18 February 1229, the embassy arrived in Delhi with a deed of investiture.[44]Although the Caliphate's status as a pan-Islamic institution had been declining, the Caliph's recognition was seen as a religious and political legitimization of Iltutmish's status as an independent ruler rather than a Ghurid subordinate.[46][47] The Caliph's recognition was a mere formality, but Iltutmish celebrated it in a big way, by decorating the city of Delhi and honouring his nobles, officers, and slaves.[44] Iltutmish's own court poets eulogize the event,[48] and the 14th century Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta describes him as the first independent ruler of Delhi.[15] Iltutmish is the only ruler of India to have the Caliph's recognition. Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah, the ruler of Bengal defeated by Iltutmish's forces, had earlier assumed the title Nasir Amir al-Mu'minin, but he did so unilaterally without the Caliph's sanction. The Caliph probably saw Iltutmish as an ally against his Khwarazmian rival, which may have prompted him to recognize Iltutmish's authority in India.[41]After the Caliph's recognition, Iltutmish began inscribing the Caliph's name on his coins, including the new silver tanka introduced by him.[48]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nasiruddin Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_(eldest_son_of_Iltutmish)"},{"link_name":"Malik Balkha Khalji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Balkha_Khalji"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200337-41"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992220-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992220-49"},{"link_name":"Gwalior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior_Fort"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992220-49"},{"link_name":"Gwalior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior"},{"link_name":"iqta's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqta%27"},{"link_name":"Bayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayana"},{"link_name":"Kannauj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj"},{"link_name":"Mahaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahaban"},{"link_name":"Chandela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandela"},{"link_name":"Kalinjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinjar_Fort"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992221-50"},{"link_name":"Yajvapala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajvapala_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992221%E2%80%93222-51"},{"link_name":"Paramara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramara_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Bhilsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhilsa"},{"link_name":"Ujjain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjain"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndr%C3%A9_Wink1991156-42"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992222-52"},{"link_name":"Mahakaleshwar temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakaleshwar_Jyotirlinga"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatish_Chandra200445-53"},{"link_name":"jyotirlinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyotirlinga"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Jhelum River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum_River"},{"link_name":"Nasawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_Muhammad_al-Nasawi"},{"link_name":"Hasan Qarluq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Muhammad_Qarlugh"},{"link_name":"Binban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannu"},{"link_name":"Qarluq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Muhammad_Qarlugh"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200336-38"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"mlechchha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlechchha"},{"link_name":"Chaulukya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaulukya"},{"link_name":"Vastupala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastupala"},{"link_name":"Viradhavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaghela_dynasty#Viradhavala"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._K._Majumdar1956157%E2%80%93159-55"}],"sub_title":"Other campaigns","text":"In March–April 1229, Iltutmish's son Nasiruddin Mahmud, who had been governing Bengal since 1227, died unexpectedly. Taking advantage of this, Malik Balkha Khalji, an officer of Iltutmish, usurped the authority in Bengal. Iltutmish invaded Bengal, and defeated him in 1230.[41][49] He then appointed Malik Alauddin Jani as the governor of Bengal.[49]Meanwhile, Mangal Deva, the Parihara chief of Gwalior in central India, had declared independence. In 1231, Iltutmish besieged the city, and captured it after 11 months of conflict, on 12 December 1232. After Mangal Deva fled, and Iltutmish left the fort under the charge of his officers Majdul Mulk Ziyauddin.[49]In 1233–1234, Iltutmish placed Gwalior under Malik Nusratuddin Taisi, who was also assigned the iqta's of Sultankot and Bayana, and made in-charge of the military contingents at Kannauj, Mehr, and Mahaban. Shortly after, Taisi attacked the Chandela fort of Kalinjar, and subsequently plundered the area for around 50 days. During this campaign, he acquired a large amount of wealth: Iltutmish's share (one-fifth) of the loot amounted to 2.5 million jitals.[50] While Taisi was returning to Gwalior, the Yajvapala ruler Chahada-deva (called Jahar by Minhaj) ambushed him, but Taisi able to fend off the attack by dividing his army into three contingents.[51]Subsequently, Iltutmish raided the Paramara-controlled cities of Bhilsa and Ujjain in 1234–35.[42] Iltutmish's army occupied Bhilsa, and destroyed a temple whose construction - according to Minhaj - had taken three hundred years.[52] At Ujjain, his forces damaged the Mahakaleshwar temple and obtained rich plunder, but made little effort to annex the Paramara territory.[53] The jyotirlinga at the site was dismantled and believed to be thrown into a nearby 'Kotiteerth Kunda' (a pond neighboring the temple) with the Jaladhari (a structure supporting the Lingam) stolen during the invasion.[54]By 1229–1230, the north-western boundary of Iltutmish's kingdom appears to have extended up to the Jhelum River, as Nasawi states that he controlled the area \"up to the neighbourhood of the gates of Kashmir\". During this period, Iltutmish invaded the territories controlled by the Khwarazmian subordinate Ozbeg-bei, in present-day Pakistan. Ozbeg-bei fled to the Khwarazmian ruler Jalal-ad-Din in Iraq, while Other local commanders - including Hasan Qarluq - surrendered to Iltutmish. Qarluq later changed his allegiance to the Mongols. During his last days, in 1235–1236, Iltutmish is known to have aborted a campaign in the Binban area: this campaign was probably directed against Qarluq.[38]Hammira-mada-mardana, a Sanskrit play by Jayasimha Suri, mentions that a mlechchha (foreigner) called Milachchhrikara invaded Gujarat during the Chaulukya reign. The Chaulukya minister Vastupala used diplomatic tactics to create many difficulties for the invader, who was ultimately defeated by the general Viradhavala. Some historians have identified Milachchhrikara with Iltutmish, thus theorizing that Iltutmish unsuccessfully tried to invade Gujarat. However, others have dismissed this identification as inaccurate.[55]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bamyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamyan"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992222-52"},{"link_name":"buried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_complex#Iltutmish"},{"link_name":"Qutb complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_complex"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTES._M._Ikram196652-56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iltutmish_Cenotaph.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qutb_Complex_Shrine.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iltutmish_Shrine.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illtumish_Tomb_in_Qutub_Minar_Complex.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_lifetime_lies_here,_Qutb_Minar_and_its_monuments,_Delhi,_India_(2020).jpg"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndr%C3%A9_Wink1991157-57"},{"link_name":"Nasiruddin Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_(eldest_son_of_Iltutmish)"},{"link_name":"Razia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razia_Sultana"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992230-58"},{"link_name":"Ruknuddin Firuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukn_ud_din_Firuz"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992231-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992235-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992236-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992242-62"},{"link_name":"Muizzuddin Bahram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muizzuddin_Bahram"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992244%E2%80%93249-63"},{"link_name":"Alauddin Masud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauddin_Masud"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992250%E2%80%93255-64"},{"link_name":"Nasiruddin-Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_(grandson_of_Iltutmish)"},{"link_name":"Ghias-ud-din-Balban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balban"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200346%E2%80%9347-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiazul_Islam2002323-66"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992256-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaswant_Lal_Mehta1979105-5"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeter_Jackson200346%E2%80%9347-65"},{"link_name":"Khaljis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalji_dynasty"}],"sub_title":"Death and succession","text":"In 1236, Iltutmish fell ill during a march towards Qarluq's stronghold of Bamyan, and returned to Delhi on 20 April, at the time chosen by his astrologers. He died in Delhi shortly after, on 30 April 1236.[52] He was buried in the Qutb complex in Mehrauli.[56]Illtumish's tomb in Qutub Minar ComplexThe death of Iltutmish was followed by years of political instability at Delhi. During this period, four descendants of Iltutmish were put on the throne and murdered.[57] In the 1220s, Iltutmish had groomed his eldest son Malikus Sa'id Nasiruddin Mahmud as his successor, but Nasiruddin died unexpectedly in 1229. While leaving for his Gwalior campaign in 1231, Iltutmish had left Delhi's administration to his daughter Razia. Her effective administration prompted him to declare her as his heir apparent in 1231, upon his return from Gwalior.[58] However, shortly before his death, Iltutmish seems to have chosen his surviving eldest son Ruknuddin Firuz as his successor. When Iltutmish died, the nobles unanimously appointed Ruknuddin as the new king.[59]During Ruknuddin's reign, his mother Shah Turkan took control of the state affairs, and started mistreating her rivals. Their execution of Qutubuddin, a popular son of Iltutmish, led to rebellions by several nobles, including Malik Ghiyasuddin Muhammad Shah - another son of Iltutmish.[60] Amid these circumstances, Razia seized the throne in November 1236, with support of the general public and several nobles, and Ruknuddin was executed.[61] Razia also faced rebellions, and was deposed and killed in 1240.[62] The nobles then appointed Muizzuddin Bahram - another son of Iltutmish - on the throne, but subsequently deposed and killed him in 1242.[63] Next, the nobles placed Ruknuddin's son Alauddin Masud on the throne, but he too, was deposed in 1246.[64]Order was re-established only after Nasiruddin-Mahmud became Sultan with Iltutmish's prominent slave, Ghias-ud-din-Balban as his deputy (Naib) in 1246.[65] Minhaj calls the new Sultan a son of Iltutmish, but Isami and Firishta suggest that he was a grandson of Iltutmish. Some modern historians consider Minhaj more reliable,[66] while others believe that the new Sultan was a son of Iltutmish's eldest son Nasiruddin (who died before Iltutmish), and was named after his father.[4][5] Balban held all the power at the time and became Sultan in 1266.[65] Balban's descendants ruled Delhi until they were overthrown by the Khaljis.","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992229-67"},{"link_name":"namaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namaz"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami199220-68"},{"link_name":"Ghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIqtidar_Husain_Siddiqi200340-69"},{"link_name":"Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutbuddin_Bakhtiar_Kaki"},{"link_name":"Jalaluddin Tabrizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaluddin_Tabrizi"},{"link_name":"Bahauddin Zakariya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahauddin_Zakariya"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992229-67"}],"text":"Iltutmish was a devout Muslim, and spent considerable time praying at night.[67]He was punctual in offering his prayers.Nizam-ud-Din Ahmad says:Sultan Shams-ud-Din was very puntilious in his prayers (namaz) and on Fridays he went to the mosque and stayed there to offer obligatory and superogatory prayers.[68]He also made special arrangement for prayers on military campaigns.His court poet Amir Ruhani describes him as a \"holy warrior and Ghazi\".[69] He revered several Sufi saints, including Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, Hamiduddin Nagauri, Jalaluddin Tabrizi, Bahauddin Zakariya, and Najibuddin Nakhshabi.[67]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami199224-70"},{"link_name":"ulama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992229-67"},{"link_name":"shariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariah"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992229-67"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalma_Ahmed_Farooqui201160-71"}],"sub_title":"Policy towards Hindus","text":"When a group of ulema came to Iltutmish and requested him to apply the law of \"death or Islam\" on Hindus, Iltutmish asked Nizam-ul'-Mulk Junaidi to give a suitable reply to the ulama.The Wazir replied to them:\"But at the moment India has newly been conquered and the Muslims are so few that they are like salt (in a large dish). If the above orders are to be applied to the Hindus, it is possible they might combine and a general confusion might ensue and the Muslims would be too few in number to suppress this general confusion. However, after a few years when in the capital and in the regions and the small towns the Muslims are well established and the troops are larger, it will be possible to give Hindus, the choice of \"death or Islam\"\".[70]Iltutmish held religious discourses by orthodox ulama - such as Sayyid Nuruddin Mubarak Ghaznavi - in his court, but disregarded their advice while formulating the imperial policies.[67] He understood the limits to which the Islamic shariah law could be implemented in largely non-Muslim India. He did not consult the ulama while making the unorthodox decision of nominating his daughter Raziya as his successor.[67] This balance between the shariah and the practical needs of the time became a feature of Turkic rule in Delhi.[71]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatish_Chandra200445-53"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalma_Ahmed_Farooqui201159-72"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatish_Chandra200445-53"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalma_Ahmed_Farooqui201159-72"},{"link_name":"Fakhr-i Mudabbir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr-i_Mudabbir"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992227-73"}],"text":"\"Iltutmish laid down the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate as a truly independent kingdom, freeing it from a subordinate position to Ghazni.[53][72] The Caliph's investiture, although a mere formality, reaffirmed his status as an independent sovereign among the Muslims.[53] By the time of his death, the Delhi Sultanate had emerged as the largest and the most powerful kingdom in northern India.[72]Iltutmish was most probably the first ruler to organize a centrally recruited, centrally paid and centrally managed army in the Delhi Sultanate. His courtier Fakhr-i Mudabbir composed Adab al-harb wa-l-shaja'a, a book on the art of warfare.[73]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iqta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqta%27"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992226%E2%80%93227-74"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992227-73"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"Iqtas","text":"Iltutmish implemented the iqta system of administrative grants in the Delhi Sultanate. This system, borrowed from the earlier Islamic dynasties of the Middle East, involved dedicating the revenues from a certain region to a subordinate in exchange for military service and political loyalty. Iltutmish used this iqtas to consolidate his empire by dismantling the existing feudal order of the Indian society.[74]Iltutmish assigned several regions to his Turkic subordinates in the form of iqtas. The larger iqtas - which were effectively provinces of the empire - were assigned to high-ranking men, who were expected to administer the regions, maintain local law and order, and supply military contingents in times of need. The holders of the smaller iqtas were only expected to collect revenues from their regions, in exchange for providing military service to the emperor. To ensure that this iqta system remained bureaucratic - rather than feudal - in nature, Iltutmish transferred the iqta holders from one region to another, refused to grant them legal immunity, and discouraged localism in administration.[73]Both free amirs as well as bandagan-i-shamsi (as opposed to bandagan-i-khass during Mu'izz ad-Din's times) were used by Iltutmish over an extended, long process involving rotation of the iqtas assigned to each noble every once in a while to ensure that there was no question of claims on a specific region by a specific noble. Besides these, princes were used as well in almost the same capacity, but in more important roles.[75][page needed]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992227%E2%80%93228-76"},{"link_name":"Hindushahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindushahi"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIan_Blanchard20051263%E2%80%931264-77"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ilt8.jpg"},{"link_name":"Devanagari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_script"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ilt4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rupee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupee"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIan_Blanchard20051264%E2%80%931265-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndr%C3%A9_Wink1991155-79"}],"sub_title":"Coinage","text":"Iltutmish introduced two coins that became the basis for the subsequent coinage of the Delhi Sultanate: the silver tanka and the copper jital.[76]His predecessors, including the Ghurid rulers, had maintained the local coinage system based on the Hindushahi bull-and horseman coins minted at Delhi. Dehliwala, the standard coin, was a silver-copper alloy with a uniform weight of 3.38 grams, of which 0.59 grams was Silver. The major source of silver for the Delhi mint were coin hoards from Central Asia. Another source was European silver which made its way to Delhi via the Red Sea, Persian Gulf through the ports of Gujarat. By the 1220s, supply from Central Asia had dried up and Gujarat was under control of hostile forces.[77]Coins of Iltutmish\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tObv: Crude figure of Rider bearing lance on caparisoned horse facing right. Devanagari legends: Sri / hamirah. Star above horse.Rev: Arabic legends: Shams al-dunya wa'l din Iltutmish al-sultan.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tObv:Rider bearing lance on caparisoned horse facing right. Devanagari legends: Sri / hamirah.Rev:Arabic legends: Shams al-dunya wa'l din Abu'l Muzaffar Iltutmish al-Sultan.In response to the lack of silver, Iltutmish introduced a new bimetallic coinage system to Northern India consisting of an 11 grams silver tanka and the billon jital, with 0.25 grams of silver. The Dehliwala was devalued to be on par with the jital. This meant that a Dehliwala with 0.59 grams of silver was now equivalent to a coin with 0.25 grams of silver. Each Dehliwala paid as tax, therefore produced an excess 0.34 grams of silver which could be used to produce tankas. The new system served as the basis for coinage for much of the Sultanate period and even beyond, though periodic shortages of silver caused further debasement. The tanka is a forerunner to the Rupee.[78][79]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalma_Ahmed_Farooqui201159-72"},{"link_name":"Minhaj-i-Siraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhaj-i-Siraj"},{"link_name":"Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutbuddin_Bakhtiar_Kaki"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalma_Ahmed_Farooqui201160-71"},{"link_name":"fallen to the Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Khwarezmia"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992223-80"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992229-67"},{"link_name":"qasida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasida"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._A._Nizami1992228-81"}],"sub_title":"Islamic culture","text":"During Iltutmish's reign, the city of Delhi emerged as the centre of Islamic power and culture in India.[72] He patronized several scholars, including historian Minhaj-i-Siraj and the Sufi mystic Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki.[71] Minhaj states that Iltutmish's patronage attracted several scholars and other prominent people to Delhi, especially from Persia, which had fallen to the Mongols.[80] Iltutmish's court is reported to have had raised seats for distinguished scholars and saints, as opposed to lower seats for others. This is suggested by Fawa'id-ul-Fu'ad, a near-contemporary work, which describes a quarrel between Shaikh Nizamuddin Abul Muwayyid and Sayyid Nuruddin Mubarak Ghaznavi over choice of seats in Iltutmish's presence.[67]Fawa'id-ul-Fu'ad mentions an anecdote about Iltutmish's patronage to scholars: Nasiri, a poet in need of a royal award, composed a qasida in praise of Iltutmish. However, while he was in the middle of reciting the poem, Iltutmish left the recital to attend an urgent administrative matter. A dismayed Nasiri thought Iltutmish would forget him, and lost all hope of getting the royal award. But as soon as Iltutmish was free, he came to Nasiri, recited the first line of the qasida from his memory, and asked Nasiri to complete his recital.[81]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalma_Ahmed_Farooqui201160-71"},{"link_name":"Qutb Minar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_Minar"},{"link_name":"Hauz-i-Shamsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauz-i-Shamsi"},{"link_name":"madrasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatish_Chandra200446-82"},{"link_name":"khanqah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanqah"},{"link_name":"dargahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargahs"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gandhak ki Baoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baolis_of_Mehrauli#Gandhak_ki_Baoli"},{"link_name":"stepwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepwell"},{"link_name":"Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutbuddin_Bakhtiar_Kaki"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERonald_Vivian_Smith200511%E2%80%9312-83"},{"link_name":"Sultan Ghari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ghari"},{"link_name":"Nasiruddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_(eldest_son_of_Iltutmish)"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._Balasubramaniam200598-84"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic"},{"link_name":"mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Architecture_around_Qutb_minar_7.jpg"},{"link_name":"Qutb Minar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_Minar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hauz_Shamsi_pavilion_(3701664490).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hauz-i-Shamsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauz-i-Shamsi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Candak-ki-baoli-03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Octogal_tomb_with_Mihrab_on_the_west_side.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Architecture","text":"Iltutmish invested in numerous waterworks, mosques, and civil amenities in Delhi.[71] He completed the construction of the Qutb Minar, which had been started by Qutb al-din Aibak. He also commissioned the Hauz-i-Shamsi reservoir to the south of Qutb Minar, and the madrasa (school) around it.[82]He built several khanqah (monasteries) and dargahs (graves) for Sufi saints.[citation needed] He commenced the structure of Hamid ud-din's Khanaqa, and built the Gandhak ki Baoli, a stepwell for the Sufi saint, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, who moved to Delhi during his reign.[83]In 1231, he built the Sultan Ghari funerary monument for his eldest son Nasiruddin, who had died two years earlier.[84] This was the first Islamic mausoleum in Delhi, and lies within fortified grounds, which also include the graves of other relatives of Iltutmish.[85]Qutb Minar was completed by Iltutmish\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHauz-i-Shamsi pavilion\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGandhak ki Baoli\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSultan Ghari","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qutb ud-Din Aibak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak"},{"link_name":"Nasiruddin Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_(eldest_son_of_Iltutmish)"},{"link_name":"Razia Sultana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razia_Sultana"},{"link_name":"Nasir ad-Din Qabacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_ad-Din_Qabacha"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Shah Turkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Turkan"},{"link_name":"Ruknuddin Firuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruknuddin_Firuz"},{"link_name":"Slave Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_Dynasty_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"hand-maid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handmaiden"},{"link_name":"Sultan Muizuddin Bahram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Bahram"},{"link_name":"Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_Shah,_Sultan_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"Consorts","text":"Turkan Khatun (died after 1236; also known as Turkman Khatun or Qutub Begum), was the chief consort of Iltutmish and daughter of Qutb ud-Din Aibak. She was the mother of Nasiruddin Mahmud, Razia Sultana, Ghiyasuddin Muhammad Shah, Shihabuddin Muhammad, Shazia Begum and Qutbuddin Muhammad. She was probably the youngest daughter of Qutbuddin Aibak while her two other sisters were married to Nasir ad-Din Qabacha.[86]\nShah Turkan (probably died after 1236), was the Khudawanda (concubine) of Iltutmish and mother of Ruknuddin Firuz. She was the first royal lady taking active part in political matters during the Slave Dynasty. Turkan had been a Turkic (enslaved) hand-maid and had risen to take control of the Sultan's harem. She took this opportunity to wreak vengeance against all those who had slighted her in the past.\nMother of Muizuddin Bahram (died after 1236), not much known about her but she was the mother of Sultan Muizuddin Bahram and a daughter, who married to Malik Ikhtiyar uddin Aitegin. She probably the daughter or sister of one of Iltutmish's forty chiefs.\nMalika-i-Jahan (died after 1246; full title: Malika-i-Jahan Jalal ud Dunya wal Din), mother of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah. Her real name was unknown, formerly the concubine of Iltutmish but she was given the title Malika-i-Jahan during his son's reign. Her existence as Iltutmish's consort often debate, some stated she was the wife of Iltutmish's deceased son, Malik-us-Sa'id Nasiruddin Mahmud. Both she and her son was sent to live in a palace in Loni Village. After the death of Iltutmish, she married Malik Saifuddin Qutlugh Khan.[87]\nMother of Jalaluddin Masud Shah, unknown identity.\nMany other concubines.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malik-us-Sa'id Nasiruddin Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_(eldest_son_of_Iltutmish)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Iwaz Khalji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwaz_Khalji"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Sultan Ruknuddin Firuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruknuddin_Firuz"},{"link_name":"Shah Turkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Turkan"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Sultan Muizuddin Bahram Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Bahram"},{"link_name":"forty chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihalgani"},{"link_name":"Razia Sultana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razia_Sultana"},{"link_name":"Bathinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathinda"},{"link_name":"Ruknuddin Firuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruknuddin_Firuz"},{"link_name":"Shah Turkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Turkan"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Muiz ud din Bahram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Bahram"},{"link_name":"Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_Shah,_Sultan_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala-ud-Din_Masud_Shah"},{"link_name":"Ruknuddin Firuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruknuddin_Firuz"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Ruknuddin Firuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruknuddin_Firuz"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_Shah,_Sultan_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Nasiruddin Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_(eldest_son_of_Iltutmish)"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Ghiyas ud din Balban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyas_ud_din_Balban"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Ruknuddin Firuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruknuddin_Firuz"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"Sons","text":"Malik-us-Sa'id Nasiruddin Mahmud (died 1229) –with Turkan Khatun;[88] an eldest son of Iltutmish, who he grommed as his successor but unexpected died in 1229. He was the governor of Oudh later served as governor of Bengal until his death in 1229. He sent by Iltutmish to lead an invasion against the rebel Iwaz Khalji.[89] After defeating Iwaz Khalji, he received the title Malik-ush-Sharq (مٰلك الشّرق Māliku 'sh-Sharq, Arabic: \"King of the East\") from his father.\nSultan Ruknuddin Firuz (executed 19 November 1236) –with Shah Turkan;[90] he was appointed as successor of Iltutmish. However he spent his time in pursuing pleasure and left his mother in control the administration. The misadministration led to rebellions against Ruknuddin and his mother.[91]\nSultan Muizuddin Bahram Shah (killed by the rebels in 15 May 1242), –with unnamed consort. He declared himself as a new King with the support of forty chiefs when his sister Razia Sultana was imprisoned in Bathinda and also appointed Amir-i-Hajib Malik Ikhtiyar ud-Din Aitegin as his regent. During the rebel against him, Ikhtiyaruddin Aitegin was killed before him.\nMalik Ghiyas ud-Din Muhammad Shah (died after 1236) –probably with Turkan Khatun; he was appointed as governor of Oudh. He was rebel against Ruknuddin Firuz after Shah Turkan blinded and executed the popular son of Iltutmish, Qutbuddin.[92]\nJalaluddin Masud Shah (died after 1242) –with unnamed consorts; Upon the death of Muiz ud din Bahram, he along with his brother Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah and nephew Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah (son if Ruknuddin Firuz) was brought to Firuzi castle, the royal residence, from the confinement of the white castle by the amirs and Ala ud din Masud was chosen as the Sultan. Both the brothers remained in confinement until September 1243.[93]\nShihabuddin Muhammad, not much known about him. His mother probably Turkan Khatun and he probably died in childhood or executed during the reign of Ruknuddin Firuz.[94]\nNasiruddin Mahmud Shah (c. 1229/1230 – 19 November 1266) –with Malika-i-Jahan Jalal ud Dunya wal Din;[95] He was named after his deceased eldest brother Nasiruddin Mahmud, he was sent to live in a palace in Loni Village.[96] He ascended the throne in 1246 and appointed his father-in-law Ghiyas ud din Balban as a regent.[97]\nQutbuddin Muhammad (blinded and executed in 1236) –with Turkan Khatun; he was the youngest son of Iltutmish and popular among the statesmen. In 1236 during the reign of Ruknuddin Firuz, Shah Turkan started mistreating her rival and one of them was Qutbuddin, who had been blinded and executed. This incident led rebellion against Ruknuddin Firuz.[98]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Razia Sultana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razia_Sultana"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Gwalior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Malik Ikhtiyar ud-Din Altunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Altunia"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Muiz ud din Bahram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Bahram"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"Daughters","text":"Razia Sultana (c. 1205 – 15 October 1240) –with Turkan Khatun;[99][100] she was the first and only female ruler of Delhi Sultanate, when her father leaving for his Gwalior campaign in 1231, Iltutmish left her as in-charge of Delhi's administration. She performed her duties so well that after his father returns, Iltutmish decided to name her as his successor.[101] She ascended the throne in 1236 but overthrown in 1240. In 1240 during the imprisonment in Bathinda, she married Malik Ikhtiyar ud-Din Altunia. Both of them were killed in October 1240.[102]\nShazia Begum (probably died 1240) –with Turkan Khatun. not much known about her but Some sources said she was killed along with Razia and her tomb located beside Razia's grave in Mohalla Bulbuli Khanna near Turkman Gate in Old Delhi.[103] She is said to be married to a statesman known as Izz-ud-din Balban-i-Khaslu Khan.[104]\nUnnamed daughter (died after 1240) –with unnamed consorts; she was the sister of Muiz ud din Bahram, which he married the regent Amir-i-Hajib Malik-i-Kabir Ikhtiyaruddin Aitegin.[105]","title":"Family"}]
[{"image_text":"Coinage of Shams al-Dīn Iltutmish (AH 607-633 AD 1210–1235). AR Tanka (25mm, 11.07 g, 6h). Sind type.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Islamic_Sultanates._Delhi._Shams_al-D%C4%ABn_Iltutmish._AH_607-633_AD_1210-1235._AR_Tanka_%2825mm%2C_11.07_g%2C_6h%29._Sind_type.jpg/300px-Islamic_Sultanates._Delhi._Shams_al-D%C4%ABn_Iltutmish._AH_607-633_AD_1210-1235._AR_Tanka_%2825mm%2C_11.07_g%2C_6h%29._Sind_type.jpg"},{"image_text":"Extent of Delhi Sultanate under Iltutmish;[citation needed] The Sultanate clearly expanded under Shams ud-din into Bengal, the outskirts of Tibet and south to the Gangentic plains.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Delhisultanatet_under_iltutmish.jpg/300px-Delhisultanatet_under_iltutmish.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coin of Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad, Governor of Bengal (AH 614-616/ AD 1217–1220). Struck in the name of Shams al-Din Iltutmish, Sultan of Dehli.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad._Governor%2C_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish%2C_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg/300px-Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad._Governor%2C_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish%2C_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Kumar, Sunil (2006). \"Service, Status, and Military Slavery in the Delhi Sultanate:Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries\". In Chatterjee, Indrani; Eaton, Richard M. (eds.). Slavery and South Asian History. Indiana University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-253-11671-0. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2023. Juzjani provided rare details about how Iltutmish was enslaved as a youth in the Central Asian steppes...","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/book/12991","url_text":"Slavery and South Asian History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11671-0","url_text":"978-0-253-11671-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220921063858/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/12991","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Grave of Delhi's only woman Sultan lies forgotten\". www.dnaindia.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-grave-of-delhi-s-only-woman-sultan-lies-forgotten-2511721/amp","url_text":"\"Grave of Delhi's only woman Sultan lies forgotten\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221106234618/https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-grave-of-delhi-s-only-woman-sultan-lies-forgotten-2511721/amp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (1965). Muslim Rule in India. S. Chand.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sLo9AAAAMAAJ&q=mahakal+iltutmish","url_text":"Muslim Rule in India"}]},{"reference":"Kumar, Sunil (2007). The Emergence of the Delhi Sultanate. Ranikhet: Permanent Black. ISBN 978-81-7824-306-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-306-1","url_text":"978-81-7824-306-1"}]},{"reference":"Sen, Sailendra (2013). Textbook of medieval Indian history. Primus Books. pp. 74–76. ISBN 978-93-80607-34-4. OCLC 822894456.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-34-4","url_text":"978-93-80607-34-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/822894456","url_text":"822894456"}]},{"reference":"\"Grave of Delhi's only woman Sultan lies forgotten\". www.dnaindia.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-grave-of-delhi-s-only-woman-sultan-lies-forgotten-2511721/amp","url_text":"\"Grave of Delhi's only woman Sultan lies forgotten\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221106234618/https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-grave-of-delhi-s-only-woman-sultan-lies-forgotten-2511721/amp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ian Blanchard (2005). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages. Vol. 3. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 9783515087049.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=um-EXNlRKO4C","url_text":"Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515087049","url_text":"9783515087049"}]},{"reference":"A. K. Majumdar (1956). Chaulukyas of Gujarat. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Chaulukyas of Gujarat"}]},{"reference":"André Wink (1991). Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-10236-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Wink","url_text":"André Wink"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&pg=PA152","url_text":"Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10236-1","url_text":"90-04-10236-1"}]},{"reference":"Blain H. Auer (2012). Symbols of Authority in Medieval Islam: History, Religion and Muslim Legitimacy in the Delhi Sultanate. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84885-567-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4CwCrHiQohQC&pg=PA108","url_text":"Symbols of Authority in Medieval Islam: History, Religion and Muslim Legitimacy in the Delhi Sultanate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-567-0","url_text":"978-1-84885-567-0"}]},{"reference":"F. B. Flood (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval \"Hindu-Muslim\" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12594-7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&pg=PA240","url_text":"Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval \"Hindu-Muslim\" Encounter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12594-7","url_text":"978-0-691-12594-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064532/https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&pg=PA240#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi (2003). Medieval India: essays in intellectual thought and culture. Manohar. ISBN 978-81-7304-499-1. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yjxuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Medieval India: essays in intellectual thought and culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-499-1","url_text":"978-81-7304-499-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064416/https://books.google.com/books?id=yjxuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jaswant Lal Mehta (1979). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Vol. 2. Sterling Publishers Pvt. ISBN 9788120706170. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA105","url_text":"Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120706170","url_text":"9788120706170"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230408045210/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA105","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"K. A. Nizami (1992). \"The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi\". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._A._Nizami","url_text":"K. A. Nizami"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31870180","url_text":"31870180"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131632/https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(historian)","url_text":"Peter Jackson"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA29","url_text":"The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54329-3","url_text":"978-0-521-54329-3"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064416/https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"R. Balasubramaniam (2005). The World Heritage Complex of the Qutub. Aryan Books International. ISBN 978-81-7305-293-4. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hSFuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The World Heritage Complex of the Qutub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-293-4","url_text":"978-81-7305-293-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064534/https://books.google.com/books?id=hSFuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Riazul Islam (2002). Sufism in South Asia: Impact on Fourteenth Century Muslim Society. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195790054. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=91PYAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Sufism in South Asia: Impact on Fourteenth Century Muslim Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195790054","url_text":"9780195790054"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230407173141/https://books.google.com/books?id=91PYAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ronald Vivian Smith (2005). The Delhi that No-one Knows. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-8028-020-7. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Vivian_Smith","url_text":"Ronald Vivian Smith"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f70gjLC5chgC&pg=PA9","url_text":"The Delhi that No-one Knows"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-020-7","url_text":"978-81-8028-020-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064418/https://books.google.com/books?id=f70gjLC5chgC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"S. M. Ikram (1966). Muslim Rule in India & Pakistan, 711-1858 A.C. Star Book Depot.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._M._Ikram","url_text":"S. M. Ikram"}]},{"reference":"Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-81-317-3202-1. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC","url_text":"A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1","url_text":"978-81-317-3202-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064420/https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Satish Chandra (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526). Vol. 1. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)","url_text":"Satish Chandra"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC","url_text":"Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5","url_text":"978-81-241-1064-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230120112938/https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sean Oliver-Dee (2009). The Caliphate Question: The British Government and Islamic Governance. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-3603-4. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7mVEqJ1Go0wC&pg=PA31","url_text":"The Caliphate Question: The British Government and Islamic Governance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3603-4","url_text":"978-0-7391-3603-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064932/https://books.google.com/books?id=7mVEqJ1Go0wC&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/book/12991","external_links_name":"Slavery and South Asian History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220921063858/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/12991","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-grave-of-delhi-s-only-woman-sultan-lies-forgotten-2511721/amp","external_links_name":"\"Grave of Delhi's only woman Sultan lies forgotten\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221106234618/https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-grave-of-delhi-s-only-woman-sultan-lies-forgotten-2511721/amp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sLo9AAAAMAAJ&q=mahakal+iltutmish","external_links_name":"Muslim Rule in India"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/822894456","external_links_name":"822894456"},{"Link":"https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-grave-of-delhi-s-only-woman-sultan-lies-forgotten-2511721/amp","external_links_name":"\"Grave of Delhi's only woman Sultan lies forgotten\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221106234618/https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-grave-of-delhi-s-only-woman-sultan-lies-forgotten-2511721/amp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=um-EXNlRKO4C","external_links_name":"Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Chaulukyas of Gujarat"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&pg=PA152","external_links_name":"Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4CwCrHiQohQC&pg=PA108","external_links_name":"Symbols of Authority in Medieval Islam: History, Religion and Muslim Legitimacy in the Delhi Sultanate"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&pg=PA240","external_links_name":"Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval \"Hindu-Muslim\" Encounter"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064532/https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&pg=PA240#v=onepage&q&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yjxuAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Medieval India: essays in intellectual thought and culture"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064416/https://books.google.com/books?id=yjxuAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA105","external_links_name":"Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230408045210/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA105","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31870180","external_links_name":"31870180"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131632/https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA29","external_links_name":"The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064416/https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hSFuAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The World Heritage Complex of the Qutub"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064534/https://books.google.com/books?id=hSFuAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=91PYAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Sufism in South Asia: Impact on Fourteenth Century Muslim Society"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230407173141/https://books.google.com/books?id=91PYAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f70gjLC5chgC&pg=PA9","external_links_name":"The Delhi that No-one Knows"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064418/https://books.google.com/books?id=f70gjLC5chgC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC","external_links_name":"A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064420/https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC","external_links_name":"Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230120112938/https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7mVEqJ1Go0wC&pg=PA31","external_links_name":"The Caliphate Question: The British Government and Islamic Governance"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064932/https://books.google.com/books?id=7mVEqJ1Go0wC&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1825813/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000024623967","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/28388201","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvhrdfxkgTp8FCdPkMF8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81010839","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/iltutmis","external_links_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeze_Die_Come_to_Life
Freeze Die Come to Life
["1 Cast","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]
1989 film Freeze Die Come to LifeFilm posterDirected byVitali KanevskyWritten byVitali KanevskyStarringDinara DrukarovaPavel NazarovCinematographyVladimir BrylyakovEdited byGalina KornilovaMusic bySergey BanevichDistributed byLenfilmRelease date 1989 (1989) Running time105 minutesCountrySoviet UnionLanguageRussian Freeze Die Come to Life (Russian: Замри, умри, воскресни!, romanized: Zamri, umri, voskresni!, lit. 'Freeze, die, resurrect!') is a 1989 Soviet drama film directed by Vitali Kanevsky. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Caméra d'Or. Cast Dinara Drukarova as Galia Pavel Nazarov as Valerka Yelena Popova as Valerka's mother Valeri Ivchenko Vyacheslav Bambushek as Vitka Vadim Yermolayev as School principal Reception In 1990, the film received the Grand Prix for Best Film at Film Fest Gent. References ^ "Festival de Cannes: Freeze Die Come to Life". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 8 August 2009. ^ a b "Freeze. Die. Come to Life". Santa Cruz Sentinel. 17 May 1991. p. 54. Retrieved 12 September 2014 – via Newspapers.com. External links Freeze Die Come to Life at IMDb vteCaméra d'Or winning films Alambrista! (1978) Northern Lights (1979) Adrien's Story (1980) Desperado City (1981) Half a Life (1982) The Princess (1983) Stranger Than Paradise (1984) Oriana (1985) Noir et Blanc (1986) Robinsonada or My English Grandfather (1987) Salaam Bombay! (1988) My 20th Century (1989) Freeze Die Come to Life (1990) Toto the Hero (1991) Mac (1992) The Scent of Green Papaya (1993) Coming to Terms with the Dead (1994) The White Balloon (1995) Love Serenade (1996) Suzaku (1997) Slam (1998) Marana Simhasanam (1999) Djomeh (2000) A Time for Drunken Horses (2000) Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner (2001) Seaside (2002) Reconstruction (2003) Or (My Treasure) (2004) Me and You and Everyone We Know (2005) The Forsaken Land (2005) 12:08 East of Bucharest (2006) Jellyfish (2007) Hunger (2008) Samson and Delilah (2009) Año bisiesto (2010) Las Acacias (2011) Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012) Ilo Ilo (2013) Party Girl (2014) Land and Shade (2015) Divines (2016) Montparnasse Bienvenue (2017) Girl (2018) Our Mothers (2019) Murina (2021) War Pony (2022) Inside the Yellow Cocoon Shell (2023) Armand (2024) This article related to a Soviet film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This 1980s drama film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Vitali Kanevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitali_Kanevsky"},{"link_name":"Un Certain Regard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_Certain_Regard"},{"link_name":"1990 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Caméra d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspapers.com-2"}],"text":"Freeze Die Come to Life (Russian: Замри, умри, воскресни!, romanized: Zamri, umri, voskresni!, lit. 'Freeze, die, resurrect!') is a 1989 Soviet drama film directed by Vitali Kanevsky. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Caméra d'Or.[1][2]","title":"Freeze Die Come to Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dinara Drukarova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinara_Drukarova"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspapers.com-2"},{"link_name":"Pavel Nazarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Nazarov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yelena Popova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yelena_Popova&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Valeri Ivchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valeri_Ivchenko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Bambushek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vyacheslav_Bambushek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vadim Yermolayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadim_Yermolayev"}],"text":"Dinara Drukarova[2] as Galia\nPavel Nazarov as Valerka\nYelena Popova as Valerka's mother\nValeri Ivchenko\nVyacheslav Bambushek as Vitka\nVadim Yermolayev as School principal","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Film Fest Gent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Fest_Gent"}],"text":"In 1990, the film received the Grand Prix for Best Film at Film Fest Gent.","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Festival de Cannes: Freeze Die Come to Life\". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 8 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/151/year/1990.html","url_text":"\"Festival de Cannes: Freeze Die Come to Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freeze. Die. Come to Life\". Santa Cruz Sentinel. 17 May 1991. p. 54. Retrieved 12 September 2014 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1003238/freeze_die_come_to_life/","url_text":"\"Freeze. Die. Come to Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Sentinel","url_text":"Santa Cruz Sentinel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/151/year/1990.html","external_links_name":"\"Festival de Cannes: Freeze Die Come to Life\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1003238/freeze_die_come_to_life/","external_links_name":"\"Freeze. Die. Come to Life\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0101003/","external_links_name":"Freeze Die Come to Life"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeze_Die_Come_to_Life&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeze_Die_Come_to_Life&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_of_Banksia
Ecology of Banksia
["1 Background","2 Pollination","3 Response to fire","4 Establishment of seedlings","5 Diseases, predation and other symbioses","6 Conservation","6.1 Disease","6.2 Fire regime","6.3 Land clearing","6.4 Exploitation by wildflower industry","6.5 Threatened species","7 See also","8 References"]
Banksia in its environment The ecology of Banksia is the relationships and interactions among the plant genus Banksia and its environment. Banksia has a number of adaptations that have so far enabled the genus to survive despite dry, nutrient-poor soil, low rates of seed set, high rates of seed predation and low rates of seedling survival. These adaptations include proteoid roots and lignotubers; specialised floral structures that attract nectariferous animals and ensure effective pollen transfer; and the release of seed in response to bushfire. The arrival of Europeans in Australia has brought new ecological challenges. European colonisation of Australia has directly affected Banksia through deforestation, exploitation of flowers and changes to the fire regime. In addition, the accidental introduction and spread of plant pathogens such as Phytophthora cinnamomi (dieback) pose a serious threat to the genus's habitat and biodiversity. Various conservation measures have been put in place to mitigate these threats, but a number of taxa remain endangered. Background Main article: Banksia Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. An iconic Australian wildflower and popular garden plant, Banksias are most commonly associated with their elongate flower spikes and fruiting "cones", although less than half of Banksia species possess this feature. They grow in forms varying from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres tall, and occur in all but the most arid areas of Australia. Pollination A rainbow lorikeet feasts on nectar from a Banksia integrifolia inflorescence. In the process it transfers pollen between plants, thus playing an important role in the species' reproduction. The pollination ecology of Banksia has been well studied, because the large showy inflorescences make it easy to conduct pollination experiments, and the pollination roles of nectariferous birds and mammals makes the genus a popular subject for zoologists. Visits to Banksia inflorescences by western honeybees and nectarivorous birds are often observed and are obviously important to pollination. Also important are visits by nectariferous mammals, although such visits are rarely observed because these mammals are usually nocturnal and reclusive. Studies have found that Banksia inflorescences are foraged by a variety of small mammals, including marsupials (such as honey possums and yellow-footed antechinus, Antechinus flavipes), and rodents (such as the pale field rat, Rattus tunneyi). Studies in New South Wales and in Western Australia found that small mammals can carry pollen loads comparable to those of nectarivorous birds, likely making them effective pollinators of many "Banksia" species. Other studies have shown that the relative importance of vertebrates and invertebrates for pollination may vary from species to species, with some Banksia species exhibiting reduced fruit set when vertebrate pollinators are excluded, while others are unaffected by the exclusion of vertebrates and set some fruit even when all pollinators are excluded. Almost all Banksia species studied so far have shown outcrossing rates among the highest ever recorded for plants; that is, very few Banksia plants are found to occur as a result of self-fertilisation. There are a number of potential reasons for this: One possibility is that Banksia flowers are simply not exposed to their own pollen. This is highly unlikely for two reasons. Firstly, the morphology of the Banksia flower makes it virtually inevitable that the stigma will be exposed to its own pollen, since it functions also as a "pollen-presenter". It has been suggested that this problem would be avoided if the flowers were strongly protandrous, but the evidence so far supports only partial protandry. Moreover, the question of protandry of individual flowers is probably irrelevant, because the sequential anthesis of flowers means that each inflorescence will typically contain flowers in both male and female stages at the same time. Observations of foraging patterns in pollinators have shown that transfer of pollen between different flowers in the same inflorescence is inevitable. Another possibility is that the high outcrossing rate is due to self-incompatibility, due either to a failure to fertilise or abortion of self-fertilised fruit. Studies have shown self-compatibility of pollen to vary between Banksia species, with some but not all species inhibiting the growth of pollen tubes for pollen from its own flowers. A more likely form of self-incompatibility is the spontaneous abortion of fruits that have been self-fertilised. These could be caused either by the expression of lethal genes, or the expression of genes that, while not lethal, cause the maternal plant to abort. Genetic causes are thought to be a common form of self-incompatibility, because of the high genetic load of the genus. However abortion rates are difficult to assess because the ovaries are deeply embedded in the "rhachis" (woody spine) of the inflorescence. Finally, there is the mechanism of "facultative" abortion of fruits, where a maternal plant without the resources to mature all fruit aborts the least vigorous ones. This is thought to be common in those taxa that are generally self-compatible, since even these have high outcrossing rates. For example, Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica, one of the most self-compatible Banksia species, has been shown to set far more cross-pollinated than self-pollinated fruit. A few species, such as B. brownii, are exceptional in having low outcrossing rates. In all cases these are rare species that occur in very small populations, which increases the probability of self-fertilisation, and may discourage visits by pollinators. Response to fire B. telmatiaea after fire. The maternal plant has been killed, but the fire has also triggered the release of seed, ensuring population recovery. B. attenuata resprouting from epicormic buds after fire. B. prionotes after fire. The maternal plant has been burnt, and possibly killed; but note the seedlings coming up beneath it. Banksia plants are naturally adapted to the presence of regular bushfires. About half of Banksia species typically survive bushfires, either because they have very thick bark that protects the trunk from fire, or because they have lignotubers from which they can resprout after fire. In addition, fire triggers the release of seed stored in the aerial seed bank — an adaptation known as serotiny. In ecological literature, the species that are killed by fire but regenerate from seed are referred to as "fire-sensitive" or "seeders", while those that typically survive by resprouting from a trunk or underground lignotuber are called "fire-tolerant" or "sprouters". All Banksia exhibit serotiny to some extent. Most retain all of their seed until release is triggered by fire, but a few species release a small amount of seed spontaneously. Serotiny is achieved through the mechanism of thick, woody follicles, which are held tightly closed by resin. Seeds retained in follicles are protected from granivores and the heat of bushfire, and remain viable for around ten years. Follicles require a critical heat to melt the resin, so that the follicles may begin opening; for B. elegans, for example, this is 2 minutes at 500 °C. Those species with high heat requirements typically retain their old withered florets. These are highly combustible and thus help ensure the critical heat is reached. With some exceptions, each follicle contains two seeds plus a winged "separator". While the separator remains in the follicle, it holds the seeds in position. In some species, the separator remains in the follicle until it has cooled; once cooled, the separator loosens and falls out, and the seeds follow. In this way the separator ensures that the seeds fall onto cool ground. In other species, the separator does not loosen until it has been wet. In these species, the seeds do not fall to the ground until the first rains after the bushfire. Seed is typically released over a period of about 90 days. Immediately after bushfire, granivorous birds move in to extract seed from newly open follicles, and to eat seeds that have fallen to the ground. Those seeds that escape the granivores are soon buried by wind and surface water. Nearly all buried seeds germinate. Establishment of seedlings Most Banksia seedlings do not survive to adulthood. A major reason for this is a lack of water. Competition for soil moisture can be intense, especially during drought. In one study, an estimated 13680 seedlings were counted over June–October following an experimental bushfire, but by January only eleven plants remained. Other threats to seedling establishment include predation by invertebrates such as grasshoppers and mites; and by vertebrates such as kangaroos and bandicoots. Diseases, predation and other symbioses Banksia seed is predated by a birds and insects. Insects also feed on stems, leaves, flowers and cones. Some insects cause galls. Many species of fungi live on Banksia plants, including Banksiamyces. Most Banksia species are highly susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback. Conservation The biodiversity of Banksia is impacted by a range of processes. Major threats include disease; changes in fire frequency and intensity; clearing of land for agriculture, mining, urban development and roads; and exploitation of flowers, seeds and foliage by the cut flower and other industries. Three Banksia species are currently declared endangered under Australia's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, and a further two are considered vulnerable. Disease The most severe disease threat to Banksia is the introduced plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi, commonly known as "dieback". This is a water mould that attacks the roots of plants, destroying the structure of the root tissues, "rotting" the root, and preventing the plant from absorbing water and nutrients. Banksia's proteoid roots make it highly susceptible to this disease, with infected plants typically dying within a few years of exposure. The threat of exposure to dieback is greatest in southwest Western Australia, where dieback infestation has reached epidemic proportions. This area holds the greatest species diversity for Banksia, with all species considered susceptible to infection. Consequently, a number of southwestern species are considered under threat from dieback. Nearly every known wild population of B. brownii shows some signs of dieback infection, and it is said that this species would be extinct within a decade if it were not protected. Other vulnerable species include B. cuneata, B. goodii, B. oligantha and B. verticillata. Infested areas of Banksia forest in southwest Western Australia typically have less than 30% of the cover of uninfested areas. Plant deaths in such large proportions can have a profound influence on the makeup of plant communities. For example, in southwestern Australia Banksia often occurs as an understory to forests of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), another species highly vulnerable to dieback. Infestation kills both the jarrah overstory and the Banksia understory, and over time these may be replaced by a more open woodland consisting of an overstory of the resistant marri (Corymbia calophylla), and an understory of the somewhat resistant Parrotbush (Dryandra sessilis). Dieback is notoriously difficult to manage. A number of protective measures have been implemented to slow the spread of disease and boost the survival rates of infected plants; these include restricting access to infected and susceptible sites, the collection and cold-storage of seed, and the treatment of plants with phosphite. Phosphite boosts the resistance of both infected and uninfected plants, and also acts as a direct fungicide. Aerial spraying of phosphite boosts plant survival and slows the spread of infection, but must be carefully managed as studies have shown that foliar spraying of phosphite adversely affects root and shoot growth. Direct injection of phosphite into tree stems appears to lack this disadvantage, but is costly to administer and restricted to known plants. Because dieback thrives in moist soil conditions, it can be a severe problem for Banksias that are watered, such as in the cut flower industry and urban gardens. In some species this problem can be countered by grafting onto a rootstock of an eastern species, many of which demonstrate at least some resistant to dieback. Other diseases to which Banksia species are vulnerable include the aerial canker fungus Zythiostroma and the parasitic fungus Armillaria. Fire regime The frequency and intensity of bushfires are important factors in the population health of Banksias. The ideal time interval between bushfires varies from species to species, but twenty years is a typical figure. If bushfires occur too frequently, plants are killed before they reach fruiting age or before they have developed a substantial seed bank. This can seriously reduce or even eliminate populations in some areas. Longer time intervals also reduce populations, as more plants die of natural attrition between fires. Unlike some other Proteaceae, Banksias do not release their seed when they die, and dead plants usually release much less seed in response to fire than live plants do, so long fire intervals cause seed wastage. Fire intensity is also important. If a fire is not intense enough to promote the release of seed, then the effective interval between seed release will be further increased by the loss of fire fuel. Fire intervals are not as critical for resprouters, as adults typically survive fire. Fire does kill seedlings, however, as most resprouters do not develop a lignotuber until they reach fruiting age. Thus overly frequent fires prevent the recruitment of new adults, and populations decline at the rate that adults die. It is widely accepted that colonisation by Europeans has led to an increase in fire frequency. This is especially the case near urban areas, where bushland is subject to both arson and prescribed burns. The proximity of urban areas creates a need to manage the ferocity and rate of occurrence of bushfires, resulting in pressure to prescribe regular low-intensity burns. This is at odds with the conservation needs of Banksia, which requires intense fires at long intervals. Land clearing The distribution of Banksia habitat coincides with areas of high population density, and large areas of Banksia woodland have been cleared for agriculture, mining, urban development and roads. As well as the direct loss of population and habitat, this has led to an increased spread of weeds and disease. As Banksia occurs on the poorest soils, the areas in which they are most abundant have been the last to be cleared for agriculture. Nonetheless, it is estimated that 55% of Banksia woodland had been cleared by 1986. Species threatened by clearing include B. hookeriana and the endangered species B. cuneata and B. goodii. Exploitation by wildflower industry Banksias are highly favoured by Australia's wildflower industry, with commercial picking of blooms especially prevalent in southwest Western Australia. Blooms are harvested from around 29 Banksia species, the most popular being B. hookeriana, B. coccinea and B. baxteri. As of 1990 there were around 1000 licensed commercial pickers operating in the state, and in that year around 675000 blooms were harvested from B. hookeriana alone. Heavy harvesting of blooms substantially reduces harvest head production, resulting in a smaller seedbank. It is estimated population sizes for the next generation are likely to be around half the current populations at picking sites. Threatened species 19 Banksia taxa are currently declared rare. All are endemic to Western Australia. Protection is afforded to them under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), and the Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act 1950. The Department of Environment and Conservation also provides for taxa to be declared "Priority Flora", either because they are poorly known, or because they are rare but not threatened. The following is a list of threatened and priority Banksia taxa: Species Designation Major threats Australia(EPBC Act) Western Australia(Wildlife Conservation Act) B. acanthopoda - Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. aculeata - Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. acuminata ? Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. anatona ? Rare Dieback B. aurantia ? Rare Dieback B. bella ? Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. benthamiana - Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. borealis subsp. elatior ? Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. brownii Endangered Rare Dieback B. calophylla ? Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. catoglypta - Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. chamaephyton - Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. comosa ? Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. concinna ? Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. corvijuga ? Priority 1 (Poorly known and threatened) B. cuneata Endangered Rare Loss of habitat, feral rabbits, dieback B. cynaroides ? Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. cypholoba ? Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. dallanneyi subsp. agricola ? Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. dallanneyi subsp. pollosta ? Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. densa var. parva ? Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. drummondii subsp. macrorufa ? Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. elegans - Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. epica - Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. epimicta ? Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. erythrocephala var. inopinata ? Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. fasciculata ? Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. foliolata ? Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. foliosissima ? Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. fraseri var. crebra ? Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. fraseri var. effusa ? Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. fraseri var. oxycedra ? Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. fuscobractea ? Rare Dieback B. goodii Vulnerable Rare Loss of habitat, dieback B. hirta ? Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. horrida ? Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. idiogenes ? Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. insulanemorecincta ? Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. ionthocarpa subsp. chrysophoenix ? Rare Dieback B. ionthocarpa subsp. ionthocarpa ? Rare Dieback B. kippistiana var. paenepeccata ? Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. laevigata subsp. laevigata - Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. lepidorhiza ? Priority 1 (Poorly known and threatened) B. lullfitzii - Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. meganotia ? Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. meisneri subsp. ascendens - Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. micrantha - Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. mimica ? Rare Dieback B. montana ? Rare Dieback B. mucronulata subsp. retrorsa ? Rare Dieback B. nivea subsp. uliginosa ? Rare Dieback B. nivea subsp. Morangup (M. Pieroni 94/2) ? Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. nobilis subsp. fragrans ? Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. oligantha Endangered Rare Loss of habitat, dieback B. platycarpa ? Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. plumosa subsp. denticulata ? Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. porrecta ? Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. prionophylla ? Priority 1 (Poorly known and threatened) B. prolata ? Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. prolata subsp. archeos ? Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. prolata subsp. calcicola ? Priority 1 (Poorly known and threatened) B. pseudoplumosa ? Rare Dieback B. pteridifolia subsp. inretita ? Priority 1 (Poorly known and threatened) B. pteridifolia subsp. vernalis ? Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. rosserae - Priority 1 (Poorly known and threatened) B. rufa subsp. chelomacarpa ? Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. rufa subsp. flavescens ? Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. rufa subsp. magma ? Priority 1 (Poorly known and threatened) B. rufa subsp. obliquiloba ? Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. rufa subsp. pumila ? Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. rufa subsp. tutanningensis ? Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. rufistylis ? Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. scabrella - Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. sclerophylla ? Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. seneciifolia - Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. serratuloides subsp. perissa ? Rare Dieback B. serra ? Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. serratuloides subsp. serratuloides ? Rare Dieback B. sessilis var. cordata ? Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. shanklandiorum ? Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. solandri - Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) Banksia sphaerocarpa var. dolichostyla Vulnerable Rare Dieback B. splendida subsp. macrocarpa - Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. splendida subsp. splendida ? Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. squarrosa subsp. argillacea ? Rare Dieback B. strictifolia - Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. subpinnatifida var. imberbis ? Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. subpinnatifida var. subpinnatifida ? Priority 2 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. subulata - Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. tortifolia - Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. trifontinalis - Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. tricuspis - Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. verticillata Vulnerable Rare Dieback B. viscida - Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) B. wonganensis ? Priority 4 (Rare but not threatened) B. xylothemelia - Priority 3 (Poorly known but not threatened) See also Ecology portal References ^ a b c d e f Goldingay, Ross. L.; Susan M. Carthew (1998). "Breeding and Mating Systems of Australian Proteaceae". Australian Journal of Botany. 46 (4): 421–437. doi:10.1071/BT97037. ^ Hackett, Damian J.; Goldingay, Ross L. (2001). "Pollination of Banksia spp. by non-flying mammals in north-eastern New South Wales". Australian Journal of Botany. 49 (5): 637–644. doi:10.1071/BT00004. ^ Wooller, Sue J.; Wooller, R. D. (2001). "Seed set in two sympatric banksias, Banksia attenuata and B. baxteri". Australian Journal of Botany. 49 (5): 597–602. doi:10.1071/BT00084. ^ Sampson, J. F.; Collins, B. G.; Coates, D. J. (1994). "Mixed Mating in Banksia brownii Baxter ex R. Br. (Proteaceae)". Australian Journal of Botany. 42: 103–11. doi:10.1071/BT9940103. ^ Lamont, Byron B.; Connell, Stephen W.; Bergl, Stephen M. (1991). "Seed bank and population dynamics in Banksia cuneata: The role of time, fire and moisture". Botanical Gazette. 152 (1): 114–122. doi:10.1086/337870. S2CID 84817881. ^ "Threat Abatement Plan for Dieback Caused by the Root-rot Fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi". Environment Australia. 2001. Archived from the original on 18 June 2006. Retrieved 1 August 2006. ^ "Banksia brownii: Brown's Banksia, Feather-leaved Banksia". Species Profile and Threats Database. Department of the Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 10 July 2006. ^ Brown, Andrew; Carolyn Thomson-Dans; Neville Marchant, eds. (1998). Western Australia's Threatened Flora. Como, Western Australia: Department of Conservation and Land Management. ISBN 0-7309-6875-8. ^ "Impacts in WA". Managing Dieback. Department of Environment and Conservation. Archived from the original on 3 September 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2007. ^ Cochrane, Anne, Sarah Barrett and Sandra Gilfillan (2005). "The feather-leaved banksia". Landscope. 20 (3): 22–28. ISSN 0815-4465.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Barrett, S. R., B. L. Shearer and G. E. St G. Hardy (2003). "The efficacy of phosphite applied after inoculation on the colonisation of Banksia brownii stems by Phytophthora cinnamomi" (PDF). Australasian Plant Pathology. 32: 1–7. doi:10.1071/AP02061. S2CID 7742365. Retrieved 21 July 2006.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Barrett, S. R., B. L. Shearer and G. E. St J. Hardy (2002). "Root and shoot development in Corymbia calophylla and Banksia brownii after the application of the fungicide phosphite" (PDF). Australian Journal of Botany. 50 (2): 155. doi:10.1071/BT01018. Retrieved 11 July 2006.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Dawson, Iain (1996). "Grafting Australian Native Plants". Proceedings of the IV National Workshop for Australian Native Flowers. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 29 June 2006. ^ Wooller SJ, Wooller RD, Brown KL (2002). "Regeneration by three species of Banksia on the south coast of Western Australia in relation to fire interval". Australian Journal of Botany. 50 (3): 311–317. doi:10.1071/BT01078. ^ George, Alex S. (1984). The Banksia Book. Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press (in association with the Society for Growing Australian Plants). ISBN 0-86417-006-8. ^ Lamont, Byron B. (1996). "Conservation biology of banksias in southwestern Australia". In S. D. Hopper; M. Harvey, J. Chappill; A. S. George (eds.). Gondwanan Heritage: Past, Present and Future of the Western Australian Biota. Chipping Norton: Surrey Beatty. pp. 292–98. ISBN 0-949324-66-3. ^ "Species Profile and Threats Database". Department of the Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 10 July 2006. ^ "Wildlife Conservation (Rare Flora) Notice 2006" (PDF). Government Gazette, WA. 23 June 2006. pp. 2169–2174. Retrieved 11 July 2006.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Banksia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia"},{"link_name":"environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment"},{"link_name":"seed predation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_predation"},{"link_name":"proteoid roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteoid_root"},{"link_name":"lignotubers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignotuber"},{"link_name":"Europeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"ecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"pathogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogens"},{"link_name":"Phytophthora cinnamomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophthora_cinnamomi"},{"link_name":"taxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon"},{"link_name":"endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species"}],"text":"The ecology of Banksia is the relationships and interactions among the plant genus Banksia and its environment. Banksia has a number of adaptations that have so far enabled the genus to survive despite dry, nutrient-poor soil, low rates of seed set, high rates of seed predation and low rates of seedling survival. These adaptations include proteoid roots and lignotubers; specialised floral structures that attract nectariferous animals and ensure effective pollen transfer; and the release of seed in response to bushfire.The arrival of Europeans in Australia has brought new ecological challenges. European colonisation of Australia has directly affected Banksia through deforestation, exploitation of flowers and changes to the fire regime. In addition, the accidental introduction and spread of plant pathogens such as Phytophthora cinnamomi (dieback) pose a serious threat to the genus's habitat and biodiversity. Various conservation measures have been put in place to mitigate these threats, but a number of taxa remain endangered.","title":"Ecology of Banksia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"Proteaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden"},{"link_name":"plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"shrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"arid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arid"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"}],"text":"Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. An iconic Australian wildflower and popular garden plant, Banksias are most commonly associated with their elongate flower spikes and fruiting \"cones\", although less than half of Banksia species possess this feature. They grow in forms varying from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres tall, and occur in all but the most arid areas of Australia.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banksia_integrifolia_with_lorikeet_Waverley_email.jpg"},{"link_name":"rainbow lorikeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_lorikeet"},{"link_name":"nectar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar"},{"link_name":"Banksia integrifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_integrifolia"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen"},{"link_name":"pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination"},{"link_name":"nectariferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"zoologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldingay_1998-1"},{"link_name":"western honeybees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_honeybee"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"nocturnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_animal"},{"link_name":"marsupials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial"},{"link_name":"honey possums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalangeriformes"},{"link_name":"yellow-footed antechinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-footed_antechinus"},{"link_name":"rodents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"pale field rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_field_rat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hackett_2001-2"},{"link_name":"vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wooller_2001-3"},{"link_name":"outcrossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcrossing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldingay_1998-1"},{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"protandrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protandry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldingay_1998-1"},{"link_name":"pollen tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_tube"},{"link_name":"genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"genetic load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_load"},{"link_name":"ovaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary_(plants)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldingay_1998-1"},{"link_name":"Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_spinulosa_var._neoanglica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldingay_1998-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sampson_1994-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldingay_1998-1"}],"text":"A rainbow lorikeet feasts on nectar from a Banksia integrifolia inflorescence. In the process it transfers pollen between plants, thus playing an important role in the species' reproduction.The pollination ecology of Banksia has been well studied, because the large showy inflorescences make it easy to conduct pollination experiments, and the pollination roles of nectariferous birds and mammals makes the genus a popular subject for zoologists.[1]Visits to Banksia inflorescences by western honeybees and nectarivorous birds are often observed and are obviously important to pollination. Also important are visits by nectariferous mammals, although such visits are rarely observed because these mammals are usually nocturnal and reclusive. Studies have found that Banksia inflorescences are foraged by a variety of small mammals, including marsupials (such as honey possums and yellow-footed antechinus, Antechinus flavipes), and rodents (such as the pale field rat, Rattus tunneyi). Studies in New South Wales and in Western Australia found that small mammals can carry pollen loads comparable to those of nectarivorous birds, likely making them effective pollinators of many \"Banksia\" species.[2] Other studies have shown that the relative importance of vertebrates and invertebrates for pollination may vary from species to species, with some Banksia species exhibiting reduced fruit set when vertebrate pollinators are excluded, while others are unaffected by the exclusion of vertebrates and set some fruit even when all pollinators are excluded.[3]Almost all Banksia species studied so far have shown outcrossing rates among the highest ever recorded for plants; that is, very few Banksia plants are found to occur as a result of self-fertilisation.[1] There are a number of potential reasons for this:One possibility is that Banksia flowers are simply not exposed to their own pollen. This is highly unlikely for two reasons. Firstly, the morphology of the Banksia flower makes it virtually inevitable that the stigma will be exposed to its own pollen, since it functions also as a \"pollen-presenter\". It has been suggested that this problem would be avoided if the flowers were strongly protandrous, but the evidence so far supports only partial protandry. Moreover, the question of protandry of individual flowers is probably irrelevant, because the sequential anthesis of flowers means that each inflorescence will typically contain flowers in both male and female stages at the same time. Observations of foraging patterns in pollinators have shown that transfer of pollen between different flowers in the same inflorescence is inevitable.[1]Another possibility is that the high outcrossing rate is due to self-incompatibility, due either to a failure to fertilise or abortion of self-fertilised fruit. Studies have shown self-compatibility of pollen to vary between Banksia species, with some but not all species inhibiting the growth of pollen tubes for pollen from its own flowers. A more likely form of self-incompatibility is the spontaneous abortion of fruits that have been self-fertilised. These could be caused either by the expression of lethal genes, or the expression of genes that, while not lethal, cause the maternal plant to abort. Genetic causes are thought to be a common form of self-incompatibility, because of the high genetic load of the genus. However abortion rates are difficult to assess because the ovaries are deeply embedded in the \"rhachis\" (woody spine) of the inflorescence.[1]Finally, there is the mechanism of \"facultative\" abortion of fruits, where a maternal plant without the resources to mature all fruit aborts the least vigorous ones. This is thought to be common in those taxa that are generally self-compatible, since even these have high outcrossing rates. For example, Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica, one of the most self-compatible Banksia species, has been shown to set far more cross-pollinated than self-pollinated fruit.[1]A few species, such as B. brownii, are exceptional in having low outcrossing rates.[4] In all cases these are rare species that occur in very small populations, which increases the probability of self-fertilisation, and may discourage visits by pollinators.[1]","title":"Pollination"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B_telmatiaea_25_gnangarra.jpg"},{"link_name":"B. telmatiaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_telmatiaea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banksia_attenuata_resprouter.jpg"},{"link_name":"B. attenuata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_attenuata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banksia_prionotes_response_to_fire_Burma_Rd_email.jpg"},{"link_name":"B. prionotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_prionotes"},{"link_name":"bushfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"lignotubers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignotuber"},{"link_name":"aerial seed bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_seed_bank"},{"link_name":"serotiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotiny"},{"link_name":"ecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"resin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin"},{"link_name":"granivores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granivore"},{"link_name":"B. elegans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_elegans"},{"link_name":"granivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_predation"}],"text":"B. telmatiaea after fire. The maternal plant has been killed, but the fire has also triggered the release of seed, ensuring population recovery.B. attenuata resprouting from epicormic buds after fire.B. prionotes after fire. The maternal plant has been burnt, and possibly killed; but note the seedlings coming up beneath it.Banksia plants are naturally adapted to the presence of regular bushfires. About half of Banksia species typically survive bushfires, either because they have very thick bark that protects the trunk from fire, or because they have lignotubers from which they can resprout after fire. In addition, fire triggers the release of seed stored in the aerial seed bank — an adaptation known as serotiny. In ecological literature, the species that are killed by fire but regenerate from seed are referred to as \"fire-sensitive\" or \"seeders\", while those that typically survive by resprouting from a trunk or underground lignotuber are called \"fire-tolerant\" or \"sprouters\".All Banksia exhibit serotiny to some extent. Most retain all of their seed until release is triggered by fire, but a few species release a small amount of seed spontaneously. Serotiny is achieved through the mechanism of thick, woody follicles, which are held tightly closed by resin. Seeds retained in follicles are protected from granivores and the heat of bushfire, and remain viable for around ten years. Follicles require a critical heat to melt the resin, so that the follicles may begin opening; for B. elegans, for example, this is 2 minutes at 500 °C. Those species with high heat requirements typically retain their old withered florets. These are highly combustible and thus help ensure the critical heat is reached.With some exceptions, each follicle contains two seeds plus a winged \"separator\". While the separator remains in the follicle, it holds the seeds in position. In some species, the separator remains in the follicle until it has cooled; once cooled, the separator loosens and falls out, and the seeds follow. In this way the separator ensures that the seeds fall onto cool ground. In other species, the separator does not loosen until it has been wet. In these species, the seeds do not fall to the ground until the first rains after the bushfire. Seed is typically released over a period of about 90 days.Immediately after bushfire, granivorous birds move in to extract seed from newly open follicles, and to eat seeds that have fallen to the ground. Those seeds that escape the granivores are soon buried by wind and surface water. Nearly all buried seeds germinate.","title":"Response to fire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lamont_1991-5"},{"link_name":"grasshoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper"},{"link_name":"mites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite"},{"link_name":"kangaroos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo"},{"link_name":"bandicoots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandicoot"}],"text":"Most Banksia seedlings do not survive to adulthood. A major reason for this is a lack of water. Competition for soil moisture can be intense, especially during drought. In one study, an estimated 13680 seedlings were counted over June–October following an experimental bushfire, but by January only eleven plants remained.[5] Other threats to seedling establishment include predation by invertebrates such as grasshoppers and mites; and by vertebrates such as kangaroos and bandicoots.","title":"Establishment of seedlings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"galls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall"},{"link_name":"Banksiamyces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksiamyces"},{"link_name":"Phytophthora cinnamomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophthora_cinnamomi"}],"text":"Banksia seed is predated by a birds and insects. Insects also feed on stems, leaves, flowers and cones. Some insects cause galls. Many species of fungi live on Banksia plants, including Banksiamyces. Most Banksia species are highly susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback.","title":"Diseases, predation and other symbioses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"urban development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning"},{"link_name":"cut flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floristry"},{"link_name":"endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species"},{"link_name":"Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Protection_and_Biodiversity_Conservation_Act_1999"},{"link_name":"vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species"}],"text":"The biodiversity of Banksia is impacted by a range of processes. Major threats include disease; changes in fire frequency and intensity; clearing of land for agriculture, mining, urban development and roads; and exploitation of flowers, seeds and foliage by the cut flower and other industries. Three Banksia species are currently declared endangered under Australia's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, and a further two are considered vulnerable.","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"introduced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"},{"link_name":"pathogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen"},{"link_name":"Phytophthora cinnamomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophthora_cinnamomi"},{"link_name":"water mould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_mould"},{"link_name":"disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease"},{"link_name":"epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EA_2001-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPRAT_brownii-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown_1998-8"},{"link_name":"jarrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrah"},{"link_name":"Corymbia calophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corymbia_calophylla"},{"link_name":"Dryandra sessilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryandra_sessilis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Impact_of_Dieback-9"},{"link_name":"phosphite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphite"},{"link_name":"fungicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungicide"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cochrane_2005-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrett_2003-11"},{"link_name":"foliar spraying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliar_spraying"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrett_2002-12"},{"link_name":"stems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stem"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawson_1996-13"},{"link_name":"canker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canker"},{"link_name":"fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"Zythiostroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zythiostroma"},{"link_name":"Armillaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_fungus"}],"sub_title":"Disease","text":"The most severe disease threat to Banksia is the introduced plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi, commonly known as \"dieback\". This is a water mould that attacks the roots of plants, destroying the structure of the root tissues, \"rotting\" the root, and preventing the plant from absorbing water and nutrients. Banksia's proteoid roots make it highly susceptible to this disease, with infected plants typically dying within a few years of exposure.The threat of exposure to dieback is greatest in southwest Western Australia, where dieback infestation has reached epidemic proportions.[6] This area holds the greatest species diversity for Banksia, with all species considered susceptible to infection. Consequently, a number of southwestern species are considered under threat from dieback. Nearly every known wild population of B. brownii shows some signs of dieback infection,[7] and it is said that this species would be extinct within a decade if it were not protected.[8] Other vulnerable species include B. cuneata, B. goodii, B. oligantha and B. verticillata.Infested areas of Banksia forest in southwest Western Australia typically have less than 30% of the cover of uninfested areas. Plant deaths in such large proportions can have a profound influence on the makeup of plant communities. For example, in southwestern Australia Banksia often occurs as an understory to forests of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), another species highly vulnerable to dieback. Infestation kills both the jarrah overstory and the Banksia understory, and over time these may be replaced by a more open woodland consisting of an overstory of the resistant marri (Corymbia calophylla), and an understory of the somewhat resistant Parrotbush (Dryandra sessilis).[9]Dieback is notoriously difficult to manage. A number of protective measures have been implemented to slow the spread of disease and boost the survival rates of infected plants; these include restricting access to infected and susceptible sites, the collection and cold-storage of seed, and the treatment of plants with phosphite. Phosphite boosts the resistance of both infected and uninfected plants, and also acts as a direct fungicide. Aerial spraying of phosphite boosts plant survival and slows the spread of infection,[10][11] but must be carefully managed as studies have shown that foliar spraying of phosphite adversely affects root and shoot growth.[12] Direct injection of phosphite into tree stems appears to lack this disadvantage, but is costly to administer and restricted to known plants.Because dieback thrives in moist soil conditions, it can be a severe problem for Banksias that are watered, such as in the cut flower industry and urban gardens. In some species this problem can be countered by grafting onto a rootstock of an eastern species, many of which demonstrate at least some resistant to dieback.[13]Other diseases to which Banksia species are vulnerable include the aerial canker fungus Zythiostroma and the parasitic fungus Armillaria.","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wooller_2002-14"},{"link_name":"resprouters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resprouter"},{"link_name":"arson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson"},{"link_name":"prescribed burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_burn"}],"sub_title":"Fire regime","text":"The frequency and intensity of bushfires are important factors in the population health of Banksias. The ideal time interval between bushfires varies from species to species, but twenty years is a typical figure. If bushfires occur too frequently, plants are killed before they reach fruiting age or before they have developed a substantial seed bank. This can seriously reduce or even eliminate populations in some areas.[14] Longer time intervals also reduce populations, as more plants die of natural attrition between fires. Unlike some other Proteaceae, Banksias do not release their seed when they die, and dead plants usually release much less seed in response to fire than live plants do, so long fire intervals cause seed wastage. Fire intensity is also important. If a fire is not intense enough to promote the release of seed, then the effective interval between seed release will be further increased by the loss of fire fuel.Fire intervals are not as critical for resprouters, as adults typically survive fire. Fire does kill seedlings, however, as most resprouters do not develop a lignotuber until they reach fruiting age. Thus overly frequent fires prevent the recruitment of new adults, and populations decline at the rate that adults die.It is widely accepted that colonisation by Europeans has led to an increase in fire frequency. This is especially the case near urban areas, where bushland is subject to both arson and prescribed burns. The proximity of urban areas creates a need to manage the ferocity and rate of occurrence of bushfires, resulting in pressure to prescribe regular low-intensity burns. This is at odds with the conservation needs of Banksia, which requires intense fires at long intervals.","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B. hookeriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_hookeriana"},{"link_name":"B. cuneata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_cuneata"},{"link_name":"B. goodii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_goodii"}],"sub_title":"Land clearing","text":"The distribution of Banksia habitat coincides with areas of high population density, and large areas of Banksia woodland have been cleared for agriculture, mining, urban development and roads. As well as the direct loss of population and habitat, this has led to an increased spread of weeds and disease. As Banksia occurs on the poorest soils, the areas in which they are most abundant have been the last to be cleared for agriculture. Nonetheless, it is estimated that 55% of Banksia woodland had been cleared by 1986. Species threatened by clearing include B. hookeriana and the endangered species B. cuneata and B. goodii.","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wildflower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildflower"},{"link_name":"B. hookeriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_hookeriana"},{"link_name":"B. coccinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_coccinea"},{"link_name":"B. baxteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_baxteri"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-George_1984-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lamont_1996-16"}],"sub_title":"Exploitation by wildflower industry","text":"Banksias are highly favoured by Australia's wildflower industry, with commercial picking of blooms especially prevalent in southwest Western Australia. Blooms are harvested from around 29 Banksia species, the most popular being B. hookeriana, B. coccinea and B. baxteri.[15] As of 1990 there were around 1000 licensed commercial pickers operating in the state, and in that year around 675000 blooms were harvested from B. hookeriana alone. Heavy harvesting of blooms substantially reduces harvest head production, resulting in a smaller seedbank. It is estimated population sizes for the next generation are likely to be around half the current populations at picking sites.[16]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Protection_and_Biodiversity_Conservation_Act_1999"},{"link_name":"Wildlife Conservation Act 1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Act_1950"},{"link_name":"Department of Environment and Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Conservation_(Western_Australia)"}],"sub_title":"Threatened species","text":"19 Banksia taxa are currently declared rare. All are endemic to Western Australia. Protection is afforded to them under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), and the Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act 1950. The Department of Environment and Conservation also provides for taxa to be declared \"Priority Flora\", either because they are poorly known, or because they are rare but not threatened. The following is a list of threatened and priority Banksia taxa:","title":"Conservation"}]
[{"image_text":"A rainbow lorikeet feasts on nectar from a Banksia integrifolia inflorescence. In the process it transfers pollen between plants, thus playing an important role in the species' reproduction.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Banksia_integrifolia_with_lorikeet_Waverley_email.jpg/220px-Banksia_integrifolia_with_lorikeet_Waverley_email.jpg"},{"image_text":"B. telmatiaea after fire. The maternal plant has been killed, but the fire has also triggered the release of seed, ensuring population recovery.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/B_telmatiaea_25_gnangarra.jpg/220px-B_telmatiaea_25_gnangarra.jpg"},{"image_text":"B. attenuata resprouting from epicormic buds after fire.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Banksia_attenuata_resprouter.jpg/220px-Banksia_attenuata_resprouter.jpg"},{"image_text":"B. prionotes after fire. The maternal plant has been burnt, and possibly killed; but note the seedlings coming up beneath it.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Banksia_prionotes_response_to_fire_Burma_Rd_email.jpg/220px-Banksia_prionotes_response_to_fire_Burma_Rd_email.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Ecology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ecology"}]
[{"reference":"Goldingay, Ross. L.; Susan M. Carthew (1998). \"Breeding and Mating Systems of Australian Proteaceae\". Australian Journal of Botany. 46 (4): 421–437. doi:10.1071/BT97037.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT97037","url_text":"10.1071/BT97037"}]},{"reference":"Hackett, Damian J.; Goldingay, Ross L. (2001). \"Pollination of Banksia spp. by non-flying mammals in north-eastern New South Wales\". Australian Journal of Botany. 49 (5): 637–644. doi:10.1071/BT00004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT00004","url_text":"10.1071/BT00004"}]},{"reference":"Wooller, Sue J.; Wooller, R. D. (2001). \"Seed set in two sympatric banksias, Banksia attenuata and B. baxteri\". Australian Journal of Botany. 49 (5): 597–602. doi:10.1071/BT00084.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT00084","url_text":"10.1071/BT00084"}]},{"reference":"Sampson, J. F.; Collins, B. G.; Coates, D. J. (1994). \"Mixed Mating in Banksia brownii Baxter ex R. Br. (Proteaceae)\". Australian Journal of Botany. 42: 103–11. doi:10.1071/BT9940103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT9940103","url_text":"10.1071/BT9940103"}]},{"reference":"Lamont, Byron B.; Connell, Stephen W.; Bergl, Stephen M. (1991). \"Seed bank and population dynamics in Banksia cuneata: The role of time, fire and moisture\". Botanical Gazette. 152 (1): 114–122. doi:10.1086/337870. S2CID 84817881.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Lamont","url_text":"Lamont, Byron B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F337870","url_text":"10.1086/337870"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84817881","url_text":"84817881"}]},{"reference":"\"Threat Abatement Plan for Dieback Caused by the Root-rot Fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi\". Environment Australia. 2001. Archived from the original on 18 June 2006. Retrieved 1 August 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060618093709/http://deh.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/phytophthora/index.html","url_text":"\"Threat Abatement Plan for Dieback Caused by the Root-rot Fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi\""},{"url":"http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/phytophthora/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Banksia brownii: Brown's Banksia, Feather-leaved Banksia\". Species Profile and Threats Database. Department of the Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 10 July 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=8277","url_text":"\"Banksia brownii: Brown's Banksia, Feather-leaved Banksia\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Andrew; Carolyn Thomson-Dans; Neville Marchant, eds. (1998). Western Australia's Threatened Flora. Como, Western Australia: Department of Conservation and Land Management. ISBN 0-7309-6875-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Conservation_and_Land_Management","url_text":"Department of Conservation and Land Management"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7309-6875-8","url_text":"0-7309-6875-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Impacts in WA\". Managing Dieback. Department of Environment and Conservation. Archived from the original on 3 September 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070903013916/http://www.naturebase.net/content/view/213/548/1/2/","url_text":"\"Impacts in WA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Conservation_(Western_Australia)","url_text":"Department of Environment and Conservation"},{"url":"http://www.naturebase.net/content/view/213/548/1/2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cochrane, Anne, Sarah Barrett and Sandra Gilfillan (2005). \"The feather-leaved banksia\". Landscope. 20 (3): 22–28. ISSN 0815-4465.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0815-4465","url_text":"0815-4465"}]},{"reference":"Barrett, S. R., B. L. Shearer and G. E. St G. Hardy (2003). \"The efficacy of phosphite applied after inoculation on the colonisation of Banksia brownii stems by Phytophthora cinnamomi\" (PDF). Australasian Plant Pathology. 32: 1–7. doi:10.1071/AP02061. S2CID 7742365. Retrieved 21 July 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=AP02061.pdf","url_text":"\"The efficacy of phosphite applied after inoculation on the colonisation of Banksia brownii stems by Phytophthora cinnamomi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FAP02061","url_text":"10.1071/AP02061"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7742365","url_text":"7742365"}]},{"reference":"Barrett, S. R., B. L. Shearer and G. E. St J. Hardy (2002). \"Root and shoot development in Corymbia calophylla and Banksia brownii after the application of the fungicide phosphite\" (PDF). Australian Journal of Botany. 50 (2): 155. doi:10.1071/BT01018. Retrieved 11 July 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=BT01018.pdf","url_text":"\"Root and shoot development in Corymbia calophylla and Banksia brownii after the application of the fungicide phosphite\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT01018","url_text":"10.1071/BT01018"}]},{"reference":"Dawson, Iain (1996). \"Grafting Australian Native Plants\". Proceedings of the IV National Workshop for Australian Native Flowers. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 29 June 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060615015316/http://www.anbg.gov.au/hort.research/grafting.html","url_text":"\"Grafting Australian Native Plants\""},{"url":"http://www.anbg.gov.au/hort.research/grafting.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wooller SJ, Wooller RD, Brown KL (2002). \"Regeneration by three species of Banksia on the south coast of Western Australia in relation to fire interval\". Australian Journal of Botany. 50 (3): 311–317. doi:10.1071/BT01078.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT01078","url_text":"10.1071/BT01078"}]},{"reference":"George, Alex S. (1984). The Banksia Book. Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press (in association with the Society for Growing Australian Plants). ISBN 0-86417-006-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_George_(botanist)","url_text":"George, Alex S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86417-006-8","url_text":"0-86417-006-8"}]},{"reference":"Lamont, Byron B. (1996). \"Conservation biology of banksias in southwestern Australia\". In S. D. Hopper; M. Harvey, J. Chappill; A. S. George (eds.). Gondwanan Heritage: Past, Present and Future of the Western Australian Biota. Chipping Norton: Surrey Beatty. pp. 292–98. ISBN 0-949324-66-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hopper","url_text":"S. D. Hopper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949324-66-3","url_text":"0-949324-66-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Species Profile and Threats Database\". Department of the Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 10 July 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=8277","url_text":"\"Species Profile and Threats Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wildlife Conservation (Rare Flora) Notice 2006\" (PDF). Government Gazette, WA. 23 June 2006. pp. 2169–2174. Retrieved 11 July 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naturebase.net/pdf/plants_animals/threatened_species/flora/wildlife_cons_notice_flora2006.pdf","url_text":"\"Wildlife Conservation (Rare Flora) Notice 2006\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT97037","external_links_name":"10.1071/BT97037"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT00004","external_links_name":"10.1071/BT00004"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT00084","external_links_name":"10.1071/BT00084"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT9940103","external_links_name":"10.1071/BT9940103"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F337870","external_links_name":"10.1086/337870"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84817881","external_links_name":"84817881"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060618093709/http://deh.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/phytophthora/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Threat Abatement Plan for Dieback Caused by the Root-rot Fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi\""},{"Link":"http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/phytophthora/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=8277","external_links_name":"\"Banksia brownii: Brown's Banksia, Feather-leaved Banksia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070903013916/http://www.naturebase.net/content/view/213/548/1/2/","external_links_name":"\"Impacts in WA\""},{"Link":"http://www.naturebase.net/content/view/213/548/1/2/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0815-4465","external_links_name":"0815-4465"},{"Link":"http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=AP02061.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The efficacy of phosphite applied after inoculation on the colonisation of Banksia brownii stems by Phytophthora cinnamomi\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FAP02061","external_links_name":"10.1071/AP02061"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7742365","external_links_name":"7742365"},{"Link":"http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=BT01018.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Root and shoot development in Corymbia calophylla and Banksia brownii after the application of the fungicide phosphite\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT01018","external_links_name":"10.1071/BT01018"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060615015316/http://www.anbg.gov.au/hort.research/grafting.html","external_links_name":"\"Grafting Australian Native Plants\""},{"Link":"http://www.anbg.gov.au/hort.research/grafting.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT01078","external_links_name":"10.1071/BT01078"},{"Link":"http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=8277","external_links_name":"\"Species Profile and Threats Database\""},{"Link":"http://www.naturebase.net/pdf/plants_animals/threatened_species/flora/wildlife_cons_notice_flora2006.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Wildlife Conservation (Rare Flora) Notice 2006\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_McTavish
Don MacTavish
["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
American racing driver NASCAR driver Don MacTavishBorn(1940-08-22)August 22, 1940Dover, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedFebruary 22, 1969(1969-02-22) (aged 28)Daytona Beach, Florida, U.S.Cause of deathInjuries from racing accidentAchievements1966 NASCAR National Sportsman Series ChampionAwards2001 New England Auto Racers Hall of Fame inductee Donald Charles MacTavish (August 22, 1940 – February 22, 1969) was an American race car driver. He died in an accident at Daytona International Speedway. Biography MacTavish was born in Dover, Massachusetts, and started his racing career at the age of 15 at the Norwood Arena in nearby Norwood. He quickly earned popularity for driving demolition derby cars, and appeared on ABC's Wide World of Sports. He competed in more than 100 Sportsman Car Series races on the East Coast. In 1963, he progressed to NASCAR's Sportsman Division and in 1966 he won the NASCAR National Sportsman Division Championship, a precursor to today's Xfinity Series, by beating out Ralph Earnhardt among others. In the late 1960s, MacTavish set his sights on competing in NASCAR's top series, the Grand National Series. On February 22, 1969, MacTavish made his debut at the Daytona International Speedway, driving the No. 5 1966 Mercury Comet in the NASCAR Sportsman Division's Permatex 300. On lap nine of the race, his vehicle tangled with a car driven by Bob James. Out of control, MacTavish's car hit the outside crash wall at a point where a metal guard rail covered an opening in the wall. The impact with the butt end of the concrete sheared off the whole front of the car, up to the firewall; the engine was thrown 100 feet (30 m) from the wreck. The Mercury then spun around and wound up facing oncoming cars in the middle of the track surface, with MacTavish completely exposed in the driver's seat. It was then struck by Sam Sommers, who was unable to see MacTavish's car due to smoke and flying debris from the accident. This second impact sent his car bouncing into the grass on the inside of the track. MacTavish died instantly. Three months after his death, the first annual 100-lap "Don MacTavish Memorial Race" was organized at Albany-Saratoga Speedway. Race-winner Richie Evans was presented the winner's trophy by Mrs. Dorothy MacTavish and Miss Marcia MacTavish, mother and sister of the late driver for whom the event was named. Each year, the American Canadian Tour racing series awards one driver with the prestigious MacTavish Award at their annual year-end Banquet of Champions. The award is given for outstanding contribution in the field of stock car racing and named in honor of MacTavish for his contributions to New England racing. Past recipients of the award have included Bill France Sr. (1969) and Ken Squier (1972). In 2001, MacTavish was posthumously inducted into the New England Auto Racers Hall of Fame. See also List of NASCAR fatal accidents List of Daytona International Speedway fatalities References ^ Kahn, Bernard (February 23, 1969). "Race driver killed; Lee Roy wins 300". Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal. External links 1969 Daytona Permatex 300 on YouTube
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daytona International Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway"}],"text":"NASCAR driverDonald Charles MacTavish (August 22, 1940 – February 22, 1969) was an American race car driver. He died in an accident at Daytona International Speedway.","title":"Don MacTavish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dover, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwood,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"demolition derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition_derby"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Wide World of Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_World_of_Sports_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sportsman Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfinity_Series"},{"link_name":"Xfinity Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfinity_Series"},{"link_name":"Ralph Earnhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Earnhardt"},{"link_name":"Grand National Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Series"},{"link_name":"Daytona International Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Mercury Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Comet"},{"link_name":"NASCAR Sportsman Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_Sportsman_Division"},{"link_name":"Permatex 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permatex_300"},{"link_name":"firewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(engine)"},{"link_name":"Sam Sommers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Sommers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Richie Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Evans"},{"link_name":"American Canadian Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Canadian_Tour"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Bill France Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_France_Sr."},{"link_name":"Ken Squier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Squier"},{"link_name":"New England Auto Racers Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Auto_Racers_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"MacTavish was born in Dover, Massachusetts, and started his racing career at the age of 15 at the Norwood Arena in nearby Norwood. He quickly earned popularity for driving demolition derby cars, and appeared on ABC's Wide World of Sports. He competed in more than 100 Sportsman Car Series races on the East Coast. In 1963, he progressed to NASCAR's Sportsman Division and in 1966 he won the NASCAR National Sportsman Division Championship, a precursor to today's Xfinity Series, by beating out Ralph Earnhardt among others.In the late 1960s, MacTavish set his sights on competing in NASCAR's top series, the Grand National Series. On February 22, 1969, MacTavish made his debut at the Daytona International Speedway, driving the No. 5 1966 Mercury Comet in the NASCAR Sportsman Division's Permatex 300. On lap nine of the race, his vehicle tangled with a car driven by Bob James. Out of control, MacTavish's car hit the outside crash wall at a point where a metal guard rail covered an opening in the wall. The impact with the butt end of the concrete sheared off the whole front of the car, up to the firewall; the engine was thrown 100 feet (30 m) from the wreck. The Mercury then spun around and wound up facing oncoming cars in the middle of the track surface, with MacTavish completely exposed in the driver's seat. It was then struck by Sam Sommers, who was unable to see MacTavish's car due to smoke and flying debris from the accident. This second impact sent his car bouncing into the grass on the inside of the track. MacTavish died instantly.[1]Three months after his death, the first annual 100-lap \"Don MacTavish Memorial Race\" was organized at Albany-Saratoga Speedway. Race-winner Richie Evans was presented the winner's trophy by Mrs. Dorothy MacTavish and Miss Marcia MacTavish, mother and sister of the late driver for whom the event was named.Each year, the American Canadian Tour racing series awards one driver with the prestigious MacTavish Award at their annual year-end Banquet of Champions. The award is given for outstanding contribution in the field of stock car racing and named in honor of MacTavish for his contributions to New England racing. Past recipients of the award have included Bill France Sr. (1969) and Ken Squier (1972).In 2001, MacTavish was posthumously inducted into the New England Auto Racers Hall of Fame.","title":"Biography"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of NASCAR fatal accidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NASCAR_fatal_accidents"},{"title":"List of Daytona International Speedway fatalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Daytona_International_Speedway_fatalities"}]
[{"reference":"Kahn, Bernard (February 23, 1969). \"Race driver killed; Lee Roy wins 300\". Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bXAeAAAAIBAJ&pg=2465%2C5078074","url_text":"\"Race driver killed; Lee Roy wins 300\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daytona_Beach_News-Journal","url_text":"Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bXAeAAAAIBAJ&pg=2465%2C5078074","external_links_name":"\"Race driver killed; Lee Roy wins 300\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AtWUfFiXIkM","external_links_name":"1969 Daytona Permatex 300"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Thomassen
Thomas Thomassen
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
Norwegian actor, director and theater manager Thomas Thomassen, 1942 Thomas Thomassen (19 November 1878 – 7 January 1962) was a Norwegian actor, director and theater manager. Biography Thomassen was born in Tønsberg, Norway. He was the son of Thomas Marthinius Thomassen (1845–1925) and Laura Christine Thoresen (1847–1931). He made his stage debut in 1900 at Centralteatret. He served as theatre director of Stavanger Faste Scene from 1918 to 1921, and of Den Nationale Scene in Bergen from 1925 to 1931. He chaired the Norwegian Actors' Equity Association from 1915 to 1918, and from 1924 to 1925. In 1904, he married Ingebjørg Klafstad (1878–1961). He was the father of the actor and director Knut Thomassen (1921–2002). References ^ "Thomas Christian Thomassen". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2 June 2010. ^ a b Kvalvik, Bent. "Thomas Thomassen". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2 June 2010. ^ "Stavanger Faste Scene". sceneweb.no. Retrieved 1 May 2019. ^ Hjorth-Jenssen, Egil (1948). Norsk Skuespillerforbund gjennom 50 år, 1898-1948 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal. ^ Julie Rongved Amundsen. "Knut Thomassen". Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved 1 May 2019. External links Thomas Thomassen at IMDb Cultural offices Preceded byChristian Sandal Director of the Den Nationale Scene 1925–1931 Succeeded byKarl Bergmann Authority control databases: Artists KulturNav This article about a Norwegian actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Thomassen_i_%22Vildanden%22_(1942).jpg"},{"link_name":"theater manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_manager"}],"text":"Thomas Thomassen, 1942Thomas Thomassen (19 November 1878 – 7 January 1962) was a Norwegian actor, director and theater manager.","title":"Thomas Thomassen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tønsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg"},{"link_name":"Centralteatret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralteatret"},{"link_name":"Stavanger Faste Scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogaland_Teater"},{"link_name":"Den Nationale Scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Nationale_Scene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbl-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Actors' Equity Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Actors%27_Equity_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsf50-4"},{"link_name":"Knut Thomassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Thomassen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbl-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Thomassen was born in Tønsberg, Norway. He was the son of Thomas Marthinius Thomassen (1845–1925) and Laura Christine Thoresen (1847–1931).\nHe made his stage debut in 1900 at Centralteatret. He served as theatre director of Stavanger Faste Scene from 1918 to 1921, and of Den Nationale Scene in Bergen from 1925 to 1931.[1][2][3]He chaired the Norwegian Actors' Equity Association from 1915 to 1918, and from 1924 to 1925.[4]In 1904, he married Ingebjørg Klafstad (1878–1961). He was the father of the actor and director Knut Thomassen (1921–2002).[2][5]","title":"Biography"}]
[{"image_text":"Thomas Thomassen, 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Thomas_Thomassen_i_%22Vildanden%22_%281942%29.jpg/170px-Thomas_Thomassen_i_%22Vildanden%22_%281942%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Thomas Christian Thomassen\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snl.no/Thomas_Christian_Thomassen","url_text":"\"Thomas Christian Thomassen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"}]},{"reference":"Kvalvik, Bent. \"Thomas Thomassen\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Thomas_Thomassen/utdypning","url_text":"\"Thomas Thomassen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Helle","url_text":"Helle, Knut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_biografisk_leksikon","url_text":"Norsk biografisk leksikon"}]},{"reference":"\"Stavanger Faste Scene\". sceneweb.no. Retrieved 1 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://sceneweb.no/nb/organisation/44142/Stavanger_Faste_Scene-1914-1-1","url_text":"\"Stavanger Faste Scene\""}]},{"reference":"Hjorth-Jenssen, Egil (1948). Norsk Skuespillerforbund gjennom 50 år, 1898-1948 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egil_Hjorth-Jenssen","url_text":"Hjorth-Jenssen, Egil"}]},{"reference":"Julie Rongved Amundsen. \"Knut Thomassen\". Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved 1 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nbl.snl.no/Knut_Thomassen","url_text":"\"Knut Thomassen\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/Thomas_Christian_Thomassen","external_links_name":"\"Thomas Christian Thomassen\""},{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Thomas_Thomassen/utdypning","external_links_name":"\"Thomas Thomassen\""},{"Link":"https://sceneweb.no/nb/organisation/44142/Stavanger_Faste_Scene-1914-1-1","external_links_name":"\"Stavanger Faste Scene\""},{"Link":"https://nbl.snl.no/Knut_Thomassen","external_links_name":"\"Knut Thomassen\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0859738/","external_links_name":"Thomas Thomassen"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/810717ef-f099-4daa-b581-1b2f82e3e272","external_links_name":"KulturNav"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Thomassen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukkyo_Station
Hukkyo station
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 38°48′0″N 125°47′26″E / 38.80000°N 125.79056°E / 38.80000; 125.79056Railway station in North Korea Hŭkkyo흑교Korean nameHangul흑교역Hanja黑橋驛Revised RomanizationHeukgyo-yeokMcCune–ReischauerHŭkkyo-yŏk General informationLocationHŭkkyo-ri,Hwangju County,North Hwanghae ProvinceNorth KoreaOwned byKorean State RailwayHistoryOpened1906ElectrifiedyesServices Preceding station Korean State Railway Following station Chunghwatowards P'yŏngyang P'yŏngbu Line Kindŭngtowards Kaesŏng Hŭkkyo station is a railway station located in Hŭkkyo-ri, Hwangju county, North Hwanghae province, North Korea. It is on located on the P'yŏngbu Line, which was formed from part of the Kyŏngŭi Line to accommodate the shift of the capital from Seoul to P'yŏngyang; though this line physically connects P'yŏngyang to Pusan via Dorasan, in operational reality it ends at Kaesŏng due to the Korean Demilitarized Zone. References ^ a b Kokubu, Hayato, 将軍様の鉄道 (Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō), ISBN 978-4-10-303731-6 vte P'yŏngbu Line P'yŏngyang Taedonggang Ryŏkp'o Chunghwa Hŭkkyo Kindŭng Hwangju Ch'imch'on Ch'ŏngnyŏn Chŏngbang Sariwŏn Ch'ŏngnyŏn East Sariwŏn Pongsan Ch'ŏnggye Hŭngsu Munmu Sokhyon Sŏhŭng Mulgae P'yŏngsan Taebaeksansŏng Hanp'o Kŭmch'ŏn Kyejŏng Ryŏhyŏn Kaep'ung Kaesŏng Sonha Pongdong P'anmun (across the MDL to Dorasan and then on to Korail's Gyeongui Line towards Seoul) 38°48′0″N 125°47′26″E / 38.80000°N 125.79056°E / 38.80000; 125.79056 This article about a railroad station in North Korea is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hwangju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwangju_County"},{"link_name":"North Hwanghae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hwanghae_Province"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayato-1"},{"link_name":"P'yŏngbu Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongbu_Line"},{"link_name":"Kyŏngŭi Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyongui_Line"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"P'yŏngyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang"},{"link_name":"Pusan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusan"},{"link_name":"Dorasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorasan"},{"link_name":"Kaesŏng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaes%C5%8Fng"},{"link_name":"Korean Demilitarized Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayato-1"}],"text":"Railway station in North KoreaHŭkkyo station is a railway station located in Hŭkkyo-ri, Hwangju county, North Hwanghae province, North Korea.[1] It is on located on the P'yŏngbu Line, which was formed from part of the Kyŏngŭi Line to accommodate the shift of the capital from Seoul to P'yŏngyang; though this line physically connects P'yŏngyang to Pusan via Dorasan, in operational reality it ends at Kaesŏng due to the Korean Demilitarized Zone.[1]","title":"Hukkyo station"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hukkyo_station&params=38_48_0_N_125_47_26_E_region:KR_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"38°48′0″N 125°47′26″E / 38.80000°N 125.79056°E / 38.80000; 125.79056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hukkyo_station&params=38_48_0_N_125_47_26_E_region:KR_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"38°48′0″N 125°47′26″E / 38.80000°N 125.79056°E / 38.80000; 125.79056"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hukkyo_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Algeria
Mass media in Algeria
["1 Journalism","2 Censorship","3 Telephones and telephony","4 Television","4.1 Satellite broadcasts","5 Radio","6 Internet","7 See also","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 External links"]
Part of a series on theCulture of Algeria HistoryMaritime history • Military history • Economic history People LanguagesArabic • Berber TraditionsGender roles Mythology CuisineCouscous • Karantita • Makroudh • Merguez • Pastilla • Wine • more FestivalsPublic holidays • Sahara International Film Festival ReligionChristianity (Catholic Church) • Islam • Judaism • more Art LiteratureWriters • more Music and performing artsAndalusi nubah • Berber music • Chaabi • Hip hop • Hofii • Nuubaat • Raï • Zindalii • more Media Television Cinema Films • Newspapers • more SportBasketball (national team) • Football • Olympics • Rugby union (national team) • Tennis (Davis Cup team) • Tennis (Fed Cup team) • more Monuments World Heritage Sites Madghacen • more Symbols Flag Coat of arms National anthem more vte Algeria has more than 45 independent Arabic language and French language publications as well as 4 government-owned newspapers (two published in French and two in Arabic), but the government controls most printing presses and advertising. The Algerian newspapers with the largest circulations are Echourouk (1,800,000), Ennahar (1,600,000), El Khabar (1,000,000) and Quotidien d'Oran (700,000); all four are employee-owned. In 2004 and 2005, the government increased the access of Berber language and culture to both print and broadcast media. Algérie Presse Service is the Algerian national press agency. It was created on December 1, 1961, following the national independence of Algeria from French control, to represent Algeria in the sphere of the world media. It has evolved into an institution that produces online and satellite services. Journalism The written press in Algeria publishes in three languages: Arabic, French and Tamazight. The majority of print publications are privately owned. The print press also publishes online, on a daily basis, except for on Fridays (public observation of the Islamic holy day). Since the end of 2016, the number of daily visitors of news websites and online editions of newspapers surpasses the number of daily readers of print newspapers. Writing in Arabic, English and French, Algerian bloggers cover social, cultural and political topics. There are more than 100,000 Algerian blogs, a newspaper suggested in late 2014. Algerian dailies mark the anniversary of the introduction of the defamation laws by suspending publication in a protest known as a "day without newspapers". Arabic-language newspapers include Echorouk, El Khabar, and El Massa. French-language newspapers include El Watan and El Moudjahid. English-language newspapers include the North Africa Journal. Defunct newspapers include Lisan al-Din (Language of Faith) founded in 1912, and the longer-lived Al-balagh al-jazairi (Algerian Messenger) founded in 1926 by Sufi Ahmad al-Alawi (1869–1934). Censorship There is no direct censorship, but laws set out prison terms and fines for insulting or defaming the president, MPs, judges and the army. Media rights bodies have accused the government of using the law to control the private press, in addition to using indirect pressure such as suspending building permits for newspaper's offices, discouraging relationships with private advertisers, and prompting tax or creditor investigations. Algerian dailies mark the anniversary of the introduction of the defamation laws by suspending publication in a protest known as a "day without newspapers". Telephones and telephony See also: Telephone numbers in Algeria According to the CIA/The World Fact by 2008, along with the rapid increase in mobile cellular subscribers, combined fixed-line and mobile telephone density surpassed 100 telephones per 100 persons. Algeria is also a participant in Medarabtel. This includes satellite earth stations with 51 services (including Intelsat, Intersputnik, and Arabsat) that links Algeria with most other parts of the world. Television See also: Television in Algeria In the area of broadcasting, the government has maintained a monopoly since 1962. Algerian television was somewhat democratized by the new constitution of 1989. Entreprise nationale de télévision (ENTV) is the national entity that oversees public television broadcasting. It manages the television channels Canal Algérie, Algérie 3, Amazigh tv 4 in Tamazight and the religious channel Coran tv 5 which broadcasts Islamic religious programming. The government purchases many commercial programs for broadcast. Canal Algérie also broadcasts online, without interruption. Satellite broadcasts The majority of the population of Algeria prefers to watch satellite broadcasts of Arab and French stations. The number of satellite dishes is estimated at 34 million. (Arabic and French). A bill is currently being studied that would prohibit satellite dishes on the facade of houses that face streets and boulevards. Many satellite services operate in Algeria, including Camagraph, Stream System, Magenta, and Condor. French-owned Canal+ has recently signed a special agreement with Algeria. Algerian television channels: ENTV (state-owned broadcaster) Canal Algerie TVA3 Tamazight TV Coran TV Echorouk TV Echorouk News Channel (news outlet of the Echorouk Media Group) El Djazairiya TV El Heddaf TV Ennahar TV Hoggar TV Dzairshop TV Numedia News TV L'Index TV (Constantine regional channel) Dzair TV (owned by business tycoon Ali Haddad) Al Atlas TV (shut down before presidential elections for its government criticisms) Djurdjura Children Channel Samira Women-dedicated Channel El Bilad TV Wiam TV (created just days before presidential elections to support independent candidate Abdelaziz Bouteflika) KBC or El Khabar Broadcasting Channel (owned by El Khabar Media Group) Until now there are 50 channels broadcasting offshore. All these channels have large bureaus in Algiers but legally registered in Jordan, Bahrain, and the UK. With the recently published media law, these TV networks will have to comply with Algeria law to become Algerian licensed TV. Radio See also: List of radio stations in Africa § Algeria Lamine Foura, radio journalist and founder of Medias Maghreb in Quebec Radio Algérienne is the public radio broadcasting entity. It manages three national broadcast stations, two with national formats and 32 regional stations. This entity, which has 34 million Algerian listeners, broadcasts in Arabic, Berber, and French. Chorouk TV identifies itself as the first private satellite TV channel in Algeria launched just after the newly passed media law enabling businesspeople/journalists to create their own TV and radio stations. The channel will show about ten major thematic programmes dealing with politics, business, social, sport, entertainment and music. It will broadcast a one-hour and half news bulletin similar to Aljazeera’s Hasad Al Yawm (Today’s News Harvest). But in general, it identifies itself as Dubai-based MBC network, namely family/edutainment channel. Internet As of 2014 Algeria had 40000 Internet hosts and 31.7 million internet users. See also Algeria portal Censorship in Algeria Telecommunications in Algeria Internet in Algeria List of newspapers in Algeria Cinema of Algeria References ^ a b c Algeria country profile. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (March 2006). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ "Algerian newspapers". ^ "Journaux algériens | Infos Pratiques Algérie". Archived from the original on 2011-08-21. Retrieved 2011-08-20. ^ "Projet pour un pacte d'avenir/ Les médias électroniques plus fort potentiel pour développer des contenus algériens sur Internet". Algérie Focus (in French). November 12, 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2017. ^ "Algeria country profile - Overview". BBC News. 2012-01-10. Retrieved 2012-03-20. ^ "الشروق أون لاين". Echoroukonline.com. Retrieved 2012-03-20. ^ "الخبر - يومية جزائرية مستقلة". Elkhabar.com. Retrieved 2012-03-20. ^ "el-massa.com". el-massa.com. Retrieved 2012-03-20. ^ "A la une". El Watan. Retrieved 2012-03-20. ^ "de beste bron van informatie over Algérie. Deze website is te koop!". elmoujahid.com. Retrieved 2012-03-20. ^ "The North Africa Journal". North-africa.com. Retrieved 2012-03-20. ^ Haden, Madelyn; Harr-Siebenlist, Gabriel (2023-11-02). "Algeria's economic and political trends after the Hirak movement". The Journal of North African Studies. 28 (6): 1303–1316. doi:10.1080/13629387.2023.2254025. ISSN 1362-9387. ^ "Liberte, Quotidien National d'Information -". Archived from the original on 2011-09-18. Retrieved 2011-08-20. ^ ".:: ENTV.DZ ::. La télévision Algérienne". Archived from the original on 2010-02-07. Retrieved 2011-08-20. ^ "Message - El Watan". ^ "Liberté Algérie, Nabila SaÏdoun". Archived from the original on 2011-09-18. Retrieved 2020-03-30. Bibliography Toyin Falola; Daniel Jean-Jacques, eds. (2015). "Algeria: Media". Africa: an Encyclopedia of Culture and Society. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-666-9. "Algeria", Freedom of the Press, USA: Freedom House, 2016, OCLC 57509361 External links Media related to Media of Algeria at Wikimedia Commons vteMedia of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limitedrecognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies andother territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla  (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Arabic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"French language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-1"},{"link_name":"El Khabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Khabar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Berber language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-1"},{"link_name":"Algérie Presse Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%A9rie_Presse_Service"}],"text":"Algeria has more than 45 independent Arabic language and French language publications as well as 4 government-owned newspapers (two published in French and two in Arabic), but the government controls most printing presses and advertising.[1] The Algerian newspapers with the largest circulations are Echourouk (1,800,000), Ennahar (1,600,000), El Khabar (1,000,000) and Quotidien d'Oran (700,000); all four are employee-owned.[1][2] In 2004 and 2005, the government increased the access of Berber language and culture to both print and broadcast media.[1]Algérie Presse Service is the Algerian national press agency. It was created on December 1, 1961, following the national independence of Algeria from French control, to represent Algeria in the sphere of the world media. It has evolved into an institution that produces online and satellite services.","title":"Mass media in Algeria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamazight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamazight"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"news websites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_newspaper"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-5"},{"link_name":"Echorouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echorouk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"El Khabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Khabar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"El Massa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Massa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"El Watan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Watan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"El Moudjahid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Moudjahid"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"North Africa Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa_Journal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"Ahmad al-Alawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Alawi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The written press in Algeria publishes in three languages: Arabic, French and Tamazight. The majority of print publications are privately owned. The print press also publishes online, on a daily basis, except for on Fridays (public observation of the Islamic holy day).[3]Since the end of 2016, the number of daily visitors of news websites and online editions of newspapers surpasses the number of daily readers of print newspapers.[4]Writing in Arabic, English and French, Algerian bloggers cover social, cultural and political topics. There are more than 100,000 Algerian blogs, a newspaper suggested in late 2014.Algerian dailies mark the anniversary of the introduction of the defamation laws by suspending publication in a protest known as a \"day without newspapers\".[5] Arabic-language newspapers include Echorouk,[6] El Khabar,[7] and El Massa.[8] French-language newspapers include El Watan[9] and El Moudjahid.[10] English-language newspapers include the North Africa Journal.[11] Defunct newspapers include Lisan al-Din (Language of Faith) founded in 1912, and the longer-lived Al-balagh al-jazairi (Algerian Messenger) founded in 1926 by Sufi Ahmad al-Alawi (1869–1934). [citation needed]","title":"Journalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"There is no direct censorship, but laws set out prison terms and fines for insulting or defaming the president, MPs, judges and the army. Media rights bodies have accused the government of using the law to control the private press, in addition to using indirect pressure such as suspending building permits for newspaper's offices, discouraging relationships with private advertisers, and prompting tax or creditor investigations.[12]Algerian dailies mark the anniversary of the introduction of the defamation laws by suspending publication in a protest known as a \"day without newspapers\".","title":"Censorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telephone numbers in Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Algeria"}],"text":"See also: Telephone numbers in AlgeriaAccording to the CIA/The World Fact by 2008, along with the rapid increase in mobile cellular subscribers, combined fixed-line and mobile telephone density surpassed 100 telephones per 100 persons. Algeria is also a participant in Medarabtel. This includes satellite earth stations with 51 services (including Intelsat, Intersputnik, and Arabsat) that links Algeria with most other parts of the world.","title":"Telephones and telephony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Television in Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Canal Algérie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Alg%C3%A9rie"},{"link_name":"Algérie 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%A9rie_3"},{"link_name":"Amazigh tv 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazigh_tv_4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tamazight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamazight"},{"link_name":"Coran tv 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coran_tv_5&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Canal Algérie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Alg%C3%A9rie"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"See also: Television in AlgeriaIn the area of broadcasting, the government has maintained a monopoly since 1962. Algerian television was somewhat democratized by the new constitution of 1989. Entreprise nationale de télévision (ENTV) is the national entity that oversees public television broadcasting. It manages the television channels Canal Algérie, Algérie 3, Amazigh tv 4 in Tamazight and the religious channel Coran tv 5 which broadcasts Islamic religious programming.[13] The government purchases many commercial programs for broadcast. Canal Algérie also broadcasts online, without interruption.[14]","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Canal+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ali Haddad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Haddad"}],"sub_title":"Satellite broadcasts","text":"The majority of the population of Algeria prefers to watch satellite broadcasts of Arab and French stations. The number of satellite dishes is estimated at 34 million. (Arabic and French).[15] A bill is currently being studied that would prohibit satellite dishes on the facade of houses that face streets and boulevards. Many satellite services operate in Algeria, including Camagraph, Stream System, Magenta, and Condor. French-owned Canal+ has recently signed a special agreement with Algeria.[16]Algerian television channels:ENTV (state-owned broadcaster)\nCanal Algerie\nTVA3\nTamazight TV\nCoran TV\nEchorouk TV\nEchorouk News Channel (news outlet of the Echorouk Media Group)\nEl Djazairiya TV\nEl Heddaf TV\nEnnahar TV\nHoggar TV\nDzairshop TV\nNumedia News TV\nL'Index TV (Constantine regional channel)\nDzair TV (owned by business tycoon Ali Haddad)\nAl Atlas TV (shut down before presidential elections for its government criticisms)\nDjurdjura Children Channel\nSamira Women-dedicated Channel\nEl Bilad TV\nWiam TV (created just days before presidential elections to support independent candidate Abdelaziz Bouteflika)\nKBC or El Khabar Broadcasting Channel (owned by El Khabar Media Group)Until now there are 50 channels broadcasting offshore. All these channels have large bureaus in Algiers but legally registered in Jordan, Bahrain, and the UK. With the recently published media law, these TV networks will have to comply with Algeria law to become Algerian licensed TV.","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of radio stations in Africa § Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Africa#Algeria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lamine_Foura_journaliste.jpg"},{"link_name":"Radio Algérienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Algeria"}],"text":"See also: List of radio stations in Africa § AlgeriaLamine Foura, radio journalist and founder of Medias Maghreb in QuebecRadio Algérienne is the public radio broadcasting entity. It manages three national broadcast stations, two with national formats and 32 regional stations. This entity, which has 34 million Algerian listeners, broadcasts in Arabic, Berber, and French.Chorouk TV identifies itself as the first private satellite TV channel in Algeria launched just after the newly passed media law enabling businesspeople/journalists to create their own TV and radio stations. The channel will show about ten major thematic programmes dealing with politics, business, social, sport, entertainment and music. It will broadcast a one-hour and half news bulletin similar to Aljazeera’s Hasad Al Yawm (Today’s News Harvest). But in general, it identifies itself as Dubai-based MBC network, namely family/edutainment channel.","title":"Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"As of 2014 Algeria had 40000 Internet hosts and 31.7 million internet users.[citation needed]","title":"Internet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toyin Falola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyin_Falola"},{"link_name":"Africa: an Encyclopedia of Culture and Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YjoVCwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59884-666-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-666-9"},{"link_name":"\"Algeria\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/algeria"},{"link_name":"Freedom of the Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_(report)"},{"link_name":"Freedom House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"57509361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/57509361"}],"text":"Toyin Falola; Daniel Jean-Jacques, eds. (2015). \"Algeria: Media\". Africa: an Encyclopedia of Culture and Society. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-666-9.\n\"Algeria\", Freedom of the Press, USA: Freedom House, 2016, OCLC 57509361","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Lamine Foura, radio journalist and founder of Medias Maghreb in Quebec","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lamine_Foura_journaliste.jpg/220px-Lamine_Foura_journaliste.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Algeria portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Algeria"},{"title":"Censorship in Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Algeria"},{"title":"Telecommunications in Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Algeria"},{"title":"Internet in Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Algeria"},{"title":"List of newspapers in Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Algeria"},{"title":"Cinema of Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria"}]
[{"reference":"\"Algerian newspapers\".","urls":[{"url":"http://journauxalgerien.com/algeriannewspapers.html","url_text":"\"Algerian newspapers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Journaux algériens | Infos Pratiques Algérie\". Archived from the original on 2011-08-21. Retrieved 2011-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110821203747/http://meteo-algerie.org/journaux-algeriens/","url_text":"\"Journaux algériens | Infos Pratiques Algérie\""},{"url":"http://meteo-algerie.org/journaux-algeriens/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Projet pour un pacte d'avenir/ Les médias électroniques plus fort potentiel pour développer des contenus algériens sur Internet\". Algérie Focus (in French). November 12, 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.algerie-focus.com/2017/11/projet-pacte-davenir-medias-electroniques-plus-fort-potentiel-developper-contenus-algeriens-internet/","url_text":"\"Projet pour un pacte d'avenir/ Les médias électroniques plus fort potentiel pour développer des contenus algériens sur Internet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Algeria country profile - Overview\". BBC News. 2012-01-10. Retrieved 2012-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/790556.stm","url_text":"\"Algeria country profile - Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"الشروق أون لاين\". Echoroukonline.com. Retrieved 2012-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.echoroukonline.com/","url_text":"\"الشروق أون لاين\""}]},{"reference":"\"الخبر - يومية جزائرية مستقلة\". Elkhabar.com. Retrieved 2012-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elkhabar.com/","url_text":"\"الخبر - يومية جزائرية مستقلة\""}]},{"reference":"\"el-massa.com\". el-massa.com. Retrieved 2012-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.el-massa.com/","url_text":"\"el-massa.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"A la une\". El Watan. Retrieved 2012-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elwatan.com/","url_text":"\"A la une\""}]},{"reference":"\"de beste bron van informatie over Algérie. Deze website is te koop!\". elmoujahid.com. Retrieved 2012-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmoujahid.com/","url_text":"\"de beste bron van informatie over Algérie. Deze website is te koop!\""}]},{"reference":"\"The North Africa Journal\". North-africa.com. Retrieved 2012-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.north-africa.com/","url_text":"\"The North Africa Journal\""}]},{"reference":"Haden, Madelyn; Harr-Siebenlist, Gabriel (2023-11-02). \"Algeria's economic and political trends after the Hirak movement\". The Journal of North African Studies. 28 (6): 1303–1316. doi:10.1080/13629387.2023.2254025. ISSN 1362-9387.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13629387.2023.2254025","url_text":"\"Algeria's economic and political trends after the Hirak movement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629387.2023.2254025","url_text":"10.1080/13629387.2023.2254025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1362-9387","url_text":"1362-9387"}]},{"reference":"\"Liberte, Quotidien National d'Information -\". Archived from the original on 2011-09-18. Retrieved 2011-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110918144533/http://www.liberte-algerie.com/edit.php?id=110898","url_text":"\"Liberte, Quotidien National d'Information -\""},{"url":"http://www.liberte-algerie.com/edit.php?id=110898","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\".:: ENTV.DZ ::. La télévision Algérienne\". Archived from the original on 2010-02-07. Retrieved 2011-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100207172050/http://www.entv.dz/fr/online/index.php","url_text":"\".:: ENTV.DZ ::. La télévision Algérienne\""},{"url":"http://www.entv.dz/fr/online/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Message - El Watan\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elwatan.com/Une-interdiction-et-des","url_text":"\"Message - El Watan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liberté Algérie, Nabila SaÏdoun\". Archived from the original on 2011-09-18. Retrieved 2020-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110918144551/http://www.liberte-algerie.com/edit.php?id=110591&titre=canal+%20renforce%20son%20offre%20en%20alg%C3%A9rie","url_text":"\"Liberté Algérie, Nabila SaÏdoun\""},{"url":"http://www.liberte-algerie.com/edit.php?id=110591&titre=canal+%20renforce%20son%20offre%20en%20alg%C3%A9rie","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Toyin Falola; Daniel Jean-Jacques, eds. (2015). \"Algeria: Media\". Africa: an Encyclopedia of Culture and Society. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-666-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyin_Falola","url_text":"Toyin Falola"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YjoVCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Africa: an Encyclopedia of Culture and Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-666-9","url_text":"978-1-59884-666-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Algeria\", Freedom of the Press, USA: Freedom House, 2016, OCLC 57509361","urls":[{"url":"https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/algeria","url_text":"\"Algeria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_(report)","url_text":"Freedom of the Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House","url_text":"Freedom House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57509361","url_text":"57509361"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Algeria.pdf","external_links_name":"Algeria country profile"},{"Link":"http://journauxalgerien.com/algeriannewspapers.html","external_links_name":"\"Algerian newspapers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110821203747/http://meteo-algerie.org/journaux-algeriens/","external_links_name":"\"Journaux algériens | Infos Pratiques Algérie\""},{"Link":"http://meteo-algerie.org/journaux-algeriens/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.algerie-focus.com/2017/11/projet-pacte-davenir-medias-electroniques-plus-fort-potentiel-developper-contenus-algeriens-internet/","external_links_name":"\"Projet pour un pacte d'avenir/ Les médias électroniques plus fort potentiel pour développer des contenus algériens sur Internet\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/790556.stm","external_links_name":"\"Algeria country profile - Overview\""},{"Link":"http://www.echoroukonline.com/","external_links_name":"\"الشروق أون لاين\""},{"Link":"http://www.elkhabar.com/","external_links_name":"\"الخبر - يومية جزائرية مستقلة\""},{"Link":"http://www.el-massa.com/","external_links_name":"\"el-massa.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.elwatan.com/","external_links_name":"\"A la une\""},{"Link":"http://www.elmoujahid.com/","external_links_name":"\"de beste bron van informatie over Algérie. Deze website is te koop!\""},{"Link":"http://www.north-africa.com/","external_links_name":"\"The North Africa Journal\""},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13629387.2023.2254025","external_links_name":"\"Algeria's economic and political trends after the Hirak movement\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629387.2023.2254025","external_links_name":"10.1080/13629387.2023.2254025"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1362-9387","external_links_name":"1362-9387"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110918144533/http://www.liberte-algerie.com/edit.php?id=110898","external_links_name":"\"Liberte, Quotidien National d'Information -\""},{"Link":"http://www.liberte-algerie.com/edit.php?id=110898","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100207172050/http://www.entv.dz/fr/online/index.php","external_links_name":"\".:: ENTV.DZ ::. La télévision Algérienne\""},{"Link":"http://www.entv.dz/fr/online/index.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.elwatan.com/Une-interdiction-et-des","external_links_name":"\"Message - El Watan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110918144551/http://www.liberte-algerie.com/edit.php?id=110591&titre=canal+%20renforce%20son%20offre%20en%20alg%C3%A9rie","external_links_name":"\"Liberté Algérie, Nabila SaÏdoun\""},{"Link":"http://www.liberte-algerie.com/edit.php?id=110591&titre=canal+%20renforce%20son%20offre%20en%20alg%C3%A9rie","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YjoVCwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Africa: an Encyclopedia of Culture and Society"},{"Link":"https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/algeria","external_links_name":"\"Algeria\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57509361","external_links_name":"57509361"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Francois_Quintin
J. F. Quintin
["1 Playing career","2 Career statistics","2.1 Regular season and playoffs","3 References","4 External links"]
Canadian ice hockey player Ice hockey player J. F. QuintinBorn (1969-05-28) May 28, 1969 (age 55)Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, CanadaHeight 6 ft 1 in (185 cm)Weight 180 lb (82 kg; 12 st 12 lb)Position Left wingShot LeftPlayed for San Jose SharksNHL draft 75th overall, 1989Minnesota North StarsPlaying career 1989–2003 Jean-François Quintin (born May 28, 1969) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. Quintin played for the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League between 1991 and 1993 and several minor league teams during his career, which lasted from 1989 to 2003. Playing career Quintin was born in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec. As a youth, he played in the 1981 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu. Quintin was drafted in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft, fourth round, 75th overall, by the Minnesota North Stars. His NHL career was brief, playing for the San Jose Sharks in only eight games in 1991–92 and 14 more in 1992–93. In those 22 games, he scored 5 goals and added 5 assists for 10 points. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1984–85 Richelieu Riverains QMAAA 3 0 0 0 0 6 4 3 7 0 1985–86 Richelieu Riverains QMAAA 38 34 46 80 46 7 4 7 11 2 1986–87 Shawinigan Cataractes QMJHL 42 1 9 10 17 10 0 2 2 2 1987–88 Shawinigan Cataractes QMJHL 70 28 70 98 143 11 5 8 13 26 1988–89 Shawinigan Cataractes QMJHL 69 52 100 152 105 10 9 15 24 16 1989–90 Kalamazoo Wings IHL 68 20 18 38 38 10 8 4 12 14 1990–91 Kalamazoo Wings IHL 78 31 43 74 64 9 1 5 6 11 1991–92 San Jose Sharks NHL 8 3 0 3 0 — — — — — 1991–92 Kansas City Blades IHL 21 4 6 10 29 13 2 10 12 29 1992–93 San Jose Sharks NHL 14 2 5 7 4 — — — — — 1992–93 Kansas City Blades IHL 64 20 29 49 169 11 2 1 3 16 1993–94 Kansas City Blades IHL 41 14 19 33 117 — — — — — 1994–95 Kansas City Blades IHL 63 23 35 58 130 19 2 9 11 57 1995–96 Kansas City Blades IHL 77 26 35 61 158 5 0 3 3 20 1996–97 Kansas City Blades IHL 21 3 5 8 49 2 0 0 0 2 1997–98 Kansas City Blades IHL 79 22 37 59 126 11 3 6 9 34 1998–99 HDD Olimpija Ljubljana SLO 19 14 16 30 — — — — — — 1999–00 Star Bulls Rosenheim DEL 55 13 35 48 197 — — — — — 2000–01 Moskitos Essen DEL 54 15 32 47 217 — — — — — 2001–02 DEG Metro Stars DEL 38 8 6 14 69 — — — — — 2002–03 DEG Metro Stars DEL 47 12 20 32 94 5 1 1 2 26 IHL totals 512 163 227 390 880 80 18 38 56 183 NHL totals 22 5 5 10 4 — — — — — References ^ "Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2019-01-17. External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database This biographical article relating to a Canadian ice hockey winger born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"San Jose Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerJean-François Quintin (born May 28, 1969) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. Quintin played for the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League between 1991 and 1993 and several minor league teams during his career, which lasted from 1989 to 2003.","title":"J. F. Quintin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_International_Pee-Wee_Hockey_Tournament"},{"link_name":"minor ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1989 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"Minnesota North Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_North_Stars"},{"link_name":"San Jose Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"1992–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Quintin was born in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec. As a youth, he played in the 1981 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu.[1]Quintin was drafted in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft, fourth round, 75th overall, by the Minnesota North Stars. His NHL career was brief, playing for the San Jose Sharks in only eight games in 1991–92 and 14 more in 1992–93. In those 22 games, he scored 5 goals and added 5 assists for 10 points.[citation needed]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season and playoffs","title":"Career statistics"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2019-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190306085544/https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf","url_text":"\"Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\""},{"url":"https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190306085544/https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\""},{"Link":"https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/player/8457747","external_links_name":"NHL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=76638&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eurohockey.com/player/15234-.html","external_links_name":"Eurohockey.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/q/quintje01.html","external_links_name":"Hockey-Reference.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=4432","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._F._Quintin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Weekly
The Louisiana Weekly
["1 History","2 People","3 Content","4 Reputation","5 References"]
Weekly newspaper published in New Orleans The Louisiana WeeklyTypeWeekly newspaperOwner(s)Dejoie familyFounder(s)C.C. Dejoie and Orlando TaylorFounded1925LanguageEnglishHeadquartersNew Orleans, LouisianaWebsitewww.louisianaweekly.com The Louisiana Weekly is a weekly newspaper published in New Orleans, Louisiana. It emphasizes topics of interest to the African-American community, especially in the New Orleans area and south Louisiana. It has an estimated weekly circulation of 6,500. The Louisiana Weekly was established by the C.C. Dejoie family in 1925. The paper has covered social justice issues including "education, the environment, politics and protest," including such diverse topics as the Black Panther Party and the threat of hydrofluoric acid contamination at a New Orleans area refinery. The newspaper also has a Spanish-language page aimed at south Louisiana's significant Central American population. The newspaper presently uses the tagline "Your Multicultural News Medium". Publication of the Louisiana Weekly was interrupted (in print only ) because of the flooding caused by Hurricane Katrina in August and September 2005. Past issues of The Louisiana Weekly are archived by the Amistad Research Center of New Orleans. History Founded in 1925 by Orlando Capitola Ward Taylor and Constant C. Dejoie Sr., The Louisiana Weekly is one of the oldest African-American newspapers that is still in circulation. "Their vision was to create a newspaper dedicated to the enlightening, ennobling and empowering people of color". The newspaper focused on topics that they felt were not getting the attention it deserved. The paper first worked out of the Pythian Temple Building at 234 Loyola Avenue. The first issue, which appeared on September 19, 1925, chronicled the life of educator and singer Professor John Wesley Work. Originally, the paper was called The New Orleans Herald but the name was changed in October. The newspaper sales were increasing as soon as the paper became available. "The annual subscription rate of the newspaper was two dollars, with six-month, one-month, and one-issue rates available at $1.25, 20 cents, and five cents, respectively." Even though the newspaper is based in Louisiana, the paper was read worldwide. People The Dejoie family was one of the most prominent black families in New Orleans; they owned the Unity Industrial Life Insurance Company. O.C.W. Taylor was a former teacher and principal in the New Orleans Public School system. Mr. Taylor received his bachelor's degree from Wylie College in Texas having distinguished himself with the debate team and a Masters from Columbia University which has, within its oral history project, a tape of Mr. Taylor talking about his experiences at the Louisiana Weekly giving more history and information on that period of time. He also had a television show on WNOE TV, which was about students, teachers and their achievements in the New Orleans Public School system and a radio show on WNOE radio. Besides the Louisiana Weekly, O. C. W. Taylor worked with George Schuyler, a close friend and fellow Mason at the Pittsburgh Courier. The Pittsburgh Couriers first office in the south was in Mr. Taylors home at 1667 North Roman Street. His daughter - Doris Gaynelle Taylor was society editor for the Louisiana Weekly and the Pittsburgh Courier. During O. C. W. Taylors' time at the Louisiana Weekly, which lasted many years, he successfully chaired the papers' Victory Bond sales drive, which met its goal with the help of Taylor's daughter Doris Gaynelle Taylor. Doris, who was named after Doris Zemurray, was the model on the posters showing her picture in the "V" as O. C. W. and his daughter circulated the city selling the Victory Bonds. Emmanuel Gregoire was also active in the Victory Bond campaign, which was a large event in New Orleans during that period of time. Mr. Taylor, who served as editor of the Louisiana Weekly during its early years, took a leave of absence from his job as teacher and principal with the New Orleans Public School System to work with C. C. Dejoie to bring the paper to a viable place. It was clear after the first year or two that the paper needed someone full-time if this project was going to succeed. Taylors' wife - Marceline Bucksell Taylor - supported the family during that time when money was short because of the sacrifices they decided to make to help the Louisiana Weekly become a substantial publication. Marceline Taylor and C. C. Dejoie's wife- Vivian - were close friends and spent time sewing together for their club, the Circle de Service, so to them it was family bringing in family to move the Louisiana Weekly along to success. O. C. W. brought his brother-in-law, Louis Peter Bucksell, a pharmacist in the city of New Orleans who had three pharmacies around the state, but whose passion was photography, to work with the paper to do much of the needed photography. Since Louis Bucksell had his own photographic development studio his photography was sometimes quite outstanding. L. P. Bucksell took many pictures over the years for the paper to accompany articles and found stories on his own as he traveled around the city and the state to help make the paper a viable institution for the African American Community. Louis Bucksell brought along his son-in-law Emmanuel Gregoire, known to some as "Uncle Greggy", to work on the paper with his writings and "Uncle Greggy" did a great deal of the administrative work. Mr. Gregoire was a teacher and principal in the New Orleans Public School System and also wrote and helped manage the Louisiana Weekly for several years. Gregoire, Bucksell and Taylor spent years working without pay to move the paper along to help it find a substantial foundation. C.C. Dejoie helped establish the newspaper with a $2,000 investment and used his business contacts to help spread the paper throughout the city. "Joseph “Scoop” Jones, who served as a Louisiana Weekly newsboy, reporter, columnist, and photographer, was considered to be one of the publication's earliest and most talented journalists." After C.C. Dejoie stepped down, his son Henry Sr. took over his father role as publisher of the newspaper in 1965. Henry Sr. left the newspaper because of Hurricane Katrina and was not able to return home before his death. Content The Louisiana Weekly has been through multiple different stages of African-American history. The paper wrote about the violence towards black people during World War II. "One of the greatest accomplishments was a five-week series that ran in the paper claiming that defense training should be extended to public schools, which was implemented by the Superintendent of Schools after the series ran." The Louisiana Weekly covered issues such as: Brown v. The Board of Education, the Black Power Movement, the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, Martin Luther King Jr., W.E.B. DuBois, and the 1963 March on Washington. The paper also covers current events that are happening in the black community. It covers the shooting and injustices in the African-American community. The Louisiana Weekly does not just cover injustices, the newspaper covers sports, business, education, health, tourist advice, and entertainment. Reputation "The Weekly's emphasis was placed on local, national, and international events that had tremendous effects on us in our struggle as people,". The Louisiana Weekly had to move out of New Orleans, LA because of Hurricane Katrina and that caused a slip in the paper's reputation. The paper wrote mostly government blame articles after Hurricane Katrina. "The paper was hit hard by the storm, and many of their subscribers dispersed throughout the country, from Atlanta to Los Angeles and New York. Displaced readers have come to depend even more heavily on the Louisiana Weekly for accurate coverage of New Orleans current events." The paper has gone through a tough time since Hurricane Katrina, but The Louisiana Weekly is still seen as one of the most important sources of news in the black community. References Journalism portalUnited States portal ^ "Louisiana Weekly". Echo Media: Print Media Experts. Retrieved 14 March 2016. ^ "Journey for Justice: Chronology". Louisiana Public Broadcasting. Retrieved 2006-05-03. ^ "About Us". The Louisiana Weekly. Archived from the original on 2006-01-03. Retrieved 2006-05-03. ^ Hayes, Worth K. (Spring 2004). "No Service Too Small: the political significance of the survival programs of the New Orleans Black Panther Party". XULAneXUS. Xavier University. Retrieved 2006-05-03. ^ Wilson, Glynn (2003-10-20). "Hydrofluoric acid makes for "danger zone" around plant". The Louisiana Weekly. Archived from the original on 2006-05-06. Retrieved 2006-05-03. ^ "Louisiana Weekly – Your Community. Your Newspaper". The Louisiana Weekly. Retrieved 2006-05-03. ^ a b c d "The Louisiana Weekly". Media NOLA. Tulane University. Retrieved 14 March 2016. ^ "The Louisiana Weekly turns 89 with this Edition". The Louisiana Weekly. September 22, 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2016. ^ a b "Louisiana Weekly 1925- | Amistad Research Center". amistadresearchcenter.tulane.edu. Retrieved 2017-05-08. ^ CreoleGen (2012-06-19). "Down Through the Years With the Louisiana Weekly". CreoleGen. Retrieved 2017-05-08. vteAfrican American pressNewspapersActiveNortheast Bay State Banner Buffalo Criterion New Pittsburgh Courier The New York Age New York Amsterdam News Our Time Press The Philadelphia Tribune The Washington Afro-American The Washington Informer South African-American News and Issues Atlanta Black Star Atlanta Daily World Atlanta Inquirer Atlanta Voice Baltimore Afro-American Baltimore Times The Baptist Vanguard Birmingham Times Black Chronicle The Burning Spear Newspaper Carolina Peacemaker The Carolinian The Charleston Chronicle The Charlotte Post The Christian Recorder The Dallas Weekly Florida Sentinel Bulletin The Florida Star Houston Defender Houston Forward Times Jackson Advocate The Jacksonville Advocate Jacksonville Free Press The Louisiana Weekly Louisville Defender The Miami Times New Journal and Guide The New Orleans Tribune Oklahoma Eagle The Orlando Times Richmond Free Press Roanoke Tribune Savannah Tribune Tennessee Tribune The Triangle Tribune Tri-State Defender The Village Beat Winston-Salem Chronicle Midwest The Call Call and Post The Chicago Crusader The Chicago Defender The Cincinnati Herald The Columbus Post Fort Wayne Ink Spot Gary Crusader Indianapolis Recorder Michigan Chronicle The Michigan FrontPage Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder Omaha Star The St. Louis American St. Louis Argus St. Louis Sentinel West Arizona Informant Black Lens News The Facts Los Angeles Sentinel Los Angeles Wave Oakland Post Portland Observer Richmond Post The Sacramento Observer San Francisco Bay View Seattle Medium The Skanner Sun-Reporter National The Final Call Defunct The Advocate The Alaska Spotlight The Aliened American Arkansas State Press Athens Blade Athens Republique Athens Voice Atlanta Independent The Black Dispatch The Black Panther Black Times Boston Guardian The Broad Ax California Eagle The Carolina Times Charlottesville-Albemarle Tribune Chicago Bee The Chicago Conservator Chicago Whip The Circuit The City Sun The Cleveland Gazette The Colored American (Augusta, Georgia) The Colored American (New York City) The Colored American (Washington, D.C.) Daily Negro Times Dallas Express The Denver Star Detroit Plaindealer Detroit Tribune The Elevator The Equator Freedom Freedom's Journal Frost Illustrated Gary American Harambee Indianapolis Freeman Indianapolis Leader Ink Iowa Bystander Jackson Eagle Eye Louisianian Louisville Leader The McDowell Times Memphis Free Speech Memphis Post Metro Herald (Virginia) The Michigan Citizen Mirror of the Times The Mississippi Enterprise Mojo Muhammad Speaks Nashville Globe The Negro Star Negro World New National Era The North Star Pacific Appeal The People's Voice The Philadelphia Independent Pittsburgh Courier Portland New Age The Progressive Era Ravenswood Post The Reflector Richmond Planet The Rights of All The Seattle Republican The Shining Star Southwestern Christian Advocate The Washington Bee The Washington Sun The Appeal The Winter Park Advocate The Woman's Era Omaha Monitor Western Post Afro-American Sentinel The Enterprise Omaha Guide Magazines Black Enterprise Black Issues Book Review BLK Clutch The Colored American Magazine The Crisis Ebony Emerge Essence The Fader Fire!! theGrio The Horizon Jet King Negro Digest Our Women and Children Right On! The Root Sister 2 Sister Soul Tint Transition Magazine Visions Metro Weekly YSB Organizations Associated Negro Press National Association of Black Journalists National Association of Black Journalists Hall of Fame National Newspaper Publishers Association Corporations Perry Publishing and Broadcasting Real Times Related Abolitionist publications The Anti-Slavery Bugle Genius of Universal Emancipation The Liberator The National Era
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_circulation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Echo-1"},{"link_name":"C.C. Dejoie family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_C._Dejoie,_Sr."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Black Panther Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_Party"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"hydrofluoric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Spanish-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish-language"},{"link_name":"Central American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American"},{"link_name":"tagline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagline"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amistad-7"},{"link_name":"Amistad Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amistad_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archive-8"}],"text":"The Louisiana Weekly is a weekly newspaper published in New Orleans, Louisiana. It emphasizes topics of interest to the African-American community, especially in the New Orleans area and south Louisiana. It has an estimated weekly circulation of 6,500.[1]The Louisiana Weekly was established by the C.C. Dejoie family in 1925.[2] The paper has covered social justice issues including \"education, the environment, politics and protest,\"[3] including such diverse topics as the Black Panther Party[4] and the threat of hydrofluoric acid contamination at a New Orleans area refinery.[5] The newspaper also has a Spanish-language page aimed at south Louisiana's significant Central American population. The newspaper presently uses the tagline \"Your Multicultural News Medium\".Publication of the Louisiana Weekly was interrupted (in print only [6]) because of the flooding caused by Hurricane Katrina in August and September 2005.[7]Past issues of The Louisiana Weekly are archived by the Amistad Research Center of New Orleans.[8]","title":"The Louisiana Weekly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amistad-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"Founded in 1925 by Orlando Capitola Ward Taylor and Constant C. Dejoie Sr., The Louisiana Weekly is one of the oldest African-American newspapers that is still in circulation. \"Their vision was to create a newspaper dedicated to the enlightening, ennobling and empowering people of color\".[7] The newspaper focused on topics that they felt were not getting the attention it deserved. The paper first worked out of the Pythian Temple Building at 234 Loyola Avenue. The first issue, which appeared on September 19, 1925, chronicled the life of educator and singer Professor John Wesley Work. Originally, the paper was called The New Orleans Herald but the name was changed in October. The newspaper sales were increasing as soon as the paper became available. \"The annual subscription rate of the newspaper was two dollars, with six-month, one-month, and one-issue rates available at $1.25, 20 cents, and five cents, respectively.\"[9] Even though the newspaper is based in Louisiana, the paper was read worldwide.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"The Dejoie family was one of the most prominent black families in New Orleans; they owned the Unity Industrial Life Insurance Company. O.C.W. Taylor was a former teacher and principal in the New Orleans Public School system. Mr. Taylor received his bachelor's degree from Wylie College in Texas having distinguished himself with the debate team and a Masters from Columbia University which has, within its oral history project, a tape of Mr. Taylor talking about his experiences at the Louisiana Weekly giving more history and information on that period of time. He also had a television show on WNOE TV, which was about students, teachers and their achievements in the New Orleans Public School system and a radio show on WNOE radio. Besides the Louisiana Weekly, O. C. W. Taylor worked with George Schuyler, a close friend and fellow Mason at the Pittsburgh Courier. The Pittsburgh Couriers first office in the south was in Mr. Taylors home at 1667 North Roman Street. His daughter - Doris Gaynelle Taylor was society editor for the Louisiana Weekly and the Pittsburgh Courier.During O. C. W. Taylors' time at the Louisiana Weekly, which lasted many years, he successfully chaired the papers' Victory Bond sales drive, which met its goal with the help of Taylor's daughter Doris Gaynelle Taylor. Doris, who was named after Doris Zemurray, was the model on the posters showing her picture in the \"V\" as O. C. W. and his daughter circulated the city selling the Victory Bonds. Emmanuel Gregoire was also active in the Victory Bond campaign, which was a large event in New Orleans during that period of time. Mr. Taylor, who served as editor of the Louisiana Weekly during its early years, took a leave of absence from his job as teacher and principal with the New Orleans Public School System to work with C. C. Dejoie to bring the paper to a viable place. It was clear after the first year or two that the paper needed someone full-time if this project was going to succeed. Taylors' wife - Marceline Bucksell Taylor - supported the family during that time when money was short because of the sacrifices they decided to make to help the Louisiana Weekly become a substantial publication. Marceline Taylor and C. C. Dejoie's wife- Vivian - were close friends and spent time sewing together for their club, the Circle de Service, so to them it was family bringing in family to move the Louisiana Weekly along to success.O. C. W. brought his brother-in-law, Louis Peter Bucksell, a pharmacist in the city of New Orleans who had three pharmacies around the state, but whose passion was photography, to work with the paper to do much of the needed photography. Since Louis Bucksell had his own photographic development studio his photography was sometimes quite outstanding. L. P. Bucksell took many pictures over the years for the paper to accompany articles and found stories on his own as he traveled around the city and the state to help make the paper a viable institution for the African American Community.Louis Bucksell brought along his son-in-law Emmanuel Gregoire, known to some as \"Uncle Greggy\", to work on the paper with his writings and \"Uncle Greggy\" did a great deal of the administrative work. Mr. Gregoire was a teacher and principal in the New Orleans Public School System and also wrote and helped manage the Louisiana Weekly for several years. Gregoire, Bucksell and Taylor spent years working without pay to move the paper along to help it find a substantial foundation.C.C. Dejoie helped establish the newspaper with a $2,000 investment and used his business contacts to help spread the paper throughout the city. \"Joseph “Scoop” Jones, who served as a Louisiana Weekly newsboy, reporter, columnist, and photographer, was considered to be one of the publication's earliest and most talented journalists.\"[9] After C.C. Dejoie stepped down, his son Henry Sr. took over his father role as publisher of the newspaper in 1965. Henry Sr. left the newspaper because of Hurricane Katrina and was not able to return home before his death.","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amistad-7"}],"text":"The Louisiana Weekly has been through multiple different stages of African-American history. The paper wrote about the violence towards black people during World War II. \"One of the greatest accomplishments was a five-week series that ran in the paper claiming that defense training should be extended to public schools, which was implemented by the Superintendent of Schools after the series ran.\"[7] The Louisiana Weekly covered issues such as: Brown v. The Board of Education, the Black Power Movement, the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, Martin Luther King Jr., W.E.B. DuBois, and the 1963 March on Washington. The paper also covers current events that are happening in the black community. It covers the shooting and injustices in the African-American community. The Louisiana Weekly does not just cover injustices, the newspaper covers sports, business, education, health, tourist advice, and entertainment.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amistad-7"}],"text":"\"The Weekly's emphasis was placed on local, national, and international events that had tremendous effects on us in our struggle as people,\".[10] The Louisiana Weekly had to move out of New Orleans, LA because of Hurricane Katrina and that caused a slip in the paper's reputation. The paper wrote mostly government blame articles after Hurricane Katrina. \"The paper was hit hard by the storm, and many of their subscribers dispersed throughout the country, from Atlanta to Los Angeles and New York. Displaced readers have come to depend even more heavily on the Louisiana Weekly for accurate coverage of New Orleans current events.\"[7] The paper has gone through a tough time since Hurricane Katrina, but The Louisiana Weekly is still seen as one of the most important sources of news in the black community.","title":"Reputation"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Louisiana Weekly\". Echo Media: Print Media Experts. Retrieved 14 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://echo-media.com/medias/details/11486/louisiana+weekly","url_text":"\"Louisiana Weekly\""}]},{"reference":"\"Journey for Justice: Chronology\". Louisiana Public Broadcasting. Retrieved 2006-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lpb.org/programs/journey/chronology.html","url_text":"\"Journey for Justice: Chronology\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". The Louisiana Weekly. Archived from the original on 2006-01-03. Retrieved 2006-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060103132954/http://www.louisianaweekly.com/about.html","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"http://www.louisianaweekly.com/about.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Worth K. (Spring 2004). \"No Service Too Small: the political significance of the survival programs of the New Orleans Black Panther Party\". XULAneXUS. Xavier University. Retrieved 2006-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xula.edu/communications/xulanexus/issue3/BBP.html","url_text":"\"No Service Too Small: the political significance of the survival programs of the New Orleans Black Panther Party\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana","url_text":"Xavier University"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Glynn (2003-10-20). \"Hydrofluoric acid makes for \"danger zone\" around plant\". The Louisiana Weekly. Archived from the original on 2006-05-06. Retrieved 2006-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060506024735/http://www.louisianaweekly.com/weekly/news/articlegate.pl?20031020k","url_text":"\"Hydrofluoric acid makes for \"danger zone\" around plant\""},{"url":"http://www.louisianaweekly.com/weekly/news/articlegate.pl?20031020k","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Louisiana Weekly – Your Community. Your Newspaper\". The Louisiana Weekly. Retrieved 2006-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blackpressusa.com/news/Article.asp?SID=3&Title=National+News&NewsID=15018","url_text":"\"Louisiana Weekly – Your Community. Your Newspaper\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Louisiana Weekly\". Media NOLA. Tulane University. Retrieved 14 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://medianola.org/discover/place/179","url_text":"\"The Louisiana Weekly\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Louisiana Weekly turns 89 with this Edition\". The Louisiana Weekly. September 22, 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.louisianaweekly.com/the-louisiana-weekly-turns-89-with-this-edition/","url_text":"\"The Louisiana Weekly turns 89 with this Edition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louisiana Weekly 1925- | Amistad Research Center\". amistadresearchcenter.tulane.edu. Retrieved 2017-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://amistadresearchcenter.tulane.edu/archon/?p=creators/creator&id=68","url_text":"\"Louisiana Weekly 1925- | Amistad Research Center\""}]},{"reference":"CreoleGen (2012-06-19). \"Down Through the Years With the Louisiana Weekly\". CreoleGen. Retrieved 2017-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.creolegen.org/2012/06/19/down-through-the-years-with-the-louisiana-weekly/","url_text":"\"Down Through the Years With the Louisiana Weekly\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.louisianaweekly.com/","external_links_name":"www.louisianaweekly.com"},{"Link":"http://echo-media.com/medias/details/11486/louisiana+weekly","external_links_name":"\"Louisiana Weekly\""},{"Link":"http://www.lpb.org/programs/journey/chronology.html","external_links_name":"\"Journey for Justice: Chronology\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060103132954/http://www.louisianaweekly.com/about.html","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"http://www.louisianaweekly.com/about.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.xula.edu/communications/xulanexus/issue3/BBP.html","external_links_name":"\"No Service Too Small: the political significance of the survival programs of the New Orleans Black Panther Party\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060506024735/http://www.louisianaweekly.com/weekly/news/articlegate.pl?20031020k","external_links_name":"\"Hydrofluoric acid makes for \"danger zone\" around plant\""},{"Link":"http://www.louisianaweekly.com/weekly/news/articlegate.pl?20031020k","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.blackpressusa.com/news/Article.asp?SID=3&Title=National+News&NewsID=15018","external_links_name":"\"Louisiana Weekly – Your Community. Your Newspaper\""},{"Link":"http://medianola.org/discover/place/179","external_links_name":"\"The Louisiana Weekly\""},{"Link":"http://www.louisianaweekly.com/the-louisiana-weekly-turns-89-with-this-edition/","external_links_name":"\"The Louisiana Weekly turns 89 with this Edition\""},{"Link":"http://amistadresearchcenter.tulane.edu/archon/?p=creators/creator&id=68","external_links_name":"\"Louisiana Weekly 1925- | Amistad Research Center\""},{"Link":"http://www.creolegen.org/2012/06/19/down-through-the-years-with-the-louisiana-weekly/","external_links_name":"\"Down Through the Years With the Louisiana Weekly\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_(song)
Albion (song)
["1 Music video","2 Track listing","3 Chart performance","4 References"]
2005 single by Babyshambles"Albion"Single by Babyshamblesfrom the album Down in Albion Released28 November 2005GenreIndie rockLength3:28LabelRough TradeSongwriter(s)Pete DohertyProducer(s)Mick JonesBabyshambles singles chronology "Fuck Forever" (2005) "Albion" (2005) "Janie Jones" (2006) Alternative cover Down In Albion track listing "La Belle et la Bête" "Fuck Forever" "A'Rebours" "The 32nd of December" "Pipedown" "Sticks and Stones" "Killamangiro" "8 Dead Boys" "In Love With a Feeling" "Pentonville" "What Katy Did Next" "Albion" "Back From the Dead" "The Loyalty Song" "Up the Morning" "Merry Go Round" "Albion" is a song by English band Babyshambles. It was released as the third single from Down in Albion on 28 November 2005 in the UK. The single was released in Japan on 8 March 2006 by Reservoir Records/EMI. "Albion" deals primarily with the concept of Albion, thought of as a mythical England (or Great Britain), the landscape and life of which is referred to throughout the song. This idea was central to The Libertines and still is to Babyshambles. The song was the first acoustic song Babyshambles released. The song had been used in The Libertines live sets, and thus there was some controversy from fans when it was released. It is always one of the highlights of Babyshambles live shows. The "Albion" is also a recurrent theme in Pete Doherty's music and poetry. A lot of songs contain the word "Albion" in their lyrics: in The Libertines' "Love on the Dole", "Bucket Shop" (both from the Legs 11 Session), "The Good Old Days" (from their debut album Up The Bracket), and in Babyshambles' "Merry-Go-Round" (from their debut album Down In Albion). Most of The Libertines fans discovered the song "Albion" in the 2003 Babyshambles Sessions. The song's lyrical quality is a reflection of its origin, a poem penned by Doherty when he was 16 (according to Babyshambles bass player Drew McConnell's remark in the 5 November 2005 NME track-by-track guide to Down in Albion, it was the first song Doherty wrote). The lyrics were praised on an episode of Newsnight Review, when critics were reviewing Babyshambles' debut album Down In Albion. The single version differs from the album cut, where the song proper is preceded by a minute-long noise (thought to incorporate the sound of a Hammond organ warming up). Music video The promotional video for "Albion" has been directed by Roger Pomphrey and features a variety of live, fly on the wall and backstage footage of the band. Some of the footage shows Pete Doherty and former manager, James Mullord, together. However, due to Doherty's alleged grievances against him, the record label ordered that Mullord be digitally erased from the video, hence when he and Doherty are shown arriving in Trafalgar Square for the Love Music Hate Racism gig in May 2005, Mullord's face is pixelated. At the end of the video, Doherty is seen walking into the distance with his former manager. Other footage shows glimpses of Kate Moss with Doherty, embracing on the edge of a river bank, as seen previously in the Who the Fuck is Pete Doherty documentary. Doherty is also seen standing up, attempting to thumb a ride from a passing speed boat. Track listing CD Single RTRADSCD260 "Albion" (single version) "Do You Know Me" CD Maxi Single RTRADSCDX260 "Albion" (single version) "My Darling Clementine" "Why Did You Break My Heart/Piracy" "Albion" (Video) "Bonus Footage" (Albion Acoustic) 7" RTRADS260 "Albion" (single version) "Wolfman" Japanese Maxi CD TOCP-66533 "Albion" (single version) "My Darling Clementine" "Why Did You Break My Heart/Piracy" "Wolfman" "Do You Know Me" "Albion" (Video) "Bonus Footage" (Albion Acoustic) Chart performance Chart (2005) Peakposition UK Singles Chart 8 References ^ "Babyshambles - Albion - Music Charts". acharts.us. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-16. vteBabyshambles Pete Doherty Drew McConnell Jamie Morrison Mick Whitnall Seb Rochford Gemma Clarke Patrick Walden Adam Ficek Danny Goffey Studio albums Down in Albion Shotter's Nation Sequel to the Prequel EPs Fuck Forever Albion The Blinding EP Singles "Babyshambles" "Killamangiro" "Fuck Forever" "Albion" "Janie Jones" "Delivery" "You Talk" DVDs Up the Shambles - Live in Manchester Oh! What A Lovely Tour Related articles Discography
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babyshambles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyshambles"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Down in Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_in_Albion"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Reservoir Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reservoir_Records_(rock_label)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"The Libertines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Libertines"},{"link_name":"Babyshambles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyshambles"},{"link_name":"acoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_music"},{"link_name":"Babyshambles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyshambles"},{"link_name":"The Libertines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Libertines"},{"link_name":"Legs 11 Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Libertines_and_Babyshambles_bootlegs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Up The Bracket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_The_Bracket"},{"link_name":"Babyshambles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyshambles"},{"link_name":"Down In Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_In_Albion"},{"link_name":"Babyshambles Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babyshambles_Sessions&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Down in Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_in_Albion"},{"link_name":"Newsnight Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsnight_Review"}],"text":"\"Albion\" is a song by English band Babyshambles. It was released as the third single from Down in Albion on 28 November 2005 in the UK. The single was released in Japan on 8 March 2006 by Reservoir Records/EMI.\"Albion\" deals primarily with the concept of Albion, thought of as a mythical England (or Great Britain), the landscape and life of which is referred to throughout the song. This idea was central to The Libertines and still is to Babyshambles. The song was the first acoustic song Babyshambles released. The song had been used in The Libertines live sets, and thus there was some controversy from fans when it was released. It is always one of the highlights of Babyshambles live shows.\nThe \"Albion\" is also a recurrent theme in Pete Doherty's music and poetry. A lot of songs contain the word \"Albion\" in their lyrics: in The Libertines' \"Love on the Dole\", \"Bucket Shop\" (both from the Legs 11 Session), \"The Good Old Days\" (from their debut album Up The Bracket), and in Babyshambles' \"Merry-Go-Round\" (from their debut album Down In Albion).\nMost of The Libertines fans discovered the song \"Albion\" in the 2003 Babyshambles Sessions.The song's lyrical quality is a reflection of its origin, a poem penned by Doherty when he was 16 (according to Babyshambles bass player Drew McConnell's remark in the 5 November 2005 NME track-by-track guide to Down in Albion, it was the first song Doherty wrote). The lyrics were praised on an episode of Newsnight Review, when critics were reviewing Babyshambles' debut album Down In Albion. The single version differs from the album cut, where the song proper is preceded by a minute-long noise (thought to incorporate the sound of a Hammond organ warming up).","title":"Albion (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Pomphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Pomphrey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fly on the wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_on_the_wall"},{"link_name":"Pete Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Doherty"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Love Music Hate Racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Music_Hate_Racism"},{"link_name":"Kate Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Moss"}],"text":"The promotional video for \"Albion\" has been directed by Roger Pomphrey and features a variety of live, fly on the wall and backstage footage of the band.Some of the footage shows Pete Doherty and former manager, James Mullord, together. However, due to Doherty's alleged grievances against him, the record label ordered that Mullord be digitally erased from the video, hence when he and Doherty are shown arriving in Trafalgar Square for the Love Music Hate Racism gig in May 2005, Mullord's face is pixelated. At the end of the video, Doherty is seen walking into the distance with his former manager.Other footage shows glimpses of Kate Moss with Doherty, embracing on the edge of a river bank, as seen previously in the Who the Fuck is Pete Doherty documentary. Doherty is also seen standing up, attempting to thumb a ride from a passing speed boat.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"CD Single RTRADSCD260\"Albion\" (single version)\n\"Do You Know Me\"CD Maxi Single RTRADSCDX260\"Albion\" (single version)\n\"My Darling Clementine\"\n\"Why Did You Break My Heart/Piracy\"\n\"Albion\" (Video)\n\"Bonus Footage\" (Albion Acoustic)7\" RTRADS260\"Albion\" (single version)\n\"Wolfman\"Japanese Maxi CD TOCP-66533\"Albion\" (single version)\n\"My Darling Clementine\"\n\"Why Did You Break My Heart/Piracy\"\n\"Wolfman\"\n\"Do You Know Me\"\n\"Albion\" (Video)\n\"Bonus Footage\" (Albion Acoustic)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart performance"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Babyshambles - Albion - Music Charts\". acharts.us. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://acharts.us/song/9949","url_text":"\"Babyshambles - Albion - Music Charts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071027165729/http://acharts.us/song/9949","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://acharts.us/song/9949","external_links_name":"\"Babyshambles - Albion - Music Charts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071027165729/http://acharts.us/song/9949","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rami_Nashashibi
Rami Nashashibi
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Awards and recognition","4 See also","5 References"]
Palestinian-American activist and sociologist Rami NashashibiNashashibi in 2017NationalityPalestinian-AmericanAlma materDePaul UniversityUniversity of ChicagoOccupationsActivistCommunity organizerSociologistIslamic studies scholarAwardsMacArthur FellowshipOpus prize Rami Nashashibi is a Palestinian-American activist, community organizer, sociologist, and Islamic studies scholar. He founded the nonprofit organization Inner-City Muslim Action Network in 1997, working as its executive director for many years, and has been involved in a number of efforts to improve the welfare of residents of the South Side of Chicago. He has also worked as a sociologist and religious studies scholar at universities, and as a musician. Nashashibi was a 2017 MacArthur Fellow. Early life and education Nashashibi attended Saint Xavier University for the first year of his university education, where he held a soccer scholarship. After his freshman year he transferred to DePaul University, where he graduated with a B.A. degree in 1995. Nashashibi then attended graduate school at the University of Chicago, obtaining an A.M. degree in 1998. While working as an activist, Nashashibi continued to study sociology at the University of Chicago, and he completed a PhD in 2011. His scholarship and his activism both involved identifying or building connections between African American and Muslim immigrant communities. Career In 1997, while still a graduate student at the University of Chicago, Nashashibi founded the nonprofit Inner-City Muslim Action Network, which aims to address systemic injustices affecting communities of color living on the South Side of Chicago. He continued to work as the executive director of the organization for many years after it was incorporated in 1997. The MacArthur Foundation described Nashashibi's work with the organization as involving organizing a coalition of African American Muslims and Muslim immigrants to advance social justice for residents of the South Side who are vulnerable to such problems as housing foreclosure, unemployment, and violence. The nonprofit also lobbies for socially progressive policies, and converts vacant properties into housing for lower-income residents. Though the Inner-City Muslim Action Network is informed by Muslim social ethics, a major emphasis of the organization has been to build coalitions both within and outside of the Muslim community in Chicago, reflecting the diversity of the Marquette Park neighborhood in which it is based. Nashashibi's activism on the South Side of Chicago has also included drives to make healthy food available in areas where stores do not typically carry affordable healthy groceries, both through the Inter-City Muslim Action Network and through the Muslim Run Corner Store Campaign. The Inter-City Muslim Action Network also hosts cultural events, such as the Takin' It To The Streets festival in Marquette Park, and has opened a second chapter in Atlanta. In addition to his activism, Nashashibi has worked as an academic, teaching subjects related to sociology and Islamic studies at universities and colleges. This includes working as a visiting professor at the Chicago Theological Seminary in the Sociology of Religion and Muslim Studies. In 2016, Nashashibi served on the President's Advisory Council on Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, which developed recommendations to the Obama administration on how to collaborate with faith-based and neighborhood organizations to serve people in need. In 2020, Nashashibi was the executive producer, lyricist, and guitarist on an album, This Love Thing, with fellow activist Drea D'Nur and sound engineer Elijah Hooks. Awards and recognition In 2009, Nashashibi was named one of the 500 most influential Muslims by The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre and the Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding by Georgetown University. In 2014, the Center for American Progress listed Nashashibi as one of "14 Faith Leaders to Watch in 2014". In 2017, Nashashibi was named a MacArthur Fellow, for "confronting the challenges of poverty and disinvestment in urban communities through a Muslim-led civic engagement effort that bridges race, class, and religion". In 2018, he won the Opus Prize, a faith-based award for social entrepreneurship. See also Nashashibi clan References ^ a b Kalra, Avani (January 1, 2018). "Calling Out and Calling Up". Francis W. Parker School News. Retrieved 30 October 2020. ^ a b c d e f "Rami Nashashibi". MacArthur Foundation. 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2020. ^ a b Allen, Susie (2018). "Ingenious community organizing earned Rami Nashashibi a MacArthur Fellowship". UChicago Magazine. Retrieved 30 October 2020. ^ Freedman, Samuel G. (November 14, 2014). "Building Bridges Where Needed on Chicago's South Side". New York Times. Retrieved 30 October 2020. ^ a b "About IMAN". Inner-City Muslim Action Network. Retrieved 30 October 2020. ^ a b c Bowean, Lolly (October 11, 2017). "Muslim activist named MacArthur Genius". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 30 October 2020. ^ Anft, Michael (March 5, 2019). "The Fight for Better Corner Stores". The Chronicle of Philanthropy. Retrieved 30 October 2020. ^ "Takin' It to the Streets". Chicago Reader. 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2020. ^ "About the President's Advisory Council on Faith-based and Neighborhood Partnerships". Obama White House Archives. Retrieved 30 October 2020. ^ "New Music: 'This Love Thing'". NPR. October 23, 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020. ^ "The Artists". This Love Thing. 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020. ^ "The Muslim 500" (PDF). The Muslim 500. 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2020. ^ "14 Faith Leaders to Watch in 2014". Center for American Progress. March 12, 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2020. ^ Pfeifer, Madison (November 16, 2018). "Dr. Rami Nashashibi awarded the 2018 Opus Prize". U.P. Beacon. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inner-City Muslim Action Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner-City_Muslim_Action_Network"},{"link_name":"South Side of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program"}],"text":"Rami Nashashibi is a Palestinian-American activist, community organizer, sociologist, and Islamic studies scholar. He founded the nonprofit organization Inner-City Muslim Action Network in 1997, working as its executive director for many years, and has been involved in a number of efforts to improve the welfare of residents of the South Side of Chicago. He has also worked as a sociologist and religious studies scholar at universities, and as a musician. Nashashibi was a 2017 MacArthur Fellow.","title":"Rami Nashashibi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Xavier University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Xavier_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalra20-1"},{"link_name":"DePaul University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DePaul_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalra20-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macbio-2"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allen18-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allen18-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Nashashibi attended Saint Xavier University for the first year of his university education, where he held a soccer scholarship.[1] After his freshman year he transferred to DePaul University,[1] where he graduated with a B.A. degree in 1995.[2] Nashashibi then attended graduate school at the University of Chicago, obtaining an A.M. degree in 1998.[3] While working as an activist, Nashashibi continued to study sociology at the University of Chicago, and he completed a PhD in 2011.[3] His scholarship and his activism both involved identifying or building connections between African American and Muslim immigrant communities.[4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imanbio-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macbio-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macbio-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowean17-6"},{"link_name":"Marquette Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette_Park_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowean17-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowean17-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macbio-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macbio-2"},{"link_name":"Chicago Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imanbio-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 1997, while still a graduate student at the University of Chicago, Nashashibi founded the nonprofit Inner-City Muslim Action Network, which aims to address systemic injustices affecting communities of color living on the South Side of Chicago.[5] He continued to work as the executive director of the organization for many years after it was incorporated in 1997.[2] The MacArthur Foundation described Nashashibi's work with the organization as involving organizing a coalition of African American Muslims and Muslim immigrants to advance social justice for residents of the South Side who are vulnerable to such problems as housing foreclosure, unemployment, and violence.[2] The nonprofit also lobbies for socially progressive policies, and converts vacant properties into housing for lower-income residents.[6] Though the Inner-City Muslim Action Network is informed by Muslim social ethics, a major emphasis of the organization has been to build coalitions both within and outside of the Muslim community in Chicago, reflecting the diversity of the Marquette Park neighborhood in which it is based.[6]Nashashibi's activism on the South Side of Chicago has also included drives to make healthy food available in areas where stores do not typically carry affordable healthy groceries, both through the Inter-City Muslim Action Network and through the Muslim Run Corner Store Campaign.[7][6] The Inter-City Muslim Action Network also hosts cultural events, such as the Takin' It To The Streets festival in Marquette Park,[8] and has opened a second chapter in Atlanta.[2]In addition to his activism, Nashashibi has worked as an academic, teaching subjects related to sociology and Islamic studies at universities and colleges.[2] This includes working as a visiting professor at the Chicago Theological Seminary in the Sociology of Religion and Muslim Studies.[5]In 2016, Nashashibi served on the President's Advisory Council on Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, which developed recommendations to the Obama administration on how to collaborate with faith-based and neighborhood organizations to serve people in need.[9]In 2020, Nashashibi was the executive producer, lyricist, and guitarist on an album, This Love Thing, with fellow activist Drea D'Nur[10] and sound engineer Elijah Hooks.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Islamic_Strategic_Studies_Centre"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Center for American Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macbio-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 2009, Nashashibi was named one of the 500 most influential Muslims by The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre and the Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding by Georgetown University.[12] In 2014, the Center for American Progress listed Nashashibi as one of \"14 Faith Leaders to Watch in 2014\".[13] In 2017, Nashashibi was named a MacArthur Fellow, for \"confronting the challenges of poverty and disinvestment in urban communities through a Muslim-led civic engagement effort that bridges race, class, and religion\".[2] In 2018, he won the Opus Prize, a faith-based award for social entrepreneurship.[14]","title":"Awards and recognition"}]
[]
[{"title":"Nashashibi clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashashibi_clan"}]
[{"reference":"Kalra, Avani (January 1, 2018). \"Calling Out and Calling Up\". Francis W. Parker School News. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fwparker.org/news-detail?pk=979277","url_text":"\"Calling Out and Calling Up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rami Nashashibi\". MacArthur Foundation. 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/991/","url_text":"\"Rami Nashashibi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation","url_text":"MacArthur Foundation"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Susie (2018). \"Ingenious community organizing earned Rami Nashashibi a MacArthur Fellowship\". UChicago Magazine. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mag.uchicago.edu/education-social-service/ingenious-community-organizing-earned-rami-nashashibi-macarthur-fellowship","url_text":"\"Ingenious community organizing earned Rami Nashashibi a MacArthur Fellowship\""}]},{"reference":"Freedman, Samuel G. (November 14, 2014). \"Building Bridges Where Needed on Chicago's South Side\". New York Times. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/15/us/building-bridges-where-needed-on-chicagos-south-side.html","url_text":"\"Building Bridges Where Needed on Chicago's South Side\""}]},{"reference":"\"About IMAN\". Inner-City Muslim Action Network. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imancentral.org/about/","url_text":"\"About IMAN\""}]},{"reference":"Bowean, Lolly (October 11, 2017). \"Muslim activist named MacArthur Genius\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-ent-macarthur-genius-community-20171009-story.html","url_text":"\"Muslim activist named MacArthur Genius\""}]},{"reference":"Anft, Michael (March 5, 2019). \"The Fight for Better Corner Stores\". The Chronicle of Philanthropy. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philanthropy.com/article/the-fight-for-better-corner-stores/","url_text":"\"The Fight for Better Corner Stores\""}]},{"reference":"\"Takin' It to the Streets\". Chicago Reader. 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/takin-it-to-the-streets/Event?oid=1999073","url_text":"\"Takin' It to the Streets\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the President's Advisory Council on Faith-based and Neighborhood Partnerships\". Obama White House Archives. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop/ofbnp/about/council","url_text":"\"About the President's Advisory Council on Faith-based and Neighborhood Partnerships\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Music: 'This Love Thing'\". NPR. October 23, 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2020/10/23/927259735/new-music-this-love-thing","url_text":"\"New Music: 'This Love Thing'\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Artists\". This Love Thing. 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thislovething.com/artistbios","url_text":"\"The Artists\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Muslim 500\" (PDF). The Muslim 500. 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TheMuslim500-2009-low.pdf","url_text":"\"The Muslim 500\""}]},{"reference":"\"14 Faith Leaders to Watch in 2014\". Center for American Progress. March 12, 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/religion/news/2014/03/12/85709/14-faith-leaders-to-watch-in-2014/","url_text":"\"14 Faith Leaders to Watch in 2014\""}]},{"reference":"Pfeifer, Madison (November 16, 2018). \"Dr. Rami Nashashibi awarded the 2018 Opus Prize\". U.P. Beacon. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upbeacon.com/article/2018/11/dr-rami-nashashibi-awarded-the-2018-opus-prize-award#:~:text=Rami%20Nashashibi%20is%20the%20winner,million%20dollars%20for%20his%20nonprofit.&text=On%20Thursday%20night%2C%20Dr.,of%20the%202018%20Opus%20Prize.","url_text":"\"Dr. Rami Nashashibi awarded the 2018 Opus Prize\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.fwparker.org/news-detail?pk=979277","external_links_name":"\"Calling Out and Calling Up\""},{"Link":"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/991/","external_links_name":"\"Rami Nashashibi\""},{"Link":"https://mag.uchicago.edu/education-social-service/ingenious-community-organizing-earned-rami-nashashibi-macarthur-fellowship","external_links_name":"\"Ingenious community organizing earned Rami Nashashibi a MacArthur Fellowship\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/15/us/building-bridges-where-needed-on-chicagos-south-side.html","external_links_name":"\"Building Bridges Where Needed on Chicago's South Side\""},{"Link":"https://www.imancentral.org/about/","external_links_name":"\"About IMAN\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-ent-macarthur-genius-community-20171009-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Muslim activist named MacArthur Genius\""},{"Link":"https://www.philanthropy.com/article/the-fight-for-better-corner-stores/","external_links_name":"\"The Fight for Better Corner Stores\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/takin-it-to-the-streets/Event?oid=1999073","external_links_name":"\"Takin' It to the Streets\""},{"Link":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop/ofbnp/about/council","external_links_name":"\"About the President's Advisory Council on Faith-based and Neighborhood Partnerships\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2020/10/23/927259735/new-music-this-love-thing","external_links_name":"\"New Music: 'This Love Thing'\""},{"Link":"https://www.thislovething.com/artistbios","external_links_name":"\"The Artists\""},{"Link":"https://www.themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TheMuslim500-2009-low.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Muslim 500\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/religion/news/2014/03/12/85709/14-faith-leaders-to-watch-in-2014/","external_links_name":"\"14 Faith Leaders to Watch in 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.upbeacon.com/article/2018/11/dr-rami-nashashibi-awarded-the-2018-opus-prize-award#:~:text=Rami%20Nashashibi%20is%20the%20winner,million%20dollars%20for%20his%20nonprofit.&text=On%20Thursday%20night%2C%20Dr.,of%20the%202018%20Opus%20Prize.","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Rami Nashashibi awarded the 2018 Opus Prize\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Ernest_Blackman
Derek Ernest Blackman
["1 Career","2 Research","3 Books","4 Awards","5 Positions","6 References"]
British psychologist Derek Ernest BlackmanBornDerek Ernest BlackmanNationalityBritishAlma materUniversity of Exeter; Queen's University of BelfastScientific careerFieldsExperimental psychologyInstitutionsUniversity of CardiffThesis Some determinants of conditioned suppression in the rat  (1966) Derek Ernest Blackman is a British psychologist whose research was concerned with the experimental analysis of learned behaviour. Career Blackman obtained his BSc from the University of Exeter in 1966 followed by a PhD from Queen's University of Belfast in 1968. He was appointed to the Department of Psychology in the faculty of Science at the University of Birmingham before being appointed to the faculty at the University of Cardiff where he remained for the whole of his later academic career. He served as Head of Department and Dean in the Faculty of Science. He retired in 1998 as Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He was active in the British Psychological Society of which he became president in 1981. After his retirement he was active in international education including involvement in the International Baccalaureate and in the United World Colleges. Research His research was concerned with the experimental analysis of learned behaviour. He authored a large number of journal articles, chapters and books. Books Blackman, D.E. (1997). Operant Conditioning: An Experimental Analysis of Behaviour. Sanger, D., & Blackman, D.E. (Eds) (2016) Aspects of Psychopharmacology. Awards Fellow, British Psychological Society 1997: Hon DSc, National University of Distance Education,Spain Positions This biographical section is written like a résumé. Please help improve it by revising it to be neutral and encyclopedic. (August 2020) 1981: President, British Psychological Society 1998-1999: Director General, International Baccalaureate 2004-2012: Vice-chair, International Board, United World Colleges References ^ "Derek Blackman". International Baccalaureate. Retrieved 26 August 2020. ^ Blackman, derek (2017). Operant Conditioning: An Experimental Analysis of Behaviour. Routledge. ^ Sanger, David (2016). Aspects of Psychopharmacology. Routledge. ^ "Derek Blackman". UNED. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Derek Ernest Blackman is a British psychologist whose research was concerned with the experimental analysis of learned behaviour.","title":"Derek Ernest Blackman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Queen's University of Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_of_Belfast"},{"link_name":"International Baccalaureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baccalaureate"},{"link_name":"United World Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_World_Colleges"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Blackman obtained his BSc from the University of Exeter in 1966 followed by a PhD from Queen's University of Belfast in 1968. He was appointed to the Department of Psychology in the faculty of Science at the University of Birmingham before being appointed to the faculty at the University of Cardiff where he remained for the whole of his later academic career. He served as Head of Department and Dean in the Faculty of Science. He retired in 1998 as Emeritus Professor of Psychology.He was active in the British Psychological Society of which he became president in 1981. After his retirement he was active in international education including involvement in the International Baccalaureate and in the United World Colleges.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"His research was concerned with the experimental analysis of learned behaviour. He authored a large number of journal articles, chapters and books.[citation needed]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Blackman, D.E. (1997). Operant Conditioning: An Experimental Analysis of Behaviour.[2]\nSanger, D., & Blackman, D.E. (Eds) (2016) Aspects of Psychopharmacology.[3]","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Psychological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Psychological_Society"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"National University of Distance Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Distance_Education"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Fellow, British Psychological Society[citation needed]\n1997: Hon DSc, National University of Distance Education,Spain[4]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Psychological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Psychological_Society"}],"text":"1981: President, British Psychological Society\n1998-1999: Director General, International Baccalaureate\n2004-2012: Vice-chair, International Board, United World Colleges","title":"Positions"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Derek Blackman\". International Baccalaureate. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibo.org/about-the-ib/governance-and-leadership/director-general/past-directors-general/derek-blackman/","url_text":"\"Derek Blackman\""}]},{"reference":"Blackman, derek (2017). Operant Conditioning: An Experimental Analysis of Behaviour. Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sanger, David (2016). Aspects of Psychopharmacology. Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Derek Blackman\". UNED. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://portal.uned.es/portal/page?_pageid=93,25093051&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL","url_text":"\"Derek Blackman\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derek_Ernest_Blackman&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.ibo.org/about-the-ib/governance-and-leadership/director-general/past-directors-general/derek-blackman/","external_links_name":"\"Derek Blackman\""},{"Link":"http://portal.uned.es/portal/page?_pageid=93,25093051&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL","external_links_name":"\"Derek Blackman\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_National_Road_Race_Championships
Belarusian National Road Race Championships
["1 Multiple winners","2 Men","2.1 Elite","2.2 U23","3 Women","4 See also","5 References"]
National road cycling championship in Belarus The champion's jersey The Belarusian National Road Race Championships is a cycling race where the Belarusian cyclists decide who will become the champion for the year to come. Multiple winners Men Wins Name Years 5 Yauhen Sobal 2001, 2003, 2004, 2019, 2020 Yauheni Hutarovich 2008, 2009, 2012, 2014 3 Aleksandr Kuschynski 2005, 2010, 2011 2 Kanstantsin Sivtsov 2006, 2016 Andrei Krasilnikau 2013, 2015 Stanislau Bazhkou 2018, 2021 Women Wins Name Years 10 Tatsiana Sharakova 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021 5 Alena Amialiusik 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018 3 Tatsiana Makeyeva 1999, 2000, 2001 Volha Hayeva 2002, 2003, 2004 Men Elite Belarusian National Road Race Championships – Men's elite raceRace detailsRegionBelarusDisciplineRoad bicycle racingTypeOne-dayHistoryFirst edition1926 (1926)First winnerViatcheslav GuermanMost winsYauhen Sobal (5 wins)Most recentAliaksandr Piasetski Source: Year Gold Silver Bronze 1996 Viatcheslav Guerman Oleg Bondarik Pavel Kavetzky 1997 Sergej Borodoulin Alexander Charapov Andrej Borodoulin 1998 Alexander Charapov Alexandre Usov Alexander Kozlov 1999 Yauheni Seniushkin Evgeni Golovanov Sergei Borodoulin 2000 Alexandre Kozlov Aleksandr Kuschynski Dimitri Aulasenko 2001 Yauhen Sobal Aleksei Levdanski Alexandre Kozlov 2002 Alexandre Usov Alexandre Kozlov Kanstantsin Sivtsov 2003 Yauhen Sobal Kanstantsin Sivtsov Yauheni Hutarovich 2004 Yauhen Sobal Uladzimir Autka Vasil Kiryenka 2005 Aleksandr Kuschynski Anatole Chaburka Vladimir Autko 2006 Kanstantsin Sivtsov Aleksandr Kuschynski Anatole Chaburka 2007 Branislau Samoilau Aleksandr Kuschynski Yauheni Hutarovich 2008 Yauheni Hutarovich Aleksandr Kuschynski Alexandre Usov 2009 Yauheni Hutarovich Aleksandr Kuschynski Aliaksandr Sinelnikau 2010 Aleksandr Kuschynski Yauhen Sobal Kanstantsin Klimiankou 2011 Aleksandr Kuschynski Kanstantsin Sivtsov Branislau Samoilau 2012 Yauheni Hutarovich Siarhei Papok Aleksandr Kuschynski 2013 Andrei Krasilnikau Siarhei Papok Ihar Mytsko 2014 Yauheni Hutarovich Kolya Shumov Nikita Zharoven 2015 Andrei Krasilnikau Dzmitry Zhyhunou Aleksandr Kuschynski 2016 Kanstantsin Sivtsov Nikolai Shumov Branislau Samoilau 2017 Nikolai Shumov Anton Ivashkin Aleksandr Riabushenko 2018 Stanislau Bazhkou Siarhei Papok Branislau Samoilau 2019 Yauhen Sobal Anton Ivashkin Vasili Strokau 2020 Yauhen Sobal Aleksandr Riabushenko Yauheni Karaliok 2021 Stanislau Bazhkou Mark Grinkevich Yauhen Sobal 2022 Aliaksandr Piasetski Yauheni Karaliok Yauhen Sobal U23 Year Gold Silver Bronze 2005 Sergei Dovbniuk Andrei Kunitski Yauheni Hutarovich 2007 Sergey Sakavets Sergey Popok Aliaksandr Sinelnikov 2008 Siarhei Papok Maxim Kumilevski Sergey Sakavets 2011 Siarhei Novikau 2014 Nikolai Shumov Nikita Zharoven Aleh Ahiyevich 2015 Dzmitry Zhyhunou Aleksandr Riabushenko Nikolai Shumov 2016 Nikolai Shumov Aleksandr Riabushenko Vasili Strokau 2017 Anton Ivashkin Aleksandr Riabushenko Vasili Strokau 2018 Anton Ivashkin Ilya Volkau Yauheni Karaliok 2019 Yahor Shpakouski Dzianis Marchuk Siarhei Shauchenka 2020 Siarhei Shauchenka Kanstantsin Bialiauski Artsiom Harbach 2021 Mark Grinkevich Dzianis Marchuk Pavel Turchanka 2022 Dzianis Marchuk Artur Kiryievich Aliaksandr Sychuhou Women Belarusian National Road Race Championships – Women's elite raceRace detailsRegionBelarusDisciplineRoad bicycle racingTypeOne-dayHistoryFirst edition1999 (1999)First winnerTatsiana MakeyevaMost winsTatsiana Sharakova (10 wins)Most recentHanna Tserakh Source: Year Gold Silver Bronze 1999 Tatsiana Makeyeva Veronika Sheremetieva Oksana Zviagintseva 2000 Tatsiana Makeyeva Volha Koushniarevich Valiantsina Vaulchok 2001 Tatsiana Makeyeva Volha Hayeva Volha Kushnerevitch 2002 Volha Hayeva Veronika Sheremetieva Yulia Cherepan 2003 Volha Hayeva Tatsiana Sharakova Tatiana Makeyeva 2004 Volha Hayeva Tatsiana Sharakova Mariya Halan 2005 Tatsiana Sharakova Ialena Hetsman Veranika Vyrastka 2006 Ialena Hetsman Veronika Sharametsyeva Hanna Subota 2007 Tatsiana Sharakova Aksana Papko Alena Amialiusik 2008 Tatsiana Sharakova Zinaida Stahurskaya Iryna Asavets 2009 Tatsiana Sharakova Zinaida Stahurskaya Elena Azarkevich 2010 Aksana Papko Alena Amialiusik Iryna Kryuchkova 2011 Alena Amialiusik Tatsiana Sharakova Alena Sitsko 2012 Tatsiana Sharakova Svetlana Stahurskaia Alena Amialiusik 2013 Alena Amialiusik Marina Shmayankova Ksenyia Tuhai 2014 Alena Amialiusik Alena Sitsko Ksenyia Tuhai 2015 Alena Amialiusik Tatsiana Sharakova Ina Savenka 2016 Tatsiana Sharakova Ksenyia Tuhai Palina Pivavarava 2017 Tatsiana Sharakova Hanna Tserakh Ina Savenka 2018 Alena Amialiusik Taisa Naskovich Hanna Tserakh 2019 Tatsiana Sharakova Hanna Tserakh Alena Amialiusik 2020 Tatsiana Sharakova Maryna Zueva Palina Pivavarava 2021 Tatsiana Sharakova Hanna Tserakh Alina Abramenko 2022 Hanna Tserakh Nastassia Kiptsikava Taisa Naskovich See also Belarusian National Time Trial Championships National road cycling championships References ^ "Belarus Facts". 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2020. ^ "National Championships Belarus". Retrieved 10 March 2020. ^ a b "Who are all the new national champions of 2019". 1 July 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2020. ^ "National Championships Belarus WE". Retrieved 10 March 2020. vteTop sport leagues in BelarusLeaguesMen's Basketball Football Futsal Handball Ice hockey Rugby Union Volleyball Water polo Women's Basketball Football Futsal Handball Ice hockey Rugby Union Volleyball Water polo OthersIndividual Athletics Outdoor Indoor Badminton Chess Cycling road race time trial Figure Skating Gymnastics Artistic Rhythmic vteNational road cycling championshipsBy year ... 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Country Albania (road race, time trial) Algeria (road race, time trial) Argentina (road race, time trial) Australia (road race, time trial) Austria (road race, time trial) Azerbaijan (road race, time trial) Belarus (road race, time trial) Belgium (road race, time trial) Belize (road race & time trial) Bermuda (road race & time trial) Bolivia (road race & time trial) Brazil (road race, time trial) British Virgin Islands (road race & time trial) Bulgaria (road race, time trial) Canada (road race, time trial) Chile (road race, time trial) China (road race & time trial) Colombia (road race, time trial) Costa Rica (road race, time trial) Croatia (road race, time trial) Cuba (road race & time trial) Curaçao (road race & time trial) Cyprus (road race & time trial) Czech Republic (road race, time trial) Denmark (road race, time trial) Dominican Republic (road race, time trial) Ecuador (road race & time trial) El Salvador (road race & time trial) Eritrea (road race, time trial) Estonia (road race, time trial) Finland (road race, time trial) France (road race, time trial) Germany (road race, time trial) Georgia (road race & time trial) Great Britain (road race, time trial) Greece (road race, time trial) Guatemala (road race & time trial) Hong Kong (road race, time trial) Hungary (road race, time trial) Iceland (road race & time trial) Iran (road race, time trial) Ireland (road race & time trial) Israel (road race, time trial) Italy (road race, time trial) Jamaica (road race & time trial) Japan (road race, time trial) Kazakhstan (road race, time trial) Latvia (road race, time trial) Lebanon (road race & time trial) Lithuania (road race, time trial) Luxembourg (road race, time trial) Malaysia (road race & time trial) Mexico (road race, time trial) Moldova (road race, time trial) Morocco (road race & time trial) Namibia (road race, time trial) Netherlands (road race, time trial) New Zealand (road race, time trial) North Macedonia (road race & time trial) Norway (road race, time trial) Panama (road race & time trial) Peru (road race & time trial) Philippines (road race & time trial) Poland (road race, time trial) Portugal (road race, time trial) Romania (road race, time trial) Russia (road race, time trial) Rwanda (road race, time trial) Serbia (road race & time trial) Slovakia (road race, time trial) Slovenia (road race, time trial) South Africa (road race, time trial) South Korea (road race & time trial) Soviet Union (road race) Spain (road race, time trial) Sweden (road race, time trial) Switzerland (road race, time trial) Taiwan (road race & time trial) Thailand (road race & time trial) Tunisia (road race & time trial) Turkey (road race, time trial) Ukraine (road race, time trial) United States (road race, time trial) Uruguay (road race, time trial) Uzbekistan (road race, time trial) Venezuela (road race, time trial) Wales (road race, time trial)
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotBielorrusia.PNG"}],"text":"The champion's jerseyThe Belarusian National Road Race Championships is a cycling race where the Belarusian cyclists decide who will become the champion for the year to come.","title":"Belarusian National Road Race Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yauhen Sobal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yauhen_Sobal"},{"link_name":"Yauheni Hutarovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yauheni_Hutarovich"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Kuschynski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kuschynski"},{"link_name":"Kanstantsin Sivtsov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanstantsin_Sivtsov"},{"link_name":"Andrei Krasilnikau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Krasilnikau"},{"link_name":"Stanislau Bazhkou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislau_Bazhkou"},{"link_name":"Tatsiana Sharakova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsiana_Sharakova"},{"link_name":"Alena Amialiusik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alena_Amialiusik"},{"link_name":"Tatsiana Makeyeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tatsiana_Makeyeva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Volha Hayeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volha_Hayeva"}],"text":"Men\n\n\nWins\n\nName\n\nYears\n\n\n5\nYauhen Sobal\n2001, 2003, 2004, 2019, 2020\n\n\nYauheni Hutarovich\n2008, 2009, 2012, 2014\n\n\n3\nAleksandr Kuschynski\n2005, 2010, 2011\n\n\n2\nKanstantsin Sivtsov\n2006, 2016\n\n\nAndrei Krasilnikau\n2013, 2015\n\n\nStanislau Bazhkou\n2018, 2021\n\n\n\nWomen\n\n\nWins\n\nName\n\nYears\n\n\n10\nTatsiana Sharakova\n2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021\n\n\n5\nAlena Amialiusik\n2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018\n\n\n3\nTatsiana Makeyeva\n1999, 2000, 2001\n\n\nVolha Hayeva\n2002, 2003, 2004","title":"Multiple winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Men"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Elite","text":"Source:[2]","title":"Men"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"U23","title":"Men"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Source:[4]","title":"Women"}]
[{"image_text":"The champion's jersey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/MaillotBielorrusia.PNG"}]
[{"title":"Belarusian National Time Trial Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_National_Time_Trial_Championships"},{"title":"National road cycling championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_road_cycling_championships"}]
[{"reference":"\"Belarus Facts\". 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://178.124.138.165/print/en/belarus/sport/popular_sports/bicycle_racing/","url_text":"\"Belarus Facts\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Championships Belarus\". Retrieved 10 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/nc-belarus","url_text":"\"National Championships Belarus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who are all the new national champions of 2019\". 1 July 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/racing/nationals-roundup-who-are-the-new-champions-around-the-world-179101","url_text":"\"Who are all the new national champions of 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Championships Belarus WE\". Retrieved 10 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/nc-belarus-we/","url_text":"\"National Championships Belarus WE\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://178.124.138.165/print/en/belarus/sport/popular_sports/bicycle_racing/","external_links_name":"\"Belarus Facts\""},{"Link":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/nc-belarus","external_links_name":"\"National Championships Belarus\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/racing/nationals-roundup-who-are-the-new-champions-around-the-world-179101","external_links_name":"\"Who are all the new national champions of 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/nc-belarus-we/","external_links_name":"\"National Championships Belarus WE\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_des_m%C3%A9tiers_Florian
Lycée des métiers Florian
["1 References","2 External links"]
Lycée des métiers Florian is a vocational high school in Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine, France, in the Paris metropolitan area. As of 2016 it has 478 students. Around 2008 enrollment was between 440 and 660. It was built in 1962. Around 2008 a renovation and construction project designed by Vaudou and Allegret Architects was planned. References ^ a b "Etablissements d’enseignement secondaire et supérieur Archived 2017-02-05 at the Wayback Machine." Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine. Retrieved on September 9, 2016. ^ a b "LYCEE FLORIAN" (). Beton Construction. Retrieved on September 9, 2016. External links Lycée des métiers Florian (in French) vteLycées (high schools) and upper secondary schools in Hauts-de-Seine by communeAll are in the jurisdiction of the Académie de Versailles Antony Institution Sainte-Marie d'Antony  Asnières-sur-Seine Lycée Auguste Renoir Lycée professionnel de Prony Institution Sainte-Geneviève Bagneux Lycée professionnel Léonard-de-Vinci Groupe scolaire Saint-Gabriel Bois-Colombes Lycée Albert Camus Boulogne-Billancourt Lycée Jacques-Prévert Lycée polyvalent Étienne-Jules-Marey École Rambam Bourg-la-Reine Institut Notre-Dame Châtenay-Malabry Lycée Emmanuel-Mounier  Lycée polyvalent Jean-Jaurès Groupe scolaire Sophie-Barat Clamart Lycée Jacques Monod Clichy Lycée Newton Lycée René Auffray Colombes Lycée Guy de Maupassant Lycee Polyvalent Claude Garamont Lycee Polyvalent Anatole de France Courbevoie Lycée Paul Lapie Lycée Paul Painlevé Groupe scolaire Montalembert Lycée Lucie Aubrac Fontenay-aux-Roses Lycée professionnel privé Saint François d'Assise Garches E.R.E.A. Jacques Brel Gennevilliers Lycée Galilée Issy-les-Moulineaux Lycée Eugène-Ionesco Groupe scolaire La Salle Saint Nicolas La Garenne-Colombes Lycée La Tournelle Le Plessis-Robinson Lycée Montesquieu Levallois-Perret Lycée Léonard de Vinci Malakoff Lycée professionnel Louis-Girard Meudon Lycée Rabelais Lycée des métiers Les Côtes de Villebon Institut Notre-Dame Montrouge Lycée Jean Monnet Lycée Maurice Genevoix Groupe Scolaire du Haut-Mesnil Nanterre Lycée Joliot-Curie de Nanterre Lycée professionnel Louise-Michel Lycée professionnel Paul-Langevin Lycée professionnel Claude-Chappe Neuilly-sur-Seine Lycée Pasteur Lycée Saint-James Lycée professionnel Vassily Kandinsky Collège et Lycée Sainte-Croix  Collège et Lycée Sainte-Marie  Collège et Lycée Saint-Dominique  Lycée professionnel Georges Guérin Liceo Español Luis Buñuel Marymount International School, Paris Puteaux Le Lycée Général et Technologique Agora Le Lycée Professionnel Lucien-Voilin Rueil-Malmaison Lycée Richelieu Lycée polyvalent Gustave-Eiffel Collège et lycée Madeleine-Daniélou  La Salle Passy Buzenval  Saint-Cloud Lycée Alexandre-Dumas Lycée Santos-Dumont  Institution Saint-Pie-X American School of Paris Internationale Deutsche Schule Paris Sceaux Lycée Lakanal Lycée Marie Curie Lycée des métiers Florian Sèvres Lycée Jean Pierre Vernant Sections internationales de Sèvres  Suresnes Lycée Paul-Langevin  Vanves Lycée Michelet Lycée professionnel Louis Dardenne Villeneuve-la-Garenne Lycée Charles Petiet Lycée Michel Ange This list is incomplete. This French school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_des_m%C3%A9tiers_Florian&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Secschools-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Construction-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Secschools-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Construction-2"}],"text":"As of 2016[update] it has 478 students.[1] Around 2008 enrollment was between 440 and 660.[2]It was built in 1962.[1] Around 2008 a renovation and construction project designed by Vaudou and Allegret Architects was planned.[2]","title":"Lycée des métiers Florian"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_des_m%C3%A9tiers_Florian&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.sceaux.fr/education-jeunesse/enseignement-secondaire-et-superieur/etablissements-d%E2%80%99enseignement-secondaire-et-","external_links_name":"Etablissements d’enseignement secondaire et supérieur"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170205213157/http://www.sceaux.fr/education-jeunesse/enseignement-secondaire-et-superieur/etablissements-d%E2%80%99enseignement-secondaire-et-","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20081117182403/http://www.betom.fr/pdf/LyceeSceaux%20+%20Photo.pdf","external_links_name":"LYCEE FLORIAN"},{"Link":"http://www.lyc-florian-sceaux.ac-versailles.fr/","external_links_name":"Lycée des métiers Florian"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_des_m%C3%A9tiers_Florian&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikmunkan
Wik-Mungkan people
["1 History","2 Language","3 Ecology","4 Social and kinship system","4.1 Totem system by territory","5 Ethnographic studies","6 Notes","6.1 Citations","6.2 Sources cited","7 External links"]
The Wik-Mungkan people are an Aboriginal Australian group of peoples who traditionally ranged over an extensive area of the western Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland and speak the Wik Mungkan language. They were the largest branch of the Wik people. History Making an inference from the number of clans and their members, anthropologist Ursula McConnel calculated that traditionally the Wik-Mungkan must have numbered some 1,500 to 2,000 people. In 1930, McConnel estimated that there were 50 to 100 Wik-Mungkan people living around the Archer River and 200 living on the Kendall and Edward Rivers, a demographic drop in the order of 60%-75%. A combination of traders taking off men to work on the coast, introduced disease, cattle ranchers squeezing them off their hunting grounds, and occasional punitive forays to wipe out entire camps account for the reduction. At the turn of the 20th century a coastal reserve was set aside for them on the Gulf. The 2021 Australian census recorded 952 speakers of the Wik Mungkan language. Language Main article: Wik Mungkan language Wik Mungkan is a form of Paman which is a subset of the broader Pama-Nyungan language family, and closely related to Kugu Nganhcara. Wik means "speech" It is spoken around Aurukun and the Edward River (including Pormpuraaw, the site of the old Edward River Mission). Uniquely among Wik language speakers, where speech styles are defined in terms of some distinctive lexical feature, those whose mother tongue is Wik Mungkan use "eating" as a classifier for their tongue (Wik Mungkan literally means "language-eat"), a definition borrowed from their inland clans, whose neighbouring east coast peoples employ forms of the verb "eat" to distinguish their dialect differences. Ecology Wik-Mungkan territory covered a strip of land from 30 to 50 miles wide running parallel to the Gulf of Carpentaria, but separated from it by coastal peoples such as the Wik-Natera or Wik-Kalkan who lived south of the Archer River. Their land, extending over 7,800 square kilometres (3,000 sq mi), was watered by five major watercourses, the Watson, Archer, Kendall, Holroyd and Edward rivers flowing down to the west of the Great Dividing Range to the coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria. A variety of distinct habitats exist, from flat woodlands to mangrove to rocky ridged spurs and poor melon hole land, the last separating them from the peoples to their east. The year had two seasons-the dry May to November period under south-east winds, broken by the onset of storms and humid conditions with the brief wet season, beginning in November, with north-westerlies blowing in from December continuing through to April, resulting in extensive flooding of the coastal flatlands. A division of labour existed, with men hunting and women foraging, armed with a digging stick (katjan) and a dillybag. Yams (mai watea) and arrowroot (mai woppa) were a wet season staple, followed by waterlilies. In the wet season they camped in the upper reaches of the riverine system. Their inland hunting grounds were of three types: grass plains, river courses and thickly timbered forest lands. As the dry-season came to an end, they would build dams and kiddles to trap fish swimming up river as the rains began to restock the rivers. A particular type of vine containing a poisonous substance that would spur fish to leap out of the water was used to dose waterholes, allowing them to be captured from the banks. Fire-stick farming was employed annually at the start of the dry season to flush wallabies and other prey from their grassland haunts, or, once a patch of land was consumed by a controlled blaze, to allow the women to fossick for bandicoots, snakes, goannas and other small game in their burrows. They trained their dogs to refrained from eating prey they managed to quarry. Abundant food could be readily secured on the grass plains: nutritious roots and fruit could be culled by foraging, while hunting could rely on wallaby, ducks, ibis, flying foxes jabiru and emu. The wooded hill areas abounded in iguana, snakes and opossums, while extensive stands of flowering bloodwood and messmate yielded up plentiful supplies of honey. The rivers were well stocked with fish, such as sardine-fish, Catfish, Rock cod, white fish, schnapper, barramundi and stingray, all speared from swiftly paddled canoes breasting the incoming tides and even the poor country around the Kendall river supplied rich stocks of bream. Two types of crocodile were hunted, the upper river Freshwater crocodile and the estuarine saltwater crocodile: the eggs of the former were a winter staple in the upland rivers. The roots of a coastal swamp rush called panja was an important vegetable source towards the end of the dry season. Cooking ovens were improvised by lighting a fire in a hole, fanning it to flame with feathers plucked from a black-necked stork (jabiru). Pieces of ant-bed (termite mound) were then spread on the coals, and food laid out on top, with a tea-tree bark cover placed on top, and the whole lidded with sand to make a slow bake. Increase ceremonies, while thought of as ensuring the food supplies of any one clan in whose territory they were conducted, also catered to distant relatives in other peoples who would be invited in to partake of the abundance once a given territorial group had had its fill. Social and kinship system McConnel's initial reports state that the clans were patrilineal. Claude Lévi-Strauss reports that though marriage among the Wik-Mungkan was matrilateral, marrying one's father's sister's daughter, and one's mother's brother's daughter, was allowed. A strict ban prohibited only bi-lateral cousin marriage. Exogamy meant kinship networks ran through the clans, meaning that in times of local abundance in any variety of food stock, relatives outside a given clan area would be called in to partake of the bounty, creating on such occasions large encampments.) The elderly were well-cared for, having a right to certain foods forbidden to the more active people, who would supply them with choice snake and stingray food that was taboo to the younger members. The centre of family life was the hearth, reflected in the words for father (pan tuma: man of the fire) and mother (wantya tuma: woman of the fire). McConnel described the Wik-Mingkan kinship and marriage system in 1934, arguing that, in its essentials, with minor variants, it could be extended to apply to all the Wik peoples. Affirming that in its general lines it reflected the general structure typical of Australian Aboriginal peoples, differing only in lacking a 4 or 8 section system, she discerned 5 features:(1) localised exogamous (patrilineal) clans; (2) with each people divided into two exogamous moieties; (3) with sororate and levirate marriage; (4) modified cross-cousin marriage; (5) with a comprehensive classificatory terminology. Runaway marriage (maritji) was accepted as orthodox if the kinship link considered the couple's relationship licit. When mimicked by theatrical performances of the practice at large corroborees, maritji often elicits much laughter. Bride kidnapping, though traditionally practised when no spouse could be obtained by the usual means, was, according to a white informant, undertaken by formal prearrangements made between the raiding people and the group from whom the woman was to be "snatched", so the actual raid was a symbolic artifice rather than an act of violent intertribal competition for a scarce resource. The Wik-Mungkan call coastal neighbours north of the Archer and Watson rivers "bad speech" (Wik-waiya) peoples (such as the Anjingit, the Aritingiti, the Adetingiti and Lengiti) because they find their languages difficult to understand. Totem system by territory The word for totem was pulwaiya, roughly "old forebear", whose place of origin thereby became an auwa or totemic ritual site, and the place where one returns to on death. The Wik-Mungkan are thought to have been composed of approximately 30 patrilineal clans, each with distinct territorial rights, before the white man's arrival. A clan could have more than one totem, and they were complementary to each other, not reduplicated. One's clan totem influenced one's birth name. Thus a member of the "meteor" totem could receive the name Aka(ground)-battana (hits), and the kangaroo totem could endow a child with the name pampointjalama (kangaroo sniffs the air and smells a man). The prefix mai refers to vegetable food (maiyi), while that of min refers to meat (minya). Where confusion exists as to the precise state of a clan, those which are numbered (a) (b) etc., indicate presumed sections of one clan, though the totemic groups thus listed may have been independent. Archer River I (a) pikua' (salt water crocodile);(b) min wunkam ("night-fish"); mai anka (white fruit). 2 (a)mai korpi (black mangrove); (b) min wolkollan (bone-fish); (c)neanya (fly); (d)min tatta (frog); moiya (bullroarer). 3 (a) kongkong (white fish-hawk); (b) min parkanjan (small hawk); (c) min tempi (swamp duck); (d) min mantaba (plains turkey); (e) min wunkam (Rock cod); (f) min tuttha (parrot); (g) mai ariki (blue water-lily); (h) wanka (string dilly bag); (i) puntamen (fishing net). 4 (a) mai umpia (water-lily root); (b) mai wuma (water lily seed) 5 (a) mai maitji (bush-nut); (b) min jintan (a type of fish); (c) min ekka (freshwater mussel); (d) mai neanya (a black fruit) (e) mai neitja (red and white fruit). 6 mai kanpuka white water lily. 7 (a)min kanmula (male cuscus; (b)min pokauwan (female cuscus); (c) min woripa (storm bird), (d) mai po'am (white fruit); (e)min monti (jabiru). 8.1 min wonna (tree grub). 8.2 (a) min mulaiya (white water-snake); (b) mai tallina (edible palm-tree fruit; (c) mai yukata (black fruit). 9.1 (a) olarika (male leech); (b) uwa (female leech); (c) ku'a (male dingo); (d)ku'a (female dingo) (e) mai koinkan (edible palm tem); (f) mai epauwa n(small root). 9.2 min kuimpi (kangaroo). 10 (a)ornya (male ghosts); (b) pantia (female ghosts/'sweethearts'); (c)min nguttham(small bird); (d) min kiwa (small fish). 11.1 (a) min kora (native companion); (b) mai po'alam (yellow fruit) 11.2 oingorpan (carpet snake) Kendall River 12.1 min kuipang (bream) 12.2 min akala (cat-fish) 13.1 min atjimba (emu) 13.2 (a) min ketji (white crane); 8b) mai mayta (small root); (c) mai arika (water-lily); (d) yoinka manka (ironwood flower). 13.3 min wainkan (curlew) 13.4 min kerki (chicken hawk) 14.1 (a)min kulan(male opossum);min wutjiga (female opossum) 14.2 min pola (black snake). 15 mai kampa and pontamanka (bloodwood and messmate flowers) 16 min nompi (eaglehawk) 17 (a) patja (shooting star/meteor); (b) min tjipin (quail). 18 (a) min wata (crow); (b) nantiaka (praying mantis); min tatji (large iguana). Holroyd River 19 mai manyi (small sweet water lily). 20 mai kuntjan (pandanus). 21 (a)mia yungatang (native cat); (b) min wala (blue-tongued lizard). 22.1 min panta (small iguana). 22.2 min yuwam (snake) 22.3 min umpara (freshwater stingray?). 22.4 min anka (sardine fish) 23 min manki (bandicoot). Edward River 24 min kena (freshwater crocodile). 25 mai atta (honey). Ethnographic studies The Australian aboriginal evidence for kinship has attracted particular attention from anthropology, and within this area, the material gathered on the Wik-Mungkan has played a notable role. The first ethnographic study of the Wik people had been done by the British anthropologist Ursula McConnel starting in 1927. Her fieldwork focused on groups gathered into the Archer River Mission at what is now known as Aurukun. Shortly afterwards, they attracted the attention of Donald Thomson in 1932-3. McConnel's analysis drew the attention of Claude Lévi-Strauss in his seminal postwar study, The Elementary Structures of Kinship, premised on the idea that "primitive" peoples like the aborigines exhibited mathematical precision in their social taxonomies, and which introduced a structural formalist approach to anthropology, and this was in turn developed by Rodney Needham who attempted a total structural analysis whose results, though based on McConnel's articles, advanced a theory totally at variance with hers. Needham's paper was fortunate in that it appeared at a time when direct and nearly immediate field verification of his hypothesis could be undertaken. The British anthropologist David McKnight began to carry out fieldwork with the Wik-Mungkan shortly afterwards. Notes ^ While genealogies show a preference in these tribes for the marriage of a man with his mother's brother's daughter (a woman with her father's sister's son) there are records of marriages with the father's sister's daughter (a woman's mother's brother's son) and quite a number of marriages with the father's father's sister's family. I understand that a woman may marry her mother's brother's son, i.e. a man his father's sister's daughter, provided that the link on the other parent's side is discontinued. In other words, the system is one-sided, with a distinct preference for the mother's side. ^ One exception was the bushrat totem, found in several peoples. ^ McConnel also locates a fire (tuma) totem site on the Archer at a place called Tumauwa, close to red rock on the river, but omits to include it in her general list ^ There is a crocodile magic of making this fear species out of a goanna to become one's son, who will do the father's bidding in fishing and killing enemies ^ its auwa is found on the Adeda creek of the lower Archer ^ associated with a place called Merokman ^ auwa is in a lagoon south of the Archer where no one may swim ^ the auwa is at Taimanir ^ its auwa is at Taiam a lagoon on the Archer ^ its auwa is at Panam, a small creek feeding into the Archer ^ its auwa ia at Potjauwa ^ the Wiki Mungkan prized their native dogs, endowing some with totemic names. Their totemic centre was Kuauwa, a deep lagoon off the Archer towards the coast; ^ The totemic sites, respectively 'OrnyauwaandPantiauwalay in the centre of Wik territory, among lagoons south of the Archer. The ghost totems (pulwaiya) are people who were culture-bearers, having taught things like how to build and cook fish in an ant-bed oven or how to make fish-garths ^ This totem was believed to guard fishing operations, and is located near fish traps in the lagoon area of the ghost totems ^ The clan managing this totem, whose auwa was on the Tokali river, died off, and the care of the site passed to the min kora ^ The auwa is associated with an aetiological story explaining relations between this totem and the native companion totem. ^ "Chicken Hawk" is a name variously applied to a great many diurnal raptors, if not all of them at some stage or another, but most commonly to the Brown Goshawk and the Collared Sparrowhawk ^ This indicated the death of a relative ^ McConnel makes an error, in failing to specify if this totem belongs to the Kendall river group or the following Holroyd river group. It is wedged without comment between the two ^ This is the only species to which the Wik-Mungkan raise an artificial stone auwa, something more typical of the neighbouring Kaantju, though the Wik-Mungkan do associate the auwa of the quoll or native cat with a natural spill of stones. Citations ^ a b McConnel 1930a, p. 197. ^ McConnel 1930b, p. 180. ^ a b McConnel 1930a, p. 99. ^ "SBS Australian Census Explorer". Retrieved 9 January 2023. ^ a b Johnson 1991, p. 204. ^ Sutton 1991, p. 59. ^ McConnel 1930a, pp. 97–98. ^ McConnel 1930a, p. 97. ^ McConnel 1930a, pp. 101–102. ^ McConnel 1930a, p. 101. ^ McConnel 1930a, p. 102. ^ McConnel 1930a, p. 100. ^ McConnel 1930a, pp. 100–101. ^ McConnel 1930a, pp. 100, 102. ^ McConnel 1930a, p. 103. ^ McConnel 1934, pp. 334–335. ^ a b McConnel 1930b, pp. 181–182. ^ McConnel 1934, p. 339. ^ Lévi-Strauss 1969, p. 200. ^ McConnel 1934, p. 326. ^ McConnel 1934, p. 316. ^ McConnel 1934, pp. 338, 339. ^ McConnel 1930a, p. 98. ^ McConnel 1930b, pp. 185–187. ^ McConnel 1930b, pp. 183–4. ^ McConnel 1930b, p. 189 n.3. ^ McConnel 1934, p. 325. ^ McConnel 1930b, p. 181. ^ McConnel 1930b, pp. 194–195. ^ McConnel 1930b, pp. 195–196. ^ McConnel 1930b, p. 193. ^ a b McConnel 1930b, p. 192. ^ McConnel 1930b, p. 190. ^ a b McConnel 1930b, p. 194. ^ McConnel 1930b, p. 201. ^ McConnel 1930b, pp. 187, 198. ^ McConnel 1930b, pp. 182, 196. ^ McConnel 1930b, p. 188. ^ McConnel 1930b, pp. 200–201. ^ McConnel 1930b, p. 189. ^ McConnel 1930b, p. 183. ^ McConnel 1930b, pp. 204–205. ^ Needham 2004, pp. xl–xli. ^ Robinson & Barnard 2010, p. 131. ^ Overing, Lanoue & Creider 2006. ^ Needham 2004, pp. xl–li. Sources cited Berger, Harry (2005). Situated Utterances: Texts, Bodies, and Cultural Representations. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-823-22429-6. Jackes, Mary (1969). "Wikmunkan Joking Relationships". Mankind. 7 (2): 128–31. doi:10.1111/j.1835-9310.1969.tb00396.x. Johnson, Steve (1991). "Social parameters of linguistic change in an unstratified Aboriginal society". In Baldi, Philip (ed.). Patterns of Change - Change of Patterns: Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 203–218. ISBN 978-3-110-87189-0. Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1969). The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Beacon Press. McConnel, Ursula (April 1930a). "The Wik-Munkan Tribe of Cape York Peninsula". Oceania. 1 (1): 97–104. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb00005.x. JSTOR 40373036. McConnel, Ursula (July 1930b). "The Wik-Munkan Tribe. Part II. Totemism". Oceania. 1 (2): 181–205. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb01644.x. JSTOR 40327320. McConnel, Ursula (March 1934). "The Wik-Munkan and Allied Tribes of Cape York Peninsula, N.Q.". Oceania. 4 (3): 310–367. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1934.tb00113.x. JSTOR 40327784. McKnight, David (1981). "The Wik-Mungkan concept Nganwi: A Study of Mystical Power and sickness in an Australian tribe". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, ANTHROPOLOGICA XXIII. 137 (1): 90–105. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003510. JSTOR 27863347. McKnight, David (2004). "Some problems concerning the Wik-mungkan". In Needham, Rodney (ed.). Rethinking Kinship and Marriage. Psychology Press. pp. 145–180. ISBN 978-0-415-33013-8. Needham, Rodney (2004). "Introduction". Rethinking Kinship and Marriage. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-33013-8. Overing, Joanna; Lanoue, Guy; Creider, Chet (22 July 2006). "David McKnight: Empathetic ethnographer of the Australian aborigines". The Independent. Robinson, Olivia; Barnard, Trish (2010). "'Thanks, but we'll take it from here': Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women Influencing the Collection of Tangible and Intangible Heritage.". In Levin, Amy K. (ed.). Gender, Sexuality and Museums: A Routledge Reader. Routledge. pp. 129–137. ISBN 978-1-136-94364-5. Sutton, Peter (1991). "Language in Aboriginal Australia: Social dialects in a geographic idiom". In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.). Language in Australia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–66. ISBN 978-0-521-33983-4. External links Wik Mungkan Indigenous Knowledge Centre, State Library of Queensland vteIndigenous Australian peoples in QueenslandAboriginal Ankamuti Araba Atjinuri Ayabakan Ayapathu Badjiri Bakanambia Barada Barna Baruŋgam Barungguan Bidia Bigambul Bindal Birri Gubba Bidjara (Bulloo River) Bidjara (Warrego River) Biyaygiri Bugulmara Buluwai Butchulla Bwgcolman Dalla Darumbal Djabugay/Tjapukai Djagaraga Djakunda Djankun Djindubari Dyirbal Djiru Ewamin Garrwa Geynyon Gia Giabal Girramay Goeng Goreng goreng Gubbi Gubbi Kutjala/Gudjal Gugu-Badhun/Kokopatun Gugu Rarmul Gulngai Gumakudin Gungganyji/Kongkandji Gunggari/Kunggari Guugu Yimithirr/Kokoimudji Iningai Injilarija Injinoo Ithu Jarowair Julaolinja Jupangati Juru Kaantju Kabalbara Kaiabara Kaiadilt Kairi Kalali Kalibamu Kalkadoon Kambuwal Kangulu Kanolu Karanja Kareldi Karendala Karingbal Karuwali Kaurareg Kawadji Koa Koamu Koinjmal Kokangol Kokobididji Kokobujundji Kokokulunggur Kokomini Kokonyekodi Kokopera Kokowalandja Kokowara Kongabula Kooma Kugu Nganhcara Kukatja Kuku Nyungkal Kuku Yalanji Kulumali Kungadutji Kunggara Kungkalenja Kunja Kutjal Kuungkari Laia Lama Lama Lanima Lardil Lotiga Madjandji Maiawali Maijabi Maikulan Maithakari Malintji Mamu Manbarra Mandandanji Maranganji Marrago Marulta Mayi-Kutuna Mbabaram Mbara Mbewum Mimungkum Mingin/Mingginda Mitaka Miyan Muluridji Muragan Murri Mutumui Ngajanji Ngandangara Ngaro Ngathokudi Ngaun Ngaygungu Nggamadi Nguburinji Ngulungbara Ngundjan Ngurawola Nguri Nyawagyi Nyuwathai Olkola Otati Pakadji Pitapita Pontunj Punthamara Quandamooka Hordes: Ngugi, Nunukul, Goenpul Rakkaia Ringaringa Rungarungawa Tagalag Taribelang Tepiti Thaayorre Thereila Tjongkandji Totj Tulua Turrbal Umpila Umpithamu Undanbi Unduyamo Unjadi Uw Oykangand/Kwantari Waanyi Wadja Wadjabangai Wadjalang Wakabunga Wakaman Wakara Wakka Wakka Walangama Walmbaria Waluwara Wanamara Wangan Wanjuru Warakamai Warrongo Wik Wikampama Wikapatja Wikatinda Wikepa Wikianji Wikmean Wik-Mungkan Wiknatanja Winduwinda Wiri Wongkadjera Wongkumara Woppaburra Wulgurukaba Wulili Wulpura Wuthathi Yadhaykenu Yagalingu Yambina Yanda Yanga Yangga Yanggal Yalarnnga Yetimarala Yetteneru Yidiny Yilba Yiman Yintyingka Yinwum Yirandhali Yirrganydji Yir-Yoront Yugambeh Clans: Gugingin, Wanggeriburra, Kombumerri, Mununjali, Tulgigin Yugara Yuibera Yukulta Yungkurara Yurlayurlanya Torres Strait Islanders Badu Kaurareg‎ Mabuiag Meriam Mua By state or territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wik-Mungkan people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ursula McConnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_McConnel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b180-2"},{"link_name":"Archer River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_River"},{"link_name":"Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_River_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_River_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a99-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a99-3"},{"link_name":"2021 Australian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Making an inference from the number of clans and their members, anthropologist Ursula McConnel calculated that traditionally the Wik-Mungkan must have numbered some 1,500 to 2,000 people.[2] In 1930, McConnel estimated that there were 50 to 100 Wik-Mungkan people living around the Archer River and 200 living on the Kendall and Edward Rivers, a demographic drop in the order of 60%-75%.[3] A combination of traders taking off men to work on the coast, introduced disease, cattle ranchers squeezing them off their hunting grounds, and occasional punitive forays to wipe out entire camps account for the reduction. At the turn of the 20th century a coastal reserve was set aside for them on the Gulf.[3] The 2021 Australian census recorded 952 speakers of the Wik Mungkan language.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wik Mungkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wik_Mungkan_language"},{"link_name":"Paman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paman_languages"},{"link_name":"Pama-Nyungan language family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pama-Nyungan_languages"},{"link_name":"Kugu Nganhcara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugu_Nganhcara"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1991204-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a197-1"},{"link_name":"Aurukun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurukun,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Pormpuraaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pormpuraaw"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton199159-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1991204-5"}],"text":"Wik Mungkan is a form of Paman which is a subset of the broader Pama-Nyungan language family, and closely related to Kugu Nganhcara.[5] Wik means \"speech\"[1] It is spoken around Aurukun and the Edward River (including Pormpuraaw, the site of the old Edward River Mission). Uniquely among Wik language speakers, where speech styles are defined in terms of some distinctive lexical feature, those whose mother tongue is Wik Mungkan use \"eating\" as a classifier for their tongue (Wik Mungkan literally means \"language-eat\"), a definition borrowed from their inland clans, whose neighbouring east coast peoples employ forms of the verb \"eat\" to distinguish their dialect differences.[6][5]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gulf of Carpentaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria"},{"link_name":"Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_River_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"Holroyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holroyd_River"},{"link_name":"Great Dividing Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a97%E2%80%9398-7"},{"link_name":"mangrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove"},{"link_name":"melon hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgai"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a97-8"},{"link_name":"dillybag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillybag"},{"link_name":"Yams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)"},{"link_name":"arrowroot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowroot"},{"link_name":"kiddles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_weir"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a101%E2%80%93102-9"},{"link_name":"Fire-stick farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-stick_farming"},{"link_name":"bandicoots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandicoot"},{"link_name":"goannas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goanna"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a101-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a102-11"},{"link_name":"wallaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallaby"},{"link_name":"flying foxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_fox"},{"link_name":"jabiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-necked_stork"},{"link_name":"bloodwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corymbia"},{"link_name":"messmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messmate"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a100-12"},{"link_name":"sardine-fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_pilchard"},{"link_name":"Catfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish"},{"link_name":"Rock cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_cod"},{"link_name":"white fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogilby%27s_ghostshark"},{"link_name":"schnapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_snapper"},{"link_name":"barramundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barramundi"},{"link_name":"stingray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingray"},{"link_name":"bream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bream"},{"link_name":"Freshwater crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_crocodile"},{"link_name":"saltwater crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a100%E2%80%93101-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a100,_102-14"},{"link_name":"tea-tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camellia_sinensis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a103-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1934334%E2%80%93335-16"}],"text":"Wik-Mungkan territory covered a strip of land from 30 to 50 miles wide running parallel to the Gulf of Carpentaria, but separated from it by coastal peoples such as the Wik-Natera or Wik-Kalkan who lived south of the Archer River. Their land, extending over 7,800 square kilometres (3,000 sq mi), was watered by five major watercourses, the Watson, Archer, Kendall, Holroyd and Edward rivers flowing down to the west of the Great Dividing Range to the coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria.[7] A variety of distinct habitats exist, from flat woodlands to mangrove to rocky ridged spurs and poor melon hole land, the last separating them from the peoples to their east.[8]The year had two seasons-the dry May to November period under south-east winds, broken by the onset of storms and humid conditions with the brief wet season, beginning in November, with north-westerlies blowing in from December continuing through to April, resulting in extensive flooding of the coastal flatlands. A division of labour existed, with men hunting and women foraging, armed with a digging stick (katjan) and a dillybag. Yams (mai watea) and arrowroot (mai woppa) were a wet season staple, followed by waterlilies. In the wet season they camped in the upper reaches of the riverine system. Their inland hunting grounds were of three types: grass plains, river courses and thickly timbered forest lands. As the dry-season came to an end, they would build dams and kiddles to trap fish swimming up river as the rains began to restock the rivers. A particular type of vine containing a poisonous substance that would spur fish to leap out of the water was used to dose waterholes, allowing them to be captured from the banks.[9]Fire-stick farming was employed annually at the start of the dry season to flush wallabies and other prey from their grassland haunts, or, once a patch of land was consumed by a controlled blaze, to allow the women to fossick for bandicoots, snakes, goannas and other small game in their burrows.[10] They trained their dogs to refrained from eating prey they managed to quarry.[11]Abundant food could be readily secured on the grass plains: nutritious roots and fruit could be culled by foraging, while hunting could rely on wallaby, ducks, ibis, flying foxes jabiru and emu. The wooded hill areas abounded in iguana, snakes and opossums, while extensive stands of flowering bloodwood and messmate yielded up plentiful supplies of honey.[12]\nThe rivers were well stocked with fish, such as sardine-fish, Catfish, Rock cod, white fish, schnapper, barramundi and stingray, all speared from swiftly paddled canoes breasting the incoming tides and even the poor country around the Kendall river supplied rich stocks of bream. Two types of crocodile were hunted, the upper river Freshwater crocodile and the estuarine saltwater crocodile: the eggs of the former were a winter staple in the upland rivers.[13] The roots of a coastal swamp rush called panja was an important vegetable source towards the end of the dry season.[14] Cooking ovens were improvised by lighting a fire in a hole, fanning it to flame with feathers plucked from a black-necked stork (jabiru). Pieces of ant-bed (termite mound) were then spread on the coals, and food laid out on top, with a tea-tree bark cover placed on top, and the whole lidded with sand to make a slow bake.[15]Increase ceremonies, while thought of as ensuring the food supplies of any one clan in whose territory they were conducted, also catered to distant relatives in other peoples who would be invited in to partake of the abundance once a given territorial group had had its fill.[16]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patrilineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineal"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b181%E2%80%93182-17"},{"link_name":"Claude Lévi-Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss"},{"link_name":"matrilateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilateral"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1934339-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9vi-Strauss1969200-20"},{"link_name":"Exogamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exogamy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b181%E2%80%93182-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1934326-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1934316-22"},{"link_name":"in lacking a 4 or 8 section system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship"},{"link_name":"exogamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exogamous"},{"link_name":"patrilineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineal"},{"link_name":"sororate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sororate_marriage"},{"link_name":"levirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levirate_marriage"},{"link_name":"Runaway marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elopement"},{"link_name":"Bride kidnapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_kidnapping"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1934338,_339-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a98-24"}],"text":"McConnel's initial reports state that the clans were patrilineal.[17] Claude Lévi-Strauss reports that though marriage among the Wik-Mungkan was matrilateral,[a][18] marrying one's father's sister's daughter, and one's mother's brother's daughter, was allowed. A strict ban prohibited only bi-lateral cousin marriage.[19]Exogamy meant kinship networks ran through the clans, meaning that in times of local abundance in any variety of food stock, relatives outside a given clan area would be called in to partake of the bounty, creating on such occasions large encampments.[17]) The elderly were well-cared for, having a right to certain foods forbidden to the more active people, who would supply them with choice snake and stingray food that was taboo to the younger members.[20] The centre of family life was the hearth, reflected in the words for father (pan tuma: man of the fire) and mother (wantya tuma: woman of the fire).[21]McConnel described the Wik-Mingkan kinship and marriage system in 1934, arguing that, in its essentials, with minor variants, it could be extended to apply to all the Wik peoples. Affirming that in its general lines it reflected the general structure typical of Australian Aboriginal peoples, differing only in lacking a 4 or 8 section system, she discerned 5 features:(1) localised exogamous (patrilineal) clans; (2) with each people divided into two exogamous moieties; (3) with sororate and levirate marriage; (4) modified cross-cousin marriage; (5) with a comprehensive classificatory terminology.Runaway marriage (maritji) was accepted as orthodox if the kinship link considered the couple's relationship licit. When mimicked by theatrical performances of the practice at large corroborees, maritji often elicits much laughter. Bride kidnapping, though traditionally practised when no spouse could be obtained by the usual means, was, according to a white informant, undertaken by formal prearrangements made between the raiding people and the group from whom the woman was to be \"snatched\", so the actual raid was a symbolic artifice rather than an act of violent intertribal competition for a scarce resource.[22]The Wik-Mungkan call coastal neighbours north of the Archer and Watson rivers \"bad speech\" (Wik-waiya) peoples (such as the Anjingit, the Aritingiti, the Adetingiti and Lengiti) because they find their languages difficult to understand.[23]","title":"Social and kinship system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b185%E2%80%93187-25"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b183%E2%80%934-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b189_n.3-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1934325-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b181-30"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b194%E2%80%93195-32"},{"link_name":"salt water crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b195%E2%80%93196-34"},{"link_name":"black mangrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumnitzera"},{"link_name":"bone-fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonefishes"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b193-36"},{"link_name":"bullroarer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullroarer"},{"link_name":"fish-hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b192-38"},{"link_name":"plains turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_bustard"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b192-38"},{"link_name":"Rock cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_cod"},{"link_name":"blue water-lily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea_violacea"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"string dilly bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillybag"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b190-43"},{"link_name":"white water lily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottelia"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"male cuscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_spotted_cuscus"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b194-45"},{"link_name":"jabiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabiru"},{"link_name":"dingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingo"},{"link_name":"[l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[m]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b187,_198-49"},{"link_name":"[n]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b182,_196-51"},{"link_name":"carpet snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia_spilota_variegata"},{"link_name":"[o]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b188-53"},{"link_name":"bream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bream"},{"link_name":"[p]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b200%E2%80%93201-55"},{"link_name":"ironwood flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironwood"},{"link_name":"curlew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlew"},{"link_name":"chicken hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenhawk_(bird)"},{"link_name":"[q]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"male opossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opossum"},{"link_name":"black snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudechis"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b189-57"},{"link_name":"eaglehawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge-tailed_eagle"},{"link_name":"[r]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b183-59"},{"link_name":"quail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quail"},{"link_name":"crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_raven"},{"link_name":"praying mantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praying_mantis"},{"link_name":"[s]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"pandanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandanus"},{"link_name":"native cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoll"},{"link_name":"blue-tongued lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-tongued_skink"},{"link_name":"[t]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b194-45"},{"link_name":"freshwater stingray?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_whipray"},{"link_name":"bandicoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandicoot"},{"link_name":"freshwater crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_crocodile"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b204%E2%80%93205-62"}],"sub_title":"Totem system by territory","text":"The word for totem was pulwaiya, roughly \"old forebear\", whose place of origin thereby became an auwa or totemic ritual site, and the place where one returns to on death.[24] The Wik-Mungkan are thought to have been composed of approximately 30 patrilineal clans, each with distinct territorial rights, before the white man's arrival. A clan could have more than one totem, and they were complementary to each other, not reduplicated.[b] One's clan totem influenced one's birth name. Thus a member of the \"meteor\" totem could receive the name Aka(ground)-battana (hits), and the kangaroo totem could endow a child with the name pampointjalama (kangaroo sniffs the air and smells a man).[25] The prefix mai refers to vegetable food (maiyi), while that of min refers to meat (minya).[26][27]Where confusion exists as to the precise state of a clan, those which are numbered (a) (b) etc., indicate presumed sections of one clan, though the totemic groups thus listed may have been independent.[28]Archer River[c][29]I (a) pikua' (salt water crocodile[d][30]);(b) min wunkam (\"night-fish\"); mai anka (white fruit).\n2 (a)mai korpi (black mangrove); (b) min wolkollan (bone-fish);[e][31] (c)neanya (fly); (d)min tatta (frog); moiya (bullroarer).\n3 (a) kongkong (white fish-hawk);[f][32] (b) min parkanjan (small hawk); (c) min tempi (swamp duck); (d) min mantaba (plains turkey);[g][32] (e) min wunkam (Rock cod); (f) min tuttha (parrot); (g) mai ariki (blue water-lily);[h] (h) wanka (string dilly bag); (i) puntamen (fishing net).\n4 (a) mai umpia (water-lily root);[i] (b) mai wuma (water lily seed)\n5 (a) mai maitji (bush-nut);[j][33] (b) min jintan (a type of fish); (c) min ekka (freshwater mussel); (d) mai neanya (a black fruit) (e) mai neitja (red and white fruit).\n6 mai kanpuka white water lily.[k]\n7 (a)min kanmula (male cuscus; (b)min pokauwan (female cuscus);[34] (c) min woripa (storm bird), (d) mai po'am (white fruit); (e)min monti (jabiru).\n8.1 min wonna (tree grub).\n8.2 (a) min mulaiya (white water-snake); (b) mai tallina (edible palm-tree fruit; (c) mai yukata (black fruit).\n9.1 (a) olarika (male leech); (b) uwa (female leech); (c) ku'a (male dingo); (d)ku'a (female dingo)[l] (e) mai koinkan (edible palm tem); (f) mai epauwa n(small root).\n9.2 min kuimpi (kangaroo).\n10 (a)ornya (male ghosts); (b) pantia (female ghosts/'sweethearts');[m][36] (c)min nguttham(small bird);[n][37] (d) min kiwa (small fish).\n11.1 (a) min kora (native companion); (b) mai po'alam (yellow fruit)\n11.2 oingorpan (carpet snake)[o][38]Kendall River12.1 min kuipang (bream)\n12.2 min akala (cat-fish)\n13.1 min atjimba (emu)[p][39]\n13.2 (a) min ketji (white crane); 8b) mai mayta (small root); (c) mai arika (water-lily); (d) yoinka manka (ironwood flower).\n13.3 min wainkan (curlew)\n13.4 min kerki (chicken hawk)[q]\n14.1 (a)min kulan(male opossum);min wutjiga (female opossum)\n14.2 min pola (black snake).\n15 mai kampa and pontamanka (bloodwood and messmate flowers)[40]\n16 min nompi (eaglehawk)\n17 (a) patja (shooting star/meteor);[r][41] (b) min tjipin (quail).\n18 (a) min wata (crow); (b) nantiaka (praying mantis); min tatji (large iguana).[s]Holroyd River19 mai manyi (small sweet water lily).\n20 mai kuntjan (pandanus).\n21 (a)mia yungatang (native cat); (b) min wala (blue-tongued lizard).[t][34]\n22.1 min panta (small iguana).\n22.2 min yuwam (snake)\n22.3 min umpara (freshwater stingray?).\n22.4 min anka (sardine fish)\n23 min manki (bandicoot).Edward River24 min kena (freshwater crocodile).\n25 mai atta (honey).[42]","title":"Social and kinship system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham2004xl%E2%80%93xli-63"},{"link_name":"Aurukun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurukun,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonBarnard2010131-64"},{"link_name":"Donald Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Thomson"},{"link_name":"Claude Lévi-Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss"},{"link_name":"The Elementary Structures of Kinship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elementary_Structures_of_Kinship"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOveringLanoueCreider2006-65"},{"link_name":"structural formalist approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism"},{"link_name":"Rodney Needham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Needham"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham2004xl%E2%80%93li-66"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"David McKnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McKnight"}],"text":"The Australian aboriginal evidence for kinship has attracted particular attention from anthropology, and within this area, the material gathered on the Wik-Mungkan has played a notable role.[43] The first ethnographic study of the Wik people had been done by the British anthropologist Ursula McConnel starting in 1927. Her fieldwork focused on groups gathered into the Archer River Mission at what is now known as Aurukun.[44] Shortly afterwards, they attracted the attention of Donald Thomson in 1932-3. McConnel's analysis drew the attention of Claude Lévi-Strauss in his seminal postwar study, The Elementary Structures of Kinship, premised on the idea that \"primitive\" peoples like the aborigines exhibited mathematical precision in their social taxonomies,[45] and which introduced a structural formalist approach to anthropology, and this was in turn developed by Rodney Needham who attempted a total structural analysis whose results, though based on McConnel's articles, advanced a theory totally at variance with hers.[46] Needham's paper was fortunate in that it appeared at a time when direct and nearly immediate field verification of his hypothesis could be undertaken.[citation needed] The British anthropologist David McKnight began to carry out fieldwork with the Wik-Mungkan shortly afterwards.","title":"Ethnographic studies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b201-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"Brown Goshawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Goshawk"},{"link_name":"Collared Sparrowhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collared_Sparrowhawk"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"}],"text":"^ While genealogies show a preference in these tribes for the marriage of a man with his mother's brother's daughter (a woman with her father's sister's son) there are records of marriages with the father's sister's daughter (a woman's mother's brother's son) and quite a number of marriages with the father's father's sister's family. I understand that a woman may marry her mother's brother's son, i.e. a man his father's sister's daughter, provided that the link on the other parent's side is discontinued. In other words, the system is one-sided, with a distinct preference for the mother's side.\n\n^ One exception was the bushrat totem, found in several peoples.\n\n^ McConnel also locates a fire (tuma) totem site on the Archer at a place called Tumauwa, close to red rock on the river, but omits to include it in her general list\n\n^ There is a crocodile magic of making this fear species out of a goanna to become one's son, who will do the father's bidding in fishing and killing enemies\n\n^ its auwa is found on the Adeda creek of the lower Archer\n\n^ associated with a place called Merokman\n\n^ auwa is in a lagoon south of the Archer where no one may swim\n\n^ the auwa is at Taimanir\n\n^ its auwa is at Taiam a lagoon on the Archer\n\n^ its auwa is at Panam, a small creek feeding into the Archer\n\n^ its auwa ia at Potjauwa\n\n^ the Wiki Mungkan prized their native dogs, endowing some with totemic names. Their totemic centre was Kuauwa, a deep lagoon off the Archer towards the coast;[35]\n\n^ The totemic sites, respectively 'OrnyauwaandPantiauwalay in the centre of Wik territory, among lagoons south of the Archer. The ghost totems (pulwaiya) are people who were culture-bearers, having taught things like how to build and cook fish in an ant-bed oven or how to make fish-garths\n\n^ This totem was believed to guard fishing operations, and is located near fish traps in the lagoon area of the ghost totems\n\n^ The clan managing this totem, whose auwa was on the Tokali river, died off, and the care of the site passed to the min kora\n\n^ The auwa is associated with an aetiological story explaining relations between this totem and the native companion totem.\n\n^ \"Chicken Hawk\" is a name variously applied to a great many diurnal raptors, if not all of them at some stage or another, but most commonly to the Brown Goshawk and the Collared Sparrowhawk\n\n^ This indicated the death of a relative\n\n^ McConnel makes an error, in failing to specify if this totem belongs to the Kendall river group or the following Holroyd river group. It is wedged without comment between the two\n\n^ This is the only species to which the Wik-Mungkan raise an artificial stone auwa, something more typical of the neighbouring Kaantju, though the Wik-Mungkan do associate the auwa of the quoll or native cat with a natural spill of stones.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a197_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a197_1-1"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b180_2-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a99_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a99_3-1"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"SBS Australian Census Explorer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sbs.com.au/news/creative/census-explorer"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1991204_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1991204_5-1"},{"link_name":"Johnson 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJohnson1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton199159_6-0"},{"link_name":"Sutton 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSutton1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a97%E2%80%9398_7-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a97_8-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a101%E2%80%93102_9-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a101_10-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a102_11-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a100_12-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a100%E2%80%93101_13-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a100,_102_14-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a103_15-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1934334%E2%80%93335_16-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1934"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b181%E2%80%93182_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b181%E2%80%93182_17-1"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1934339_19-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1934"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A9vi-Strauss1969200_20-0"},{"link_name":"Lévi-Strauss 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFL%C3%A9vi-Strauss1969"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1934326_21-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1934"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1934316_22-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1934"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1934338,_339_23-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1934"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a98_24-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b185%E2%80%93187_25-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b183%E2%80%934_27-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b189_n.3_28-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1934325_29-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1934"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b181_30-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b194%E2%80%93195_32-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b195%E2%80%93196_34-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b193_36-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b192_38-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b192_38-1"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b190_43-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b194_45-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b194_45-1"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b201_46-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b187,_198_49-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b182,_196_51-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b188_53-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b200%E2%80%93201_55-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b189_57-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b183_59-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930b204%E2%80%93205_62-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham2004xl%E2%80%93xli_63-0"},{"link_name":"Needham 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNeedham2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinsonBarnard2010131_64-0"},{"link_name":"Robinson & Barnard 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRobinsonBarnard2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOveringLanoueCreider2006_65-0"},{"link_name":"Overing, Lanoue & Creider 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOveringLanoueCreider2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham2004xl%E2%80%93li_66-0"},{"link_name":"Needham 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNeedham2004"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ a b McConnel 1930a, p. 197.\n\n^ McConnel 1930b, p. 180.\n\n^ a b McConnel 1930a, p. 99.\n\n^ \"SBS Australian Census Explorer\". Retrieved 9 January 2023.\n\n^ a b Johnson 1991, p. 204.\n\n^ Sutton 1991, p. 59.\n\n^ McConnel 1930a, pp. 97–98.\n\n^ McConnel 1930a, p. 97.\n\n^ McConnel 1930a, pp. 101–102.\n\n^ McConnel 1930a, p. 101.\n\n^ McConnel 1930a, p. 102.\n\n^ McConnel 1930a, p. 100.\n\n^ McConnel 1930a, pp. 100–101.\n\n^ McConnel 1930a, pp. 100, 102.\n\n^ McConnel 1930a, p. 103.\n\n^ McConnel 1934, pp. 334–335.\n\n^ a b McConnel 1930b, pp. 181–182.\n\n^ McConnel 1934, p. 339.\n\n^ Lévi-Strauss 1969, p. 200.\n\n^ McConnel 1934, p. 326.\n\n^ McConnel 1934, p. 316.\n\n^ McConnel 1934, pp. 338, 339.\n\n^ McConnel 1930a, p. 98.\n\n^ McConnel 1930b, pp. 185–187.\n\n^ McConnel 1930b, pp. 183–4.\n\n^ McConnel 1930b, p. 189 n.3.\n\n^ McConnel 1934, p. 325.\n\n^ McConnel 1930b, p. 181.\n\n^ McConnel 1930b, pp. 194–195.\n\n^ McConnel 1930b, pp. 195–196.\n\n^ McConnel 1930b, p. 193.\n\n^ a b McConnel 1930b, p. 192.\n\n^ McConnel 1930b, p. 190.\n\n^ a b McConnel 1930b, p. 194.\n\n^ McConnel 1930b, p. 201.\n\n^ McConnel 1930b, pp. 187, 198.\n\n^ McConnel 1930b, pp. 182, 196.\n\n^ McConnel 1930b, p. 188.\n\n^ McConnel 1930b, pp. 200–201.\n\n^ McConnel 1930b, p. 189.\n\n^ McConnel 1930b, p. 183.\n\n^ McConnel 1930b, pp. 204–205.\n\n^ Needham 2004, pp. xl–xli.\n\n^ Robinson & Barnard 2010, p. 131.\n\n^ Overing, Lanoue & Creider 2006.\n\n^ Needham 2004, pp. xl–li.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Situated Utterances: Texts, Bodies, and Cultural Representations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=b9DkgN9S4BkC&pg=PA274"},{"link_name":"Fordham University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-823-22429-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-823-22429-6"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1835-9310.1969.tb00396.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1835-9310.1969.tb00396.x"},{"link_name":"\"Social parameters of linguistic change in an unstratified Aboriginal society\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4dIfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA204"},{"link_name":"Baldi, Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Baldi"},{"link_name":"Walter de Gruyter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-110-87189-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-110-87189-0"},{"link_name":"Lévi-Strauss, Claude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss"},{"link_name":"Beacon Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Press"},{"link_name":"McConnel, Ursula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_McConnel"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb00005.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1930.tb00005.x"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40373036","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40373036"},{"link_name":"McConnel, Ursula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_McConnel"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb01644.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1930.tb01644.x"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40327320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40327320"},{"link_name":"McConnel, Ursula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_McConnel"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1934.tb00113.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1934.tb00113.x"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40327784","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40327784"},{"link_name":"McKnight, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McKnight"},{"link_name":"\"The Wik-Mungkan concept Nganwi: A Study of Mystical Power and sickness in an Australian tribe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003510"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/22134379-90003510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003510"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27863347","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/27863347"},{"link_name":"McKnight, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McKnight"},{"link_name":"\"Some problems concerning the Wik-mungkan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=q67q49gg12wC&pg=PA146"},{"link_name":"Needham, Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Needham"},{"link_name":"Psychology Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-33013-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33013-8"},{"link_name":"Needham, Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Needham"},{"link_name":"\"Introduction\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ei3-AQAAQBAJ&pg=PR45"},{"link_name":"Psychology Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-33013-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33013-8"},{"link_name":"\"David McKnight: Empathetic ethnographer of the Australian aborigines\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/david-mcknight-6094722.html"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"\"'Thanks, but we'll take it from here': Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women Influencing the Collection of Tangible and Intangible Heritage.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=fvctCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-136-94364-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-94364-5"},{"link_name":"Sutton, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sutton_(anthropologist)"},{"link_name":"\"Language in Aboriginal Australia: Social dialects in a geographic idiom\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=odXuIsxHaOYC&pg=PA59"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-33983-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33983-4"}],"sub_title":"Sources cited","text":"Berger, Harry (2005). Situated Utterances: Texts, Bodies, and Cultural Representations. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-823-22429-6.\nJackes, Mary (1969). \"Wikmunkan Joking Relationships\". Mankind. 7 (2): 128–31. doi:10.1111/j.1835-9310.1969.tb00396.x.\nJohnson, Steve (1991). \"Social parameters of linguistic change in an unstratified Aboriginal society\". In Baldi, Philip (ed.). Patterns of Change - Change of Patterns: Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 203–218. ISBN 978-3-110-87189-0.\nLévi-Strauss, Claude (1969). The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Beacon Press.\nMcConnel, Ursula (April 1930a). \"The Wik-Munkan Tribe of Cape York Peninsula\". Oceania. 1 (1): 97–104. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb00005.x. JSTOR 40373036.\nMcConnel, Ursula (July 1930b). \"The Wik-Munkan Tribe. Part II. Totemism\". Oceania. 1 (2): 181–205. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb01644.x. JSTOR 40327320.\nMcConnel, Ursula (March 1934). \"The Wik-Munkan and Allied Tribes of Cape York Peninsula, N.Q.\". Oceania. 4 (3): 310–367. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1934.tb00113.x. JSTOR 40327784.\nMcKnight, David (1981). \"The Wik-Mungkan concept Nganwi: A Study of Mystical Power and sickness in an Australian tribe\". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, ANTHROPOLOGICA XXIII. 137 (1): 90–105. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003510. JSTOR 27863347.\nMcKnight, David (2004). \"Some problems concerning the Wik-mungkan\". In Needham, Rodney (ed.). Rethinking Kinship and Marriage. Psychology Press. pp. 145–180. ISBN 978-0-415-33013-8.\nNeedham, Rodney (2004). \"Introduction\". Rethinking Kinship and Marriage. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-33013-8.\nOvering, Joanna; Lanoue, Guy; Creider, Chet (22 July 2006). \"David McKnight: Empathetic ethnographer of the Australian aborigines\". The Independent.\nRobinson, Olivia; Barnard, Trish (2010). \"'Thanks, but we'll take it from here': Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women Influencing the Collection of Tangible and Intangible Heritage.\". In Levin, Amy K. (ed.). Gender, Sexuality and Museums: A Routledge Reader. Routledge. pp. 129–137. ISBN 978-1-136-94364-5.\nSutton, Peter (1991). \"Language in Aboriginal Australia: Social dialects in a geographic idiom\". In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.). Language in Australia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–66. ISBN 978-0-521-33983-4.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"SBS Australian Census Explorer\". Retrieved 9 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbs.com.au/news/creative/census-explorer","url_text":"\"SBS Australian Census Explorer\""}]},{"reference":"Berger, Harry (2005). Situated Utterances: Texts, Bodies, and Cultural Representations. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-823-22429-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b9DkgN9S4BkC&pg=PA274","url_text":"Situated Utterances: Texts, Bodies, and Cultural Representations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University_Press","url_text":"Fordham University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-823-22429-6","url_text":"978-0-823-22429-6"}]},{"reference":"Jackes, Mary (1969). \"Wikmunkan Joking Relationships\". Mankind. 7 (2): 128–31. doi:10.1111/j.1835-9310.1969.tb00396.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1835-9310.1969.tb00396.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1835-9310.1969.tb00396.x"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Steve (1991). \"Social parameters of linguistic change in an unstratified Aboriginal society\". In Baldi, Philip (ed.). Patterns of Change - Change of Patterns: Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 203–218. ISBN 978-3-110-87189-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4dIfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA204","url_text":"\"Social parameters of linguistic change in an unstratified Aboriginal society\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Baldi","url_text":"Baldi, Philip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter","url_text":"Walter de Gruyter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-110-87189-0","url_text":"978-3-110-87189-0"}]},{"reference":"Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1969). The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Beacon Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss","url_text":"Lévi-Strauss, Claude"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Press","url_text":"Beacon Press"}]},{"reference":"McConnel, Ursula (April 1930a). \"The Wik-Munkan Tribe of Cape York Peninsula\". Oceania. 1 (1): 97–104. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb00005.x. JSTOR 40373036.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_McConnel","url_text":"McConnel, Ursula"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_(journal)","url_text":"Oceania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1930.tb00005.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb00005.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40373036","url_text":"40373036"}]},{"reference":"McConnel, Ursula (July 1930b). \"The Wik-Munkan Tribe. Part II. Totemism\". Oceania. 1 (2): 181–205. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb01644.x. JSTOR 40327320.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_McConnel","url_text":"McConnel, Ursula"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_(journal)","url_text":"Oceania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1930.tb01644.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb01644.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40327320","url_text":"40327320"}]},{"reference":"McConnel, Ursula (March 1934). \"The Wik-Munkan and Allied Tribes of Cape York Peninsula, N.Q.\". Oceania. 4 (3): 310–367. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1934.tb00113.x. JSTOR 40327784.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_McConnel","url_text":"McConnel, Ursula"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_(journal)","url_text":"Oceania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1934.tb00113.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1934.tb00113.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40327784","url_text":"40327784"}]},{"reference":"McKnight, David (1981). \"The Wik-Mungkan concept Nganwi: A Study of Mystical Power and sickness in an Australian tribe\". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, ANTHROPOLOGICA XXIII. 137 (1): 90–105. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003510. JSTOR 27863347.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McKnight","url_text":"McKnight, David"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003510","url_text":"\"The Wik-Mungkan concept Nganwi: A Study of Mystical Power and sickness in an Australian tribe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003510","url_text":"10.1163/22134379-90003510"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27863347","url_text":"27863347"}]},{"reference":"McKnight, David (2004). \"Some problems concerning the Wik-mungkan\". In Needham, Rodney (ed.). Rethinking Kinship and Marriage. Psychology Press. pp. 145–180. ISBN 978-0-415-33013-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McKnight","url_text":"McKnight, David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q67q49gg12wC&pg=PA146","url_text":"\"Some problems concerning the Wik-mungkan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Needham","url_text":"Needham, Rodney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Press","url_text":"Psychology Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33013-8","url_text":"978-0-415-33013-8"}]},{"reference":"Needham, Rodney (2004). \"Introduction\". Rethinking Kinship and Marriage. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-33013-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Needham","url_text":"Needham, Rodney"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ei3-AQAAQBAJ&pg=PR45","url_text":"\"Introduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Press","url_text":"Psychology Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33013-8","url_text":"978-0-415-33013-8"}]},{"reference":"Overing, Joanna; Lanoue, Guy; Creider, Chet (22 July 2006). \"David McKnight: Empathetic ethnographer of the Australian aborigines\". The Independent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/david-mcknight-6094722.html","url_text":"\"David McKnight: Empathetic ethnographer of the Australian aborigines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Olivia; Barnard, Trish (2010). \"'Thanks, but we'll take it from here': Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women Influencing the Collection of Tangible and Intangible Heritage.\". In Levin, Amy K. (ed.). Gender, Sexuality and Museums: A Routledge Reader. Routledge. pp. 129–137. ISBN 978-1-136-94364-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fvctCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131","url_text":"\"'Thanks, but we'll take it from here': Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women Influencing the Collection of Tangible and Intangible Heritage.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-94364-5","url_text":"978-1-136-94364-5"}]},{"reference":"Sutton, Peter (1991). \"Language in Aboriginal Australia: Social dialects in a geographic idiom\". In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.). Language in Australia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–66. ISBN 978-0-521-33983-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sutton_(anthropologist)","url_text":"Sutton, Peter"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=odXuIsxHaOYC&pg=PA59","url_text":"\"Language in Aboriginal Australia: Social dialects in a geographic idiom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33983-4","url_text":"978-0-521-33983-4"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.sbs.com.au/news/creative/census-explorer","external_links_name":"\"SBS Australian Census Explorer\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b9DkgN9S4BkC&pg=PA274","external_links_name":"Situated Utterances: Texts, Bodies, and Cultural Representations"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1835-9310.1969.tb00396.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1835-9310.1969.tb00396.x"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4dIfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA204","external_links_name":"\"Social parameters of linguistic change in an unstratified Aboriginal society\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1930.tb00005.x","external_links_name":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb00005.x"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40373036","external_links_name":"40373036"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1930.tb01644.x","external_links_name":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb01644.x"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40327320","external_links_name":"40327320"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1934.tb00113.x","external_links_name":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1934.tb00113.x"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40327784","external_links_name":"40327784"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003510","external_links_name":"\"The Wik-Mungkan concept Nganwi: A Study of Mystical Power and sickness in an Australian tribe\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003510","external_links_name":"10.1163/22134379-90003510"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27863347","external_links_name":"27863347"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q67q49gg12wC&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"\"Some problems concerning the Wik-mungkan\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ei3-AQAAQBAJ&pg=PR45","external_links_name":"\"Introduction\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/david-mcknight-6094722.html","external_links_name":"\"David McKnight: Empathetic ethnographer of the Australian aborigines\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fvctCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131","external_links_name":"\"'Thanks, but we'll take it from here': Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women Influencing the Collection of Tangible and Intangible Heritage.\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=odXuIsxHaOYC&pg=PA59","external_links_name":"\"Language in Aboriginal Australia: Social dialects in a geographic idiom\""},{"Link":"https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/wik-mungkan-indigenous-knowledge-centre","external_links_name":"Wik Mungkan Indigenous Knowledge Centre"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_College
Heidelberg University (Ohio)
["1 History","1.1 Transition","2 Campus","2.1 Architecture","3 Academics","3.1 Faculty","4 Student life","4.1 Students","4.2 Greek life","5 Athletics","6 Notable alumni","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°06′53″N 83°10′01″W / 41.11472°N 83.16694°W / 41.11472; -83.16694This article is about the university in Ohio. For the university in Germany, see Heidelberg University.Liberal arts college in Tiffin, Ohio, U.S. Heidelberg UniversityFormer nameHeidelberg College (1850–1889, 1926–2009)TypePrivate universityEstablished1850; 174 years ago (1850)Religious affiliationUnited Church of ChristEndowment$51.4 million (2020)PresidentRobert H. HuntingtonStudents1,300Undergraduates1,000Postgraduates300LocationTiffin, Ohio, U.S.41°06′53″N 83°10′01″W / 41.11472°N 83.16694°W / 41.11472; -83.16694Campus110 acres (44.5 ha)Colors    Red, orange, blackSporting affiliationsNCAA Division III — OACMascotThe Student PrinceWebsitewww.heidelberg.edu "Heidelberg College" redirects here. For the school in London previously known as Heidelberg College, see Harvington School. Heidelberg University is a private university in Tiffin, Ohio. Founded in 1850, it was known as Heidelberg College until 1889 and from 1926 to 2009. It is affiliated with the United Church of Christ. History Heidelberg University was founded by the German Reformed Church as Heidelberg College in 1850 in Ohio. It is affiliated with the United Church of Christ, the successor to that denomination. In the mid-nineteenth century, there were a significant number of German immigrants in Ohio. The German Reformed Church had seventy-four churches in the state when members decided to establish the college. The college had five students enrolled in the first classes. By the end of the year, 149 students were enrolled. Transition On the morning of October 25, 2008, the Heidelberg College Board of Trustees unanimously agreed to transition to Heidelberg University. The name change went into effect at the beginning of the 2009–2010 academic year. From a historical perspective, this decision marks the second time the institution has been named Heidelberg University. In 1889, the decision was made to change from college to university, which remained until 1926, when the name Heidelberg College was returned.— James A. Troha, Ph.D. Interim President Heidelberg College According to a statement issued by former interim President Dr. James Troha to all Heidelberg students: "In considering the transition from college to university, the board and senior administrators addressed such issues as competition and trends in higher education and the perception of "university" among prospective students in the U.S. and abroad. Thorough research of both internal and external audiences indicated strong support to become Heidelberg University." Campus Heidelberg is situated on 110 acres (44.5 ha) enclosed in Tiffin, Ohio, the county seat of Seneca County, in northwestern Ohio. The campus is located on the east side of Tiffin on College Hill, within a half mile of downtown Tiffin. Architecture University Hall Heidelberg's campus includes 26 buildings, 10 of which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The architecture ranges from pure Greek Revival and Victorian Gothic to English Gothic and the functional style. Many of the buildings are formed in gray Bloomville limestone with cut Bedford stone for trim, bringing a sense of overall unity to the various styles. Academics Heidelberg offers 36 undergraduate courses of study, four graduate programs, 16 minors, and 13 pre-professional programs. The university has an honors program, The Life of the Mind, that focuses on four thematic components: the artist, the citizen, the scholar, and the scientist. Its American Junior Year program at Heidelberg University in Heidelberg, Germany, is the oldest exchange program between an American university and a German university. Heidelberg is also home to the renowned National Center for Water Quality Research and The Center for Historic and Military Archaeology. Faculty Eighty-five percent of the senior faculty members hold a doctorate or the highest degree in their core competency. The student-to-faculty ratio is 14:1 and the average class size is 20 to 25. Student life 1920s felt school pennant Students Students are culturally and geographically diverse, originating from all parts of the country. Eight percent of the students come from other countries. Fifty-three percent are male and forty-seven percent are female. Roughly eighty-five percent of students live in campus-owned housing, which includes seven traditional residence halls, senior apartments, and an average of ten Cooperative Learning Communities (CLCs). CLCs are themed houses that provide students with the opportunity to develop initiatives and programs that will benefit the Heidelberg and/or greater-Tiffin communities. Greek life Heidelberg University has ten different social Greek organizations: five fraternities, four sororities, and one co-ed society. Each of the Greek organizations is local and specific only to Heidelberg University. They are governed by the Greek Life Council. In addition to this, Greek Life is accompanied by a chapter of the Order of Omega, an honorary Greek life organization. Sororities The Philalethean Society Kappa Psi Omega Delta Sigma Chi Zeta Theta Psi Fraternities Nu Sigma Alpha Alpha Phi Tau Sigma Tau Nu Rho Eta Delta The Excelsior Men's Society Co-Ed Societies The Euglossian Society Athletics This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Heidelberg is affiliated with NCAA Division III athletics and is a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference. Heidelberg is the oldest member of the Ohio Athletic Conference which is the third oldest conference in the Nation and was founded in 1902. Heidelberg has won 46 Ohio Athletic Conference championships in the history of the athletic program which dates back to 1892. The school is known for its distinctive "Student Prince" mascot, originating from the Sigmund Romberg operetta of the same name. On September 5, 2008, a redesigned "Student Prince" mascot was unveiled. Men's Sports Baseball Basketball Cross country Football Golf Soccer Swimming Tennis Track (indoor and outdoor) Wrestling Women's Sports Basketball Cheerleading Cross country Golf Lacrosse Soccer Softball Swimming Tennis Track (indoor and outdoor) Volleyball Heidelberg University's long and storied history of intercollegiate athletics dates back to 1892, when The Berg beat Findlay in football, 20–0. Since then, the athletic program has grown to 22 teams competing at the NCAA Division III level in the Ohio Athletic Conference. Heidelberg adds varsity swimming and esports. Men's and Women's Swim returns to Heidelberg University starting for the 2023-2024 Season. The Swim Teams will be HU's first to compete at the varsity level since the early 1980s. Heidelberg will be the sixth Ohio Athletic Conference school to sponsor swimming. Esports, short for electronic sports, is an organized competition between universities in a variety of video games. Volleyball has qualified for the NCAA Tournament eight times (2007–2012, 2015–2016). They have won six OAC regular season titles (1986, 2009–2011, 2013, 2015) and two tournament titles (2010, 2015). Heidelberg Student Princes football team On the gridiron, the Student Princes won the 1972 Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl under the guidance of head coach Pete Riesen. Their longest stretch of success was under the tutelage of College Football Hall of Famer Paul "The Fox" Hoernemann. The Fox led The Berg to a record of 102-18-4 in 14 seasons. After falling on hard times in the 2000s, head coach Mike Hallett turned the program around. Hallett snapped a nation-worst 36-game losing streak in the first game of the 2007 season. By 2012, Hallett guided the Student Princes into the Division III Tournament. Recently, the football program helped rewrite the NCAA record books. On November 16, 2013, tailback Cartel Brooks set an NCAA All-Divisions record with 465 yards of rushing in a win over Baldwin Wallace. On November 3, 2018, punter Austin Baker set a D-III record with a 95-yard punt in a loss at John Carroll. Men's cross country has had four-straight seasons of qualifying for the NCAA Championship, (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009) and seventh overall in school history (1997, 1998, 1999). They also captured their fourth OAC Championships in 2009, which added to their titles in 1998, 1999 and 2000. The Berg men's cross country team also was honored by the USTFCCCA in 2009 by having the second highest GPA in NCAA DIII and the fourth highest in the nation among all cross country teams in any division. Wrestling has had five straight successful seasons in the OAC, and placed as high as sixth in the nation in the past five years. They captured OAC Tournament Championships in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. The wrestlers were also OAC Regular Season Championships in 2006, 2008 and 2009. Baseball has also had success over the past decade with two Regional titles, and seven OAC Championships. They were OAC Tournament Champions 2004, 2008, 2009 and 2010; and Regular Season 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2015 and 2019. Also in 2010, they captured their first NCAA Regional Championship and finished fourth in the nation at the NCAA DIII Baseball World Series. Heidelberg hosted, and won, the first-ever Mideast Super Regional in 2019—sweeping The College of Wooster. The men's track and field team also had success when it placed 14th in the nation in 2007. The team also captured its third OAC Outdoor Track and Field Championship in 2010, adding it to the championship years of 1999 and 2000. The Heidelberg men's running program (Cross Country, Indoor Track & Field, Outdoor Track & Field) in the 2009–2010 school year finished as the 14th best program among NCAA DIII schools because of their high event finishes at the NCAA Division III National Championships. Notable alumni This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (March 2024) Franklin Gene Bissell, college football coach for the Kansas Wesleyan Coyotes Jim Boeke - NFL player in the 1960s. Bob Briggs - Former NFL player for the San Diego Chargers, Cleveland Browns, and Kansas City Chiefs. John Buccigross – ESPN broadcaster Donteea Dye- NFL wide receiver for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers Bill Groman - NFL Player in the 1960s with the Houston Oilers, Denver Broncos, and Buffalo Bills Sue Myrick - former Mayor of Charlotte, North Carolina and member of the US House of Representatives Michael Preston – Former NFL wide receiver for the Tennessee Titans Brian Regan – Comedian Frank Seiberling – Co-founder of Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Gene Smith – Former General Manager for the Jacksonville Jaguars Doug Stephan - American radio talk show personality References ^ As of June 30, 2020. U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2021. ^ "Graphic Standards | Heidelberg University". Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. ^ "History & Mission". Heidelberg University. July 6, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2019. ^ "Heidelberg College: Facts About Heidelberg". Archived from the original on July 19, 2007. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions | Heidelberg University". Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2011. ^ "Heidelberg adds varsity swimming and esports". April 2, 2024. ^ "Heidelberg adds varsity swimming and esports". April 2, 2024. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heidelberg University (Ohio). Official website Official athletics website "Heidelberg University (Ohio)" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. "Heidelberg University (Ohio)" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. vteColleges and universities in the state of OhioPrivate Antioch College Antioch University Art Academy of Cincinnati Ashland University Baldwin Wallace University Bluffton University Capital University Case Western Reserve University Cedarville University Cleveland Institute of Art Cleveland Institute of Electronics Cleveland Institute of Music University of Dayton Defiance College Denison University University of Findlay Franciscan University of Steubenville Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion Heidelberg University Hiram College John Carroll University Kenyon College Kettering College of Medical Arts Lake Erie College Lourdes University Malone University Marietta College Mount St. Joseph University University of Mount Union Muskingum University University of Northwestern Ohio Notre Dame College Oberlin College Ohio Christian University Ohio Dominican University Ohio Northern University Ohio Wesleyan University Otterbein University Mount Vernon Nazarene University University of Rio Grande Tiffin University Ursuline College Walsh University Wilberforce University Wilmington College Wittenberg University College of Wooster Xavier University Public University of Akron Belmont Technical College Bowling Green State University Central Ohio Technical College Central State University Cincinnati State Technical and Community College University of Cincinnati Clark State College Cleveland State University Columbus State Community College Cuyahoga Community College Eastern Gateway Community College Edison State Community College Hocking College James A. Rhodes State College Kent State University Lakeland Community College Lorain County Community College Marion Technical College Miami University North Central State College Northeast Ohio Medical University Northwest State Community College Ohio State University Ohio University Owens Community College Shawnee State University Sinclair Community College Southern State Community College Stark State College Terra State Community College University of Toledo Washington State Community College Wright State University Youngstown State University Zane State College Defunct Chancellor University Cincinnati Christian University Urbana University University System of Ohio vteOhio Athletic Conference Baldwin Wallace Yellow Jackets Capital Comets Heidelberg Student Princes John Carroll Blue Streaks (leaving in 2025) Marietta Pioneers Mount Union Purple Raiders Muskingum Fighting Muskies Ohio Northern Polar Bears Otterbein Cardinals Wilmington Quakers vteUniversities, colleges, and seminaries of the United Church of Christ Andover Newton Theological School Bangor Theological Seminary Catawba College Chicago Theological Seminary Deaconess College of Nursing Defiance College Dillard University Doane University Drury University Eden Theological Seminary Elmhurst University Elon University Heidelberg University Huston-Tillotson University Illinois College Lakeland University LeMoyne-Owen College Lancaster Theological Seminary Northland College University of Olivet Pacific School of Religion Pacific University Piedmont University Rocky Mountain College Talladega College Tougaloo College United Theological Seminary of the Twin Cities vteCollege sports teams in OhioNCAA Division I Akron Zips Bowling Green Falcons Cincinnati Bearcats Cleveland State Vikings Dayton Flyers Kent State Golden Flashes Miami RedHawks Ohio Bobcats Ohio State Buckeyes Toledo Rockets Wright State Raiders Xavier Musketeers Youngstown State Penguins NCAA Division II Ashland Eagles Cedarville Yellow Jackets Central State Marauders Findlay Oilers Lake Erie Storm Malone Pioneers Notre Dame Falcons (closing in 2024) Ohio Dominican Panthers Tiffin Dragons Ursuline Arrows Walsh Cavaliers NCAA Division III Baldwin Wallace Yellow Jackets Bluffton Beavers Capital Crusaders Case Western Reserve Spartans Defiance Yellow Jackets (NAIA in 2024) Denison Big Red Franciscan Barons Heidelberg Student Princes John Carroll Blue Streaks Kenyon Lords and Ladies Marietta Pioneers Mount St. Joseph Lions Mount Union Purple Raiders Muskingum Fighting Muskies Oberlin Yeomen and Yeowomen Ohio Northern Polar Bears Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops Otterbein Cardinals Wilmington Quakers Wittenberg Tigers Wooster Fighting Scots NAIA Lourdes Gray Wolves Mount Vernon Nazarene Cougars Northwestern Ohio Racers Ohio Christian Trailblazers Rio Grande RedStorm Shawnee State Bears Wilberforce Bulldogs Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heidelberg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University"},{"link_name":"Harvington School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvington_School"},{"link_name":"private university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university"},{"link_name":"Tiffin, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffin,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"United Church of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ"}],"text":"This article is about the university in Ohio. For the university in Germany, see Heidelberg University.Liberal arts college in Tiffin, Ohio, U.S.\"Heidelberg College\" redirects here. For the school in London previously known as Heidelberg College, see Harvington School.Heidelberg University is a private university in Tiffin, Ohio. Founded in 1850, it was known as Heidelberg College until 1889 and from 1926 to 2009. It is affiliated with the United Church of Christ.","title":"Heidelberg University (Ohio)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church#Reformed_Church_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United Church of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Heidelberg University was founded by the German Reformed Church as Heidelberg College in 1850 in Ohio. It is affiliated with the United Church of Christ, the successor to that denomination. In the mid-nineteenth century, there were a significant number of German immigrants in Ohio. The German Reformed Church had seventy-four churches in the state when members decided to establish the college. The college had five students enrolled in the first classes. By the end of the year, 149 students were enrolled.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Transition","text":"On the morning of October 25, 2008, the Heidelberg College Board of Trustees unanimously agreed to transition to Heidelberg University. The name change went into effect at the beginning of the 2009–2010 academic year.From a historical perspective, this decision marks the second time the institution has been named Heidelberg University. In 1889, the decision was made to change from college to university, which remained until 1926, when the name Heidelberg College was returned.— James A. Troha, Ph.D.\nInterim President\n\nHeidelberg CollegeAccording to a statement issued by former interim President Dr. James Troha to all Heidelberg students: \"In considering the transition from college to university, the board and senior administrators addressed such issues as competition and trends in higher education and the perception of \"university\" among prospective students in the U.S. and abroad. Thorough research of both internal and external audiences indicated strong support to become Heidelberg University.\"","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tiffin, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffin,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Seneca County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_County,_Ohio"}],"text":"Heidelberg is situated on 110 acres (44.5 ha) enclosed in Tiffin, Ohio, the county seat of Seneca County, in northwestern Ohio. The campus is located on the east side of Tiffin on College Hill, within a half mile of downtown Tiffin.","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_Hall,_Heidelberg_University.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}],"sub_title":"Architecture","text":"University HallHeidelberg's campus includes 26 buildings, 10 of which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The architecture ranges from pure Greek Revival and Victorian Gothic to English Gothic and the functional style. Many of the buildings are formed in gray Bloomville limestone with cut Bedford stone for trim, bringing a sense of overall unity to the various styles.","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heidelberg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg,_Germany"}],"text":"Heidelberg offers 36 undergraduate courses of study, four graduate programs, 16 minors, and 13 pre-professional programs. The university has an honors program, The Life of the Mind, that focuses on four thematic components: the artist, the citizen, the scholar, and the scientist.Its American Junior Year program at Heidelberg University in Heidelberg, Germany, is the oldest exchange program between an American university and a German university. Heidelberg is also home to the renowned National Center for Water Quality Research and The Center for Historic and Military Archaeology.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Faculty","text":"Eighty-five percent of the senior faculty members hold a doctorate or the highest degree in their core competency. The student-to-faculty ratio is 14:1 and the average class size is 20 to 25.[4]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heidelbergusa.jpg"}],"text":"1920s felt school pennant","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Students","text":"Students are culturally and geographically diverse, originating from all parts of the country. Eight percent of the students come from other countries. Fifty-three percent are male and forty-seven percent are female.Roughly eighty-five percent of students live in campus-owned housing, which includes seven traditional residence halls, senior apartments, and an average of ten Cooperative Learning Communities (CLCs). CLCs are themed houses that provide students with the opportunity to develop initiatives and programs that will benefit the Heidelberg and/or greater-Tiffin communities.[5]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Omega"}],"sub_title":"Greek life","text":"Heidelberg University has ten different social Greek organizations: five fraternities, four sororities, and one co-ed society. Each of the Greek organizations is local and specific only to Heidelberg University. They are governed by the Greek Life Council. In addition to this, Greek Life is accompanied by a chapter of the Order of Omega, an honorary Greek life organization.Sororities\n\nThe Philalethean Society\nKappa Psi Omega\nDelta Sigma Chi\nZeta Theta Psi\n\n\nFraternities\n\nNu Sigma Alpha\nAlpha Phi Tau\nSigma Tau Nu\nRho Eta Delta\nThe Excelsior Men's Society\n\n\nCo-Ed Societies\n\nThe Euglossian Society","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCAA Division III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III"},{"link_name":"Ohio Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Ohio Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Romberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Romberg"},{"link_name":"operetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Student_Prince"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baldwin_Wallace_Yellow_Jackets_vs._Heidelberg_Student_Princes_(48834474798).jpg"}],"text":"Heidelberg is affiliated with NCAA Division III athletics and is a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference. Heidelberg is the oldest member of the Ohio Athletic Conference which is the third oldest conference in the Nation and was founded in 1902. Heidelberg has won 46 Ohio Athletic Conference championships in the history of the athletic program which dates back to 1892.\nThe school is known for its distinctive \"Student Prince\" mascot, originating from the Sigmund Romberg operetta of the same name. On September 5, 2008, a redesigned \"Student Prince\" mascot was unveiled.Men's Sports\n\nBaseball\nBasketball\nCross country\nFootball\nGolf\nSoccer\nSwimming\nTennis\nTrack (indoor and outdoor)\nWrestling\n\n\n\n\nWomen's Sports\n\nBasketball\nCheerleading\nCross country\nGolf\nLacrosse\nSoccer\nSoftball\nSwimming\nTennis\nTrack (indoor and outdoor)\nVolleyballHeidelberg University's long and storied history of intercollegiate athletics dates back to 1892, when The Berg beat Findlay in football, 20–0. Since then, the athletic program has grown to 22 teams competing at the NCAA Division III level in the Ohio Athletic Conference.Heidelberg adds varsity swimming and esports. Men's and Women's Swim returns to Heidelberg University starting for the 2023-2024 Season. The Swim Teams will be HU's first to compete at the varsity level since the early 1980s. Heidelberg will be the sixth Ohio Athletic Conference school to sponsor swimming.[6]Esports, short for electronic sports, is an organized competition between universities in a variety of video games.[7]Volleyball has qualified for the NCAA Tournament eight times (2007–2012, 2015–2016). They have won six OAC regular season titles (1986, 2009–2011, 2013, 2015) and two tournament titles (2010, 2015).Heidelberg Student Princes football teamOn the gridiron, the Student Princes won the 1972 Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl under the guidance of head coach Pete Riesen. Their longest stretch of success was under the tutelage of College Football Hall of Famer Paul \"The Fox\" Hoernemann. The Fox led The Berg to a record of 102-18-4 in 14 seasons. After falling on hard times in the 2000s, head coach Mike Hallett turned the program around. Hallett snapped a nation-worst 36-game losing streak in the first game of the 2007 season. By 2012, Hallett guided the Student Princes into the Division III Tournament.Recently, the football program helped rewrite the NCAA record books. On November 16, 2013, tailback Cartel Brooks set an NCAA All-Divisions record with 465 yards of rushing in a win over Baldwin Wallace. On November 3, 2018, punter Austin Baker set a D-III record with a 95-yard punt in a loss at John Carroll.Men's cross country has had four-straight seasons of qualifying for the NCAA Championship, (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009) and seventh overall in school history (1997, 1998, 1999). They also captured their fourth OAC Championships in 2009, which added to their titles in 1998, 1999 and 2000. The Berg men's cross country team also was honored by the USTFCCCA in 2009 by having the second highest GPA in NCAA DIII and the fourth highest in the nation among all cross country teams in any division.Wrestling has had five straight successful seasons in the OAC, and placed as high as sixth in the nation in the past five years. They captured OAC Tournament Championships in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. The wrestlers were also OAC Regular Season Championships in 2006, 2008 and 2009.Baseball has also had success over the past decade with two Regional titles, and seven OAC Championships. They were OAC Tournament Champions 2004, 2008, 2009 and 2010; and Regular Season 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2015 and 2019. Also in 2010, they captured their first NCAA Regional Championship and finished fourth in the nation at the NCAA DIII Baseball World Series. Heidelberg hosted, and won, the first-ever Mideast Super Regional in 2019—sweeping The College of Wooster.The men's track and field team also had success when it placed 14th in the nation in 2007. The team also captured its third OAC Outdoor Track and Field Championship in 2010, adding it to the championship years of 1999 and 2000.The Heidelberg men's running program (Cross Country, Indoor Track & Field, Outdoor Track & Field) in the 2009–2010 school year finished as the 14th best program among NCAA DIII schools because of their high event finishes at the NCAA Division III National Championships.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franklin Gene Bissell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Gene_Bissell"},{"link_name":"Kansas Wesleyan Coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Wesleyan_Coyotes"},{"link_name":"Jim Boeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Boeke"},{"link_name":"Bob Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Briggs_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"John Buccigross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buccigross"},{"link_name":"Donteea Dye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donteea_Dye"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"Bill Groman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Groman"},{"link_name":"Sue Myrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Myrick"},{"link_name":"Michael Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Preston_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Titans"},{"link_name":"Brian Regan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Regan_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"Frank Seiberling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Seiberling"},{"link_name":"Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_%26_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"Gene Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Smith_(American_football_executive)"},{"link_name":"Doug Stephan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Stephan"}],"text":"Franklin Gene Bissell, college football coach for the Kansas Wesleyan Coyotes\nJim Boeke - NFL player in the 1960s.\nBob Briggs - Former NFL player for the San Diego Chargers, Cleveland Browns, and Kansas City Chiefs.\nJohn Buccigross – ESPN broadcaster\nDonteea Dye- NFL wide receiver for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers\nBill Groman - NFL Player in the 1960s with the Houston Oilers, Denver Broncos, and Buffalo Bills\nSue Myrick - former Mayor of Charlotte, North Carolina and member of the US House of Representatives\nMichael Preston – Former NFL wide receiver for the Tennessee Titans\nBrian Regan – Comedian\nFrank Seiberling – Co-founder of Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company\nGene Smith – Former General Manager for the Jacksonville Jaguars\nDoug Stephan - American radio talk show personality","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[{"image_text":"University Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/University_Hall%2C_Heidelberg_University.jpg/220px-University_Hall%2C_Heidelberg_University.jpg"},{"image_text":"1920s felt school pennant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Heidelbergusa.jpg/220px-Heidelbergusa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heidelberg Student Princes football team","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Baldwin_Wallace_Yellow_Jackets_vs._Heidelberg_Student_Princes_%2848834474798%29.jpg/220px-Baldwin_Wallace_Yellow_Jackets_vs._Heidelberg_Student_Princes_%2848834474798%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx","url_text":"U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIAA","url_text":"TIAA"}]},{"reference":"\"Graphic Standards | Heidelberg University\". Archived from the original on July 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120730224045/http://www.heidelberg.edu/offices/mcs/guides/graphics","url_text":"\"Graphic Standards | Heidelberg University\""},{"url":"http://www.heidelberg.edu/offices/mcs/guides/graphics","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History & Mission\". Heidelberg University. July 6, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heidelberg.edu/about/history-mission","url_text":"\"History & Mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heidelberg College: Facts About Heidelberg\". Archived from the original on July 19, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070719125455/http://www.heidelberg.edu/about/facts","url_text":"\"Heidelberg College: Facts About Heidelberg\""},{"url":"http://www.heidelberg.edu/about/facts","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Asked Questions | Heidelberg University\". Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111011100352/http://www.heidelberg.edu/admissions/faq","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions | Heidelberg University\""},{"url":"http://www.heidelberg.edu/admissions/faq","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Heidelberg adds varsity swimming and esports\". April 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bergathletics.com/news/2022/6/2/general-heidelberg-adds-varsity-swimming-and-esports.aspx","url_text":"\"Heidelberg adds varsity swimming and esports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heidelberg adds varsity swimming and esports\". April 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bergathletics.com/news/2022/6/2/general-heidelberg-adds-varsity-swimming-and-esports.aspx","url_text":"\"Heidelberg adds varsity swimming and esports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heidelberg University (Ohio)\" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Heidelberg_University_(Ohio)","url_text":"\"Heidelberg University (Ohio)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana","url_text":"Encyclopedia Americana"}]},{"reference":"\"Heidelberg University (Ohio)\" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Heidelberg_University_(Ohio)","url_text":"\"Heidelberg University (Ohio)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Collier's New Encyclopedia"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Heidelberg_University_(Ohio)&params=41_06_53_N_83_10_01_W_type:edu_region:US-OH","external_links_name":"41°06′53″N 83°10′01″W / 41.11472°N 83.16694°W / 41.11472; -83.16694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Heidelberg_University_(Ohio)&params=41_06_53_N_83_10_01_W_type:edu_region:US-OH","external_links_name":"41°06′53″N 83°10′01″W / 41.11472°N 83.16694°W / 41.11472; -83.16694"},{"Link":"https://www.heidelberg.edu/","external_links_name":"www.heidelberg.edu"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heidelberg_University_(Ohio)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx","external_links_name":"U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120730224045/http://www.heidelberg.edu/offices/mcs/guides/graphics","external_links_name":"\"Graphic Standards | Heidelberg University\""},{"Link":"http://www.heidelberg.edu/offices/mcs/guides/graphics","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.heidelberg.edu/about/history-mission","external_links_name":"\"History & Mission\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070719125455/http://www.heidelberg.edu/about/facts","external_links_name":"\"Heidelberg College: Facts About Heidelberg\""},{"Link":"http://www.heidelberg.edu/about/facts","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111011100352/http://www.heidelberg.edu/admissions/faq","external_links_name":"\"Frequently Asked Questions | Heidelberg University\""},{"Link":"http://www.heidelberg.edu/admissions/faq","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bergathletics.com/news/2022/6/2/general-heidelberg-adds-varsity-swimming-and-esports.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Heidelberg adds varsity swimming and esports\""},{"Link":"https://www.bergathletics.com/news/2022/6/2/general-heidelberg-adds-varsity-swimming-and-esports.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Heidelberg adds varsity swimming and esports\""},{"Link":"https://www.heidelberg.edu/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.bergathletics.com/","external_links_name":"Official athletics website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Heidelberg_University_(Ohio)","external_links_name":"\"Heidelberg University (Ohio)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Heidelberg_University_(Ohio)","external_links_name":"\"Heidelberg University (Ohio)\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000106966322","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/141938355","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83236783","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Steuart_Mackenzie
Sir George Mackenzie, 7th Baronet
["1 Life","2 Works","3 Family","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"]
Scottish geologist, chemist, and agriculturalist Sir George Steuart Mackenzie, 7th Baronet FRS FRSE FSA (22 June 1780–26 October 1848) was a Scottish geologist, chemist and agricultural improver. Sir H.Raeburn. Portrait of Sir G.S.Mackenzie,7th Bart. Size 63 x 41.5 in. Sir H.Raeburn. Portrait of Sir G.S.Mackenzie,7th Bart. Size 27x36 in. Original drawing of geyser's underground system suggested by Mackenzie. Life The only son of Major General Sir Alexander Mackenzie of Coul (d.1796), a General in the Bengal Army, by his wife Katharine Ramsay (d.1806), daughter of Robert Ramsay of Camno, he was born on 22 June 1780. He was tutored privately then spent one year at Edinburgh's High School (1795/6). He then studied sciences at the University of Edinburgh. In 1796 he succeeded to the baronetcy aged 16, on the death of his father. He first became known to scientists in 1800, when he claimed a proof of the identity of diamond with carbon by a series of experiments concerning the formation of steel by the combination of diamonds with iron; for these experiments he is said to have made free use of his mother's jewels. In 1799 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir James Hall, John Playfair and Thomas Charles Hope. He served as Vice-President of the Society 1844 to 1848. In 1815, 16 years after his fellowship of the Edinburgh Society, he was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. He was also President of the Caledonian Horticultural Society. Pupil and friend of Robert Jameson, Mackenzie devoted much time to the study of mineralogy and geology. His interest in those subjects caused him in 1810 to journey to Iceland, when he was accompanied by Henry Holland and Richard Bright. To illustrate the conclusions he had formed with regard to the geology of Iceland, Mackenzie visited the Faroe Islands in 1812, and on his return read an account of his observations before the Edinburgh Royal Society. He was also the landowner responsible for the clearances of the townships of Inverlael and Balblair near Ullapool during the winter of 1819-20, as part of the more general Highland Clearances. The clearances evicted hundreds of families from land by landowners to make way for large-scale sheep production or other agricultural uses. Some families relocated to other parts of Scotland, while others emigrated - many to Canada where their hardships continued. Evictions could be violent, and communities were forced to yield homes and land where generations of people had lived and worked. Mackenzie died at his home, Kinellan House, in western Edinburgh, on 26 October 1848. His home is now subdivided as flats. Works In 1811, Bright, Holland and Mackenzie published Travels In Iceland; Mackenzie contributed the narrative of the voyage and the travels, and the chapters on the mineralogy, rural economy, and commerce of the island. It was reviewed favourably by Robert Southey (Quarterly Review, vii. 48–92). In this book Mackenzie first proposed explanation of periodic eruptions of geyser; he envisaged a geyser's underground system that includes a large cavern connected to the ground surface by a contorted conduit. Mackenzie compiled a report for the Board of Agriculture: General View of the Agriculture of Ross and Cromarty, 1813. From 1826 to 1848 he contributed numerous papers to the discussion of the origin of the Parallel Roads of Lochaber, however his opinions did not gain acceptance. He also wrote: William Godwin, engraving by William Home Lizars from Mackenzie's Illustrations of Phrenology (1820). Treatise on the Diseases and Management of Sheep. With … an Appendix containing documents exhibiting the value of the merino breed, Inverness, 1807. Travels in the Island of Iceland during the Summer of the Year MDCCCX, Edinburgh, 1811. An Account of some Geological Facts observed in the Faroe Islands.Transact. of the Royal Soc. of Edinburgh. Vol. VII. 1815. p. 213 An Essay on some Subjects connected with Taste, Edinburgh, 1817; 2nd edit. 1842. Illustrations of Phrenology. With Engravings, Edinburgh, 1820. Documents laid before … Lord Glenelg … relative to the Convicts sent to New South Wales, Edinburgh, 1836. General Observations on the Principles of Education, &c. Edinburgh, 1836. On the most Recent Disturbance of the Crust of the Earth in respect to its Suggesting an Hypothesis to Account for the Origin of Glaciers (Edinb. New Phil. Journ. xxxiii. 1–9). Family Mackenzie married, first, 8 June 1802, Mary Macleod (d.1835), fifth daughter of Donald Macleod of Geanies, sheriff of Ross-shire, by whom he had seven sons and three daughters. The fourth son Robert Ramsay Mackenzie became Premier of Queensland. After her death (13 January 1835) he married in the next year, Catherine Jardine (d.1857), second daughter of Sir Henry Jardine of Harwood, and widow of Captain John Street of the Royal Artillery, by whom he had one son. His first wife's sister, Isabella Macleod, was married to James Gregory. Honours Mackenzie Bay in Greenland was named in his honour by William Scoresby (1789 – 1857). References ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. ^ a b c d e f Hewins 1893. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. ^ "Review of Travels in the Island of Iceland, during the summer of the Year 1810 by Sir George Steuart Mackenzie and Journal of a Tour in Iceland, in the Summer of 1809 by William Jackson Hooker". The Quarterly Review. 7: 48–92. March 1812. ^ ^ Australian Dictionary of Biography, Mackenzie, Sir Robert Ramsay (1811–1873). ^ Place names, NE Greenland Attribution  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hewins, William Albert Samuel (1893). "Mackenzie, George Steuart". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 35. London: Smith, Elder & Co. External links CERL page Baronetage of Nova Scotia Preceded byAlexander Mackenzie Baronet(of Coul) 1796–1848 Succeeded byAlexander Mackenzie Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Australia Portugal People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other RISM SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRSE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mack1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mackenzie-portrait2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theorie-geyser.jpg"}],"text":"Sir George Steuart Mackenzie, 7th Baronet FRS FRSE FSA (22 June 1780–26 October 1848) was a Scottish geologist, chemist and agricultural improver.[1]Sir H.Raeburn. Portrait of Sir G.S.Mackenzie,7th Bart. Size 63 x 41.5 in.Sir H.Raeburn. Portrait of Sir G.S.Mackenzie,7th Bart. Size 27x36 in.Original drawing of geyser's underground system suggested by Mackenzie.","title":"Sir George Mackenzie, 7th Baronet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edinburgh's High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_High_School,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewins1893-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"John Playfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Playfair"},{"link_name":"Thomas Charles Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Charles_Hope"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"Caledonian Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Robert Jameson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jameson"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Henry Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Henry_Holland,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Richard Bright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bright_(physician)"},{"link_name":"Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewins1893-3"},{"link_name":"Inverlael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverlael"},{"link_name":"Ullapool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullapool"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewins1893-3"}],"text":"The only son of Major General Sir Alexander Mackenzie of Coul (d.1796), a General in the Bengal Army, by his wife Katharine Ramsay (d.1806), daughter of Robert Ramsay of Camno, he was born on 22 June 1780. He was tutored privately then spent one year at Edinburgh's High School (1795/6). He then studied sciences at the University of Edinburgh.[2]In 1796 he succeeded to the baronetcy aged 16, on the death of his father. He first became known to scientists in 1800, when he claimed a proof of the identity of diamond with carbon by a series of experiments concerning the formation of steel by the combination of diamonds with iron; for these experiments he is said to have made free use of his mother's jewels.[3] In 1799 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir James Hall, John Playfair and Thomas Charles Hope. He served as Vice-President of the Society 1844 to 1848. In 1815, 16 years after his fellowship of the Edinburgh Society, he was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. He was also President of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.[4]Pupil and friend of Robert Jameson, Mackenzie devoted much time to the study of mineralogy and geology. His interest in those subjects caused him in 1810 to journey to Iceland, when he was accompanied by Henry Holland and Richard Bright. To illustrate the conclusions he had formed with regard to the geology of Iceland, Mackenzie visited the Faroe Islands in 1812, and on his return read an account of his observations before the Edinburgh Royal Society.[3]He was also the landowner responsible for the clearances of the townships of Inverlael and Balblair near Ullapool during the winter of 1819-20, as part of the more general Highland Clearances. The clearances evicted hundreds of families from land by landowners to make way for large-scale sheep production or other agricultural uses. Some families relocated to other parts of Scotland, while others emigrated - many to Canada where their hardships continued. Evictions could be violent, and communities were forced to yield homes and land where generations of people had lived and worked.Mackenzie died at his home, Kinellan House, in western Edinburgh, on 26 October 1848.[3] His home is now subdivided as flats.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Southey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Southey"},{"link_name":"Quarterly Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterly_Review"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewins1893-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"geyser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geyser"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Board of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Agriculture_(1793%E2%80%931822)"},{"link_name":"Parallel Roads of Lochaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_Roads_of_Lochaber"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Godwin_Mackenzie.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Godwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin"},{"link_name":"William Home Lizars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Home_Lizars"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewins1893-3"}],"text":"In 1811, Bright, Holland and Mackenzie published Travels In Iceland; Mackenzie contributed the narrative of the voyage and the travels, and the chapters on the mineralogy, rural economy, and commerce of the island. It was reviewed favourably by Robert Southey (Quarterly Review, vii. 48–92).[3][5] In this book Mackenzie first proposed explanation of periodic eruptions of geyser; he envisaged a geyser's underground system that includes a large cavern connected to the ground surface by a contorted conduit.[6]Mackenzie compiled a report for the Board of Agriculture: General View of the Agriculture of Ross and Cromarty, 1813. From 1826 to 1848 he contributed numerous papers to the discussion of the origin of the Parallel Roads of Lochaber, however his opinions did not gain acceptance. He also wrote:William Godwin, engraving by William Home Lizars from Mackenzie's Illustrations of Phrenology (1820).Treatise on the Diseases and Management of Sheep. With … an Appendix containing documents exhibiting the value of the merino breed, Inverness, 1807.\nTravels in the Island of Iceland during the Summer of the Year MDCCCX, Edinburgh, 1811.\nAn Account of some Geological Facts observed in the Faroe Islands.Transact. of the Royal Soc. of Edinburgh. Vol. VII. 1815. p. 213\nAn Essay on some Subjects connected with Taste, Edinburgh, 1817; 2nd edit. 1842.\nIllustrations of Phrenology. With Engravings, Edinburgh, 1820.\nDocuments laid before … Lord Glenelg … relative to the Convicts sent to New South Wales, Edinburgh, 1836.\nGeneral Observations on the Principles of Education, &c. Edinburgh, 1836.\nOn the most Recent Disturbance of the Crust of the Earth in respect to its Suggesting an Hypothesis to Account for the Origin of Glaciers (Edinb. New Phil. Journ. xxxiii. 1–9).[3]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geanies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geanies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ross-shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross-shire"},{"link_name":"Robert Ramsay Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ramsay_Mackenzie"},{"link_name":"Premier of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Henry Jardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jardine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewins1893-3"},{"link_name":"James Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gregory_(physician)"}],"text":"Mackenzie married, first, 8 June 1802, Mary Macleod (d.1835), fifth daughter of Donald Macleod of Geanies, sheriff of Ross-shire, by whom he had seven sons and three daughters. The fourth son Robert Ramsay Mackenzie became Premier of Queensland.[7] After her death (13 January 1835) he married in the next year, Catherine Jardine (d.1857), second daughter of Sir Henry Jardine of Harwood, and widow of Captain John Street of the Royal Artillery, by whom he had one son.[3]His first wife's sister, Isabella Macleod, was married to James Gregory.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mackenzie Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_Bay"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"William Scoresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Scoresby"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cat-8"}],"text":"Mackenzie Bay in Greenland was named in his honour by William Scoresby (1789 – 1857).[8]","title":"Honours"}]
[{"image_text":"Sir H.Raeburn. Portrait of Sir G.S.Mackenzie,7th Bart. Size 63 x 41.5 in.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mack1.jpg/220px-Mack1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sir H.Raeburn. Portrait of Sir G.S.Mackenzie,7th Bart. Size 27x36 in.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mackenzie-portrait2.jpg/220px-Mackenzie-portrait2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Original drawing of geyser's underground system suggested by Mackenzie.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Theorie-geyser.jpg/220px-Theorie-geyser.jpg"},{"image_text":"William Godwin, engraving by William Home Lizars from Mackenzie's Illustrations of Phrenology (1820).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/William_Godwin_Mackenzie.jpg/220px-William_Godwin_Mackenzie.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf","url_text":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X","url_text":"0-902-198-84-X"}]},{"reference":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf","url_text":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X","url_text":"0-902-198-84-X"}]},{"reference":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf","url_text":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X","url_text":"0-902-198-84-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Review of Travels in the Island of Iceland, during the summer of the Year 1810 by Sir George Steuart Mackenzie and Journal of a Tour in Iceland, in the Summer of 1809 by William Jackson Hooker\". The Quarterly Review. 7: 48–92. March 1812.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b661434;view=1up;seq=60","url_text":"\"Review of Travels in the Island of Iceland, during the summer of the Year 1810 by Sir George Steuart Mackenzie and Journal of a Tour in Iceland, in the Summer of 1809 by William Jackson Hooker\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf","external_links_name":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"},{"Link":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf","external_links_name":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"},{"Link":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf","external_links_name":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b661434;view=1up;seq=60","external_links_name":"\"Review of Travels in the Island of Iceland, during the summer of the Year 1810 by Sir George Steuart Mackenzie and Journal of a Tour in Iceland, in the Summer of 1809 by William Jackson Hooker\""},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mackenzie-sir-robert-ramsay-4109","external_links_name":"Australian Dictionary of Biography, Mackenzie, Sir Robert Ramsay (1811–1873)."},{"Link":"https://data.geus.dk/geusmap/?mapname=stednavnedb#baslay=baseMapGl&optlay=&extent=549832.8357720698,8582739.868248867,622444.3190166993,8680765.370629115&layers=grl_geus_north_east_higgins_map,grl_ne_higgins_placenames,grl_ne_placenames&filter_1=txt_search.part%3D%26placename%3D&filter_2=txt_search.part%3D%26placename%3D","external_links_name":"Place names, NE Greenland"},{"Link":"http://thesaurus.cerl.org/record/cnp00135285","external_links_name":"CERL page"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-58801801","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/206261/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000066485734","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/12418937","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw8RFY6dKqCDwk6TJyWXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125396373","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125396373","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/100516122","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87934963","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36478639","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/120692","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd100516122.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1259498","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/30031563","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sn0dxk","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/034665153","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirampello
Mirabello Province
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 35°14′N 25°38′E / 35.23°N 25.63°E / 35.23; 25.63Mirampello ProvinceΕπαρχία ΜιραμπέλλουProvince of Greece2006CapitalNeapoli Mirampello was one of the 4 provinces in Lasithi Prefecture of Greece. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality Agios Nikolaos, except the village Exo Potamoi. It was abolished in 2006. References ^ "Detailed census results 1991" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. (39 MB) (in Greek and French) vteFormer provinces of GreeceGrouped by region and prefectureAtticaEast and West Attica Attica Piraeus Aegina Hydra Kythira Piraeus Troizinia West Attica Megaris Central GreeceBoeotia Livadeia Thebes Euboea Chalcis Istiaia Karystia Phocis Dorida Parnassida Phthiotis Domokos Locris Phthiotis Central MacedoniaChalkidiki Arnaia Chalkidiki Imathia Imathia Naousa Kilkis Kilkis Paionia Pella Almopia Edessa Giannitsa Serres Fyllida Serres Sintiki Visaltia Thessaloniki Lagkadas Thessaloniki CreteChania Apokoronas Kissamos Kydonia Selino Sfakia Heraklion Kainourgio Malevizi Monofatsi Pediada Pyrgiotissa Temenos Viannos Lasithi Ierapetra Lasithi Mirampello Siteia Rethymno Agios Vasileios Amari Mylopotamos Rethymno Eastern Macedonia and ThraceEvros Alexandroupoli Didymoteicho Orestiada Samothrace Soufli Kavala Kavala Nestos Pangaio Thasos Rhodope Komotini Sapes EpirusIoannina Dodoni Konitsa Metsovo Pogoni Thesprotia Filiates Margariti Souli Thyamida Ionian IslandsCorfu Corfu Paxoi Kefallinia Ithaca Kranaia Pali Sami North AegeanLesbos Lemnos Mithymna Mytilene Plomari Samos Ikaria Samos PeloponneseArcadia Gortynia Kynouria Mantineia Megalopoli Argolis Argos Ermionida Nafplia Laconia Epidavros Limira Gytheio Lacedaemon Oitylo Messenia Kalamai Messini Pylia Trifylia South AegeanCyclades Andros Kea Milos Naxos Paros Syros Thira Tinos Dodecanese Kalymnos Karpathos Kos Rhodes ThessalyLarissa Agia Elassona Farsala Larissa Tyrnavos Magnesia Almyros Skopelos Volos Trikala Kalampaka Trikala West GreeceAchaea Aigialeia Kalavryta Patras Aetolia-Acarnania Missolonghi Nafpaktia Trichonida Valtos Vonitsa-Xiromero Elis Elis Olympia Western MacedoniaKozani Eordaia Kozani Voio Note: not all prefectures were subdivided into provinces. 35°14′N 25°38′E / 35.23°N 25.63°E / 35.23; 25.63 This Crete location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lasithi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasithi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Agios Nikolaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agios_Nikolaos,_Crete"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census91-1"}],"text":"Mirampello was one of the 4 provinces in Lasithi Prefecture of Greece. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality Agios Nikolaos, except the village Exo Potamoi.[1] It was abolished in 2006.","title":"Mirabello Province"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Detailed census results 1991\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183824/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00086.pdf","url_text":"\"Detailed census results 1991\""},{"url":"http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00086.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mirabello_Province&params=35.23_N_25.63_E_region:GR_type:adm1st","external_links_name":"35°14′N 25°38′E / 35.23°N 25.63°E / 35.23; 25.63"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183824/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00086.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Detailed census results 1991\""},{"Link":"http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00086.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mirabello_Province&params=35.23_N_25.63_E_region:GR_type:adm1st","external_links_name":"35°14′N 25°38′E / 35.23°N 25.63°E / 35.23; 25.63"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirabello_Province&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eluru_Buddha_Park
Eluru Buddha Park
["1 Buddha statue","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 16°42′30″N 81°06′45″E / 16.70833°N 81.11250°E / 16.70833; 81.11250 Historic site in Eluru, IndiaBuddha Statue of EluruStanding Buddha in abhya mudraLocationEluru, IndiaCoordinates16°42′30″N 81°06′45″E / 16.70833°N 81.11250°E / 16.70833; 81.11250Height74 feetDedicated5 May 2013Governing bodyEluru Municipal CorporationLocation of Buddha Statue in Eluru Gaja Vallivari Cheruvu is one of the ancient ponds in the history of Helapuri town (the ancient name of Eluru city). During the Chalukyan period, elephants used to drink water from this pond. Eluru is the former capital of the Vengi Dynasty. Between 11A.D. Buddha statue A magnificent 74 feet Buddha statue was constructed in the middle of the pond named Gajjalavari Cheruvu, and a painting gallery was also created to spread the Buddha’s teachings. The pedestal is decorated with famous Amaravathi sculptures along the footbridge railings up to the statue. It was opened by Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy, who served as the Last Chief Minister of United Andhra Pradesh. See also List of tallest statues List of statues References ^ "Buddha Park History". Buddha Park History ~ BUDDHA PARK - ELURU. 12 June 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2019. ^ "Infotainment for schoolchildren". The Hindu. 12 May 2014. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2 June 2019. ^ Nagaraja, G. (4 May 2013). "Gajjalavari Cheruvu set to turn into a Buddhist centre". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2 June 2019. ^ Karan, Ram (25 October 2015). "Buddhist motifs for Brand Amaravati". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2 June 2019. vteColossal Buddhist statuesBuddha Amaravathi Dhyana Buddha Avukana Buddha statue Bingling Temple Buddha Dordenma statue Buddha Park Buddhas of Bamiyan Buduruvagala Fo Guang Shan Buddha Gal Vihara Gifu Great Buddha Grand Buddha at Ling Shan Great Buddha (Bodh Gaya) Great Buddha of Thailand Hyderabad Buddha Kamagaya Great Buddha Koh Samui Big Buddha Kamakura Buddha Laykyun Sekkya Leshan Giant Buddha Luangpho Yai Luang Pho To Maitreya Project Maligawila Buddha statue Mengshan Giant Buddha Phuket Big Buddha Buddha Park of Ravangla Rongxian Giant Buddha Sala Keoku Spring Temple Buddha Tian Tan Buddha Tōdai-ji Ushiku Daibutsu Guanyin Guanyin of Mount Xiqiao Guanyin of Nanshan Guishan Guanyin Hokkaido Kannon Naritasan Kurume Bunin Sendai Daikannon Tsz Shan Monastery vteEluru topicsHistory Vengi Kingdom Populated places Ashok Nagar Bhimadole Chataparru Chodimella Dondapadu Denduluru Eluru (rural) Jalipudi Komadavole Madepalle Malkapuram N.R.Pet One Town, Eluru Pathebada Pedakadimi Pedapadu Pinakadimi Powerpet R.R.Pet Sanivarapupeta Satrampadu Somavarappadu Sreeparru Tangellamudi Vatluru Government Eluru Municipal Corporation Buildings ASR stadium Exhibition Grounds Tourist attractions Brundavan Gardens Eluru Buddha Park Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments Kolleru Bird Sanctuary Education Sir C.R.Reddy Educational Institutions Sri Vidya Nilayam High School TransportRoad New bus station Old bus station Fire Station Junction ASR Stadium road GNT road Rail Eluru Powerpet Vatluru Denduluru Bhimadole Culture Elurian Places of worship Sri Venkateswara swamy Temple, R.R.Pet Shilvalayam, Sanivarapupeta Ambica devi Temple, Satrampadu Water bodies Tammileru Godavari River Kolleru Lake Other topics List of cities in Andhra Pradesh List of cities in India List of cities by population List of technology centers
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eluru"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Historic site in Eluru, IndiaGaja Vallivari Cheruvu is one of the ancient ponds in the history of Helapuri town (the ancient name of Eluru city). During the Chalukyan period, elephants used to drink water from this pond. Eluru is the former capital of the Vengi Dynasty. Between 11A.D.[1]","title":"Eluru Buddha Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nallari_Kiran_Kumar_Reddy"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of United Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chief_Minister_of_Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A magnificent 74 feet[2] Buddha statue was constructed in the middle of the pond named Gajjalavari Cheruvu,[3] and a painting gallery was also created to spread the Buddha’s teachings. The pedestal is decorated with famous Amaravathi sculptures along the footbridge railings up to the statue.\nIt was opened by Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy, who served as the Last Chief Minister of United Andhra Pradesh.[4]","title":"Buddha statue"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of tallest statues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues"},{"title":"List of statues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statues"}]
[{"reference":"\"Buddha Park History\". Buddha Park History ~ BUDDHA PARK - ELURU. 12 June 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://buddhaparkwestgodavari.blogspot.com/2013/06/gaja-vallivari-cheruvu-is-one-of.html","url_text":"\"Buddha Park History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Infotainment for schoolchildren\". The Hindu. 12 May 2014. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/infotainment-for-schoolchildren/article6001576.ece","url_text":"\"Infotainment for schoolchildren\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"Nagaraja, G. (4 May 2013). \"Gajjalavari Cheruvu set to turn into a Buddhist centre\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/gajjalavari-cheruvu-set-to-turn-into-a-buddhist-centre/article4682712.ece","url_text":"\"Gajjalavari Cheruvu set to turn into a Buddhist centre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"Karan, Ram (25 October 2015). \"Buddhist motifs for Brand Amaravati\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/stateview-amaravatis-buddhist-past/article7800561.ece","url_text":"\"Buddhist motifs for Brand Amaravati\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eluru_Buddha_Park&params=16_42_30_N_81_06_45_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"16°42′30″N 81°06′45″E / 16.70833°N 81.11250°E / 16.70833; 81.11250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eluru_Buddha_Park&params=16_42_30_N_81_06_45_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"16°42′30″N 81°06′45″E / 16.70833°N 81.11250°E / 16.70833; 81.11250"},{"Link":"http://buddhaparkwestgodavari.blogspot.com/2013/06/gaja-vallivari-cheruvu-is-one-of.html","external_links_name":"\"Buddha Park History\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/infotainment-for-schoolchildren/article6001576.ece","external_links_name":"\"Infotainment for schoolchildren\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/gajjalavari-cheruvu-set-to-turn-into-a-buddhist-centre/article4682712.ece","external_links_name":"\"Gajjalavari Cheruvu set to turn into a Buddhist centre\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/stateview-amaravatis-buddhist-past/article7800561.ece","external_links_name":"\"Buddhist motifs for Brand Amaravati\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B-BUTTERFLY
2C-B-BUTTERFLY
["1 Analogues and derivatives","2 Legal Status","3 See also","4 References"]
Chemical compound 2C-B-BUTTERFLYClinical dataATC codenoneIdentifiers IUPAC name 2-(10-Bromo-2,3,4,7,8,9-hexahydropyranochromen-5-yl)ethan-1-amine CAS Number502659-24-7 NPubChem CID10244981ChemSpider8420468 YUNII32KDF24W6PCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID001032894 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC14H18BrNO2Molar mass312.207 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES O3CCCc1c3c(Br)c2CCCOc2c1CCN InChI InChI=1S/C14H18BrNO2/c15-12-11-4-2-7-17-13(11)10(5-6-16)9-3-1-8-18-14(9)12/h1-8,16H2Key:PAFZDNLBBBZEKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2C-B-BUTTERFLY (2C-B-MOTH, 2C-B-BFLY) is a conformationally-restricted derivative of the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2C-B, which was discovered in 1999 by Michael S. Whiteside and Aaron Monte. It is a ring-expanded homologue of the better known compound 2C-B-FLY, and has similar properties as an agonist for serotonin receptors, but with more selectivity for 5-HT2C over 5-HT2A. Analogues and derivatives Analogues and derivatives of 2C-B: 25-N: 25B-N1POMe 25B-NAcPip 25-NB: 25B-NB 25B-NB23DM 25B-NB25DM 25B-NB3OMe 25B-NB4OMe 25B-NBF 25B-NBMD 25B-NBOH 25B-NBOMe (NBOMe-2CB) DMBMPP 25-NM: 25B-NMe7BF 25B-NMe7BT 25B-NMe7Bim 25B-NMe7Box 25B-NMe7DHBF 25B-NMe7Ind 25B-NMe7Indz 25B-NMePyr Substituted benzofurans: 2C-B-FLY 2C-B-BUTTERFLY 2C-B-DRAGONFLY 2CBFly-NBOMe (NBOMe-2CB-Fly) DOB-FLY DOB-2-DRAGONFLY-5-BUTTERFLY N-(2C)-fentanyl: N-(2C-B) fentanyl N-(2C-B-FLY) fentanyl Other: BOB BOH-2C-B, β-Hydroxy-2C-B, βOH-2CB BMB 2C-B-5-hemifly 2C-B-aminorex (2C-B-AR) 2C-B-AN 2C-B-BZP 2C-B-FLY-NB2EtO5Cl 2C-B-PP 2CB-Ind βk-2C-B (beta-keto 2C-B) N-Ethyl-2C-B TCB-2 (2C-BCB) Legal Status 2C-B-BUTTERFLY is illegal in Latvia. See also Bromo-DragonFLY βk-2C-B 2C-D-5-EtO References ^ Whiteside MS (1999). "Synthesis of hexahydrobenzodipyrans as ring-expanded analogues of potent serotonin 5-HT2A/2C receptor probes". UW-LaCrosseJUR. 2: 61–68. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.688.4722. ^ Whiteside MS, Kurrasch-Orbaugh D, Marona-Lewicka D, Nichols DE, Monte A (October 2002). "Substituted hexahydrobenzodipyrans as 5-HT2A/2C receptor probes". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 10 (10): 3301–6. doi:10.1016/S0968-0896(02)00209-2. PMID 12150876. ^ Schultz DM, Prescher JA, Kidd S, Marona-Lewicka D, Nichols DE, Monte A (June 2008). "'Hybrid' benzofuran-benzopyran congeners as rigid analogs of hallucinogenic phenethylamines". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 16 (11): 6242–51. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.030. PMC 2601679. PMID 18467103. ^ "Explore N-(2C-B)-Fentanyl | PiHKAL · info". isomerdesign.com. ^ "Explore N-(2C-FLY)-Fentanyl | PiHKAL · info". isomerdesign.com. ^ Glennon, Richard A.; Bondarev, Mikhail L.; Khorana, Nantaka; Young, Richard; May, Jesse A.; Hellberg, Mark R.; McLaughlin, Marsha A.; Sharif, Najam A. (November 2004). "β-Oxygenated Analogues of the 5-HT2ASerotonin Receptor Agonist 1-(4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 47 (24): 6034–6041. doi:10.1021/jm040082s. ISSN 0022-2623. PMID 15537358. ^ Beta-hydroxyphenylalkylamines and their use for treating glaucoma ^ "Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem" . Methodological Guidelines for the Application of Annex 1 to the Cabinet Regulation No. 847 (in Latvian). Ministry of Health of the Republic of Latvia. 8 November 2005. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2015. vteSerotonin receptor modulators5-HT15-HT1A Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT Adatanserin Amphetamine Antidepressants (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione, vilazodone, vortioxetine) Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone) Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, eptapirone, gepirone, perospirone, tandospirone) Bay R 1531 Befiradol BMY-14802 Cannabidiol Dimemebfe Dopamine Ebalzotan Eltoprazine Enciprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) F-11,461 F-12826 F-13714 F-14679 F-15063 F-15,599 Flesinoxan Flibanserin Flumexadol Hypidone Lesopitron LY-293284 LY-301317 mCPP MKC-242 Naluzotan NBUMP Osemozotan Oxaflozane Pardoprunox Piclozotan Rauwolscine Repinotan Roxindole RU-24,969 S-14,506 S-14671 S-15535 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) SSR-181507 Sunepitron Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MT, bufotenin, DMT, indorenate, N-Me-5-HT, psilocin, psilocybin) TGBA01AD U-92,016-A Urapidil Vilazodone Xaliproden Yohimbine Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., iloperidone, risperidone, sertindole) AV965 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindobind, pindolol, propranolol, tertatolol) BMY-7,378 CSP-2503 Dotarizine Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) FCE-24379 Flopropione GR-46611 Isamoltane Lecozotan Mefway Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) MPPF NAN-190 Robalzotan S-15535 SB-649,915 SDZ 216-525 Spiperone Spiramide Spiroxatrine UH-301 WAY-100135 WAY-100635 Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Carvedilol Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT1B Agonists: Anpirtoline CGS-12066A CP-93129 CP-94253 CP-122,288 CP-135807 Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) mCPP RU-24,969 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) TFMPP Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, DMT) Vortioxetine Antagonists: AR-A000002 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, propranolol, tertatolol) Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Isamoltane LY-393558 Metitepine (methiothepin) SB-216641 SB-224289 SB-236057 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, ergometrine (ergonovine), lisuride) 5-HT1D Agonists: CP-122,288 CP-135807 CP-286601 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LSD, methysergide) GR-46611 L-694247 L-772405 mCPP PNU-109291 PNU-142633 Serotonin (5-HT) TGBA01AD Triptans (e.g., almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-Et-DMT, 5-MT, 5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine, DMT) Antagonists: Alniditan BRL-15,572 Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Ketanserin LY-310762 LY-367642 LY-393558 LY-456219 LY-456220 Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin Ritanserin Yohimbine Ziprasidone Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, lysergol, pergolide) 5-HT1E Agonists: BRL-54443 Ergolines (e.g., methysergide) Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., tryptamine) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) 5-HT1F Agonists: BRL-54443 CP-122,288 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) methysergide) Lasmiditan LY-334370 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-MT) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin 5-HT25-HT2A Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF, 25I-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25TFM-NBOMe, 2CBCB-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 2CBFly-NBOMe) 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 2C-B-FLY 2CB-Ind 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) AL-34662 AL-37350A Bromo-DragonFLY Dimemebfe DMBMPP DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., 1P-LSD, ALD-52, bromocriptine, cabergoline, ergine (LSA), ergometrine (ergonovine), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), pergolide) Flumexadol IHCH-7113 Jimscaline Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) O-4310 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 PNU-22394 PNU-181731 RH-34 SCHEMBL5334361 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., BZP, quipazine, TFMPP) Serotonin (5-HT) TCB-2 TFMFly Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: 5-I-R91150 5-MeO-NBpBrT AC-90179 Adatanserin Altanserin Antihistamines (e.g., cyproheptadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, perlapine) AMDA Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amperozide, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, brexpiprazole, carpipramine, clocapramine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, gevotroline, iloperidone, lurasidone, melperone, mosapramine, ocaperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, zicronapine, ziprasidone, zotepine) Chlorprothixene Cinanserin CSP-2503 Deramciclane Dotarizine Eplivanserin Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Fananserin Flibanserin Glemanserin Irindalone Ketanserin KML-010 Landipirdine LY-393558 mCPP Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) Naftidrofuryl Nantenine Nelotanserin Opiranserin (VVZ-149) Pelanserin Phenoxybenzamine Pimavanserin Pirenperone Pizotifen Pruvanserin Rauwolscine Ritanserin Roluperidone S-14671 Sarpogrelate Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, lubazodone, mepiprazole, nefazodone, triazoledione, trazodone) SR-46349B TGBA01AD Teniloxazine Temanogrel Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, prochlorperazine, setoperone, spiperone, spiramide, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine) Volinanserin Xylamidine Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergotamine, nicergoline) 5-HT2B Agonists: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Amphetamines (e.g., chlorphentermine, cloforex, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, levofenfluramine, norfenfluramine) BW-723C86 DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) Piperazines (e.g., TFMPP) PNU-22394 Ro60-0175 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, α-Me-5-HT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine), N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine), olanzapine, pipamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone) Cyproheptadine EGIS-7625 Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, lisuride, LY-53857, LY-272015, mesulergine) Ketanserin LY-393558 mCPP Metadoxine Metitepine (methiothepin) Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol PRX-08066 Rauwolscine Ritanserin RS-127445 Sarpogrelate SB-200646 SB-204741 SB-206553 SB-215505 SB-221284 SB-228357 SDZ SER-082 Tegaserod Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Trazodone Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine) TIK-301 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT2C Agonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) A-372159 AL-38022A Alstonine CP-809101 Dimemebfe DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., ALD-52, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergine (LSA), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, pergolide) Flumexadol Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) MK-212 ORG-12962 ORG-37684 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., aripiprazole, BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP) PNU-22394 PNU-181731 Ro60-0175 Ro60-0213 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Vabicaserin WAY-629 WAY-161503 YM-348 Antagonists: Adatanserin Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine) Captodiame CEPC Cinanserin Cyproheptadine Deramciclane Desmetramadol Dotarizine Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Etoperidone Fluoxetine FR-260010 Irindalone Ketanserin Ketotifen Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) Nefazodone Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol Ritanserin RS-102221 S-14671 SB-200646 SB-206553 SB-221284 SB-228357 SB-242084 SB-243213 SDZ SER-082 Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) TIK-301 Tramadol Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine, pimozide, pipamperone, thioridazine) Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), methylergometrine (methylergonovine)) 5-HT3–75-HT3 Agonists: Alcohols (e.g., butanol, ethanol (alcohol), trichloroethanol) m-CPBG Phenylbiguanide Piperazines (e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine) RS-56812 Serotonin (5-HT) SR-57227 SR-57227A Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-CT, bufotenidine (5-HTQ)) Volatiles/gases (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane) YM-31636 Antagonists: Alosetron Anpirtoline Arazasetron AS-8112 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine) Azasetron Batanopride Bemesetron (MDL-72222) Bupropion Cilansetron CSP-2503 Dazopride Dolasetron Galanolactone Granisetron Hydroxybupropion Lerisetron Memantine Ondansetron Palonosetron Ramosetron Renzapride Ricasetron Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Thujone Tropanserin Tropisetron Typical antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine) Volatiles/gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, xenon) Vortioxetine Zacopride Zatosetron Unknown/unsorted: LY-53857 Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT4 Agonists: 5-MT BIMU8 Capeserod Cinitapride Cisapride CJ-033466 Dazopride Metoclopramide Minesapride Mosapride Prucalopride PRX-03140 Renzapride RS-67,333 RS-67,506 Serotonin (5-HT) Tegaserod Usmarapride Velusetrag Zacopride Antagonists: GR-113808 GR-125487 L-Lysine Piboserod RS-39604 RS-67532 SB-203186 SB-204070 5-HT5A Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), ergotamine, LSD) Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT) Valerenic acid Antagonists: Asenapine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-699551 Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., metergoline, methysergide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT6 Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide) Hypidone Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, Bufotenin, E-6801, E-6837, EMD-386088, EMDT, LY-586713, N-Me-5-HT, ST-1936, tryptamine) WAY-181187 WAY-208466 Antagonists: ABT-354 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, tiospirone) AVN-101 AVN-211 AVN-322 AVN-397 BGC20-760 BVT-5182 BVT-74316 Cerlapirdine EGIS-12,233 GW-742457 Idalopirdine Ketanserin Landipirdine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Masupirdine Metitepine (methiothepin) MS-245 PRX-07034 Ritanserin Ro 04-6790 Ro 63-0563 SB-258585 SB-271046 SB-357134 SB-399885 SB-742457 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), bromocriptine, lergotrile, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT7 Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT AS-19 Bifeprunox E-55888 Ergolines (e.g., LSD) LP-12 LP-44 LP-211 RU-24,969 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., frovatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MT, bufotenin, N-Me-5-HT) Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, tiospirone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Butaclamol DR-4485 EGIS-12,233 Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), amesergide, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) JNJ-18038683 Ketanserin LY-215,840 Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-258719 SB-258741 SB-269970 SB-656104 SB-656104A SB-691673 SLV-313 SLV-314 Spiperone SSR-181507 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., acetophenazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, fluphenazine, loxapine, pimozide) Vortioxetine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Adrenergics Dopaminergics Melatonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins vtePhenethylaminesPhenethylamines Psychedelics: 25B-NBOMe 25C-NBOMe 25D-NBOMe 25I-NBOMe 25N-NBOMe 2C-B 2C-B-AN 2C-Bn 2C-Bu 2C-C 2C-CN 2C-CP 2C-D 2C-E 2C-EF 2C-F 2C-G 2C-G-1 2C-G-2 2C-G-3 2C-G-4 2C-G-5 2C-G-6 2C-G-N 2C-H 2C-I 2C-iP 2C-N 2C-NH2 2C-O 2C-O-4 2C-P 2C-Ph 2C-SE 2C-T 2C-T-2 2C-T-3 2C-T-4 2C-T-5 2C-T-6 2C-T-7 2C-T-8 2C-T-9 2C-T-10 2C-T-11 2C-T-12 2C-T-13 2C-T-14 2C-T-15 2C-T-16 2C-T-17 2C-T-18 2C-T-19 2C-T-20 2C-T-21 2C-T-22 2C-T-22.5 2C-T-23 2C-T-24 2C-T-25 2C-T-27 2C-T-28 2C-T-30 2C-T-31 2C-T-32 2C-T-33 2C-TFE 2C-TFM 2C-YN 2C-V Allylescaline DESOXY Escaline Isoproscaline Jimscaline Macromerine MEPEA Mescaline Metaescaline Methallylescaline Proscaline Psi-2C-T-4 TCB-2 Stimulants: Phenylethanolamine Hordenine Phenethylamine Phenpromethamine α-Methylphenethylamine (amphetamine) β-Methylphenethylamine m-Methylphenethylamine N-Methylphenethylamine o-Methylphenethylamine p-Methylphenethylamine Methylphenidate Entactogens: Lophophine MDPEA MDMPEAOthers: BOH DMPEA Amphetamines Psychedelics: 3C-AL 3C-BZ 3C-E 3C-MAL 3C-P Aleph Beatrice Bromo-DragonFLY D-Deprenyl DMA DMCPA DMMDA DOB DOC DOEF DOET DOI DOM DON DOPR DOTFM Ganesha MMDA MMDA-2 Psi-DOM TMA TeMA ZDCM-04Stimulants: 2-FA 2-FMA 3-FA 3-FMA Acridorex Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Levoamphetamine) Amphetaminil Benfluorex Benzphetamine Cathine Clobenzorex Dimethylamphetamine Ephedrine Etilamfetamine Fencamfamin Fencamine Fenethylline Fenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine, Levofenfluramine) Fenproporex Flucetorex Fludorex Formetorex Furfenorex Gepefrine 4-Hydroxyamphetamine Iofetamine Isopropylamphetamine Lefetamine Lisdexamfetamine Mefenorex Metaraminol Methamphetamine (Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine) Methoxyphenamine MMA Morforex Norfenfluramine L-Norpseudoephedrine N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine Oxifentorex Oxilofrine Ortetamine PBA PCA PFA PFMA PIA PMA PMEA PMMA Phenylpropanolamine Pholedrine Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Sibutramine Tiflorex Tranylcypromine Xylopropamine ZylofuramineEntactogens: 4-FA 4-FMA 4-MA 4-MMA 4-MTA 5-APB 5-APDB 5-EAPB 5-IT 5-MAPB 5-MAPDB 6-APB 6-APDB 6-Chloro-MDMA 6-EAPB 6-IT 6-MAPB 6-MAPDB EDA IAP 2,3-MDA 3,4-MDA (tenamfetamine) MDEA MDHMA MDMA (midomafetamine) MDOH Methamnetamine MMDMA Naphthylaminopropane TAPOthers: 3,4-DCA Amiflamine DiFMDA Selegiline (also D-Deprenyl) Phentermines Stimulants: Chlorphentermine Cloforex Clortermine Etolorex Mephentermine Pentorex PhentermineEntactogens: MDPH MDMPHOthers: Cericlamine Cathinones Stimulants: 3-FMC 4-MC 4-BMC 4-CMC 4-EMC 4-FMC 4-MEC 4-MeMABP 4-MPD Amfepramone Benzedrone Brephedrone Buphedrone Bupropion Cathinone Dimethylcathinone Ethcathinone Eutylone Hydroxybupropion Methcathinone Methedrone NEB N-Ethylhexedrone N-Ethylpentedrone Pentedrone Pentylone RadafaxineEntactogens: 3,4-DMMC 3-MMC Butylone Ethylone Methylone Methylenedioxycathinone Mephedrone Phenylisobutylamines Entactogens: 4-CAB 4-MAB Ariadne BDB Butylone EBDB Eutylone MBDBStimulants: Phenylisobutylamine Phenylalkylpyrrolidines Stimulants: α-PBP α-PHP α-PPP α-PVP MDPBP MDPPP MDPV 4-MePBP 4-MePHP 4-MePPP MOPPP MOPVP MPBP MPHP MPPP Naphyrone PEP Prolintane Pyrovalerone Catecholamines(and close relatives) 6-FNE 6-OHDA a-Me-DA a-Me-TRA Adrenochrome Ciladopa D-DOPA (Dextrodopa) Dimetofrine Dopamine Epinephrine Epinine Etilefrine Ethylnorepinephrine Fenclonine Ibopamine Isoprenaline Isoetarine L-DOPA (Levodopa) L-DOPS (Droxidopa) L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine m-Tyramine Metanephrine Metaraminol Metaterol Metirosine Methyldopa N,N-Dimethyldopamine Nordefrin (Levonordefrin) Norepinephrine Norfenefrine (m-Octopamine) Normetanephrine Orciprenaline p-Octopamine p-Tyramine Phenylephrine Synephrine Miscellaneous AL-LAD Amidephrine Arbutamine Cafedrine Denopamine Desvenlafaxine Diphenidine Dizocilpine Dobutamine Dopexamine Ephenidine Etafedrine ETH-LAD Famprofazone Fluorolintane Hexapradol IP-LAD Lysergic acid amide Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide Lysergic acid diethylamide Methoxamine Methoxphenidine MT-45 PARGY-LAD Phenibut PRO-LAD Pronethalol Salbutamol (Levosalbutamol) Solriamfetol Theodrenaline Thiamphenicol UWA-101 Venlafaxine vteHallucinogensPsychedelics(5-HT2Aagonists)Benzofurans 2C-B-FLY 2CBFly-NBOMe 5-MeO-BFE 5-MeO-DiBF Bromo-DragonFLY F-2 F-22 TFMFly Lyserg‐amides 1B-LSD 1cP-LSD 1P-ETH-LAD 1P-LSD 1cP-AL-LAD 1cP-MiPLA 1V-LSD 2-Butyllysergamide 3-Pentyllysergamide AL-LAD ALD-52 BU-LAD Diallyllysergamide Dimethyllysergamide ECPLA Ergometrine ETH-LAD IP-LAD LAE-32 LAMPA LPD-824 LSA LSD LSD-Pip LSH LSM-775 LSZ Methylergometrine MIPLA Methysergide MLD-41 PARGY-LAD PRO-LAD Phenethyl‐amines2C-x 2C-B 2C-B-AN 2C-Bn 2C-Bu 2C-C 2C-CN 2C-CP 2C-D 2C-E 2C-EF 2C-F 2C-G 2C-G-1 2C-G-2 2C-G-3 2C-G-4 2C-G-5 2C-G-6 2C-G-N 2C-H 2C-I 2C-iP 2C-N 2C-NH2 2C-O 2C-O-4 2C-P 2C-Ph 2C-SE 2C-T 2C-T-2 2C-T-3 2C-T-4 2C-T-5 2C-T-6 2C-T-7 2C-T-8 2C-T-9 2C-T-10 2C-T-11 2C-T-12 2C-T-13 2C-T-14 2C-T-15 2C-T-16 2C-T-17 2C-T-18 2C-T-19 2C-T-20 2C-T-21 2C-T-22 2C-T-22.5 2C-T-23 2C-T-24 2C-T-25 2C-T-27 2C-T-28 2C-T-30 2C-T-31 2C-T-32 2C-T-33 2C-TFE 2C-TFM 2C-YN 2C-V 25x-NBx25x-NB 25B-NB 25C-NB 25x-NB3OMe 25B-NB3OMe 25C-NB3OMe 25D-NB3OMe 25E-NB3OMe 25H-NB3OMe 25I-NB3OMe 25N-NB3OMe 25P-NB3OMe 25T2-NB3OMe 25T4-NB3OMe 25T7-NB3OMe 25TFM-NB3OMe 25x-NB4OMe 25B-NB4OMe 25C-NB4OMe 25D-NB4OMe 25E-NB4OMe 25H-NB4OMe 25I-NB4OMe 25N-NB4OMe 25P-NB4OMe 25T2-NB4OMe 25T4-NB4OMe 25T7-NB4OMe 25TFM-NB4OMe 25x-NBF 25B-NBF 25C-NBF 25D-NBF 25E-NBF 25H-NBF 25I-NBF 25P-NBF 25T2-NBF 25T7-NBF 25TFM-NBF 25x-NBMD 25B-NBMD 25C-NBMD 25D-NBMD 25E-NBMD 25F-NBMD 25H-NBMD 25I-NBMD 25P-NBMD 25T2-NBMD 25T7-NBMD 25TFM-NBMD 25x-NBOH 25B-NBOH 25C-NBOH 25CN-NBOH 25D-NBOH 25E-NBOH 25F-NBOH 25H-NBOH 25I-NBOH 25P-NBOH 25T2-NBOH 25T7-NBOH 25TFM-NBOH 25x-NBOMe 25B-NBOMe 25C-NBOMe 25CN-NBOMe 25D-NBOMe 25E-NBOMe 25F-NBOMe 25G-NBOMe 25H-NBOMe 25I-NBOMe 25iP-NBOMe 25N-NBOMe 25P-NBOMe 25T-NBOMe 25T2-NBOMe 25T4-NBOMe 25T7-NBOMe 25TFM-NBOMe Atypical structures 25B-N1POMe 25B-NAcPip 25B-NB23DM 25B-NB25DM 25C-NBCl 25C-NBOEt 25C-NBOiPr 25I-N2Nap1OH 25I-N3MT2M 25I-N4MT3M 25I-NB34MD 25I-NBAm 25I-NBBr 25I-NBMeOH 25I-NBTFM 2CBCB-NBOMe 2CBFly-NBOMe 4-EA-NBOMe 5-APB-NBOMe 5MT-NBOMe C30-NBOMe DOB-NBOMe DOI-NBOMe FECIMBI-36 MDPEA-NBOMe N-Ethyl-2C-B NBOMe-escaline NBOMe-mescaline ZDCM-04 25x-NMx 25B-NMe7BF 25B-NMe7BT 25B-NMe7Bim 25B-NMe7Box 25B-NMe7DHBF 25B-NMe7Ind 25B-NMe7Indz 25B-NMePyr 25I-NMe7DHBF 25I-NMeFur 25I-NMeTHF 25I-NMeTh N-(2C)-fentanyl N-(2C-B) fentanyl N-(2C-C) fentanyl N-(2C-D) fentanyl N-(2C-E) fentanyl N-(2C-G) fentanyl N-(2C-H) fentanyl N-(2C-I) fentanyl N-(2C-IP) fentanyl N-(2C-N) fentanyl N-(2C-P) fentanyl N-(2C-T) fentanyl N-(2C-T-2) fentanyl N-(2C-T-4) fentanyl N-(2C-T-7) fentanyl N-(2C-TFM) fentanyl 3C-x 3C-AL 3C-BZ 3C-DFE 3C-E 3C-MAL 3C-P 4C-x 4C-B 4C-C 4C-D 4C-E 4C-I 4C-N 4C-P 4C-T-2 DOx DOT DOB DOC DOEF DOET DOF DOI DOiPR DOM DON DOPR DOTFM MEM HOT-x HOT-2 HOT-7 HOT-17 MDxx DMMDA DMMDA-2 Lophophine MDA MDAI MDBZ MDMA MMDA MMDA-2 MMDA-3a MMDMA Mescaline (subst.) 2-Bromomescaline 3-TE 4-TE 3-TM 4-TM Allylescaline Asymbescaline Buscaline Cyclopropylmescaline Difluoromescaline Difluoroescaline Escaline Fluoroproscaline Isobuscaline Isoproscaline Jimscaline Mescaline Metaescaline Methallylescaline Proscaline Thioproscaline Trifluoroescaline Trifluoromescaline TMAs TMA TMA-2 TMA-3 TMA-4 TMA-5 TMA-6 Others 2C-B-BUTTERFLY 2C-B-DragonFLY 2C-B-DragonFLY-NBOH 2C-B-FLY-NB2EtO5Cl 2CB-5-hemifly 2CB-Ind 2CD-5EtO 2-TOET 5-TOET 2-TOM 5-TOM BOB BOD βk-2C-B βk-2C-I DESOXY DMCPA DMBMPP DOB-FLY Fenfluramine Ganesha Macromerine MMA TCB-2 TOMSO Piperazines 2C-B-PP BZP pFPP Tryptaminesalpha-alkyltryptamines 4,5-DHP-α-MT 5-MeO-α-ET 5-MeO-α-MT α-ET α-MT x-DALT (Daltocin) 4-HO-DALT (Daltacetin) 4-AcO-DALT 5-MeO-DALT DALT x-DET (Ethacetin) 4-AcO-DET (Ethocin) 4-HO-DET 5-MeO-DET (T-9) DET (Ethocybin) 4-PO-DET x-DiPT (Ipracetin) 4-AcO-DiPT (Iprocin) 4-HO-DiPT 5-MeO-DiPT DiPT x-DMT 4,5-DHP-DMT 2,N,N-TMT 4-AcO-DMT 4-HO-5-MeO-DMT 4,N,N-TMT 4-Propionyloxy-DMT 5,6-diBr-DMT 5-AcO-DMT 5-Bromo-DMT 5-MeO-2,N,N-TMT 5-MeO-4,N,N-TMT 5-MeO-α,N,N-TMT 5-MeO-DMT 5-N,N-TMT 7,N,N-TMT α,N,N-TMT (Bufotenin) 5-HO-DMT DMT Norbaeocystin (Psilocin) 4-HO-DMT (Psilocybin) 4-PO-DMT x-DPT (Depracetin) 4-AcO-DPT (Deprocin) 4-HO-DPT 5-MeO-DPT (The Light) DPT Ibogaine-related 18-MAC 18-MC Coronaridine Ibogaine Ibogamine ME-18-MC Noribogaine Tabernanthine Voacangine x-MET (Metocin) 4-HO-MET (Metocetin) 4-AcO-MET 5-MeO-MET MET x-MiPT (Mipracetin) 4-AcO-MiPT (Miprocin) 4-HO-MiPT 5-Me-MiPT (Moxy) 5-MeO-MiPT MiPT Others 4-HO-DBT 4-HO-EPT 4-HO-McPT (Lucigenol) 4-HO-MPMI (Meprocin) 4-HO-MPT 5-MeO-EiPT 5-MeO-MALT 5-MeO-MPMI Aeruginascin Baeocystin DBT DCPT EiPT EPT MPT PiPT Others AL-38022A ALPHA Dimemebfe Efavirenz Glaucine Lorcaserin M-ALPHA RH-34Also empathogens in general (e. g.: 5-APB, 5-MAPB, 6-APB and other substituted benzofurans). Dissociatives(NMDARantagonists)Arylcyclo‐hexylaminesKetamine-related 2-Fluorodeschloroketamine Arketamine ((R)-ketamine) Deschloroketamine Ethketamine (N-Ethylnorketamine) Esketamine ((S)-ketamine) Ketamine Methoxetamine Methoxmetamine Methoxyketamine MXiPr Norketamine Tiletamine PCP-related 2'-Oxo-PCE 3-HO-PCP 3-MeO-PCE 3-MeO-PCMo 3-MeO-PCP 4-MeO-PCP BDPC Dieticyclidine (PCDE) Eticyclidine (PCE) PCPr Phencyclidine (PCP) Rolicyclidine (PCPy) Tenocyclidine (TCP) Others BTCP Gacyclidine PRE-084 Adamantanes Amantadine Memantine Rimantadine Diarylethylamines Diphenidine Ephenidine Fluorolintane Methoxphenidine Morphinans Dextrallorphan Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan Others 2-EMSB 2-MDP 8A-PDHQ Aptiganel Budipine Delucemine Dexoxadrol Dizocilpine Etoxadrol Herkinorin Ibogaine Midafotel NEFA Neramexane Nitrous oxide Noribogaine Perzinfotel RB-64 Remacemide Selfotel Xenon Deliriants(mAChRantagonists) Atropine Benactyzine Benzatropine Benzydamine Biperiden BRN-1484501 Brompheniramine BZ CAR-226,086 CAR-301,060 CAR-302,196 CAR-302,282 CAR-302,368 CAR-302,537 CAR-302,668 Chloropyramine Chlorphenamine Clemastine CS-27349 Cyclizine Cyproheptadine Dicycloverine Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Ditran Doxylamine EA-3167 EA-3443 EA-3580 EA-3834 Flavoxate Hyoscyamine JB-318 JB-336 Meclozine Mepyramine Orphenadrine Oxybutynin Pheniramine Phenyltoloxamine Procyclidine Promethazine Scopolamine Tolterodine Trihexyphenidyl Tripelennamine Triprolidine WIN-2299 OthersCannabinoids(CB1 agonists)Natural Salvinorin A THC (Dronabinol) THCV SyntheticAM-x AM-087 AM-251 AM-279 AM-281 AM-356 AM-374 AM-381 AM-404 AM-411 AM-630 AM-661 AM-678 AM-679 AM-694 AM-735 AM-855 AM-881 AM-883 AM-905 AM-906 AM-919 AM-926 AM-938 AM-1116 AM-1172 AM-1220 AM-1221 AM-1235 AM-1241 AM-1248 AM-1710 AM-1714 AM-1902 AM-2201 AM-2212 AM-2213 AM-2232 AM-2233 AM-2389 AM-3102 AM-4030 AM-4054 AM-4056 AM-4113 AM-6545 CP x CP 47,497 CP 55,244 CP 55,940 (±)-CP 55,940 (+)-CP 55,940 (-)-CP 55,940 HU-x HU-210 HU-211 HU-239 HU-243 HU-308 HU-320 HU-331 HU-336 HU-345 JWH-x JWH-007 JWH-015 JWH-018 JWH-019 JWH-030 JWH-047 JWH-048 JWH-051 JWH-057 JWH-073 JWH-081 JWH-098 JWH-116 JWH-120 JWH-122 JWH-133 JWH-139 JWH-147 JWH-148 JWH-149 JWH-149 JWH-161 JWH-164 JWH-166 JWH-167 JWH-171 JWH-175 JWH-176 JWH-181 JWH-182 JWH-184 JWH-185 JWH-192 JWH-193 JWH-194 JWH-195 JWH-196 JWH-197 JWH-198 JWH-199 JWH-200 JWH-203 JWH-205 JWH-210 JWH-210 JWH-213 JWH-220 JWH-229 JWH-234 JWH-249 JWH-250 JWH-251 JWH-253 JWH-258 JWH-300 JWH-302 JWH-307 JWH-336 JWH-350 JWH-359 JWH-387 JWH-398 JWH-424 Misc. designer cannabinoids 4-HTMPIPO 5F-AB-FUPPYCA 5F-AB-PINACA 5F-ADB 5F-ADB-PINACA 5F-ADBICA 5F-AMB 5F-APINACA 5F-CUMYL-PINACA 5F-NNE1 5F-PB-22 5F-SDB-006 A-796,260 A-836,339 AB-001 AB-005 AB-CHFUPYCA AB-CHMINACA AB-FUBINACA AB-PINACA ADAMANTYL-THPINACA ADB-CHMINACA ADB-FUBINACA ADB-PINACA ADBICA ADSB-FUB-187 AMB-FUBINACA APICA APINACA APP-FUBINACA CB-13 CUMYL-PICA CUMYL-PINACA CUMYL-THPINACA DMHP EAM-2201 FAB-144 FDU-PB-22 FUB-144 FUB-APINACA FUB-JWH-018 FUB-PB-22 FUBIMINA JTE 7-31 JTE-907 Levonantradol MDMB-CHMICA MDMB-CHMINACA MDMB-FUBINACA MEPIRAPIM MAM-2201 MDA-19 MN-18 MN-25 NESS-0327 NESS-040C5 Nabilone Nabitan NM-2201 NNE1 Org 28611 Parahexyl PTI-1 PTI-2 PX-1 PX-2 PX-3 QUCHIC QUPIC RCS-4 RCS-8 SDB-005 SDB-006 STS-135 THC-O-acetate THC-O-phosphate THJ-018 THJ-2201 UR-144 WIN 55,212-2 XLR-11 D2 agonists Apomorphine Aporphine Bromocriptine Cabergoline Lisuride LSD Memantine Nuciferine Pergolide Phenethylamine Piribedil Pramipexole Ropinirole Rotigotine Salvinorin AAlso indirect D2 agonists, such as dopamine reuptake inhibitors (cocaine, methylphenidate), releasing agents (amphetamine, methamphetamine), and precursors (levodopa). GABAAenhancers CI-966 Eszopiclone Ibotenic acid Muscimol (Amanita muscaria) Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone Inhalants(Mixed MOA) Aliphatic hydrocarbons Butane Gasoline Kerosene Propane Aromatic hydrocarbons Toluene Ethers Diethyl ether Enflurane Haloalkanes Chlorofluorocarbons Chloroform κOR agonists 2-EMSB Alazocine Bremazocine Butorphan Butorphanol Cyclazocine Cyclorphan Cyprenorphine Diprenorphine Enadoline Herkinorin Heroin HZ-2 Ibogaine Ketazocine Levallorphan Levomethorphan Levorphanol LPK-26 Metazocine Morphine Nalbuphine Nalmefene Nalorphine Noribogaine Oxilorphan Pentazocine Phenazocine Proxorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan Salvinorin A Spiradoline Tifluadom U-50488 U-69,593 Xorphanol Oneirogens Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis Galantamine Others Glaucine Isoaminile Noscapine Prenoxdiazine Pukateine This hallucinogen-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conformationally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure"},{"link_name":"derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_derivative"},{"link_name":"phenethylamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine"},{"link_name":"hallucinogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogen"},{"link_name":"2C-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"homologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_homology"},{"link_name":"2C-B-FLY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B-FLY"},{"link_name":"agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist"},{"link_name":"serotonin receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_receptor"},{"link_name":"5-HT2C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor"},{"link_name":"5-HT2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"2C-B-BUTTERFLY (2C-B-MOTH, 2C-B-BFLY) is a conformationally-restricted derivative of the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2C-B, which was discovered in 1999 by Michael S. Whiteside and Aaron Monte.[1] It is a ring-expanded homologue of the better known compound 2C-B-FLY, and has similar properties as an agonist for serotonin receptors, but with more selectivity for 5-HT2C over 5-HT2A.[2][3]","title":"2C-B-BUTTERFLY"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Analogues and derivatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2C-B_analogues_and_derivatives"},{"link_name":"2C-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B"},{"link_name":"25-N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25-N&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25B-N1POMe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25B-N1POMe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25B-NAcPip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25B-NAcPip&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25-NB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25-NB"},{"link_name":"25B-NB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25B-NB"},{"link_name":"25B-NB23DM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25B-NB23DM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25B-NB25DM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25B-NB25DM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25B-NB3OMe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25B-NB3OMe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25B-NB4OMe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25B-NB4OMe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25B-NBF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25B-NBF"},{"link_name":"25B-NBMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25B-NBMD&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25B-NBOH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25B-NBOH"},{"link_name":"25B-NBOMe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25B-NBOMe"},{"link_name":"DMBMPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMBMPP"},{"link_name":"25-NM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25-NM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25B-NMe7BF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25B-NMe7BF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25B-NMe7BT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25B-NMe7BT&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25B-NMe7Bim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25B-NMe7Bim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25B-NMe7Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25B-NMe7Box&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25B-NMe7DHBF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25B-NMe7DHBF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25B-NMe7Ind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25B-NMe7Ind&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25B-NMe7Indz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25B-NMe7Indz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25B-NMePyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25B-NMePyr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Substituted benzofurans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_benzofuran"},{"link_name":"2C-B-FLY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B-FLY"},{"link_name":"2C-B-BUTTERFLY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2C-B-DRAGONFLY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B-DRAGONFLY"},{"link_name":"2CBFly-NBOMe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2CBFly-NBOMe"},{"link_name":"DOB-FLY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOB-FLY"},{"link_name":"DOB-2-DRAGONFLY-5-BUTTERFLY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOB-2-DRAGONFLY-5-BUTTERFLY"},{"link_name":"N-(2C)-fentanyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-(2C)-fentanyl"},{"link_name":"N-(2C-B) fentanyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N-(2C-B)_fentanyl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"N-(2C-B-FLY) fentanyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N-(2C-B-FLY)_fentanyl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"BOB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOB_(psychedelic)"},{"link_name":"BOH-2C-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BOH-2C-B&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"BMB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Methyl-2C-B"},{"link_name":"2C-B-5-hemifly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2C-B-5-hemifly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2C-B-aminorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B-aminorex"},{"link_name":"2C-B-AN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2C-B-AN&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2C-B-BZP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B-BZP"},{"link_name":"2C-B-FLY-NB2EtO5Cl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2C-B-FLY-NB2EtO5Cl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2C-B-PP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B-PP"},{"link_name":"2CB-Ind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2CB-Ind"},{"link_name":"βk-2C-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92k-2C-B"},{"link_name":"N-Ethyl-2C-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Ethyl-2C-B"},{"link_name":"TCB-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCB-2"}],"text":"Analogues and derivatives of 2C-B:\n25-N:\n\n25B-N1POMe\n25B-NAcPip\n25-NB:\n\n25B-NB\n25B-NB23DM\n25B-NB25DM\n25B-NB3OMe\n25B-NB4OMe\n25B-NBF\n25B-NBMD\n25B-NBOH\n25B-NBOMe (NBOMe-2CB)\nDMBMPP\n25-NM:\n\n25B-NMe7BF\n25B-NMe7BT\n25B-NMe7Bim\n25B-NMe7Box\n25B-NMe7DHBF\n25B-NMe7Ind\n25B-NMe7Indz\n25B-NMePyr\nSubstituted benzofurans:\n\n2C-B-FLY\n2C-B-BUTTERFLY\n2C-B-DRAGONFLY\n2CBFly-NBOMe (NBOMe-2CB-Fly)\nDOB-FLY\nDOB-2-DRAGONFLY-5-BUTTERFLY\nN-(2C)-fentanyl:\n\nN-(2C-B) fentanyl[4]\nN-(2C-B-FLY) fentanyl[5]\nOther:\n\nBOB\nBOH-2C-B, β-Hydroxy-2C-B, βOH-2CB[6][7]\nBMB\n2C-B-5-hemifly\n2C-B-aminorex (2C-B-AR)\n2C-B-AN\n2C-B-BZP\n2C-B-FLY-NB2EtO5Cl\n2C-B-PP\n2CB-Ind\nβk-2C-B (beta-keto 2C-B)\nN-Ethyl-2C-B\nTCB-2 (2C-BCB)","title":"Analogues and derivatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"2C-B-BUTTERFLY is illegal in Latvia.[8]","title":"Legal Status"}]
[]
[{"title":"Bromo-DragonFLY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromo-DragonFLY"},{"title":"βk-2C-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92k-2C-B"},{"title":"2C-D-5-EtO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-D-5-EtO"}]
[{"reference":"Whiteside MS (1999). \"Synthesis of hexahydrobenzodipyrans as ring-expanded analogues of potent serotonin 5-HT2A/2C receptor probes\". UW-LaCrosseJUR. 2: 61–68. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.688.4722.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.688.4722","url_text":"10.1.1.688.4722"}]},{"reference":"Whiteside MS, Kurrasch-Orbaugh D, Marona-Lewicka D, Nichols DE, Monte A (October 2002). \"Substituted hexahydrobenzodipyrans as 5-HT2A/2C receptor probes\". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 10 (10): 3301–6. doi:10.1016/S0968-0896(02)00209-2. PMID 12150876.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0968-0896%2802%2900209-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0968-0896(02)00209-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12150876","url_text":"12150876"}]},{"reference":"Schultz DM, Prescher JA, Kidd S, Marona-Lewicka D, Nichols DE, Monte A (June 2008). \"'Hybrid' benzofuran-benzopyran congeners as rigid analogs of hallucinogenic phenethylamines\". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 16 (11): 6242–51. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.030. PMC 2601679. PMID 18467103.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2601679","url_text":"\"'Hybrid' benzofuran-benzopyran congeners as rigid analogs of hallucinogenic phenethylamines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bmc.2008.04.030","url_text":"10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.030"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2601679","url_text":"2601679"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18467103","url_text":"18467103"}]},{"reference":"\"Explore N-(2C-B)-Fentanyl | PiHKAL · info\". isomerdesign.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?domain=pk&id=7561","url_text":"\"Explore N-(2C-B)-Fentanyl | PiHKAL · info\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore N-(2C-FLY)-Fentanyl | PiHKAL · info\". isomerdesign.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?domain=pk&id=14020","url_text":"\"Explore N-(2C-FLY)-Fentanyl | PiHKAL · info\""}]},{"reference":"Glennon, Richard A.; Bondarev, Mikhail L.; Khorana, Nantaka; Young, Richard; May, Jesse A.; Hellberg, Mark R.; McLaughlin, Marsha A.; Sharif, Najam A. (November 2004). \"β-Oxygenated Analogues of the 5-HT2ASerotonin Receptor Agonist 1-(4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane\". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 47 (24): 6034–6041. doi:10.1021/jm040082s. ISSN 0022-2623. PMID 15537358.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm040082s","url_text":"10.1021/jm040082s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2623","url_text":"0022-2623"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15537358","url_text":"15537358"}]},{"reference":"Beta-hydroxyphenylalkylamines and their use for treating glaucoma","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US20060106106A1/en","url_text":"Beta-hydroxyphenylalkylamines and their use for treating glaucoma"}]},{"reference":"\"Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem\" [Regulations Regarding Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors Controlled in Latvia]. Methodological Guidelines for the Application of Annex 1 to the Cabinet Regulation No. 847 (in Latvian). Ministry of Health of the Republic of Latvia. 8 November 2005. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200229/http://www.vm.gov.lv/images/userfiles/metodiskas_vadlinijas_080914.doc","url_text":"\"Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem\""},{"url":"http://www.vm.gov.lv/images/userfiles/metodiskas_vadlinijas_080914.doc","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=502659-24-7","external_links_name":"502659-24-7"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10244981","external_links_name":"10244981"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.8420468.html","external_links_name":"8420468"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/32KDF24W6P","external_links_name":"32KDF24W6P"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID001032894","external_links_name":"DTXSID001032894"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O3CCCc1c3c%28Br%29c2CCCOc2c1CCN","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.688.4722","external_links_name":"10.1.1.688.4722"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0968-0896%2802%2900209-2","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0968-0896(02)00209-2"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12150876","external_links_name":"12150876"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2601679","external_links_name":"\"'Hybrid' benzofuran-benzopyran congeners as rigid analogs of hallucinogenic phenethylamines\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bmc.2008.04.030","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.030"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2601679","external_links_name":"2601679"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18467103","external_links_name":"18467103"},{"Link":"https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?domain=pk&id=7561","external_links_name":"\"Explore N-(2C-B)-Fentanyl | PiHKAL · info\""},{"Link":"https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?domain=pk&id=14020","external_links_name":"\"Explore N-(2C-FLY)-Fentanyl | PiHKAL · info\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm040082s","external_links_name":"10.1021/jm040082s"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2623","external_links_name":"0022-2623"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15537358","external_links_name":"15537358"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US20060106106A1/en","external_links_name":"Beta-hydroxyphenylalkylamines and their use for treating glaucoma"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200229/http://www.vm.gov.lv/images/userfiles/metodiskas_vadlinijas_080914.doc","external_links_name":"\"Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem\""},{"Link":"http://www.vm.gov.lv/images/userfiles/metodiskas_vadlinijas_080914.doc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2C-B-BUTTERFLY&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Syed_Mir_Mirak_Andrabi
Mir Mirak Andrabi
["1 References","2 Further reading"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mir Mirak Andrabi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Syed Mir Mirak Andrabiسید میر میرک اندرابیؒTitleSanad-ul-ArifeenPersonalBorn921 AH (c. 1515 AD)Malaratta, Srinagar, J&KDied990 AH (c. 1582)Srinagar, KashmirResting placeKhanqah-e-Andrabia, Sonwar, Srinagar, KashmirReligionIslamDenominationSunniTariqaQadiriyya, UwaisiMuslim leaderBased inNorth India Mir Mirak Andrabi (921-990 AH; c. 1515–1582 AD) was a Sufi scholar in South East Asia. The son of Shams-ud-din Andrabi (860-932 AH, c. 1455–1525), his great-grandfather Ahmad Andrabi was originally from Andarab, a valley in a Province of erstwhile Persia. He migrated with his clan to Kashmir to spread Islam. His descendants are known as Andrabi Syed; their temple is Khanqah-e-Andrabia located at Malaratta. References Further reading Ahmad, Syed. Tohfa Syed. Mss.3- 4-5.Research library Damsaz Ali University of Kashmir. Gamgeen, S.S. 1983. Genealogical history of Andrabi Syeds. Srinagar Sabur Ahmad Ibni.Khawariqus Salikeen. Mss.102-03. Research library Kashmir University Kamal Mir, Inshai Mir Kamal, Mss, 50, Research library University of Kashmir. Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis, p. 293, at Google Books Zikir Sadaat-i-Andrabia by Moulana Nabeeh Ahmad Andrabi "Shaheed". Tareekh-i-Bab-i-Sulaiman by Mir Saad-ul-lah Shahabadi
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Asia"},{"link_name":"Andarab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andarab"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"Andrabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrabi"}],"text":"Mir Mirak Andrabi (921-990 AH; c. 1515–1582 AD) was a Sufi scholar in South East Asia. The son of Shams-ud-din Andrabi (860-932 AH, c. 1455–1525), his great-grandfather Ahmad Andrabi was originally from Andarab, a valley in a Province of erstwhile Persia. He migrated with his clan to Kashmir to spread Islam. His descendants are known as Andrabi Syed; their temple is Khanqah-e-Andrabia located at Malaratta.","title":"Mir Mirak Andrabi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=O3GXOqPa67MC&pg=PA293"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"}],"text":"Ahmad, Syed. Tohfa Syed. Mss.3- 4-5.Research library Damsaz Ali University of Kashmir.\nGamgeen, S.S. 1983. Genealogical history of Andrabi Syeds. Srinagar\nSabur Ahmad Ibni.Khawariqus Salikeen. Mss.102-03. Research library Kashmir University\nKamal Mir, Inshai Mir Kamal, Mss, 50, Research library University of Kashmir.\nBiographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis, p. 293, at Google Books\nZikir Sadaat-i-Andrabia by Moulana Nabeeh Ahmad Andrabi \"Shaheed\".[full citation needed]\nTareekh-i-Bab-i-Sulaiman by Mir Saad-ul-lah Shahabadi[full citation needed]","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mir+Mirak+Andrabi%22","external_links_name":"\"Mir Mirak Andrabi\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mir+Mirak+Andrabi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mir+Mirak+Andrabi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mir+Mirak+Andrabi%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mir+Mirak+Andrabi%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mir+Mirak+Andrabi%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O3GXOqPa67MC&pg=PA293","external_links_name":"Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert_Loewenstein
Prince Rupert Loewenstein
["1 Early life and education","2 Banking","3 The Rolling Stones","4 Personal life and family","4.1 Catholicism","5 Autobiography","6 Death","7 See also","8 References"]
Spanish-born German-Bavarian aristocrat Rupert, Prince of Loewenstein, Count of Löwenstein-ScharffneckBornRupert Louis Ferdinand Frederick Constantine Lofredo Leopold Herbert Maximilian Hubert John Henry zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg(1933-08-24)24 August 1933Palma, Majorca, Spanish Second RepublicDied20 May 2014(2014-05-20) (aged 80)London, EnglandOther names"Rupie the Groupie"OccupationMerchant bankerKnown forThe Rolling Stones' business adviser and financial manager, 1968–2007SpouseJosephine Clare Lowry-CorryChildrenRudolf, Prince zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg, Konrad, Prince zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg Maria Theodora Marjorie, Princess zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg, now Contessa della GherardescaParent(s)Leopold, Prince zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg and Countess Bianca Fischler von Treuberg Rupert, Prince zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg, Count of Löwenstein-Scharffeneck (24 August 1933 – 20 May 2014) was a Spanish-born Bavarian aristocrat and the longtime financial manager of the rock band The Rolling Stones. Early life and education Arms of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg A scion of the former royal houses of Wittelsbach and Löwenstein-Wertheim, Loewenstein was born in Palma, Majorca, Spain, the son of Leopold, Prince of Loewenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg, who was brother of Hubertus, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg, and his wife, Countess Bianca Henrietta Maria Fischler von Treuberg, descendant of Pedro I of Brazil. Both were of partial Jewish descent. Henry de Worms, 1st Baron Pirbright was his father's maternal grandfather. Following his parents' separation, he and his mother arrived in England in 1940. Loewenstein was educated at the then Quaker St Christopher School in Letchworth, Hertfordshire, followed by Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied medieval history. Banking After school, Loewenstein worked as a stockbroker for Bache & Co. In 1963, he was part of a consortium formed to buy the merchant bank Leopold Joseph & Sons, along with fellow Oxford graduates Jonathan Guinness, Richard Cox-Johnson and Louis Heyman, and he became a director of the resulting firm. Leopold Joseph had previously been family owned by the Josephs, and carried out only specialised lines of banking business. Following the acquisition, the business was substantially expanded to include advice on issues and mergers, investment advice, and particularly currency trading. By 1971, the firm had become one of the principal dealers in London in investment dollars. That year, it undertook a capital raising with a target of a net £940,000 to enable further expansion. In 1981, Loewenstein left to start his own company, Rupert Loewenstein Ltd, where most of his clients were new money, who he described as "much more interesting than old money. People with old money are nearly always having to be adjusted downwards; those with new money are much more realistic." The Rolling Stones Loewenstein was the Rolling Stones' business adviser and financial manager from 1968 until 2007. In 1968, then working in London as a merchant banker, he was introduced to Mick Jagger by a mutual friend, art dealer Christopher Gibbs. According to Keith Richards, Loewenstein had never heard of Jagger before then. Jagger was of the opinion that the Stones' then-manager, Allen Klein, was not paying them everything they were due. Loewenstein is credited with transforming the Stones into a "global brand and one of the world's richest bands", in particular by encouraging them to take into account potential tax advantages in any decisions about where to record, rehearse or perform. He managed their release from an existing contract, which paid them almost nothing, and persuaded them of the tax advantages of leaving England and moving to the south of France. He channelled their earnings through a series of companies in the Netherlands, and got them to rehearse in Canada, rather than the United States, to reduce their tax bill. Richards said, "he tax rate in the early '70s on the highest earners was 83 percent, and that went up to 98 percent for investments... It was Rupert's advice that we become non-resident". Loewenstein also copyrighted the famous red tongue logo, and enlisted corporate sponsors such as General Electric for tours. Richards described how, until they started to tour large venues in the 1980s, the Stones did not make serious money. The first important one was the 1981 and 1982 tours which broke box office records. By then, Loewenstein had reorganised the band's finances so that they did not "get cheated out of eighty percent of the takings... On a fifty-dollar ticket, up till then, three dollars. He set up sponsorship and clawed back merchandising deals. He cleaned out the scams and fiddles, or most of them. He made us viable." In a 2002 interview, Richards said of Loewenstein: "He is a great financial mind for the market. He plays that like I play guitar. He does things like a little oil well. And currency—you know, Swiss francs in the morning, switch to marks in the afternoon, move to the yen, and by the end of the day, how many dollars?" Loewenstein never got involved in the music. He said he preferred classical music and never played a Stones recording by choice; if he had to listen to rock and roll, he preferred The Beatles. Richards confirmed: "Rupert didn't like rock and roll; he thought 'composing' was something done with a pen and paper, like Mozart." Loewenstein's daughter, Princess Dora Loewenstein (Maria Theodora Marjorie Loewenstein), wrote several first-hand accounts of life with the Rolling Stones, whom she had known since she was a child. Personal life and family Petersham Lodge On 18 July 1957, Loewenstein married Josephine Clare Lowry-Corry. The couple had three children: Rudolf Amadeus Joseph Karl Ludwig Emmanuel (born 17 November 1957) who became a priest in the Dominican Order. Konrad Friedrich Ferdinand Johannes Ottakar Sylvester (born 26 November 1958) who also became a Catholic priest. He belongs to the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter. Maria Theodora Dora Marjorie (born 11 July 1966) who has been married since 1998 to Count Manfredi della Gherardesca. Her godfather was Alexis von Rosenberg, Baron de Redé (1922–2004). They lived in Petersham Lodge in River Lane, Petersham, London, a former grace-and-favour mansion, purchased for about £2 million in 1987. It is an early-18th-century house, built for the Duchess of Queensberry, and Grade II listed by Historic England. Loewenstein was named to the International Best-Dressed Hall of Fame in 2001. Catholicism Loewenstein was a promoter of the traditional Latin Mass and had a letter on the subject published in The Times in 1975. He was active in Catholic orders of chivalry and was a Grand Inquisitor of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George and president of the British association of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Autobiography In 2013, Loewenstein published his autobiography, A Prince Among Stones: That Business with The Rolling Stones and Other Adventures (Bloomsbury, London), which disclosed details of the band's financial arrangements. Jagger was not pleased and was reported to have said: "Call me old-fashioned, but I don't think your ex-bank manager should be discussing your financial dealings and personal information in public." Death Loewenstein died, age 80, in London on 20 May 2014 from complications of Parkinson's disease. See also Biography portalBusiness and economics portal List of alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford List of people from London References ^ a b c d e f Martin, Douglas (22 May 2014). "Prince Rupert zu Loewenstein, Rolling Stones Money Manager, Dies at 80". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 May 2014. Archived here. ^ a b c Staff (22 May 2014). "Stones Manager Loewenstein Dies". BBC News. Retrieved 23 May 2014. ^ a b c d Sweeting, Adam (22 May 2014). "Prince Rupert Loewenstein Obituary – Aristocratic Merchant Banker Who Made the Rolling Stones Rich". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 May 2014. ^ https://www.genealogics.org/pedigree.php?personID=I00084152&tree=LEO&parentset=0&display=standard&generations=8 ^ Stuttaford, Andrew (18 March 2013). "Time Was on His Side". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 23 November 2014. ^ "Leopold Maximilian zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg (1903 - 1974) - Genealogy". Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2016. ^ Prince Rupert Loewenstein Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014. ^ a b Counsell, Gail (23 August 1992). "Profile: Prince of Pop Money: Financial Adviser Prince Rupert Loewenstein Is the Man Who Gathers the Moss for Rolling Stone Mick Jagger Among Others. Gail Counsell Finds There Is More to Him Than Money". The Independent. Retrieved 27 May 2014. ^ "Leopold Joseph Holdings Limited". The Times. 11 January 1971. p. 20. ^ a b Richards, Keith, with James Fox (2010). Life. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-297-85439-5. ^ Richards & Fox. p. 289. ^ Richards & Fox. p. 480. ^ Serwer, Andy; Boorstin, Julia; and Ann Harrington, Ann (30 September 2002). "Inside the Rolling Stones Inc." CNN. Retrieved 27 May 2014. ^ Page, Benedicte (12 June 2003). "Dora Loewenstein: The Stones try to remember their past". The Bookseller. Retrieved 11 February 2024. ^ Redé, Alexis Baron de (2005). Alexis: The Memoirs of the Baron de Rédé. Estate of the late Baron de Redé. pp. 104 and 159. ISBN 1-904349-03-X. ^ a b Staff (21 May 2014). "Prince Rupert zu Loewenstein – Obituary – Prince Rupert zu Loewenstein Was a Bavarian Aristocrat and Banker Who Disliked Rock and Roll But Made The Rolling Stones Very Rich". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 May 2014. ^ "Petersham Lodge, Richmond upon Thames". BritishListedBuildings. Retrieved 11 June 2014. ^ "The International Hall of Fame: Men" Archived 1 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Vanity Fair. 7 July 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2014. ^ Zilkha, Bettina (2004). Ultimate Style – The Best of the Best Dressed List. Assouline. p. 181. ISBN 2-84323-513-8. ^ "Letters to the Editor: Roman Catholic liturgy". Rupert Loewenstein. The Times. 6 May 1975. p. 15. ^ Schudel, Matt (24 May 2014). "Rupert Loewenstein, Rolling Stones' Money Man, Dies at 80". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 May 2014. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2"}],"text":"Rupert, Prince zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg, Count of Löwenstein-Scharffeneck[1] (24 August 1933 – 20 May 2014) was a Spanish-born Bavarian aristocrat and the longtime financial manager of the rock band The Rolling Stones.[2]","title":"Prince Rupert Loewenstein"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%C3%B6wenstein-Wertheim-count.PNG"},{"link_name":"Wittelsbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittelsbach"},{"link_name":"Löwenstein-Wertheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6wenstein-Wertheim"},{"link_name":"Palma, Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma,_Majorca"},{"link_name":"Hubertus, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubertus,_Prince_of_L%C3%B6wenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg"},{"link_name":"Pedro I of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Henry de Worms, 1st Baron Pirbright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Worms,_1st_Baron_Pirbright"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geni-6"},{"link_name":"St Christopher School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Christopher_School,_Letchworth"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-3"}],"text":"Arms of Löwenstein-Wertheim-FreudenbergA scion of the former royal houses of Wittelsbach and Löwenstein-Wertheim, Loewenstein was born in Palma, Majorca, Spain, the son of Leopold, Prince of Loewenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg, who was brother of Hubertus, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg, and his wife, Countess Bianca Henrietta Maria Fischler von Treuberg, descendant of Pedro I of Brazil.[3][4] Both were of partial Jewish descent.[5] Henry de Worms, 1st Baron Pirbright was his father's maternal grandfather.[6] Following his parents' separation, he and his mother arrived in England in 1940. Loewenstein was educated at the then Quaker St Christopher School in Letchworth, Hertfordshire, followed by Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied medieval history.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bache & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bache_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Leopold Joseph & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfield_Bank"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Guinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Guinness,_3rd_Baron_Moyne"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"new money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_money"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-8"}],"text":"After school, Loewenstein worked as a stockbroker for Bache & Co. In 1963, he was part of a consortium formed to buy the merchant bank Leopold Joseph & Sons, along with fellow Oxford graduates Jonathan Guinness, Richard Cox-Johnson and Louis Heyman,[7][8] and he became a director of the resulting firm. Leopold Joseph had previously been family owned by the Josephs, and carried out only specialised lines of banking business.Following the acquisition, the business was substantially expanded to include advice on issues and mergers, investment advice, and particularly currency trading. By 1971, the firm had become one of the principal dealers in London in investment dollars. That year, it undertook a capital raising with a target of a net £940,000 to enable further expansion.[9] In 1981, Loewenstein left to start his own company, Rupert Loewenstein Ltd, where most of his clients were new money, who he described as \"much more interesting than old money. People with old money are nearly always having to be adjusted downwards; those with new money are much more realistic.\"[8]","title":"Banking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Christopher Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"Keith Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Richards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rich-10"},{"link_name":"Allen Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Klein"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-3"},{"link_name":"south of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_American_Tour_1981"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_European_Tour_1982"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rich-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Loewenstein was the Rolling Stones' business adviser and financial manager from 1968 until 2007.[2] In 1968, then working in London as a merchant banker, he was introduced to Mick Jagger by a mutual friend, art dealer Christopher Gibbs. According to Keith Richards, Loewenstein had never heard of Jagger before then.[10] Jagger was of the opinion that the Stones' then-manager, Allen Klein, was not paying them everything they were due.[3]Loewenstein is credited with transforming the Stones into a \"global brand and one of the world's richest bands\", in particular by encouraging them to take into account potential tax advantages in any decisions about where to record, rehearse or perform.[3] He managed their release from an existing contract, which paid them almost nothing, and persuaded them of the tax advantages of leaving England and moving to the south of France. He channelled their earnings through a series of companies in the Netherlands, and got them to rehearse in Canada, rather than the United States, to reduce their tax bill.[1] Richards said, \"[t]he tax rate [in the U.K.] in the early '70s on the highest earners was 83 percent, and that went up to 98 percent for investments... It was Rupert's advice that we become non-resident\".[11] Loewenstein also copyrighted the famous red tongue logo, and enlisted corporate sponsors such as General Electric for tours.[1]Richards described how, until they started to tour large venues in the 1980s, the Stones did not make serious money. The first important one was the 1981 and 1982 tours which broke box office records. By then, Loewenstein had reorganised the band's finances so that they did not \"get cheated out of eighty percent of the takings... On a fifty-dollar ticket, up till then, [the band got] three dollars. He set up sponsorship and clawed back merchandising deals. He cleaned out the scams and fiddles, or most of them. He made us viable.\"[12] In a 2002 interview, Richards said of Loewenstein: \"He is a great financial mind for the market. He plays that like I play guitar. He does things like a little oil well. And currency—you know, Swiss francs in the morning, switch to marks in the afternoon, move to the yen, and by the end of the day, how many dollars?\"[13]Loewenstein never got involved in the music. He said he preferred classical music and never played a Stones recording by choice; if he had to listen to rock and roll, he preferred The Beatles.[1] Richards confirmed: \"Rupert didn't like rock and roll; he thought 'composing' was something done with a pen and paper, like Mozart.\"[10]Loewenstein's daughter, Princess Dora Loewenstein (Maria Theodora Marjorie Loewenstein), wrote several first-hand accounts of life with the Rolling Stones, whom she had known since she was a child.[14]","title":"The Rolling Stones"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petersham_Lodge_05.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lowry-Corry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Belmore"},{"link_name":"Dominican Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestly_Fraternity_of_St._Peter"},{"link_name":"della Gherardesca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Della_Gherardesca"},{"link_name":"Alexis von Rosenberg, Baron de Redé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_von_Rosenberg,_Baron_de_Red%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Petersham Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersham_Lodge"},{"link_name":"Petersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersham,_London"},{"link_name":"grace-and-favour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_and_favour"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-16"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Queensberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Queensberry"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BritishListedBuildings-17"},{"link_name":"International Best-Dressed Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Best_Dressed_List"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Petersham LodgeOn 18 July 1957, Loewenstein married Josephine Clare Lowry-Corry.The couple had three children:Rudolf Amadeus Joseph Karl Ludwig Emmanuel (born 17 November 1957) who became a priest in the Dominican Order.[1]Konrad Friedrich Ferdinand Johannes Ottakar Sylvester (born 26 November 1958) who also became a Catholic priest.[1] He belongs to the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter.Maria Theodora Dora Marjorie (born 11 July 1966) who has been married since 1998 to Count Manfredi della Gherardesca. Her godfather was Alexis von Rosenberg, Baron de Redé (1922–2004).[15]They lived in Petersham Lodge in River Lane, Petersham, London, a former grace-and-favour mansion, purchased for about £2 million in 1987.[16] It is an early-18th-century house, built for the Duchess of Queensberry, and Grade II listed by Historic England.[17]Loewenstein was named to the International Best-Dressed Hall of Fame in 2001.[18][19]","title":"Personal life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traditional Latin Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentine_Mass"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Military_Constantinian_Order_of_Saint_George"},{"link_name":"Sovereign Military Order of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-16"}],"sub_title":"Catholicism","text":"Loewenstein was a promoter of the traditional Latin Mass and had a letter on the subject published in The Times in 1975.[20] He was active in Catholic orders of chivalry and was a Grand Inquisitor of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George and president of the British association of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.[16]","title":"Personal life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2"}],"text":"In 2013, Loewenstein published his autobiography, A Prince Among Stones: That Business with The Rolling Stones and Other Adventures (Bloomsbury, London), which disclosed details of the band's financial arrangements. Jagger was not pleased and was reported to have said: \"Call me old-fashioned, but I don't think your ex-bank manager should be discussing your financial dealings and personal information in public.\"[2]","title":"Autobiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WashingtonPost-21"}],"text":"Loewenstein died, age 80, in London on 20 May 2014 from complications of Parkinson's disease.[21]","title":"Death"}]
[{"image_text":"Arms of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/L%C3%B6wenstein-Wertheim-count.PNG/220px-L%C3%B6wenstein-Wertheim-count.PNG"},{"image_text":"Petersham Lodge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Petersham_Lodge_05.JPG/220px-Petersham_Lodge_05.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg"},{"title":"Business and economics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics"},{"title":"List of alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alumni_of_Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"title":"List of people from London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_London"}]
[{"reference":"Staff (22 May 2014). \"Stones Manager Loewenstein Dies\". BBC News. Retrieved 23 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-27515395","url_text":"\"Stones Manager Loewenstein Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Stuttaford, Andrew (18 March 2013). \"Time Was on His Side\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 23 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323393304578358141637425324","url_text":"\"Time Was on His Side\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leopold Maximilian zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg (1903 - 1974) - Genealogy\". Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208113036/http://www.geni.com/people/Leopold-zu-L%C3%B6wenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg/6000000004096858883","url_text":"\"Leopold Maximilian zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg (1903 - 1974) - Genealogy\""},{"url":"http://www.geni.com/people/Leopold-zu-L%C3%B6wenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg/6000000004096858883","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Counsell, Gail (23 August 1992). \"Profile: Prince of Pop Money: Financial Adviser Prince Rupert Loewenstein Is the Man Who Gathers the Moss for Rolling Stone Mick Jagger Among Others. Gail Counsell Finds There Is More to Him Than Money\". The Independent. Retrieved 27 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/profile-prince-of-pop-money-financial-adviser-prince-rupert-loewenstein-is-the-man-who-gathers-the-moss-for-rolling-stone-mick-jagger-among-others-gail-counsell-finds-there-is-more-to-him-than-money-1542048.html","url_text":"\"Profile: Prince of Pop Money: Financial Adviser Prince Rupert Loewenstein Is the Man Who Gathers the Moss for Rolling Stone Mick Jagger Among Others. Gail Counsell Finds There Is More to Him Than Money\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Page, Benedicte (12 June 2003). \"Dora Loewenstein: The Stones try to remember their past\". The Bookseller. Retrieved 11 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebookseller.com/author-interviews/stones-try-remember-their-past","url_text":"\"Dora Loewenstein: The Stones try to remember their past\""}]},{"reference":"Redé, Alexis Baron de (2005). Alexis: The Memoirs of the Baron de Rédé. Estate of the late Baron de Redé. pp. 104 and 159. ISBN 1-904349-03-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904349-03-X","url_text":"1-904349-03-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Petersham Lodge, Richmond upon Thames\". BritishListedBuildings. Retrieved 11 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-432490-petersham-lodge-greater-london-authority","url_text":"\"Petersham Lodge, Richmond upon Thames\""}]},{"reference":"Zilkha, Bettina (2004). Ultimate Style – The Best of the Best Dressed List. Assouline. p. 181. ISBN 2-84323-513-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84323-513-8","url_text":"2-84323-513-8"}]},{"reference":"Schudel, Matt (24 May 2014). \"Rupert Loewenstein, Rolling Stones' Money Man, Dies at 80\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/rupert-loewenstein-rolling-stones-money-man-dies-at-80/2014/05/24/b826b80c-e366-11e3-9743-bb9b59cde7b9_story.html","url_text":"\"Rupert Loewenstein, Rolling Stones' Money Man, Dies at 80\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/23/arts/music/prince-rupert-zu-loewenstein-rolling-stones-money-manager-dies-at-80.html","external_links_name":"\"Prince Rupert zu Loewenstein, Rolling Stones Money Manager, Dies at 80\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140523181913/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/23/arts/music/prince-rupert-zu-loewenstein-rolling-stones-money-manager-dies-at-80.html","external_links_name":"Archived here"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-27515395","external_links_name":"\"Stones Manager Loewenstein Dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/may/22/prince-rupert-loewenstein","external_links_name":"\"Prince Rupert Loewenstein Obituary – Aristocratic Merchant Banker Who Made the Rolling Stones Rich\""},{"Link":"https://www.genealogics.org/pedigree.php?personID=I00084152&tree=LEO&parentset=0&display=standard&generations=8","external_links_name":"https://www.genealogics.org/pedigree.php?personID=I00084152&tree=LEO&parentset=0&display=standard&generations=8"},{"Link":"https://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323393304578358141637425324","external_links_name":"\"Time Was on His Side\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208113036/http://www.geni.com/people/Leopold-zu-L%C3%B6wenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg/6000000004096858883","external_links_name":"\"Leopold Maximilian zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg (1903 - 1974) - Genealogy\""},{"Link":"http://www.geni.com/people/Leopold-zu-L%C3%B6wenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg/6000000004096858883","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bloomsbury.com/author/prince-rupert-loewenstein","external_links_name":"Prince Rupert Loewenstein"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/profile-prince-of-pop-money-financial-adviser-prince-rupert-loewenstein-is-the-man-who-gathers-the-moss-for-rolling-stone-mick-jagger-among-others-gail-counsell-finds-there-is-more-to-him-than-money-1542048.html","external_links_name":"\"Profile: Prince of Pop Money: Financial Adviser Prince Rupert Loewenstein Is the Man Who Gathers the Moss for Rolling Stone Mick Jagger Among Others. Gail Counsell Finds There Is More to Him Than Money\""},{"Link":"https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2002/09/30/329302/","external_links_name":"\"Inside the Rolling Stones Inc.\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebookseller.com/author-interviews/stones-try-remember-their-past","external_links_name":"\"Dora Loewenstein: The Stones try to remember their past\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10847031/Prince-Rupert-zu-Loewenstein-obituary.html","external_links_name":"\"Prince Rupert zu Loewenstein – Obituary – Prince Rupert zu Loewenstein Was a Bavarian Aristocrat and Banker Who Disliked Rock and Roll But Made The Rolling Stones Very Rich\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-432490-petersham-lodge-greater-london-authority","external_links_name":"\"Petersham Lodge, Richmond upon Thames\""},{"Link":"http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/bestdressed/bestdressed_men","external_links_name":"\"The International Hall of Fame: Men\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120601052941/http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/bestdressed/bestdressed_men","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/rupert-loewenstein-rolling-stones-money-man-dies-at-80/2014/05/24/b826b80c-e366-11e3-9743-bb9b59cde7b9_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Rupert Loewenstein, Rolling Stones' Money Man, Dies at 80\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1926960/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000399733046","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/294974004","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdRybK9BKdb37fBMTRR8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169084953","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169084953","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1033140767","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007390548105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2013001879","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001200889","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2017957910&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA18326835?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1033140767.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims_tramway
Reims tramway
["1 Operation and routes","2 Rolling stock","3 History","3.1 Network map","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]
French tram system Reims tramwayOverviewNative nameTramway de ReimsLocaleReimsTransit typeTramNumber of lines2Number of stations24Annual ridership14.03 million (2018)OperationBegan operation18 April 2011; 13 years ago (2011-04-18)Operator(s)Transdev ReimsTechnicalSystem length11.2 km (7.0 mi)Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gaugeElectrificationOverhead line,APS third rail system for 1.9 km (1.2 mi) Reims tramway (French: Tramway de Reims) is a tram system in the French city of Reims, which opened in April 2011. It travels north to south, through the city, along 11.2 kilometres (7.0 mi) of route. Operation and routes The system has 24 stops, with a further two planned for the future. Two services run on the system: A This 9.05-kilometre (5.62 mi), 21 station service runs from the Neuchâtel terminus in the northern Orgeval neighbourhood, to the southern terminus of Hôpital Debré, passing through the city centre, past the central railway station and the Reims Cathedral. The trams on this service run approximately every five to six minutes. B : This 11-kilometre (6.8 mi), 22 station service follows nearly the same route as A, running from the Neuchâtel terminus, through the city centre. A short distance before the terminus of A, it turns 90 degrees and speeds up to reach the Champagne-Ardenne TGV station at Bezannes. The trams on this service run approximately every 22 minutes. Rolling stock The 18 trams used on the line are Alstom Citadis 302. They consist of five body sections and have capacity for 205 passengers, with 56 seated. The line uses the APS third rail system for 1.9 km (1.2 mi) around Reims Cathedral, minimising visual intrusion in the historic city centre. This APS system, pioneered in Bordeaux, allows the trams to be powered by a ground level third rail instead of overhead power lines. The vehicle design evokes a Champagne flute, as Reims is the centre of the Champagne region. The livery is the work of famous designer Ruedi Baur and is based around the concept of colours. Each vehicle has its own pastel colour from a total selection of eight. The insides of the vehicles are coloured the same as the outsides. History Initial studies into the potential of a tramway began in 2003, as a consequence of an overcrowded bus network and the impacts this was having on the historic centre of Reims. In July 2006, financing, construction and management of the future line was delegated to a private concessionary consortium, called MARS (Mobility in the Agglomeration of ReimS). This €1.4 billion public private partnership was unique in France at the time. This consortium is composed of the vehicles' builder Alstom, the network operator Transdev, five roadwork enterprises and three pension funds. Construction of the tramway began in May 2008, with the first tram arriving in March 2010, which allowed for testing and commissioning of the line in September 2010. The line opened on 16 April 2011, with a cost of €305m. Network map See also Trams in France List of town tramway systems in France References ^ "Rapport annuel 2018 sur le parc, le trafic et les événements d'exploitation des tramways" (PDF) (in French). STRMTG - Service Technique des Remontées Mécaniques et des Transports Guidés. 20 December 2019. p. 11. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ a b "Tram - CITURA". CITURA (in French). Retrieved 4 October 2017. ^ a b "CITURA - Reims tramway map" (PDF). citura.fr. CITURA - Le réseau des transports publics de l'agglomération de Reims. Retrieved 4 October 2017. ^ "Reims and Angers choose APS". Railway Gazette International. DVV Media International Ltd. 1 August 2006. Retrieved 4 October 2017. ^ "APS - Ground-level power supply". www.alstom.com. Retrieved 4 October 2017. ^ "Pink champagne in Reims". Railway Gazette International. DVV Media International Ltd. 29 March 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2017. ^ "From the mag: How a small French city helped inspire Sydney's light rail transformation – Rail Express". www.railexpress.com.au. Retrieved 4 October 2017. ^ "Within a concession associating ALSTOM and Bouygues, the Reims Metropolitan Authority chooses an ALSTOM "APS" wire-free CITADIS tramway". www.alstom.com. Retrieved 4 October 2017. ^ "Colourful celebrations mark opening of Reims tram". Railway Gazette International. DVV Media International Ltd. 18 April 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2017. Bibliography Local papers: Ville de Reims Information (official magazine of Ville de Reims), Reims Métropole Magazine (official magazine of the agglomeration), L'Hebdo du Vendredi (free private weekly), L'Union (private daily) Documents of the public inquest Connaissance du Rail (bimonthly specialized magazine), special tramways number of October - November 2007 Plus d'un siècle de transports en commun à Reims, Marcel Chenu & Michel Jailliard, 1990, ISBN 2-9505172-0-X External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trams in Reims. Citura – official website (in French) MARS's website (in French) vteUrban guided transit systems in FranceMétrosPresent Lille Lyon Marseille Paris (Métro • RER) Rennes Toulouse TramwaysPresent Angers Aubagne Avignon Besançon Bordeaux Brest Caen Dijon Grenoble Le Havre Le Mans Lille Lyon Marseille Montpellier Mulhouse Nantes Nice Orléans Paris Reims Rouen Saint-Étienne Strasbourg Toulouse Tours Valenciennes Former Avranches Bordeaux Cannes Caen Grenoble Deauville Fontainebleau Le Havre Lyon Nantes Nice et Littoral Paris Rouen Saint-Romain-de-Colbosc Strasbourg Valenciennes Versailles Guided busesPresent Clermont-Ferrand Former Caen Nancy Urban funicularsPresent Évian-les-Bains Le Havre Le Tréport Lyon Paris (Montmartre) Pau Thonon-les-Bains Former Besançon Paris (Belleville) Urban cable carsPresent Brest Grenoble Saint-Denis People moversPresent CDGVAL Orlyval Former Laon See also: List of railway lines in France, Rail transport in France, Trams in France, and Transport in France
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CITURA-2"}],"text":"French tram systemReims tramway (French: Tramway de Reims) is a tram system in the French city of Reims, which opened in April 2011. It travels north to south, through the city, along 11.2 kilometres (7.0 mi) of route.[2]","title":"Reims tramway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"central railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare_de_Reims"},{"link_name":"Reims Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Map-3"},{"link_name":"Champagne-Ardenne TGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare_de_Champagne-Ardenne_TGV"},{"link_name":"Bezannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezannes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Map-3"}],"text":"The system has 24 stops, with a further two planned for the future.Two services run on the system:A This 9.05-kilometre (5.62 mi), 21 station service runs from the Neuchâtel terminus in the northern Orgeval neighbourhood, to the southern terminus of Hôpital Debré, passing through the city centre, past the central railway station and the Reims Cathedral. The trams on this service run approximately every five to six minutes.[3]\nB : This 11-kilometre (6.8 mi), 22 station service follows nearly the same route as A, running from the Neuchâtel terminus, through the city centre. A short distance before the terminus of A, it turns 90 degrees and speeds up to reach the Champagne-Ardenne TGV station at Bezannes. The trams on this service run approximately every 22 minutes.[3]","title":"Operation and routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alstom Citadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstom_Citadis"},{"link_name":"APS third rail system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstom_APS"},{"link_name":"Reims Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CITURA-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"APS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramway_de_Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Champagne flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_glass"},{"link_name":"Champagne region.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_(wine_region)"},{"link_name":"Ruedi Baur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruedi_Baur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The 18 trams used on the line are Alstom Citadis 302. They consist of five body sections and have capacity for 205 passengers, with 56 seated.The line uses the APS third rail system for 1.9 km (1.2 mi) around Reims Cathedral,[2] minimising visual intrusion in the historic city centre.[4] This APS system, pioneered in Bordeaux, allows the trams to be powered by a ground level third rail instead of overhead power lines.[5]The vehicle design evokes a Champagne flute, as Reims is the centre of the Champagne region. The livery is the work of famous designer Ruedi Baur and is based around the concept of colours. Each vehicle has its own pastel colour from a total selection of eight. The insides of the vehicles are coloured the same as the outsides.[6]","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"public private partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership"},{"link_name":"Alstom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstom"},{"link_name":"Transdev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdev"},{"link_name":"pension funds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension_fund"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Initial studies into the potential of a tramway began in 2003, as a consequence of an overcrowded bus network and the impacts this was having on the historic centre of Reims.[7]In July 2006, financing, construction and management of the future line was delegated to a private concessionary consortium, called MARS (Mobility in the Agglomeration of ReimS). This €1.4 billion public private partnership was unique in France at the time. This consortium is composed of the vehicles' builder Alstom, the network operator Transdev, five roadwork enterprises and three pension funds.[8]Construction of the tramway began in May 2008, with the first tram arriving in March 2010, which allowed for testing and commissioning of the line in September 2010.The line opened on 16 April 2011, with a cost of €305m.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Network map","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L'Hebdo du Vendredi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lhebdoduvendredi.com"},{"link_name":"L'Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lunion.presse.fr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-9505172-0-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-9505172-0-X"}],"text":"Local papers: Ville de Reims Information (official magazine of Ville de Reims), Reims Métropole Magazine (official magazine of the agglomeration), L'Hebdo du Vendredi (free private weekly), L'Union (private daily)\nDocuments of the public inquest\nConnaissance du Rail (bimonthly specialized magazine), special tramways number of October - November 2007\nPlus d'un siècle de transports en commun à Reims, Marcel Chenu & Michel Jailliard, 1990, ISBN 2-9505172-0-X","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
[{"title":"Trams in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_France"},{"title":"List of town tramway systems in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_town_tramway_systems_in_France"}]
[{"reference":"\"Rapport annuel 2018 sur le parc, le trafic et les événements d'exploitation des tramways\" (PDF) (in French). STRMTG - Service Technique des Remontées Mécaniques et des Transports Guidés. 20 December 2019. p. 11. Retrieved 2 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.strmtg.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/rapport_annuel_tw_2018_v1-2.pdf","url_text":"\"Rapport annuel 2018 sur le parc, le trafic et les événements d'exploitation des tramways\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tram - CITURA\". CITURA (in French). Retrieved 4 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.citura.fr/fr/tram/74","url_text":"\"Tram - CITURA\""}]},{"reference":"\"CITURA - Reims tramway map\" (PDF). citura.fr. CITURA - Le réseau des transports publics de l'agglomération de Reims. Retrieved 4 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.citura.fr/ftp/document/plan-tramway-2017-2018.pdf","url_text":"\"CITURA - Reims tramway map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reims and Angers choose APS\". Railway Gazette International. DVV Media International Ltd. 1 August 2006. Retrieved 4 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railwaygazette.com/29981.article","url_text":"\"Reims and Angers choose APS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International","url_text":"Railway Gazette International"}]},{"reference":"\"APS - Ground-level power supply\". www.alstom.com. Retrieved 4 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alstom.com/products-services/product-catalogue/rail-systems/Infrastructures/products/aps-ground-level-power-supply/","url_text":"\"APS - Ground-level power supply\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pink champagne in Reims\". Railway Gazette International. DVV Media International Ltd. 29 March 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railwaygazette.com/pink-champagne-in-reims/34869.article","url_text":"\"Pink champagne in Reims\""}]},{"reference":"\"From the mag: How a small French city helped inspire Sydney's light rail transformation – Rail Express\". www.railexpress.com.au. Retrieved 4 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railexpress.com.au/from-the-mag-how-a-small-french-city-helped-inspire-sydneys-light-rail-transformation/","url_text":"\"From the mag: How a small French city helped inspire Sydney's light rail transformation – Rail Express\""}]},{"reference":"\"Within a concession associating ALSTOM and Bouygues, the Reims Metropolitan Authority chooses an ALSTOM \"APS\" wire-free CITADIS tramway\". www.alstom.com. Retrieved 4 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2006/7/Within-a-concession-associating-ALSTOM-and-Bouygues-the-Reims-Metropolitan-Authority-chooses-an-ALSTOM-APS-wire-free-CITADIS-tramway-20060713/","url_text":"\"Within a concession associating ALSTOM and Bouygues, the Reims Metropolitan Authority chooses an ALSTOM \"APS\" wire-free CITADIS tramway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colourful celebrations mark opening of Reims tram\". Railway Gazette International. DVV Media International Ltd. 18 April 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railwaygazette.com/35860.article","url_text":"\"Colourful celebrations mark opening of Reims tram\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.strmtg.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/rapport_annuel_tw_2018_v1-2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Rapport annuel 2018 sur le parc, le trafic et les événements d'exploitation des tramways\""},{"Link":"http://www.citura.fr/fr/tram/74","external_links_name":"\"Tram - CITURA\""},{"Link":"http://www.citura.fr/ftp/document/plan-tramway-2017-2018.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CITURA - Reims tramway map\""},{"Link":"https://www.railwaygazette.com/29981.article","external_links_name":"\"Reims and Angers choose APS\""},{"Link":"http://www.alstom.com/products-services/product-catalogue/rail-systems/Infrastructures/products/aps-ground-level-power-supply/","external_links_name":"\"APS - Ground-level power supply\""},{"Link":"https://www.railwaygazette.com/pink-champagne-in-reims/34869.article","external_links_name":"\"Pink champagne in Reims\""},{"Link":"https://www.railexpress.com.au/from-the-mag-how-a-small-french-city-helped-inspire-sydneys-light-rail-transformation/","external_links_name":"\"From the mag: How a small French city helped inspire Sydney's light rail transformation – Rail Express\""},{"Link":"http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2006/7/Within-a-concession-associating-ALSTOM-and-Bouygues-the-Reims-Metropolitan-Authority-chooses-an-ALSTOM-APS-wire-free-CITADIS-tramway-20060713/","external_links_name":"\"Within a concession associating ALSTOM and Bouygues, the Reims Metropolitan Authority chooses an ALSTOM \"APS\" wire-free CITADIS tramway\""},{"Link":"https://www.railwaygazette.com/35860.article","external_links_name":"\"Colourful celebrations mark opening of Reims tram\""},{"Link":"http://www.lhebdoduvendredi.com/","external_links_name":"L'Hebdo du Vendredi"},{"Link":"http://lunion.presse.fr/","external_links_name":"L'Union"},{"Link":"http://www.citura.fr/","external_links_name":"Citura – official website"},{"Link":"http://www.mobilite-agglomeration-remoise.fr/","external_links_name":"MARS's website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Partridge_(AMCU-36)
USS Partridge (AMCU-36)
["1 Service history","2 Established as a Training Ship","3 Decommissioning","4 References","5 External links"]
Minesweeper of the United States Navy For other ships with the same name, see USS Partridge. History United States NameUSS Partridge BuilderConsolidated Steel Corporation, Orange, Texas Laid down18 April 1944 Launched13 May 1944 Commissioned10 June 1944, as USS LCI(L)-1001 DecommissionedMarch 1947 Recommissioned1950 DecommissionedEarly 1956 ReclassifiedAMCU-36, 7 March 1952; LSIL-1001, July 1954 Stricken7 August 1956 Honors andawards2 battle stars (World War II) FateSold for scrap, 8 July 1960 General characteristics Class and typeLCI(L)-351-class large landing craft Displacement260 long tons (264 t) Length159 ft (48 m) Beam23 ft 8 in (7.21 m) Draft5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) Propulsion 8 × GM diesel engines (4 per shaft), 1,600 bhp (1,193 kW) 2 × variable pitch propellers Speed14.4 knots (26.7 km/h; 16.6 mph) Complement41 Armament2 × single 20 mm AA guns USS Partridge (LCIL-1001/LSIL-1001/AMCU-36) was a LCI(L)-351-class large landing craft of the United States Navy. The ship was laid down by the Consolidated Steel Corporation, Orange, Texas, on 18 April 1944, launched on 13 May, and commissioned on 10 June 1944 as USS LCIL-1001. Service history After shakedown in the Gulf of Mexico, she operated in that area and along the east coast until she decommissioned at Green Cove Springs, Florida, in March 1947. Established as a Training Ship Reclassified as LSIL-1001 in 1949, she recommissioned in 1950. Based at Norfolk, Virginia, she served as a training ship for auxiliary minesweeper crews. Scheduled for conversion to an AMCU minehunter, she was named Partridge and reclassified AMCU-36 on 7 March 1952. However, her conversion was cancelled and she was reclassified and renamed LSIL-1001 in July 1954. Decommissioning Decommissioned in early 1956, she was struck from the Navy List on 7 August 1956 and scrapped. References  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. External links Photo gallery of USS Partridge at NavSource Naval History Mine Warfare Vessels vteAMCU-7-class minesweepers AMCU-7 AMCU-8 AMCU-9 AMCU-10 Blackbird Accentor Avocet Blue Jay Chaffinch Chewink Chimango Cockatoo Cotinga Dunlin Goldcrest Jacamar Kestrel Killdeer Longspur Magpie Mallard Medrick Minivet Oriole Ortolan Owl Partridge Rail Sandpiper Sentinel Shearwater Skimmer Sparrow List of minesweepers of the United States Navy
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Partridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Partridge"},{"link_name":"LCI(L)-351-class large landing craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCI(L)-351-class_large_landing_craft"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Steel Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Steel_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Orange, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange,_Texas"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Partridge.USS Partridge (LCIL-1001/LSIL-1001/AMCU-36) was a LCI(L)-351-class large landing craft of the United States Navy.The ship was laid down by the Consolidated Steel Corporation, Orange, Texas, on 18 April 1944, launched on 13 May, and commissioned on 10 June 1944 as USS LCIL-1001.","title":"USS Partridge (AMCU-36)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"east coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Green Cove Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Cove_Springs"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"}],"text":"After shakedown in the Gulf of Mexico, she operated in that area and along the east coast until she decommissioned at Green Cove Springs, Florida, in March 1947.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"minehunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minehunter"}],"text":"Reclassified as LSIL-1001 in 1949, she recommissioned in 1950. Based at Norfolk, Virginia, she served as a training ship for auxiliary minesweeper crews. Scheduled for conversion to an AMCU minehunter, she was named Partridge and reclassified AMCU-36 on 7 March 1952. However, her conversion was cancelled and she was reclassified and renamed LSIL-1001 in July 1954.","title":"Established as a Training Ship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navy List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"}],"text":"Decommissioned in early 1956, she was struck from the Navy List on 7 August 1956 and scrapped.","title":"Decommissioning"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/p2/partridge-iii.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/15/151001.htm","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"},{"Link":"http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/mine/","external_links_name":"Mine Warfare Vessels"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyak-Renault
Oyak-Renault
["1 History","2 Operations","3 Current models","4 Former models","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2023) Oyak Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları A.Ş.Company typeJoint-stock companyIndustryAutomotive industryFounded1969; 55 years ago (1969)HeadquartersBursa, TurkeyArea servedWorldwideKey peopleTunç Başeğmez (CEO)ProductsAutomobilesProduction output330,546Revenue€3.3 billion (2013)OwnerRenault (51%)Oyak (49%)Number of employees5,739 (December 2013)Websiteoyak-renault.com Oyak Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları or Oyak-Renault is a Turkish automotive manufacturer located in Bursa. It is co-owned by OYAK (Turkish: Ordu Yardımlaşma Kurumu, English: Army Pension Fund) and Renault. Oyak owns 49% and Renault owns 51% of the company. History Oyak-Renault was established in 1969 by Renault, Oyak and Yapi Kredi Bank, starting production two years later. The company originally manufactured various Renault models for the local and international market. Currently, some models are exported up to 100 countries worldwide. In 2018, the company produced 336,888 automobiles and 602,421 engines. In the same year, it was announced that it exported approximately 80% of its automobile production. Operations With an annual production capacity of 286,000 up to 360,000 units, it is the largest Renault factory outside Western Europe. The official car dealer network of Renault in Turkey is another joint venture known as MAİS A.Ş. In addition to the automotive assembly, the plant operates its own gearbox and engine manufacturing. Currently, they are manufacturing 450 different engines, 450,000 units a year. In the three-shift operation, more than 5,900 workers are employed. Current models Renault Clio HB2019–present Former models Renault 121971–1989Renault 12 Toros1989–2000 Renault 9 Broadway/Spring1985–2000 Renault 11 Flash1987–1996 Renault 21 Manager1990–1995 Renault 191992–1996 Renault 19 Europa1996–2003 Renault Mégane1997–2003 Renault Mégane Grand Tour1998–2003 Renault Clio Symbol/Thalia1999–2008 Renault Mégane Sedan2003–2009 Renault Symbol/Thalia2008-2013 Renault Clio HB2006-2014 Renault Clio Grand Tour 2007-2014 Renault Mégane HB2009-2016 Renault Fluence2009–2016 Renault Clio HB2012–2019 Renault Clio Estate2012–2019 Renault Symbol2013–2021 Renault Mégane sedan 2016-2022 See also List of companies of Turkey Bulgarrenault MAVA-Renault References ^ "Oyak Renault'da yeni genel müdür Ales Bratoz oldu" (in Turkish). Turkiyegazetesi.com.tr. 30 October 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2014. ^ a b "2013 Registration Document" (PDF). Renault. pp. 14, 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014. ^ a b Öznük, Enis (17 March 2010). "Oyak-Renault bans entry of covered women in facility". Todayszaman.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013. ^ The Report: Turkey 2008. Oxford Business Group. 2008. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9781902339863. ^ "Oyak Renault". Securities.com. ISI Emerging Markets. Retrieved 12 March 2013. ^ "Tarihçe". Oyak-Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları. Retrieved 3 August 2009. ^ "Oyak Renault 2018'de 602 bin 421 motor üretti - Bloomberg HT". 2019-01-24. Archived from the original on 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2023-02-16. ^ "Homepage". Oyak-Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları. Retrieved 3 August 2009. External links Oyak-Renault homepage Oyak corporate homepage Renault Corporate Site Association Renault Histoire (in french) vte Automotive industry in Turkey Automotive industry Economy of Turkey Transport in Turkey Domestic manufacturers Altın Boğa BMC Diardi Erkunt Tractor Etox Güleryüz Hattat Kanuni Motorcycle Karsan Katmerciler Marti Nurol Makina Onuk Oscar Otokar Otoser TEMSA Togg Tümosan Türk Traktör Yep Turkish-foreign joint ventures Anadolu Isuzu FNSS Defence Systems Ford Otosan Oyak-Renault Tofaş Foreign companies Hyundai MAN Mercedes-Benz Toyota Defunct manufacturers Anadol Askam Devrim Honda Opel Otoyol Özaltin TOE Components CMS HENA Mutlu Akü Lassa Petlas Supsan Related topics Istanbul Auto Show Automechanika Turkish Automobile Association Automotive Manufacturers Association State Highway System Motorways Commons vteRenaultCurrent modelsCars 5 E-Tech Clio/Lutecia Logan Mégane Megane E-Tech Sandero Taliant Twingo Pickup trucks Alaskan Oroch MPVs Triber Crossovers/SUVs Arkana / Mégane Conquest Austral Captur Duster Espace Kardian Kiger Koleos Kwid Rafale Scenic E-Tech Symbioz Vans Express Kangoo Kangoo (Latin America) Master Trafic Future models Bigster 4 (EV) Niagara Discontinued modelsNumeric 3 4 5 6 7 8 and 10 9 and 11 12 14 15 and 17 16 18 19 20 and 30 21 25 1970–present Alliance Avantime Captur (GA) Dokker Encore Fluence Fluence Z.E. Fuego Grand Espace Grand Modus Grand Scénic Kadjar Kangoo Z.E. Laguna Latitude Lodgy Medallion Modus Premier Pulse Rodeo Safrane Scala (India) Scala (Mexico) Scénic Symbol Talisman Talisman (China) Torino Twizy Vel Satis Virage Wind Zoe 1945–1970 4CV Caravelle Colorale Dauphine Dauphinoise Floride Frégate Ondine Between wars GS KJ KZ MT NN Quatre Celtaquatre Juvaquatre Monaquatre Novaquatre Primaquatre Vivaquatre Six Monasix Vivasix Sport Vivasport Nervasport Stella Monastella Nervastella Primastella Reinastella Suprastella Vivastella Vivastella Grand Sport Pre–WWI 40CV AX AG CB Voiturette Y Renault Sport AK 90CV 5 Turbo Clio Williams Spider Clio V6 Renault Sport Renault Sport R.S. 01 Renault Clio RS Renault Mégane RS Renault Sandero RS Gordini Dauphine Gordini Renault 8 Gordini Renault 12 Gordini Renault 17 Gordini Clio Gordini RS Twingo Gordini Twingo Gordini RS Wind Gordini Concepts /prototypes 5 EV R5 Turbo 3E Concept Alpine A110-50 Alaskan Concept Altica Argos Be Bop Captur Concept Clio R.S.16 Concept DeZir Egeus Eolab Étoile Filante EZ-GO EZ-PRO EZ-ULTIMO Fiftie Fluence Concept Fluence Z.E. Concept Frendzy Initiale Paris Kangoo Z.E. Concept Kiger Concept Kwid concept Kwid Climber Concept Kwid Racer concept Laguna Mégane Mégane eVision Morphoz Nepta Racoon R-Space Scénic Scénic Vision Symbioz Talisman Concept Trezor Twin'Run Twin'Z Twizy Z.E. Concept Twizy Z.E. R.S. F1 Concept Z.E. Zo Zoe Z.E. Concept Zoom Historiccommercial vehicles 1 000 kg Estafette Express EnginesStraight-4 A B C D E F F7R G J K R X V V6 CH EF L PRV E-Tech V8 ZRS03 RS V10 RS Regional marques Dacia Renault Samsung Motors/Renault Korea Motors (defunct) Subsidiaries andjoint venturesCurrent Alpine Gordini Horse Powertrain JMEV Motrio Oyak-Renault Renault Argentina Renault do Brasil Renault España Renault India Renault Korea Renault México Renault Pars Revoz RCI Banque Sofasa Somaca Former American Motors Corporation AvtoVAZ Berliet Caudron-Renault Dongfeng Renault Gitane Irisbus Mack Trucks Renault Agriculture Renault Russia Renault VI Renix Sanjiang Renault Saviem Related List of Renault vehicles Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa"},{"link_name":"OYAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordu_Yard%C4%B1mla%C5%9Fma_Kurumu"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TZ-3"}],"text":"Oyak Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları or Oyak-Renault is a Turkish automotive manufacturer located in Bursa. It is co-owned by OYAK (Turkish: Ordu Yardımlaşma Kurumu, English: Army Pension Fund) and Renault. Oyak owns 49% and Renault owns 51% of the company.[3]","title":"Oyak-Renault"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Yapi Kredi Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yap%C4%B1_ve_Kredi_Bankas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TZ-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Oyak-Renault was established in 1969[4] by Renault, Oyak and Yapi Kredi Bank, starting production two years later.[3][5]The company originally manufactured various Renault models for the local and international market. Currently, some models are exported up to 100 countries worldwide.[6]In 2018, the company produced 336,888 automobiles and 602,421 engines. In the same year, it was announced that it exported approximately 80% of its automobile production.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"MAİS A.Ş.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MA%C4%B0S&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"With an annual production capacity of 286,000 up to 360,000 units, it is the largest Renault factory outside Western Europe.[8] The official car dealer network of Renault in Turkey is another joint venture known as MAİS A.Ş.In addition to the automotive assembly, the plant operates its own gearbox and engine manufacturing. Currently, they are manufacturing 450 different engines, 450,000 units a year. In the three-shift operation, more than 5,900 workers are employed.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_Clio_V_(2023)_Esprit_Alpine_Automesse_Ludwigsburg_2023_1X7A0086.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renault Clio HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Clio#Clio_V"}],"text":"Renault Clio HB2019–present","title":"Current models"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_12TSW_Toros_front.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renault 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_12"},{"link_name":"Renault 12 Toros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Toros"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1991_Renault_9_Spring_TR.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renault 9 Broadway/Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_9_%26_11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R11ph2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renault 11 Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_9_%26_11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_21_front_20071031.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renault 21 Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_19_Chamade_front_20071204.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renault 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_19_front.JPG"},{"link_name":"Renault 19 Europa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_M%C3%A9gane_Classic_Century.JPG"},{"link_name":"Renault Mégane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#M%C3%A9gane_I_(1995%E2%80%932002)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_Megane_front_20071228.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renault Mégane Grand Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#M%C3%A9gane_I_(1995%E2%80%932002)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_Thalia_in_Krakow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renault Clio Symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Symbol"},{"link_name":"Thalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Symbol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_Megane_Sedane_Black_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renault Mégane Sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#M%C3%A9gane_II_(2002%E2%80%932009)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_Symbol_front_wdebut_Moscow_autoshow_2008_27_08.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renault Symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Symbol"},{"link_name":"Thalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Symbol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_Clio_2006_silver_vl.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renault Clio HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Clio#Clio_III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_Clio_III_Grandtour_20090801_front.JPG"},{"link_name":"Renault Clio Grand Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Clio#Clio_III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_M%C3%A9gane_III_20090801_front.JPG"},{"link_name":"Renault Mégane HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#M%C3%A9gane_III_(2008%E2%80%932016)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_Fluence.JPG"},{"link_name":"Renault Fluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Fluence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_-_Clio_-_Mondial_de_l%27Automobile_de_Paris_2012_-_202.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renault Clio HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Clio#Clio_IV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_Clio-IV-Estate_Front.JPG"},{"link_name":"Renault Clio Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Clio#Clio_IV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_Symbol_1.6_Expression_2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renault Symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Symbol#Third_generation_(2013)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_Megane_IV_Sedan_1X7A5849.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renault Mégane sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane#M%C3%A9gane_Sedan"}],"text":"Renault 121971–1989Renault 12 Toros1989–2000\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault 9 Broadway/Spring1985–2000\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault 11 Flash1987–1996\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault 21 Manager1990–1995\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault 191992–1996\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault 19 Europa1996–2003\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault Mégane1997–2003\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault Mégane Grand Tour1998–2003\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault Clio Symbol/Thalia1999–2008\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault Mégane Sedan2003–2009\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault Symbol/Thalia2008-2013\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault Clio HB2006-2014\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault Clio Grand Tour 2007-2014\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault Mégane HB2009-2016\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault Fluence2009–2016\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault Clio HB2012–2019\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault Clio Estate2012–2019\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault Symbol2013–2021\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault Mégane sedan 2016-2022","title":"Former models"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of companies of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Turkey"},{"title":"Bulgarrenault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarrenault"},{"title":"MAVA-Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAVA-Renault"}]
[{"reference":"\"Oyak Renault'da yeni genel müdür Ales Bratoz oldu\" (in Turkish). Turkiyegazetesi.com.tr. 30 October 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.turkiyegazetesi.com.tr/gundem/82756.aspx","url_text":"\"Oyak Renault'da yeni genel müdür Ales Bratoz oldu\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Registration Document\" (PDF). Renault. pp. 14, 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.renault.com/en/lists/archivesdocuments/registration-document-2013.pdf","url_text":"\"2013 Registration Document\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140408171047/http://www.renault.com/en/lists/archivesdocuments/registration-document-2013.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Öznük, Enis (17 March 2010). \"Oyak-Renault bans entry of covered women in facility\". Todayszaman.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130411233801/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=204584","url_text":"\"Oyak-Renault bans entry of covered women in facility\""},{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=204584","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Report: Turkey 2008. Oxford Business Group. 2008. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9781902339863.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902339863","url_text":"9781902339863"}]},{"reference":"\"Oyak Renault\". Securities.com. ISI Emerging Markets. Retrieved 12 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.securities.com/Public/company-profile/TR/Oyak_Renault_en_2427270.html","url_text":"\"Oyak Renault\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISI_Emerging_Markets&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"ISI Emerging Markets"}]},{"reference":"\"Tarihçe\". Oyak-Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları. Retrieved 3 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oyakrenault.com.tr/page.aspx?id=161","url_text":"\"Tarihçe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oyak Renault 2018'de 602 bin 421 motor üretti - Bloomberg HT\". 2019-01-24. Archived from the original on 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2023-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190124152433/https://www.bloomberght.com/haberler/haber/2190805-oyak-renault-2018-de-602-bin-421-motor-uretti","url_text":"\"Oyak Renault 2018'de 602 bin 421 motor üretti - Bloomberg HT\""},{"url":"https://www.bloomberght.com/haberler/haber/2190805-oyak-renault-2018-de-602-bin-421-motor-uretti","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Homepage\". Oyak-Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları. Retrieved 3 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oyakrenault.com.tr/","url_text":"\"Homepage\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.oyak-renault.com/","external_links_name":"oyak-renault.com"},{"Link":"http://www.turkiyegazetesi.com.tr/gundem/82756.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Oyak Renault'da yeni genel müdür Ales Bratoz oldu\""},{"Link":"http://www.renault.com/en/lists/archivesdocuments/registration-document-2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2013 Registration Document\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140408171047/http://www.renault.com/en/lists/archivesdocuments/registration-document-2013.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130411233801/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=204584","external_links_name":"\"Oyak-Renault bans entry of covered women in facility\""},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=204584","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.securities.com/Public/company-profile/TR/Oyak_Renault_en_2427270.html","external_links_name":"\"Oyak Renault\""},{"Link":"http://www.oyakrenault.com.tr/page.aspx?id=161","external_links_name":"\"Tarihçe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190124152433/https://www.bloomberght.com/haberler/haber/2190805-oyak-renault-2018-de-602-bin-421-motor-uretti","external_links_name":"\"Oyak Renault 2018'de 602 bin 421 motor üretti - Bloomberg HT\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberght.com/haberler/haber/2190805-oyak-renault-2018-de-602-bin-421-motor-uretti","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.oyakrenault.com.tr/","external_links_name":"\"Homepage\""},{"Link":"http://www.oyakrenault.com.tr/","external_links_name":"Oyak-Renault homepage"},{"Link":"http://www.oyak.com.tr/EN/corporate.html","external_links_name":"Oyak corporate homepage"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20141126161124/http://group.renault.com/en/our-company/locations/renault-locations/bursa-oyak-plant/","external_links_name":"Renault Corporate Site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141224144419/https://www.sites.google.com/site/histoiregrouperenault/histoire-des-sites-renault/turquie-bursa","external_links_name":"Association Renault Histoire (in french)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mumford_(bishop)
Peter Mumford (bishop)
["1 References"]
Christianity portal Memorial in Truro Cathedral Peter Mumford (14 October 1922 – 1992) was a bishop of the Church of England. He was the Bishop of Hertford from 1974 to 1981 and the Bishop of Truro from 1981 to 1989. Mumford was educated at Sherborne School and University College, Oxford. After Second World War service with the Royal Artillery he began his ordained ministry as a curate at St Mark's church, Salisbury. He was then the vicar of St Andrew's Bedford, the rector of Crawley and finally, from 1973 until his ordination to the episcopate, the Archdeacon of St Albans. He married Jane and they had two sons and a daughter: his wife survived him. Mumford wrote an autobiography, including "reflections", called Quick-eyed Love Observing (the title alludes to a poem by George Herbert), which was published after his death. Mumford failed to take action or to launch an investigation into Jeremy Dowling, who was later convicted of sex offences against boys. A review in 2018 found that "There is no doubt that there were a number of missed opportunities for the diocese of Truro to undertake its own investigations into the allegations made in 1972 against Jeremy Dowling." References ^ "Wiltshire and Swindon Archive Catalogue - memorial service for Peter Mumford". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2010. ^ “Who was Who” 1897-2007, London, A & C Black, 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-954087-7 ^ "Bishop of Truro appointed", The Times, 2 September 1981, p. 12. ^ "The Shirburnian" (PDF). Sherborne School. p. 67. Retrieved 18 February 2018. ^ Crockford's Clerical Directory 1975-76 London: Oxford University Press, 1976 ISBN 0-19-200008-X ^ Sherwood, Harriet (25 May 2018). "Four bishops failed to act over abuse by synod member, review finds". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 May 2023. Church of England titles Preceded byVictor Whitsey Bishop of Hertford 1974–1981 Succeeded byKenneth Pillar Preceded byGraham Leonard Bishop of Truro 1981–1989 Succeeded byMichael Ball vteArchdeacons of St AlbansMedieval John Blebury John Hatfield William Alnwick/Alnewyke John Peyton John Hatfield Stephen London William Albon William of Wallingford Nicholas Boston John Rothebury John Thornton Thomas Newland/Newlonde Richard Runham John Stonewell/Stonywell John Killingworth John Albon John Mainard/Maynard Richard Runham Thomas Marshall Thomas Kyngesbury Egidius Ferrers Thomas Kingsbury/Kyngesbury William East/Este Early modern William Este James Dugdale David Kempe Giles Lawrence William Hutchinson Thomas Raymond Thomas Westfield Mark Frank Christopher Shute William Bell Edward Carter John Cole Lionel Gatford Philip Stubbs Fifield Allen John Cole James Ibbetson Samuel Horsley Joseph Pott Robert Hodgson John Watson William Hale Charles Burney Anthony Grant Late modern Walter Lawrance Kenneth Gibbs Arthur Parnell Aylmer Skelton Thomas Wood Charles Cockbill Basil Snell Peter Mumford David Farmbrough Edward Norfolk Philip Davies Richard Cheetham Helen Cunliffe Jonathan Smith Jane Mainwaring Charles Hudson vteBishops of Hertford John Trillo Victor Whitsey Peter Mumford Kenneth Pillar Robin Smith Christopher Foster Paul Bayes Michael Beasley Jane Mainwaring vteBishops of Truro Edward White Benson George Wilkinson John Gott Charles Stubbs Winfrid Burrows Guy Warman Walter Frere Joseph Hunkin Edmund Morgan Maurice Key Graham Leonard Peter Mumford Michael Ball Bill Ind Tim Thornton Chris Goldsmith (acting) Philip Mounstephen This article about a Church of England bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Mumford,_Bishop_of_Truro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Truro Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truro_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Hertford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Hertford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Truro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Truro"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sherborne School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherborne_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"University College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"curate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curate"},{"link_name":"St Mark's church, Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Church,_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"vicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Crawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawley"},{"link_name":"episcopate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopate"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of St Albans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_St_Albans"},{"link_name":"George Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Christianity portalMemorial in Truro CathedralPeter Mumford (14 October 1922 – 1992[1]) was a bishop of the Church of England. He was the Bishop of Hertford from 1974 to 1981[2] and the Bishop of Truro from 1981 to 1989.[3]Mumford was educated at Sherborne School[4] and University College, Oxford. After Second World War service with the Royal Artillery he began his ordained ministry as a curate at St Mark's church, Salisbury. He was then the vicar of St Andrew's Bedford,[5] the rector of Crawley and finally, from 1973 until his ordination to the episcopate, the Archdeacon of St Albans. He married Jane and they had two sons and a daughter: his wife survived him.Mumford wrote an autobiography, including \"reflections\", called Quick-eyed Love Observing (the title alludes to a poem by George Herbert), which was published after his death.Mumford failed to take action or to launch an investigation into Jeremy Dowling, who was later convicted of sex offences against boys. A review in 2018 found that \"There is no doubt that there were a number of missed opportunities for the diocese of Truro to undertake its own investigations into the allegations made in 1972 against Jeremy Dowling.\"[6]","title":"Peter Mumford (bishop)"}]
[{"image_text":"Memorial in Truro Cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Peter_Mumford%2C_Bishop_of_Truro.jpg/220px-Peter_Mumford%2C_Bishop_of_Truro.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Wiltshire and Swindon Archive Catalogue - memorial service for Peter Mumford\". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927135852/http://history.wiltshire.gov.uk/archives/getarchive.php?id=97366","url_text":"\"Wiltshire and Swindon Archive Catalogue - memorial service for Peter Mumford\""},{"url":"http://history.wiltshire.gov.uk/archives/getarchive.php?id=97366","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Shirburnian\" (PDF). Sherborne School. p. 67. Retrieved 18 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/1985-Lent.pdf","url_text":"\"The Shirburnian\""}]},{"reference":"Sherwood, Harriet (25 May 2018). \"Four bishops failed to act over abuse by synod member, review finds\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/25/four-bishops-failed-to-act-over-abuse-by-synod-member-review-finds","url_text":"\"Four bishops failed to act over abuse by synod member, review finds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927135852/http://history.wiltshire.gov.uk/archives/getarchive.php?id=97366","external_links_name":"\"Wiltshire and Swindon Archive Catalogue - memorial service for Peter Mumford\""},{"Link":"http://history.wiltshire.gov.uk/archives/getarchive.php?id=97366","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/1985-Lent.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Shirburnian\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/25/four-bishops-failed-to-act-over-abuse-by-synod-member-review-finds","external_links_name":"\"Four bishops failed to act over abuse by synod member, review finds\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Mumford_(bishop)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Gatien
Jean-Philippe Gatien
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
French table tennis player Jean-Philippe GatienMondial Ping 2013Personal informationFull nameJean-Philippe GatienNationality FranceBorn (1968-10-16) 16 October 1968 (age 55)Alès, France Medal record Men's table tennis Representing  France Olympic Games 1992 Barcelona Singles 2000 Sydney Doubles World Championships 1993 Gothenburg Singles 1997 Manchester Team 1995 Tianjin Doubles 1997 Manchester Doubles World Cup 1994 Taipei Singles 1991 Kuala Lumpur Singles 1991 Barcelona Team 1994 Nimes Team European Championships 1990 Gothenburg Mixed Doubles 1994 Birmingham Team 1998 Eindhoven Team 2000 Bremen Doubles 1986 Prague Team 1992 Stuttgart Mixed Doubles 1996 Bratislava Team 1990 Gothenburg Singles 1996 Bratislava Singles 1998 Eindhoven Singles Jean-Philippe Gatien (French pronunciation: , born 16 October 1968 in Alès, France) is a retired French table tennis player. He competed at four Olympics from 1988 to 2000, winning silver in the singles at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics and bronze in doubles (with Patrick Chila) at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. He won the World Table Tennis Championships in 1993, the Table Tennis World Cup in 1994, and was 13-time "champion de France". A left-handed player, his offensive style featured a superb forehand smash. He also won three English Open titles. Following numerous injuries, Gatien retired on May 15, 2004. Having made his debut with French club AS Salindres, he made his final public appearance there in an exhibition match with Patrick Chila, June 2006. His long list of victories make him the greatest French table tennis player of all time. See also List of table tennis players List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists References ^ "ITTF_Database". Archived from the original on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2011-04-22. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Philippe Gatien. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Jean-Philippe Gatien". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2010-04-17. Jean-Philippe Gatien's Titles vteWorld table tennis men's singles champions 1926: Roland Jacobi (HUN) 1928: Zoltán Mechlovits (HUN) 1929: Fred Perry (ENG) 1930: Viktor Barna (HUN) 1931: Miklós Szabados (HUN) 1932: Viktor Barna (HUN) 1933: Viktor Barna (HUN) 1934: Viktor Barna (HUN) 1935: Viktor Barna (HUN) 1936: Stanislav Kolář (TCH) 1937: Richard Bergmann (AUT) 1938: Bohumil Váňa (TCH) 1939: Richard Bergmann (ENG) 1947: Bohumil Váňa (TCH) 1948: Richard Bergmann (ENG) 1949: Johnny Leach (ENG) 1950: Richard Bergmann (ENG) 1951: Johnny Leach (ENG) 1952: Hiroji Satoh (JPN) 1953: Ferenc Sidó (HUN) 1954: Ichiro Ogimura (JPN) 1955: Toshiaki Tanaka (JPN) 1956: Ichiro Ogimura (JPN) 1957: Toshiaki Tanaka (JPN) 1959: Rong Guotuan (CHN) 1961: Zhuang Zedong (CHN) 1963: Zhuang Zedong (CHN) 1965: Zhuang Zedong (CHN) 1967: Nobuhiko Hasegawa (JPN) 1969: Shigeo Itoh (JPN) 1971: Stellan Bengtsson (SWE) 1973: Xi Enting (CHN) 1975: István Jónyer (HUN) 1977: Mitsuru Kono (JPN) 1979: Seiji Ono (JPN) 1981: Guo Yuehua (CHN) 1983: Guo Yuehua (CHN) 1985: Jiang Jialiang (CHN) 1987: Jiang Jialiang (CHN) 1989: Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1991: Jörgen Persson (SWE) 1993: Jean-Philippe Gatien (FRA) 1995: Kong Linghui (CHN) 1997: Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1999: Liu Guoliang (CHN) 2001: Wang Liqin (CHN) 2003: Werner Schlager (AUT) 2005: Wang Liqin (CHN) 2007: Wang Liqin (CHN) 2009: Wang Hao (CHN) 2011: Zhang Jike (CHN) 2013: Zhang Jike (CHN) 2015: Ma Long (CHN) 2017: Ma Long (CHN) 2019: Ma Long (CHN) 2021: Fan Zhendong (CHN) 2023: Fan Zhendong (CHN) vteWorld Cup table tennis men's singles champions 1980: Guo Yuehua (CHN) 1981: Tibor Klampár (HUN) 1982: Guo Yuehua (CHN) 1983: Mikael Appelgren (SWE) 1984: Jiang Jialiang (CHN) 1985: Chen Xinhua (CHN) 1986: Chen Longcan (CHN) 1987: Teng Yi (CHN) 1988: Andrzej Grubba (POL) 1989: Ma Wenge (CHN) 1990: Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1991: Jörgen Persson (SWE) 1992: Ma Wenge (CHN) 1993: Zoran Primorac (CRO) 1994: Jean-Philippe Gatien (FRA) 1995: Kong Linghui (CHN) 1996: Liu Guoliang (CHN) 1997: Zoran Primorac (CRO) 1998: Jörg Roßkopf (GER) 1999: Vladimir Samsonov (BLR) 2000: Ma Lin (CHN) 2001: Vladimir Samsonov (BLR) 2002: Timo Boll (GER) 2003: Ma Lin (CHN) 2004: Ma Lin (CHN) 2005: Timo Boll (GER) 2006: Ma Lin (CHN) 2007: Wang Hao (CHN) 2008: Wang Hao (CHN) 2009: Vladimir Samsonov (BLR) 2010: Wang Hao (CHN) 2011: Zhang Jike (CHN) 2012: Ma Long (CHN) 2013: Xu Xin (CHN) 2014: Zhang Jike (CHN) 2015: Ma Long (CHN) 2016: Fan Zhendong (CHN) 2017: Dimitrij Ovtcharov (GER) 2018: Fan Zhendong (CHN) 2019: Fan Zhendong (CHN) 2020: Fan Zhendong (CHN) 2024: Ma Long (CHN) vteEuropean table tennis men's doubles champions 1958: Ladislav Štípek & Ludvík Vyhnanovský (TCH) 1960: Zoltán Berczik & Ferenc Sidó (HUN) 1962: Vojislav Marković & Janez Teran (YUG) 1964: Vladimír Miko & Jaroslav Staněk (TCH) 1966: Hans Alsér & Kjell Johansson (SWE) 1968: Antun Stipančić & Edvard Vecko (YUG) 1970: Antun Stipančić & Dragutin Šurbek (YUG) 1972: István Jónyer & Péter Rózsás (HUN) 1974: István Jónyer & Tibor Klampár (HUN) 1976: Stellan Bengtsson & Kjell Johansson (SWE) 1978: Gábor Gergely (HUN) & Milan Orlowski (TCH) 1980: Patrick Birocheau & Jacques Secrétin (FRA) 1982: Zoran Kalinić & Dragutin Šurbek (YUG) 1984: Zoran Kalinić & Dragutin Šurbek (YUG) 1986: Erik Lindh & Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1988: Mikael Appelgren & Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1990: Ilija Lupulesku & Zoran Primorac (YUG) 1992: Erik Lindh & Jörgen Persson (SWE) 1994: Zoran Kalinić (YUG) & Kalinikos Kreanga (GRE) 1996: Jörgen Persson & Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1998: Jörg Roßkopf (GER) & Vladimir Samsonov (BLR) 2000: Patrick Chila & Jean-Philippe Gatien (FRA) 2002: Timo Boll & Zoltan Fejer-Konnerth (GER) 2003: Chen Weixing (AUT) & Evgueni Chtchetinine (BLR) 2005: Karl Jindrak & Werner Schlager (AUT) 2007: Timo Boll & Christian Süß (GER) 2008: Timo Boll & Christian Süß (GER) 2009: Timo Boll & Christian Süß (GER) 2010: Timo Boll & Christian Süß (GER) 2011: Marcos Freitas (POR) & Andrej Gaćina (CRO) 2012: Robert Gardos & Daniel Habesohn (AUT) 2013: Tan Ruiwu (CRO) & Wang Zengyi (POL) 2015: Stefan Fegerl (AUT) & João Monteiro (POR) 2016: Patrick Franziska (GER) & Jonathan Groth (DEN) 2018: Robert Gardos & Daniel Habesohn (AUT) 2020: Maksim Grebnev & Lev Katsman (RUS) 2022: Mattias Falck & Kristian Karlsson (SWE) vteEuropean table tennis mixed doubles champions 1958: Zoltán Berczik & Gizella Lantos (HUN) 1960: Gheorge Cobirzan & Maria Alexandru (ROU) 1962: Hans Alsér (SWE) & Inge Harst-Muser (FRG) 1964: Peter Rozsas & Sarolta Lukacs-Mathe (HUN) 1966: Vladimír Miko & Marta Lužová (TCH) 1968: Stanislav Gomozkov & Zoja Rudnova (URS) 1970: Stanislav Gomozkov & Zoja Rudnova (URS) 1972: Stanislav Gomozkov & Zoja Rudnova (URS) 1974: Stanislav Gomozkov & Zoja Rudnova (URS) 1976: Antun Stipančić & Erzsebet Palatinus (YUG) 1978: Wilfried Lieck & Wiebke Hendriksen (FRG) 1980: Milan Orlowski & Ilona Uhlíková-Voštová (TCH) 1982: Andrzej Grubba (POL) & Bettine Vriesekoop (NED) 1984: Jacques Secrétin (FRA) & Valentina Popova (URS) 1986: Jindřich Panský & Marie Hrachová (TCH) 1988: Ilija Lupulesku & Jasna Fazlić (YUG) 1990: Jean-Philippe Gatien & Wang Xiaomin (FRA) 1992: Kalinikos Kreanga (GRE) & Otilia Bădescu (ROU) 1994: Zoran Primorac (CRO) & Csilla Bátorfi (HUN) 1996: Vladimir Samsonov (BLR) & Krisztina Tóth (HUN) 1998: Ilija Lupulesku (YUG) & Otilia Bădescu (ROU) 2000: Aleksandar Karakašević (YUG) & Rūta Paškauskienė (LTU) 2002: Lucjan Błaszczyk (POL) & Ni Xialian (LUX) 2003: Werner Schlager (AUT) & Krisztina Tóth (HUN) 2005: Aleksandar Karakašević (SCG) & Rūta Paškauskienė (LTU) 2007: Aleksandar Karakašević (SRB) & Rūta Paškauskienė (LTU) 2009: Aleksandar Karakašević (SRB) & Rūta Paškauskienė (LTU) 2010: Bora Vang & Sirin He (TUR) 2011: Mihai Andrei Filimon & Elizabeta Samara (ROU) 2012: Mihai Andrei Filimon & Elizabeta Samara (ROU) 2013: Antonín Gavlas & Renata Štrbíková (CZE) 2016: João Monteiro (POR) & Daniela Monteiro (ROU) 2018: Ruwen Filus & Han Ying (GER) 2020: Dang Qiu & Nina Mittelham (GER) 2022: Emmanuel Lebesson & Jia Nan Yuan (FRA) vteEuropean table tennis men's team champions 1958: Zoltán Berczik, Zoltán Bubonyi, László Földy, Elemér Gyetvai, Ferenc Sidó (HUN) 1960: Zoltán Berczik, Zoltán Bubonyi, László Földy, Tamas Halpert-Hollo, Ferenc Sidó (HUN) 1962: Zeljko Hrbud, Istvan Korpa, Vojislav Marković, Janez Teran, Edvard Vecko (YUG) 1964: Hans Alsér, Carl-Johan Bernhardt, Christer Johansson, Kjell Johansson, Lennart Oden (SWE) 1966: Hans Alsér, Carl-Johan Bernhardt, Christer Johansson, Kjell Johansson, Jorgen Rosberg (SWE) 1968: Hans Alsér, Stellan Bengtsson, Carl-Johan Bernhardt, Kjell Johansson, Bo Persson (SWE) 1970: Hans Alsér, Stellan Bengtsson, Carl-Johan Bernhardt, Kjell Johansson, Bo Persson (SWE) 1972: Stellan Bengtsson, Carl-Johan Bernhardt, Anders Johansson, Kjell Johansson , Bo Persson (SWE) 1974: Stellan Bengtsson, Anders Johansson, Kjell Johansson, Bo Persson, Ingemar Wikström (SWE) 1976: Damir Jurcic, Milivoj Karakašević, Zoran Kosanović, Antun Stipančić, Dragutin Šurbek (YUG) 1978: Gábor Gergely, István Jónyer, Tibor Klampár, Tibor Kreisz (HUN) 1980: Mikael Appelgren, Stellan Bengtsson, Ulf Carlsson, Erik Lindh, Ulf Thorsell (SWE) 1982: Gábor Gergely, István Jónyer, Tibor Klampár, Zsolt Kriston, János Molnár (HUN) 1984: Patrick Birocheau, Pierre Campagnolle, Francois Farout, Patrick Renverse, Jacques Secrétin (FRA) 1986: Mikael Appelgren, Ulf Carlsson, Erik Lindh, Jörgen Persson, Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1988: Mikael Appelgren, Ulf Bengtsson, Erik Lindh, Jörgen Persson, Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1990: Mikael Appelgren, Peter Karlsson, Erik Lindh, Jörgen Persson, Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1992: Mikael Appelgren, Peter Karlsson, Erik Lindh, Jörgen Persson, Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1994: Nicolas Chatelain, Patrick Chila, Damien Éloi, Jean-Philippe Gatien, Christophe Legoût (FRA) 1996: Peter Karlsson, Erik Lindh, Jörgen Persson, Thomas von Scheele, Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1998: Nicolas Chatelain, Patrick Chila, Damien Éloi, Jean-Philippe Gatien, Eric Varin (FRA) 2000: Fredrik Håkansson, Peter Karlsson, Magnus Molin, Jörgen Persson, Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 2002: Fredrik Håkansson, Peter Karlsson, Jens Lundqvist, Magnus Molin, Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 2003: Dzmitry Baltrushka, Evgueni Chtchetinine, Dmitry Chumakou, Dmitry Davidovich, Vladimir Samsonov (BLR) 2005: Allan Bentsen, Michael Maze, Martin Monrad, Finn Tugwell, Christoffer Petersen (DEN) 2007: Timo Boll, Dimitrij Ovtcharov, Jörg Roßkopf, Bastian Steger, Christian Süß (GER) 2008: Patrick Baum, Timo Boll, Dimitrij Ovtcharov, Bastian Steger, Christian Süß (GER) 2009: Patrick Baum, Timo Boll, Dimitrij Ovtcharov, Bastian Steger, Christian Süß (GER) 2010: Patrick Baum, Timo Boll, Patrick Franziska, Dimitrij Ovtcharov, Christian Süß (GER) 2011: Patrick Baum, Timo Boll, Ruwen Filus, Dimitrij Ovtcharov, Bastian Steger (GER) 2013: Patrick Baum, Patrick Franziska, Ruwen Filus, Dimitrij Ovtcharov, Bastian Steger (GER) 2014: Tiago Apolónia, Diogo Chen, Marcos Freitas, João Geraldo, João Monteiro (POR) 2015: Chen Weixing, Stefan Fegerl, Robert Gardos, Daniel Habesohn, Dominik Habesohn (AUT) 2017: Timo Boll, Ruwen Filus, Patrick Franziska, Dimitrij Ovtcharov, Ricardo Walther (GER) 2019: Timo Boll, Benedikt Duda, Ruwen Filus, Patrick Franziska, Dimitrij Ovtcharov (GER) 2021: Benedikt Duda, Ruwen Filus, Patrick Franziska, Dang Qiu, Kay Stumper (GER) 2023: Mattias Falck, Anton Källberg, Kristian Karlsson, Truls Möregårdh, Jon Persson (SWE) vteEurope Top-12/Top-16 table tennis men's singles champions 1971: István Jónyer (HUN) 1972: Antun Stipančić (YUG) 1973: Stellan Bengtsson (SWE) 1974: István Jónyer (HUN) 1975: Kjell Johansson (SWE) 1976: Dragutin Šurbek (YUG) 1977: Milan Orlowski (TCH) 1978: Gábor Gergely (HUN) 1979: Dragutin Šurbek (YUG) 1980: Stellan Bengtsson (SWE) 1981: Tibor Klampár (HUN) 1982: Mikael Appelgren (SWE) 1983: Milan Orlowski (TCH) 1984: Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1985: Andrzej Grubba (POL) 1986: Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1987: Desmond Douglas (ENG) 1988: Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1989: Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1990: Mikael Appelgren (SWE) 1991: Erik Lindh (SWE) 1992: Jörgen Persson (SWE) 1993: Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1994: Jean-Michel Saive (BEL) 1995: Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1996: Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) 1997: Jean-Philippe Gatien (FRA) 1998: Vladimir Samsonov (BLR) 1999: Vladimir Samsonov (BLR) 2000: Werner Schlager (AUT) 2001: Vladimir Samsonov (BLR) 2002: Timo Boll (GER) 2003: Timo Boll (GER) 2004: Michael Maze (DEN) 2005: Alexey Smirnov (RUS) 2006: Timo Boll (GER) 2007: Vladimir Samsonov (BLR) 2008: Werner Schlager (AUT) 2009: Timo Boll (GER) 2010: Timo Boll (GER) 2011: Kalinikos Kreanga (GRE) 2012: Dimitrij Ovtcharov (GER) 2014: Marcos Freitas (POR) 2015: Dimitrij Ovtcharov (GER) 2016: Dimitrij Ovtcharov (GER) 2017: Dimitrij Ovtcharov (GER) 2018: Timo Boll (GER) 2019: Dimitrij Ovtcharov (GER) 2020: Timo Boll (GER) 2021: Patrick Franziska (GER) 2022: Darko Jorgić (SLO) 2023: Darko Jorgić (SLO) 2024: Darko Jorgić (SLO) This article about a French Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article relating to a French table tennis figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ʒɑ̃ filip ɡasjɛ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Alès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"table tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis"},{"link_name":"1992 Barcelona Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Patrick Chila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Chila"},{"link_name":"2000 Sydney Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"World Table Tennis Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Table_Tennis_Championships"},{"link_name":"Table Tennis World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_Tennis_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"English Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Open_(table_tennis)"},{"link_name":"Patrick Chila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Chila"}],"text":"Jean-Philippe Gatien (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ filip ɡasjɛ̃], born 16 October 1968 in Alès, France) is a retired French table tennis player.He competed at four Olympics from 1988 to 2000, winning silver in the singles at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics and bronze in doubles (with Patrick Chila) at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. He won the World Table Tennis Championships in 1993, the Table Tennis World Cup in 1994, and was 13-time \"champion de France\".[1] A left-handed player, his offensive style featured a superb forehand smash.He also won three English Open titles.Following numerous injuries, Gatien retired on May 15, 2004. Having made his debut with French club AS Salindres, he made his final public appearance there in an exhibition match with Patrick Chila, June 2006. His long list of victories make him the greatest French table tennis player of all time.","title":"Jean-Philippe Gatien"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of table tennis players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_table_tennis_players"},{"title":"List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Table_Tennis_Championships_medalists"}]
[{"reference":"\"ITTF_Database\". Archived from the original on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2011-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121016063704/http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=2270&NAMES=GATIEN+Jean-Philippe+%28FRA%29&Assoc1=FRA&Assoc=&s_Gender=&s_Names=gatien&","url_text":"\"ITTF_Database\""},{"url":"http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=2270&NAMES=GATIEN+Jean-Philippe+%28FRA%29&Assoc1=FRA&Assoc=&s_Gender=&s_Names=gatien&","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Jean-Philippe Gatien\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2010-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100417143210/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ga/jean-philippe-gatien-1.html","url_text":"\"Jean-Philippe Gatien\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ga/jean-philippe-gatien-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121016063704/http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=2270&NAMES=GATIEN+Jean-Philippe+%28FRA%29&Assoc1=FRA&Assoc=&s_Gender=&s_Names=gatien&","external_links_name":"\"ITTF_Database\""},{"Link":"http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=2270&NAMES=GATIEN+Jean-Philippe+%28FRA%29&Assoc1=FRA&Assoc=&s_Gender=&s_Names=gatien&","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100417143210/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ga/jean-philippe-gatien-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Jean-Philippe Gatien\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ga/jean-philippe-gatien-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Philippe_Gatien&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Philippe_Gatien&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Mustapha_Tchaker
Mustapha Tchaker Stadium
["1 International matches","1.1 Algeria statistics at Mustapha Tchaker","1.2 USM Blida statistics at Mustapha Tchaker","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 36°29′25″N 2°50′48″E / 36.49028°N 2.84667°E / 36.49028; 2.84667This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mustapha Tchaker Stadium" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mustapha Tchaker Stadium ملعب مصطفى تشاكرFull nameStade Mustapha TchakerLocationBlida, AlgeriaOwnerFAFCapacity40,000SurfaceGrassConstructionOpenedFebruary 26, 2001Renovated2023TenantsUSM BlidaAlgeria national football team Mustapha Tchaker Stadium (Arabic: ملعب مصطفى تشاكر), is a multi-purpose stadium in Blida, Algeria. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium has a capacity of 40,000 people. The stadium is the home of the Algeria national football team. International matches Algeria statistics at Mustapha Tchaker Team Location P W D L GF GA % First Match Most Recent  Algeria Blida, Blida Province, Algeria 44 36 7 1 118 22 081.82 August 20, 2002 vs.  DR Congo March 29, 2022 vs.  Cameroon USM Blida statistics at Mustapha Tchaker Team Location P W D L GF GA % First Match Most Recent USM Blida Blida, Blida Province, Algeria 183 99 55 29 257 128 054.10 August 30, 2001 vs. USM Alger March 10, 2017 vs. WA Boufarik References External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stade Mustapha Tchaker. Photos at cafe.daum.net/stade Stade Mustapha Tchaker profile - worldstadiums.com 36°29′25″N 2°50′48″E / 36.49028°N 2.84667°E / 36.49028; 2.84667 This article about an Algerian sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"multi-purpose stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium"},{"link_name":"Blida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blida"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Algeria national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team"}],"text":"Mustapha Tchaker Stadium (Arabic: ملعب مصطفى تشاكر), is a multi-purpose stadium in Blida, Algeria. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium has a capacity of 40,000 people. The stadium is the home of the Algeria national football team.","title":"Mustapha Tchaker Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International matches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Algeria statistics at Mustapha Tchaker","title":"International matches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"USM Blida statistics at Mustapha Tchaker","title":"International matches"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mustapha_Tchaker_Stadium&params=36_29_25_N_2_50_48_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"36°29′25″N 2°50′48″E / 36.49028°N 2.84667°E / 36.49028; 2.84667"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mustapha+Tchaker+Stadium%22","external_links_name":"\"Mustapha Tchaker Stadium\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mustapha+Tchaker+Stadium%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mustapha+Tchaker+Stadium%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mustapha+Tchaker+Stadium%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mustapha+Tchaker+Stadium%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mustapha+Tchaker+Stadium%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://cafe.daum.net/stade/5BHw/25","external_links_name":"Photos"},{"Link":"https://cafe.daum.net/stade/","external_links_name":"cafe.daum.net/stade"},{"Link":"http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_pictures/africa/algeria/blida_tchaker.shtml","external_links_name":"Stade Mustapha Tchaker profile - worldstadiums.com"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mustapha_Tchaker_Stadium&params=36_29_25_N_2_50_48_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"36°29′25″N 2°50′48″E / 36.49028°N 2.84667°E / 36.49028; 2.84667"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustapha_Tchaker_Stadium&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyone_Is_Dirty
Everyone Is Dirty
["1 History","2 Band members","3 Former members","4 Discography","4.1 Long plays","4.2 Singles","5 References","6 External links"]
American rock band Everyone Is DirtyBackground informationOriginOakland, CaliforniaGenresrock, art rock, baroque pop, psychedelic musicYears active2013–presentLabelsBreakup RecordsDonut Time AudioTricycle RecordsMembersNatasha BaileyChris DaddioSivan LioncubStephen WrightWebsitehttp://www.everyoneisdirty.com/ Everyone Is Dirty is an American rock band whose style incorporates elements of baroque pop, art rock, and psychedelic music. History Everyone Is Dirty was formed in Oakland, California by co-songwriters Christopher Daddio (guitar, vocals) and Sivan Lioncub (lead vocals, electric violin). The band solidified in 2013 with the addition of Tyler English (bass guitar, pedal steel guitar) and Tony T. Sales (drums), and their debut album, Dying Is Fun, was released in 2014 on Tricycle Records. During 2015, Lioncub endured a lengthy hospital stay due to acute liver failure brought on by an allergy to Augmentin, and her experience informed the songs on their second album, My Neon's Dead, released in 2017 on the Donut Time Audio label. Sales left the group later that year, and was replaced on drums by Jake Kopulsky. Another lineup change occurred during 2020 when English and Kopulsky were replaced by Natasha Bailey (drums) and Stephen Wright (bass guitar). The band's most recent release is 2023's Caramels for Grandpa, which was co-produced by Eric Drew Feldman (Captain Beefheart, PJ Harvey, Frank Black). The album is an homage to Lioncub's late grandfather, Henry Drejer, who was a Holocaust survivor. Band members Natasha Bailey ― drums Chris Daddio ― guitar, vocals Sivan Lioncub ― lead vocals, electric violin Stephen "Stevo" Wright ― bass guitar Former members Tyler English ― bass guitar, pedal steel guitar (2013–2020) Jake Kopulsky ― drums (2017–2020) Tony T. Sales ― drums (2013–2017) Discography Long plays Dying Is Fun (Tricycle Records, 2014) My Neon's Dead (Donut Time Audio, 2017) Caramels for Grandpa (Donut Time Audio, 2023) Singles "Mama, No!!!" (Breakup Records, 2014) "Banana Split" (People in a Position to Know, 2018) References ^ "Album on iTunes". September 2, 2014. Retrieved 2015-09-02. ^ "Single on iTunes". January 28, 2014. Retrieved 2015-09-02. External links Official website Discogs Everyone Is Dirty on Facebook Instagram X YouTube channel Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)"},{"link_name":"baroque pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_pop"},{"link_name":"art rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_rock"},{"link_name":"psychedelic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_music"}],"text":"Everyone Is Dirty is an American rock band whose style incorporates elements of baroque pop, art rock, and psychedelic music.","title":"Everyone Is Dirty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"electric violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_violin"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_in_music"},{"link_name":"pedal steel guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"Dying Is Fun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying_Is_Fun"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_in_music"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_music"},{"link_name":"acute liver failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_liver_failure"},{"link_name":"Augmentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmentin"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_music"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_music"},{"link_name":"Eric Drew Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Drew_Feldman"},{"link_name":"Captain Beefheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Beefheart"},{"link_name":"PJ Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PJ_Harvey"},{"link_name":"Frank Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Francis"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_survivor"}],"text":"Everyone Is Dirty was formed in Oakland, California by co-songwriters Christopher Daddio (guitar, vocals) and Sivan Lioncub (lead vocals, electric violin). The band solidified in 2013 with the addition of Tyler English (bass guitar, pedal steel guitar) and Tony T. Sales (drums), and their debut album, Dying Is Fun, was released in 2014 on Tricycle Records. During 2015, Lioncub endured a lengthy hospital stay due to acute liver failure brought on by an allergy to Augmentin, and her experience informed the songs on their second album, My Neon's Dead, released in 2017 on the Donut Time Audio label. Sales left the group later that year, and was replaced on drums by Jake Kopulsky. Another lineup change occurred during 2020 when English and Kopulsky were replaced by Natasha Bailey (drums) and Stephen Wright (bass guitar).The band's most recent release is 2023's Caramels for Grandpa, which was co-produced by Eric Drew Feldman (Captain Beefheart, PJ Harvey, Frank Black). The album is an homage to Lioncub's late grandfather, Henry Drejer, who was a Holocaust survivor.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Natasha Bailey ― drums\nChris Daddio ― guitar, vocals\nSivan Lioncub ― lead vocals, electric violin\nStephen \"Stevo\" Wright ― bass guitar","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Tyler English ― bass guitar, pedal steel guitar (2013–2020)\nJake Kopulsky ― drums (2017–2020)\nTony T. Sales ― drums (2013–2017)","title":"Former members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dying Is Fun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying_Is_Fun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Long plays","text":"Dying Is Fun (Tricycle Records, 2014)[1]\nMy Neon's Dead (Donut Time Audio, 2017)\nCaramels for Grandpa (Donut Time Audio, 2023)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Mama, No!!!\" (Breakup Records, 2014)[2]\n\"Banana Split\" (People in a Position to Know, 2018)","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Album on iTunes\". September 2, 2014. Retrieved 2015-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/dying-is-fun/id899446220","url_text":"\"Album on iTunes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Single on iTunes\". January 28, 2014. Retrieved 2015-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/mama-no!!!-single/id813673312","url_text":"\"Single on iTunes\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.everyoneisdirty.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.everyoneisdirty.com/"},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/dying-is-fun/id899446220","external_links_name":"\"Album on iTunes\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/mama-no!!!-single/id813673312","external_links_name":"\"Single on iTunes\""},{"Link":"http://www.everyoneisdirty.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/4409188-Everyone-Is-Dirty","external_links_name":"Discogs"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/EveryoneIsDirty","external_links_name":"Everyone Is Dirty"},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/everyoneisdirty","external_links_name":"Instagram"},{"Link":"https://x.com/EveryoneIsDirty","external_links_name":"X"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/everyoneisdirty","external_links_name":"YouTube channel"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6e1f94b3-49e5-4566-ae53-62bfc4854508","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_Like_the_Enemy
Looking Like the Enemy
["1 Background","2 Contents","3 Reception","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Notes"]
2014 non-fiction book First edition Looking Like the Enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican State, and US Hegemony, 1897-1945 is a 2014 non-fiction book by Jerry García, published by The University of Arizona Press. It discusses the treatment of Mexicans of Japanese descent and Japanese nationals in Mexico during World War II, as well as the overall history from 1897 to the war. This book is the first one in English that specifically focuses on the Japanese Mexicans; Michael Palencia-Roth of the University of Illinois wrote that the Japanese populations in Brazil, Peru, and the United States were more commonly the focus of such studies. The author argued that Mexico had more lenient actions towards the ethnic Japanese during the war than the United States. Background García is a professor of Mexican American Studies at Eastern Washington University. The book has interviews, with the text containing excerpts of two of them. J. M. Starling of Choice Reviews stated that these two stated that the Japanese Mexican people removed to internment camps perceived their experiences to be "humane" and that the interviews "frame several of the book's key arguments". The author used the 1976 book México y Japón en el siglo XIX and the 1982 book Siete migraciones japonesas en México, both by María Elena Ota Mishima, as well as the 1990 book Relaciones entre México y Japón durante el Porfiriato by Enrique Cortés, as the bases of his research. García used content, including descriptions from people, images, and government documents, from the archives of Mexico and the United States. Toake Endoh of Hawaii Tokai International College wrote that material from Japan in the research "is disproportionately scarce". Contents The book, using chronological order, has an introduction, six chapters, and a conclusion. Initially the book talks about the genesis, formation, and evolution of the Mexican Japanese community before World War II, while at a later point it discusses the consequences of the war. Each chapter follows the introduction, body, and conclusion format. The introduction discusses the said creation and/or the international relations between the mother country, the destination country, and the bordering United States. Chapter 1 deals with some of the same topics as the introduction. Chapter 2 refers to Orientalism and the Mexican Revolution. Chapter 3 discusses the political environment between the revolution and the entry of the United States in World War II. Chapter 4 discusses the anti-Japanese sentiment that arrived as a consequence of U.S. involvement in World War II. Chapter 5 discusses downward social mobility of the Japanese as a result of the war, as does Chapter 6. Jeffrey Lesser of Emory University wrote that the book "avoids the trap of treating the history of Japanese Mexicans as so unique as to be of self-contained importance" and instead compares them with other immigrant groups in Latin America. Page five of the book stated that the processes of the community formation occurred among "Mexican modernity, revolution, and reconstruction", and the book also explores identity politics and whiteness. Reception Yuichiro Onishi of the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities wrote that the analysis presented by the author is "compelling" due to the author's "attention to local circumstances". He added that the discussion on integration into the Mexican community being "Particularly interesting", with the book also containing "a myriad of little known episodes" of historical events. Starling concluded that it was "Highly recommended" and gave three stars. He argued that the book should have had more variety in sourcing. Palencia-Roth wrote that "This book should be required reading in the fields of Asian immigration and of borderland studies." Of the chapters he stated that they were "lucidly presented, well-researched but somewhat repetitive". Endoh wrote that "the work is engaging and accessible reading for both general and scholarly audiences" and that the "findings and wealth of documents are valuable additions to the study of Japanese migration, and should inspire future research." He praised the use of archival material and added that the pre-World War II immigration discussion is "One of the major strengths of this book". Endoh criticized what he perceived as a lack of explanation of certain issues such as relations between Japan and the Japanese Mexicans and explaining how different Mexican communities had different responses to the Japanese in World War II. Lesser wrote that he was "so engrossed in" the work that he forgot to disembark at his planned bus stop, and concluded the work "is a strong addition to a growing literature on Latin Americans of immigrant descent." He criticized the lack of precision in some vocabulary, such as what was meant with the word "Japanese", but characterized that as one of several minor "quibbles" reviewers of academic literature frequently have. He praised portions discussing Mexican adaptation of anti-Japanese propaganda from the U.S. and the involvement of ethnic Japanese in the Mexican Revolution. Eric Boime of San Diego State University Imperial Valley Campus wrote that the book "proves more than up to the task to recover the Japanese experience in Mexico through World War II." See also The Japanese in Latin America - Discusses various ethnic Japanese communities in Latin America References Onishi, Yuichiro (2014-12-01). "Looking like the Enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican State, and US Hegemony, 1897-1945". The Journal of American History. 101 (3): 962. doi:10.1093/jahist/jau637. - Profile at Oxford University Press, republished on February 3, 2015 by the Japanese American National Museum with the former's permission. Lesser, Jeffrey (2014). "Looking like the Enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican State, and US Hegemony, 1897-1945". Hispanic American Historical Review. 94 (4): 715. doi:10.1215/00182168-2802894. Starling, J. (July 2014). "Looking like the enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican state, and US hegemony, 1897-1945". Choice Reviews. 51 (11): 2048 – via Gale. Endoh, Toake (2015). "Jerry García . Looking Like the Enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican State, and US Hegemony, 1897–1945". The American Historical Review. 120 (1): 300–301. doi:10.1093/ahr/120.1.300. Palencia-Roth, Michael (April 2017). "Looking like the Enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican State, and US Hegemony, 1897-1945 - by García, Jerry". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 36 (2): 248–250. doi:10.1111/blar.12610. Boime, E (2016-02-01). "Review: Looking Like the Enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican State, and US Hegemony, 1897-1945 by Jerry Garcia". Pacific Historical Review. 85 (1): 159–161. doi:10.1525/phr.2016.85.1.159. Notes ^ a b c d e f g Starling. ^ Palencia-Roth, p. 248. ^ Palencia-Roth, p. 248-249. ^ a b c Endoh, p. 300. ^ a b c d Lesser, p. 616. ^ a b c Palencia-Roth, p. 249. ^ Page five of the book directly quoted in Boime p. 160. ^ a b Onishi. ^ Palencia-Roth, p. 250. ^ Endoh, p. 301. ^ Endoh p. 300-301. ^ Lesser, p. 715. ^ a b Lesser, p. 717. ^ Lesser, p. 716-717. ^ Boime, p. 159. vte Japanese diaspora and Japanese expatriatesAfrica Egypt South Africa AmericasCaribbean Cuba Dominican Republic Jamaica Elsewhere Argentina Bolivia Brazil São Paulo City Canada British Columbia Montreal Toronto Chile Colombia Mexico Mexico City Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela United States By state and/or city Asia China Shanghai Japanese orphans in China Hong Kong India Indonesia Korea North Korea South Korea Malaysia Nepal Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam Europe Belgium (Brussels) France Paris Germany Düsseldorf Netherlands Russia Sakhalin Japanese  Spain United Kingdom London OceaniaMicronesia Federated States of Micronesia Kiribati Marshall Islands Palau Elsewhere Australia Melbourne Hawaii United States New Caledonia France New Zealand Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Generations Issei immigrants Nisei second generation Sansei third generation Yonsei fourth generation Gosei fifth generation Related articles Dekasegi Foreign-born Japanese The Japanese and Europe The Japanese in Latin America Japantown Hoshū jugyō kō list Looking Like the Enemy New Worlds, New Lives Nihonjin gakkō
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Looking_Like_the_Enemy.jpg"},{"link_name":"The University of Arizona Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Arizona_Press"},{"link_name":"Mexicans of Japanese descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicans_of_Japanese_descent"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starling-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starling-1"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starling-1"}],"text":"First editionLooking Like the Enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican State, and US Hegemony, 1897-1945 is a 2014 non-fiction book by Jerry García, published by The University of Arizona Press. It discusses the treatment of Mexicans of Japanese descent and Japanese nationals in Mexico during World War II, as well as the overall history from 1897 to the war.[1]This book is the first one in English that specifically focuses on the Japanese Mexicans;[1] Michael Palencia-Roth of the University of Illinois wrote that the Japanese populations in Brazil, Peru, and the United States were more commonly the focus of such studies.[2] The author argued that Mexico had more lenient actions towards the ethnic Japanese during the war than the United States.[1]","title":"Looking Like the Enemy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starling-1"},{"link_name":"Choice Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice_Reviews"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starling-1"},{"link_name":"México y Japón en el siglo XIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9xico_y_Jap%C3%B3n_en_el_siglo_XIX&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Siete migraciones japonesas en México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siete_migraciones_japonesas_en_M%C3%A9xico&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Relaciones entre México y Japón durante el Porfiriato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relaciones_entre_M%C3%A9xico_y_Jap%C3%B3n_durante_el_Porfiriato&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hawaii Tokai International College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Tokai_International_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endohp300-4"}],"text":"García is a professor of Mexican American Studies at Eastern Washington University.[1]The book has interviews, with the text containing excerpts of two of them. J. M. Starling of Choice Reviews stated that these two stated that the Japanese Mexican people removed to internment camps perceived their experiences to be \"humane\" and that the interviews \"frame several of the book's key arguments\".[1]The author used the 1976 book México y Japón en el siglo XIX and the 1982 book Siete migraciones japonesas en México, both by María Elena Ota Mishima, as well as the 1990 book Relaciones entre México y Japón durante el Porfiriato by Enrique Cortés, as the bases of his research.[3]García used content, including descriptions from people, images, and government documents, from the archives of Mexico and the United States. Toake Endoh of Hawaii Tokai International College wrote that material from Japan in the research \"is disproportionately scarce\".[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lesserp616-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palencia-Rothp249-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endohp300-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lesserp616-5"},{"link_name":"Orientalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism"},{"link_name":"Mexican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palencia-Rothp249-6"},{"link_name":"Emory University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lesserp616-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"identity politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_politics"},{"link_name":"whiteness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteness_studies"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lesserp616-5"}],"text":"The book, using chronological order,[5] has an introduction, six chapters, and a conclusion.[6] Initially the book talks about the genesis, formation, and evolution of the Mexican Japanese community before World War II, while at a later point it discusses the consequences of the war.[4] Each chapter follows the introduction, body, and conclusion format.[5]The introduction discusses the said creation and/or the international relations between the mother country, the destination country, and the bordering United States. Chapter 1 deals with some of the same topics as the introduction.\nChapter 2 refers to Orientalism and the Mexican Revolution. Chapter 3 discusses the political environment between the revolution and the entry of the United States in World War II. Chapter 4 discusses the anti-Japanese sentiment that arrived as a consequence of U.S. involvement in World War II. Chapter 5 discusses downward social mobility of the Japanese as a result of the war, as does Chapter 6.[6]Jeffrey Lesser of Emory University wrote that the book \"avoids the trap of treating the history of Japanese Mexicans as so unique as to be of self-contained importance\" and instead compares them with other immigrant groups in Latin America.[5]Page five of the book stated that the processes of the community formation occurred among \"Mexican modernity, revolution, and reconstruction\",[7] and the book also explores identity politics and whiteness.[5]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Minnesota, Twin Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota,_Twin_Cities"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Onishi-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Onishi-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starling-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starling-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palencia-Rothp249-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endohp300-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lesserp717-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lesserp717-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"San Diego State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_State_University"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Yuichiro Onishi of the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities wrote that the analysis presented by the author is \"compelling\" due to the author's \"attention to local circumstances\".[8] He added that the discussion on integration into the Mexican community being \"Particularly interesting\", with the book also containing \"a myriad of little known episodes\" of historical events.[8]Starling concluded that it was \"Highly recommended\" and gave three stars.[1] He argued that the book should have had more variety in sourcing.[1]Palencia-Roth wrote that \"This book should be required reading in the fields of Asian immigration and of borderland studies.\"[9] Of the chapters he stated that they were \"lucidly presented, well-researched but somewhat repetitive\".[6]Endoh wrote that \"the work is engaging and accessible reading for both general and scholarly audiences\" and that the \"findings and wealth of documents are valuable additions to the study of Japanese migration, and should inspire future research.\"[10] He praised the use of archival material and added that the pre-World War II immigration discussion is \"One of the major strengths of this book\".[4] Endoh criticized what he perceived as a lack of explanation of certain issues such as relations between Japan and the Japanese Mexicans and explaining how different Mexican communities had different responses to the Japanese in World War II.[11]Lesser wrote that he was \"so engrossed in\" the work that he forgot to disembark at his planned bus stop,[12] and concluded the work \"is a strong addition to a growing literature on Latin Americans of immigrant descent.\"[13] He criticized the lack of precision in some vocabulary, such as what was meant with the word \"Japanese\", but characterized that as one of several minor \"quibbles\" reviewers of academic literature frequently have.[13] He praised portions discussing Mexican adaptation of anti-Japanese propaganda from the U.S. and the involvement of ethnic Japanese in the Mexican Revolution.[14]Eric Boime of San Diego State University Imperial Valley Campus wrote that the book \"proves more than up to the task [...] to recover the Japanese experience in Mexico through World War II.\"[15]","title":"Reception"}]
[{"image_text":"First edition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Looking_Like_the_Enemy.jpg/220px-Looking_Like_the_Enemy.jpg"}]
[{"title":"The Japanese in Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japanese_in_Latin_America"}]
[{"reference":"Onishi, Yuichiro (2014-12-01). \"Looking like the Enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican State, and US Hegemony, 1897-1945\". The Journal of American History. 101 (3): 962. doi:10.1093/jahist/jau637.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2015/2/3/looking-like-the-enemy/","url_text":"\"Looking like the Enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican State, and US Hegemony, 1897-1945\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_History","url_text":"The Journal of American History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjau637","url_text":"10.1093/jahist/jau637"}]},{"reference":"Lesser, Jeffrey (2014). \"Looking like the Enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican State, and US Hegemony, 1897-1945\". Hispanic American Historical Review. 94 (4): 715. doi:10.1215/00182168-2802894.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review","url_text":"Hispanic American Historical Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-2802894","url_text":"10.1215/00182168-2802894"}]},{"reference":"Starling, J. (July 2014). \"Looking like the enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican state, and US hegemony, 1897-1945\". Choice Reviews. 51 (11): 2048 – via Gale.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A373577629/AONE?u=wikipedia&sid=AONE&xid=fb7cb57d","url_text":"\"Looking like the enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican state, and US hegemony, 1897-1945\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice_Reviews","url_text":"Choice Reviews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(publisher)","url_text":"Gale"}]},{"reference":"Endoh, Toake (2015). \"Jerry García . Looking Like the Enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican State, and US Hegemony, 1897–1945\". The American Historical Review. 120 (1): 300–301. doi:10.1093/ahr/120.1.300.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review","url_text":"The American Historical Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fahr%2F120.1.300","url_text":"10.1093/ahr/120.1.300"}]},{"reference":"Palencia-Roth, Michael (April 2017). \"Looking like the Enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican State, and US Hegemony, 1897-1945 - by García, Jerry\". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 36 (2): 248–250. doi:10.1111/blar.12610.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_Latin_American_Research","url_text":"Bulletin of Latin American Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fblar.12610","url_text":"10.1111/blar.12610"}]},{"reference":"Boime, E (2016-02-01). \"Review: Looking Like the Enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican State, and US Hegemony, 1897-1945 by Jerry Garcia\". Pacific Historical Review. 85 (1): 159–161. doi:10.1525/phr.2016.85.1.159.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Historical_Review","url_text":"Pacific Historical Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fphr.2016.85.1.159","url_text":"10.1525/phr.2016.85.1.159"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2015/2/3/looking-like-the-enemy/","external_links_name":"\"Looking like the Enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican State, and US Hegemony, 1897-1945\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjau637","external_links_name":"10.1093/jahist/jau637"},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/101/3/962/796385","external_links_name":"Profile at"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-2802894","external_links_name":"10.1215/00182168-2802894"},{"Link":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A373577629/AONE?u=wikipedia&sid=AONE&xid=fb7cb57d","external_links_name":"\"Looking like the enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican state, and US hegemony, 1897-1945\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fahr%2F120.1.300","external_links_name":"10.1093/ahr/120.1.300"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fblar.12610","external_links_name":"10.1111/blar.12610"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fphr.2016.85.1.159","external_links_name":"10.1525/phr.2016.85.1.159"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino:_The_Essential_Dean_Martin
Dino: The Essential Dean Martin
["1 Track listing","2 2005 live disc","3 2011 bonus tracks","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 References"]
2004 compilation album by Dean MartinDino: The Essential Dean MartinCompilation album by Dean MartinReleasedSeptember 2004GenreTraditional popLength77:59LabelCapitol Dean Martin chronology Lay Some Happiness on Me: The Reprise Years and More 1966-1985(2001) Dino: The Essential Dean Martin(2004) Live from Las Vegas(2005) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic Dino: The Essential Dean Martin is a 2004 compilation album by Dean Martin, released on September 6, 2004. It contains thirty tracks, twenty from Capitol and ten from Reprise. It has since been reissued in two separate special editions, one in 2005 (augmented with a live disc) and one in 2011 (featuring six bonus tracks). Alongside track listings and photographs, the liner notes include contributions from Stevie Van Zandt, Deana Martin and Gail Martin Downey. Van Zandt writes about the experience of watching Dean Martin's appearance as the host of the episode of The Hollywood Palace which featured the first US television appearance of The Rolling Stones. Deana Martin shares her memories of the recording session for "Memories Are Made of This" while Downey recalls Martin's explanation of how an empty bottle of Coca-Cola helped make "Houston" a hit. The album was certified "Gold" in 2004 and "Platinum" in 2006. Track listing The included version of "You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You" is the 1960 Capitol album track rather than the charting 1964 Reprise version: William Ruhlmann of AllMusic suggests that the substitution was made in order to reduce the number of similar Reprise arrangements present. No.TitleFirst appearanceLength1."Ain't That a Kick in the Head?"Capitol #4420 (08/08/1960)2:242."That's Amore"Capitol #2589 (09/14/1953)3:073."Memories Are Made of This"Capitol #EAP1 701, Capitol #3295 (11/28/1955)2:164."Just in Time"This Time I'm Swingin'! (Capitol #1442, 10/1960), Capitol #4391 (06/20/1960)2:135."Sway"Capitol #2818 (05/24/1954)2:426."I'd Cry Like a Baby"Capitol #2749 (03/08/1954)2:357."Volare (Nel Blu di Pinto di Blu)"Capitol #4028 (08/11/1958)2:598."Under the Bridges of Paris"Capitol #3036 (02/07/1955)2:469."Love Me, Love Me"Capitol #2485 (06/01/1953)2:3410."If"Capitol #1342 (12/11/1950)2:4611."Mambo Italiano"Capitol EAP1 9123 (1955)2:1912."Let Me Go, Lover!"Capitol EAP1 9123 (1955)3:0013."Standing on the Corner"Capitol #3414 (04/20/1956)2:4714."You Belong to Me"Capitol #2165 (07/28/1952)3:0215."Powder Your Face with Sunshine (Smile! Smile! Smile!)"Capitol #15351 (01/17/1949)2:3216."Innamorata (Sweetheart)"Capitol #3352 (02/13/1956)2:2417."I'll Always Love You (Day After Day)"Capitol #1028 (05/22/1950)2:3318."Kiss"Capitol #2319 (12/29/1952)2:2219."You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You"This Time I'm Swingin'! (10/1960)2:1220."Return to Me (Ritorna-Me)"Capitol #3894 (02/17/1958)2:2321."The Door Is Still Open (to My Heart)"The Door Is Still Open to My Heart (Reprise RS-6140, 11/1964), Reprise #0307 (09/02/1964)2:5322."Houston"Houston (Reprise RS-6181, 10/1965), Reprise #0393 (07/14/1965)2:4123."Send Me the Pillow You Dream On"Dean Martin Hits Again (Reprise RS-6146, 01/1965), Reprise #0344 (01/27/1965)2:2924."Everybody Loves Somebody"Everybody Loves Somebody (Reprise RS-6130, 06/1964), Reprise #0281 (05/06/1964)2:4525."In the Chapel in the Moonlight"Dean Martin Hits Again (Reprise RS-6146, 01/1965), Reprise #0601 (06/14/1967)2:3226."I Will"Houston (Reprise RS-6181, 10/1965), Reprise #0415 (10/06/1965)2:2227."Little Ole Wine Drinker, Me"Welcome to My World (Reprise RS-6250, 07/1967), Reprise #0608 (07/12/1967)2:4828."Somewhere There's a Someone"Somewhere There's a Someone (Reprise RS-6201, 02/1966), Reprise #0443 (01/19/1966)2:1429."In the Misty Moonlight"The Door Is Still Open to My Heart (Reprise RS-6140, 11/1964), Reprise #0307 (11/08/1967)2:4430."Gentle on My Mind"Gentle on My Mind (Reprise RS-6330, 11/1968), Reprise #0812 (02/08/1969)2:35 2005 live disc Recorded on July 27, 1962, at the Cal Neva Lodge & Casino. The full concert was released as the third disc of the 2012 box set Collected Cool. Live from Lake Tahoe 1962No.TitleLength1."Introduction by Frank Sinatra/Drink to Me Only with Thine Eyes/Almost Like Being in Love/I Love Tahoe"6:032."My Kind of Girl"3:313."Monologue"5:044."June in January"2:555."I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter/Volare/On an Evening in Roma"4:546."Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody"3:407."Break It to Me Gently"2:42Total length:28:49 2011 bonus tracks The 2011 edition was split across two discs, both containing eighteen tracks. The first disc contains the first sixteen tracks of the standard edition with two additions. No.TitleWriter(s)First appearanceLength12."Angel Baby"John Michael & Carl NiessenCapitol 3988 (1958)2:4718."Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody"Jean Schwartz, Sam M. Lewis, Joe YoungPreviously unreleased (recorded 1950)2:17 The second disc includes the remaining fourteen tracks from the standard edition with four additions. No.TitleWriter(s)First appearanceLength1."On an Evening in Roma (Sott'er celo de Roma)"Alessandro Taccani, Nan Frederics, Umberto BertiniCapitol 4222 (1959)2:252."Money Burns A Hole In My Pocket"Bob Hilliard, Jule StyneCapitol 2818 (1954)3:033."Cha Cha Cha D'Amour (Melodie d'Amour)"Henri Salvador, Leo JohnsCha Cha de Amor (1962)2:1915."(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You"Stuart Hamblen(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You (1965)2:27 Charts Weekly charts Chart (2004) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 29 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 53 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 91 Irish Albums (IRMA) 7 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 19 Scottish Albums (OCC) 17 UK Albums (OCC) 25 US Billboard 200 28 Year-end charts Chart (2004) Position US Billboard 200 184 References ^ Dino: The Essential Dean Martin. WorldCat.org. OCLC 55618700. ^ Allmusic review ^ "That's Amore: Capitol Releases More from Dean Martin in June « The Second Disc". Theseconddisc.com. April 13, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2012. ^ "Gold & Platinum". Recording Industry Association of America. ^ "Australiancharts.com – Dean Martin – Dino - The Essential Dean Martin". Hung Medien. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ "Austriancharts.at – Dean Martin – Dino - The Essential Dean Martin" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Dean Martin – Dino - The Essential Dean Martin" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ "Irish-charts.com – Discography Dean Martin". Hung Medien. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ "Charts.nz – Dean Martin – Dino - The Essential Dean Martin". Hung Medien. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ "Dean Martin, TLP". Billboard. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2004". Billboard. Retrieved November 11, 2021. vteDean Martin Discography Studio albums Dean Martin Sings (Dean Martin's first studio album) Swingin' Down Yonder Pretty Baby Sleep Warm A Winter Romance This Time I'm Swingin'! Dino: Italian Love Songs French Style Cha Cha de Amor Dino Latino Dean "Tex" Martin: Country Style Dean "Tex" Martin Rides Again Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre (a set of 4 albums, including 3 albums with Dean) Robin and the 7 Hoods Dream with Dean The Door Is Still Open to My Heart Dean Martin Hits Again (Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You Houston Somewhere There's a Someone Dean Martin Sings Songs from The Silencers The Hit Sound of Dean Martin The Dean Martin Christmas Album The Dean Martin TV Show Happiness Is Dean Martin Welcome to My World Gentle on My Mind I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am My Woman, My Woman, My Wife For the Good Times Dino Sittin' on Top of the World You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me Once in a While The Nashville Sessions (Martin's final recording sessions) Posthumous albums Dino: The Essential Dean Martin Live from Las Vegas Forever Cool Compilation albums Everybody Loves Somebody Hey, Brother, Pour the Wine The Best of Dean Martin Singles "A Million and One" "Ain't That a Kick in the Head?" "Arrivederci Roma" "Angel Baby" "Baby, It's Cold Outside" "Come Running Back" "Detroit City" "Everybody Loves Somebody" "Gentle on My Mind" "Houston" "I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am" "I Will" "If" "In the Chapel in the Moonlight" "In the Misty Moonlight" "I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" "Innamorata" "June in January" "Just in Time" "King of the Road" "Lay Some Happiness on Me" "Let Me Go, Lover!" "Little Ole Wine Drinker, Me" "Mambo Italiano" "Memories Are Made of This" "Nobody's Baby Again" "On an Evening in Roma" "(Open Up the Door) Let the Good Times In" "Powder Your Face with Sunshine (Smile, Smile, Smile)" "(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You" "Return to Me" "Send Me the Pillow You Dream On" "She's a Little Bit Country" "Somewhere There's a Someone" "Standing on the Corner" "Sway" "That's Amore" "The Door Is Still Open to My Heart" "The Naughty Lady of Shady Lane" "Under the Bridges of Paris" "Volare" "You Belong to Me" "You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You" "You've Still Got a Place in My Heart" "Young and Foolish" "Not Enough Indians" "Gentle on My Mind" Related Martin and Lewis Rat Pack Deana Martin (daughter) Dean Paul Martin (son) Ricci Martin (son) The Rat Pack (1998 film) Martin and Lewis (2002 film) The Adventures of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compilation album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"Dean Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin"},{"link_name":"Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"Reprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprise_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Stevie Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Van_Zandt"},{"link_name":"Deana Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deana_Martin"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Palace"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Memories Are Made of This","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memories_Are_Made_of_This"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_(song)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Dino: The Essential Dean Martin is a 2004 compilation album by Dean Martin, released on September 6, 2004. It contains thirty tracks, twenty from Capitol and ten from Reprise. It has since been reissued in two separate special editions, one in 2005 (augmented with a live disc) and one in 2011 (featuring six bonus tracks).[3]Alongside track listings and photographs, the liner notes include contributions from Stevie Van Zandt, Deana Martin and Gail Martin Downey. Van Zandt writes about the experience of watching Dean Martin's appearance as the host of the episode of The Hollywood Palace which featured the first US television appearance of The Rolling Stones. Deana Martin shares her memories of the recording session for \"Memories Are Made of This\" while Downey recalls Martin's explanation of how an empty bottle of Coca-Cola helped make \"Houston\" a hit.The album was certified \"Gold\" in 2004 and \"Platinum\" in 2006.[4]","title":"Dino: The Essential Dean Martin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_That_a_Kick_in_the_Head%3F"},{"link_name":"That's Amore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_Amore"},{"link_name":"Memories Are Made of This","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memories_Are_Made_of_This"},{"link_name":"Just in Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_in_Time_(song)"},{"link_name":"This Time I'm Swingin'!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Time_I%27m_Swingin%27!"},{"link_name":"Sway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sway_(Luis_Demetrio_song)"},{"link_name":"Volare (Nel Blu di Pinto di Blu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volare_(song)"},{"link_name":"Under the Bridges of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Bridges_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"If","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_(They_Made_Me_a_King)"},{"link_name":"Mambo Italiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambo_Italiano_(song)"},{"link_name":"Let Me Go, Lover!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Me_Go,_Lover!"},{"link_name":"Standing on the Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_on_the_Corner_(show_tune)"},{"link_name":"You Belong to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Belong_to_Me_(1952_song)"},{"link_name":"Powder Your Face with Sunshine (Smile! Smile! Smile!)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_Your_Face_with_Sunshine"},{"link_name":"Innamorata (Sweetheart)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innamorata_(song)"},{"link_name":"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_Nobody_till_Somebody_Loves_You"},{"link_name":"Return to Me (Ritorna-Me)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Me_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Door Is Still Open (to My Heart)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Door_Is_Still_Open_to_My_Heart"},{"link_name":"The Door Is Still Open to My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Door_Is_Still_Open_to_My_Heart_(album)"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_(song)"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_(album)"},{"link_name":"Send Me the Pillow You Dream On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Send_Me_the_Pillow_You_Dream_On"},{"link_name":"Dean Martin Hits Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin_Hits_Again"},{"link_name":"Everybody Loves Somebody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Loves_Somebody"},{"link_name":"In the Chapel in the Moonlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Chapel_in_the_Moonlight"},{"link_name":"I Will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Will_(Dick_Glasser_song)"},{"link_name":"Little Ole Wine Drinker, Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Old_Wine_Drinker_Me"},{"link_name":"Welcome to My World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_My_World_(Dean_Martin_album)"},{"link_name":"Somewhere There's a Someone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somewhere_There%27s_a_Someone_(song)"},{"link_name":"Somewhere There's a Someone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somewhere_There%27s_a_Someone"},{"link_name":"In the Misty Moonlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Misty_Moonlight"},{"link_name":"Gentle on My Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentle_on_My_Mind_(song)"},{"link_name":"Gentle on My Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentle_on_My_Mind_(Dean_Martin_album)"}],"text":"The included version of \"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You\" is the 1960 Capitol album track rather than the charting 1964 Reprise version: William Ruhlmann of AllMusic suggests that the substitution was made in order to reduce the number of similar Reprise arrangements present.No.TitleFirst appearanceLength1.\"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?\"Capitol #4420 (08/08/1960)2:242.\"That's Amore\"Capitol #2589 (09/14/1953)3:073.\"Memories Are Made of This\"Capitol #EAP1 701, Capitol #3295 (11/28/1955)2:164.\"Just in Time\"This Time I'm Swingin'! (Capitol #1442, 10/1960), Capitol #4391 (06/20/1960)2:135.\"Sway\"Capitol #2818 (05/24/1954)2:426.\"I'd Cry Like a Baby\"Capitol #2749 (03/08/1954)2:357.\"Volare (Nel Blu di Pinto di Blu)\"Capitol #4028 (08/11/1958)2:598.\"Under the Bridges of Paris\"Capitol #3036 (02/07/1955)2:469.\"Love Me, Love Me\"Capitol #2485 (06/01/1953)2:3410.\"If\"Capitol #1342 (12/11/1950)2:4611.\"Mambo Italiano\"Capitol EAP1 9123 (1955)2:1912.\"Let Me Go, Lover!\"Capitol EAP1 9123 (1955)3:0013.\"Standing on the Corner\"Capitol #3414 (04/20/1956)2:4714.\"You Belong to Me\"Capitol #2165 (07/28/1952)3:0215.\"Powder Your Face with Sunshine (Smile! Smile! Smile!)\"Capitol #15351 (01/17/1949)2:3216.\"Innamorata (Sweetheart)\"Capitol #3352 (02/13/1956)2:2417.\"I'll Always Love You (Day After Day)\"Capitol #1028 (05/22/1950)2:3318.\"Kiss\"Capitol #2319 (12/29/1952)2:2219.\"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You\"This Time I'm Swingin'! (10/1960)2:1220.\"Return to Me (Ritorna-Me)\"Capitol #3894 (02/17/1958)2:2321.\"The Door Is Still Open (to My Heart)\"The Door Is Still Open to My Heart (Reprise RS-6140, 11/1964), Reprise #0307 (09/02/1964)2:5322.\"Houston\"Houston (Reprise RS-6181, 10/1965), Reprise #0393 (07/14/1965)2:4123.\"Send Me the Pillow You Dream On\"Dean Martin Hits Again (Reprise RS-6146, 01/1965), Reprise #0344 (01/27/1965)2:2924.\"Everybody Loves Somebody\"Everybody Loves Somebody (Reprise RS-6130, 06/1964), Reprise #0281 (05/06/1964)2:4525.\"In the Chapel in the Moonlight\"Dean Martin Hits Again (Reprise RS-6146, 01/1965), Reprise #0601 (06/14/1967)2:3226.\"I Will\"Houston (Reprise RS-6181, 10/1965), Reprise #0415 (10/06/1965)2:2227.\"Little Ole Wine Drinker, Me\"Welcome to My World (Reprise RS-6250, 07/1967), Reprise #0608 (07/12/1967)2:4828.\"Somewhere There's a Someone\"Somewhere There's a Someone (Reprise RS-6201, 02/1966), Reprise #0443 (01/19/1966)2:1429.\"In the Misty Moonlight\"The Door Is Still Open to My Heart (Reprise RS-6140, 11/1964), Reprise #0307 (11/08/1967)2:4430.\"Gentle on My Mind\"Gentle on My Mind (Reprise RS-6330, 11/1968), Reprise #0812 (02/08/1969)2:35","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cal Neva Lodge & Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Neva_Lodge_%26_Casino"},{"link_name":"Lake Tahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tahoe"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Drink to Me Only with Thine Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drink_to_Me_Only_with_Thine_Eyes"},{"link_name":"Almost Like Being in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_Like_Being_in_Love"},{"link_name":"I Love Tahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_Paris"},{"link_name":"My Kind of Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Kind_of_Girl_(Matt_Monro_song)"},{"link_name":"June in January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_in_January"},{"link_name":"I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Gonna_Sit_Right_Down_and_Write_Myself_a_Letter"},{"link_name":"Volare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volare_(song)"},{"link_name":"On an Evening in Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_an_Evening_in_Roma"},{"link_name":"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-a-Bye_Your_Baby_with_a_Dixie_Melody"},{"link_name":"Break It to Me Gently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_It_to_Me_Gently"}],"text":"Recorded on July 27, 1962, at the Cal Neva Lodge & Casino. The full concert was released as the third disc of the 2012 box set Collected Cool.Live from Lake Tahoe 1962No.TitleLength1.\"Introduction by Frank Sinatra/Drink to Me Only with Thine Eyes/Almost Like Being in Love/I Love Tahoe\"6:032.\"My Kind of Girl\"3:313.\"Monologue\"5:044.\"June in January\"2:555.\"I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter/Volare/On an Evening in Roma\"4:546.\"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody\"3:407.\"Break It to Me Gently\"2:42Total length:28:49","title":"2005 live disc"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angel Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Baby_(Dean_Martin_song)"},{"link_name":"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-a-Bye_Your_Baby_with_a_Dixie_Melody"},{"link_name":"Jean Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"Sam M. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_M._Lewis"},{"link_name":"Joe Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Young_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"On an Evening in Roma (Sott'er celo de Roma)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_an_Evening_in_Roma"},{"link_name":"Bob Hilliard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hilliard"},{"link_name":"Jule Styne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jule_Styne"},{"link_name":"Cha Cha Cha D'Amour (Melodie d'Amour)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodie_d%27Amour"},{"link_name":"Henri Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Cha Cha de Amor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha_Cha_de_Amor"},{"link_name":"(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(Remember_Me)_I%27m_the_One_Who_Loves_You"},{"link_name":"Stuart Hamblen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Hamblen"},{"link_name":"(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(Remember_Me)_I%27m_the_One_Who_Loves_You_(album)"}],"text":"The 2011 edition was split across two discs, both containing eighteen tracks. The first disc contains the first sixteen tracks of the standard edition with two additions.No.TitleWriter(s)First appearanceLength12.\"Angel Baby\"John Michael & Carl NiessenCapitol 3988 (1958)2:4718.\"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody\"Jean Schwartz, Sam M. Lewis, Joe YoungPreviously unreleased (recorded 1950)2:17The second disc includes the remaining fourteen tracks from the standard edition with four additions.No.TitleWriter(s)First appearanceLength1.\"On an Evening in Roma (Sott'er celo de Roma)\"Alessandro Taccani, Nan Frederics, Umberto BertiniCapitol 4222 (1959)2:252.\"Money Burns A Hole In My Pocket\"Bob Hilliard, Jule StyneCapitol 2818 (1954)3:033.\"Cha Cha Cha D'Amour (Melodie d'Amour)\"Henri Salvador, Leo JohnsCha Cha de Amor (1962)2:1915.\"(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You\"Stuart Hamblen(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You (1965)2:27","title":"2011 bonus tracks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino:_The_Essential_Dean_Martin&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_Dean_Martin-5"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_Dean_Martin-6"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_Dean_Martin-7"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Ireland2_Dean_Martin-8"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_Dean_Martin-9"},{"link_name":"Scottish Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Scotland_-10"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-11"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino:_The_Essential_Dean_Martin&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2004)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[5]\n\n29\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[6]\n\n53\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[7]\n\n91\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[8]\n\n7\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[9]\n\n19\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[10]\n\n17\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[11]\n\n25\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[12]\n\n28\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2004)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[13]\n\n184","title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Dino: The Essential Dean Martin. WorldCat.org. OCLC 55618700.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat","url_text":"WorldCat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55618700","url_text":"55618700"}]},{"reference":"\"That's Amore: Capitol Releases More from Dean Martin in June « The Second Disc\". Theseconddisc.com. April 13, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://theseconddisc.com/2011/04/13/thats-amore-capitol-releases-more-from-dean-martin-in-june/","url_text":"\"That's Amore: Capitol Releases More from Dean Martin in June « The Second Disc\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gold & Platinum\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=DINO+-+THE+ESSENTIAL+DEAN+MARTIN#search_section","url_text":"\"Gold & Platinum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"Dean Martin, TLP\". Billboard. Retrieved November 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/search?artistname=Dean+Martin&charttitle=&label=&chartcode=TLP","url_text":"\"Dean Martin, TLP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2004\". Billboard. Retrieved November 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2004/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2004\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55618700","external_links_name":"55618700"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r691139","external_links_name":"Allmusic review"},{"Link":"http://theseconddisc.com/2011/04/13/thats-amore-capitol-releases-more-from-dean-martin-in-june/","external_links_name":"\"That's Amore: Capitol Releases More from Dean Martin in June « The Second Disc\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=DINO+-+THE+ESSENTIAL+DEAN+MARTIN#search_section","external_links_name":"\"Gold & Platinum\""},{"Link":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Dean+Martin&titel=Dino+-+The+Essential+Dean+Martin&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Australiancharts.com – Dean Martin – Dino - The Essential Dean Martin\""},{"Link":"https://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Dean+Martin&titel=Dino+-+The+Essential+Dean+Martin&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Austriancharts.at – Dean Martin – Dino - The Essential Dean Martin\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-7277","external_links_name":"\"Offiziellecharts.de – Dean Martin – Dino - The Essential Dean Martin\""},{"Link":"http://www.irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Dean+Martin","external_links_name":"\"Irish-charts.com – Discography Dean Martin\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Dean+Martin&titel=Dino+-+The+Essential+Dean+Martin&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Charts.nz – Dean Martin – Dino - The Essential Dean Martin\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20040912/40/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/20040912/7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/search?artistname=Dean+Martin&charttitle=&label=&chartcode=TLP","external_links_name":"\"Dean Martin, TLP\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2004/top-billboard-200-albums","external_links_name":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2004\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/aa057e81-3c57-3907-87d1-aadb872c3181","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Zhang_%26_Wang_Zhongxian
Pan Zhang & Wang Zhongxian
["1 See also","2 References"]
Ancient Chinese story For the historical figure, see Pan Zhang. The story of Pan Zhang & Wang Zhongxian is first recorded in a Song Dynasty collection of tales called Anthology Of Tales From Records Of The Taiping Era (Chinese: 太平廣記). Text and story date back to the late Zhou or rather Warring States period. The kingdom of Chu as Pan Zhang's place of origin and that of Wu as Wang Zhongxian's native place are only archaic and literary references to present day Hunan and southern Jiangsu. This text has been misdated by Ameng from Wu, the compiler of On the Cut sleeve (Chinese: 断袖篇; pinyin: Duanxiupian) in 1909, and this error has gone unchecked ever since, including in Bret Hinsch's Passions of the Cut sleeve. Zhang Jie (Chinese: 张杰) sets things right in his An ambiguous course, a History of homosexuality in Ancient China, p. 151 (Chinese: 暧昧的历程，中国古代同性恋史; pinyin: Aimei de Licheng Zhongguo gudai tongxinglian shi) when he ascribes this story to the Three kingdoms and Six Dynasties period. The story states that "their love was like that between husband and wife" (Chinese: 情若夫妇). It involves a beautiful writer named Pan Zhang (Chinese: 潘章) who becomes widely known for his bearing and looks. One of the male students who comes to learn from him is Wang Zhongxian (Chinese: 王仲先), and the two fall in love at first sight. They form a domestic partnership for the rest of their lives, during which they are described as "affectionate as husband and wife, sharing the same coverlet and pillow with unbounded intimacy for one another". Each of the couple dies at the same time, and the grieving local populace buries them at the peak of Mount Luofu. A tree miraculously grows from the spot, with its twigs growing to embrace each other. See also Achilles and Patroclus David and Jonathan Homosexuality in China Same-sex marriage References ^ Hinsch, Bret. (1990). Passions of the Cut Sleeve. University of California Press. p. 24 ^ Hinsch, Bret. (1990). Passions of the Cut Sleeve. University of California Press. p. 25
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pan Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Zhang"},{"link_name":"Song Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Anthology Of Tales From Records Of The Taiping Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_Of_Tales_From_Records_Of_The_Taiping_Era"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Warring States period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period"},{"link_name":"Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Chu"},{"link_name":"Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Wu"},{"link_name":"Hunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"love at first sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_at_first_sight"},{"link_name":"domestic partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_partnership"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mount Luofu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Luofu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the historical figure, see Pan Zhang.The story of Pan Zhang & Wang Zhongxian is first recorded in a Song Dynasty collection of tales called Anthology Of Tales From Records Of The Taiping Era (Chinese: 太平廣記). Text and story date back to the late Zhou or rather Warring States period. The kingdom of Chu as Pan Zhang's place of origin and that of Wu as Wang Zhongxian's native place are only archaic and literary references to present day Hunan and southern Jiangsu. This text has been misdated by Ameng from Wu, the compiler of On the Cut sleeve (Chinese: 断袖篇; pinyin: Duanxiupian) in 1909, and this error has gone unchecked ever since, including in Bret Hinsch's Passions of the Cut sleeve. Zhang Jie (Chinese: 张杰) sets things right in his An ambiguous course, a History of homosexuality in Ancient China, p. 151 (Chinese: 暧昧的历程，中国古代同性恋史; pinyin: Aimei de Licheng Zhongguo gudai tongxinglian shi) when he ascribes this story to the Three kingdoms and Six Dynasties period. The story states that \"their love was like that between husband and wife\" (Chinese: 情若夫妇).It involves a beautiful writer named Pan Zhang (Chinese: 潘章) who becomes widely known for his bearing and looks. One of the male students who comes to learn from him is Wang Zhongxian (Chinese: 王仲先), and the two fall in love at first sight. They form a domestic partnership for the rest of their lives, during which they are described as \"affectionate as husband and wife, sharing the same coverlet and pillow with unbounded intimacy for one another\".[1] Each of the couple dies at the same time, and the grieving local populace buries them at the peak of Mount Luofu. A tree miraculously grows from the spot, with its twigs growing to embrace each other.[2]","title":"Pan Zhang & Wang Zhongxian"}]
[]
[{"title":"Achilles and Patroclus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_and_Patroclus"},{"title":"David and Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_and_Jonathan"},{"title":"Homosexuality in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality_in_China"},{"title":"Same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"}]
[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Doorway_Again
At the Doorway Again
["1 Composition and style","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","4 Credits and personnel","5 Release history","6 References"]
2000 EP by Hope Sandoval & the Warm InventionsAt the Doorway AgainEP by Hope Sandoval & the Warm InventionsReleasedOctober 11, 2000Recorded1999–2000GenreFolk rockLength15:14LabelRough TradeProducer Hope Sandoval Colm Ó Cíosóig Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions chronology At the Doorway Again(2000) Bavarian Fruit Bread(2001) At the Doorway Again is the debut EP by Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions, released exclusively in the UK and Ireland by Rough Trade Records on October 11, 2000. The EP was issued in other territories as an import-only release, and was re-released digitally by Nettwerk from 2012. Composition and style Hope Sandoval and the Warm Inventions is a musical group founded by Mazzy Star vocalist Hope Sandoval and My Bloody Valentine drummer Colm Ó Cíosóig. Hot Press said the collaboration between the two was "not the most obvious musical coupling", describing Sandoval as the "queen of the American smoky folk/rock underground" and Ó Cíosóig as the "drummer and percussionist with the almost mythical Anglo-Irish, tremolo-happy distortionists ," but went on to call their work on At the Doorway Again a "very successful alliance." They said "Around My Smile" was a "tremendously atmospheric shimmerfest, with an almost otherworldly reverb from the guitars providing the perfect setting for Sandoval to sing those sweet, soft, sultry blues." AllMusic said the song illustrated " at her most sexy" while comparing it to a 1950s ballad and the work of Julee Cruise. "Charlotte" features acoustic guitar from Bert Jansch. Sandoval said that she had been a fan of Jansch "for many many years. Mazzy Star actually played a show with Bert I forget where in London. I just asked if he'd be into playing music together. And he said, 'Well, send me a tape and I'll tell you'. And so I sent him a tape of some of the songs and he really liked them. So he flew out to Oslo and we recorded for three days." He also performs on the Bavarian Fruit Bread track "Butterfly Mornings". AllMusic said of the remaining two songs: "Far away from the heavy or morose sounds of their previous bands, on the instrumental 'Sparkly', Sandoval whispers, warbles, and croons through beautiful acoustic guitars, light vibes, and strings, while on 'Down the Steps' she sings breathlessly over a simple piano progression." Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic AllMusic compared the EP to the work of Sandoval's previous band, saying that it was "not a radical departure from the Mazzy Star sound, filled as it is with dark, romantic lullabies; but where Mazzy Star have always had an element of psychedelia to their sound, At the Doorway Again abandons that style for sparse, lighter arrangements." They summarized by calling it a "fine start for both Sandoval and Ó Cíosóig". Washington City Paper echoed this sentiment, saying that although Ó Cíosóig was a "potentially more upbeat writing partner  ... Mazzyfied musical intent remains intact: complete listener sedation." They described the songs on the EP as "increasingly depressing", but summarized by saying: "Of course, there's something to be said for droning, turgid folk rock that induces full-body paralysis: The open-air, acoustic soundscapes here are consistently gorgeous and ultimately soothing, and Ji-Young Moon's weepy cello on 'Down the Steps' is the perfect heartache accompaniment to Sandoval's lilting, lulling voice." Track listing No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Around My Smile"SandovalÓ CíosóigAlan BrownePaul McQuillan4:382."Charlotte"Sandoval4:323."Sparkly"SandovalÓ Cíosóig2:314."Down the Steps"SandovalÓ Cíosóig3:43 Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of At the Doorway Again. Hope Sandoval – vocals and backing vocals, production, all instrumentation except where noted Colm Ó Cíosóig – backing vocals, production, engineering, mixing, all instrumentation except where noted Alan Browne – bass on "Around My Smile" Scott Campbell – engineering Elise Collins – artwork (film stills) Bert Jansch – guitar on "Charlotte" Paul McQuillan – guitar on "Around My Smile" Ji-Young Moon – cello on "Down the Steps" Mike Prosenko – artwork (sleeve design) Heige Sten – engineering and mixing Release history Region Date Format Label Catalog # Ireland and the United Kingdom October 11, 2000 LP Rough Trade Records RTRADE–SLP008 November 13, 2000 CD RTRADE–SCD008 Worldwide 2012 DL Nettwerk N00227–6–DIG References ^ a b c Kelly, Nick (March 20, 2001). "Songs of Hope and Glory". Hot Press. Retrieved May 12, 2020. ^ a b Daly, Sean (March 2, 2001). "At the Doorway Again". Washington City Paper. Retrieved May 12, 2020. ^ "Album At the Doorway Again by Hope Sandoval and the Warm Inventions | Qobuz : téléchargez et streamez en haute qualité" (in French). Qobuz. Retrieved May 12, 2020. ^ a b c d Orens, Geoff. "At the Doorway Again - Hope Sandoval, Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. RhythmOne. Retrieved May 12, 2020. ^ Bavarian Fruit Bread (CD liner notes). Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions. Rough Trade Records. 2001. RTRADECD–031.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ At the Doorway Again (CD liner notes). Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions. Rough Trade Records. 2000. RTRADE–SCD008.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "At the Doorway Again - Hope Sandoval, Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions | Releases". AllMusic. RhythmOne. Retrieved May 7, 2020. vteHope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions Hope Sandoval Colm Ó Cíosóig Studio albums Bavarian Fruit Bread Through the Devil Softly Until the Hunter EPs At the Doorway Again Suzanne Son of a Lady Singles "Golden Hair" "Isn't It True" "Let Me Get There" Related Mazzy Star My Bloody Valentine Opal Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Sandoval_%26_the_Warm_Inventions"},{"link_name":"Rough Trade Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Trade_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HotPress-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City-2"},{"link_name":"Nettwerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettwerk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"At the Doorway Again is the debut EP by Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions, released exclusively in the UK and Ireland by Rough Trade Records on October 11, 2000.[1] The EP was issued in other territories as an import-only release,[2] and was re-released digitally by Nettwerk from 2012.[3]","title":"At the Doorway Again"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mazzy Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazzy_Star"},{"link_name":"Hope Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"My Bloody Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Bloody_Valentine_(band)"},{"link_name":"Colm Ó Cíosóig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colm_%C3%93_C%C3%ADos%C3%B3ig"},{"link_name":"Hot Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Press"},{"link_name":"tremolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremolo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HotPress-1"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"1950s ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad#1950s%E2%80%931960s"},{"link_name":"Julee Cruise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julee_Cruise"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-4"},{"link_name":"Bert Jansch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Jansch"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HotPress-1"},{"link_name":"Bavarian Fruit Bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Fruit_Bread"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-4"}],"text":"Hope Sandoval and the Warm Inventions is a musical group founded by Mazzy Star vocalist Hope Sandoval and My Bloody Valentine drummer Colm Ó Cíosóig. Hot Press said the collaboration between the two was \"not the most obvious musical coupling\", describing Sandoval as the \"queen of the American smoky folk/rock underground\" and Ó Cíosóig as the \"drummer and percussionist with the almost mythical Anglo-Irish, tremolo-happy distortionists [My Bloody Valentine],\" but went on to call their work on At the Doorway Again a \"very successful alliance.\" They said \"Around My Smile\" was a \"tremendously atmospheric shimmerfest, with an almost otherworldly reverb from the guitars providing the perfect setting for Sandoval to sing those sweet, soft, sultry blues.\"[1] AllMusic said the song illustrated \"[Sandoval] at her most sexy\" while comparing it to a 1950s ballad and the work of Julee Cruise.[4]\"Charlotte\" features acoustic guitar from Bert Jansch. Sandoval said that she had been a fan of Jansch \"for many many years. Mazzy Star actually played a show with Bert I forget where in London. I just asked if he'd be into playing music together. And he said, 'Well, send me a tape and I'll tell you'. And so I sent him a tape of some of the songs and he really liked them. So he flew out to Oslo and we recorded for three days.\"[1] He also performs on the Bavarian Fruit Bread track \"Butterfly Mornings\".[5] AllMusic said of the remaining two songs: \"Far away from the heavy or morose sounds of their previous bands, on the instrumental 'Sparkly', Sandoval whispers, warbles, and croons through beautiful acoustic guitars, light vibes, and strings, while on 'Down the Steps' she sings breathlessly over a simple piano progression.\"[4]","title":"Composition and style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-4"},{"link_name":"Washington City Paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_City_Paper"},{"link_name":"David Roback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Roback"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"folk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_rock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City-2"}],"text":"AllMusic compared the EP to the work of Sandoval's previous band, saying that it was \"not a radical departure from the Mazzy Star sound, filled as it is with dark, romantic lullabies; but where Mazzy Star have always had an element of psychedelia to their sound, At the Doorway Again abandons that style for sparse, lighter arrangements.\" They summarized by calling it a \"fine start for both Sandoval and Ó Cíosóig\".[4] Washington City Paper echoed this sentiment, saying that although Ó Cíosóig was a \"potentially more upbeat writing partner [than David Roback] ... [Sandoval's] Mazzyfied [sic] musical intent remains intact: complete listener sedation.\" They described the songs on the EP as \"increasingly depressing\", but summarized by saying: \"Of course, there's something to be said for droning, turgid folk rock that induces full-body paralysis: The open-air, acoustic soundscapes here are consistently gorgeous and ultimately soothing, and Ji-Young Moon's weepy cello on 'Down the Steps' is the perfect heartache accompaniment to Sandoval's lilting, lulling voice.\"[2]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Around My Smile\"SandovalÓ CíosóigAlan BrownePaul McQuillan4:382.\"Charlotte\"Sandoval4:323.\"Sparkly\"SandovalÓ Cíosóig2:314.\"Down the Steps\"SandovalÓ Cíosóig3:43","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hope Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"Colm Ó Cíosóig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colm_%C3%93_C%C3%ADos%C3%B3ig"},{"link_name":"Bert Jansch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Jansch"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the liner notes of At the Doorway Again.[6]Hope Sandoval – vocals and backing vocals, production, all instrumentation except where noted\nColm Ó Cíosóig – backing vocals, production, engineering, mixing, all instrumentation except where noted\nAlan Browne – bass on \"Around My Smile\"\nScott Campbell – engineering\nElise Collins – artwork (film stills)\nBert Jansch – guitar on \"Charlotte\"\nPaul McQuillan – guitar on \"Around My Smile\"\nJi-Young Moon – cello on \"Down the Steps\"\nMike Prosenko – artwork (sleeve design)\nHeige Sten – engineering and mixing","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Kelly, Nick (March 20, 2001). \"Songs of Hope and Glory\". Hot Press. Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotpress.com/music/songs-of-hope-and-glory-416794","url_text":"\"Songs of Hope and Glory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Press","url_text":"Hot Press"}]},{"reference":"Daly, Sean (March 2, 2001). \"At the Doorway Again\". Washington City Paper. Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/arts/music/article/13021754/at-the-doorway-again","url_text":"\"At the Doorway Again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_City_Paper","url_text":"Washington City Paper"}]},{"reference":"\"Album At the Doorway Again by Hope Sandoval and the Warm Inventions | Qobuz : téléchargez et streamez en haute qualité\" [\"Album At the Doorway Again by Hope Sandoval and the Warm Inventions | Qobuz : download and stream in high quality\"] (in French). Qobuz. Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qobuz.com/ch-fr/album/at-the-doorway-again-hope-sandoval-and-the-warm-inventions/0067003725156","url_text":"\"Album At the Doorway Again by Hope Sandoval and the Warm Inventions | Qobuz : téléchargez et streamez en haute qualité\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qobuz","url_text":"Qobuz"}]},{"reference":"Orens, Geoff. \"At the Doorway Again - Hope Sandoval, Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions | Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. RhythmOne. Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/at-the-doorway-again-mw0000967043","url_text":"\"At the Doorway Again - Hope Sandoval, Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions | Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RhythmOne","url_text":"RhythmOne"}]},{"reference":"Bavarian Fruit Bread (CD liner notes). Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions. Rough Trade Records. 2001. RTRADECD–031.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Fruit_Bread","url_text":"Bavarian Fruit Bread"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Trade_Records","url_text":"Rough Trade Records"}]},{"reference":"At the Doorway Again (CD liner notes). Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions. Rough Trade Records. 2000. RTRADE–SCD008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Trade_Records","url_text":"Rough Trade Records"}]},{"reference":"\"At the Doorway Again - Hope Sandoval, Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions | Releases\". AllMusic. RhythmOne. Retrieved May 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/at-the-doorway-again-mw0000967043/releases","url_text":"\"At the Doorway Again - Hope Sandoval, Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions | Releases\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.hotpress.com/music/songs-of-hope-and-glory-416794","external_links_name":"\"Songs of Hope and Glory\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/arts/music/article/13021754/at-the-doorway-again","external_links_name":"\"At the Doorway Again\""},{"Link":"https://www.qobuz.com/ch-fr/album/at-the-doorway-again-hope-sandoval-and-the-warm-inventions/0067003725156","external_links_name":"\"Album At the Doorway Again by Hope Sandoval and the Warm Inventions | Qobuz : téléchargez et streamez en haute qualité\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/at-the-doorway-again-mw0000967043","external_links_name":"\"At the Doorway Again - Hope Sandoval, Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions | Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/at-the-doorway-again-mw0000967043/releases","external_links_name":"\"At the Doorway Again - Hope Sandoval, Hope Sandoval & the Warm Inventions | Releases\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/ba1d41ed-e29e-3352-8bb6-ea00c114dfb8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Josephine_Barstow
Josephine Barstow
["1 Education and early career","2 Subsequent career","3 Selected recordings","3.1 CDs","3.2 DVDs","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"]
English operatic soprano DameJosephine BarstowDBEBorn (1940-09-27) 27 September 1940 (age 83)Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire, EnglandAlma materUniversity of BirminghamOccupationOpera singerSpouses Terry Hands ​ ​(m. 1964; div. 1967)​ Ande Anderson ​ ​(m. 1968; death 1996)​ Dame Josephine Clare Barstow, DBE (born 27 September 1940) is an English operatic soprano. Education and early career This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Josephine Barstow" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Josephine Barstow was born in Sheffield and educated at the University of Birmingham. She made her professional debut (Mimì in La bohème) with the touring company Opera for All in 1964. She won a scholarship to study during 1965–66 at the London Opera Centre, where she met her husband Ande Anderson (d. 1996). During the following season, she sang Gluck's Euridice and Verdi's Violetta for the Sadler's Wells Opera Company and in 1968 she began a three-year contract with Welsh National Opera. In 1969 she made her Royal Opera debut as one of the nieces in Peter Grimes. Subsequent career Among other roles with the Royal Opera, she has sung Alice Ford (Falstaff), Santuzza (Cavalleria rusticana), Ellen Orford in Peter Grimes, Leonore (Fidelio) and the Old Countess (The Queen of Spades). She also appeared in the world premières of two operas by Sir Michael Tippett: The Knot Garden (as Denise) and The Ice Break (as Gayle). At Glyndebourne, she has appeared as Lady Macbeth, Elettra (Idomeneo) and Leonore. Roles with English National Opera include an acclaimed Violetta, Emilia Marty (The Makropulos Case), Natasha in the British stage première of War and Peace and the title roles in Salome, Aida, Arabella, Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk and Der Rosenkavalier. Rehearsals for Salome and an interview with Barstow were featured in a December 1975 episode of the BBC television programme Arena. Among other engagements outside the British Isles, she has appeared at the New York Metropolitan Opera, Lyric Opera of Chicago, the Vienna State Opera and the Bayreuth Festival. Latterly, she has performed a number of roles with Opera North, including Alice Ford, Lady Macbeth, Kostelnicka in Jenůfa, Marie in Wozzeck, Lady Billows in Albert Herring and in the title roles of Gloriana, Médée and Aida. Also for Opera North in 2021 (revived 2022) she sang, and spoke, the role of Madame Armfeldt in A Little Night Music by Stephen Sondheim. On 22 March 1986 Barstow reprised her role as Salome, this time at the Seattle Opera House, performing the Dance of the Seven Veils. She danced a choreography by Mark Morris, wearing a costume designed by Sarah Nash Gates, involving the literal removal of seven veils. At the end of the number Barstow was wearing only a G-string. On 16 November 1986 Barstow performed an opera gala night for Opera North with David Lloyd Jones as conductor. In October 2011 she appeared as the Countess in The Queen of Spades, also with Opera North. She reprised the role at The Grange Festival's production in 2023. Barstow played Heidi Schiller in the National Theatre's 2017 production of Stephen Sondheim's Follies. Selected recordings CDs Albert Herring (conductor Steuart Bedford), 1996, Naxos Un ballo in maschera (conductor Herbert von Karajan), 1989, DG Gloriana (conductor Charles Mackerras), 1993, Decca The Knot Garden (conductor Colin Davis), 1974, Philips Kiss Me, Kate (conductor John McGlinn), EMI Oliver! (conductor John Owen Edwards), JAY Records Street Scene (conductor John Mauceri), 1991, Decca Opera Finales (Salome, Médée, The Makropulos Affair, Turandot) (conductor John Mauceri), 1990, Decca DVDs Un ballo in maschera (conductor Sir Georg Solti), 2005, TDK Gloriana (conductor Paul Daniel), 2000, Opus Arte Idomeneo (conductor John Pritchard), 1974, Arthaus Musik Macbeth (conductor John Pritchard), 1972, Arthaus Musik Owen Wingrave (conductor Kent Nagano), 2001, Arthaus Musik Honours Appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1985 New Year Honours, Josephine Barstow was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 1995 Birthday Honours. Dame Josephine Barstow is currently represented by Musichall Ltd. References ^ published programmes ^ Acocella, Joan Ross; Morris, Mark (2004). Mark Morris. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 62, 277. ISBN 9780819567314. ^ HRA, ID: Josephine Barstow Opera Gala Night. University of Huddersfield Archives. ^ "No. 49969". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1984. p. 7. ^ "No. 54066". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 June 1995. p. 8. Who's Who in British Opera; ed. Nicky Adam (Scolar Press, 1993); ISBN 0-85967-894-6 External links Biography Reviews Recordings Repertoire Roles and discography at the Wayback Machine (archived October 28, 2009) Interview with Josephine Barstow, 30 October 1981 Portals: Biography Opera Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz People BMLO Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano"}],"text":"Dame Josephine Clare Barstow, DBE (born 27 September 1940) is an English operatic soprano.","title":"Josephine Barstow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"University of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"La bohème","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me"},{"link_name":"London Opera Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Opera_Centre"},{"link_name":"Gluck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Wilibald_Gluck"},{"link_name":"Euridice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice"},{"link_name":"Verdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi"},{"link_name":"Violetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_traviata"},{"link_name":"Sadler's Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadler%27s_Wells"},{"link_name":"Welsh National Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_National_Opera"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera,_London"},{"link_name":"Peter Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Grimes"}],"text":"Josephine Barstow was born in Sheffield and educated at the University of Birmingham. She made her professional debut (Mimì in La bohème) with the touring company Opera for All in 1964. She won a scholarship to study during 1965–66 at the London Opera Centre, where she met her husband Ande Anderson (d. 1996). During the following season, she sang Gluck's Euridice and Verdi's Violetta for the Sadler's Wells Opera Company and in 1968 she began a three-year contract with Welsh National Opera. In 1969 she made her Royal Opera debut as one of the nieces in Peter Grimes.","title":"Education and early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falstaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Cavalleria rusticana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalleria_rusticana"},{"link_name":"Fidelio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio"},{"link_name":"The Queen of Spades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen_of_Spades_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Michael Tippett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tippett"},{"link_name":"The Knot Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knot_Garden"},{"link_name":"The Ice Break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ice_Break"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Glyndebourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyndebourne_Festival_Opera"},{"link_name":"Idomeneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idomeneo"},{"link_name":"English National Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_National_Opera"},{"link_name":"The Makropulos Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Makropulos_Affair_(opera)"},{"link_name":"War and Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Peace_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Salome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Aida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida"},{"link_name":"Arabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabella"},{"link_name":"Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Macbeth_of_Mtsensk_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Der Rosenkavalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"Lyric Opera of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_Opera_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Vienna State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"Bayreuth Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival"},{"link_name":"Opera North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_North"},{"link_name":"Jenůfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen%C5%AFfa"},{"link_name":"Wozzeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozzeck"},{"link_name":"Albert Herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Herring"},{"link_name":"Gloriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloriana"},{"link_name":"Médée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_(Cherubini)"},{"link_name":"Opera North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_North"},{"link_name":"A Little Night Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Little_Night_Music"},{"link_name":"Stephen Sondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Seattle Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Dance of the Seven Veils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_of_the_Seven_Veils"},{"link_name":"Mark Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Morris_(choreographer)"},{"link_name":"Sarah Nash Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Nash_Gates"},{"link_name":"G-string","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-string"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Opera North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_North"},{"link_name":"David Lloyd Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd-Jones_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Queen of Spades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen_of_Spades_(opera)"},{"link_name":"The Grange Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grange_Festival"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Stephen Sondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim"},{"link_name":"Follies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follies"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Among other roles with the Royal Opera, she has sung Alice Ford (Falstaff), Santuzza (Cavalleria rusticana), Ellen Orford in Peter Grimes, Leonore (Fidelio) and the Old Countess (The Queen of Spades). She also appeared in the world premières of two operas by Sir Michael Tippett: The Knot Garden (as Denise) and The Ice Break (as Gayle).[citation needed]At Glyndebourne, she has appeared as Lady Macbeth, Elettra (Idomeneo) and Leonore. Roles with English National Opera include an acclaimed Violetta, Emilia Marty (The Makropulos Case), Natasha in the British stage première of War and Peace and the title roles in Salome, Aida, Arabella, Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk and Der Rosenkavalier.[clarification needed] Rehearsals for Salome and an interview with Barstow were featured in a December 1975 episode of the BBC television programme Arena.[citation needed]Among other engagements outside the British Isles, she has appeared at the New York Metropolitan Opera, Lyric Opera of Chicago, the Vienna State Opera and the Bayreuth Festival.Latterly, she has performed a number of roles with Opera North, including Alice Ford, Lady Macbeth, Kostelnicka in Jenůfa, Marie in Wozzeck, Lady Billows in Albert Herring and in the title roles of Gloriana, Médée and Aida. Also for Opera North in 2021 (revived 2022) she sang, and spoke, the role of Madame Armfeldt in A Little Night Music by Stephen Sondheim.[1]On 22 March 1986 Barstow reprised her role as Salome, this time at the Seattle Opera House, performing the Dance of the Seven Veils. She danced a choreography by Mark Morris, wearing a costume designed by Sarah Nash Gates, involving the literal removal of seven veils. At the end of the number Barstow was wearing only a G-string.[2]On 16 November 1986 Barstow performed an opera gala night for Opera North with David Lloyd Jones as conductor.[3]In October 2011 she appeared as the Countess in The Queen of Spades, also with Opera North. She reprised the role at The Grange Festival's production in 2023.[citation needed]Barstow played Heidi Schiller in the National Theatre's 2017 production of Stephen Sondheim's Follies.[citation needed]","title":"Subsequent career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Herring"},{"link_name":"Steuart Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steuart_Bedford"},{"link_name":"Un ballo in maschera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera"},{"link_name":"Herbert von Karajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan"},{"link_name":"Gloriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloriana"},{"link_name":"Charles Mackerras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mackerras"},{"link_name":"The Knot Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knot_Garden"},{"link_name":"Colin Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Davis"},{"link_name":"Kiss Me, Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_Me,_Kate"},{"link_name":"John McGlinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McGlinn"},{"link_name":"Oliver!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver!"},{"link_name":"Street Scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Scene_(opera)"},{"link_name":"John Mauceri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mauceri"},{"link_name":"Salome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Médée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_(Cherubini)"},{"link_name":"The Makropulos Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Makropulos_Affair_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Turandot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turandot"}],"sub_title":"CDs","text":"Albert Herring (conductor Steuart Bedford), 1996, Naxos\nUn ballo in maschera (conductor Herbert von Karajan), 1989, DG\nGloriana (conductor Charles Mackerras), 1993, Decca\nThe Knot Garden (conductor Colin Davis), 1974, Philips\nKiss Me, Kate (conductor John McGlinn), EMI\nOliver! (conductor John Owen Edwards), JAY Records\nStreet Scene (conductor John Mauceri), 1991, Decca\nOpera Finales (Salome, Médée, The Makropulos Affair, Turandot) (conductor John Mauceri), 1990, Decca","title":"Selected recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Un ballo in maschera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera"},{"link_name":"Georg Solti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Solti"},{"link_name":"Gloriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloriana"},{"link_name":"Paul Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Idomeneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idomeneo"},{"link_name":"John Pritchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pritchard_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)"},{"link_name":"Owen Wingrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Wingrave"},{"link_name":"Kent Nagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Nagano"}],"sub_title":"DVDs","text":"Un ballo in maschera (conductor Sir Georg Solti), 2005, TDK\nGloriana (conductor Paul Daniel), 2000, Opus Arte\nIdomeneo (conductor John Pritchard), 1974, Arthaus Musik\nMacbeth (conductor John Pritchard), 1972, Arthaus Musik\nOwen Wingrave (conductor Kent Nagano), 2001, Arthaus Musik","title":"Selected recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commander of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"1985 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"1995 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Musichall Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091028175437/http://geocities.com/Vienna/Strasse/1523/barstow.htm"}],"text":"Appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1985 New Year Honours,[4] Josephine Barstow was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 1995 Birthday Honours.[5]Dame Josephine Barstow is currently represented by Musichall Ltd.","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Acocella, Joan Ross; Morris, Mark (2004). Mark Morris. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 62, 277. ISBN 9780819567314.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Acocella","url_text":"Acocella, Joan Ross"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Morris_(choreographer)","url_text":"Morris, Mark"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6YL4ZgM4jMoC&pg=PA277","url_text":"Mark Morris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819567314","url_text":"9780819567314"}]},{"reference":"HRA, ID: Josephine Barstow Opera Gala Night. University of Huddersfield Archives.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 49969\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1984. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49969/supplement/7","url_text":"\"No. 49969\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 54066\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 June 1995. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/54066/supplement/8","url_text":"\"No. 54066\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Josephine+Barstow%22","external_links_name":"\"Josephine Barstow\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Josephine+Barstow%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Josephine+Barstow%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Josephine+Barstow%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Josephine+Barstow%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Josephine+Barstow%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091028175437/http://geocities.com/Vienna/Strasse/1523/barstow.htm","external_links_name":"Musichall Ltd."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6YL4ZgM4jMoC&pg=PA277","external_links_name":"Mark Morris"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49969/supplement/7","external_links_name":"\"No. 49969\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/54066/supplement/8","external_links_name":"\"No. 54066\""},{"Link":"http://www.musichall.uk.com/artist.aspx?artist=6&name=Josephine%20Barstow&category=Sopranos","external_links_name":"Biography"},{"Link":"http://www.musichall.uk.com/artistreviews.aspx?artist=6&name=Josephine%20Barstow&category=Sopranos","external_links_name":"Reviews"},{"Link":"http://www.musichall.uk.com/artistrecording.aspx?artist=6&name=Josephine%20Barstow&category=Sopranos","external_links_name":"Recordings"},{"Link":"http://www.musichall.uk.com/artistrepertoire.aspx?artist=6&name=Josephine%20Barstow&category=Sopranos","external_links_name":"Repertoire"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091028175437/http://geocities.com/Vienna/Strasse/1523/barstow.htm","external_links_name":"Roles and discography"},{"Link":"http://www.bruceduffie.com/barstow.html","external_links_name":"Interview with Josephine Barstow"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000120223779","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/85902612","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyRDWTx6yx67cDV48VQv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/5092812","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4907420","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139267676","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139267676","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515473506706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/132307561","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007346535405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86041229","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000099030&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0090324&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p100075932","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810659577105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09868837?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/josephine-barstow/328","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/73d25aa1-554b-40b8-a303-5bc06e80e093","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://bmlo.de/b1352","external_links_name":"BMLO"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd132307561.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/928527","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qg3f5x","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/16810878X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Terminus_and_Glasgow_Harbour_Railway
General Terminus and Glasgow Harbour Railway
["1 The route","2 Expansion under British Railways","3 Run down and redevelopment","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Sources","5 External links"]
Former railway line in Scotland vteGeneral Terminus andGlasgow Harbour Railway Legend General Terminus Quay Princes Dock Joint Railway Scotland Street Junction Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway City Union Line Polloc and Govan Railway to Glasgow Central Muirhouse North Junction Glasgow, Barrhead andNeilston Direct Railway Muirhouse South JunctionStrathbungo Junction Glasgow, Barrhead andNeilston Direct Railway Cathcart District Railway The General Terminus and Glasgow Harbour Railway was authorised on 3 July 1846 and it opened, in part, in December 1848. Its main function was intended to be the transportation of coal from collieries and Lanarkshire and Ayrshire, other railways, to a coal depot on the south bank of the River Clyde. It linked the Polloc and Govan Railway with the Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway, the Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway, the Glasgow, Barrhead and Kilmarnock Joint Railway and the Clydesdale Junction Railway. On 24 July 1854 parts of the line were vested with the Caledonian Railway; and final amalgamation occurred on 29 June 1865. In the 1921 Railway Grouping it became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS). The route From its terminus at the River Clyde, the General Terminus and Glasgow Harbour Railway proceeded to Scotland Street Junction, where one branch crossed under the Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway to join the City Union Line at Port Eglinton Junction. The other branch crossed under both the Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway and the Paisley Canal Line; before splitting at Terminus Junction. One branch joined the Glasgow, Barrhead and Neilston Direct Railway and the Cathcart District Railway at Muirhouse Central Junction, the other branch passed through one of the Eglinton Street Tunnels and joined the Polloc and Govan Railway. Expansion under British Railways In 1954, as part of their development of their Ravenscraig steelworks near Motherwell, Colvilles Ltd and British Railways began installing new wharfage and facilities at General Terminus Quay. This was to allow the simultaneously unloading of two large ships carrying bulk iron ore. The ships were designed to hold 12,000 tons (12,200 tonnes) of iron ore. Iron ore was to be transported, in bulk, by railway, from the River Clyde to the Lanarkshire steel works at, Motherwell. In March 1949, forward plans by Colvilles suggested that the General Terminus Quay ore handling facility would be handling two million tons of basic iron ore per year. 1,020,000 tons per year for the Clyde Iron Works and 980,000 tons for Ravenscraig steelworks. In 1954, Scotland imported 1,436,000 tons (1,460,000 tonnes) of iron ore, mainly from Sweden, North Africa, and Newfoundland. Run down and redevelopment The opening of the deep water Hunterston Ore Terminal, near West Kilbride, in the early 1970s led to The General Terminus Quay ceasing to handle this traffic and the ore handling equipment was demolished in the early 1980s. A large area of the river frontage, including part of Windmillcroft Quay, Springfield Quay, General Terminus Quay, Mavisbank Quay and Princes Dock, was cleared in the early 1980s. Mavisbank Quay and the mostly infilled Princes Dock area was used to host the 1988 Glasgow Garden Festival. The former Glasgow Garden Festival site was relatively quickly redeveloped after the end of the six month festival; however the General Terminus Quay site was left vacant. It has since been used for housing and nearly all traces of the railway line have been removed between the River Clyde and its passage under the Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway. References Notes ^ a b Awdry, Page 75 ^ Thomas, Chapter VIII: Glasgow ^ a b c Campbell, R.H. Iron and Steel. Chapter 5 in: Cunnison and Gilfillan ^ Sleeman. The Present System: The Port of Glasgow To-day. In Chapter 10 of: Cunnison & Gilfillan ^ Payne (1979), page 309. Sources Awdry, Christopher (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1-8526-0049-7. OCLC 19514063. CN 8983. Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M. Cunnison, J. and Gilfillan, J.B.S., (1958). The City of Glasgow (The Third Statistical Account of Scotland, Volume V). Glasgow: William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. Jowett, Alan (March 1989). Jowett's Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland: From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-086-0. OCLC 22311137. Little, M., (1979). Greater Glasgow's Railway Network. In: Scottish Transport, 33, Scottish Tramway Museum Society. ISSN 0048-9808. Payne, Peter L. (1979). Colvilles and the Scottish Steel Industry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-828278-8. Smith, W.A.C (compiler). and Thomas, John (Introduction), (not dated, but pre-1982). Rails Around GLASGOW. Scottish Steam Railtours Group (printed in Paisley). Thomas, John (1971). Scotland: The Lowlands and the Borders (A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, Volume 6). Newton Abbott: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-5408-6. Railway Clearing House. Pre-grouping Railway Junction Diagrams, 1914. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1256-3. External links RAILSCOT on General Terminus and Glasgow Harbour Railway vteHistorical Scottish railway companiesPrimary companies Caledonian Railway Glasgow and South Western Railway Great North of Scotland Railway Highland Railway North British Railway CaledonianRailway Aberdeen Railway Alloa Railway Alyth Arbroath and Forfar Busby Railway Cathcart District Clydesdale Junction Crieff Junction Crieff and Comrie Crieff and Methven Junction Dumfries, Lochmaben and Lockerbie Dunblane, Doune and Callander Dundee and Perth Dundee and Perth and Aberdeen Forfar and Brechin General Terminus and Glasgow Harbour Garnkirk and Glasgow Glasgow Central Railway Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Greenock and Wemyss Bay Hamilton and Strathaven Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Lanarkshire and Dumbartonshire Leadhills and Wanlockhead Lesmahagow Railway Lochearnhead, St Fillans and Comrie Paisley and Barrhead District Perth, Almond Valley and Methven Polloc and Govan Rutherglen and Coatbridge Scottish Central Scottish Midland Junction Scottish North Eastern Solway Junction Symington, Biggar and Broughton Talla Railway Wishaw and Coltness Lines built by the Caledonian Railway Balerno line CR Cleland and Midcalder CR Main Line CR Douglas Branch CR Hamilton Branch CR Hamiltonhill Branch CR The Switchback Independent lines worked by the Caledonian Railway Callander and Oban Killin Railway Glasgow and South Western Railway Ardrossan Railway Ardrossan and Johnstone Ayr and Dalmellington Ayr and Maybole Junction Ayr to Mauchline Ayrshire and Wigtownshire Barrhead Branch Bridge of Weir Railway Cairn Valley Caledonian and Dumbartonshire Junction Castle Douglas and Dumfries Dalry and North Johnstone Darvel Branch Girvan and Portpatrick Junction Glasgow, Dumfries and Carlisle Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Greenock and Ayrshire Kilmarnock and Troon Largs Branch Maidens and Dunure Maybole and Girvan Paisley and Renfrew Paisley Canal Line Great North of Scotland Railway Aberdeen and Turriff Aboyne and Braemar Alford Valley Banff, Macduff and Turriff Junction Banff, Portsoy and Strathisla Boddam Branch Deeside Denburn Valley Formartine and Buchan Inverury and Old Meldrum Junction Keith and Dufftown Moray Coast Morayshire St Combs Light Railway Strathspey Railway Highland Railway Buckie and Portessie Branch Dingwall and Skye Duke of Sutherland Findhorn Railway Fortrose Branch Inverness and Aberdeen Junction Inverness and Aviemore Direct Inverness and Nairn Inverness and Perth Junction Inverness and Ross-shire Kyle of Lochalsh Extension Perth and Dunkeld Sutherland and Caithness Sutherland Railway Independent lines worked by the Highland Railway Dornoch Light Railway Wick and Lybster Light Railway North BritishRailway Aberlady, Gullane and North Berwick Anstruther and St Andrews Railway Ballochney Bathgate and Coatbridge Blane Valley Border Counties Railway Border Union Railway Campsie Branch Carlisle and Silloth Bay Railway and Dock Company Charlestown Railway and Harbour Company Coatbridge Branch Devon Valley Railway Dunfermline and Queensferry East of Fife Railway Edinburgh and Bathgate Edinburgh and Dalkeith Edinburgh and Glasgow Edinburgh and Hawick Edinburgh, Leith and Newhaven Railway Edinburgh, Loanhead and Roslin Railway Edinburgh and Northern Edinburgh Suburban and Southside Junction Esk Valley Eyemouth Railway Fife and Kinross Railway Forth and Clyde Junction Gifford and Garvald Glasgow, Bothwell, Hamilton and Coatbridge Glasgow City and District Glasgow, Dumbarton and Helensburgh Glasgow and Milngavie Junction Glasgow, Yoker and Clydebank Kelvin Valley Railway Kincardine Line Kinross-shire Railway Kirkcaldy and District Railway Leadburn, Linton and Dolphinton Leven Railway Leven and East of Fife Railway Macmerry Branch Monkland and Kirkintilloch Monkland Railways Montrose and Bervie Mallaig Extension Newburgh and North Fife Railway (worked by NBR) Newport Railway North Berwick Branch North British, Arbroath and Montrose Peebles Railway The St. Andrews Railway Stirling and Dunfermline Strathendrick and Aberfoyle Slamannan Slamannan and Borrowstounness Wemyss and Buckhaven Railway West Highland Railway West of Fife Mineral Railway Wilsontown, Morningside and Coltness Joint lines Caledonian and Dumbartonshire Junction City Union Dundee and Arbroath Darvel and Strathaven Glasgow and Paisley Joint Glasgow and Renfrew District Glasgow, Barrhead and Kilmarnock Joint Kilsyth and Bonnybridge Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Joint Other lines Brechin and Edzell District Campbeltown and Machrihanish Light Railway Cromarty and Dingwall Light Railway Dundee and Arbroath Hagdale Chromate Railway Invergarry and Fort Augustus Lealt Valley Diatomite Railway Lochaber Narrow Gauge Perth, Almond Valley and Methven Rothesay and Ettrick Bay Light Railway Skye Marble Railway Tranent to Cockenzie Waggonway
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awdry-1"},{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"Ayrshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshire"},{"link_name":"River Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Clyde"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thomas-2"},{"link_name":"Polloc and Govan Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polloc_and_Govan_Railway"},{"link_name":"Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_and_Paisley_Joint_Railway"},{"link_name":"Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,_Paisley,_Kilmarnock_and_Ayr_Railway"},{"link_name":"Glasgow, Barrhead and Kilmarnock Joint Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,_Barrhead_and_Kilmarnock_Joint_Railway"},{"link_name":"Clydesdale Junction Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydesdale_Junction_Railway"},{"link_name":"Caledonian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awdry-1"},{"link_name":"London, Midland and Scottish Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway"}],"text":"The General Terminus and Glasgow Harbour Railway was authorised on 3 July 1846 and it opened, in part, in December 1848.[1]Its main function was intended to be the transportation of coal from collieries and Lanarkshire and Ayrshire, other railways, to a coal depot on the south bank of the River Clyde.[2]It linked the Polloc and Govan Railway with the Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway, the Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway, the Glasgow, Barrhead and Kilmarnock Joint Railway and the Clydesdale Junction Railway.On 24 July 1854 parts of the line were vested with the Caledonian Railway; and final amalgamation occurred on 29 June 1865.[1]In the 1921 Railway Grouping it became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS).","title":"General Terminus and Glasgow Harbour Railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_and_Paisley_Joint_Railway"},{"link_name":"City Union Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Union_Line"},{"link_name":"Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_and_Paisley_Joint_Railway"},{"link_name":"Paisley Canal Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_Canal_Line"},{"link_name":"Glasgow, Barrhead and Neilston Direct Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,_Barrhead_and_Neilston_Direct_Railway"},{"link_name":"Cathcart District Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathcart_District_Railway"},{"link_name":"Polloc and Govan Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polloc_and_Govan_Railway"}],"text":"From its terminus at the River Clyde, the General Terminus and Glasgow Harbour Railway proceeded to Scotland Street Junction, where one branch crossed under the Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway to join the City Union Line at Port Eglinton Junction. The other branch crossed under both the Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway and the Paisley Canal Line; before splitting at Terminus Junction. One branch joined the Glasgow, Barrhead and Neilston Direct Railway and the Cathcart District Railway at Muirhouse Central Junction, the other branch passed through one of the Eglinton Street Tunnels and joined the Polloc and Govan Railway.","title":"The route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ravenscraig steelworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenscraig_steelworks"},{"link_name":"Motherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell"},{"link_name":"Colvilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Colville_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"British Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Railways"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campbell-3"},{"link_name":"iron ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campbell-3"},{"link_name":"tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sleeman-4"},{"link_name":"Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"Motherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell"},{"link_name":"Clyde Iron Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Iron_Works"},{"link_name":"Ravenscraig steelworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenscraig_steelworks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-payne-309-5"},{"link_name":"tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campbell-3"}],"text":"In 1954, as part of their development of their Ravenscraig steelworks near Motherwell, Colvilles Ltd and British Railways began installing new wharfage and facilities at General Terminus Quay.[3] This was to allow the simultaneously unloading of two large ships carrying bulk iron ore.[3] The ships were designed to hold 12,000 tons (12,200 tonnes) of iron ore.[4]Iron ore was to be transported, in bulk, by railway, from the River Clyde to the Lanarkshire steel works at, Motherwell. In March 1949, forward plans by Colvilles suggested that the General Terminus Quay ore handling facility would be handling two million tons of basic iron ore per year. 1,020,000 tons per year for the Clyde Iron Works and 980,000 tons for Ravenscraig steelworks.[5] In 1954, Scotland imported 1,436,000 tons (1,460,000 tonnes) of iron ore, mainly from Sweden, North Africa, and Newfoundland.[3]","title":"Expansion under British Railways"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunterston Ore Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunterston_Terminal"},{"link_name":"West Kilbride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kilbride"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Garden Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Garden_Festival"},{"link_name":"Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_and_Paisley_Joint_Railway"}],"text":"The opening of the deep water Hunterston Ore Terminal, near West Kilbride, in the early 1970s led to The General Terminus Quay ceasing to handle this traffic and the ore handling equipment was demolished in the early 1980s.A large area of the river frontage, including part of Windmillcroft Quay, Springfield Quay, General Terminus Quay, Mavisbank Quay and Princes Dock, was cleared in the early 1980s. Mavisbank Quay and the mostly infilled Princes Dock area was used to host the 1988 Glasgow Garden Festival. The former Glasgow Garden Festival site was relatively quickly redeveloped after the end of the six month festival; however the General Terminus Quay site was left vacant. It has since been used for housing and nearly all traces of the railway line have been removed between the River Clyde and its passage under the Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway.","title":"Run down and redevelopment"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Awdry, Christopher (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1-8526-0049-7. OCLC 19514063. CN 8983.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Awdry","url_text":"Awdry, Christopher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8526-0049-7","url_text":"1-8526-0049-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19514063","url_text":"19514063"}]},{"reference":"Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Butt","url_text":"Butt, R. V. J."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IwANAAAACAAJ","url_text":"The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkford","url_text":"Sparkford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-508-7","url_text":"978-1-85260-508-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60251199","url_text":"60251199"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11956311M","url_text":"11956311M"}]},{"reference":"Jowett, Alan (March 1989). Jowett's Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland: From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-086-0. OCLC 22311137.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-086-0","url_text":"978-1-85260-086-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22311137","url_text":"22311137"}]},{"reference":"Railway Clearing House. Pre-grouping Railway Junction Diagrams, 1914. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1256-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Clearing_House","url_text":"Railway Clearing House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing","url_text":"Ian Allan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1256-3","url_text":"0-7110-1256-3"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19514063","external_links_name":"19514063"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IwANAAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60251199","external_links_name":"60251199"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11956311M","external_links_name":"11956311M"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22311137","external_links_name":"22311137"},{"Link":"http://www.railscot.co.uk/General_Terminus_and_Glasgow_Harbour_Railway/frame.htm","external_links_name":"RAILSCOT on General Terminus and Glasgow Harbour Railway"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Sesha
Shesha
["1 Form","2 Origin and legends","2.1 Vishnu and Shesha","2.2 Marriage","3 Avatars","4 Literature","5 In popular culture","6 Other names","7 See also","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 External links"]
Serpent God in Hinduism "Sheshnaag" redirects here. For the 1990 Bollywood film, see Sheshnaag (film). SheshaKing of the SerpentsIdol of Shesha, KathmanduOther namesSheshanaga, Ananta, Adishesha, SankarshanaAffiliationVaishnavismAbodeVaikuntha, Kshira Sagara, PatalaPersonal informationParentsKashyapa (father)Kadru (mother)SiblingsMany including Manasa, Vasuki, and TakshakaSpouseNagalakshmi Part of a series onVaishnavism Supreme deity Vishnu / Krishna / Rama Important deities Dashavatara Matsya Kurma Varaha Narasimha Vamana Parasurama Rama Balarama Krishna Buddha Kalki Other forms Dhanvantari Guruvayurappan Hayagriva Jagannath Mohini Nara-Narayana Prithu Shrinathji Venkateshvara Vithoba Consorts Lakshmi Bhumi Sita Radha Rukmini Alamelu Related Garuda Hanuman Shesha Shasta Holy scriptures Vedas Upanishads Vaikhanasa Pancharatra Bhagavad Gita Mahabharata Ramayana Harivamsa Divya Prabandha Gita Govinda Puranas Vishnu Bhagavata Naradiya Garuda Padma Agni Sampradayas Sri (Vishishtadvaita) Rudra (Śuddhādvaita) Kumara (Dvaitadvaita) Brahma (Tattvavada or (Dvaita)), Acintyabhedabheda) Others Ekasarana Dharma Mahanubhava Pranami Radha Vallabha Ramsnehi Sant Mat Swaminarayan Vaishnava-Sahajiya Warkari Teachers—acharyas Chaitanya Chakradhara Dadu Dayal Harivansh Jayatirtha Jiva Goswami Jñāneśvara Kabir Madhavdev Madhvacharya Manavala Mamunigal Namadeva Nammalvar Nathamuni Nimbarka Padmanabha Tirtha Pillai Lokacharya Purandara Dasa Raghuttama Tirtha Raghavendra Tirtha Ram Charan Ramananda Ramanuja Ravidas Satyanatha Tirtha Satyabhinava Tirtha Satyabodha Tirtha Satyadharma Tirtha Satyadhyana Tirtha Samarth Ramdas Sankardev Swaminarayan Sripadaraja Tukaram Tulsidas Vallabha Vedanta Desika Vidyapati Vishnuswami Viṭṭhalanātha Vyasatirtha Vadiraja Tirtha Yamunacharya Related traditions Bhagavatism Vaikhanasas Pancharatra Tenkalai Vadakalai Munitraya Krishnaism Jagannathism Haridasa Sahajiya Baul Pushtimarg Gaudiya ISKCON Ramanandi Kapadi Balmiki Kabir panth Dadu panth Mahanam vte Shesha (Sanskrit: शेष, romanized: Śeṣa, lit. 'Remainder'), also known by his epithets Sheshanaga (Sanskrit: शेषनाग, romanized: Śeṣanāga, lit. 'The snake Shesha') and Adishesha (Sanskrit: आदिशेष, romanized: Ādiśeṣa, lit. 'First Shesha'), is a serpentine demigod (naga) and king of the serpents (Nagaraja), as well as a primordial being of creation in Hinduism. In the Puranas, Shesha is said to hold all the planets of the universe on his hoods and to constantly sing the glories of Vishnu from all his mouths. He is sometimes referred to as Ananta Shesha. The Narayana form of Vishnu is often depicted as resting on Shesha, accompanied by his consort Lakshmi. Shesha is considered as one of the two mounts of Vishnu alongside Garuda. He is said to have descended upon Earth in the following human forms or incarnations: Lakshmana, brother of Vishnu's incarnation Rama during the Treta Yuga, and according to some traditions, as Balarama, brother of Vishnu's incarnation Krishna during the Dvapara Yuga. According to the Mahabharata (Adi Parva), his father was Kashyapa and his mother Kadru, though in other accounts, he is usually a primordial being created by Vishnu. His name means "he who remains", from the Sanskrit root śiṣ, because even as the world is destroyed at the end of each kalpa, Shesha remains as he is. Form Narayana resting on Adhishesha, with his consort Lakshmi massaging his feetShesha is generally depicted with a massive form that floats coiled through space, or upon the Ocean of Milk, to form the bed upon which Vishnu lies. Sometimes, he is depicted as a five-headed or seven-headed or a ten-headed serpent; but more commonly as one thousand-headed, or five thousand-headed, or even as many as a one million-headed serpent; sometimes with each head wearing an ornate crown. Origin and legends According to the Mahabharata, Shesha was born to the sage Kashyapa and his wife Kadru. Kadru gave birth to a thousand snakes, of which Shesha was the eldest. After Shesha, Vasuki, Iravati and Takshaka were born, in that order. A lot of Shesha's brothers were cruel and were bent upon inflicting harm on others. They were even unkind to Garuda, who was Kashyapa's son through Vinata, sister of Kadru. (Kadru and Vinata were daughters of Daksha). Shesha, disgusted by the cruel acts of his brothers, left his mother and kin, and took on austere penances. He lived on air and meditated in places including Gandhamadhana, Badrikashrama, Gokarna, Pushkara, and the Himalayas. His penances were so severe that his flesh, skin, and muscles dried up and merged with his frame. Brahma, convinced of Shesha's will, asked Shesha to request a boon. Shesha asked that he be able to keep his mind under control so that he could continue to perform ascetic penances. Brahma gladly accepted the request. Brahma then asked a favour of Shesha: to go beneath the precarious earth and stabilise it. Shesha agreed and went to the netherworld and stabilised Bhumi with his hood. He is believed to support her even today, thus making Patala his perennial residence. Vishnu and Shesha Shesha is usually depicted as floating in the ocean of the changing world, forming the bed of a primordial form of Vishnu, i.e. Narayana, Vāsudeva or in later Puranic Vaishnavism, Mahavishnu. In the Bhagavata Purana, Shesha is named Sankarshana, the tamasic energy of Narayana himself, and is said to live deep within the inner layers of Patala, where there are many serpents with gems on their heads and where he reigns as its ruler. He is said to have existed before the creation of the universe. When the universe is towards its end, he creates the 11 Rudras from the serpents to destroy the universe for a new one to be created. Sankarshana is also one of the four vyuhas, or primitive forms of Vishnu, the other three being Vasudeva, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha. In Gaudiya accounts, Sankarshana expands himself as Garbhodakshayi-Vishnu in the beginning of the universe to create Brahma. In other words, Sankarshana is believed to be Narayana himself. In the first few chapters of the Puranas, it is also said that Sankarshana preached the Bhagavata to the Four Kumaras, who in turn passed on this message. At some point, the message was passed to sage Maitreya, who in turn preached it to Vidura. Marriage According to legends, Shesha is married to Nagalakshmi. As per the Garga Samhita, she is considered to be the personification of the divine ocean called the Kshira Sagara. Avatars As Lakshmana, Shesha accompanied his lord in his Rama avatar.As Balarama, Shesha accompanied Vishnu in his Krishna Avatar. Shesha is believed to have taken six incarnations on earth. During the Satya Yuga, he came down in his original form to form a seat for Vishnu's avatar of Narasimha, who had incarnated to slay the impious Hiranyakashipu. During the Treta Yuga, Shesha took birth as Lakshmana, as Vishnu's (as Rama) brother. Lakshmana is a very prominent character in the Ramayana, along with Hanuman and Sita. His consort, Nagalakshmi was born as Urmila, the sister of Sita. During Dvapara Yuga, he is a stated to have incarnated as Balarama again as a brother to Vishnu (as Krishna). This is often disputed by the original line-ups of the Dasavatara, where Balarama is also considered to be an incarnation of Vishnu. His consort was born as Revati, the daughter of King Kakudmi. During the Kali Yuga, according to Sri Vaishnava tradition, he was born as Patanjali, Ramanuja, and Manavala Mamunigal. He was not accompanied by God during the Kali Yuga. Instead, he incarnated alone to spread devotion among the people, being a peaceful incarnation. Sri Vaishnavism also states that Balarama is an incarnation of both Vishnu and Shesha. In the Bhagavad Gita, in the middle of the battlefield Kurukshetra, Krishna, explaining his omnipresence, says: "Of Nāgas, I am Ananta" indicating the importance of Shesha. Gaudiya Vaishnavism states that Shesha incarnated as Nityananda, a friend and associate of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, who is described as an incarnation of Krishna. According to the texts and scriptures of the Gaudiya Sampradaya, the appearance of Nityananda Prabhu was very similar to Balarama (incarnation of Shesha). Literature The Brahma Purana describes the attributes of Ananta: Daityas and Dānavas are not capable of recounting his good qualities. He is honoured by Devas and celestial sages. He is spoken of as Ananta. He has a thousand hoods, and he is clearly bedecked in Svastika ornaments devoid of impurities. He illuminates all quarters by thousand jewels on his hoods. For the welfare of the universe, he deprives the Asuras of their prowess. His eyes whirl and rove due to intoxication. He has only one earring at all times. Wearing a crown and garlands he shines like a white mountain aflame with fire. He is clad in blue garments. He is intoxicated with pride. He is resplendent with white garlands. He is lofty like the mountain of Kailāsa where the celestial Gaṅgā falls. He has placed his hand on the plough-share; he holds an excellent iron club. He is attended upon by the embodied splendour of Varuṇa. At the end of the Kalpa, Rudra in the form of Saṅkarṣaṇa comes out of his mouth, blazing like the flame of poisonous fire and devours the three worlds. He holds the entire sphere of the world rising above like a peak.— Brahma Purana, Chapter 19 The Brahmanda Purana also described Shesha in Patala: With his two thousand eyes that have the reddish splendour of the rising sun and with his body that is white and glossy, he appears like the mountain. Kailāsa surrounded by clusters of flames. He has the white complexion like the Moon as well as the Kunda flowers. Hence the cluster of his eyes shines like the cluster of midday suns on the peak of the white Mountain (Śveta Parvata). He has a huge terrible body. With it (resting) in his reclining pose on his couch, he appears like a thousand-peaked mountain of vast dimensions (resting) over the earth. This (enormously) huge lord of serpents, himself of great splendour, is being attended upon by extremely wise and noble-souled great serpents of huge physique. He is the king of all serpents. He is Ananta, Śeṣa, of excessive brilliance.— Brahmanda Purana, Chapter 20Vishnu with Shesha Naga-ancient Bronze artefact in Government Museum MathuraThe Bhagavata Purana equates Shesha and Balarama: The foremost manifestation of Lord Vishnu is Sankarṣana, who is known as Ananta. He is the origin of all incarnations within this material world. Previous to the appearance of Lord Shri Krishna, this original Sankarsana will appear as Baladeva, just to please the Supreme Lord Shri Krishna in His transcendental pastimes."— Bhagavata Purana, 10.1.24 In the Bhagavad Gita chapter 10, verse 29, Krishna describes 75 of his common manifestations, and declares, "anantaś ca asmi nāgānāṁ": Among Nāgas (a special class of serpents), I am the serpent-god Ananta.Heads of Shesha at the Kerala Folklore Museum Narasimha, the man-lion incarnation of Vishnu seated on the coils of Shesha, with seven heads of Shesha forming a canopy. Statue at Vijayanagara. Maha Vishnu sheltered by the five-headed Shesha, Parsurameswar Temple, Bhubaneswar In popular culture The Palliyodam, a type of large snake boat built and used by Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple in Kerala for the annual water processions of Uthrattathi Jalamela and Valla Sadhya has the legend that it was designed by Krishna and were made to look like Shesha. The capital of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, is named after the King of the Serpents and is translated as "The Sacred City of Ananta". On the SCP Foundation wiki, the winning article for the SCP-3000 contest is titled Anantashesha. The article features SCP-3000, a gargantuan serpentine entity swimming in the Bay of Bengal with anomalous abilities, based on the fact that Shesha "would linger past the end". Other names Sheshanaga (Shesha the serpent) Shesha (the first Shesha) Anantashesha (Endless Shesha) Ananta (endless/infinite) Alternative spellings: Sesa, Shesha, Śeṣa Shesha Sayana or Nagar Syana means Vishnu who sleeps (Sayana) on Sheshanaga See also Vasuki Ouroboros Jörmungandr Manasa Nāga Snake worship Nagaradhane Padmanabhaswamy Temple References ^ Handa 2004, p. 91. ^ Raj, Selva J.; Dempsey, Corinne G. (12 January 2010). Sacred Play: Ritual Levity and Humor in South Asian Religions. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-2981-6. ^ Haq, Kaiser (12 October 2015). The Triumph of the Snake Goddess. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-91511-4. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2022. ^ Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5. ^ Chenni Padmanabhan. Concept of Sri Andal's Tiruppavai. R.P. Publications, 1995 - Krishna (Hindu deity) in literature - 296 pages. p. 87. ^ Mbh, Adi Parva ^ Garga Saṁhita. Rasbihari Lal & Sons. 2006. ISBN 978-81-87812-98-2. ^ Śrīgargasaṃhitā: Kīrtibhāṣāsārasahitā (in Sanskrit). Vyāsa Bālābakṣa Śodhasaṃsthāna. 2000. ^ www.wisdomlib.org (24 June 2012). "Urmila, Urmilā, Ūrmilā: 9 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 10 September 2022. ^ Agarwal, Shubhi (20 April 2022). LakshmiLa : The Eternal Love Story. Om Books International. ISBN 978-93-92834-21-9. ^ Revati. "Daughter of King Raivata and wife of Balarama." ^ Dalal, Roshen (18 April 2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9. ^ "Manavala Mamunigal". acharya.org. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2022. ^ www.wisdomlib.org (17 March 2018). "The Magnitude of Netherworlds ". www.wisdomlib.org. Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022. ^ "Explained: What is a Palliyodam, and why a Kerala actor was arrested for photoshoot on it". thenewsminute. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021. ^ A Random Day; Ben "djkaktus" Sisson; Joreth (25 March 2017). "SCP-3000 - Anantashesha". SCP Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2022. Bibliography Handa, Om Chanda (2004), Naga Cults and Traditions in the Western Himalaya, Indus Publishing, ISBN 978-8173871610 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shesha. ananta supports the world (from mahAbhArata) The Glories of Lord Ananta (from Śrimad Bhagavatam) Ananta Shesha - The Legendary Serpent Maha-Vishnu & Ananta Shesha Image of ancient Vishnu and Shesha in deity form vteHindu deities and textsGods Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Agni Ashvins Chandra Dattatreya Ganesha Hanuman Indra Kama Kartikeya Krishna Kubera Rama Shasta Surya Varuna Vayu Vishvakarma Yama more Goddesses Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi Parvati Aditi Bhumi Chhaya Durga Ganga Shachi Kali Mahadevi Mahavidya Matangi Matrikas Radha Rati Rohini Rukmini Sanjna Sati Shakti Shashthi Sita more Other deities Apsaras Asuras Daitya Danava Devata Dikpāla Gandharvas Gana Kuladevatas Gramadevatas Rakshasas Vahanas Yakshas / Yakshini Texts (list) Vedas Rig Sama Yajur Atharva Upanishads Puranas Ramayana Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita Yoga Sutras of Patanjali more Hinduism Hindu mythology
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheshnaag (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheshnaag_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"naga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga"},{"link_name":"serpents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga"},{"link_name":"Nagaraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaraja"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Narayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi"},{"link_name":"Garuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda"},{"link_name":"Lakshmana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmana"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"link_name":"Treta Yuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treta_Yuga"},{"link_name":"Balarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Dvapara Yuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"Kashyapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashyapa"},{"link_name":"Kadru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadru"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"kalpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)"}],"text":"\"Sheshnaag\" redirects here. For the 1990 Bollywood film, see Sheshnaag (film).Shesha (Sanskrit: शेष, romanized: Śeṣa, lit. 'Remainder'),[3] also known by his epithets Sheshanaga (Sanskrit: शेषनाग, romanized: Śeṣanāga, lit. 'The snake Shesha') and Adishesha (Sanskrit: आदिशेष, romanized: Ādiśeṣa, lit. 'First Shesha'), is a serpentine demigod (naga) and king of the serpents (Nagaraja), as well as a primordial being of creation in Hinduism. In the Puranas, Shesha is said to hold all the planets of the universe on his hoods and to constantly sing the glories of Vishnu from all his mouths. He is sometimes referred to as Ananta Shesha.The Narayana form of Vishnu is often depicted as resting on Shesha, accompanied by his consort Lakshmi. Shesha is considered as one of the two mounts of Vishnu alongside Garuda. He is said to have descended upon Earth in the following human forms or incarnations: Lakshmana, brother of Vishnu's incarnation Rama during the Treta Yuga, and according to some traditions, as Balarama, brother of Vishnu's incarnation Krishna during the Dvapara Yuga. According to the Mahabharata (Adi Parva), his father was Kashyapa and his mother Kadru, though in other accounts, he is usually a primordial being created by Vishnu.His name means \"he who remains\", from the Sanskrit root śiṣ, because even as the world is destroyed at the end of each kalpa, Shesha remains as he is.","title":"Shesha"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheshashayi_-_Laxminarayan_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg"},{"link_name":"Narayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi"},{"link_name":"Ocean of Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshir_Sagar"},{"link_name":"serpent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)"},{"link_name":"serpent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Narayana resting on Adhishesha, with his consort Lakshmi massaging his feetShesha is generally depicted with a massive form that floats coiled through space, or upon the Ocean of Milk, to form the bed upon which Vishnu lies. Sometimes, he is depicted as a five-headed or seven-headed or a ten-headed serpent; but more commonly as one thousand-headed, or five thousand-headed, or even as many as a one million-headed serpent; sometimes with each head wearing an ornate crown.[4][5]","title":"Form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"Kashyapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashyapa"},{"link_name":"Kadru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadru"},{"link_name":"Vasuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasuki_(snake)"},{"link_name":"Iravati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iravati"},{"link_name":"Takshaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takshaka"},{"link_name":"Garuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda"},{"link_name":"Vinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinata"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"Brahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"Bhumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Patala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patala"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"According to the Mahabharata, Shesha was born to the sage Kashyapa and his wife Kadru. Kadru gave birth to a thousand snakes, of which Shesha was the eldest. After Shesha, Vasuki, Iravati and Takshaka were born, in that order. A lot of Shesha's brothers were cruel and were bent upon inflicting harm on others. They were even unkind to Garuda, who was Kashyapa's son through Vinata, sister of Kadru. (Kadru and Vinata were daughters of Daksha).Shesha, disgusted by the cruel acts of his brothers, left his mother and kin, and took on austere penances. He lived on air and meditated in places including Gandhamadhana, Badrikashrama, Gokarna, Pushkara, and the Himalayas. His penances were so severe that his flesh, skin, and muscles dried up and merged with his frame. Brahma, convinced of Shesha's will, asked Shesha to request a boon. Shesha asked that he be able to keep his mind under control so that he could continue to perform ascetic penances. Brahma gladly accepted the request. Brahma then asked a favour of Shesha: to go beneath the precarious earth and stabilise it. Shesha agreed and went to the netherworld and stabilised Bhumi with his hood. He is believed to support her even today, thus making Patala his perennial residence.[6]","title":"Origin and legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Narayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana"},{"link_name":"Vāsudeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva"},{"link_name":"Mahavishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavishnu"},{"link_name":"Bhagavata Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana"},{"link_name":"tamasic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamasic"},{"link_name":"Patala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patala"},{"link_name":"Rudras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudras"},{"link_name":"vyuhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyuha"},{"link_name":"Vasudeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasudeva"},{"link_name":"Pradyumna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradyumna"},{"link_name":"Aniruddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniruddha"},{"link_name":"Gaudiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Brahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"Puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana"},{"link_name":"Bhagavata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata"},{"link_name":"Four Kumaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Kumaras"},{"link_name":"Maitreya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitreya"},{"link_name":"Vidura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidura"}],"sub_title":"Vishnu and Shesha","text":"Shesha is usually depicted as floating in the ocean of the changing world, forming the bed of a primordial form of Vishnu, i.e. Narayana, Vāsudeva or in later Puranic Vaishnavism, Mahavishnu.In the Bhagavata Purana, Shesha is named Sankarshana, the tamasic energy of Narayana himself, and is said to live deep within the inner layers of Patala, where there are many serpents with gems on their heads and where he reigns as its ruler. He is said to have existed before the creation of the universe. When the universe is towards its end, he creates the 11 Rudras from the serpents to destroy the universe for a new one to be created.Sankarshana is also one of the four vyuhas, or primitive forms of Vishnu, the other three being Vasudeva, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha.In Gaudiya accounts, Sankarshana expands himself as Garbhodakshayi-Vishnu in the beginning of the universe to create Brahma. In other words, Sankarshana is believed to be Narayana himself.In the first few chapters of the Puranas, it is also said that Sankarshana preached the Bhagavata to the Four Kumaras, who in turn passed on this message. At some point, the message was passed to sage Maitreya, who in turn preached it to Vidura.","title":"Origin and legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nagalakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagalakshmi"},{"link_name":"Garga Samhita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garga_Samhita_(Vaishnavite_text)"},{"link_name":"Kshira Sagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshira_Sagara"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Marriage","text":"According to legends, Shesha is married to Nagalakshmi. As per the Garga Samhita, she is considered to be the personification of the divine ocean called the Kshira Sagara.[7][8]","title":"Origin and legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lakshmana_at_Srivaikundam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balarama,_elder_brother_Krishna_with_Hala_1830_CE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Satya Yuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_Yuga"},{"link_name":"Narasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimha"},{"link_name":"Hiranyakashipu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyakashipu"},{"link_name":"Treta Yuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treta_Yuga"},{"link_name":"Lakshmana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmana"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"link_name":"Hanuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman"},{"link_name":"Sita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita"},{"link_name":"Urmila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmila"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dvapara Yuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga"},{"link_name":"Balarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama"},{"link_name":"Dasavatara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashavatara"},{"link_name":"Revati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revati"},{"link_name":"Kakudmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakudmi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kali Yuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga"},{"link_name":"Sri Vaishnava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Patanjali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patanjali"},{"link_name":"Ramanuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanuja"},{"link_name":"Manavala Mamunigal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Sri Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Bhagavad Gita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad-Gita"},{"link_name":"Kurukshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukshetra"},{"link_name":"Nāgas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga"},{"link_name":"Gaudiya Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Nityananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nityananda"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya Mahaprabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Krishna"},{"link_name":"Gaudiya Sampradaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Sampradaya"},{"link_name":"Nityananda Prabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nityananda_Prabhu"},{"link_name":"Balarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"As Lakshmana, Shesha accompanied his lord in his Rama avatar.As Balarama, Shesha accompanied Vishnu in his Krishna Avatar.Shesha is believed to have taken six incarnations on earth. During the Satya Yuga, he came down in his original form to form a seat for Vishnu's avatar of Narasimha, who had incarnated to slay the impious Hiranyakashipu.During the Treta Yuga, Shesha took birth as Lakshmana, as Vishnu's (as Rama) brother. Lakshmana is a very prominent character in the Ramayana, along with Hanuman and Sita. His consort, Nagalakshmi was born as Urmila, the sister of Sita.[9][10]During Dvapara Yuga, he is a stated to have incarnated as Balarama again as a brother to Vishnu (as Krishna). This is often disputed by the original line-ups of the Dasavatara, where Balarama is also considered to be an incarnation of Vishnu. His consort was born as Revati, the daughter of King Kakudmi.[11][12]During the Kali Yuga, according to Sri Vaishnava tradition, he was born as Patanjali, Ramanuja, and Manavala Mamunigal.[13] He was not accompanied by God during the Kali Yuga. Instead, he incarnated alone to spread devotion among the people, being a peaceful incarnation.Sri Vaishnavism also states that Balarama is an incarnation of both Vishnu and Shesha. In the Bhagavad Gita, in the middle of the battlefield Kurukshetra, Krishna, explaining his omnipresence, says: \"Of Nāgas, I am Ananta\" indicating the importance of Shesha.Gaudiya Vaishnavism states that Shesha incarnated as Nityananda, a friend and associate of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, who is described as an incarnation of Krishna. According to the texts and scriptures of the Gaudiya Sampradaya, the appearance of Nityananda Prabhu was very similar to Balarama (incarnation of Shesha).[citation needed]","title":"Avatars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brahma Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Purana"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Brahma Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Purana"},{"link_name":"Brahmanda Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vishnu_with_Shesha_Naga_-_Bronze_-_Showcase_11-1_-_Bronze_Gallery_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_6635.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bhagavata Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana"},{"link_name":"Bhagavata Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana"},{"link_name":"Bhagavad Gita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavadgita"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kerala_Folklore_Museum_2018-04-02l.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hampi3.JPG"},{"link_name":"Narasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimha"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bishnu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maha Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavishnu"},{"link_name":"Parsurameswar Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsurameswar_Temple"},{"link_name":"Bhubaneswar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhubaneswar"}],"text":"The Brahma Purana describes the attributes of Ananta:[14]Daityas and Dānavas are not capable of recounting his good qualities. He is honoured by Devas and celestial sages. He is spoken of as Ananta. He has a thousand hoods, and he is clearly bedecked in Svastika ornaments devoid of impurities. He illuminates all quarters by thousand jewels on his hoods.\nFor the welfare of the universe, he deprives the Asuras of their prowess. His eyes whirl and rove due to intoxication. He has only one earring at all times.\nWearing a crown and garlands he shines like a white mountain aflame with fire.\nHe is clad in blue garments. He is intoxicated with pride. He is resplendent with white garlands. He is lofty like the mountain of Kailāsa where the celestial Gaṅgā falls. He has placed his hand on the plough-share; he holds an excellent iron club. He is attended upon by the embodied splendour of Varuṇa.\nAt the end of the Kalpa, Rudra in the form of Saṅkarṣaṇa comes out of his mouth, blazing like the flame of poisonous fire and devours the three worlds.\n\nHe holds the entire sphere of the world rising above like a peak.— Brahma Purana, Chapter 19The Brahmanda Purana also described Shesha in Patala:With his two thousand eyes that have the reddish splendour of the rising sun and with his body that is white and glossy, he appears like the mountain. Kailāsa surrounded by clusters of flames. He has the white complexion like the Moon as well as the Kunda flowers. Hence the cluster of his eyes shines like the cluster of midday suns on the peak of the white Mountain (Śveta Parvata).\nHe has a huge terrible body. With it (resting) in his reclining pose on his couch, he appears like a thousand-peaked mountain of vast dimensions (resting) over the earth.\n\nThis (enormously) huge lord of serpents, himself of great splendour, is being attended upon by extremely wise and noble-souled great serpents of huge physique. He is the king of all serpents. He is Ananta, Śeṣa, of excessive brilliance.— Brahmanda Purana, Chapter 20Vishnu with Shesha Naga-ancient Bronze artefact in Government Museum MathuraThe Bhagavata Purana equates Shesha and Balarama:The foremost manifestation of Lord Vishnu is Sankarṣana, who is known as Ananta. He is the origin of all incarnations within this material world. Previous to the appearance of Lord Shri Krishna, this original Sankarsana will appear as Baladeva, just to please the Supreme Lord Shri Krishna in His transcendental pastimes.\"— Bhagavata Purana, 10.1.24In the Bhagavad Gita chapter 10, verse 29, Krishna describes 75 of his common manifestations, and declares, \"anantaś ca asmi nāgānāṁ\": Among Nāgas (a special class of serpents), I am the serpent-god Ananta.Heads of Shesha at the Kerala Folklore MuseumNarasimha, the man-lion incarnation of Vishnu seated on the coils of Shesha, with seven heads of Shesha forming a canopy. Statue at Vijayanagara.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaha Vishnu sheltered by the five-headed Shesha, Parsurameswar Temple, Bhubaneswar","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palliyodam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliyodam"},{"link_name":"snake boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chundan_vallam"},{"link_name":"Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranmula_Parthasarathy_Temple"},{"link_name":"Uthrattathi Jalamela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranmula_Boat_Race"},{"link_name":"Valla Sadhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valla_Sadhya"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Thiruvananthapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram"},{"link_name":"SCP Foundation wiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCP_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Bay of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Palliyodam, a type of large snake boat built and used by Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple in Kerala for the annual water processions of Uthrattathi Jalamela and Valla Sadhya has the legend that it was designed by Krishna and were made to look like Shesha.[15]The capital of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, is named after the King of the Serpents and is translated as \"The Sacred City of Ananta\".On the SCP Foundation wiki, the winning article for the SCP-3000 contest is titled Anantashesha. The article features SCP-3000, a gargantuan serpentine entity swimming in the Bay of Bengal with anomalous abilities, based on the fact that Shesha \"would linger past the end\".[16]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ananta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"}],"text":"Sheshanaga (Shesha the serpent)\nShesha (the first Shesha)\nAnantashesha (Endless Shesha)\nAnanta (endless/infinite)\nAlternative spellings: Sesa, Shesha, Śeṣa\nShesha Sayana or Nagar Syana means Vishnu who sleeps (Sayana) on Sheshanaga","title":"Other names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naga Cults and Traditions in the Western Himalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Xd50t19YpJEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8173871610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8173871610"}],"text":"Handa, Om Chanda (2004), Naga Cults and Traditions in the Western Himalaya, Indus Publishing, ISBN 978-8173871610","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Narayana resting on Adhishesha, with his consort Lakshmi massaging his feet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sheshashayi_-_Laxminarayan_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg/250px-Sheshashayi_-_Laxminarayan_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vishnu with Shesha Naga-ancient Bronze artefact in Government Museum Mathura","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Vishnu_with_Shesha_Naga_-_Bronze_-_Showcase_11-1_-_Bronze_Gallery_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_6635.JPG/220px-Vishnu_with_Shesha_Naga_-_Bronze_-_Showcase_11-1_-_Bronze_Gallery_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_6635.JPG"},{"image_text":"Heads of Shesha at the Kerala Folklore Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kerala_Folklore_Museum_2018-04-02l.jpg/250px-Kerala_Folklore_Museum_2018-04-02l.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Vasuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasuki"},{"title":"Ouroboros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouroboros"},{"title":"Jörmungandr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr"},{"title":"Manasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasa"},{"title":"Nāga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga"},{"title":"Snake worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_worship"},{"title":"Nagaradhane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaradhane"},{"title":"Padmanabhaswamy Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple"}]
[{"reference":"Raj, Selva J.; Dempsey, Corinne G. (12 January 2010). Sacred Play: Ritual Levity and Humor in South Asian Religions. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-2981-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hEJ-vMgbSlwC&q=his+wife+Nagalakshmi&pg=PA43","url_text":"Sacred Play: Ritual Levity and Humor in South Asian Religions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2981-6","url_text":"978-1-4384-2981-6"}]},{"reference":"Haq, Kaiser (12 October 2015). The Triumph of the Snake Goddess. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-91511-4. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jCmoCgAAQBAJ&dq=shesha+snake&pg=PT28","url_text":"The Triumph of the Snake Goddess"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91511-4","url_text":"978-0-674-91511-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230615185004/https://books.google.com/books?id=jCmoCgAAQBAJ&dq=shesha+snake&pg=PT28","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Vishnu+ocean+of+milk&pg=PA288","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Hinduism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5","url_text":"978-0-8160-7564-5"}]},{"reference":"Chenni Padmanabhan. Concept of Sri Andal's Tiruppavai. R.P. Publications, 1995 - Krishna (Hindu deity) in literature - 296 pages. p. 87.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Garga Saṁhita. Rasbihari Lal & Sons. 2006. ISBN 978-81-87812-98-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nkv9PgAACAAJ&q=naga+lakshmi+garg+samhita","url_text":"Garga Saṁhita"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87812-98-2","url_text":"978-81-87812-98-2"}]},{"reference":"Śrīgargasaṃhitā: Kīrtibhāṣāsārasahitā (in Sanskrit). Vyāsa Bālābakṣa Śodhasaṃsthāna. 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r3PXAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80","url_text":"Śrīgargasaṃhitā: Kīrtibhāṣāsārasahitā"}]},{"reference":"www.wisdomlib.org (24 June 2012). \"Urmila, Urmilā, Ūrmilā: 9 definitions\". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 10 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/urmila","url_text":"\"Urmila, Urmilā, Ūrmilā: 9 definitions\""}]},{"reference":"Agarwal, Shubhi (20 April 2022). LakshmiLa : The Eternal Love Story. Om Books International. ISBN 978-93-92834-21-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SOZsEAAAQBAJ&dq=gomati+the+chakra+of+lakshmi+and+wife+of+sudarshan&pg=PT16","url_text":"LakshmiLa : The Eternal Love Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-92834-21-9","url_text":"978-93-92834-21-9"}]},{"reference":"Dalal, Roshen (18 April 2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=balarama+dashavatara&pg=PT412","url_text":"Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9","url_text":"978-81-8475-277-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Manavala Mamunigal\". acharya.org. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://acharya.org/ac/smm/smmv7.html","url_text":"\"Manavala Mamunigal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230327035642/http://acharya.org/ac/smm/smmv7.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"www.wisdomlib.org (17 March 2018). \"The Magnitude of Netherworlds [Chapter 19]\". www.wisdomlib.org. Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/brahma-purana-english/d/doc216089.html","url_text":"\"The Magnitude of Netherworlds [Chapter 19]\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220805155846/https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/brahma-purana-english/d/doc216089.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Explained: What is a Palliyodam, and why a Kerala actor was arrested for photoshoot on it\". thenewsminute. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/explained-what-palliyodam-and-why-kerala-actor-was-arrested-photoshoot-it-155155","url_text":"\"Explained: What is a Palliyodam, and why a Kerala actor was arrested for photoshoot on it\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210913134009/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/explained-what-palliyodam-and-why-kerala-actor-was-arrested-photoshoot-it-155155","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"A Random Day; Ben \"djkaktus\" Sisson; Joreth (25 March 2017). \"SCP-3000 - Anantashesha\". SCP Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scpwiki.com/scp-3000","url_text":"\"SCP-3000 - Anantashesha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCP_Foundation","url_text":"SCP Foundation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512083639/https://www.scpwiki.com/scp-3000","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Handa, Om Chanda (2004), Naga Cults and Traditions in the Western Himalaya, Indus Publishing, ISBN 978-8173871610","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd50t19YpJEC","url_text":"Naga Cults and Traditions in the Western Himalaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8173871610","url_text":"978-8173871610"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hEJ-vMgbSlwC&q=his+wife+Nagalakshmi&pg=PA43","external_links_name":"Sacred Play: Ritual Levity and Humor in South Asian Religions"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jCmoCgAAQBAJ&dq=shesha+snake&pg=PT28","external_links_name":"The Triumph of the Snake Goddess"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230615185004/https://books.google.com/books?id=jCmoCgAAQBAJ&dq=shesha+snake&pg=PT28","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Vishnu+ocean+of+milk&pg=PA288","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Hinduism"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nkv9PgAACAAJ&q=naga+lakshmi+garg+samhita","external_links_name":"Garga Saṁhita"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r3PXAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80","external_links_name":"Śrīgargasaṃhitā: Kīrtibhāṣāsārasahitā"},{"Link":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/urmila","external_links_name":"\"Urmila, Urmilā, Ūrmilā: 9 definitions\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SOZsEAAAQBAJ&dq=gomati+the+chakra+of+lakshmi+and+wife+of+sudarshan&pg=PT16","external_links_name":"LakshmiLa : The Eternal Love Story"},{"Link":"http://www.mythfolklore.net/india/encyclopedia/revati.htm","external_links_name":"Revati."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=balarama+dashavatara&pg=PT412","external_links_name":"Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide"},{"Link":"http://acharya.org/ac/smm/smmv7.html","external_links_name":"\"Manavala Mamunigal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230327035642/http://acharya.org/ac/smm/smmv7.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/brahma-purana-english/d/doc216089.html","external_links_name":"\"The Magnitude of Netherworlds [Chapter 19]\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220805155846/https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/brahma-purana-english/d/doc216089.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/explained-what-palliyodam-and-why-kerala-actor-was-arrested-photoshoot-it-155155","external_links_name":"\"Explained: What is a Palliyodam, and why a Kerala actor was arrested for photoshoot on it\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210913134009/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/explained-what-palliyodam-and-why-kerala-actor-was-arrested-photoshoot-it-155155","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.scpwiki.com/scp-3000","external_links_name":"\"SCP-3000 - Anantashesha\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512083639/https://www.scpwiki.com/scp-3000","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd50t19YpJEC","external_links_name":"Naga Cults and Traditions in the Western Himalaya"},{"Link":"https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01037.htm","external_links_name":"ananta supports the world (from mahAbhArata)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070716193641/http://vedabase.net/sb/5/25/en1","external_links_name":"The Glories of Lord Ananta (from Śrimad Bhagavatam)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060422191457/http://spirituality.indiatimes.com/articleshow/953344.cms","external_links_name":"Ananta Shesha - The Legendary Serpent"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060507115745/http://www.krishna.com/main.php?id=619","external_links_name":"Maha-Vishnu & Ananta Shesha"},{"Link":"http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/badami/cave305.html","external_links_name":"Image of ancient Vishnu and Shesha in deity form"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cumming
Michael Cumming
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Early TV career","1.3 TV comedy directing","1.4 Filmmaking","2 References","3 External links"]
British director and filmmaker Michael Cumming is a British director and filmmaker. He is best known for directing comedy shows such as Brass Eye, Toast of London, Toast of Tinseltown, The Mark Thomas Product, Snuff Box, The Mark Steel Lectures and Rock Profile. After graduating from the Royal College of Art film school in the late 1980s, Cumming began directing at the BBC on Tomorrow's World and then as a freelance director on shows including Lonely Planet, The Word & The Sunday Show before moving into comedy. Brass Eye was his first comedy directing credit. Alongside comedy directing, Cumming also makes independent films. His 2017 cinema only release – Oxide Ghosts: The Brass Eye Tapes - played to sell out audiences throughout the UK. Cumming's 2021 feature film documentary King Rocker - made with & fronted by Stewart Lee - was praised by Film Critic Mark Kermode as: 'One of my all-time favourite rock docs'. The Observer described it as 'Charming & Experimental' whilst MOJO hailed it as 'Ferociously Entertaining'. In 2017 Cumming was awarded an honorary doctorate for his outstanding contribution to television & film production. He is a member of BAFTA, Directors UK and the Performing Rights Society. Biography Early life Cumming was born in Kendal in the county of Westmorland (now Cumbria) and lived in Windermere for the first 19 years of his life. He developed an early interest in music, playing drums in a cabaret duo, jazz trio, punk and post punk bands from the age of 14. He also played bass, guitar and sang lead vocals in several bands between 1976 and 1984. As part of The True Believers, he recorded the single Spider-Man, Spider-Man b/w Spider-Man Meets The Green Goblin at the legendary Strawberry Studios, in Stockport. His interest in filmmaking started at school in The Lakes School Cine Club, where he made his first films on Super 8. In 2015 Cumming returned to The Lakes School, one of the first purpose-built comprehensive schools in the UK, to make a short film for the 50th Anniversary entitled 'Across A Lake, Below The Hill'. After a foundation course in Art & Design from Cumbria College of Art and a degree in Fine Art from The University of Wolverhampton, he studied for a Master of Arts degree at the Royal College of Art film school. He graduated, with distinction, in 1987. Whilst at the RCA Cumming made films based on the work of Kurt Vonnegut Jr., John Cage & Eric Wallace who all gave their blessing to his films. Early TV career On graduating from the Royal College Of Art, Cumming began his directing career at the BBC making films for the science show Tomorrows World. This was followed by making kids TV at the Children's Channel with ex Magpie presenter Mick Robertson and running a production company with presenter Gareth Jones, called Better Television. In 1994, Better Television were commissioned to make an afternoon of children's TV for BBC1 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Moon landings called An Afternoon On The Moon. In the same year, Better Television also made the space special Over The Moon for Channel 4. Both shows featured Gareth Jones and comedian and impressionist Phil Cornwell. In 1995, Cumming directed one of the first shows in the long running Lonely Planet travel series, travelling to Brazil with presenter Ian Wright. This was followed by a stint directing the film inserts for the final series of The Word on Channel 4. TV comedy directing Between 1995 and 1997 Cumming directed Chris Morris' satire on current affairs: Brass Eye for Channel 4 and its pilot Torque TV, originally commissioned by the BBC. Cumming has said that, disillusioned with TV, he was considering moving back into more fine-art oriented work until he met Chris Morris: “What Chris did was reassure me there was a way of making something on television that had wider merit. That restored my faith in television”. After Brass Eye, he worked for many years with comedian Mark Thomas, directing five series of his Mark Thomas Product series. Cumming worked with Matt Lucas & David Williams, directing their BBC series Rock Profile as well as directing specials for Bremner, Bird and Fortune, Jack Dee and Kevin Eldon. In 2000, Cumming directed the award-winning BBC1 comedy Alistair McGowan's Big Impression and the following year, the Tony Roach sitcom World of Pub for BBC 2 starring Phil Cornwell, Kevin Eldon & Peter Serafinowicz. In 2003, for the newly launched BBC 3, Cumming directed the first series of Three Non Blondes starring Jocelyn Jee Eisen, Tameka Empson and Ninia Benjamin. From 2004 to 2005 he directed 2 series of the BAFTA nominated Mark Steel Lectures as well as two series of The Lenny Henry Show for BBC 1. Cumming teamed up with Rich Fulcher (The Mighty Boosh) and Matt Berry to make the cult BBC 3 series Snuff Box in 2006. The Guardian described the show as "fantastically dark and cynical". From 2007 to 2009 he directed the Omid Djalili Show for BBC 1, as well as writing material for the series with writing partner Rich Fulcher. During this period Cumming also directed the pilots for several successful series, including: Touch Me, I'm Karen Taylor, The Peter Serafinowicz Show & Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle. Between 2012 and 2015, Cumming was back working with Matt Berry again directing the pilot and all 18 episodes of the multi award-winning Toast of London. As well as winning a Comedy Award and The Rose d'Or, Berry won the best male comedy performer BAFTA for Toast Of London, in 2015. The Independent said of the series: "Berry and co deserve to be celebrated, as this is one of the very few genuinely funny comedy series on TV right now" In 2016, Cumming Directed the improvised BBC4 comedy series Going Forward starring Jo Brand and Omid Djalili. After a period making independent films, commercials & music videos he returned to TV comedy in 2019/20 & 2021 with Sandylands - a seaside set comedy with a cast including David Walliams, Sophie Thompson, Sanjeev Bhaskar, Hugh Bonneville, Simon Bird & Craig Parkinson. 2022 saw Cumming helm the return of Matt Berry's Toast in a new series - Toast Of Tinseltown, described by the Guardian as "an incredibly welcome return for one of the best comic creations of the last 10 years". Filmmaking Cumming has made a number of films for art galleries, exhibiting at the Whitworth Young Contemporaries and the Bracknell, Brighton and Sheffield video festivals. A compilation of his early video artworks is held in the BFI archive and was regularly broadcast on American Cable TV show Here Comes Everybody. His short film Beachcomber, about the Sellafield nuclear re processing plant and made with artist Kevin Carr, was selected for the Sedition show in 2010, the Sea Change exhibition in 2014, Kevin Carr's memorial retrospective at the Florence Mine gallery in 2019 and the Signal Media curated West Coast Retrospective shows at Barrow (2019) & Whitehaven (2020). In 2017 he made a film to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Brass Eye. Oxide Ghosts:The Brass Eye Tapes featured unseen material from the director's personal archive and played to over 100 sold out cinemas all over the UK and Ireland. The shows featured an introduction and Q&A session from Cumming. The film continues to have occasional screenings and Cumming has made it clear that these live events will be the only way to see the film. In 2019 Cumming directed the video for the George Ezra track "Pretty Shining People". The promo - featuring a cast of very young record company executives and hipsters - took a gentle swipe at the music business and its marketing of Ezra's image. Cumming's independent film - King Rocker - in collaboration with comedian & writer Stewart Lee tells the story of Robert Lloyd and the ups and downs of his bands of 40 years The Prefects and The Nightingales. The feature-length documentary premiered on Sky Arts in February 2021, at the Sheffield Documentary Festival and was released in cinemas later that year. Cumming & Lee showed the film at various festivals, including Blue Dot & Glastonbury. In 2024 Cumming announced a director's cut of the film. References ^ a b "Michael Cumming (I)". IMDb. Retrieved 2 December 2017. ^ a b c d "michael cumming". www.michaelcumming.co.uk. Retrieved 10 January 2018. ^ "King Rocker". ^ "University announces honours list". University of Wolverhampton. University of Wolverhampton. Retrieved 2 December 2017. ^ "Brass Eye, Toast and Oxide Ghosts: An Interview with Michael Cumming". 12 November 2018. ^ "Whisky... !: why BBC3 should re-open its Snuff Box". The Guardian. 8 August 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2018. ^ "Toast of London: Matt Berry and co deserve to be celebrated". The Independent. 18 November 2015. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2018. ^ "Gold announces new sitcom Sandylands". British Comedy Guide. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2020. ^ "A taste of Toast of Tinseltown". 22 February 2021. ^ "one-of-the-best-comic-creations-of-the-last-10-years-matt-berry-is-back-as-steven-toast". The Guardian. 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2021. ^ "Michael Cumming Video Compilation (1985)". Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. ^ "STRAIGHT-JACKET: HERE COMES EVERYBODY! (The Insane Experimental Cable TV show) - INTERVIEW with host BILL TURK". 22 January 2018. ^ Thorpe, Vanessa (21 October 2017). "Twenty years on … how comedy genius Chris Morris invented 'fake news'". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 April 2018. ^ "George Ezra shares video for 'Pretty Shining People'". diymag.com. ^ "Stewart Lee films post-punk documentary : News 2018 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide". www.chortle.co.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2019. External links Michael Cumming on IMDb Michael Cumming website
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brass Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_Eye"},{"link_name":"Toast of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toast_of_London"},{"link_name":"Toast of Tinseltown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toast_of_Tinseltown"},{"link_name":"The Mark Thomas Product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mark_Thomas_Comedy_Product"},{"link_name":"Snuff Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuff_Box_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Mark Steel Lectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mark_Steel_Lectures"},{"link_name":"Rock Profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Profile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow's World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow%27s_World"},{"link_name":"The Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Word_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"King Rocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Rocker"},{"link_name":"Stewart Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Lee"},{"link_name":"Mark Kermode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kermode"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Michael Cumming is a British director and filmmaker. He is best known for directing comedy shows such as Brass Eye, Toast of London, Toast of Tinseltown, The Mark Thomas Product, Snuff Box, The Mark Steel Lectures and Rock Profile.[1]After graduating from the Royal College of Art film school in the late 1980s, Cumming began directing at the BBC on Tomorrow's World and then as a freelance director on shows including Lonely Planet, The Word & The Sunday Show before moving into comedy. Brass Eye was his first comedy directing credit.[2]Alongside comedy directing, Cumming also makes independent films. His 2017 cinema only release – Oxide Ghosts: The Brass Eye Tapes - played to sell out audiences throughout the UK. Cumming's 2021 feature film documentary King Rocker - made with & fronted by Stewart Lee - was praised by Film Critic Mark Kermode as: 'One of my all-time favourite rock docs'. The Observer described it as 'Charming & Experimental' whilst MOJO hailed it as 'Ferociously Entertaining'.[3]In 2017 Cumming was awarded an honorary doctorate for his outstanding contribution to television & film production. He is a member of BAFTA, Directors UK and the Performing Rights Society.[4]","title":"Michael Cumming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendal"},{"link_name":"Westmorland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmorland"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Windermere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windermere,_Cumbria_(town)"},{"link_name":"Strawberry Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Studios"},{"link_name":"The Lakes School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lakes_School"},{"link_name":"Cumbria College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria_Institute_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"University of Wolverhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wolverhampton"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Kurt Vonnegut Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut"},{"link_name":"John Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cage"},{"link_name":"Eric Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Wallace"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Cumming was born in Kendal in the county of Westmorland (now Cumbria) and lived in Windermere for the first 19 years of his life. He developed an early interest in music, playing drums in a cabaret duo, jazz trio, punk and post punk bands from the age of 14. He also played bass, guitar and sang lead vocals in several bands between 1976 and 1984. As part of The True Believers, he recorded the single Spider-Man, Spider-Man b/w Spider-Man Meets The Green Goblin at the legendary Strawberry Studios, in Stockport.His interest in filmmaking started at school in The Lakes School Cine Club, where he made his first films on Super 8. In 2015 Cumming returned to The Lakes School, one of the first purpose-built comprehensive schools in the UK, to make a short film for the 50th Anniversary entitled 'Across A Lake, Below The Hill'.After a foundation course in Art & Design from Cumbria College of Art and a degree in Fine Art from The University of Wolverhampton, he studied for a Master of Arts degree at the Royal College of Art film school. He graduated, with distinction, in 1987. Whilst at the RCA Cumming made films based on the work of Kurt Vonnegut Jr., John Cage & Eric Wallace who all gave their blessing to his films.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tomorrows World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow%27s_World"},{"link_name":"Children's Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Children%27s_Channel"},{"link_name":"Mick Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Gareth Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Jones_(presenter)"},{"link_name":"Gareth Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Jones_(presenter)"},{"link_name":"Phil Cornwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Cornwell"},{"link_name":"Lonely Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Planet"},{"link_name":"Ian Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wright_(traveller)"},{"link_name":"The Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Word_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Early TV career","text":"On graduating from the Royal College Of Art, Cumming began his directing career at the BBC making films for the science show Tomorrows World. This was followed by making kids TV at the Children's Channel with ex Magpie presenter Mick Robertson and running a production company with presenter Gareth Jones, called Better Television. In 1994, Better Television were commissioned to make an afternoon of children's TV for BBC1 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Moon landings called An Afternoon On The Moon. In the same year, Better Television also made the space special Over The Moon for Channel 4. Both shows featured Gareth Jones and comedian and impressionist Phil Cornwell.In 1995, Cumming directed one of the first shows in the long running Lonely Planet travel series, travelling to Brazil with presenter Ian Wright. This was followed by a stint directing the film inserts for the final series of The Word on Channel 4.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brass Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_Eye"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mark Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Mark Thomas Product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mark_Thomas_Comedy_Product"},{"link_name":"Matt Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Lucas"},{"link_name":"David Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Walliams"},{"link_name":"Rock Profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Profile"},{"link_name":"Bremner, Bird and Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremner,_Bird_and_Fortune"},{"link_name":"Jack Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dee"},{"link_name":"Kevin Eldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Eldon"},{"link_name":"Alistair McGowan's Big Impression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_McGowan%27s_Big_Impression"},{"link_name":"Tony Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Roche_(writer)"},{"link_name":"World of Pub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Pub"},{"link_name":"Phil Cornwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Cornwell"},{"link_name":"Kevin Eldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Eldon"},{"link_name":"Peter Serafinowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Serafinowicz"},{"link_name":"Three Non Blondes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Non-Blondes"},{"link_name":"Jocelyn Jee Eisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Jee_Esien"},{"link_name":"Tameka Empson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tameka_Empson"},{"link_name":"Ninia Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninia_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Mark Steel Lectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mark_Steel_Lectures"},{"link_name":"The Lenny Henry Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lenny_Henry_Show"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Rich Fulcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Fulcher"},{"link_name":"The Mighty Boosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mighty_Boosh"},{"link_name":"Matt Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Berry"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Omid Djalili Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Omid_Djalili_Show"},{"link_name":"Rich Fulcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Fulcher"},{"link_name":"Touch Me, I'm Karen Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_Me,_I%27m_Karen_Taylor"},{"link_name":"The Peter Serafinowicz Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peter_Serafinowicz_Show"},{"link_name":"Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Lee%27s_Comedy_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Matt Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Berry"},{"link_name":"Toast of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toast_of_London"},{"link_name":"Comedy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comedy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Rose d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jo Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Brand"},{"link_name":"Omid Djalili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omid_Djalili"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"David Walliams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Walliams"},{"link_name":"Sophie Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Sanjeev Bhaskar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjeev_Bhaskar"},{"link_name":"Hugh Bonneville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Bonneville"},{"link_name":"Simon Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bird"},{"link_name":"Craig Parkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Parkinson"},{"link_name":"Matt Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Berry"},{"link_name":"Toast Of Tinseltown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toast_Of_Tinseltown&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"TV comedy directing","text":"Between 1995 and 1997 Cumming directed Chris Morris' satire on current affairs: Brass Eye for Channel 4 and its pilot Torque TV, originally commissioned by the BBC. Cumming has said that, disillusioned with TV, he was considering moving back into more fine-art oriented work until he met Chris Morris: “What Chris did was reassure me there was a way of making something on television that had wider merit. That restored my faith in television”.[5] After Brass Eye, he worked for many years with comedian Mark Thomas, directing five series of his Mark Thomas Product series. Cumming worked with Matt Lucas & David Williams, directing their BBC series Rock Profile as well as directing specials for Bremner, Bird and Fortune, Jack Dee and Kevin Eldon.In 2000, Cumming directed the award-winning BBC1 comedy Alistair McGowan's Big Impression and the following year, the Tony Roach sitcom World of Pub for BBC 2 starring Phil Cornwell, Kevin Eldon & Peter Serafinowicz.In 2003, for the newly launched BBC 3, Cumming directed the first series of Three Non Blondes starring Jocelyn Jee Eisen, Tameka Empson and Ninia Benjamin. From 2004 to 2005 he directed 2 series of the BAFTA nominated Mark Steel Lectures as well as two series of The Lenny Henry Show[2] for BBC 1.Cumming teamed up with Rich Fulcher (The Mighty Boosh) and Matt Berry to make the cult BBC 3 series Snuff Box in 2006. The Guardian described the show as \"fantastically dark and cynical\".[6] From 2007 to 2009 he directed the Omid Djalili Show for BBC 1, as well as writing material for the series with writing partner Rich Fulcher. During this period Cumming also directed the pilots for several successful series, including: Touch Me, I'm Karen Taylor, The Peter Serafinowicz Show & Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle.Between 2012 and 2015, Cumming was back working with Matt Berry again directing the pilot and all 18 episodes of the multi award-winning Toast of London. As well as winning a Comedy Award and The Rose d'Or, Berry won the best male comedy performer BAFTA for Toast Of London, in 2015. The Independent said of the series: \"Berry and co deserve to be celebrated, as this is one of the very few genuinely funny comedy series on TV right now\"[7]In 2016, Cumming Directed the improvised BBC4 comedy series Going Forward starring Jo Brand and Omid Djalili.[2] After a period making independent films, commercials & music videos he returned to TV comedy in 2019/20 & 2021 with Sandylands - [8] a seaside set comedy with a cast including David Walliams, Sophie Thompson, Sanjeev Bhaskar, Hugh Bonneville, Simon Bird & Craig Parkinson. 2022 saw Cumming helm the return of Matt Berry's Toast in a new series - Toast Of Tinseltown,[9] described by the Guardian as \"an incredibly welcome return for one of the best comic creations of the last 10 years\".[10]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Brass Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_Eye"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"George Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ezra"},{"link_name":"Pretty Shining People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Shining_People"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"King Rocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Rocker"},{"link_name":"Stewart Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Lee"},{"link_name":"Robert Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lloyd_(Nightingales)"},{"link_name":"The Prefects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prefects"},{"link_name":"The Nightingales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nightingales"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Documentary Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Doc/Fest"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Filmmaking","text":"Cumming has made a number of films for art galleries, exhibiting at the Whitworth Young Contemporaries and the Bracknell, Brighton and Sheffield video festivals. A compilation of his early video artworks is held in the BFI archive[11] and was regularly broadcast on American Cable TV show Here Comes Everybody.[12] His short film Beachcomber, about the Sellafield nuclear re processing plant and made with artist Kevin Carr, was selected for the Sedition show in 2010, the Sea Change exhibition in 2014, Kevin Carr's memorial retrospective at the Florence Mine gallery in 2019 and the Signal Media curated West Coast Retrospective shows at Barrow (2019) & Whitehaven (2020).In 2017 he made a film to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Brass Eye. Oxide Ghosts:The Brass Eye Tapes featured unseen material from the director's personal archive and played to over 100 sold out cinemas all over the UK and Ireland. The shows featured an introduction and Q&A session from Cumming. The film continues to have occasional screenings and Cumming has made it clear that these live events will be the only way to see the film.[13]In 2019 Cumming directed the video for the George Ezra track \"Pretty Shining People\". The promo - featuring a cast of very young record company executives and hipsters - took a gentle swipe at the music business and its marketing of Ezra's image.[14]Cumming's independent film - King Rocker - in collaboration with comedian & writer Stewart Lee tells the story of Robert Lloyd and the ups and downs of his bands of 40 years The Prefects and The Nightingales. The feature-length documentary premiered on Sky Arts in February 2021, at the Sheffield Documentary Festival and was released in cinemas later that year. Cumming & Lee showed the film at various festivals, including Blue Dot & Glastonbury. In 2024 Cumming announced a director's cut of the film.[15]","title":"Biography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Michael Cumming (I)\". IMDb. Retrieved 2 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0191832/","url_text":"\"Michael Cumming (I)\""}]},{"reference":"\"michael cumming\". www.michaelcumming.co.uk. Retrieved 10 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.michaelcumming.co.uk/Home.html","url_text":"\"michael cumming\""}]},{"reference":"\"King Rocker\".","urls":[{"url":"https://m.facebook.com/kingrockerfilm/","url_text":"\"King Rocker\""}]},{"reference":"\"University announces honours list\". University of Wolverhampton. University of Wolverhampton. Retrieved 2 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wlv.ac.uk/about-us/news-and-events/latest-news/2017/august-2017/university-announces-honours-list.php","url_text":"\"University announces honours list\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brass Eye, Toast and Oxide Ghosts: An Interview with Michael Cumming\". 12 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://exepose.com/2018/11/12/brass-eye-toast-and-oxide-ghosts-an-interview-with-michael-cumming/","url_text":"\"Brass Eye, Toast and Oxide Ghosts: An Interview with Michael Cumming\""}]},{"reference":"\"Whisky... !: why BBC3 should re-open its Snuff Box\". The Guardian. 8 August 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/organgrinder/2007/aug/08/whiskywhybbc3shouldanother","url_text":"\"Whisky... !: why BBC3 should re-open its Snuff Box\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toast of London: Matt Berry and co deserve to be celebrated\". The Independent. 18 November 2015. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/toast-of-london-tv-review-yes-its-silly-childish-and-crude-but-matt-berry-and-co-deserve-to-be-a6739886.html","url_text":"\"Toast of London: Matt Berry and co deserve to be celebrated\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/toast-of-london-tv-review-yes-its-silly-childish-and-crude-but-matt-berry-and-co-deserve-to-be-a6739886.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold announces new sitcom Sandylands\". British Comedy Guide. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/news/5488/sandylands_on_gold/","url_text":"\"Gold announces new sitcom Sandylands\""}]},{"reference":"\"A taste of Toast of Tinseltown\". 22 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comedy.co.uk/features/michael-cumming-on-toast-of-tinseltown/","url_text":"\"A taste of Toast of Tinseltown\""}]},{"reference":"\"one-of-the-best-comic-creations-of-the-last-10-years-matt-berry-is-back-as-steven-toast\". The Guardian. 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/jan/05/","url_text":"\"one-of-the-best-comic-creations-of-the-last-10-years-matt-berry-is-back-as-steven-toast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Cumming Video Compilation (1985)\". Archived from the original on 16 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170916183802/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6e496469","url_text":"\"Michael Cumming Video Compilation (1985)\""},{"url":"http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6e496469","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"STRAIGHT-JACKET: HERE COMES EVERYBODY! (The Insane Experimental Cable TV show) - INTERVIEW with host BILL TURK\". 22 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://straightjacketuk.blogspot.co.uk/2018/01/here-comes-everybody-insane.html","url_text":"\"STRAIGHT-JACKET: HERE COMES EVERYBODY! (The Insane Experimental Cable TV show) - INTERVIEW with host BILL TURK\""}]},{"reference":"Thorpe, Vanessa (21 October 2017). \"Twenty years on … how comedy genius Chris Morris invented 'fake news'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/oct/21/brass-eye-20-years-anniversary-chris-morris","url_text":"\"Twenty years on … how comedy genius Chris Morris invented 'fake news'\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Ezra shares video for 'Pretty Shining People'\". diymag.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://diymag.com/2019/03/08/george-ezra-shares-video-for-pretty-shining-people","url_text":"\"George Ezra shares video for 'Pretty Shining People'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stewart Lee films post-punk documentary : News 2018 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide\". www.chortle.co.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2018/12/20/41950/stewart_lee_films_post-punk_documentary","url_text":"\"Stewart Lee films post-punk documentary : News 2018 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0191832/","external_links_name":"\"Michael Cumming (I)\""},{"Link":"http://www.michaelcumming.co.uk/Home.html","external_links_name":"\"michael cumming\""},{"Link":"https://m.facebook.com/kingrockerfilm/","external_links_name":"\"King Rocker\""},{"Link":"http://www.wlv.ac.uk/about-us/news-and-events/latest-news/2017/august-2017/university-announces-honours-list.php","external_links_name":"\"University announces honours list\""},{"Link":"https://exepose.com/2018/11/12/brass-eye-toast-and-oxide-ghosts-an-interview-with-michael-cumming/","external_links_name":"\"Brass Eye, Toast and Oxide Ghosts: An Interview with Michael Cumming\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/organgrinder/2007/aug/08/whiskywhybbc3shouldanother","external_links_name":"\"Whisky... !: why BBC3 should re-open its Snuff Box\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/toast-of-london-tv-review-yes-its-silly-childish-and-crude-but-matt-berry-and-co-deserve-to-be-a6739886.html","external_links_name":"\"Toast of London: Matt Berry and co deserve to be celebrated\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/toast-of-london-tv-review-yes-its-silly-childish-and-crude-but-matt-berry-and-co-deserve-to-be-a6739886.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/news/5488/sandylands_on_gold/","external_links_name":"\"Gold announces new sitcom Sandylands\""},{"Link":"https://www.comedy.co.uk/features/michael-cumming-on-toast-of-tinseltown/","external_links_name":"\"A taste of Toast of Tinseltown\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/jan/05/","external_links_name":"\"one-of-the-best-comic-creations-of-the-last-10-years-matt-berry-is-back-as-steven-toast\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170916183802/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6e496469","external_links_name":"\"Michael Cumming Video Compilation (1985)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6e496469","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://straightjacketuk.blogspot.co.uk/2018/01/here-comes-everybody-insane.html","external_links_name":"\"STRAIGHT-JACKET: HERE COMES EVERYBODY! (The Insane Experimental Cable TV show) - INTERVIEW with host BILL TURK\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/oct/21/brass-eye-20-years-anniversary-chris-morris","external_links_name":"\"Twenty years on … how comedy genius Chris Morris invented 'fake news'\""},{"Link":"http://diymag.com/2019/03/08/george-ezra-shares-video-for-pretty-shining-people","external_links_name":"\"George Ezra shares video for 'Pretty Shining People'\""},{"Link":"http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2018/12/20/41950/stewart_lee_films_post-punk_documentary","external_links_name":"\"Stewart Lee films post-punk documentary : News 2018 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0191832/","external_links_name":"Michael Cumming"},{"Link":"http://www.michaelcumming.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Michael Cumming website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongbiguan_Natural_Protection_Area
Yingjiang County
["1 Geography","2 Climate","3 History","4 Saophas","5 Administrative divisions","6 Sights","7 See also","8 Notes","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 24°42′30″N 97°55′48″E / 24.70833°N 97.93000°E / 24.70833; 97.93000County in Yunnan, ChinaYingjiang County 盈江县CountyOther transcription(s) • PinyinYíngjiāng Xiàn • Tai Nueaᥔᥦᥢᥱ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥲ • JingphoYinkyang GinwangClockwise: Urban skyline, Yingjiang Square, Yunyan Pagoda, Yinghu Park, Taping RiverYingjiangLocation in YunnanCoordinates: 24°42′30″N 97°55′48″E / 24.70833°N 97.93000°E / 24.70833; 97.93000CountryChinaProvinceYunnanAutonomous prefectureDehongCounty seatPingyuanArea • Total4,429 km2 (1,710 sq mi)Population (2020 census) • Total292,508 • Density66/km2 (170/sq mi)Postal code679300Area code0692Websitewww.dhyj.gov.cn Yingjiang County (simplified Chinese: 盈江县; traditional Chinese: 盈江縣; pinyin: Yíngjiāng Xiàn; Tai Nuea: ᥔᥦᥢᥱ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥲ; Jingpho: Yinkyang Ginwang; Thai: เมืองหล้า) is a county in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan province, China, bordering Burma's Kachin State to the west. Geography Yingjiang county has a border of 214.6 km (133.3 mi) with Kachin State, Myanmar in the west. The Danzha River (Chinese: 胆扎河; pinyin: Dǎnzhá Hé) and Binglang River (Chinese: 槟榔江; pinyin: Bīngláng Jiāng) meet near Jiucheng (Chinese: 舊城; pinyin: Jiùchéng) and become the Daying River (Dàyíngjiāng). The Daying then flows through Yingjiang County into Myanmar and into the Irrawaddy River, with the confluence near Bhamo. The Daying is known as the Taping (大平江; Dàpíng Jiāng) in Myanmar. Yingjiang county is mountainous with several alluvial plains. The county has various climate types, with ranges from the tropical, the subtropical, to the temperate zones. Intact forests can be seen in the mountains above 2,000 m (6,600 ft). The elevations vary from 210 to 3,404.6 m (689 to 11,170 ft). Yingjiang is abundant in hydroelectric, forest, and geothermal resources. There are 21 hot springs, six of which are above 90 °C (194 °F). Most of the hot springs are distributed within the Daying River system. The county is within a very active seismic zone, and have been struck in 2008, 2009 and 2011 by violent earthquakes. Climate Climate data for Yingjiang (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 26.7(80.1) 31.2(88.2) 34.1(93.4) 36.0(96.8) 36.1(97.0) 34.9(94.8) 34.0(93.2) 35.1(95.2) 35.3(95.5) 34.2(93.6) 30.1(86.2) 26.7(80.1) 36.1(97.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.2(72.0) 24.4(75.9) 27.8(82.0) 29.8(85.6) 29.6(85.3) 28.7(83.7) 28.0(82.4) 28.9(84.0) 29.3(84.7) 28.1(82.6) 25.6(78.1) 22.9(73.2) 27.1(80.8) Daily mean °C (°F) 12.8(55.0) 15.0(59.0) 18.6(65.5) 21.7(71.1) 23.6(74.5) 24.3(75.7) 24.2(75.6) 24.5(76.1) 23.9(75.0) 21.8(71.2) 17.5(63.5) 13.9(57.0) 20.2(68.3) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.5(43.7) 8.2(46.8) 11.8(53.2) 15.6(60.1) 19.2(66.6) 21.6(70.9) 21.9(71.4) 22.0(71.6) 20.9(69.6) 17.9(64.2) 12.3(54.1) 8.1(46.6) 15.5(59.9) Record low °C (°F) −0.8(30.6) 1.0(33.8) 2.6(36.7) 8.2(46.8) 13.4(56.1) 16.7(62.1) 16.3(61.3) 18.3(64.9) 15.1(59.2) 8.7(47.7) 3.9(39.0) 1.6(34.9) −0.8(30.6) Average precipitation mm (inches) 21.3(0.84) 19.9(0.78) 24.6(0.97) 64.0(2.52) 156.6(6.17) 322.7(12.70) 329.7(12.98) 240.5(9.47) 157.8(6.21) 109.9(4.33) 30.7(1.21) 8.1(0.32) 1,485.8(58.5) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3.2 4.5 5.6 10.4 17.4 23.9 25.9 22.6 17.4 13.1 4.5 2.0 150.5 Average relative humidity (%) 74 68 63 65 74 84 87 85 84 81 78 77 77 Mean monthly sunshine hours 247.8 225.1 239.9 224.6 189.3 112.2 89.5 123.4 148.8 186.8 233.4 250.8 2,271.6 Percent possible sunshine 74 70 64 59 46 28 22 31 41 53 72 76 53 Source: China Meteorological Administration History Yingjiang county became part of Chinese territory for the first time in the Western Han dynasty. It was under control of Yizhou Prefecture (益州郡) (Yìzhōu jùn) in the Western Han dynasty. During the Eastern Han, the Shu Han, the Western Jin, and the Eastern Jin, it was governed by Ailao county (哀牢縣) (Āiláo xiàn), Yongchang Prefecture (永昌郡) (Yǒngchāng jùn), and then by Xicheng county (西城縣) (Xīchéng xiàn) from the Southern Qi dynasty in 479. Actually, from 320s on, the Cuan (爨) (Cuàn) family began to control Yunnan. China was very unstable during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the central governments had no force to control Yunnan. The Cuan family took the strategy by which they recognized the nominal sovereignty of the central governments while remaining themselves as the real local rulers. In this way, the Cuan family had controlled Yunnan for more than 400 years until it was conquered by Nanzhao in 769. Yingjiang was ruled by Nanzhao and later by Dali from the 8th to the 13th century and hence was not governed by China during the Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty. It was conquered by the Mongols and again became part of the Chinese territory. During the Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty, Yingjiang was governed by local chiefs under the "Tusi system" (土司制度) (Tǔsī Zhìdù), i.e. the Native Chieftain system, in which the central government had the nominal sovereignty. Saophas 1) Hso Kyaung Hpa 1403-1410 2) Hso Nguen Hpa 1410-1433 son 3) Pha Pik Hpa 1433-1435 son 4) Pha Lue Hpa 1435-1460 son 5) Pha Hom Hpa 1460-1471 son 6) Pha Hkaing Hpa 1471-1488 son 7) Pha Lao Hpa 1488-1530 son 8) Pha Woun Hpa 1530-1542 son 9) Pha Kyoen Hpa 1542-1574 son 10) Pha Vi Hpa 1574-1582 son 11) Pha Phiang Hpa 1582-1611 son 12) Pha Dang Hpa 1611-1619 son 13) Pha Kyo Hpa 1619-1647 son 14) Pha Chuen Hpa 1647-1685 2nd son of Pha Kyo Hpa 15) Pha Pawng Hpa 1685-1723 son 16) Pha Chai Hpa 1723-1744 son 17) Pha Hueng Hpa 1744-1760 son 18) Pha Toum Hpa 1760-1792 son 19) Pha Chaw Hpa 1788-1838 son (He ruled with Pha Toum Hpa and Pha Chi Hpa) 20) Pha Chi Hpa 1796-1814 son 21) Pha Len Hpa 1814-1839 son 22) Pha Hing Hpa 1839-1859 bro 23) Pha Xiang Hpa 1859-1878 son 24) Pha Ving Hpa 1878-1888 bro Vacant 1888-1892 25) Pha In Hpa 1892-1909 26) Pha Klip Hpa 1909-1930 son 27) Pha Wip Hpa (Thao Chang Nyue) 1930-1949 son Administrative divisions Yingjiang County has 8 towns, 6 townships and 1 ethnic township. 8 towns Pingyuan (平原镇) Jiucheng (旧城镇) Nabang (那邦镇) Nongzhang (弄璋镇) Zhanxi (盏西镇) Kachang (卡场镇) Xima (昔马镇) Taiping (太平镇) 6 townships Xincheng (新城乡) Yousongling (油松岭乡) Mangzhang (芒章乡) Zhina (支那乡) Mengnong (勐弄乡) Tongbiguan (铜壁关乡) 1 ethnic township Sudian Lisu Ethnic Township (苏典傈僳族乡) Sights Yunyan Pagoda (允燕塔)(Yǔnyàn Tǎ). A great flood occurred in Yingjiang in 1946. For Buddha's blessing, a pagoda was proposed. The construction of Yuyan Pagoda began in 1947 and was completed in 1952. The Yuyan Pagoda was built on Ertaipo (二台坡)(Èrtáipō), Yuyan Mountain (允燕山)(Yǔnyàn Shān), 2 km (1.2 mi) east of the Pingyuan Township (平原鎮)(Píngyuán Zhèn), where the county seat resides. Hutiaoshi (虎跳石)(Hǔtiàoshí) Once several hundred meters wide, the Daying River is narrowed to only 7 to 8 m (23 to 26 ft) wide when passing through Hutiaoshi. With the waterfall and the steep cliffs, Hutiaoshi is a famous attraction. Tongbiguan Natural Protection Area (銅壁關自然保護區)(Tóngbìguān Zìrán Bǎohùqū) The Protection Area has some seasonal tropical forest. The Tongbiguan Natural Protection Area was established in 1986. With an area of 341.6 square kilometres (131.9 sq mi), it covers part of Yingjiang and Longchuan counties as well as Ruili city. The vegetation in the area displays an obvious vertical distribution. The Tongbiguan Natural Protection Area offers a shelter to many rare or endangered species. See also Trimeresurus yingjiangensis, the Yingjiang green pitviper, a snake species named after Yingjiang Notes ^ "德宏州第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报" (in Chinese). Government of Dehong Prefecture. 2021-06-11. ^ a b c d "盈江-索有百科". Archived from the original on 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2008-01-23. ^ "Treaties concerning the non-navigational uses of international watercourses - Asia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-27. Retrieved 2008-01-24. ^ "盈江-索有云南百科". Archived from the original on 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2008-01-23. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2023. ^ "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023. ^ "尋歡百花山 訪古爨底下". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2008-01-24. ^ "昆明". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. ^ "The Great Wall of China - BONUS: Ideal Chinese-Heritage". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2009-02-08. ^ "国家统计局" (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 2022-09-24. Retrieved 2021-12-07. ^ "雲南旅遊-昆明康輝旅行社". Archived from the original on 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2008-12-25. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2008-12-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) External links Yingjiang County Official Website Map of Dehong Tusi (Chinese version of Wikipedia) Treaties concerning the non-navigational uses of international watercourses - Asia. Boundary Treaty between the Union of Burma and the People's Republic of China, signed at Peking on 1 October 1960. p.32. (pdf) Dehong Prefecture Government Public Information Website - Yingjiang County Earthquake-Report.com extensive coverage of the Yingjiang 2011 earthquake vteCounty-level divisions of Yunnan ProvinceKunming (capital)Prefecture-level citiesKunming Panlong District Wuhua District Guandu District Xishan District Chenggong District Dongchuan District Jinning District Anning city Fumin County Yiliang County Songming County Shilin County Luquan County Xundian County Qujing Qilin District Zhanyi District Malong District Xuanwei city Fuyuan County Luoping County Shizong County Luliang County Huize County Yuxi Hongta District Jiangchuan District Chengjiang city Tonghai County Huaning County Yimen County Eshan County Xinping County Yuanjiang County Baoshan Longyang District Tengchong city Shidian County Longling County Changning County Zhaotong Zhaoyang District Shuifu city Ludian County Qiaojia County Yanjin County Daguan County Yongshan County Suijiang County Zhenxiong County Yiliang County Weixin County Lijiang Gucheng District Yongsheng County Huaping County Yulong County Ninglang County Pu'er Simao District Ning'er County Mojiang County Jingdong County Jinggu County Zhenyuan County Jiangcheng County Menglian County Lancang County Ximeng County Lincang Linxiang District Fengqing County Yun County Yongde County Zhenkang County Shuangjiang County Gengma County Cangyuan County Autonomous prefecturesChuxiong Chuxiong city Lufeng city Shuangbai County Mouding County Nanhua County Yao'an County Dayao County Yongren County Yuanmou County Wuding County Honghe Mengzi city Gejiu city Kaiyuan city Mile city Lüchun County Jianshui County Shiping County Luxi County Yuanyang County Honghe County Jinping County Hekou County Pingbian County Wenshan Wenshan city Yanshan County Xichou County Malipo County Maguan County Qiubei County Guangnan County Funing County Xishuangbanna Jinghong City Menghai County Mengla County Dali Dali city Xiangyun County Binchuan County Midu County Yongping County Yunlong County Eryuan County Jianchuan County Heqing County Yangbi County Nanjian County Weishan County Dehong Mangshi city Ruili city Lianghe County Yingjiang County Longchuan County Nujiang Lushui city Fugong County Gongshan County Lanping County Dêqên Shangri-La city Dêqên County Weixi County
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Tai Nuea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language"},{"link_name":"Jingpho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingpho_language"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"Dehong Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehong_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Yunnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"Kachin State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachin_State"}],"text":"County in Yunnan, ChinaYingjiang County (simplified Chinese: 盈江县; traditional Chinese: 盈江縣; pinyin: Yíngjiāng Xiàn; Tai Nuea: ᥔᥦᥢᥱ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥲ; Jingpho: Yinkyang Ginwang; Thai: เมืองหล้า) is a county in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan province, China, bordering Burma's Kachin State to the west.","title":"Yingjiang County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kachin State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachin_State"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"槟榔","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A7%9F%E6%A6%94"},{"link_name":"江","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Daying River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daying_River"},{"link_name":"Irrawaddy River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy_River"},{"link_name":"Bhamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhamo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"geothermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"seismic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_zone"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Yingjiang_earthquakes"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Yunnan_earthquake"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Yunnan_earthquake"}],"text":"Yingjiang county has a border of 214.6 km (133.3 mi) with Kachin State, Myanmar in the west. The Danzha River (Chinese: 胆扎河; pinyin: Dǎnzhá Hé) and Binglang River (Chinese: 槟榔江; pinyin: Bīngláng Jiāng) meet near Jiucheng (Chinese: 舊城; pinyin: Jiùchéng) and become the Daying River (Dàyíngjiāng). The Daying then flows through Yingjiang County into Myanmar and into the Irrawaddy River, with the confluence near Bhamo. The Daying is known as the Taping (大平江; Dàpíng Jiāng) in Myanmar.[2][3]Yingjiang county is mountainous with several alluvial plains. The county has various climate types, with ranges from the tropical, the subtropical, to the temperate zones. Intact forests can be seen in the mountains above 2,000 m (6,600 ft). The elevations vary from 210 to 3,404.6 m (689 to 11,170 ft).[2]Yingjiang is abundant in hydroelectric, forest, and geothermal resources. There are 21 hot springs, six of which are above 90 °C (194 °F). Most of the hot springs are distributed within the Daying River system.[4]The county is within a very active seismic zone, and have been struck in 2008, 2009 and 2011 by violent earthquakes.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Climate data for Yingjiang (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n34.1(93.4)\n\n36.0(96.8)\n\n36.1(97.0)\n\n34.9(94.8)\n\n34.0(93.2)\n\n35.1(95.2)\n\n35.3(95.5)\n\n34.2(93.6)\n\n30.1(86.2)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n36.1(97.0)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n24.4(75.9)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n29.8(85.6)\n\n29.6(85.3)\n\n28.7(83.7)\n\n28.0(82.4)\n\n28.9(84.0)\n\n29.3(84.7)\n\n28.1(82.6)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n27.1(80.8)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n18.6(65.5)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n23.6(74.5)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n24.5(76.1)\n\n23.9(75.0)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n20.2(68.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n17.9(64.2)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n8.1(46.6)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−0.8(30.6)\n\n1.0(33.8)\n\n2.6(36.7)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n13.4(56.1)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n8.7(47.7)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n1.6(34.9)\n\n−0.8(30.6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n21.3(0.84)\n\n19.9(0.78)\n\n24.6(0.97)\n\n64.0(2.52)\n\n156.6(6.17)\n\n322.7(12.70)\n\n329.7(12.98)\n\n240.5(9.47)\n\n157.8(6.21)\n\n109.9(4.33)\n\n30.7(1.21)\n\n8.1(0.32)\n\n1,485.8(58.5)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n3.2\n\n4.5\n\n5.6\n\n10.4\n\n17.4\n\n23.9\n\n25.9\n\n22.6\n\n17.4\n\n13.1\n\n4.5\n\n2.0\n\n150.5\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n74\n\n68\n\n63\n\n65\n\n74\n\n84\n\n87\n\n85\n\n84\n\n81\n\n78\n\n77\n\n77\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n247.8\n\n225.1\n\n239.9\n\n224.6\n\n189.3\n\n112.2\n\n89.5\n\n123.4\n\n148.8\n\n186.8\n\n233.4\n\n250.8\n\n2,271.6\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n74\n\n70\n\n64\n\n59\n\n46\n\n28\n\n22\n\n31\n\n41\n\n53\n\n72\n\n76\n\n53\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[5][6]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Han_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Yizhou Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming"},{"link_name":"Eastern Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Han"},{"link_name":"Shu Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_Han"},{"link_name":"Western Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Jin"},{"link_name":"Eastern Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Jin"},{"link_name":"Southern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Qi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"Northern and Southern Dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties"},{"link_name":"Nanzhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nanzhao"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dali"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"}],"text":"Yingjiang county became part of Chinese territory for the first time in the Western Han dynasty. It was under control of Yizhou Prefecture (益州郡) (Yìzhōu jùn) in the Western Han dynasty. During the Eastern Han, the Shu Han, the Western Jin, and the Eastern Jin, it was governed by Ailao county (哀牢縣) (Āiláo xiàn), Yongchang Prefecture (永昌郡) (Yǒngchāng jùn), and then by Xicheng county (西城縣) (Xīchéng xiàn) from the Southern Qi dynasty in 479.[2]Actually, from 320s on, the Cuan (爨) (Cuàn) family began to control Yunnan. China was very unstable during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the central governments had no force to control Yunnan. The Cuan family took the strategy by which they recognized the nominal sovereignty of the central governments while remaining themselves as the real local rulers. In this way, the Cuan family had controlled Yunnan for more than 400 years until it was conquered by Nanzhao in 769.[7][8]Yingjiang was ruled by Nanzhao and later by Dali from the 8th to the 13th century and hence was not governed by China during the Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty.[9] It was conquered by the Mongols and again became part of the Chinese territory. During the Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty, Yingjiang was governed by local chiefs under the \"Tusi system\" (土司制度) (Tǔsī Zhìdù), i.e. the Native Chieftain system, in which the central government had the nominal sovereignty.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1) Hso Kyaung Hpa 1403-1410\n2) Hso Nguen Hpa 1410-1433 son\n3) Pha Pik Hpa 1433-1435 son\n4) Pha Lue Hpa 1435-1460 son\n5) Pha Hom Hpa 1460-1471 son\n6) Pha Hkaing Hpa 1471-1488 son\n7) Pha Lao Hpa 1488-1530 son\n8) Pha Woun Hpa 1530-1542 son\n9) Pha Kyoen Hpa 1542-1574 son\n10) Pha Vi Hpa 1574-1582 son\n11) Pha Phiang Hpa 1582-1611 son \n12) Pha Dang Hpa 1611-1619 son\n13) Pha Kyo Hpa 1619-1647 son\n14) Pha Chuen Hpa 1647-1685 2nd son of Pha Kyo Hpa\n15) Pha Pawng Hpa 1685-1723 son\n16) Pha Chai Hpa 1723-1744 son\n17) Pha Hueng Hpa 1744-1760 son\n18) Pha Toum Hpa 1760-1792 son\n19) Pha Chaw Hpa 1788-1838 son (He ruled with Pha Toum Hpa and Pha Chi Hpa)\n20) Pha Chi Hpa 1796-1814 son\n21) Pha Len Hpa 1814-1839 son\n22) Pha Hing Hpa 1839-1859 bro\n23) Pha Xiang Hpa 1859-1878 son\n24) Pha Ving Hpa 1878-1888 bro \nVacant 1888-1892\n25) Pha In Hpa 1892-1909\n26) Pha Klip Hpa 1909-1930 son\n27) Pha Wip Hpa (Thao Chang Nyue) 1930-1949 son","title":"Saophas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sudian Lisu Ethnic Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudian_Lisu_Ethnic_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Yingjiang County has 8 towns, 6 townships and 1 ethnic township.[10]8 towns6 townships1 ethnic townshipSudian Lisu Ethnic Township (苏典傈僳族乡)","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"seasonal tropical forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_tropical_forest"},{"link_name":"Longchuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longchuan_County,_Yunnan"},{"link_name":"Ruili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruili"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Yunyan Pagoda (允燕塔)(Yǔnyàn Tǎ).A great flood occurred in Yingjiang in 1946. For Buddha's blessing, a pagoda was proposed. The construction of Yuyan Pagoda began in 1947 and was completed in 1952. The Yuyan Pagoda was built on Ertaipo (二台坡)(Èrtáipō), Yuyan Mountain (允燕山)(Yǔnyàn Shān), 2 km (1.2 mi) east of the Pingyuan Township (平原鎮)(Píngyuán Zhèn), where the county seat resides.[citation needed]Hutiaoshi (虎跳石)(Hǔtiàoshí)Once several hundred meters wide, the Daying River is narrowed to only 7 to 8 m (23 to 26 ft) wide when passing through Hutiaoshi. With the waterfall and the steep cliffs, Hutiaoshi is a famous attraction.[11]Tongbiguan Natural Protection Area (銅壁關自然保護區)(Tóngbìguān Zìrán Bǎohùqū) The Protection Area has some seasonal tropical forest.The Tongbiguan Natural Protection Area was established in 1986. With an area of 341.6 square kilometres (131.9 sq mi), it covers part of Yingjiang and Longchuan counties as well as Ruili city. The vegetation in the area displays an obvious vertical distribution. The Tongbiguan Natural Protection Area offers a shelter to many rare or endangered species.[12]","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"德宏州第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dh.gov.cn/xfj/Web/_F0_0_28D00DG2L64LWETWAFAVT53M5R.htm?eqid=c243d99c00008f5900000006646e8f9a"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-3"},{"link_name":"\"盈江-索有百科\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.soouo.com/baike/441.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060907222653/http://www.soouo.com/baike/441.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Treaties concerning the non-navigational uses of international watercourses - Asia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060627183328/http://www.fao.org/legal/legstud/ls55-ef.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fao.org/legal/legstud/ls55-ef.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"盈江-索有云南百科\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060907222653/http://www.soouo.com/baike/441.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.soouo.com/baike/441.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cma_graphical_5-0"},{"link_name":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180905194950/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Experience Template\" 中国气象数据网","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230404092524/https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"尋歡百花山 訪古爨底下\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//big5.huaxia.com/sh/zyzz/2007/00719256.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110721235626/http://big5.huaxia.com/sh/zyzz/2007/00719256.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"昆明\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110927030600/http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/www.yn.xinhuanet.com/travel/2003-09/25/content_984368.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/www.yn.xinhuanet.com/travel/2003-09/25/content_984368.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"The Great Wall of China - BONUS: Ideal Chinese-Heritage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.meet-greatwall.org/gwmz/wen/mzs/mzs86.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110526212129/http://www.meet-greatwall.org/gwmz/wen/mzs/mzs86.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"国家统计局\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2019/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220924191411/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2019/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"雲南旅遊-昆明康輝旅行社\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061110205257/http://www.yn678.com/big5/zt_show.php?ztid=173&ztkind=7"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yn678.com/big5/zt_show.php?ztid=173&ztkind=7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Archived copy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chinabaike.com/article/316/tour/2007/20071106623480.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110708145107/http://www.chinabaike.com/article/316/tour/2007/20071106623480.html"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title"}],"text":"^ \"德宏州第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报\" (in Chinese). Government of Dehong Prefecture. 2021-06-11.\n\n^ a b c d \"盈江-索有百科\". Archived from the original on 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2008-01-23.\n\n^ \"Treaties concerning the non-navigational uses of international watercourses - Asia\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-27. Retrieved 2008-01-24.\n\n^ \"盈江-索有云南百科\". Archived from the original on 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2008-01-23.\n\n^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2023.\n\n^ \"Experience Template\" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.\n\n^ \"尋歡百花山 訪古爨底下\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2008-01-24.\n\n^ \"昆明\". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011.\n\n^ \"The Great Wall of China - BONUS: Ideal Chinese-Heritage\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2009-02-08.\n\n^ \"国家统计局\" (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 2022-09-24. Retrieved 2021-12-07.\n\n^ \"雲南旅遊-昆明康輝旅行社\". Archived from the original on 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2008-12-25.\n\n^ \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2008-12-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Trimeresurus yingjiangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimeresurus_yingjiangensis"}]
[{"reference":"\"德宏州第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报\" (in Chinese). Government of Dehong Prefecture. 2021-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dh.gov.cn/xfj/Web/_F0_0_28D00DG2L64LWETWAFAVT53M5R.htm?eqid=c243d99c00008f5900000006646e8f9a","url_text":"\"德宏州第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报\""}]},{"reference":"\"盈江-索有百科\". Archived from the original on 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2008-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soouo.com/baike/441.htm","url_text":"\"盈江-索有百科\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060907222653/http://www.soouo.com/baike/441.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Treaties concerning the non-navigational uses of international watercourses - Asia\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-27. Retrieved 2008-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060627183328/http://www.fao.org/legal/legstud/ls55-ef.pdf","url_text":"\"Treaties concerning the non-navigational uses of international watercourses - Asia\""},{"url":"http://www.fao.org/legal/legstud/ls55-ef.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"盈江-索有云南百科\". Archived from the original on 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2008-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060907222653/http://www.soouo.com/baike/441.htm","url_text":"\"盈江-索有云南百科\""},{"url":"http://www.soouo.com/baike/441.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180905194950/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Experience Template\" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"\"Experience Template\" 中国气象数据网"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404092524/https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"尋歡百花山 訪古爨底下\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2008-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://big5.huaxia.com/sh/zyzz/2007/00719256.html","url_text":"\"尋歡百花山 訪古爨底下\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721235626/http://big5.huaxia.com/sh/zyzz/2007/00719256.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"昆明\". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030600/http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/www.yn.xinhuanet.com/travel/2003-09/25/content_984368.htm","url_text":"\"昆明\""},{"url":"http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/www.yn.xinhuanet.com/travel/2003-09/25/content_984368.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Great Wall of China - BONUS: Ideal Chinese-Heritage\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2009-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.meet-greatwall.org/gwmz/wen/mzs/mzs86.htm","url_text":"\"The Great Wall of China - BONUS: Ideal Chinese-Heritage\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526212129/http://www.meet-greatwall.org/gwmz/wen/mzs/mzs86.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"国家统计局\" (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 2022-09-24. Retrieved 2021-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2019/","url_text":"\"国家统计局\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220924191411/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2019/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"雲南旅遊-昆明康輝旅行社\". Archived from the original on 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2008-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061110205257/http://www.yn678.com/big5/zt_show.php?ztid=173&ztkind=7","url_text":"\"雲南旅遊-昆明康輝旅行社\""},{"url":"http://www.yn678.com/big5/zt_show.php?ztid=173&ztkind=7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2008-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinabaike.com/article/316/tour/2007/20071106623480.html","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708145107/http://www.chinabaike.com/article/316/tour/2007/20071106623480.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yingjiang_County&params=24_42_30_N_97_55_48_E_region:CN-53_type:city(292508)","external_links_name":"24°42′30″N 97°55′48″E / 24.70833°N 97.93000°E / 24.70833; 97.93000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yingjiang_County&params=24_42_30_N_97_55_48_E_region:CN-53_type:city(292508)","external_links_name":"24°42′30″N 97°55′48″E / 24.70833°N 97.93000°E / 24.70833; 97.93000"},{"Link":"http://www.dhyj.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"www.dhyj.gov.cn"},{"Link":"https://www.dh.gov.cn/xfj/Web/_F0_0_28D00DG2L64LWETWAFAVT53M5R.htm?eqid=c243d99c00008f5900000006646e8f9a","external_links_name":"\"德宏州第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报\""},{"Link":"http://www.soouo.com/baike/441.htm","external_links_name":"\"盈江-索有百科\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060907222653/http://www.soouo.com/baike/441.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060627183328/http://www.fao.org/legal/legstud/ls55-ef.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Treaties concerning the non-navigational uses of international watercourses - Asia\""},{"Link":"http://www.fao.org/legal/legstud/ls55-ef.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060907222653/http://www.soouo.com/baike/441.htm","external_links_name":"\"盈江-索有云南百科\""},{"Link":"http://www.soouo.com/baike/441.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180905194950/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","external_links_name":"\"Experience Template\" 中国气象数据网"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404092524/https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://big5.huaxia.com/sh/zyzz/2007/00719256.html","external_links_name":"\"尋歡百花山 訪古爨底下\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721235626/http://big5.huaxia.com/sh/zyzz/2007/00719256.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030600/http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/www.yn.xinhuanet.com/travel/2003-09/25/content_984368.htm","external_links_name":"\"昆明\""},{"Link":"http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/www.yn.xinhuanet.com/travel/2003-09/25/content_984368.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.meet-greatwall.org/gwmz/wen/mzs/mzs86.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Great Wall of China - BONUS: Ideal Chinese-Heritage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526212129/http://www.meet-greatwall.org/gwmz/wen/mzs/mzs86.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2019/","external_links_name":"\"国家统计局\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220924191411/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2019/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061110205257/http://www.yn678.com/big5/zt_show.php?ztid=173&ztkind=7","external_links_name":"\"雲南旅遊-昆明康輝旅行社\""},{"Link":"http://www.yn678.com/big5/zt_show.php?ztid=173&ztkind=7","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chinabaike.com/article/316/tour/2007/20071106623480.html","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708145107/http://www.chinabaike.com/article/316/tour/2007/20071106623480.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.yjzs.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"Yingjiang County Official Website"},{"Link":"http://www.yntrip.net/big5/yunnan/dehong/map.htm","external_links_name":"Map of Dehong"},{"Link":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8&variant=zh-tw","external_links_name":"Tusi (Chinese version of Wikipedia)"},{"Link":"http://www.fao.org/legal/legstud/ls55-ef.pdf","external_links_name":"Treaties concerning the non-navigational uses of international watercourses - Asia. Boundary Treaty between the Union of Burma and the People's Republic of China, signed at Peking on 1 October 1960. p.32. (pdf)"},{"Link":"http://www.dh.gov.cn/dhzrmzfgzxxw/3973020404523794432/20070109/100022.html","external_links_name":"Dehong Prefecture Government Public Information Website - Yingjiang County"},{"Link":"http://earthquake-report.com/yingjiang-yunnan-china-earthquake-march-10-2011/","external_links_name":"Earthquake-Report.com extensive coverage of the Yingjiang 2011 earthquake"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_W._Catharine_School
Joseph W. Catharine School
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°55′39″N 75°14′23″W / 39.9275°N 75.2397°W / 39.9275; -75.2397United States historic placeJoseph W. Catharine SchoolU.S. National Register of Historic Places Joseph W. Catharine School entrance, June 2010Show map of PhiladelphiaShow map of PennsylvaniaShow map of the United StatesLocation6600 Chester Ave.,Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaCoordinates39°55′39″N 75°14′23″W / 39.9275°N 75.2397°W / 39.9275; -75.2397Area2.2 acres (0.89 ha)Built1937–1938Built byMcCloskey & Co.ArchitectIrwin T. CatharineArchitectural styleModerneMPSPhiladelphia Public Schools TRNRHP reference No.88002253Added to NRHPNovember 18, 1988 Joseph W. Catharine School is a historic elementary school located in the Mount Moriah neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is part of the School District of Philadelphia. The building was designed by Irwin T. Catharine and built in 1937–1938. It is a three-story, six-bay, yellow brick in the Moderne-style. It features a main entrance with decorative stone surround, stone sills, and stone coping atop the building. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania". CRGIS: Cultural Resources Geographic Information System. Archived from the original (Searchable database) on 2007-07-21. Retrieved 2012-07-07. Note: This includes Jefferson M. Moak (May 1987). "Pennsylvania Historic Resource Survey Form: Joseph W. Catharine School" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-07-03. External links Official website vteSchools in PhiladelphiaSchool District of Philadelphia5-12 schools Girard Academic Music Program Julia R. Masterman School 6-12 schools Penn Treaty School (neighborhood) 7-12 schools Carver Engineering and Science Neighborhoodhigh schools Bartram Edison/Fareira Samuel S. Fels Frankford Benjamin Franklin Furness George Washington Kensington Martin Luther King Abraham Lincoln Northeast Olney Overbrook Roxborough Sayre South Philadelphia Strawberry Mansion West Philadelphia Alternativehigh schools Bodine for International Affairs The U School (Building 21) Central Constitution Dobbins Vocational Franklin Learning Center High School for the Creative and Performing Arts (CAPA) High School for Girls Lankenau Jules E. Mastbaum Technical Microsoft's School of the Future Motivation Academy at Palumbo Parkway Center City Parkway West (Mayer Sulzberger) Philadelphia Military Academy Robeson for Human Services Arts Academy at Benjamin Rush W.B. Saul (Saul of Agricultural Sciences) Swenson Arts and Technology U School K-8 schools Alcorn Ethan Allen Bache-Martin Rudolph Blankenburg F. Amadee Bregy G.W. Childs (Barratt Junior High) Hamilton Disston James Dobson D. Newlin Fell Thomas K. Finletter Academics Plus Edwin Fitler Academics Plus Benjamin Franklin Academics Plus Charles W. Henry Francis Hopkinson Henry H. Houston Andrew Jackson John Story Jenks Eliza Butler Kirkbride Henry C. Lea George A. McCall Delaplaine McDaniel General George G. Meade William M. Meredith Thomas Mifflin S. Weir Mitchell Andrew J. Morrison George W. Nebinger Olney Roosevelt George Sharswood Southwark Spring Garden Edwin M. Stanton Vare-Washington Middle schools A.M.Y. at James Martin AMY Northwest Castor Gardens Conwell Middle Magnet Dimner Beeber (Science Leadership Academy at Beeber) Paul Lawrence Dunbar Warren G. Harding M.Y.A. for the Humanities William T. Tilden Gen. Louis Wagner Elementary schools Joseph H. Brown Laura H. Carnell Lewis C. Cassidy Academics Plus Joseph W. Catharine Kennedy Crossan Academics Plus Emlen Edwin Forrest Julia Ward Howe Francis Scott Key James Logan James R. Lowell Ludlow John Marshall Alexander K. McClure Overbrook John M. Patterson Joseph Pennell Samuel W. Pennypacker Richmond William Rowen Philip H. Sheridan James J. Sullivan Bayard Taylor Frances E. Willard Former high schools/6-12 schools Edward W. Bok Technical Charles Carroll Communications Technology (George Wolf) Stephen A. Douglas Thomas FitzSimons Germantown Robert E. Lamberton William Penn Thaddeus Stevens University City Roberts Vaux Promise Academy Young Women's Leadership School at Rhodes Former K-8/middle/elementary schools Charles Y. Audenried William W. Axe George L. Brooks George W. Childs (former building) Watson Comly Mary Disston Francis M. Drexel Thomas Dunlap Joseph C. Ferguson Robert Fulton Germantown Grammar Elizabeth Duane Gillespie William B. Hanna Nathaniel Hawthorne Holmes George L. Horn (Sheridan West Academy) John L. Kinsey David Landreth Henry Longfellow Mechanicsville Thomas Meehan William S. Peirce Anna B. Pratt Thomas Powers Robert Ralston Samuel J. Randall Thomas Buchanan Read General John F. Reynolds Charles Schaeffer Walter G. Smith Spring Garden School No. 1 M. Hall Stanton Abigail Vare Rudolph Walton George Washington Anthony Wayne John G. Whittier David Wilmot Alexander Wilson Mary Channing Wister Richardson L. Wright Other schoolsRoman Catholic Archdiocese Archbishop Ryan Father Judge J. W. Hallahan Little Flower Mercy Career & Technical Nazareth Academy Roman Catholic St. Hubert St. Joseph's Preparatory St. Malachy Saints John Neumann and Maria Goretti West Catholic Other private schools Al-Aqsa Islamic Cedar Grove Christian Friends Select Germantown Friends Girard College Greene Street Friends Overbrook School for the Blind William Penn Pennsylvania School for the Deaf Philadelphia Free School Philadelphia Mennonite Politz Hebrew Springside Chestnut Hill St. Peter's Former private schools St. Anthony de Padua Parish Public charter schools Arts and Sciences Belmont Boys' Latin Simon Gratz Hope Imhotep Institute MaST Community Mastery Mann Elementary (William B. Mann) Mastery Shoemaker Campus (William Shoemaker) Mastery Thomas Campus (George C. Thomas) Mathematics, Civics and Sciences Memphis Street Smedley Universal Alcorn Universal Audenried Universal Creighton Universal Vare Hardy Williams (Anna Howard Shaw) vteUS National Register of Historic Places in PennsylvaniaTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester East North South Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York Lists by city Pittsburgh Lancaster Philadelphia Center City North Northeast Northwest South Southwest West Other lists European archaeological sites Native American archaeological sites Bridges (covered) National Historic Landmarks (Philadelphia) Category NRHP portal This article about a property in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elementary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_school_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Mount Moriah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Moriah,_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"School District of Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_District_of_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Irwin T. Catharine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_T._Catharine"},{"link_name":"Moderne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderne_architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arch-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"United States historic placeJoseph W. Catharine School is a historic elementary school located in the Mount Moriah neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is part of the School District of Philadelphia. The building was designed by Irwin T. Catharine and built in 1937–1938. It is a three-story, six-bay, yellow brick in the Moderne-style. It features a main entrance with decorative stone surround, stone sills, and stone coping atop the building.[2]The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.[1]","title":"Joseph W. Catharine School"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania\". CRGIS: Cultural Resources Geographic Information System. Archived from the original (Searchable database) on 2007-07-21. Retrieved 2012-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070721014609/https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce/SelectWelcome.asp","url_text":"\"National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania\""},{"url":"https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce/SelectWelcome.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jefferson M. Moak (May 1987). \"Pennsylvania Historic Resource Survey Form: Joseph W. Catharine School\" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://gis.penndot.gov/CRGISAttachments/SiteResource/H096024_01D.pdf","url_text":"\"Pennsylvania Historic Resource Survey Form: Joseph W. Catharine School\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Joseph_W._Catharine_School&params=39.9275_N_75.2397_W_region:US-PA_type:edu","external_links_name":"39°55′39″N 75°14′23″W / 39.9275°N 75.2397°W / 39.9275; -75.2397"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Joseph_W._Catharine_School&params=39.9275_N_75.2397_W_region:US-PA_type:edu","external_links_name":"39°55′39″N 75°14′23″W / 39.9275°N 75.2397°W / 39.9275; -75.2397"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/64000730_text","external_links_name":"Philadelphia Public Schools TR"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/88002253","external_links_name":"88002253"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070721014609/https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce/SelectWelcome.asp","external_links_name":"\"National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce/SelectWelcome.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://gis.penndot.gov/CRGISAttachments/SiteResource/H096024_01D.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Pennsylvania Historic Resource Survey Form: Joseph W. Catharine School\""},{"Link":"http://webgui.phila.k12.pa.us/schools/c/catharine","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_W._Catharine_School&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begelly
Begelly
["1 Name","2 History","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°44′00″N 4°43′36″W / 51.7333°N 4.7266°W / 51.7333; -4.7266 Human settlement in WalesBegellyWelsh: BegeliParish church of St MaryBegellyLocation within PembrokeshirePopulation761 OS grid referenceSN118073CommunityKilgetty/BegellyPrincipal areaPembrokeshireCountryWalesSovereign stateUnited KingdomPoliceDyfed-PowysFireMid and West WalesAmbulanceWelsh List of places UK Wales Pembrokeshire 51°44′00″N 4°43′36″W / 51.7333°N 4.7266°W / 51.7333; -4.7266 Begelly (Welsh: Begeli) is a village and parish in south Pembrokeshire, Wales, 4.3 miles (6.9 km) north of Tenby on the A478 road. The parish includes the hamlets of Thomas Chapel 51°44′36″N 4°44′42″W / 51.74333°N 4.74500°W / 51.74333; -4.74500 and Broom and has a web of small settlements associated with the 19th century anthracite mining industry. The parish, together with the parish of Reynalton and part (Kilgetty) of St. Issells, constitutes the community and ward of Kilgetty/Begelly. Begelly had a population of 761 in 2011. Name The placename appears to be Welsh, meaning "Bugail's territory". History Part of Little England beyond Wales, it has been essentially English-speaking for 900 years. The parish, recorded on a 1578 map as Begely, had an area of 2,520 acres (1,020 ha) (3.94 square miles). Its census populations were: 354 (1801): 779 (1851): 445 (1901): 346 (1951): 500 (1981). The percentage of Welsh speakers was 3.5 (1891): 5.0 (1931): 4.5 (1971). References ^ "Ordnance Survey". Retrieved 17 June 2020. ^ "GENUKI: Parish map 128". Retrieved 17 June 2020. ^ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Begelly Built-up area sub division (W38000036)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 17 June 2020. ^ Charles, B. G., The Placenames of Pembrokeshire, National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, 1992, ISBN 0-907158-58-7, p 472 ^ "Penbrok comitat". British Library. External links Begelly on Genuki Photos of Begelly and surrounding area on geograph.org.uk The Begelly War Memorial
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Tenby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenby"},{"link_name":"A478 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A478_road"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Chapel,_Pembrokeshire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"51°44′36″N 4°44′42″W / 51.74333°N 4.74500°W / 51.74333; -4.74500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Begelly&params=51_44_36_N_4_44_42_W_"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-2"},{"link_name":"anthracite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracite"},{"link_name":"Reynalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynalton"},{"link_name":"Kilgetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilgetty"},{"link_name":"St. Issells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Issells"},{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_(Wales)"},{"link_name":"Kilgetty/Begelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilgetty/Begelly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Human settlement in WalesBegelly (Welsh: Begeli) is a village and parish in south Pembrokeshire, Wales, 4.3 miles (6.9 km) north of Tenby on the A478 road.[1] The parish includes the hamlets of Thomas Chapel 51°44′36″N 4°44′42″W / 51.74333°N 4.74500°W / 51.74333; -4.74500 and Broom[2] and has a web of small settlements associated with the 19th century anthracite mining industry. The parish, together with the parish of Reynalton and part (Kilgetty) of St. Issells, constitutes the community and ward of Kilgetty/Begelly. Begelly had a population of 761 in 2011.[3]","title":"Begelly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"placename","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placename"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_placenames"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The placename appears to be Welsh, meaning \"Bugail's territory\".[4]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Little England beyond Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_England_beyond_Wales"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"census populations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_in_the_United_Kingdom"}],"text":"Part of Little England beyond Wales, it has been essentially English-speaking for 900 years. The parish, recorded on a 1578 map as Begely,[5] had an area of 2,520 acres (1,020 ha) (3.94 square miles). Its census populations were: 354 (1801): 779 (1851): 445 (1901): 346 (1951): 500 (1981).The percentage of Welsh speakers was 3.5 (1891): 5.0 (1931): 4.5 (1971).","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Ordnance Survey\". Retrieved 17 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bing.com/maps/?mkt=en-gb&v=2&cp=51.7333~-4.7266&lvl=12&sp=Point.51.7333_-4.7266_Begelly&sty=s","url_text":"\"Ordnance Survey\""}]},{"reference":"\"GENUKI: Parish map 128\". Retrieved 17 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/PEM/LlandewiVelfrey/ParishMap","url_text":"\"GENUKI: Parish map 128\""}]},{"reference":"UK Census (2011). \"Local Area Report – Begelly Built-up area sub division (W38000036)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 17 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census","url_text":"UK Census"},{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=W38000036","url_text":"\"Local Area Report – Begelly Built-up area sub division (W38000036)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Penbrok comitat\". British Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/unvbrit/p/zoomify83390.html","url_text":"\"Penbrok comitat\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Begelly&params=51.7333_N_4.7266_W_region:GB_type:city(761)","external_links_name":"51°44′00″N 4°43′36″W / 51.7333°N 4.7266°W / 51.7333; -4.7266"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Begelly&params=51.732690_N_4.726780_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Begelly","external_links_name":"SN118073"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Begelly&params=51.7333_N_4.7266_W_region:GB_type:city(761)","external_links_name":"51°44′00″N 4°43′36″W / 51.7333°N 4.7266°W / 51.7333; -4.7266"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Begelly&params=51_44_36_N_4_44_42_W_","external_links_name":"51°44′36″N 4°44′42″W / 51.74333°N 4.74500°W / 51.74333; -4.74500"},{"Link":"https://www.bing.com/maps/?mkt=en-gb&v=2&cp=51.7333~-4.7266&lvl=12&sp=Point.51.7333_-4.7266_Begelly&sty=s","external_links_name":"\"Ordnance Survey\""},{"Link":"https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/PEM/LlandewiVelfrey/ParishMap","external_links_name":"\"GENUKI: Parish map 128\""},{"Link":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=W38000036","external_links_name":"\"Local Area Report – Begelly Built-up area sub division (W38000036)\""},{"Link":"https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/unvbrit/p/zoomify83390.html","external_links_name":"\"Penbrok comitat\""},{"Link":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/PEM/Begelly/","external_links_name":"Begelly on Genuki"},{"Link":"https://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=6509379","external_links_name":"Photos of Begelly and surrounding area on geograph.org.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.wwwmp.co.uk/pembrokeshire-memorials/begelly-war-memorial/","external_links_name":"The Begelly War Memorial"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_syndrome
Stockholm syndrome
["1 History","1.1 Stockholm bank robbery","1.2 Patty Hearst","2 Lima syndrome","3 Symptoms and behaviors","3.1 Physical and psychological effects","4 Criticism","4.1 Robbins and Anthony (1982)","4.2 FBI law enforcement bulletin (1999)","4.3 Namnyak et al. (2008)","4.4 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM 5, 2013)","4.5 Allan Wade (2015)","4.6 Jess Hill (2019)","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Contested psychological condition For other uses, see Stockholm Syndrome (disambiguation). Former Kreditbanken building in Stockholm, Sweden, the location of the 1973 Norrmalmstorg robbery (photographed in 2005) Stockholm syndrome is a proposed condition or theory that tries to explain why hostages sometimes develop a psychological bond with their captors. It is supposed to result from a rather specific set of circumstances, namely the power imbalances contained in hostage-taking, kidnapping, and abusive relationships. Therefore, it is difficult to find a large number of people who experience Stockholm syndrome to conduct studies with any sort of validity or useful sample size. This makes it hard to determine trends in the development and effects of the condition, and in fact it is a "contested illness" due to doubts about the legitimacy of the condition. Emotional bonds can possibly form between captors and captives, during intimate time together, but these are considered irrational by some in light of the danger or risk endured by the victims. Stockholm syndrome has never been included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the standard tool for diagnosis of psychiatric illnesses and disorders in the United States, mainly due to the lack of a consistent body of academic research. The syndrome is rare: according to data from the FBI, about 8% of hostage victims show evidence of Stockholm syndrome. Stockholm syndrome is paradoxical because the sympathetic sentiments that captives feel towards their captors are the opposite of the fear and disdain which an onlooker might feel towards the captors. There are four key components that characterize Stockholm syndrome: A hostage's development of positive feelings towards the captor No previous relationship between hostage and captor A refusal by hostages to cooperate with police and other government authorities A hostage's belief in the humanity of the captor, ceasing to perceive them as a threat, when the victim holds the same values as the aggressor. History Stockholm bank robbery Main article: Norrmalmstorg robbery In 1973, Jan-Erik Olsson, a convict on parole, took four employees (three women and one man) of Kreditbanken, one of the largest banks in Stockholm, Sweden, hostage during a failed bank robbery. He negotiated the release from prison of his friend Clark Olofsson to assist him. They held the hostages captive for six days (23–28 August) in one of the bank's vaults. When the hostages were released, none of them would testify against either captor in court; instead, they began raising money for their defense. Nils Bejerot, a Swedish criminologist and psychiatrist, invented the term after the Stockholm police asked him for assistance with analyzing the victims' reactions to the 1973 bank robbery and their status as hostages. As the idea of brainwashing was not a new concept, Bejerot, speaking on "a news cast after the captives' release", described the hostages' reactions as a result of being brainwashed by their captors. He called it Norrmalmstorgssyndromet (after Norrmalmstorg Square where the attempted robbery took place), meaning "the Norrmalmstorg syndrome"; it later became known outside Sweden as Stockholm syndrome. It was originally defined by psychiatrist Frank Ochberg to aid the management of hostage situations. According to accounts by Kristin Enmark, one of the hostages, the police were acting incompetently, with little care for the hostages' safety. This forced the hostages to negotiate for their lives and releases with the robbers on their own. In the process, the hostages saw the robbers behaving more rationally than the police negotiators and subsequently developed a deep distrust towards the latter. Enmark had criticized Bejerot specifically for endangering their lives by behaving aggressively and agitating the captors. She had criticized the police for pointing guns at the convicts while the hostages were in the line of fire, and she had told news outlets that one of the captors tried to protect the hostages from being caught in the crossfire. She was also critical of prime minister Olof Palme, as she had negotiated with the captors for freedom, but the prime minister told her that she would have to content herself with dying at her post rather than Palme giving in to the captors' demands. Ultimately, Enmark explained she was more afraid of the police, whose attitude seemed to be a much larger, direct threat to her life than the robbers. Olsson later said in an interview that he could have easily killed the hostages in the beginning, but over time it became more difficult, as he developed an emotional bond with them: It was the hostages' fault. They did everything I told them to. If they hadn't, I might not be here now. Why didn't any of them attack me? They made it hard to kill. They made us go on living together day after day, like goats, in that filth. There was nothing to do but get to know each other. Patty Hearst Main article: Patty Hearst Patty Hearst, the granddaughter of publisher William Randolph Hearst, was taken and held hostage by the Symbionese Liberation Army, "an urban guerrilla group", in 1974. She was recorded denouncing her family as well as the police using her new name, "Tania", and was later seen working with the SLA to rob banks in San Francisco. She publicly asserted her "sympathetic feelings" toward the SLA and their pursuits as well. After her 1975 arrest, pleading Stockholm syndrome (although the term was not used then, due to the recency of the event) did not work as a proper defense in court, much to the chagrin of her defense lawyer F. Lee Bailey. Her seven-year prison sentence was later commuted, and she was eventually pardoned by President Bill Clinton, who was informed that she was not acting by her own free will. Lima syndrome An inversion of Stockholm syndrome, termed Lima syndrome, has been proposed, in which abductors develop sympathy for their hostages. An abductor may also have second thoughts or experience empathy towards their victims. Lima syndrome was named after an abduction at the Japanese embassy in Lima, Peru, in 1996, when members of a militant movement took hostage hundreds of people attending a party at the official residence of Japan's ambassador. Lima syndrome is poorly understood, as the main example for research on this variation came from the Japanese embassy hostage crisis in Lima. Two main factors observed in the evaluation were that spending time with the captives may have strengthened the bonds between the captor and captive, however, this had little basis as the majority of captives were released earlier on. Establishing a friendly rapport with a captor could contribute to a positive bond, as most of the captives in this situation were high-level diplomats who were well-versed in their communication skills. Symptoms and behaviors Victims of the formal definition of Stockholm syndrome develop "positive feelings toward their captors and sympathy for their causes and goals, and negative feelings toward the police or authorities". These symptoms often follow escaped victims back into their previously ordinary lives. Physical and psychological effects Cognitive: confusion, blurred memory, delusion, and recurring flashbacks. Emotional: lack of feeling, fear, helplessness, hopelessness, aggression, depression, guilt, dependence on captor, and development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Social: anxiety, irritability, cautiousness, and estrangement. Physical: increase in effects of pre-existing conditions; development of health conditions due to possible restriction from food, sleep, and exposure to outdoors. Criticism Robbins and Anthony (1982) Robbins and Anthony, who had historically studied a condition similar to Stockholm syndrome, known as destructive cult disorder, observed in their 1982 study that the 1970s were rich with apprehension surrounding the potential risks of brainwashing. They assert that media attention to brainwashing during this time resulted in the fluid reception of Stockholm syndrome as a psychological condition. FBI law enforcement bulletin (1999) A 1998 report by the FBI containing more than 1,200 hostage incidents found that only 8% of kidnapping victims showed signs of Stockholm syndrome. When victims who showed only negative feeling toward the law enforcement personnel are excluded, the percentage decreases to 5%. A survey of 600 police agencies in 1989, performed by the FBI and the University of Vermont, found not a single case when emotional involvement between the victim and the kidnapper interfered with or jeopardized an assault. In short, this database provides empirical support that the Stockholm syndrome remains a rare occurrence. The sensational nature of dramatic cases causes the public to perceive this phenomenon as the rule rather than the exception. The bulletin concludes that, although depicted in fiction and movies and often referred to by the news media, the phenomenon actually occurs rarely. Therefore, crisis negotiators should place the Stockholm syndrome in proper perspective. Namnyak et al. (2008) A research group led by Namnyak has found that although there is vast media coverage of Stockholm syndrome, there has not been much research into the phenomenon. What little research has been done is often contradictory and does not always agree on what Stockholm syndrome is. The term has grown beyond kidnappings to all definitions of abuse. It stated that there is no clear definition of symptoms to diagnose the syndrome. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM 5, 2013) The DSM-5 is widely used as the "classification system for psychological disorders" by the American Psychiatric Association. Stockholm syndrome has not historically appeared in the manual, as many believe it falls under trauma bonding or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and there is no consensus about the correct clarification. In addition, there is no extensive body of research or consensus to help solve the argument, although before the fifth edition (DSM 5) was released, Stockholm syndrome was under consideration to be included under 'Disorders of Extreme Stress, Not Otherwise Specified'. Allan Wade (2015) At Dignity Conference 2015, Dr Allan Wade presented The myth of "Stockholm Syndrome" (and other concepts invented to discredit women victims of violence) after interviewing Kristin Enmark. In this presentation he posits that "Stockholm Syndrome" and related ideas such as "traumatic bonding", "learned helplessness", "battered women's syndrome", "internalized oppression", and "identification with the aggressor/oppressor" shift the focus away from actual events in context to invented pathologies in the minds of victims, particularly women. "Stockholm syndrome" can be seen as one of many concepts used to silence individuals who, as victims, speak publicly about negative social (i.e., institutional) responses. Jess Hill (2019) In her 2019 treatise on domestic violence See What You Made Me Do, Australian journalist Jess Hill described the syndrome as a "dubious pathology with no diagnostic criteria", and stated that it is "riddled with misogyny and founded on a lie"; she also noted that a 2008 literature review revealed "most diagnoses are made by the media, not by psychologists or psychiatrists." In particular, Hill's analysis revealed that Stockholm authorities – under direct guidance from Bejerot – responded to the robbery in a way that put the hostages at greater risk from the police than from their captors (hostage Kristin Enmark, who during the siege was granted a telephone call with Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme, reported that Palme told her that the government would not negotiate with criminals, and that "you will have to content yourself that you will have died at your post"); as well, she observed that not only was Bejerot's diagnosis of Enmark made without ever having spoken to her, it was in direct response to her public criticism of his actions during the siege. See also Psychology portal Atlas personality Attachment theory Codependency Cognitive dissonance Colonial mentality Complex post-traumatic stress disorder Enmeshment Identification with the Aggressor Learned helplessness Parental alienation Symptoms of victimization Traumatic bonding Uncle Tom syndrome References ^ King, David (2020). Six Days in August: The Story of Stockholm Syndrome. W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-63508-9. ^ Jameson C (2010). "The Short Step From Love to Hypnosis: A Reconsideration of the Stockholm Syndrome". Journal for Cultural Research. 14 (4): 337–355. doi:10.1080/14797581003765309. S2CID 144260301. ^ Demarest, Rebecca A. (2009). "The Relationship Between Stockholm Syndrome and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Battered Women". Inquiries Journal. 1 (11). ^ a b c d e f g h Adorjan, Michael; Christensen, Tony; Kelly, Benjamin; Pawluch, Dorothy (2012). "Stockholm Syndrome as Vernacular Resource". The Sociological Quarterly. 53 (3): 454–474. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2012.01241.x. JSTOR 41679728. S2CID 141676449. ^ a b Fuselier, G. Dwayne (July 1999). "Placing the Stockholm Syndrome in Perspective" (PDF). FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. 68 (7): 22–25. S2CID 10256916. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2004. ^ Sundaram CS (2013). "Stockholm Syndrome". Salem Press Encyclopedia – via Research Starters. ^ Bejerot N (1974). "The six day war in Stockholm". New Scientist. 61 (886): 486–487. ^ Ochberg F (8 April 2005). "The Ties That Bind Captive to Captor". Los Angeles Times. ^ a b Hill, Jess (24 June 2019). See What You Made Me Do: Power, Control and Domestic Abuse. Black Inc. ISBN 978-1743820865. ^ Westcott K (22 August 2013). "Lyssna på Kristin Enmark prata med Olof Palme under gisslandramat". BBC News (in Swedish). Retrieved 5 October 2015. ^ Enmark, Kristin (2020). Jag blev Stockholmssyndromet. Stockholm: SAGA Egmont. ISBN 978-9185785964. ^ a b "What is Stockholm syndrome?". BBC News. 21 August 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2023. ^ Lama, Abraham (10 July 1996). "Peru: Tale of a Kidnapping – from Stockholm to Lima Syndrome". Inter Press Service. ^ Kato, Nobumasa; Kawata, Mitsuhiro; Pitman, Roger K, eds. (2006). PTSD. doi:10.1007/4-431-29567-4. ISBN 978-4-431-29566-2. S2CID 241676227. ^ Giambrone, Andrew (16 January 2015). "Coping After Captivity". The Atlantic. ^ Alexander DA, Klein S (January 2009). "Kidnapping and hostage-taking: a review of effects, coping and resilience". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 102 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.080347. PMC 2627800. PMID 19147852. ^ Young, Elizabeth Aileen (31 December 2012). "The use of the 'Brainwashing' Theory by the Anti-cult Movement in the United States of America, pre-1996". Zeitschrift für junge Religionswissenschaft (7). doi:10.4000/zjr.387. ^ Namnyak M, Tufton N, Szekely R, Toal M, Worboys S, Sampson EL (January 2008). "'Stockholm syndrome': psychiatric diagnosis or urban myth?". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 117 (1): 4–11. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01112.x. PMID 18028254. S2CID 39620244. ^ "Therapist challenges Stockholm Syndrome". NZ Herald. Retrieved 14 March 2023. ^ Wade, Allan (1 May 2015). "The myth of 'Stockholm Syndrome'" (PDF). Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Rethinking Stockholm Syndrome, retrieved 14 March 2023 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Stockholm syndrome. deFabrique, N.; Romano, S.; Vecchi, G.; Hasselt, Vincent Van (1 January 2007). "Understanding Stockholm Syndrome". FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. 76: 10–15. Authority control databases National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stockholm Syndrome (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Syndrome_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_Kreditbanken_Norrmalmstorg_Stockholm_Sweden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kreditbanken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreditbanken"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Norrmalmstorg robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrmalmstorg_robbery"},{"link_name":"theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory"},{"link_name":"psychological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jameson-2"},{"link_name":"hostage-taking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostage"},{"link_name":"kidnapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adorjan_2012-4"},{"link_name":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adorjan_2012-4"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-1999-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sundaram_2013-6"}],"text":"For other uses, see Stockholm Syndrome (disambiguation).Former Kreditbanken building in Stockholm, Sweden, the location of the 1973 Norrmalmstorg robbery (photographed in 2005)Stockholm syndrome is a proposed condition or theory that tries to explain why hostages sometimes develop a psychological bond with their captors.[1][2] It is supposed to result from a rather specific set of circumstances, namely the power imbalances contained in hostage-taking, kidnapping, and abusive relationships. Therefore, it is difficult to find a large number of people who experience Stockholm syndrome to conduct studies with any sort of validity or useful sample size. This makes it hard to determine trends in the development and effects of the condition,[3] and in fact it is a \"contested illness\" due to doubts about the legitimacy of the condition.[4]Emotional bonds can possibly form between captors and captives, during intimate time together, but these are considered irrational by some in light of the danger or risk endured by the victims. Stockholm syndrome has never been included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the standard tool for diagnosis of psychiatric illnesses and disorders in the United States, mainly due to the lack of a consistent body of academic research.[4] The syndrome is rare: according to data from the FBI, about 8% of hostage victims show evidence of Stockholm syndrome.[5]Stockholm syndrome is paradoxical because the sympathetic sentiments that captives feel towards their captors are the opposite of the fear and disdain which an onlooker might feel towards the captors.There are four key components that characterize Stockholm syndrome:A hostage's development of positive feelings towards the captor\nNo previous relationship between hostage and captor\nA refusal by hostages to cooperate with police and other government authorities\nA hostage's belief in the humanity of the captor, ceasing to perceive them as a threat, when the victim holds the same values as the aggressor.[6]","title":"Stockholm syndrome"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jan-Erik Olsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan-Erik_Olsson"},{"link_name":"Kreditbanken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreditbanken"},{"link_name":"Stockholm, Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm,_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Clark Olofsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Olofsson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adorjan_2012-4"},{"link_name":"Nils Bejerot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Bejerot"},{"link_name":"criminologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminologist"},{"link_name":"psychiatrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrist"},{"link_name":"Stockholm police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Police"},{"link_name":"brainwashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainwashing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adorjan_2012-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Frank Ochberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ochberg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JessHill-9"},{"link_name":"Olof Palme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Palme"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"}],"sub_title":"Stockholm bank robbery","text":"In 1973, Jan-Erik Olsson, a convict on parole, took four employees (three women and one man) of Kreditbanken, one of the largest banks in Stockholm, Sweden, hostage during a failed bank robbery. He negotiated the release from prison of his friend Clark Olofsson to assist him. They held the hostages captive for six days (23–28 August) in one of the bank's vaults. When the hostages were released, none of them would testify against either captor in court; instead, they began raising money for their defense.[4]Nils Bejerot, a Swedish criminologist and psychiatrist, invented the term after the Stockholm police asked him for assistance with analyzing the victims' reactions to the 1973 bank robbery and their status as hostages. As the idea of brainwashing was not a new concept, Bejerot, speaking on \"a news cast after the captives' release\", described the hostages' reactions as a result of being brainwashed by their captors.[4] He called it Norrmalmstorgssyndromet (after Norrmalmstorg Square where the attempted robbery took place), meaning \"the Norrmalmstorg syndrome\"; it later became known outside Sweden as Stockholm syndrome.[7] It was originally defined by psychiatrist Frank Ochberg to aid the management of hostage situations.[8]According to accounts by Kristin Enmark, one of the hostages, the police were acting incompetently, with little care for the hostages' safety. This forced the hostages to negotiate for their lives and releases with the robbers on their own. In the process, the hostages saw the robbers behaving more rationally than the police negotiators and subsequently developed a deep distrust towards the latter.[9] Enmark had criticized Bejerot specifically for endangering their lives by behaving aggressively and agitating the captors. She had criticized the police for pointing guns at the convicts while the hostages were in the line of fire, and she had told news outlets that one of the captors tried to protect the hostages from being caught in the crossfire. She was also critical of prime minister Olof Palme, as she had negotiated with the captors for freedom, but the prime minister told her that she would have to content herself with dying at her post rather than Palme giving in to the captors' demands.[10][11] Ultimately, Enmark explained she was more afraid of the police, whose attitude seemed to be a much larger, direct threat to her life than the robbers.[12]Olsson later said in an interview that he could have easily killed the hostages in the beginning, but over time it became more difficult, as he developed an emotional bond with them:[12]It was the hostages' fault. They did everything I told them to. If they hadn't, I might not be here now. Why didn't any of them attack me? They made it hard to kill. They made us go on living together day after day, like goats, in that filth. There was nothing to do but get to know each other.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Randolph Hearst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst"},{"link_name":"Symbionese Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"F. Lee Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Lee_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adorjan_2012-4"}],"sub_title":"Patty Hearst","text":"Patty Hearst, the granddaughter of publisher William Randolph Hearst, was taken and held hostage by the Symbionese Liberation Army, \"an urban guerrilla group\", in 1974. She was recorded denouncing her family as well as the police using her new name, \"Tania\", and was later seen working with the SLA to rob banks in San Francisco. She publicly asserted her \"sympathetic feelings\" toward the SLA and their pursuits as well. After her 1975 arrest, pleading Stockholm syndrome (although the term was not used then, due to the recency of the event) did not work as a proper defense in court, much to the chagrin of her defense lawyer F. Lee Bailey. Her seven-year prison sentence was later commuted, and she was eventually pardoned by President Bill Clinton, who was informed that she was not acting by her own free will.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"an abduction at the Japanese embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_embassy_hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ptsd-14"}],"text":"An inversion of Stockholm syndrome, termed Lima syndrome, has been proposed, in which abductors develop sympathy for their hostages. An abductor may also have second thoughts or experience empathy towards their victims.[13] Lima syndrome was named after an abduction at the Japanese embassy in Lima, Peru, in 1996, when members of a militant movement took hostage hundreds of people attending a party at the official residence of Japan's ambassador.[14] Lima syndrome is poorly understood, as the main example for research on this variation came from the Japanese embassy hostage crisis in Lima. Two main factors observed in the evaluation were that spending time with the captives may have strengthened the bonds between the captor and captive, however, this had little basis as the majority of captives were released earlier on. Establishing a friendly rapport with a captor could contribute to a positive bond, as most of the captives in this situation were high-level diplomats who were well-versed in their communication skills.","title":"Lima syndrome"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adorjan_2012-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Victims of the formal definition of Stockholm syndrome develop \"positive feelings toward their captors and sympathy for their causes and goals, and negative feelings toward the police or authorities\".[4] These symptoms often follow escaped victims back into their previously ordinary lives.[15]","title":"Symptoms and behaviors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"post-traumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Physical and psychological effects","text":"Cognitive: confusion, blurred memory, delusion, and recurring flashbacks.\nEmotional: lack of feeling, fear, helplessness, hopelessness, aggression, depression, guilt, dependence on captor, and development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).\nSocial: anxiety, irritability, cautiousness, and estrangement.\nPhysical: increase in effects of pre-existing conditions; development of health conditions due to possible restriction from food, sleep, and exposure to outdoors.[16]","title":"Symptoms and behaviors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Robbins and Anthony (1982)","text":"Robbins and Anthony, who had historically studied a condition similar to Stockholm syndrome, known as destructive cult disorder, observed in their 1982 study that the 1970s were rich with apprehension surrounding the potential risks of brainwashing. They assert that media attention to brainwashing during this time resulted in the fluid reception of Stockholm syndrome as a psychological condition.[17]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-1999-5"}],"sub_title":"FBI law enforcement bulletin (1999)","text":"A 1998 report by the FBI containing more than 1,200 hostage incidents found that only 8% of kidnapping victims showed signs of Stockholm syndrome. When victims who showed only negative feeling toward the law enforcement personnel are excluded, the percentage decreases to 5%. A survey of 600 police agencies in 1989, performed by the FBI and the University of Vermont, found not a single case when emotional involvement between the victim and the kidnapper interfered with or jeopardized an assault. In short, this database provides empirical support that the Stockholm syndrome remains a rare occurrence. The sensational nature of dramatic cases causes the public to perceive this phenomenon as the rule rather than the exception. The bulletin concludes that, although depicted in fiction and movies and often referred to by the news media, the phenomenon actually occurs rarely. Therefore, crisis negotiators should place the Stockholm syndrome in proper perspective.[5]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Namnyak_2008-18"}],"sub_title":"Namnyak et al. (2008)","text":"A research group led by Namnyak has found that although there is vast media coverage of Stockholm syndrome, there has not been much research into the phenomenon. What little research has been done is often contradictory and does not always agree on what Stockholm syndrome is. The term has grown beyond kidnappings to all definitions of abuse. It stated that there is no clear definition of symptoms to diagnose the syndrome.[18]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DSM-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5"},{"link_name":"American Psychiatric Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adorjan_2012-4"},{"link_name":"trauma bonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_bonding"},{"link_name":"post-traumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adorjan_2012-4"}],"sub_title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM 5, 2013)","text":"The DSM-5 is widely used as the \"classification system for psychological disorders\" by the American Psychiatric Association.[4] Stockholm syndrome has not historically appeared in the manual, as many believe it falls under trauma bonding or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and there is no consensus about the correct clarification. In addition, there is no extensive body of research or consensus to help solve the argument,[citation needed] although before the fifth edition (DSM 5) was released, Stockholm syndrome was under consideration to be included under 'Disorders of Extreme Stress, Not Otherwise Specified'.[4]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Allan Wade (2015)","text":"At Dignity Conference 2015, Dr Allan Wade presented The myth of \"Stockholm Syndrome\" (and other concepts invented to discredit women victims of violence) after interviewing Kristin Enmark. In this presentation he posits that \"Stockholm Syndrome\" and related ideas such as \"traumatic bonding\", \"learned helplessness\", \"battered women's syndrome\", \"internalized oppression\", and \"identification with the aggressor/oppressor\" shift the focus away from actual events in context to invented pathologies in the minds of victims, particularly women. \"Stockholm syndrome\" can be seen as one of many concepts used to silence individuals who, as victims, speak publicly about negative social (i.e., institutional) responses.[19][20][21]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"domestic violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence"},{"link_name":"misogyny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogyny"},{"link_name":"literature review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_review"},{"link_name":"Olof Palme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Palme"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JessHill-9"}],"sub_title":"Jess Hill (2019)","text":"In her 2019 treatise on domestic violence See What You Made Me Do, Australian journalist Jess Hill described the syndrome as a \"dubious pathology with no diagnostic criteria\", and stated that it is \"riddled with misogyny and founded on a lie\"; she also noted that a 2008 literature review revealed \"most diagnoses [of Stockholm syndrome] are made by the media, not by psychologists or psychiatrists.\" In particular, Hill's analysis revealed that Stockholm authorities – under direct guidance from Bejerot – responded to the robbery in a way that put the hostages at greater risk from the police than from their captors (hostage Kristin Enmark, who during the siege was granted a telephone call with Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme, reported that Palme told her that the government would not negotiate with criminals, and that \"you will have to content yourself that you will have died at your post\"); as well, she observed that not only was Bejerot's diagnosis of Enmark made without ever having spoken to her, it was in direct response to her public criticism of his actions during the siege.[9]","title":"Criticism"}]
[{"image_text":"Former Kreditbanken building in Stockholm, Sweden, the location of the 1973 Norrmalmstorg robbery (photographed in 2005)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Former_Kreditbanken_Norrmalmstorg_Stockholm_Sweden.jpg/300px-Former_Kreditbanken_Norrmalmstorg_Stockholm_Sweden.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Psychology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Psychology"},{"title":"Atlas personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_personality"},{"title":"Attachment theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attachment_theory"},{"title":"Codependency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codependency"},{"title":"Cognitive dissonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance"},{"title":"Colonial mentality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_mentality"},{"title":"Complex post-traumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder"},{"title":"Enmeshment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enmeshment"},{"title":"Identification with the Aggressor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_with_the_Aggressor"},{"title":"Learned helplessness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_helplessness"},{"title":"Parental alienation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_alienation"},{"title":"Symptoms of victimization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms_of_victimization"},{"title":"Traumatic bonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_bonding"},{"title":"Uncle Tom syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom_syndrome"}]
[{"reference":"King, David (2020). Six Days in August: The Story of Stockholm Syndrome. W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-63508-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bu7VyQEACAAJ","url_text":"Six Days in August: The Story of Stockholm Syndrome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-63508-9","url_text":"978-0-393-63508-9"}]},{"reference":"Jameson C (2010). \"The Short Step From Love to Hypnosis: A Reconsideration of the Stockholm Syndrome\". Journal for Cultural Research. 14 (4): 337–355. doi:10.1080/14797581003765309. S2CID 144260301.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14797581003765309","url_text":"10.1080/14797581003765309"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144260301","url_text":"144260301"}]},{"reference":"Demarest, Rebecca A. (2009). \"The Relationship Between Stockholm Syndrome and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Battered Women\". Inquiries Journal. 1 (11).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=35","url_text":"\"The Relationship Between Stockholm Syndrome and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Battered Women\""}]},{"reference":"Adorjan, Michael; Christensen, Tony; Kelly, Benjamin; Pawluch, Dorothy (2012). \"Stockholm Syndrome as Vernacular Resource\". The Sociological Quarterly. 53 (3): 454–474. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2012.01241.x. JSTOR 41679728. S2CID 141676449.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.2012.01241.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1533-8525.2012.01241.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41679728","url_text":"41679728"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141676449","url_text":"141676449"}]},{"reference":"Fuselier, G. Dwayne (July 1999). \"Placing the Stockholm Syndrome in Perspective\" (PDF). FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. 68 (7): 22–25. S2CID 10256916. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040627010420/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/fbi/stockholm_syndrome.pdf","url_text":"\"Placing the Stockholm Syndrome in Perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Law_Enforcement_Bulletin","url_text":"FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10256916","url_text":"10256916"},{"url":"http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/fbi/stockholm_syndrome.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sundaram CS (2013). \"Stockholm Syndrome\". Salem Press Encyclopedia – via Research Starters.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bejerot N (1974). \"The six day war in Stockholm\". New Scientist. 61 (886): 486–487.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YGQBmUNfJ3IC&pg=PA486","url_text":"\"The six day war in Stockholm\""}]},{"reference":"Ochberg F (8 April 2005). \"The Ties That Bind Captive to Captor\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/08/opinion/oe-ochberg8","url_text":"\"The Ties That Bind Captive to Captor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Jess (24 June 2019). See What You Made Me Do: Power, Control and Domestic Abuse. Black Inc. ISBN 978-1743820865.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KdnyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT82","url_text":"See What You Made Me Do: Power, Control and Domestic Abuse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1743820865","url_text":"978-1743820865"}]},{"reference":"Westcott K (22 August 2013). \"Lyssna på Kristin Enmark prata med Olof Palme under gisslandramat\". BBC News (in Swedish). Retrieved 5 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6270898","url_text":"\"Lyssna på Kristin Enmark prata med Olof Palme under gisslandramat\""}]},{"reference":"Enmark, Kristin (2020). Jag blev Stockholmssyndromet. Stockholm: SAGA Egmont. ISBN 978-9185785964.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9185785964","url_text":"978-9185785964"}]},{"reference":"\"What is Stockholm syndrome?\". BBC News. 21 August 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22447726","url_text":"\"What is Stockholm syndrome?\""}]},{"reference":"Lama, Abraham (10 July 1996). \"Peru: Tale of a Kidnapping – from Stockholm to Lima Syndrome\". Inter Press Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ipsnews.net/1996/07/peru-tale-of-a-kidnapping-from-stockholm-to-lima-syndrome/","url_text":"\"Peru: Tale of a Kidnapping – from Stockholm to Lima Syndrome\""}]},{"reference":"Kato, Nobumasa; Kawata, Mitsuhiro; Pitman, Roger K, eds. (2006). PTSD. doi:10.1007/4-431-29567-4. ISBN 978-4-431-29566-2. S2CID 241676227.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F4-431-29567-4","url_text":"10.1007/4-431-29567-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-431-29566-2","url_text":"978-4-431-29566-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241676227","url_text":"241676227"}]},{"reference":"Giambrone, Andrew (16 January 2015). \"Coping After Captivity\". The Atlantic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/01/coping-after-captivity/384577/","url_text":"\"Coping After Captivity\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander DA, Klein S (January 2009). \"Kidnapping and hostage-taking: a review of effects, coping and resilience\". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 102 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.080347. PMC 2627800. PMID 19147852.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627800","url_text":"\"Kidnapping and hostage-taking: a review of effects, coping and resilience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1258%2Fjrsm.2008.080347","url_text":"10.1258/jrsm.2008.080347"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627800","url_text":"2627800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19147852","url_text":"19147852"}]},{"reference":"Young, Elizabeth Aileen (31 December 2012). \"The use of the 'Brainwashing' Theory by the Anti-cult Movement in the United States of America, pre-1996\". Zeitschrift für junge Religionswissenschaft (7). doi:10.4000/zjr.387.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fzjr.387","url_text":"\"The use of the 'Brainwashing' Theory by the Anti-cult Movement in the United States of America, pre-1996\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fzjr.387","url_text":"10.4000/zjr.387"}]},{"reference":"Namnyak M, Tufton N, Szekely R, Toal M, Worboys S, Sampson EL (January 2008). \"'Stockholm syndrome': psychiatric diagnosis or urban myth?\". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 117 (1): 4–11. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01112.x. PMID 18028254. S2CID 39620244.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5819575","url_text":"\"'Stockholm syndrome': psychiatric diagnosis or urban myth?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0447.2007.01112.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01112.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18028254","url_text":"18028254"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39620244","url_text":"39620244"}]},{"reference":"\"Therapist challenges Stockholm Syndrome\". NZ Herald. Retrieved 14 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/hawkes-bay-today/news/therapist-challenges-stockholm-syndrome/KMTRRU45XUYDFC2VXJ5D6G5ITU/","url_text":"\"Therapist challenges Stockholm Syndrome\""}]},{"reference":"Wade, Allan (1 May 2015). \"The myth of 'Stockholm Syndrome'\" (PDF). Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160123171122/http://www.relationshipcouplescounselling.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Stockholm-Syn-Hawkes-Bay-Abridged.pdf","url_text":"\"The myth of 'Stockholm Syndrome'\""}]},{"reference":"Rethinking Stockholm Syndrome, retrieved 14 March 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drI4HFJkbCc","url_text":"Rethinking Stockholm Syndrome"}]},{"reference":"deFabrique, N.; Romano, S.; Vecchi, G.; Hasselt, Vincent Van (1 January 2007). \"Understanding Stockholm Syndrome\". FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. 76: 10–15.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h_onRJcRBoYC&pg=RA6-PA10","url_text":"\"Understanding Stockholm Syndrome\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bu7VyQEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Six Days in August: The Story of Stockholm Syndrome"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14797581003765309","external_links_name":"10.1080/14797581003765309"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144260301","external_links_name":"144260301"},{"Link":"http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=35","external_links_name":"\"The Relationship Between Stockholm Syndrome and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Battered Women\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.2012.01241.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1533-8525.2012.01241.x"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41679728","external_links_name":"41679728"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141676449","external_links_name":"141676449"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040627010420/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/fbi/stockholm_syndrome.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Placing the Stockholm Syndrome in Perspective\""},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10256916","external_links_name":"10256916"},{"Link":"http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/fbi/stockholm_syndrome.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YGQBmUNfJ3IC&pg=PA486","external_links_name":"\"The six day war in Stockholm\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/08/opinion/oe-ochberg8","external_links_name":"\"The Ties That Bind Captive to Captor\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KdnyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT82","external_links_name":"See What You Made Me Do: Power, Control and Domestic Abuse"},{"Link":"https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6270898","external_links_name":"\"Lyssna på Kristin Enmark prata med Olof Palme under gisslandramat\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22447726","external_links_name":"\"What is Stockholm syndrome?\""},{"Link":"https://www.ipsnews.net/1996/07/peru-tale-of-a-kidnapping-from-stockholm-to-lima-syndrome/","external_links_name":"\"Peru: Tale of a Kidnapping – from Stockholm to Lima Syndrome\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F4-431-29567-4","external_links_name":"10.1007/4-431-29567-4"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241676227","external_links_name":"241676227"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/01/coping-after-captivity/384577/","external_links_name":"\"Coping After Captivity\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627800","external_links_name":"\"Kidnapping and hostage-taking: a review of effects, coping and resilience\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1258%2Fjrsm.2008.080347","external_links_name":"10.1258/jrsm.2008.080347"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627800","external_links_name":"2627800"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19147852","external_links_name":"19147852"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fzjr.387","external_links_name":"\"The use of the 'Brainwashing' Theory by the Anti-cult Movement in the United States of America, pre-1996\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fzjr.387","external_links_name":"10.4000/zjr.387"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5819575","external_links_name":"\"'Stockholm syndrome': psychiatric diagnosis or urban myth?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0447.2007.01112.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01112.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18028254","external_links_name":"18028254"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39620244","external_links_name":"39620244"},{"Link":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/hawkes-bay-today/news/therapist-challenges-stockholm-syndrome/KMTRRU45XUYDFC2VXJ5D6G5ITU/","external_links_name":"\"Therapist challenges Stockholm Syndrome\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160123171122/http://www.relationshipcouplescounselling.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Stockholm-Syn-Hawkes-Bay-Abridged.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The myth of 'Stockholm Syndrome'\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drI4HFJkbCc","external_links_name":"Rethinking Stockholm Syndrome"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h_onRJcRBoYC&pg=RA6-PA10","external_links_name":"\"Understanding Stockholm Syndrome\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16602013v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16602013v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7563331-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007544696605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2007000114","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/161311482","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swartberg_Nature_Reserve
Swartberg Nature Reserve
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 33°21′09″S 22°0′19″E / 33.35250°S 22.00528°E / -33.35250; 22.00528Swartberg Nature ReserveLocationKaroo, South AfricaNearest cityPrince AlbertCoordinates33°21′09″S 22°0′19″E / 33.35250°S 22.00528°E / -33.35250; 22.00528Area1,210 km2 (470 sq mi)Established1978Governing bodyCapeNatureWorld Heritage site2004 (Cape Floral Region Protected Areas)www.capenature.co.za/reserves/swartberg-nature-reserve-gamkaskloof-die-hel/UNESCO World Heritage Site UNESCO World Heritage SitePart ofCape Floral Region Protected AreasCriteriaNatural: ix, xReference1007-002Inscription2004 (28th Session)Extensions2015 The Swartberg Nature Reserve (Afrikaans: Swartberg Natuur Reservaat) is a protected area in the Western Cape province of South Africa. This 1210 km2 protected area is part of the Cape Floral Region Protected Areas World Heritage Site. It is administered by CapeNature. See also Swartberg Swartberg Pass Gamkaskloof Karoo Cango Caves Meiringspoort References ^ "Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof - Die Hel) – Capenature". www.capenature.co.za. External links Official website South Africa portal vteCapeNature nature reservesWest Coast Cederberg Wilderness Area Bird Island Nature Reserve Rocherpan Nature Reserve Groot Winterhoek Wilderness Area Knersvlakte Nature Reserve Matjiesrivier Nature Reserve Cape Winelands Limietberg Nature Reserve Jonkershoek Nature Reserve Assegaaibosch Nature Reserve Hottentots Holland Nature Reserve Vrolijkheid Nature Reserve Overberg Marloth Nature Reserve Kogelberg Nature Reserve Walker Bay Nature Reserve Salmonsdam Nature Reserve De Mond Nature Reserve De Hoop Nature Reserve Grootvadersbosch Nature Reserve Boosmansbos Wilderness Area Cape Karoo Anysberg Nature Reserve Swartberg Nature Reserve Gamkaberg Nature Reserve Little Karoo & Garden Route Outeniqua Nature Reserve Goukamma Nature Reserve Keurbooms River Nature Reserve Robberg Nature Reserve
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_language"},{"link_name":"protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_area"},{"link_name":"Western Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Cape"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Cape Floral Region Protected Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Floral_Region_Protected_Areas"},{"link_name":"CapeNature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CapeNature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Swartberg Nature Reserve (Afrikaans: Swartberg Natuur Reservaat) is a protected area in the Western Cape province of South Africa. This 1210 km2 protected area is part of the Cape Floral Region Protected Areas World Heritage Site. It is administered by CapeNature.[1]","title":"Swartberg Nature Reserve"}]
[]
[{"title":"Swartberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swartberg"},{"title":"Swartberg Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swartberg_Pass"},{"title":"Gamkaskloof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamkaskloof"},{"title":"Karoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoo"},{"title":"Cango Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cango_Caves"},{"title":"Meiringspoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiringspoort"}]
[{"reference":"\"Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof - Die Hel) – Capenature\". www.capenature.co.za.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.capenature.co.za/reserves/swartberg-nature-reserve-gamkaskloof-die-hel","url_text":"\"Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof - Die Hel) – Capenature\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swartberg_Nature_Reserve&params=33_21_09_S_22_0_19_E_region:ZA-WC_type:landmark_dim:34km","external_links_name":"33°21′09″S 22°0′19″E / 33.35250°S 22.00528°E / -33.35250; 22.00528"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swartberg_Nature_Reserve&params=33_21_09_S_22_0_19_E_region:ZA-WC_type:landmark_dim:34km","external_links_name":"33°21′09″S 22°0′19″E / 33.35250°S 22.00528°E / -33.35250; 22.00528"},{"Link":"https://www.capenature.co.za/reserves/swartberg-nature-reserve-gamkaskloof-die-hel/","external_links_name":"www.capenature.co.za/reserves/swartberg-nature-reserve-gamkaskloof-die-hel/"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1007-002","external_links_name":"1007-002"},{"Link":"https://www.capenature.co.za/reserves/swartberg-nature-reserve-gamkaskloof-die-hel","external_links_name":"\"Swartberg Nature Reserve (Gamkaskloof - Die Hel) – Capenature\""},{"Link":"https://www.capenature.co.za/reserves/swartberg-nature-reserve-gamkaskloof-die-hel","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Carandino
Giovanni Carandino
["1 Education","2 References"]
Greek mathematician Giovanni Carandino, also known as Ioannis Karandinos (Greek: Ιωάννης Καραντηνός), and sometimes as Jean Carantino or John Carandino, born in 1784 in Cephalonia and died in Napoli in 1834, was an ethnically Greek mathematician, founder of the Greek mathematics school and translator in Greek of the major French works on analysis in the early 19th century. Education This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) He studied mathematics during Cephalonia's occupation by the French in 1808, under the direction of Ecole polytechnique's alumnus Charles Dupin, a very good mathematician, who was a navy officer at that time. Then, under Lord North government on Ionian Islands, his talent was remarked and he was sent to study mathematics in Ecole polytechnique, under Biot, Cauchy, Poisson and Fourier. Then he went to England for a study trip, and went back to Corfu to establish the Ionian Academy, where he created the first course of modern mathematics in Greek language. He made contributions to the formalisation of analysis, which were published in 1828 in the Journal des Savants. He taught an entire generation of Greek mathematicians, and is thus seen as the founder of the modern Greek analysis school. References ^ a b "CARANDINÒ". www.genmarenostrum.com. Retrieved 2017-12-18. Recherches sur la nature du calcul différentiel par M. le Dr J. Carandino de Céphalonie, de l'Université Ionienne. AMS Session on History, Washington, DC, on 2009-01-05 C. Goldstein, J. Gray et J. Ritter (dir.), L'Europe mathématique. Histoires, mythes, identités, Éditions Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Paris Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Cephalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalonia"},{"link_name":"Napoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoli"}],"text":"Giovanni Carandino, also known as Ioannis Karandinos (Greek: Ιωάννης Καραντηνός), and sometimes as Jean Carantino or John Carandino, born in 1784 in Cephalonia and died in Napoli in 1834, was an ethnically Greek mathematician, founder of the Greek mathematics school and translator in Greek of the major French works on analysis in the early 19th century.","title":"Giovanni Carandino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ecole polytechnique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecole_polytechnique"},{"link_name":"Charles Dupin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dupin"},{"link_name":"Lord North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_North,_5th_Earl_of_Guilford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Biot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Biot"},{"link_name":"Cauchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy"},{"link_name":"Poisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson"},{"link_name":"Fourier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fourier"},{"link_name":"Ionian Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_Academy"},{"link_name":"Journal des Savants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_des_Savants"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"He studied mathematics during Cephalonia's occupation by the French in 1808, under the direction of Ecole polytechnique's alumnus Charles Dupin, a very good mathematician, who was a navy officer at that time.\nThen, under Lord North government on Ionian Islands, his talent was remarked and he was sent to study mathematics in Ecole polytechnique,[1] under Biot, Cauchy, Poisson and Fourier. Then he went to England for a study trip, and went back to Corfu to establish the Ionian Academy, where he created the first course of modern mathematics in Greek language.He made contributions to the formalisation of analysis, which were published in 1828 in the Journal des Savants.[1]He taught an entire generation of Greek mathematicians, and is thus seen as the founder of the modern Greek analysis school.","title":"Education"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"CARANDINÒ\". www.genmarenostrum.com. Retrieved 2017-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letterac/carandino.htm","url_text":"\"CARANDINÒ\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Carandino&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letterac/carandino.htm","external_links_name":"\"CARANDINÒ\""},{"Link":"http://jointmathematicsmeetings.org/meetings/national/jmm/1046-01-1566.pdf","external_links_name":"AMS Session on History, Washington, DC, on 2009-01-05"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/95582163","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/138979235","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-6-6-2
4-6-6-2
["1 References"]
Articulated locomotive wheel arrangement In Whyte notation, a 4-6-6-2 is a steam locomotive with four leading wheels (two axles) in an unpowered bogie at the front of the locomotive followed by two sets of driving wheels with six wheels each (three axles each), followed by two unpowered trailing wheels (one axle) at the rear of the locomotive. Other equivalent classifications are: UIC classification: 2CC1 (also known as German classification and Italian classification) French classification: 230+031 Turkish classification: 35+34 Swiss classification: 3/5+3/4 This wheel arrangement was used only as a very limited number of locomotives in North America, most notably as class MM-2 oil-fired cab forward locomotives on the Southern Pacific Railroad. These were effectively 2-6-6-4s running in reverse. They were originally built as 2-6-6-2s but were refitted with a four-wheel leading truck to increase stability at speed. Southern Pacific AM-2s were built from July to August 1911 by Baldwin Locomotive Works as Cab Forwards. These 4-6-6-2s began retirement in the mid- to late-1930s, although a few remained in operation until the end of World War II. No locomotives of this configuration were preserved. References ^ Diebert, Timothy S. & Strapac, Joseph A. (1987). Southern Pacific Company Steam Locomotive Compendium. Shade Tree Books. ISBN 0-930742-12-5. vteCab forward steam locomotives of Southern Pacific Railroad2-6-6-2 MM-2 4-6-6-2 AM-2 2-8-8-2 MC-1 MC-2 AC-1 MC-4 AC-2 MC-6 AC-3 4-8-8-2 AC-4 AC-5 AC-6 AC-7 AC-8 AC-10 AC-11 AC-12 Preserved SP 4294 (AC-12) vteSteam locomotive wheel arrangements (Whyte notation)Single engine types 0-2-2 0-2-4 2-2-0 2-2-2 2-2-4T 4-2-0 4-2-2 4-2-4T 6-2-0 0-3-0 (monorail) 0-4-0 0-4-0+4 0-4-2 0-4-4T 0-4-6T 2-4-0 2-4-2 2-4-4T 2-4-6T 4-4-0 4-4-2 4-4-4 4-4-6 0-6-0 0-6-2 0-6-4 0-6-6T 2-6-0 2-6-2 2-6-4 2-6-6T 4-6-0 4-6-2 4-6-4 0-8-0 0-8-2 0-8-4T 0-8-6 2-8-0 2-8-2 2-8-4 2-8-6 4-8-0 4-8-2 4-8-4 4-8-6 6-8-6 0-10-0 0-10-2 2-10-0 2-10-2 2-10-4 4-10-0 4-10-2 0-12-0 2-12-0 2-12-2 2-12-4 4-12-2 4-14-4 Divided drive and Duplex engine types 0-2-2-0 2-2-2-0 2-2-2-2 2-2-4-0T 4-2-2-0 2-4-6-2 4-4-4-4 6-4-4-6 4-4-6-4 4-6-4-4 Articulated locomotives Fairlie, Meyer and Garratt types 0-4-0+0-4-0 2-4-0+0-4-2 2-4-2+2-4-2 4-4-2+2-4-4 0-6-0+0-6-0 0-6-2+2-6-0 2-6-0+0-6-2 2-6-2+2-6-2 4-6-0+0-6-4 4-6-2+2-6-4 4-6-4+4-6-4 2-8-0+0-8-2 2-8-2+2-8-2 4-8-0+0-8-4 4-8-2+2-8-4 4-8-4+4-8-4 Articulated locomotives Mallet types 0-4-4-0 0-4-4-2 2-4-4-0 2-4-4-2 0-6-6-0 2-6-6-0 2-6-6-2 2-6-6-4 2-6-6-6 2-6-8-0 4-4-6-2 4-6-6-2 4-6-6-4 0-8-6-0 0-8-8-0 2-8-8-0 2-8-8-2 2-8-8-4 4-8-8-2 4-8-8-4 2-10-10-2 Articulated locomotives Triplex and other Multiplex types 2-8-8-8-2 2-8-8-8-4 2-8-8-8-8-2 0-6-2+2-4-2-4-2+2-6-0 2-6-6-2+2-6-6-2 2-8-8-8-8-8-2 2-10-10-10-10-10-2 2-4-4-2+2-8-8-2+2-4-4-2 Articulated locomotivesEngerth types 0-4-4 0-4-6 2-6-4 0-6-4 0-6-4-0 0-8-4 0-8-6 Geared locomotives Shay Climax Heisler Willamette Other notation forms: AAR Swiss UIC This steam locomotive-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whyte notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whyte_notation"},{"link_name":"steam locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"leading wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_wheel"},{"link_name":"bogie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogie"},{"link_name":"driving wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_wheel"},{"link_name":"trailing wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing_wheel"},{"link_name":"UIC classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UIC_classification"},{"link_name":"Italian classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_classification"},{"link_name":"French classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_classification"},{"link_name":"Turkish classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_classification"},{"link_name":"Swiss classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_classification"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"class MM-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_class_MM-2"},{"link_name":"cab forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab_forward"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2-6-6-4s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-6-6-4"},{"link_name":"2-6-6-2s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-6-6-2"},{"link_name":"Baldwin Locomotive Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"In Whyte notation, a 4-6-6-2 is a steam locomotive with four leading wheels (two axles) in an unpowered bogie at the front of the locomotive followed by two sets of driving wheels with six wheels each (three axles each), followed by two unpowered trailing wheels (one axle) at the rear of the locomotive.Other equivalent classifications are:\nUIC classification: 2CC1 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)\nFrench classification: 230+031\nTurkish classification: 35+34\nSwiss classification: 3/5+3/4This wheel arrangement was used only as a very limited number of locomotives in North America, most notably as class MM-2 oil-fired cab forward locomotives on the Southern Pacific Railroad.[1] These were effectively 2-6-6-4s running in reverse. They were originally built as 2-6-6-2s but were refitted with a four-wheel leading truck to increase stability at speed. Southern Pacific AM-2s were built from July to August 1911 by Baldwin Locomotive Works as Cab Forwards. These 4-6-6-2s began retirement in the mid- to late-1930s, although a few remained in operation until the end of World War II. No locomotives of this configuration were preserved.","title":"4-6-6-2"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Diebert, Timothy S. & Strapac, Joseph A. (1987). Southern Pacific Company Steam Locomotive Compendium. Shade Tree Books. ISBN 0-930742-12-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930742-12-5","url_text":"0-930742-12-5"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4-6-6-2&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Catlin
George S. Catlin
["1 References"]
American politician This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "George S. Catlin" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2024) George S. CatlinMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Connecticut's 3rd districtIn office1843–1845Preceded byThomas Wheeler WilliamsSucceeded byJohn A. Rockwell Personal detailsBornGeorge Smith Catlin(1808-08-24)August 24, 1808Harwinton, Connecticut, U.S.DiedDecember 26, 1851(1851-12-26) (aged 43)Windham, Connecticut, U.S.Political partyDemocratic George Smith Catlin (August 24, 1808 – December 26, 1851) was a U.S. Representative from Connecticut. Born in Harwinton, Connecticut, Catlin attended the common schools, Amherst (Massachusetts) College, and the Litchfield (Connecticut) Law School. He was admitted to the bar in 1828 and practiced in Windham, Connecticut, from 1829 to 1851. He served as member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1831 and again in 1846, and was also secretary to the Governor from 1831 to 1833. From 1842 to 1843, he served as prosecuting attorney for Windham County. Catlin was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-eighth Congress (March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845). He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Governor of Connecticut in 1848, but served in the Connecticut State Senate in 1850, and as judge of the Windham County Court in 1850 and 1851. He died in Windham, Connecticut, on December 26, 1851, and was interred in Windham Cemetery. References United States Congress. "George S. Catlin (id: C000251)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.  This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Party political offices Preceded byIsaac Whittlesey Democratic nominee for Governor of Connecticut 1848 Succeeded byThomas H. Seymour U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byThomas Wheeler Williams Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Connecticut's 3rd congressional district 1843–1845 Succeeded byJohn A. Rockwell Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States People US Congress Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Harwinton, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwinton,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"admitted to the bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Windham, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windham,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Twenty-eighth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Connecticut State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_State_Senate"}],"text":"George Smith Catlin (August 24, 1808 – December 26, 1851) was a U.S. Representative from Connecticut.Born in Harwinton, Connecticut, Catlin attended the common schools, Amherst (Massachusetts) College, and the Litchfield (Connecticut) Law School. He was admitted to the bar in 1828 and practiced in Windham, Connecticut, from 1829 to 1851. He served as member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1831 and again in 1846, and was also secretary to the Governor from 1831 to 1833. From 1842 to 1843, he served as prosecuting attorney for Windham County.Catlin was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-eighth Congress (March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845). He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Governor of Connecticut in 1848, but served in the Connecticut State Senate in 1850, and as judge of the Windham County Court in 1850 and 1851.He died in Windham, Connecticut, on December 26, 1851, and was interred in Windham Cemetery.","title":"George S. Catlin"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"United States Congress. \"George S. Catlin (id: C000251)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000251","url_text":"\"George S. Catlin (id: C000251)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_S._Catlin&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22George+S.+Catlin%22","external_links_name":"\"George S. Catlin\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22George+S.+Catlin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22George+S.+Catlin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22George+S.+Catlin%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22George+S.+Catlin%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22George+S.+Catlin%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000251","external_links_name":"\"George S. Catlin (id: C000251)\""},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/","external_links_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9654983","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvhqpkk6TBHfhQ3fF8Hmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987010649649705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008069559","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000251","external_links_name":"US Congress"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dz28sk","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luckett_%26_Farley
Luckett & Farley
["1 History","1.1 The Whitestone period","1.2 The D.X. Murphy era","1.3 Luckett & Farley","2 Departments","3 Presidents","4 Rogers & Whitestone's work in Louisville (1853–1880)","5 Partial list of work by D.X. Murphy & Brother in Louisville (1880–1933)","6 Awards","7 References","8 External links"]
American architecture, engineering, and interior design firm Luckett & FarleyCompany typeIncorporated, 100% ESOPIndustryArchitectureengineeringinterior designprocurementdevelopmentFounded1853HeadquartersLouisville, Kentucky, USKey people Rolf Provan (President & CEO) Jeff Moneypenny (SVP) Pat Castelli (VP) Number of employees118Websitewww.luckett-farley.com Luckett & Farley is an architecture, engineering, and interior design firm based in Louisville, Kentucky. It was founded in 1853, making it (along with SmithGroup) the oldest continually operating architecture firm in the United States that is not a wholly owned subsidiary. The firm began under the name Rogers, Whitestone & Co., Architects, changing its name to Henry Whitestone in 1857, to D.X. Murphy & Brother in 1890, and to Luckett & Farley in 1962. The company is 100% employee-owned as of January 1, 2012 and concentrates on automotive, industrial, federal government, higher education, health and wellness, and corporate/commercial markets. There are more LEED professionals at Luckett & Farley than any other company in Kentucky with 50, as of December 2012. History The Whitestone period Henry Whitestone (1819–1893) was born at Clondegad House in County Clare, Ireland. He immigrated to the United States amidst famine and depression with his wife Henrietta in January 1852 from Innis, Ireland after he was recommended to Isaiah Rogers (1800–1869), for his work on the County Clare Courthouse. Rogers was an architect based in Cincinnati who came to be known as "the father of the American hotel". Whitestone's first project with Rogers was the Frankfort Hotel in Frankfort, Kentucky and a partnership formed in November 1853 when Rogers was contracted to rebuild the recently burned Louisville Hotel. Whitestone moved from Frankfort to Louisville and received 2/5 of all profits from the services he performed with Rogers. The first office of Isaiah Rogers and Henry Whitestone was located at Bullit and Main Streets, near where the Riverfront Plaza/Belvedere is located today. Together they transformed Louisville into a "five-story city" and introduced the Italianate architectural style to the region. Whitestone separated from Rogers in 1857 and soon became the preeminent architecture firm in Louisville through the 1880s. Notably, Charles J. Clarke worked for Henry Whitestone during the Civil War and later formed a partnership with Arthur Loomis, to form the historically significant Louisville architecture firm Clarke and Loomis. Whitestone retired in approximately 1881 and died in 1893. An 1893 publishing of The American Architect and Building News wrote of Whitestone, ...forty years ago, in the prime of life, he was in the active practice of his profession, erecting buildings in that perennial style of Italian Renaissance, of which he was a master, and from which he was never lured by passing fashion. He is buried at Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville Kentucky alongside his wife and two daughters (Section C, lot 39). A marker located on Main St., across from the old Louisville Hotel, bears his name. The D.X. Murphy era Dennis Xavier ("D.X.") Murphy (1853–1933) was born in Louisville after his parents immigrated from Ireland, began working as a draftsman at age 16 for Henry Whitestone. By 1874 he was the head draftsman and eventually took over the practice in 1880 just before Whitestone's retirement. It was at this point that the firm was renamed D.X. Murphy. His brothers James C. Murphy (1865–1935), later joined the practice in 1890 at which time the firm became D.X. Murphy and Brother. Their younger brother Peter C. Murphy subsequently joined and together they designed many of Louisville's Catholic Churches, among many other notable buildings, for significantly reduced fees on the order of 1% of construction costs. The Murphys' sister, Sr. Mary Anselm, was a nun with the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth in Bardstown, Kentucky which likely led to many of the commissionings. The firm's most famous work was that of the Twin Spires at Churchill Downs in 1895, designed by 24-year-old Joseph D. Baldez and constructed in time for the 21st Kentucky Derby. It was known for the grandstand (as well as the spires) of Churchill Downs, the Galt House Hotel and distillery buildings along what became Louisville's Whiskey Row, and numerous other office buildings, schools, hospitals, and churches, some of which survive and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) for their architecture. Works include: Galt House Hotel Bernheim Distillery (c.1896) Combined Distillers of Kentucky (c.1905–1906) Bonnie Brothers Distillery (c.1903–1912) The Phil. Hollenbach Company (c.1889), 528 Main, which in 2023 was home of the Evan Williams Bourbon Experience Cathedral of the Assumption (1852), 443 S. 5th St. Louisville, KY (Keely, William; Murphy, D.X.) Gothic Revival. NRHP-listed Churchill Downs, 700 Central Ave. Louisville, KY (Murphy, D.X. & Co.), NRHP-listed Inter-Southern Insurance Building (1913), 239–247 S. 5th St. Louisville, KY (with Brinton B. Davis), NRHP-listed Jefferson Branch Louisville Free Public Library, 1718 W. Jefferson St. Louisville, KY, NRHP-listed Jefferson County Jail, 514 W. Liberty St. Louisville, KY, NRHP-listed Kentucky Wagon Works, 2601 S. 3rd St. Louisville, KY, NRHP-listed National Tobacco Works Branch Stemmery, 2410-18 W. Main St., Louisville, NRHP-listed National Tobacco Works Branch Drying House, 2400 W. Main St., Louisville, NRHP-listed Presentation Academy, 861 S. 4th St., Louisville, NRHP-listed Snead Manufacturing Building, 817 W. Market St., Louisville, NRHP-listed Stockyard Exchange Building (1914), Louisville, Beaux Arts, in NRHP-listed Butchertown Historic District One or more works in Savoy Historic District, 209–221 W. Jefferson St., Louisville, NRHP-listed Dennis Murphy died in 1933 and is buried at St. Louis Cemetery in Louisville. In 1935 D.X. Murphy and Brother was sold by James Murphy's wife to D.X. Murphy and Brother Incorporated for a sum of $1,147, at which time Peter Murphy became president. By 1943, Peter Murphy was named chairman of the board and William G. O'Toole became president. Thomas D. Luckett II (1909–1996) became majority stakeholder in the firm upon O'Toole's passing in 1956 while Jean D. Farley (b. 1927) was named Vice President. D.X. Murphy and Bro., Inc became Luckett & Farley, Inc on May 25, 1962, with T.D. Luckett and J.D. Farley sharing ownership. D.X. Murphy occupied the old Louisville Trust Building (208 S. 5th St) until 1962 when the office was relocated to the Washington Building (4th and Market), which has since been demolished. The Filson Historical Society in Louisville holds architectural drawings and other records of the D.X. Murphy and Brother firm and its predecessors. Luckett & Farley By the time the firm was renamed Luckett & Farley Inc. in 1962 to reflect the change of ownership, civil and structural engineering services were also provided; Mechanical and electrical engineering services were added in 1970 in order to deliver better-coordinated construction documents to clients. By 1973 the firm name was changed to Luckett & Farley Architects, Engineers, and Construction Managers, Inc. and by the end of 1982, Jean Farley sold the company to Dennis Dewitt, Ronald Kendall, and Douglas Wilkerson. In 2000 an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) was formed and by 2002, leadership was transferred to Ed Jerdonek, Belinda Gates, Gail Miller, and Rob Diamond. A design-build subsidiary, LFDB, was created in 1999 but has since separated with the company as of 2011. Belinda Gates retired from Luckett & Farley in 2010. On January 1, 2012, Jerdonek, Miller, and Diamond sold their interest in the company to the employee-owners, making Luckett & Farley 100% employee-owned. Luckett & Farley occupied the Washington Building from 1963 to 1968 when it moved to 215 W. Breckinridge and again in 1997 to their current location in the Prince Wells Building at 737 S. Third St. Luckett & Farley uses building information modeling technology to produce its drawings. Departments Departments consist of the following fields: Architecture Interior Design & Procurement Structural Engineering Civil Engineering Mechanical Engineering Electrical Engineering Building Commissioning Presidents Generation Name End of Term 1 Isaiah Rogers 1857 2 Henry Whitestone 1880 3 Dennis X. Murphy 1933? 4 James C. Murphy 1935 5 Peter C. Murphy 1943 6 William O'Toole 1956 7 Thomas D. (T.D.) Luckett II 1971 8 Jean D. Farley 1982 9 Dennis DeWitt 2002 10 Ed Jerdonek 2016 11 Aric M. Andrew 2021 12 Rolf Provan Present Rogers & Whitestone's work in Louisville (1853–1880) No. Building Name Year Constructed Location Still Standing? Reference 1 Louisville Hotel 1853 610 W. Main St. No 2 Barber-Barbour House; Rosewell 1854 6415 Transylvania Ave Yes 3 Hunt-Hite Residence; Pendennis Club 1854 NW 2nd/Walnut No 4 Newcomb Alexander Banking Building 1854 NW Main/Bullitt (across BB&T Bldg.) No 5 T.T. Shreve Residence 1854 606 S. Walnut No 6 The Galt House (Addition and Renovation) 1854 1st/Main No 7 Monsarrat Fifth Ward Building 1855 5th/York Yes 8 Col. Rueben Durrett Residence; The Filson Club; Home of the Innocents 1856 202 E. Chestnut No 9 Richardson Burge Villa 1856 NW 7th/Main No 10 Store; Seelbach European Hotel; The Old Inn 1856 SW 6th/Main Yes 11 Richard Atkinson Residence 1857 SE 4th/Walnut No 12 The Louisville Medical Institute 1857 SW 8th/Chesnut No 13 Cathedral of the Assumption Tower & Spire 1858 433 S. 5th Yes 14 Horatio Dalton Newcomb, St. Xavier College 1859 118 W. Broadway No 15 James C. Ford Residence; YMCA 1859 2nd/Broadway No 16 Cook House 1860 1348 S. 3rd Yes 17 James Irvin Residence 1860 2910 Northwestern Yes 18 William A. Richardson's Ivywood 1860 3000 Dundee Rd No 19 Baurman House 1866 1518 W. Market Yes 20 John G. Baxter House; House of Refuge 1866 2035 S. 3rd No 21 A.J. Ballard House 1867 NW Floyd/Walnut No 22 Irvin Mausoleum 1867 Cave Hill Cemetery Yes 23 Peterson-Dumesnil House 1869 301 S. Peterson Yes 24 The Bridgeford-Monfort Home 1869 413 W. Broadway No 25 The Galt House (2nd) 1869 1st/Main No 26 Beckurt-B.F. Guthrie Residence 1870 Unknown -- 27 Ronald-Brennan House 1870 631 S. 5th Yes 28 Weissinger-Chambers Residence 1870 402 Ormsby No 29 Tompkins-Buchanan-Rankin House; Nazareth College; Spalding University 1871 851 S. 4th Yes 30 Landward House (Robinson-Wheeler Residence) 1872 1385 S. 4th Yes 31 Silas F. Miller House 1872 119 W. Broadway No 32 Lithgow Building; Louisville Board of Trade 1873 301 W. Main No 33 Woodford H. Dulaney Residence 1872 SE 8th/Broadway No 34 Bashford Manor Stables 1874 2040 Bashford Manor/Adele No 35 Salve-Bullett Mausoleum 1875 Cave Hill Cemetery Yes 36 City Hall Clock Tower Replacement 1876 601 W. Jefferson Yes 37 James Henning Residence 1877 408 Ormsby Yes 38 Louisville & Nashville Railroad Office Building; Whiskey Row Lofts 1877 133 W. Main Yes 39 Charles Merriwether House 1878 3rd St. Yes 40 Kentucky Wagon Works; KY Mfg. Co. 1878 2601 S. 3rd No 41 Standiford Residence; School for Girls 1880 West side of 4th, between Breckinridge/Kentucky No 42 Portland Federal Savings and Loan Bldg. 1887 539 W. Market Yes 43 U.S. Custom House and Post Office (Supervising Architect) 1865–1881 3rd/Liberty No 44 105, 107–109, 111 W. Main ("Whiskey Row") 1877, 1905, 1871 105, 107–109, 111 W. Main Yes Partial list of work by D.X. Murphy & Brother in Louisville (1880–1933) No. Building Name Year Constructed Location Still Standing? Reference 1 Louisville Railway Co. Car Barn 1883 SE 27th/Chesnut Yes 2 Engelhard School 1886 119 E. Kentucky Yes 3 St. Vincent de Paul Church 1886 1202 S. Shelby Yes 4 Louisville City School Building 1888 22ndMagazine Yes 5 Presentation Academy 1893 861 S. 4th Yes 6 Churchill Downs Twin Spires 1895 9th/Central Yes 7 St. Martin School 1896 Shelby/Gray Yes 8 National Tobacco Work Branch Stemmery; Custom Mfg. Service 1898 2400–2418 W. Main Yes 9 St. Boniface Catholic Church, rectory, and hall 1899 531 E. Liberty Yes 10 St. Anthony Medical Center 1901 St. Anthony/Barrett Yes 11 St. William Church 1901 13th/Oak Yes 12 Basil Doerhoefer Residence 1902 4432 W. Broadway Yes 13 Joseph B. Atkinson Elementary School 1902 28th/Duncan No 14 Jefferson County Jail 1905 514 W. Liberty Yes 15 Bonavita-Weller Residence 1906 12006 Ridge Rd. Yes 16 St. Agnes Church 1906 1920 Newburg Yes 17 Victoria Hotel 1907 10th/Broadway No 18 Peter C. Doerhoefer Residence 1908 4422 W. Broadway Yes 19 Snead Building (Glassworks) 1909 815 W. Market Yes 20 Zinsmeister & Bro. Building 1910 14th/Jefferson Yes 21 Tyler Hotel: Addition and Expansion 1911 323–345 W. Jefferson No 22 Bardstown Rd. Presbyterian Church 1912 1722 Bardstown Rd. Yes 23 Louisville Free Public Library 1913 1718 W. Jefferson Yes 24 Alamo Theater; Ohio Theater 1914 444 S. 4th No 25 German Bank, Louisville National Bank 1914 5th/Market Yes 26 Louisville Hospital 1914 323 E. Chesnut Yes 27 Stock Yard Exchange Buildings 1914 Main/Johnson Yes Beaux Arts 28 St. Patrick's School (Adjacent to Church) 1915 13th/Market Yes 29 St. Patrick's Parochial School 1916 1524 W. Market Yes 30 Glencoe Co. Warehouse; Bluegrass Distillery 1920 26th/Broadway Yes 31 Ahrens School; Educational Resource Center 1922 546 S. 1st Yes 32 Henry Vogt Machine Building 1922 10th/Ormsby Yes 33 Home Life Building Addition; Heyburn Building 1922 239 S. 5th Yes 34 Office Building 1922 3rd/Breckinridge Yes 35 St. Agnes Sanitorium; Our Lady of Peace 1923 Newburg Way Yes 36 Waverly Hills Sanatorium 1926 4400 Paralee Lane Yes 37 Grotto and Garden of Our Lady of Lourdes at St. Joseph's Infirmary 1927 James Guthrie Ct. Yes 38 St. Cecilia Church and School 1927 25th/Slevin Yes 39 St. Phillip Neri School and Rectory 1927 Woodbine/Floyd Yes 40 Commonwealth Life Building 1928 NW 4th/Broadway No 41 O.K. Storage 1929 Barrett/Broadway Yes 42 Bishop Floersh Residence 1931 1118 S. 3rd Yes 43 University of Louisville School of Medicine Additions 1937 550–554 1st Yes 44 U.S. Custom House and Post Office (Supervising Architect) 1880s 4th/Chestnut No 45 American Tobacco Complex 1920 s 30th–32nd/Madison No Awards Luckett & Farley has been awarded one of Kentucky's best places to work in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. In 2012, it was named one of Louisville's best places to work by The Courier-Journal. In 2014, Luckett & Farley was awarded the 2014 ESOP Company of the Year by the Ohio/Kentucky ESOP Association Chapter References ^ Cramer, James (2005). Almanac of Architecture and Design. Atlanta, GA: Greenway Communications. pp. 348. ISBN 0967547792. ^ "Courier-Journal Classified Ad 8". August 24, 1855. ^ "Luckett & Farley A/E Firm Now 100 Percent Employee Owned". The Lane Report. February 1, 2012. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2012. ^ GBCI. "GBCI LEED Professional Directory". Archived from the original on April 1, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2012. ^ Wilson, Richard G. (1982). Victorian Resorts and Hotels. Victorian Society in America. p. 34. ^ a b Thomas, Samuel W. (2009). The Architectural History of Louisville. Louisville, KY: The Filson Historical Society. ISBN 9781889937137. ^ Kleber, John (1992). The Kentucky Encyclopedia. University Press of Kentucky. p. 948. ISBN 0813117720. ^ a b Kleber, John (2001). The Encyclopedia of Louisville. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 42, 636. ISBN 0813121000. ^ Kleber, John (2001). The Encyclopedia of Louisville. University Press of Kentucky. p. 203. ISBN 0813121000. ^ Ticknor & Co. (August 5, 1893). "Vol XLI-No. 919, page 92". The American Architect and Building News. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ "Cave Hill Cemetery". Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2012. ^ Oberwarth, Clarence (1987). A History of the Profession of Architecture in Kentucky. State Board of Examiners and Registration of Architects. p. 19. ^ Kentucky Historic Resources Inventory. "St. Boniface Church Complex". National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved March 17, 2012. ^ Bock, Hal (May 7, 1995). "Steepled in Racing History : A Century for Churchill Downs' Landmark Twin Spires". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ a b c d e "D.X. Murphy & Bro., Architects". Historic Marker Database. Archived from the original on January 30, 2024. Retrieved January 17, 2023. ^ "Bourbon Done Right / Evan Williams Bourbon Experience". Archived from the original on January 22, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013. ^ a b Walter E. Langsam (1976). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Butchertown Historic District / Butchertown". National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2023. With two photos of Stockyard Exchange Building and other accompanying photos ^ "D. X. Murphy & Bro., Architects Records, 1854–1949". Humanities and Social Sciences Online. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 18, 2023. ^ Eigelbach, Kevin (February 11, 2011). "Luckett & Farley sells interest in its design/build subsidiary". Business First Louisville. Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ Williams, Mariam (July 8, 2011). "Building-information modeling improves efficiency, reduces need for changes". Business First – Louisville. Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ Lancaster, Clay (1991). Antebellum Architecture of Kentucky. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 199. ISBN 0813117593. ^ Jones, Elizabeth F. (1974). Henry Whitestone: Nineteenth Century Louisville Architect. ^ Proffitt, Doug (November 10, 2015). "Lost Louisville: Ripped from history and never seen again". WHAS-TV. Retrieved January 10, 2016. ^ "2015 Best Places to Work in Kentucky Rankings Announced" (PDF) (Press release). Kentucky Chamber of Commerce. April 14, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016. ^ "Courier-Journal Top Workplaces 2012 – Luckett & Farley". TopWorkplaces. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016. External links Official website Google Map of Henry Whitestone and DX Murphy buildings in Louisville Timeline of Firm History
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"SmithGroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmithGroup"},{"link_name":"architecture firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_firm"},{"link_name":"wholly owned subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholly_owned_subsidiary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"LEED professionals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Luckett & Farley is an architecture, engineering, and interior design firm based in Louisville, Kentucky. It was founded in 1853, making it (along with SmithGroup) the oldest continually operating architecture firm in the United States that is not a wholly owned subsidiary.[1] The firm began under the name Rogers, Whitestone & Co., Architects,[2] changing its name to Henry Whitestone in 1857, to D.X. Murphy & Brother in 1890, and to Luckett & Farley in 1962. The company is 100% employee-owned as of January 1, 2012[3] and concentrates on automotive, industrial, federal government, higher education, health and wellness, and corporate/commercial markets. There are more LEED professionals at Luckett & Farley than any other company in Kentucky with 50, as of December 2012.[4]","title":"Luckett & Farley"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Whitestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Whitestone"},{"link_name":"County Clare, Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare,_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thomas-6"},{"link_name":"Isaiah Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Frankfort Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_Hotel_(Frankfort,_Kentucky)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louisville Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thomas-6"},{"link_name":"Riverfront Plaza/Belvedere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverfront_Plaza/Belvedere"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Louisville-8"},{"link_name":"Clarke and Loomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke_and_Loomis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cave Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_Hill_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"The Whitestone period","text":"Henry Whitestone (1819–1893) was born at Clondegad House in County Clare, Ireland.[5] He immigrated to the United States amidst famine and depression[6] with his wife Henrietta in January 1852 from Innis, Ireland after he was recommended to Isaiah Rogers (1800–1869), for his work on the County Clare Courthouse. Rogers was an architect based in Cincinnati who came to be known as \"the father of the American hotel\". Whitestone's first project with Rogers was the Frankfort Hotel in Frankfort, Kentucky and a partnership formed in November 1853 when Rogers was contracted to rebuild the recently burned Louisville Hotel.[7] Whitestone moved from Frankfort to Louisville and received 2/5 of all profits from the services he performed with Rogers.[6]The first office of Isaiah Rogers and Henry Whitestone was located at Bullit and Main Streets, near where the Riverfront Plaza/Belvedere is located today.[8] Together they transformed Louisville into a \"five-story city\" and introduced the Italianate architectural style to the region. Whitestone separated from Rogers in 1857 and soon became the preeminent architecture firm in Louisville through the 1880s. Notably, Charles J. Clarke worked for Henry Whitestone during the Civil War and later formed a partnership with Arthur Loomis, to form the historically significant Louisville architecture firm Clarke and Loomis.[9]Whitestone retired in approximately 1881 and died in 1893. An 1893 publishing of The American Architect and Building News wrote of Whitestone,...forty years ago, in the prime of life, he was in the active practice of his profession, erecting buildings in that perennial style of Italian Renaissance, of which he was a master, and from which he was never lured by passing fashion.[10]He is buried at Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville Kentucky alongside his wife and two daughters (Section C, lot 39).[11] A marker located on Main St., across from the old Louisville Hotel, bears his name.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Louisville-8"},{"link_name":"Sisters of Charity of Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_Nazareth"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Twin Spires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twin_Spires&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Churchill Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Downs"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Whiskey Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskey_Row,_Louisville"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Galt House Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galt_House_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hmdb-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hmdb-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hmdb-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hmdb-15"},{"link_name":"Evan Williams Bourbon Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evan_Williams_Bourbon_Experience&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hmdb-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of the Assumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_(Louisville,_Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Louisville, KY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_KY"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-17"},{"link_name":"Churchill Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Downs"},{"link_name":"Louisville, KY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_KY"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-17"},{"link_name":"Inter-Southern Insurance Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inter-Southern_Insurance_Building&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louisville, KY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_KY"},{"link_name":"Brinton B. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinton_B._Davis"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-17"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Branch Louisville Free Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_Branch_Louisville_Free_Public_Library&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louisville, KY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_KY"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-17"},{"link_name":"Jefferson County Jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County_Jail_(Louisville,_Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Louisville, KY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_KY"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-17"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Wagon Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kentucky_Wagon_Works&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louisville, KY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_KY"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-17"},{"link_name":"National Tobacco Works Branch Stemmery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Tobacco_Works_Branch_Stemmery"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-17"},{"link_name":"National Tobacco Works Branch Drying House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Tobacco_Works_Branch_Drying_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-17"},{"link_name":"Presentation Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_Academy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-17"},{"link_name":"Snead Manufacturing Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snead_Manufacturing_Building&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-17"},{"link_name":"Beaux Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaux_Arts_architecture"},{"link_name":"Butchertown Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butchertown_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpdoc-Butchertown-18"},{"link_name":"Savoy Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savoy_Historic_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"The D.X. Murphy era","text":"Dennis Xavier (\"D.X.\") Murphy (1853–1933) was born in Louisville after his parents immigrated from Ireland, began working as a draftsman at age 16 for Henry Whitestone.[12] By 1874 he was the head draftsman and eventually took over the practice in 1880 just before Whitestone's retirement. It was at this point that the firm was renamed D.X. Murphy. His brothers James C. Murphy (1865–1935), later joined the practice in 1890 at which time the firm became D.X. Murphy and Brother. Their younger brother Peter C. Murphy subsequently joined[8] and together they designed many of Louisville's Catholic Churches, among many other notable buildings, for significantly reduced fees on the order of 1% of construction costs. The Murphys' sister, Sr. Mary Anselm, was a nun with the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth in Bardstown, Kentucky[13] which likely led to many of the commissionings.The firm's most famous work was that of the Twin Spires at Churchill Downs in 1895, designed by 24-year-old Joseph D. Baldez and constructed in time for the 21st Kentucky Derby.[14]It was known for the grandstand (as well as the spires) of Churchill Downs, the Galt House Hotel and distillery buildings along what became Louisville's Whiskey Row, and numerous other office buildings, schools, hospitals, and churches, some of which survive and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) for their architecture.Works include:Galt House Hotel[15]\nBernheim Distillery (c.1896)[15]\nCombined Distillers of Kentucky (c.1905–1906)[15]\nBonnie Brothers Distillery (c.1903–1912)[15]\nThe Phil. Hollenbach Company (c.1889), 528 Main, which in 2023 was home of the Evan Williams Bourbon Experience[15][16]\nCathedral of the Assumption (1852), 443 S. 5th St. Louisville, KY (Keely, William; Murphy, D.X.) Gothic Revival. NRHP-listed[17]\nChurchill Downs, 700 Central Ave. Louisville, KY (Murphy, D.X. & Co.), NRHP-listed[17]\nInter-Southern Insurance Building (1913), 239–247 S. 5th St. Louisville, KY (with Brinton B. Davis), NRHP-listed[17]\nJefferson Branch Louisville Free Public Library, 1718 W. Jefferson St. Louisville, KY, NRHP-listed[17]\nJefferson County Jail, 514 W. Liberty St. Louisville, KY, NRHP-listed[17]\nKentucky Wagon Works, 2601 S. 3rd St. Louisville, KY, NRHP-listed[17]\nNational Tobacco Works Branch Stemmery, 2410-18 W. Main St., Louisville, NRHP-listed[17]\nNational Tobacco Works Branch Drying House, 2400 W. Main St., Louisville, NRHP-listed[17]\nPresentation Academy, 861 S. 4th St., Louisville, NRHP-listed[17]\nSnead Manufacturing Building, 817 W. Market St., Louisville, NRHP-listed[17]\nStockyard Exchange Building (1914), Louisville, Beaux Arts, in NRHP-listed Butchertown Historic District[18]\nOne or more works in Savoy Historic District, 209–221 W. Jefferson St., Louisville, NRHP-listed[17]Dennis Murphy died in 1933 and is buried at St. Louis Cemetery in Louisville.In 1935 D.X. Murphy and Brother was sold by James Murphy's wife to D.X. Murphy and Brother Incorporated for a sum of $1,147, at which time Peter Murphy became president. By 1943, Peter Murphy was named chairman of the board and William G. O'Toole became president. Thomas D. Luckett II (1909–1996) became majority stakeholder in the firm upon O'Toole's passing in 1956 while Jean D. Farley (b. 1927) was named Vice President.D.X. Murphy and Bro., Inc became Luckett & Farley, Inc on May 25, 1962, with T.D. Luckett and J.D. Farley sharing ownership.D.X. Murphy occupied the old Louisville Trust Building (208 S. 5th St) until 1962 when the office was relocated to the Washington Building (4th and Market), which has since been demolished.The Filson Historical Society in Louisville holds architectural drawings and other records of the D.X. Murphy and Brother firm and its predecessors.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"employee stock ownership plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_stock_ownership_plan"},{"link_name":"design-build","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design-build"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"building information modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_information_modeling"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Luckett & Farley","text":"By the time the firm was renamed Luckett & Farley Inc. in 1962 to reflect the change of ownership, civil and structural engineering services were also provided; Mechanical and electrical engineering services were added in 1970 in order to deliver better-coordinated construction documents to clients. By 1973 the firm name was changed to Luckett & Farley Architects, Engineers, and Construction Managers, Inc. and by the end of 1982, Jean Farley sold the company to Dennis Dewitt, Ronald Kendall, and Douglas Wilkerson.In 2000 an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) was formed and by 2002, leadership was transferred to Ed Jerdonek, Belinda Gates, Gail Miller, and Rob Diamond. A design-build subsidiary, LFDB, was created in 1999 but has since separated with the company as of 2011.[20] Belinda Gates retired from Luckett & Farley in 2010. On January 1, 2012, Jerdonek, Miller, and Diamond sold their interest in the company to the employee-owners, making Luckett & Farley 100% employee-owned. \nLuckett & Farley occupied the Washington Building from 1963 to 1968 when it moved to 215 W. Breckinridge and again in 1997 to their current location in the Prince Wells Building at 737 S. Third St.Luckett & Farley uses building information modeling technology to produce its drawings.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"Interior Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_Design"},{"link_name":"Procurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurement"},{"link_name":"Structural Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Civil Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Electrical Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Building Commissioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_Commissioning"}],"text":"Departments consist of the following fields:Architecture\nInterior Design & Procurement\nStructural Engineering\nCivil Engineering\nMechanical Engineering\nElectrical Engineering\nBuilding Commissioning","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rogers & Whitestone's work in Louisville (1853–1880)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Partial list of work by D.X. Murphy & Brother in Louisville (1880–1933)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Courier-Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Luckett & Farley has been awarded one of Kentucky's best places to work in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015.[25]\nIn 2012, it was named one of Louisville's best places to work by The Courier-Journal.[26]\nIn 2014, Luckett & Farley was awarded the 2014 ESOP Company of the Year by the Ohio/Kentucky ESOP Association Chapter","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Cramer, James (2005). Almanac of Architecture and Design. Atlanta, GA: Greenway Communications. pp. 348. ISBN 0967547792.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780967547794/page/348","url_text":"Almanac of Architecture and Design"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780967547794/page/348","url_text":"348"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0967547792","url_text":"0967547792"}]},{"reference":"\"Courier-Journal Classified Ad 8\". August 24, 1855.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Luckett & Farley A/E Firm Now 100 Percent Employee Owned\". The Lane Report. February 1, 2012. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lanereport.com/2223/2012/02/luckett-farley-ae-firm-now-100-percent-employee-owned/","url_text":"\"Luckett & Farley A/E Firm Now 100 Percent Employee Owned\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141020124705/http://www.lanereport.com/2223/2012/02/luckett-farley-ae-firm-now-100-percent-employee-owned/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"GBCI. \"GBCI LEED Professional Directory\". Archived from the original on April 1, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140401030909/https://ssl11.cyzap.net/gbcicertonline/onlinedirectory/","url_text":"\"GBCI LEED Professional Directory\""},{"url":"https://ssl11.cyzap.net/gbcicertonline/onlinedirectory/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Richard G. (1982). Victorian Resorts and Hotels. Victorian Society in America. p. 34.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thomas, Samuel W. (2009). The Architectural History of Louisville. Louisville, KY: The Filson Historical Society. ISBN 9781889937137.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781889937137","url_text":"9781889937137"}]},{"reference":"Kleber, John (1992). The Kentucky Encyclopedia. University Press of Kentucky. p. 948. ISBN 0813117720.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813117720","url_text":"0813117720"}]},{"reference":"Kleber, John (2001). The Encyclopedia of Louisville. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 42, 636. ISBN 0813121000.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813121000","url_text":"0813121000"}]},{"reference":"Kleber, John (2001). The Encyclopedia of Louisville. University Press of Kentucky. p. 203. ISBN 0813121000.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813121000","url_text":"0813121000"}]},{"reference":"Ticknor & Co. (August 5, 1893). \"Vol XLI-No. 919, page 92\". The American Architect and Building News. Retrieved October 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvgzAQAAIAAJ&q=%22henry+whitestone%22&pg=PA92","url_text":"\"Vol XLI-No. 919, page 92\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cave Hill Cemetery\". Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120308083941/http://www.cavehillcemetery.com/famouspeople.php","url_text":"\"Cave Hill Cemetery\""},{"url":"http://www.cavehillcemetery.com/famouspeople.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Oberwarth, Clarence (1987). A History of the Profession of Architecture in Kentucky. State Board of Examiners and Registration of Architects. p. 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kentucky Historic Resources Inventory. \"St. Boniface Church Complex\". National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved March 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/82001562_text","url_text":"\"St. Boniface Church Complex\""}]},{"reference":"Bock, Hal (May 7, 1995). \"Steepled in Racing History : A Century for Churchill Downs' Landmark Twin Spires\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1995-05-07/sports/sp-63362_1_churchill-downs","url_text":"\"Steepled in Racing History : A Century for Churchill Downs' Landmark Twin Spires\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141111172023/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-05-07/sports/sp-63362_1_churchill-downs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"D.X. Murphy & Bro., Architects\". Historic Marker Database. Archived from the original on January 30, 2024. Retrieved January 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=204787","url_text":"\"D.X. Murphy & Bro., Architects\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240130183920/https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=204787","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bourbon Done Right / Evan Williams Bourbon Experience\". Archived from the original on January 22, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://evanwilliams.com/","url_text":"\"Bourbon Done Right / Evan Williams Bourbon Experience\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230122021539/https://www.evanwilliams.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Walter E. Langsam (1976). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Butchertown Historic District / Butchertown\". National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/76000900_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Butchertown Historic District / Butchertown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230118005608/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/76000900_text","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"D. X. Murphy & Bro., Architects Records, 1854–1949\". Humanities and Social Sciences Online. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://networks.h-net.org/node/2622/links/85261/d-x-murphy-bro-architects-records-1854-1949","url_text":"\"D. X. Murphy & Bro., Architects Records, 1854–1949\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230118004721/https://networks.h-net.org/node/2622/links/85261/d-x-murphy-bro-architects-records-1854-1949","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eigelbach, Kevin (February 11, 2011). \"Luckett & Farley sells interest in its design/build subsidiary\". Business First Louisville. Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/print-edition/2011/02/11/luckett-farley-sells-interest-in-its.html","url_text":"\"Luckett & Farley sells interest in its design/build subsidiary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026124834/http://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/print-edition/2011/02/11/luckett-farley-sells-interest-in-its.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Mariam (July 8, 2011). \"Building-information modeling improves efficiency, reduces need for changes\". Business First – Louisville. Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/print-edition/2011/07/08/building-information-modeling-improves.html","url_text":"\"Building-information modeling improves efficiency, reduces need for changes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026124850/http://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/print-edition/2011/07/08/building-information-modeling-improves.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lancaster, Clay (1991). Antebellum Architecture of Kentucky. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 199. ISBN 0813117593.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Sw1MWF_IFwUC&q=whitestone&pg=PA199","url_text":"Antebellum Architecture of Kentucky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813117593","url_text":"0813117593"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Elizabeth F. (1974). Henry Whitestone: Nineteenth Century Louisville Architect.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Proffitt, Doug (November 10, 2015). \"Lost Louisville: Ripped from history and never seen again\". WHAS-TV. Retrieved January 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whas11.com/story/news/investigations/iteam/2015/11/09/lost-louisville-ripped-from-history-and-never-seen-again/75498652/","url_text":"\"Lost Louisville: Ripped from history and never seen again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHAS-TV","url_text":"WHAS-TV"}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Best Places to Work in Kentucky Rankings Announced\" (PDF) (Press release). Kentucky Chamber of Commerce. April 14, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bestplacestoworkky.com/UserFiles/File/2015/2015%20BPWK%20Press%20release-winner%20rankings.pdf","url_text":"\"2015 Best Places to Work in Kentucky Rankings Announced\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160205181140/http://bestplacestoworkky.com/UserFiles/File/2015/2015%20BPWK%20Press%20release-winner%20rankings.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Courier-Journal Top Workplaces 2012 – Luckett & Farley\". TopWorkplaces. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topworkplaces.com/frontend.php/regional-list/company/courier-journal/luckett-farley","url_text":"\"Courier-Journal Top Workplaces 2012 – Luckett & Farley\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195755/http://www.topworkplaces.com/frontend.php/regional-list/company/courier-journal/luckett-farley","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.luckett-farley.com/","external_links_name":"www.luckett-farley.com"},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/news/2022/02/01/luckett-farley-name-a-new-ceo.html","external_links_name":"Rolf Provan"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780967547794/page/348","external_links_name":"Almanac of Architecture and Design"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780967547794/page/348","external_links_name":"348"},{"Link":"http://www.lanereport.com/2223/2012/02/luckett-farley-ae-firm-now-100-percent-employee-owned/","external_links_name":"\"Luckett & Farley A/E Firm Now 100 Percent Employee Owned\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141020124705/http://www.lanereport.com/2223/2012/02/luckett-farley-ae-firm-now-100-percent-employee-owned/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140401030909/https://ssl11.cyzap.net/gbcicertonline/onlinedirectory/","external_links_name":"\"GBCI LEED Professional Directory\""},{"Link":"https://ssl11.cyzap.net/gbcicertonline/onlinedirectory/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvgzAQAAIAAJ&q=%22henry+whitestone%22&pg=PA92","external_links_name":"\"Vol XLI-No. 919, page 92\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120308083941/http://www.cavehillcemetery.com/famouspeople.php","external_links_name":"\"Cave Hill Cemetery\""},{"Link":"http://www.cavehillcemetery.com/famouspeople.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/82001562_text","external_links_name":"\"St. Boniface Church Complex\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1995-05-07/sports/sp-63362_1_churchill-downs","external_links_name":"\"Steepled in Racing History : A Century for Churchill Downs' Landmark Twin Spires\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141111172023/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-05-07/sports/sp-63362_1_churchill-downs","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=204787","external_links_name":"\"D.X. Murphy & Bro., Architects\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240130183920/https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=204787","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://evanwilliams.com/","external_links_name":"\"Bourbon Done Right / Evan Williams Bourbon Experience\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230122021539/https://www.evanwilliams.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/76000900_text","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Butchertown Historic District / Butchertown\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230118005608/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/76000900_text","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/76000900_photos","external_links_name":"two photos of Stockyard Exchange Building and other accompanying photos"},{"Link":"https://networks.h-net.org/node/2622/links/85261/d-x-murphy-bro-architects-records-1854-1949","external_links_name":"\"D. X. Murphy & Bro., Architects Records, 1854–1949\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230118004721/https://networks.h-net.org/node/2622/links/85261/d-x-murphy-bro-architects-records-1854-1949","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/print-edition/2011/02/11/luckett-farley-sells-interest-in-its.html","external_links_name":"\"Luckett & Farley sells interest in its design/build subsidiary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026124834/http://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/print-edition/2011/02/11/luckett-farley-sells-interest-in-its.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/print-edition/2011/07/08/building-information-modeling-improves.html","external_links_name":"\"Building-information modeling improves efficiency, reduces need for changes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026124850/http://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/print-edition/2011/07/08/building-information-modeling-improves.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Sw1MWF_IFwUC&q=whitestone&pg=PA199","external_links_name":"Antebellum Architecture of Kentucky"},{"Link":"http://www.whas11.com/story/news/investigations/iteam/2015/11/09/lost-louisville-ripped-from-history-and-never-seen-again/75498652/","external_links_name":"\"Lost Louisville: Ripped from history and never seen again\""},{"Link":"http://www.bestplacestoworkky.com/UserFiles/File/2015/2015%20BPWK%20Press%20release-winner%20rankings.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2015 Best Places to Work in Kentucky Rankings Announced\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160205181140/http://bestplacestoworkky.com/UserFiles/File/2015/2015%20BPWK%20Press%20release-winner%20rankings.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.topworkplaces.com/frontend.php/regional-list/company/courier-journal/luckett-farley","external_links_name":"\"Courier-Journal Top Workplaces 2012 – Luckett & Farley\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195755/http://www.topworkplaces.com/frontend.php/regional-list/company/courier-journal/luckett-farley","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.luckett-farley.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://g.co/maps/k8eny","external_links_name":"Google Map of Henry Whitestone and DX Murphy buildings in Louisville"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130121104034/http://www.dipity.com/gbucko/Luckett-Farley-Timeline/","external_links_name":"Timeline of Firm History"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Trio_No._2_(Schumann)
Piano Trio No. 2 (Schumann)
["1 References","2 External links"]
The Piano Trio No. 2 in F major, Op. 80, by Robert Schumann was written in 1847. It has four movements: Sehr lebhaft in F major Mit innigem Ausdruck - Lebhaft in D-flat major In mässiger Bewegung in B-flat minor Nicht zu rasch in F major Schumann's first two piano trios were written in close succession, despite the large gap between their opus numbers. The second piano trio is more effervescent and cheerful in mood than the first trio – the composer himself said that it makes a "friendlier and more immediate impression" than its predecessor. Schumann's genius is heard in the way in which the first movement's relatively peaceful second subject sounds new and fresh, despite being a rhythmically altered version of the first subject. The development section contains a quotation the second number, "Intermezzo", from Liederkreis Op. 39. The intimately expressive second movement, in the key of D-flat major (the flattened submediant), opens with a sustained violin melody over an accompaniment consisting of cello and piano left hand in close strict canon. The waltz-like third movement, in B-flat minor, is also extensively built on canonic imitation. The material of the finale is largely built on the interplay between three contrasting elements in the first theme: a smoothly winding snatch of piano melody, a staccato answer in the cello, and a driving continuation in the violin. References ^ Keller, James. Chamber Music: A Listener's Guide (Oxford University Press: London 2014), p. 425. ^ a b c Donat, Mischa. Piano Trio No 2 in F major, Op 80 (Schumann) – from CDA30022 – Hyperion Records – CDs, MP3 and Lossless downloads ^ Jensen, Eric Frederick. Schumann (Oxford University Press: London 2012), p. 279. ^ Perry, Beate, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Schumann (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge 2007), p. 60 ^ Daverio, John. Crossing Paths: Schubert, Schumann, and Brahms (Oxford University Press: London 2002), p. 259. External links Piano Trio No. 2: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project vteChamber music by Robert SchumannDuos Adagio and Allegro for horn and piano Fantasiestücke for clarinet and piano Three Romances for oboe and piano Five Pieces in Folk Style for cello and piano Violin Sonata No. 1 Violin Sonata No. 2 Violin Sonata No. 3 Märchenbilder for viola and piano F-A-E Sonata (collaboration) Trios Piano Trio No. 1 Piano Trio No. 2 Fantasiestücke Piano Trio No. 3 Märchenerzählungen for viola, clarinet and piano Other Three String Quartets Piano Quintet Piano Quartet in C minor Piano Quartet Andante and variations for two pianos, two cellos and horn List of compositions by Robert Schumann Portal: Classical Music Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data United States Other MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keller-1"},{"link_name":"its predecessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Trio_No._1_(Schumann)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hyperion-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hyperion-2"},{"link_name":"Liederkreis Op. 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liederkreis,_Op._39_(Schumann)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jensen-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perrey-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daverio-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hyperion-2"}],"text":"Sehr lebhaft in F major\nMit innigem Ausdruck - Lebhaft in D-flat major\nIn mässiger Bewegung in B-flat minor\nNicht zu rasch in F majorSchumann's first two piano trios were written in close succession, despite the large gap between their opus numbers.[1] The second piano trio is more effervescent and cheerful in mood than the first trio – the composer himself said that it makes a \"friendlier and more immediate impression\" than its predecessor.[2]Schumann's genius is heard in the way in which the first movement's relatively peaceful second subject sounds new and fresh, despite being a rhythmically altered version of the first subject.[2] The development section contains a quotation the second number, \"Intermezzo\", from Liederkreis Op. 39.[3] The intimately expressive second movement, in the key of D-flat major (the flattened submediant), opens with a sustained violin melody over an accompaniment consisting of cello and piano left hand in close strict canon.[4] The waltz-like third movement, in B-flat minor, is also extensively built on canonic imitation.[5] The material of the finale is largely built on the interplay between three contrasting elements in the first theme: a smoothly winding snatch of piano melody, a staccato answer in the cello, and a driving continuation in the violin.[2]","title":"Piano Trio No. 2 (Schumann)"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dw.asp?dc=W6071_67063","external_links_name":"Donat, Mischa. Piano Trio No 2 in F major, Op 80 (Schumann) – from CDA30022 – Hyperion Records – CDs, MP3 and Lossless downloads"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/294347431","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13959587m","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13959587m","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no97026744","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/b30b1d31-ba36-4db4-b92d-8b5ab0ccae82","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_for_Speed_(Stray_Cats_album)
Built for Speed (Stray Cats album)
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Charts","5 Certifications","6 References"]
1982 compilation album by Stray CatsBuilt for SpeedCompilation album by Stray CatsReleasedJune 1982Recorded1981–1982GenreRockabillyLength36:15LabelEMI AmericaProducerDave EdmundsHein HovenStray CatsStray Cats chronology Gonna Ball(1981) Built for Speed(1982) Rant n' Rave with the Stray Cats(1983) Built for Speed is a compilation album by American rockabilly band Stray Cats, released as the band's first album in the United States in June 1982 by EMI America Records. Built for Speed is essentially a compilation of 12 tracks taken from the band's first two British album releases: six from Stray Cats (February 1981) and five from Gonna Ball (November 1981), plus the title track, "Built for Speed", which had not previously been released in the United Kingdom. It was the most successful record for the band, earning a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America, and with the music videos for songs such as "Rock This Town" and "Stray Cat Strut" reaching MTV regular rotation status. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRolling StoneThe Village VoiceB− Reviewing Built for Speed for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau said that, despite Brian Setzer's exotic, modernistic guitar touches, "the mild vocals just ain't rockabilly. You know how it is when white boys strive for authenticity—'57 V-8 my ass". Rolling Stone's David Fricke found Stray Cats' self-production "spiritless" and their original compositions "mostly average", remarking that the band only "gets it dead right" on the tracks produced by Dave Edmunds. In a retrospective review, Mark Deming of AllMusic wrote that the melodies and playing are strong enough to withstand datedness on what is "song-for-song the group's strongest album, despite the cut-and-paste manner in which it was created". Track listing Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Rock This Town"Brian SetzerDave Edmunds3:242."Built for Speed"SetzerStray Cats2:533."Rev It Up & Go"SetzerStray CatsHein Hoven2:274."Stray Cat Strut"SetzerEdmunds3:155."Little Miss Prissy"SetzerStray CatsHein Hoven2:596."Rumble in Brighton"SetzerSlim Jim PhantomStray CatsHein Hoven3:11 Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Runaway Boys"SetzerPhantomEdmunds2:582."Lonely Summer Nights"SetzerStray CatsHein Hoven3:163."Double Talkin' Baby"Danny WolfeEdmunds3:024."You Don't Believe Me"SetzerPhantomLee RockerStray CatsHein Hoven2:545."Jeanie, Jeanie, Jeanie"George MotolaRicky PageEdmunds2:186."Baby Blue Eyes"Paul BurlisonJohnny BurnetteStray CatsHein Hoven2:47 Note: "Jeanie, Jeanie, Jeanie" is often miscredited as having been written by Mike Chapman, who recorded a song of the same name with his band Tangerine Peel. However, Chapman's "Jeanie, Jeanie, Jeanie" is a completely different song from the one the Stray Cats recorded; they just happen to share the same title. The Stray Cats' "Jeanie, Jeanie, Jeanie" was originally performed by Eddie Cochran, and was written by George Motola and Ricky Page (regardless of what the original Built for Speed album or other various Stray Cats collections may claim). Personnel Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes. Stray Cats Brian Setzer – guitars, lap steel guitar, vocals Slim Jim Phantom – drums, vocals Lee Rocker – bass, electric bass, vocals Production Dave Edmunds – production Hein Hoven – production Stray Cats – production Wally Traugott – mastering Design Charles Novick Studios – design Gavin Cochrane – front cover photography Francesca – design Guido Harari – back cover photography Sheila Rock – back cover photography Charts Album Year Chart Position 1982 Billboard Top LPs & Tape 2 1982 Cash Box Album Charts 1 Single Year Single Chart Position 1981 "Rock This Town"/"Runaway Boys" Billboard Disco Top 100 35 1981 "Stray Cat Strut" Billboard Disco Top 100 78 1982 "Rock This Town" Billboard Hot 100 9 1982 "Stray Cat Strut" Billboard Top Rock Tracks 4 1983 "Stray Cat Strut" Billboard Hot 100 3 1983 "Stray Cat Strut" Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1983 42 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Canada (Music Canada) 2× Platinum 200,000^ United States (RIAA) Platinum 1,000,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ a b Deming, Mark. "Built for Speed – Stray Cats". AllMusic. Retrieved July 3, 2013. ^ a b Fricke, David (September 30, 1982). "Stray Cats: Built for Speed". Rolling Stone. New York. Archived from the original on February 11, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2020. ^ a b Christgau, Robert (November 30, 1982). "Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved July 3, 2013. ^ "Cover versions of Jeanie Jeanie Jeanie by Eddie Cochran | SecondHandSongs". SecondHandSongs. ^ Built for Speed (liner notes). Stray Cats. EMI America Records. 1982. ST-17070.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Canadian album certifications – Stray Cats – Built for Speed". Music Canada. Retrieved December 3, 2020. ^ "American album certifications – Stray Cats – Built for Speed". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 3, 2020. vteStray Cats Brian Setzer Lee Rocker Slim Jim Phantom Albums Stray Cats Gonna Ball Built for Speed Rant n' Rave with the Stray Cats Rock Therapy Choo Choo Hot Fish 40 Singles "Runaway Boys" "Rock This Town" "Stray Cat Strut" "(She's) Sexy + 17" Related topics Phantom, Rocker & Slick Kat Men Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rockabilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockabilly"},{"link_name":"Stray Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stray_Cats"},{"link_name":"EMI America Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_America_Records"},{"link_name":"Stray Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stray_Cats_(album)"},{"link_name":"Gonna Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonna_Ball"},{"link_name":"certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"music videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Rock This Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_This_Town"},{"link_name":"Stray Cat Strut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stray_Cat_Strut"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"}],"text":"Built for Speed is a compilation album by American rockabilly band Stray Cats, released as the band's first album in the United States in June 1982 by EMI America Records.Built for Speed is essentially a compilation of 12 tracks taken from the band's first two British album releases: six from Stray Cats (February 1981) and five from Gonna Ball (November 1981), plus the title track, \"Built for Speed\", which had not previously been released in the United Kingdom.It was the most successful record for the band, earning a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America, and with the music videos for songs such as \"Rock This Town\" and \"Stray Cat Strut\" reaching MTV regular rotation status.","title":"Built for Speed (Stray Cats album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"Brian Setzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Setzer"},{"link_name":"rockabilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockabilly"},{"link_name":"'57 V-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Chevrolet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christgau-3"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"David Fricke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fricke"},{"link_name":"Dave Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Edmunds"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fricke-2"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deming-1"}],"text":"Reviewing Built for Speed for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau said that, despite Brian Setzer's exotic, modernistic guitar touches, \"the mild vocals just ain't rockabilly. You know how it is when white boys strive for authenticity—'57 V-8 my ass\".[3] Rolling Stone's David Fricke found Stray Cats' self-production \"spiritless\" and their original compositions \"mostly average\", remarking that the band only \"gets it dead right\" on the tracks produced by Dave Edmunds.[2]In a retrospective review, Mark Deming of AllMusic wrote that the melodies and playing are strong enough to withstand datedness on what is \"song-for-song the group's strongest album, despite the cut-and-paste manner in which it was created\".[1]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock This Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_This_Town"},{"link_name":"Brian Setzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Setzer"},{"link_name":"Dave Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Edmunds"},{"link_name":"Stray Cat Strut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stray_Cat_Strut"},{"link_name":"Slim Jim Phantom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim_Jim_Phantom"},{"link_name":"Lee Rocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Rocker"},{"link_name":"Jeanie, Jeanie, Jeanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannie_Jeannie_Jeannie"},{"link_name":"George Motola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Motola"},{"link_name":"Paul Burlison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Burlison"},{"link_name":"Johnny Burnette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Burnette"},{"link_name":"Mike Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Eddie Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Cochran"},{"link_name":"George Motola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Motola"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Rock This Town\"Brian SetzerDave Edmunds3:242.\"Built for Speed\"SetzerStray Cats2:533.\"Rev It Up & Go\"SetzerStray CatsHein Hoven2:274.\"Stray Cat Strut\"SetzerEdmunds3:155.\"Little Miss Prissy\"SetzerStray CatsHein Hoven2:596.\"Rumble in Brighton\"SetzerSlim Jim PhantomStray CatsHein Hoven3:11Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Runaway Boys\"SetzerPhantomEdmunds2:582.\"Lonely Summer Nights\"SetzerStray CatsHein Hoven3:163.\"Double Talkin' Baby\"Danny WolfeEdmunds3:024.\"You Don't Believe Me\"SetzerPhantomLee RockerStray CatsHein Hoven2:545.\"Jeanie, Jeanie, Jeanie\"George MotolaRicky PageEdmunds2:186.\"Baby Blue Eyes\"Paul BurlisonJohnny BurnetteStray CatsHein Hoven2:47Note: \"Jeanie, Jeanie, Jeanie\" is often miscredited as having been written by Mike Chapman, who recorded a song of the same name with his band Tangerine Peel. However, Chapman's \"Jeanie, Jeanie, Jeanie\" is a completely different song from the one the Stray Cats recorded; they just happen to share the same title. The Stray Cats' \"Jeanie, Jeanie, Jeanie\" was originally performed by Eddie Cochran, and was written by George Motola and Ricky Page (regardless of what the original Built for Speed album or other various Stray Cats collections may claim).[4]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Brian Setzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Setzer"},{"link_name":"guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"lap steel guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap_steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"Slim Jim Phantom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim_Jim_Phantom"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"Lee Rocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Rocker"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"electric bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Dave Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Edmunds"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_(audio)"},{"link_name":"design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"}],"text":"Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.[5]Stray Cats\n\nBrian Setzer – guitars, lap steel guitar, vocals\nSlim Jim Phantom – drums, vocals\nLee Rocker – bass, electric bass, vocals\nProduction\n\nDave Edmunds – production\nHein Hoven – production\nStray Cats – production\nWally Traugott – mastering\n\n\n\n\nDesign\n\nCharles Novick Studios – design\nGavin Cochrane – front cover photography\nFrancesca – design\nGuido Harari – back cover photography\nSheila Rock – back cover photography","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"AlbumSingle","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Deming, Mark. \"Built for Speed – Stray Cats\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/built-for-speed-mw0000650835","url_text":"\"Built for Speed – Stray Cats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Fricke, David (September 30, 1982). \"Stray Cats: Built for Speed\". Rolling Stone. New York. Archived from the original on February 11, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fricke","url_text":"Fricke, David"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070211051109/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/straycats/albums/album/237258/review/5941376/built_for_speed","url_text":"\"Stray Cats: Built for Speed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/straycats/albums/album/237258/review/5941376/built_for_speed","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (November 30, 1982). \"Consumer Guide\". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved July 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv11b-82.php","url_text":"\"Consumer Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice","url_text":"The Village Voice"}]},{"reference":"\"Cover versions of Jeanie Jeanie Jeanie by Eddie Cochran | SecondHandSongs\". SecondHandSongs.","urls":[{"url":"https://secondhandsongs.com/performance/55641","url_text":"\"Cover versions of Jeanie Jeanie Jeanie by Eddie Cochran | SecondHandSongs\""}]},{"reference":"Built for Speed (liner notes). Stray Cats. EMI America Records. 1982. ST-17070.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stray_Cats","url_text":"Stray Cats"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_America_Records","url_text":"EMI America Records"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – Stray Cats – Built for Speed\". Music Canada. Retrieved December 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Built+for+Speed%20Stray+Cats","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – Stray Cats – Built for Speed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Stray Cats – Built for Speed\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Stray+Cats&ti=Built+for+Speed&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Stray Cats – Built for Speed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/built-for-speed-mw0000650835","external_links_name":"\"Built for Speed – Stray Cats\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070211051109/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/straycats/albums/album/237258/review/5941376/built_for_speed","external_links_name":"\"Stray Cats: Built for Speed\""},{"Link":"http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/straycats/albums/album/237258/review/5941376/built_for_speed","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv11b-82.php","external_links_name":"\"Consumer Guide\""},{"Link":"https://secondhandsongs.com/performance/55641","external_links_name":"\"Cover versions of Jeanie Jeanie Jeanie by Eddie Cochran | SecondHandSongs\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Built+for+Speed%20Stray+Cats","external_links_name":"\"Canadian album certifications – Stray Cats – Built for Speed\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Stray+Cats&ti=Built+for+Speed&format=Album&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American album certifications – Stray Cats – Built for Speed\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/05ced530-5077-3a59-9c27-e2d9fe497598","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_4_tassisti
I 4 tassisti
["1 Plot","1.1 The groom","1.2 A good deed","1.3 Treasure hunt","1.4 The man in blue","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
1963 filmI 4 tassistiDirected byGiorgio BianchiWritten byCastellano e PipoloGiorgio Bianchi Mario Amendola Leo Benvenuti Piero De BernardiCinematographySilvano IppolitiMusic byFiorenzo CarpiRelease date 1963 (1963) LanguageItalian I 4 tassisti (The four taxi drivers) is a 1963 Italian comedy film directed by Giorgio Bianchi. Plot The groom In Milan, Baldassarre Boldrini, a shy and frustrated young man, is on the verge of marrying his cousin. On the way to the church for the ceremony, he's persuaded by the charming taxi driver, Filomena, to change his mind and run away with her. A good deed Pasquale Scognamillo, a taxi driver obsessed with female beauty, picks up a distressed nun, Sister Serena, on his way back from Pompeii. She tricks him into giving her money, revealing later in Naples that she is a professional scam artist. Treasure hunt Pomilio Barone, a naive and dreamy taxi driver, chauffeurs around Corinna, a wealthy and attractive drunk girl, in Turin. She involves him in a nocturnal treasure hunt. During the competition, he falls for her and mistakenly thinks the feeling is mutual. However, he's rudely dumped at the end of the evening, realizing he was only deceived. The man in blue In Rome, Mr. Gigi welcomes a strange customer with a bad toothache into his taxi. The next day, he discovers that this person is a dangerous murderer, putting his life in danger for having seen his face. Indeed, at the garage exit, he is kidnapped by the murderer, who now wants to eliminate the dangerous witness. Behind the wheel of his taxi, Mr. Gigi does everything to attract the attention of law enforcement, but in vain. Only the intervention of a gas station attendant, who picks up his distress message, saves the taxi driver's life just in time. Cast Aldo Fabrizi: Sor Gigi Peppino De Filippo: Pasquale Scognamiglio (taxi driver) Erminio Macario: Pomilio Barone Gino Bramieri: Baldassare Boldrini Didi Perego: Filomena Gianrico Tedeschi: killer dressed in blue Yvonne Furneaux: La donna ubriaca Carlo Delle Piane: man in filling station Graziella Granata: fake nun Margaret Lee : blonde girl in the taxi Bruno Scipioni : men in garage References ^ Roberto Poppi, Mario Pecorari. Dizionario del cinema italiano. I film. Gremese Editore, 2007. ISBN 8884405033. ^ Paolo Mereghetti. Il Mereghetti. B.C. Dalai Editore, 2010. ISBN 8860736269. External links I 4 tassisti at IMDb This article related to an Italian comedy film of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Bianchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Bianchi_(director)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60-69_m-z-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mereghetti-2"}],"text":"I 4 tassisti (The four taxi drivers) is a 1963 Italian comedy film directed by Giorgio Bianchi.[1][2]","title":"I 4 tassisti"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The groom","text":"In Milan, Baldassarre Boldrini, a shy and frustrated young man, is on the verge of marrying his cousin. On the way to the church for the ceremony, he's persuaded by the charming taxi driver, Filomena, to change his mind and run away with her.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"A good deed","text":"Pasquale Scognamillo, a taxi driver obsessed with female beauty, picks up a distressed nun, Sister Serena, on his way back from Pompeii. She tricks him into giving her money, revealing later in Naples that she is a professional scam artist.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Treasure hunt","text":"Pomilio Barone, a naive and dreamy taxi driver, chauffeurs around Corinna, a wealthy and attractive drunk girl, in Turin. She involves him in a nocturnal treasure hunt. During the competition, he falls for her and mistakenly thinks the feeling is mutual. However, he's rudely dumped at the end of the evening, realizing he was only deceived.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The man in blue","text":"In Rome, Mr. Gigi welcomes a strange customer with a bad toothache into his taxi. The next day, he discovers that this person is a dangerous murderer, putting his life in danger for having seen his face. Indeed, at the garage exit, he is kidnapped by the murderer, who now wants to eliminate the dangerous witness. Behind the wheel of his taxi, Mr. Gigi does everything to attract the attention of law enforcement, but in vain. Only the intervention of a gas station attendant, who picks up his distress message, saves the taxi driver's life just in time.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aldo Fabrizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Fabrizi"},{"link_name":"Peppino De Filippo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppino_De_Filippo"},{"link_name":"Erminio Macario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erminio_Macario"},{"link_name":"Gino Bramieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Bramieri"},{"link_name":"Didi Perego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didi_Perego"},{"link_name":"Gianrico Tedeschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianrico_Tedeschi"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Furneaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Furneaux"},{"link_name":"Carlo Delle Piane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Delle_Piane"},{"link_name":"filling station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filling_station"},{"link_name":"Graziella Granata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graziella_Granata"},{"link_name":"nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun"},{"link_name":"Margaret Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Lee_(English_actress)"},{"link_name":"taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi"},{"link_name":"Bruno Scipioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Scipioni"},{"link_name":"garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_repair_shop"}],"text":"Aldo Fabrizi: Sor Gigi\nPeppino De Filippo: Pasquale Scognamiglio (taxi driver)\nErminio Macario: Pomilio Barone\nGino Bramieri: Baldassare Boldrini\nDidi Perego: Filomena\nGianrico Tedeschi: killer dressed in blue\nYvonne Furneaux: La donna ubriaca\nCarlo Delle Piane: man in filling station\nGraziella Granata: fake nun\nMargaret Lee : blonde girl in the taxi\nBruno Scipioni : men in garage","title":"Cast"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Roberto Poppi, Mario Pecorari. Dizionario del cinema italiano. I film. Gremese Editore, 2007. ISBN 8884405033.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8884405033","url_text":"8884405033"}]},{"reference":"Paolo Mereghetti. Il Mereghetti. B.C. Dalai Editore, 2010. ISBN 8860736269.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8860736269","url_text":"8860736269"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057439/","external_links_name":"I 4 tassisti"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_4_tassisti&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_Lessways
The Clayhanger Family
["1 Novels","1.1 Clayhanger (1910)","1.2 Hilda Lessways (1911)","1.3 These Twain (1915)","1.4 The Roll-Call (1918)","2 Reception","3 Clayhanger Street, Burslem","4 TV versions","5 References","6 Sources","7 External links"]
"Clayhanger" redirects here. For the English settlements, see Clayhanger, Devon and Clayhanger, West Midlands. "The Roll-Call" redirects here. For other uses, see Roll call (disambiguation). The Clayhanger Family Series Cover of Penguin Modern Classics edition of ClayhangerAuthorArnold BennettLanguageEnglishSeriesThe Clayhanger FamilySubjectComing of ageGenrenovelPublisherEgmont Books (1st edition)Publication date1910, 1911, 1916, & 1918Publication placeUnited KingdomISBN978-0-416-20540-4 The Clayhanger Family is a series of novels by Arnold Bennett, published between 1910 and 1918. Though the series is commonly referred to as a "trilogy", and the first three novels were published in a single volume, as The Clayhanger Family, in 1925, there are actually four books. All four are set in the "Five Towns", Bennett's thinly disguised version of the six towns of the Staffordshire Potteries. Novels Clayhanger (1910) This coming-of-age story set in the Midlands of Victorian England follows Edwin Clayhanger as he leaves school, takes over the family business and falls in love. Edwin Clayhanger's father, Darius, has risen from an extremely poor background, which Bennett repeatedly returns to, to become a prominent printer in Bursley, one of Bennett's "Five Towns" – his fictionalised version of the six towns of the Staffordshire Potteries. Edwin is not aware of his father's history and takes his family's affluence for granted. He allows his ambition to become an architect to be overruled by his father and instead becomes an office junior in his father's business. He sees through the many hypocrisies of Victorian England, but he does not confront them or become his own man until after his father's final illness and death. Then he reopens his relationship with the impoverished but exotic Hilda Lessways. Hilda Lessways (1911) The second novel in the series parallels Edwin Clayhanger's story from the point of view of his eventual wife, Hilda, telling the story of her coming of age, her working experiences as a shorthand clerk and as a keeper of lodging houses in London and Brighton, her relationship with George Cannon, which ends in her disastrous bigamous marriage and pregnancy, and her reconciliation with Edwin Clayhanger. Bennett includes some scenes from the first book retold from Hilda's perspective. Writing for The Smart Set, H. L. Mencken speculated that this device of retelling the same events through another character's eyes "so far as I know, is original with Mr. Bennett. The world is filled with sequels, but such a parallel sequel is a novelty." These Twain (1915) The third novel in the series was published in serial form in Munsey's Magazine in October and November 1915, and published in a single volume in New York in the same year and in London in 1916. It chronicles the married life of Edwin and Hilda. Edwin, released from the controlling influence of his father, finds himself free to run his business and his life, but his freedom is diminished by his wife's caprices. Hilda does not conform to the expected role of submissive wife, which is partly why Edwin married her, and has opinions on matters, such as Edwin's business, that in their day are regarded as for men only. Edwin has his doubts about their marriage and is brought to mostly impotent anger by his wife just as he had been by his father. The Roll-Call (1918) The fourth novel in the series concerns the early life of Edwin Clayhanger's stepson, George, who insists on remaining George Cannon and refuses to take his stepfather's name. George is an architect and thus represents what Edwin Clayhanger once wanted to be. (Edwin, now an alderman of Bursley, appears only briefly in this novel.) Unlike his mother and stepfather, George has not experienced poverty and has been spoiled by having too easy a life (a theme that Bennett had previously explored with other characters in The Old Wives' Tale). Reception The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English says of Clayhanger, "The provincial Methodist background, Darius's penniless childhood and his rescue from the workhouse, and the growing prosperity and cultural aspirations of the family are described in sharply observed cumulative detail. The novel provides a wealth of accurate documentation about the manners and industry of the region". The Oxford Companion to Edwardian Fiction comments, "After the critical and commercial success of The Old Wives' Tale (1908), Clayhanger set the seal on Bennett's reputation as the laureate of the commonplace". The article adds that the conflict between father and son "is also a conflict between eras: between Victorian thrift and (somewhat tentative) Edwardian pleasures". The Oxford Companion to Edwardian Fiction says of Hilda Lessways, "On the whole, reviewers admired Bennett's ability to describe from a woman's point of view events he had described from a man's point of view in Clayhanger (1910)". The Manchester Guardian said, "It is almost incredible that two novels which have so much material in common should nevertheless possess such an absolute individuality that the effect of reading one is an immediate desire to refer to the other for new light on the situations described by both". The Observer called it "a meticulous analysis of a woman's life, but it is more scientific than passionate". The Observer thought These Twain "an unsatisfactory conclusion to the Clayhanger trilogy. It lacks the unity of the first two volumes. Incidents are haphazard, and there is a suspicion of spinning out the stuff to make a volume". The English Review said, "It is all very interesting, deftly spun, accurately observed; it is certainly life, and presented without trickery or nonsense, yet we must express the hope that there won't be a sequel". The Roll Call was generally felt to be inferior to the first three books. In her 1974 study of Bennett, Margaret Drabble finds that although the book "has one or two good things in it" it is "not very successful: there is something peculiarly dispiriting about the whole novel, which is hard to analyse". The Oxford Companion to Edwardian Fiction calls it "somewhat inferior" to the other three Clayhanger books. Clayhanger Street, Burslem Clayhanger Street in Burslem was named after the first novel in the series. It runs beside the Wedgwood Institute. TV versions Hilda Lessways, a television drama series, was transmitted by the BBC in 1959, with Judi Dench as Hilda. The first three novels were dramatised as a 26-part serial by ATV and broadcast on the British network ITV in 1976. The cast includes Janet Suzman as Hilda Lessways, Peter McEnery as Edwin Clayhanger, Harry Andrews as Darius Clayhanger, Bruce Purchase as Big James and Denholm Elliott as Tertius Ingpen. The serial was released on DVD in 2010. References ^ Drabble, p. 4 ^ a b c d e Sutherland, John. "Clayhanger Trilogy", The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English, Oxford University Press, 1996. Retrieved 7 June 2020 (subscription required) ^ a b c d e f g Kemp, Sandra, Charlotte Mitchell, and David Trotter. "Clayhanger", The Oxford Companion to Edwardian Fiction, Oxford University Press, 1997. Retrieved 7 June 2020 (subscription required) ^ Drabble, pp. 181–183 ^ Mencken, H. L. ""Conrad, Bennett, James et al," in The Smart Set, January 1912". Archive.org. John Adams Thayer Corporation. Retrieved 1 October 2023. ^ Watson and Willison, column 430 ^ Drabble, pp. 201–204 ^ a b Drabble, pp. 225–226 ^ Quoted in The Oxford Companion to Edwardian Fiction ^ "Mr Arnold Bennett's Trilogy", The Observer, 24 September 1911, p. 4 ^ "End of the Clayhanger Trilogy", The Observer, 16 January 1916, p. 4 ^ "These Twain", The English Review, April 1916, pp. 413–414 ^ "Queen Street, Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent". Retrieved 7 April 2017. ^ "Hilda Lessways" BBC Genome. Retrieved 3 June 2020 ^ "Clayhanger", British Film Institute. Retrieved 3 June 2020 ^ "Clayhanger". WorldCat OCLC 653197563 Sources Drabble, Margaret (1974). Arnold Bennett. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76733-6. Watson, George; Ian R. Willison (1972). The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, Volume 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08535-9. External links Text of Clayhanger available from the website of Literary Heritage of the West Midlands. Clayhanger at Project Gutenberg Hilda Lessways at Project Gutenberg These Twain at Project Gutenberg The Roll-Call at Project Gutenberg The Clayhanger Family public domain audiobook at LibriVox Information on the Clayhanger TV series (ATV 1976) Images from the Clayhanger TV series (ATV 1976) vteWorks by Arnold BennettShort stories The Grim Smile of the Five Towns (1907) Novels Anna of the Five Towns (1902) The Grand Babylon Hotel (1902) The City of Pleasure (1907) The Old Wives' Tale (1908) Helen with a High Hand (1910) The Clayhanger Family (1910-1918) The Card (1911) Riceyman Steps (1923) Imperial Palace (1930) Plays Milestones (1912) The Great Adventure (1913) Non-fiction Literary Taste: How to Form It (1909) How to Live on 24 Hours a Day (1910) Those United States (1911) Authority control databases: National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clayhanger, Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhanger,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Clayhanger, West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhanger,_West_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Roll call (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_call_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Arnold Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire Potteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_Potteries"}],"text":"\"Clayhanger\" redirects here. For the English settlements, see Clayhanger, Devon and Clayhanger, West Midlands.\"The Roll-Call\" redirects here. For other uses, see Roll call (disambiguation).The Clayhanger Family is a series of novels by Arnold Bennett, published between 1910 and 1918. Though the series is commonly referred to as a \"trilogy\", and the first three novels were published in a single volume, as The Clayhanger Family, in 1925, there are actually four books. All four are set in the \"Five Towns\", Bennett's thinly disguised version of the six towns of the Staffordshire Potteries.","title":"The Clayhanger Family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Staffordshire Potteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_Potteries"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-octcl-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocef-3"}],"sub_title":"Clayhanger (1910)","text":"This coming-of-age story set in the Midlands of Victorian England follows Edwin Clayhanger as he leaves school, takes over the family business and falls in love. Edwin Clayhanger's father, Darius, has risen from an extremely poor background, which Bennett repeatedly returns to, to become a prominent printer in Bursley, one of Bennett's \"Five Towns\" – his fictionalised version of the six towns of the Staffordshire Potteries.[1] Edwin is not aware of his father's history and takes his family's affluence for granted. He allows his ambition to become an architect to be overruled by his father and instead becomes an office junior in his father's business. He sees through the many hypocrisies of Victorian England, but he does not confront them or become his own man until after his father's final illness and death. Then he reopens his relationship with the impoverished but exotic Hilda Lessways.[2][3]","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coming of age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_age"},{"link_name":"shorthand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorthand"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"bigamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigamy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-octcl-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocef-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Smart Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smart_Set"},{"link_name":"H. L. Mencken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Mencken"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Hilda Lessways (1911)","text":"The second novel in the series parallels Edwin Clayhanger's story from the point of view of his eventual wife, Hilda, telling the story of her coming of age, her working experiences as a shorthand clerk and as a keeper of lodging houses in London and Brighton, her relationship with George Cannon, which ends in her disastrous bigamous marriage and pregnancy, and her reconciliation with Edwin Clayhanger. Bennett includes some scenes from the first book retold from Hilda's perspective.[2][3][4] Writing for The Smart Set, H. L. Mencken speculated that this device of retelling the same events through another character's eyes \"so far as I know, is original with Mr. Bennett. The world is filled with sequels, but such a parallel sequel is a novelty.\"[5]","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Munsey's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsey%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-octcl-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocef-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"These Twain (1915)","text":"The third novel in the series was published in serial form in Munsey's Magazine in October and November 1915, and published in a single volume in New York in the same year and in London in 1916.[6] It chronicles the married life of Edwin and Hilda. Edwin, released from the controlling influence of his father, finds himself free to run his business and his life, but his freedom is diminished by his wife's caprices. Hilda does not conform to the expected role of submissive wife, which is partly why Edwin married her, and has opinions on matters, such as Edwin's business, that in their day are regarded as for men only. Edwin has his doubts about their marriage and is brought to mostly impotent anger by his wife just as he had been by his father.[2][3][7]","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderman"},{"link_name":"The Old Wives' Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Wives%27_Tale"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-octcl-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocef-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d225-8"}],"sub_title":"The Roll-Call (1918)","text":"The fourth novel in the series concerns the early life of Edwin Clayhanger's stepson, George, who insists on remaining George Cannon and refuses to take his stepfather's name. George is an architect and thus represents what Edwin Clayhanger once wanted to be. (Edwin, now an alderman of Bursley, appears only briefly in this novel.) Unlike his mother and stepfather, George has not experienced poverty and has been spoiled by having too easy a life (a theme that Bennett had previously explored with other characters in The Old Wives' Tale).[2][3][8]","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-octcl-2"},{"link_name":"The Old Wives' Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Wives%27_Tale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocef-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocef-3"},{"link_name":"The Manchester Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Margaret Drabble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Drabble"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d225-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocef-3"}],"text":"The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English says of Clayhanger, \"The provincial Methodist background, Darius's penniless childhood and his rescue from the workhouse, and the growing prosperity and cultural aspirations of the family are described in sharply observed cumulative detail. The novel provides a wealth of accurate documentation about the manners and industry of the region\".[2] The Oxford Companion to Edwardian Fiction comments, \"After the critical and commercial success of The Old Wives' Tale (1908), Clayhanger set the seal on Bennett's reputation as the laureate of the commonplace\". The article adds that the conflict between father and son \"is also a conflict between eras: between Victorian thrift and (somewhat tentative) Edwardian pleasures\".[3]The Oxford Companion to Edwardian Fiction says of Hilda Lessways, \"On the whole, reviewers admired Bennett's ability to describe from a woman's point of view events he had described from a man's point of view in Clayhanger (1910)\".[3] The Manchester Guardian said, \"It is almost incredible that two novels which have so much material in common should nevertheless possess such an absolute individuality that the effect of reading one is an immediate desire to refer to the other for new light on the situations described by both\".[9] The Observer called it \"a meticulous analysis of a woman's life, but it is more scientific than passionate\".[10]The Observer thought These Twain \"an unsatisfactory conclusion to the Clayhanger trilogy. It lacks the unity of the first two volumes. Incidents are haphazard, and there is a suspicion of spinning out the stuff to make a volume\".[11] The English Review said, \"It is all very interesting, deftly spun, accurately observed; it is certainly life, and presented without trickery or nonsense, yet we must express the hope that there won't be a sequel\".[12]The Roll Call was generally felt to be inferior to the first three books. In her 1974 study of Bennett, Margaret Drabble finds that although the book \"has one or two good things in it\" it is \"not very successful: there is something peculiarly dispiriting about the whole novel, which is hard to analyse\".[8] The Oxford Companion to Edwardian Fiction calls it \"somewhat inferior\" to the other three Clayhanger books.[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burslem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burslem"},{"link_name":"Wedgwood Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedgwood_Institute"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Clayhanger Street in Burslem was named after the first novel in the series. It runs beside the Wedgwood Institute.[13]","title":"Clayhanger Street, Burslem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Judi Dench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judi_Dench"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_TeleVision"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Janet Suzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Suzman"},{"link_name":"Peter McEnery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_McEnery"},{"link_name":"Harry Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Bruce Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Purchase"},{"link_name":"Denholm Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denholm_Elliott"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Hilda Lessways, a television drama series, was transmitted by the BBC in 1959, with Judi Dench as Hilda.[14] The first three novels were dramatised as a 26-part serial by ATV and broadcast on the British network ITV in 1976. The cast includes Janet Suzman as Hilda Lessways, Peter McEnery as Edwin Clayhanger, Harry Andrews as Darius Clayhanger, Bruce Purchase as Big James and Denholm Elliott as Tertius Ingpen. The serial was released on DVD in 2010.[15][16]","title":"TV versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drabble, Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Drabble"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-297-76733-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-76733-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-08535-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08535-9"}],"text":"Drabble, Margaret (1974). Arnold Bennett. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76733-6.\nWatson, George; Ian R. Willison (1972). The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, Volume 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08535-9.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Mencken, H. L. \"\"Conrad, Bennett, James et al,\" in The Smart Set, January 1912\". Archive.org. John Adams Thayer Corporation. Retrieved 1 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_smart-set_1912-01_36_1/page/157/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"\"\"Conrad, Bennett, James et al,\" in The Smart Set, January 1912\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queen Street, Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent\". Retrieved 7 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thepotteries.org/streets/burslem/queen_st/index.htm","url_text":"\"Queen Street, Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent\""}]},{"reference":"Drabble, Margaret (1974). Arnold Bennett. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76733-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Drabble","url_text":"Drabble, Margaret"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-76733-6","url_text":"978-0-297-76733-6"}]},{"reference":"Watson, George; Ian R. Willison (1972). The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, Volume 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08535-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08535-9","url_text":"978-0-521-08535-9"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192122711.001.0001/acref-9780192122711-e-516","external_links_name":"\"Clayhanger Trilogy\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198117605.001.0001/acref-9780198117605-e-211","external_links_name":"\"Clayhanger\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sim_smart-set_1912-01_36_1/page/157/mode/1up?view=theater","external_links_name":"\"\"Conrad, Bennett, James et al,\" in The Smart Set, January 1912\""},{"Link":"http://www.thepotteries.org/streets/burslem/queen_st/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Queen Street, Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent\""},{"Link":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/023f8773118e4d5e985029334e7d5f1a","external_links_name":"\"Hilda Lessways\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200607090134/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4f4b9ad9917a9","external_links_name":"\"Clayhanger\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/653197563","external_links_name":"653197563"},{"Link":"http://www3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk/intros/T000051.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/21249","external_links_name":"Clayhanger"},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/10658","external_links_name":"Hilda Lessways"},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/40483","external_links_name":"These Twain"},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/12654","external_links_name":"The Roll-Call"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Clayhanger+Family&author=BENNETT&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced","external_links_name":"The Clayhanger Family"},{"Link":"https://photos.google.com/album/AF1QipMkmkKOAJpVoVgsZu_u_zShgbgvXHfeQWfGjoGF","external_links_name":"Information on the Clayhanger TV series (ATV 1976)"},{"Link":"https://photos.google.com/album/AF1QipMd21nSAMCC3xZ0xaC-rRXERcwG1fOrb3Ji4mVu#","external_links_name":"Images from the Clayhanger TV series (ATV 1976)"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1215051107","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowand_Anderson
Robert Rowand Anderson
["1 Early life","2 Architectural career","3 The Rowand Anderson practice","4 References","5 External links"]
Scottish architect Robert Rowand AndersonAnderson by John M. AikenBorn5 April 1834Liberton, ScotlandDied1 June 1921(1921-06-01) (aged 87)Colinton, ScotlandOccupationArchitectBuildingsGrand Central Hotel, GlasgowMcEwen Hall, Edinburgh Robert Rowand Anderson by James Pittendrigh Macgillivray 1921 McEwan Hall, Edinburgh, by Rowand Anderson The Central Hotel at Glasgow Central station Sir Robert Rowand Anderson, FRSE RSA (5 April 1834 – 1 June 1921) was a Scottish Victorian architect. Anderson trained in the office of George Gilbert Scott in London before setting up his own practice in Edinburgh in 1860. During the 1860s his main work was small churches in the 'First Pointed' (or Early English) style that is characteristic of Scott's former assistants. By 1880 his practice was designing some of the most prestigious public and private buildings in Scotland. His works include the Scottish National Portrait Gallery; the Dome of Old College, Medical Faculty and McEwan Hall, the University of Edinburgh; Govan Old Parish Church and the Pearce Institute; the Central Hotel at Glasgow Central Station, the Catholic Apostolic Church in Edinburgh and Mount Stuart House on the Isle of Bute for the 3rd Marquess of Bute. Early life Anderson was born at Liberton, outside Edinburgh, the third child of James Anderson (1797-1869), a solicitor, and Margaret Rowand (1797-1868). Educated at George Watson's College, he began a legal apprenticeship in 1845, and briefly worked for his father's firm. He began to study architecture in 1849, attending classes at the Trustees' Drawing Academy (which later became Edinburgh College of Art), and was articled to architect John Lessels (1809–1883). In 1857 he took a two-year post as an assistant to George Gilbert Scott, in his office at Trafalgar Square, London. Here he worked alongside many influential architects. He then spent time travelling and studying in France and Italy, also working briefly for Pierre Cuypers in Roermond, Netherlands. Architectural career This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Robert Rowand Anderson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In 1860, Anderson returned to Edinburgh, and began working as an architect with the Royal Engineers, undertaking works on coastal defences, and the 78th Highlanders memorial outside Edinburgh Castle. For Giles Gilbert Scott, he supervised the construction of St James's Church in Leith, which led to further commissions from the Scottish Episcopal Church, including Christ Church, Falkirk (1862), All Saints, Brougham Place, Edinburgh (1864), St Andrew's Church in St Andrews (1866), St John's, Alloa (1866), and St James, Cupar (1866). All of these were carried out alongside his work for the Royal Engineers, and show the influence of Scott's church designs. Anderson set up his own independent practice in 1868. In 1869, St Mungo's Church in Balerno was completed to his design. His first significant commission came in 1871, for the restoration of St Vigeans Parish Church, Angus. He went on to win the competition to design the Catholic Apostolic Church in Edinburgh, now the Mansfield Traquair Centre on Mansfield Place in Broughton. Anderson joined the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, where he met future clients including the Marquis of Bute. In 1873 a short-lived partnership with David Bryce began, but was dissolved only a few months later. In 1874, he was invited to submit designs for a competition for the University of Edinburgh Medical Faculty and graduation hall. He undertook further study tours to Europe, resulting in the winning Italian Renaissance style design which was finalised in 1877. The design secured Anderson's election to the Royal Scottish Academy, although the Medical School was not completed until 1886, and the McEwan Hall not until 1897. His next major commission came soon after, in 1876, when he was appointed as architect for Glasgow Central Station. In 1878 Anderson designed a new Mount Stuart House (1878–1896) in an Italian Gothic style for the 3rd Marquess of Bute, following the destruction by fire of the previous house. The Scottish National Portrait Gallery (1884–1889) was designed in a similar style, and also executed in red sandstone. In 1881, Anderson made his employee George Washington Browne a partner, and two years later the firm became Wardrop, Anderson and Browne, following the death of Maitland Wardrop and the merger of his practice with Anderson's. However, Browne left in 1885, and Hew Wardrop died in 1887 at Udny Castle, leaving Anderson as sole partner again. Notable architects employed within the Anderson practice included Robert Weir Schultz, Robert Lorimer, and Sydney Mitchell. During the 1880s, Anderson's style became increasingly influenced by Scottish historical architecture, possibly as a result of his friendship with architectural historians MacGibbon and Ross. The Scottish influence is evident in the Normand Memorial Hall, Dysart (1882), Ardgowan Estate Office, Greenock (1886), and the Pearce Institute, Govan (1892). From the 1890s, restoration became the focus of Anderson's architecture, as major commissions declined. He had already undertaken work at Iona Abbey and Jedburgh Abbey in the 1870s, and now restored Dunblane Cathedral and Paisley Abbey. He became more involved in teaching, helping to set up a School of Applied Art in 1892. In 1903 this merged into the new Edinburgh College of Art, with Anderson as a trustee. In his later years Anderson became difficult to work with, and was perceived as arrogant. Another partnership, formed in 1899, was dissolved following lawsuits in 1902. Rowand Anderson and Paul was formed in 1904, with Arthur Forman Balfour Paul (who had trained under him from 1892 to 1896), son of Sir James Balfour Paul, the Lord Lyon. Anderson was knighted in the 1902 Birthday Honours for his work at the Scottish royal residence, Balmoral Castle. In 1916 he was awarded the Royal Gold Medal for architecture. By 1916, he was ill, but was able to found the Incorporation of Architects in Scotland (later the Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland) in that year, with fellow architect Alexander Lorne Campbell speaking and acting on his behalf. Anderson donated his own Rutland Square townhouse to be used as its headquarters. He retired to Allermuir House on Woodhall Road in Colinton and died there in 1921. He is buried in Warriston Cemetery. The grave is in a hard to find location on a lower level to the south-west, backing onto the western path. Gravestone of Sir Robert Rowand Anderson at Warriston Cemetery, Edinburgh The Rowand Anderson practice Anderson's architectural practice was carried on as Rowand Anderson and Paul (with Paul as sole partner), until Basil Spence and William Kininmonth joined in 1934, forming Rowand Anderson and Paul and Partners. Paul died in 1938, and Spence left in 1945, leaving Kininmonth to carry on as Rowand Anderson, Kininmonth and Paul. When Kininmonth retired in 1976, the firm split, with the Rowand Anderson name taken by Richard Ewing, who had been made a partner around 1971. The Rowand Anderson Partnership is still based in Rutland Square. References ^ Waterston, Charles D; Macmillan Shearer, A (July 2006). Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783-2002: Biographical Index (PDF). Vol. I. Edinburgh: The Royal Society of Edinburgh. ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5. ^ a b c d e f "(Sir) Robert Rowand Anderson, DSA Architect Biography Report". Dictionary of Scottish Architects. Retrieved 7 November 2015. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "11 LADYCROFT, ST MUNGO'S EPISCOPALIAN CHURCH WITH COTTAGE AND BOUNDARY WALL AND GATEPIERS (Category B Listed Building) (LB26991)". Retrieved 18 June 2022. ^ Sam McKinstry (1991). Rowand Anderson: the premier architect of Scotland. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0252-0. ^ "George Washington Browne (1853-1939(". City of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2009. ^ "Birthday Honours". The Times. No. 36921. London. 10 November 1902. p. 10. ^ "No. 27510". The London Gazette. 30 December 1902. p. 8967. ^ Edinburgh and Leith Post Office directory 1911-12. ^ "Richard Gale Ewing". Dictionary of Scottish Architects 1840–1980. Retrieved 4 January 2010. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Rowand Anderson. Mansfield Traquair Centre, the former Catholic Apostolic Church in Edinburgh Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Sweden Australia Artists Musée d'Orsay RKD Artists ULAN People Trove Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Rowand_Anderson_by_James_Pittendrigh_Macgillivray,_SNPG.JPG"},{"link_name":"James Pittendrigh Macgillivray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Pittendrigh_Macgillivray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McEwan_Hall,_Edinburgh.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rowand_Anderson_Central_Hotel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Central Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hotel_(Glasgow)"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"RSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Academician"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture"},{"link_name":"George Gilbert Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gilbert_Scott"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Portrait Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Govan Old Parish Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govan_Old_Parish_Church"},{"link_name":"Central Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hotel_(Glasgow)"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Catholic Apostolic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Place_Church"},{"link_name":"Mount Stuart House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Stuart_House"},{"link_name":"3rd Marquess of Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crichton-Stuart,_3rd_Marquess_of_Bute"}],"text":"Robert Rowand Anderson by James Pittendrigh Macgillivray 1921McEwan Hall, Edinburgh, by Rowand AndersonThe Central Hotel at Glasgow Central stationSir Robert Rowand Anderson, FRSE RSA (5 April 1834 – 1 June 1921) was a Scottish Victorian architect. Anderson trained in the office of George Gilbert Scott in London before setting up his own practice in Edinburgh in 1860. During the 1860s his main work was small churches in the 'First Pointed' (or Early English) style that is characteristic of Scott's former assistants. By 1880 his practice was designing some of the most prestigious public and private buildings in Scotland.His works include the Scottish National Portrait Gallery; the Dome of Old College, Medical Faculty and McEwan Hall, the University of Edinburgh; Govan Old Parish Church and the Pearce Institute; the Central Hotel at Glasgow Central Station, the Catholic Apostolic Church in Edinburgh and Mount Stuart House on the Isle of Bute for the 3rd Marquess of Bute.","title":"Robert Rowand Anderson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberton,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waterston-1"},{"link_name":"George Watson's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Watson%27s_College"},{"link_name":"Trustees' Drawing Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustees%27_Drawing_Academy"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"articled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articled"},{"link_name":"George Gilbert Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gilbert_Scott"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsa-2"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsa-2"},{"link_name":"Pierre Cuypers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Cuypers"},{"link_name":"Roermond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roermond"}],"text":"Anderson was born at Liberton, outside Edinburgh, the third child of James Anderson (1797-1869), a solicitor, and Margaret Rowand (1797-1868).[1] Educated at George Watson's College, he began a legal apprenticeship in 1845, and briefly worked for his father's firm. He began to study architecture in 1849, attending classes at the Trustees' Drawing Academy (which later became Edinburgh College of Art), and was articled to architect John Lessels (1809–1883).In 1857 he took a two-year post as an assistant to George Gilbert Scott, in his office at Trafalgar Square, London.[2] Here he worked alongside many influential architects. He then spent time travelling and studying in France and Italy,[2] also working briefly for Pierre Cuypers in Roermond, Netherlands.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle"},{"link_name":"Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leith"},{"link_name":"Scottish Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk"},{"link_name":"St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Alloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloa"},{"link_name":"Cupar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsa-2"},{"link_name":"Balerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balerno"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HESStMungoChurch-3"},{"link_name":"St Vigeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Vigeans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsa-2"},{"link_name":"Marquis of Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Patrick_Crichton-Stuart,_3rd_Marquess_of_Bute"},{"link_name":"David Bryce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bryce"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Royal Scottish Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Academy"},{"link_name":"McEwan Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McEwan_Hall"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Central_Station"},{"link_name":"Mount Stuart House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Stuart_House"},{"link_name":"3rd Marquess of Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crichton-Stuart,_3rd_Marquess_of_Bute"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Portrait Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery"},{"link_name":"George Washington Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Browne"},{"link_name":"Udny Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udny_Castle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Robert Weir Schultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Weir_Schultz"},{"link_name":"Robert Lorimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lorimer"},{"link_name":"Sydney Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"MacGibbon and Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacGibbon_and_Ross"},{"link_name":"Govan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govan"},{"link_name":"Iona Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iona_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Jedburgh Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedburgh_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Dunblane Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunblane_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Paisley Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Arthur Forman Balfour Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Forman_Balfour_Paul"},{"link_name":"Sir James Balfour Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Balfour_Paul"},{"link_name":"Lord Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lyon"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_bachelor"},{"link_name":"1902 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"Balmoral Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmoral_Castle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Royal Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Gold_Medal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsa-2"},{"link_name":"Incorporation of Architects in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Incorporation_of_Architects_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Alexander Lorne Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lorne_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsa-2"},{"link_name":"Colinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colinton"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Warriston Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warriston_Cemetery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014-10-25_022_(855x1280).jpg"}],"text":"In 1860, Anderson returned to Edinburgh, and began working as an architect with the Royal Engineers, undertaking works on coastal defences, and the 78th Highlanders memorial outside Edinburgh Castle. For Giles Gilbert Scott, he supervised the construction of St James's Church in Leith, which led to further commissions from the Scottish Episcopal Church, including Christ Church, Falkirk (1862), All Saints, Brougham Place, Edinburgh (1864), St Andrew's Church in St Andrews (1866), St John's, Alloa (1866), and St James, Cupar (1866). All of these were carried out alongside his work for the Royal Engineers, and show the influence of Scott's church designs.[citation needed]Anderson set up his own independent practice in 1868.[2] In 1869, St Mungo's Church in Balerno was completed to his design.[3]His first significant commission came in 1871, for the restoration of St Vigeans Parish Church, Angus. He went on to win the competition to design the Catholic Apostolic Church in Edinburgh,[2] now the Mansfield Traquair Centre on Mansfield Place in Broughton. Anderson joined the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, where he met future clients including the Marquis of Bute. In 1873 a short-lived partnership with David Bryce began, but was dissolved only a few months later.In 1874, he was invited to submit designs for a competition for the University of Edinburgh Medical Faculty and graduation hall. He undertook further study tours to Europe, resulting in the winning Italian Renaissance style design which was finalised in 1877.[citation needed] The design secured Anderson's election to the Royal Scottish Academy, although the Medical School was not completed until 1886, and the McEwan Hall not until 1897. His next major commission came soon after, in 1876, when he was appointed as architect for Glasgow Central Station. In 1878 Anderson designed a new Mount Stuart House (1878–1896) in an Italian Gothic style for the 3rd Marquess of Bute, following the destruction by fire of the previous house. The Scottish National Portrait Gallery (1884–1889) was designed in a similar style, and also executed in red sandstone.In 1881, Anderson made his employee George Washington Browne a partner, and two years later the firm became Wardrop, Anderson and Browne, following the death of Maitland Wardrop and the merger of his practice with Anderson's. However, Browne left in 1885, and Hew Wardrop died in 1887 at Udny Castle,[4] leaving Anderson as sole partner again.[5] Notable architects employed within the Anderson practice included Robert Weir Schultz, Robert Lorimer, and Sydney Mitchell.During the 1880s, Anderson's style became increasingly influenced by Scottish historical architecture, possibly as a result of his friendship with architectural historians MacGibbon and Ross. The Scottish influence is evident in the Normand Memorial Hall, Dysart (1882), Ardgowan Estate Office, Greenock (1886), and the Pearce Institute, Govan (1892).From the 1890s, restoration became the focus of Anderson's architecture, as major commissions declined. He had already undertaken work at Iona Abbey and Jedburgh Abbey in the 1870s, and now restored Dunblane Cathedral and Paisley Abbey. He became more involved in teaching, helping to set up a School of Applied Art in 1892. In 1903 this merged into the new Edinburgh College of Art, with Anderson as a trustee.In his later years Anderson became difficult to work with, and was perceived as arrogant. Another partnership, formed in 1899, was dissolved following lawsuits in 1902. Rowand Anderson and Paul was formed in 1904, with Arthur Forman Balfour Paul (who had trained under him from 1892 to 1896), son of Sir James Balfour Paul, the Lord Lyon.Anderson was knighted in the 1902 Birthday Honours for his work at the Scottish royal residence, Balmoral Castle.[6][7] In 1916 he was awarded the Royal Gold Medal for architecture.[2]By 1916, he was ill, but was able to found the Incorporation of Architects in Scotland (later the Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland) in that year, with fellow architect Alexander Lorne Campbell speaking and acting on his behalf.[2] Anderson donated his own Rutland Square townhouse to be used as its headquarters.He retired to Allermuir House on Woodhall Road in Colinton[8] and died there in 1921. He is buried in Warriston Cemetery. The grave is in a hard to find location on a lower level to the south-west, backing onto the western path.Gravestone of Sir Robert Rowand Anderson at Warriston Cemetery, Edinburgh","title":"Architectural career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basil Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Spence"},{"link_name":"William Kininmonth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kininmonth_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Anderson's architectural practice was carried on as Rowand Anderson and Paul (with Paul as sole partner), until Basil Spence and William Kininmonth joined in 1934, forming Rowand Anderson and Paul and Partners. Paul died in 1938, and Spence left in 1945, leaving Kininmonth to carry on as Rowand Anderson, Kininmonth and Paul. When Kininmonth retired in 1976, the firm split, with the Rowand Anderson name taken by Richard Ewing, who had been made a partner around 1971.[9] The Rowand Anderson Partnership is still based in Rutland Square.","title":"The Rowand Anderson practice"}]
[{"image_text":"Robert Rowand Anderson by James Pittendrigh Macgillivray 1921","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Robert_Rowand_Anderson_by_James_Pittendrigh_Macgillivray%2C_SNPG.JPG/260px-Robert_Rowand_Anderson_by_James_Pittendrigh_Macgillivray%2C_SNPG.JPG"},{"image_text":"McEwan Hall, Edinburgh, by Rowand Anderson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/McEwan_Hall%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/260px-McEwan_Hall%2C_Edinburgh.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Central Hotel at Glasgow Central station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rowand_Anderson_Central_Hotel.jpg/260px-Rowand_Anderson_Central_Hotel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gravestone of Sir Robert Rowand Anderson at Warriston Cemetery, Edinburgh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2014-10-25_022_%28855x1280%29.jpg/220px-2014-10-25_022_%28855x1280%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Waterston, Charles D; Macmillan Shearer, A (July 2006). Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783-2002: Biographical Index (PDF). Vol. I. Edinburgh: The Royal Society of Edinburgh. ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rse.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf","url_text":"Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783-2002: Biographical Index"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh","url_text":"The Royal Society of Edinburgh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-902198-84-5","url_text":"978-0-902198-84-5"}]},{"reference":"\"(Sir) Robert Rowand Anderson, DSA Architect Biography Report\". Dictionary of Scottish Architects. Retrieved 7 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200041","url_text":"\"(Sir) Robert Rowand Anderson, DSA Architect Biography Report\""}]},{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"11 LADYCROFT, ST MUNGO'S EPISCOPALIAN CHURCH WITH COTTAGE AND BOUNDARY WALL AND GATEPIERS (Category B Listed Building) (LB26991)\". Retrieved 18 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Environment Scotland"},{"url":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB26991","url_text":"\"11 LADYCROFT, ST MUNGO'S EPISCOPALIAN CHURCH WITH COTTAGE AND BOUNDARY WALL AND GATEPIERS (Category B Listed Building) (LB26991)\""}]},{"reference":"Sam McKinstry (1991). Rowand Anderson: the premier architect of Scotland. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0252-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MZYjAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Rowand Anderson: the premier architect of Scotland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0252-0","url_text":"978-0-7486-0252-0"}]},{"reference":"\"George Washington Browne (1853-1939(\". City of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120728172933/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/leisure/libraries/your_nearest_library/central%20library/fine_art/cec_george_washington_browne","url_text":"\"George Washington Browne (1853-1939(\""},{"url":"http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/leisure/libraries/your_nearest_library/central%20library/fine_art/cec_george_washington_browne","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Birthday Honours\". The Times. No. 36921. London. 10 November 1902. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 27510\". The London Gazette. 30 December 1902. p. 8967.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27510/page/8967","url_text":"\"No. 27510\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Gale Ewing\". Dictionary of Scottish Architects 1840–1980. Retrieved 4 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=203376","url_text":"\"Richard Gale Ewing\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Robert+Rowand+Anderson%22","external_links_name":"\"Robert Rowand Anderson\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Robert+Rowand+Anderson%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Robert+Rowand+Anderson%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Robert+Rowand+Anderson%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Robert+Rowand+Anderson%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Robert+Rowand+Anderson%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.rse.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf","external_links_name":"Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783-2002: Biographical Index"},{"Link":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200041","external_links_name":"\"(Sir) Robert Rowand Anderson, DSA Architect Biography Report\""},{"Link":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB26991","external_links_name":"\"11 LADYCROFT, ST MUNGO'S EPISCOPALIAN CHURCH WITH COTTAGE AND BOUNDARY WALL AND GATEPIERS (Category B Listed Building) (LB26991)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MZYjAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Rowand Anderson: the premier architect of Scotland"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120728172933/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/leisure/libraries/your_nearest_library/central%20library/fine_art/cec_george_washington_browne","external_links_name":"\"George Washington Browne (1853-1939(\""},{"Link":"http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/leisure/libraries/your_nearest_library/central%20library/fine_art/cec_george_washington_browne","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27510/page/8967","external_links_name":"\"No. 27510\""},{"Link":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=203376","external_links_name":"\"Richard Gale Ewing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070323195004/http://www.mansfieldtraquair.org.uk/building/rra.shtml","external_links_name":"Mansfield Traquair Centre"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/291242/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000011619184X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/35257118","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtcCRFwQqvQvj8mtR9JjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12221803p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12221803p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119014181","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91088415","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/97mqv6vt11xpdlg","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35833682","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/107480","external_links_name":"Musée d'Orsay"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/246737","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500005134","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1108179","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6d8297x","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Corsi
Camillo Corsi
["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Honours","4 References"]
Camillo CorsiMinister of the NavyIn office30 September 1915 – 16 June 1917Preceded byAntonio Salandra (interim)Succeeded byArturo Triangi di Maderno e LacesSenatorIn office15 December 1915 – 17 July 1921 Camillo Corsi (Rome, 13 May 1860 - Rome, 17 July 1921) was an Italian admiral and politician. He served as Minister of the Navy of the Kingdom of Italy in the second Salandra government and the Boselli government. Early life Corsi was the son of Tito Corsi and his wife Teresa Mazzetti. He enrolled at the Scuola di marina in 1874 and embarked on a naval career when he graduated in 1879. He took part in the Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889 as a tenente (lieutenant. In 1905 he was made chief of staff of Minister of the Navy Carlo Mirabello, where he assisted with the task of modernising and developing the Italian Regia Marina ("Royal Navy"). He was also editor of the Rivista Marittima for several years. He saw service in the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912, initially as a captain, though he was promoted to rear admiral in 1911 and also served as deputy chief of staff of the navy under Admiral Leone Viale. He distinguished himself in the occupation of several islands in the Aegean Sea and the assault on the Ottoman forts in the Dardanelles. In 1914 he was made commander of the Royal Naval Academy, and in 1915, when Italy entered the World War I, he was appointed commander of the First Naval squadron, with the battleship Conte di Cavour as is flagship, as well as chief of staff of the fleet. Political career Visit of Navy Minister Camillo Corsi from Grado to Passo Rolle On 24 September 1915 Navy Minister Leone Viale resigned following prolonged disagreements between Navy Chief of Staff Paolo Thaon di Revel and the commander-in-chief of the fleet, the Duke of Abruzzi, over the conduct of the naval war. A few days later the battleship Benedetto Brin blew up in the harbour of Brindisi in what was thought to be an act of Austrio-Hungarian sabotage. Prime Minister Salandra invited Corsi to join his cabinet, replacing Viale as Navy Minister. Corsi supported the ideas of the Duke of Abruzzi, so just 11 days after his appointment as minister, Thaon di Revel also resigned. Thereafter Corsi combined his former post with his cabinet role. This arrangement was intended to streamline command and reduce the tensions and disagreements that had plagued the navy since it entered the war. Soon after his ministerial appointment he was also sworn in as a senator of the Kingdom of Italy. Although he served as a minister for nearly two years, the experiment of combining his cabinet role with a naval one was not judged a success, and in June 1917 Thaon Di Revel returned to his former post as navy chief of staff, while his protégé Arturo Triangi took over as minister. Corsi returned to active naval service, and in 1918 he was moved to an auxiliary role. Honours Grand Cordon of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus - ribbon for ordinary uniform Grand Cordon of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown of Italy - ribbon for ordinary uniform Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown of Italy Commander of the Military Order of Savoy - ribbon for ordinary uniform Commander of the Military Order of Savoy References ^ a b c d e "CORSI Camillo". senato.it. Senato della Repubblica. Retrieved 21 December 2023. ^ "Corsi, Camillo". treccani.it. Enciclopedia on line. Retrieved 21 December 2023. ^ Almagià, Guido. "CORSI, Camillo". treccani.it. Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 22 December 2023. ^ a b Tucker, Spencer (2018). European Powers in the First World War An Encyclopedia. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 473. ISBN 9781135684259. Retrieved 22 December 2023. ^ Worth, Richard; O’Hara, Vincent; Dickson, David (2013). To Crown the Waves The Great Navies of the First World War. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781612512693. Retrieved 22 December 2023. ^ Halpern, Paul G. (2015). The Naval War in the Mediterranean 1914-1918. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 146. ISBN 9781317391869. Retrieved 22 December 2023. ^ Italia (1915). Gazzetta ufficiale del Regno d'Italia. Rome. p. 7092. Retrieved 22 December 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Halpern, Paul G. (2012). A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781612511726. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Navy_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"second Salandra government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Salandra_government"},{"link_name":"Boselli government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boselli_government"}],"text":"Camillo Corsi (Rome, 13 May 1860 - Rome, 17 July 1921) was an Italian admiral and politician. He served as Minister of the Navy of the Kingdom of Italy in the second Salandra government and the Boselli government.","title":"Camillo Corsi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_War_of_1887%E2%80%931889"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Navy_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Carlo Mirabello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Mirabello"},{"link_name":"Regia Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina"},{"link_name":"Rivista Marittima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivista_Marittima"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senato-1"},{"link_name":"Italo-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(navy)"},{"link_name":"rear admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"Leone Viale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leone_Viale"},{"link_name":"Aegean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Dardanelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senato-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Treccani-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(naval)"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"Conte di Cavour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_battleship_Conte_di_Cavour"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senato-1"}],"text":"Corsi was the son of Tito Corsi and his wife Teresa Mazzetti. He enrolled at the Scuola di marina in 1874 and embarked on a naval career when he graduated in 1879. He took part in the Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889 as a tenente (lieutenant. In 1905 he was made chief of staff of Minister of the Navy Carlo Mirabello, where he assisted with the task of modernising and developing the Italian Regia Marina (\"Royal Navy\"). He was also editor of the Rivista Marittima for several years.[1]He saw service in the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912, initially as a captain, though he was promoted to rear admiral in 1911 and also served as deputy chief of staff of the navy under Admiral Leone Viale. He distinguished himself in the occupation of several islands in the Aegean Sea and the assault on the Ottoman forts in the Dardanelles.[1][2][3]In 1914 he was made commander of the Royal Naval Academy, and in 1915, when Italy entered the World War I, he was appointed commander of the First Naval squadron, with the battleship Conte di Cavour as is flagship, as well as chief of staff of the fleet.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visit_of_Navy_Minister_Camillo_Corsi_from_Grado_to_Passo_Rolle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grado,_Friuli_Venezia_Giulia"},{"link_name":"Passo Rolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passo_Rolle"},{"link_name":"Leone Viale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leone_Viale"},{"link_name":"Paolo Thaon di Revel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Thaon_di_Revel"},{"link_name":"Duke of Abruzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi"},{"link_name":"Benedetto Brin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_battleship_Benedetto_Brin"},{"link_name":"Brindisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindisi"},{"link_name":"Austrio-Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker-4"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"senator of the Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senato-1"},{"link_name":"Arturo Triangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Triangi_di_Maderno_e_Laces"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senato-1"}],"text":"Visit of Navy Minister Camillo Corsi from Grado to Passo RolleOn 24 September 1915 Navy Minister Leone Viale resigned following prolonged disagreements between Navy Chief of Staff Paolo Thaon di Revel and the commander-in-chief of the fleet, the Duke of Abruzzi, over the conduct of the naval war. A few days later the battleship Benedetto Brin blew up in the harbour of Brindisi in what was thought to be an act of Austrio-Hungarian sabotage.[4]Prime Minister Salandra invited Corsi to join his cabinet, replacing Viale as Navy Minister. Corsi supported the ideas of the Duke of Abruzzi, so just 11 days after his appointment as minister, Thaon di Revel also resigned.[5] Thereafter Corsi combined his former post with his cabinet role.[4] This arrangement was intended to streamline command and reduce the tensions and disagreements that had plagued the navy since it entered the war.[6] Soon after his ministerial appointment he was also sworn in as a senator of the Kingdom of Italy.[7][1]Although he served as a minister for nearly two years, the experiment of combining his cabinet role with a naval one was not judged a success, and in June 1917 Thaon Di Revel returned to his former post as navy chief of staff, while his protégé Arturo Triangi took over as minister.[8]Corsi returned to active naval service, and in 1918 he was moved to an auxiliary role.[1]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"}]
[{"image_text":"Visit of Navy Minister Camillo Corsi from Grado to Passo Rolle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Visit_of_Navy_Minister_Camillo_Corsi_from_Grado_to_Passo_Rolle.jpg/220px-Visit_of_Navy_Minister_Camillo_Corsi_from_Grado_to_Passo_Rolle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grand Cordon of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus - ribbon for ordinary uniform","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_Regno_SSML_BAR.svg/60px-Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_Regno_SSML_BAR.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown of Italy - ribbon for ordinary uniform","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cavaliere_di_Gran_Croce_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg/60px-Cavaliere_di_Gran_Croce_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Commander of the Military Order of Savoy - ribbon for ordinary uniform","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Commendatore_OMS_BAR.svg/60px-Commendatore_OMS_BAR.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"CORSI Camillo\". senato.it. Senato della Repubblica. Retrieved 21 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://notes9.senato.it/web/senregno.nsf/96ec2bcd072560f1c125785d0059806a/a0eeeac591ac68714125646f005a7690?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"CORSI Camillo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corsi, Camillo\". treccani.it. Enciclopedia on line. Retrieved 21 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/camillo-corsi/","url_text":"\"Corsi, Camillo\""}]},{"reference":"Almagià, Guido. \"CORSI, Camillo\". treccani.it. Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 22 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/camillo-corsi_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/","url_text":"\"CORSI, Camillo\""}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Spencer (2018). European Powers in the First World War An Encyclopedia. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 473. ISBN 9781135684259. Retrieved 22 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mnh0DwAAQBAJ&dq=camillo+corsi&pg=PA473","url_text":"European Powers in the First World War An Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135684259","url_text":"9781135684259"}]},{"reference":"Worth, Richard; O’Hara, Vincent; Dickson, David (2013). To Crown the Waves The Great Navies of the First World War. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781612512693. Retrieved 22 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2RlFAAAAQBAJ&dq=camillo+corsi&pg=PT111","url_text":"To Crown the Waves The Great Navies of the First World War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612512693","url_text":"9781612512693"}]},{"reference":"Halpern, Paul G. (2015). The Naval War in the Mediterranean 1914-1918. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 146. ISBN 9781317391869. Retrieved 22 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JuWoCgAAQBAJ&dq=camillo+corsi&pg=PA146","url_text":"The Naval War in the Mediterranean 1914-1918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317391869","url_text":"9781317391869"}]},{"reference":"Italia (1915). Gazzetta ufficiale del Regno d'Italia. Rome. p. 7092. Retrieved 22 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8lKyrKSgIkkC&dq=camillo+corsi&pg=PA7092","url_text":"Gazzetta ufficiale del Regno d'Italia"}]},{"reference":"Halpern, Paul G. (2012). A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781612511726. Retrieved 22 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wK4_6LF60GsC","url_text":"A Naval History of World War I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612511726","url_text":"9781612511726"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://notes9.senato.it/web/senregno.nsf/96ec2bcd072560f1c125785d0059806a/a0eeeac591ac68714125646f005a7690?OpenDocument","external_links_name":"\"CORSI Camillo\""},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/camillo-corsi/","external_links_name":"\"Corsi, Camillo\""},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/camillo-corsi_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/","external_links_name":"\"CORSI, Camillo\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mnh0DwAAQBAJ&dq=camillo+corsi&pg=PA473","external_links_name":"European Powers in the First World War An Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2RlFAAAAQBAJ&dq=camillo+corsi&pg=PT111","external_links_name":"To Crown the Waves The Great Navies of the First World War"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JuWoCgAAQBAJ&dq=camillo+corsi&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"The Naval War in the Mediterranean 1914-1918"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8lKyrKSgIkkC&dq=camillo+corsi&pg=PA7092","external_links_name":"Gazzetta ufficiale del Regno d'Italia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wK4_6LF60GsC","external_links_name":"A Naval History of World War I"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_in_the_Skies
Triumph in the Skies
["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","2.1 Main cast","2.2 Secondary cast","2.3 Recurring cast","2.4 Guest stars","3 References","4 External links"]
Drama was shown on the first episode by TVB on October 27, 2003 This article is about the 2003 TV show. For the 2013 TV show, see Triumph in the Skies II. For the 2015 film, see Triumph in the Skies (film). Triumph in the SkiesPromotional poster衝上雲霄GenreModern dramaStarringFrancis NgFlora ChanJoe MaMyolie WuMichelle YeRon NgSammul ChanBosco WongKenneth MaNancy WuShek SauMary HonLouisa SoJerry LambOpening theme"歲月如歌" by Eason ChanEnding theme"我不愛你" by Flora ChanCountry of originHong KongOriginal languageCantoneseNo. of episodes40ProductionProducerPoon Ka TakRunning time45 minutes (approx.)Original releaseNetworkTVB JadeRelease27 October (2003-10-27) –19 December 2003 (2003-12-19)RelatedTriumph in the Skies II (2013) Triumph in the Skies (film) (2015) Triumph in the Skies is a Hong Kong drama television series that premiered on TVB in 2003, starring Francis Ng, Flora Chan, Joe Ma and Myolie Wu. The drama tells the lives of pilots working for the fictional Solar Airways based on Hong Kong's Cathay Pacific. It has been cited as one of TVB's best serial dramas at the time, and there were plans for a sequel to be filmed in 2006. However, it was delayed due to negotiations with an airline to provide support. In May 2011, TVB announced that a sequel was in development, with filming beginning in the early months of 2012. The sequel, titled Triumph in the Skies II, aired on TVB Jade on 15 July 2013. Triumph in the Skies has been compared to the now-cancelled NBC series LAX. It sparked an interest in aviation when first aired amongst Hong Kong viewers, as well as an interest in a small doll named "Triangel" featured early on in the series. Location filming included Japan, Italy, and Australia, with sequence shots at Parafield Airport in Adelaide being memorable for their in-depth depiction of flight training. Synopsis Triumph in the Skies is about the daily life of the staff of the fictional airline Solar Airways. The show revolves around the friendship of Samuel Tong (Francis Ng) and Vincent Ling (Joe Ma), childhood friends who became pilots for Solar Airways and who have to balance their friendship, professional life, as well as their goals to become Hong Kong's first ethnic Chinese captain. Samuel and Vincent are then thrust into a love triangle relationship with Belle (Flora Chan), an air stewardess with Solar. After many misunderstandings and lost opportunities, the love triangle came to an end. Vincent and Belle became married, while Samuel became acquainted with Zoe (Myolie Wu), a sick passenger who came to idolize him. She became part of the airport's ground crew due to the hospitality she encountered during that eventful journey back to Hong Kong. All the while, Solar begins cadet recruitment. Samuel Tong's long lost younger brother Issac (Ron Ng) enters the cadet recruitment to prove to his brother Samuel that he can make it as a cadet, there he meets Chris (Bosco Wong), Donald (Sammul Chan), Roy (Kenneth Ma), and Zita (Michelle Ye) and they subsequently become close friends. Like his brother, Issac is thrust into a love triangle while cadet training in Australia with Zita (Michelle Ye) and Donald (Sammul Chan) which leaves the other two stuck in the middle of the love triangle. As Belle and Samuel accept each other as close friends, a jealous Vincent grows contentious in his friendship with Samuel. Misunderstandings between Belle and Samuel, led Vincent to the verge of divorce, before seeing the light in his relationship but not before a tragic accident takes his life. Belle spirals into depression and delusional thoughts while grieving for her husband. But Zoe, who has been in an awkward and often one-sided romantic relationship with a much older Samuel, begins to second guess her relationship and decides to let Samuel pursue a second chance with the newly-widowed Belle. After an eventful journey in their cadet training, the friends pass their cadet training to become pilots with Solar Airways. Cast Main cast 唐亦琛 Samuel Tong Yik Sam (portrayed by Francis Ng) - A senior first officer at Solar Airways. Having grown up with best buddy, Vincent, they both strive to be the first Chinese captain at Solar. Straitlaced and serious, he regularly checks his emotions, so he often appears cold-hearted. 樂以珊 Isabelle "Belle" Lok Yi San (portrayed by Flora Chan) - A member of the Solar cabin crew, she first met Samuel in Rome and falls in love with him. Due to a misunderstanding, however, she eventually met and fell in love with Vincent, and marries him instead. 凌雲志 Vincent Ling Wan Chi (portrayed by Joe Ma) - Sam's best friend and fellow senior first officer. He was a playboy and treated his relationships with women casually, but he later changed his outlook on life. He dies mid-series. 蘇怡 Zoe So Yi (portrayed by Myolie Wu) - A bubbly, vivacious and naive person, she aspired to work at the airport after a medical incident on an airplane. Secondary cast 童希欣 Zita Tung Hei Yan (portrayed by Michelle Ye) - She began her career as the only female trainee pilot in the cadre. Growing up in a single parent family, she repeatedly searched for her father, whom she believes is in Japan. 唐亦風 Issac Tong Yik Fung (portrayed by Ron Ng) - The younger brother of Samuel. He grew up believing his mother was his older sister, but finally found out the truth behind his family story. Initially immature and irresponsible, he later became a second officer with Solar. 萬浩聰 Donald Man Ho Chung (portrayed by Sammul Chan) - Coming from a wealthy family, he followed his love interest, Zita, into Solar as a second officer, and nurtured a love for that profession. 謝立豪 Chris Tse Lap Ho (portrayed by Bosco Wong) - Despite being relatively poorer than Donald, he grew up with him, due to his father's occupation as Donald's father's chauffeur. He aspired for a career in aviation. 高志宏 Roy Ko Chi Wan (portrayed by Kenneth Ma) - A poor kid who joined Solar to upgrade and continue the family tradition of being drivers, which is the occupation of all of his family members. 凌卓芝 Coco Ling Cheuk Chi (portrayed by Nancy Wu) - Vincent's little sister who lived in Australia until she moved to Hong Kong to join Solar as an air stewardess. Initially jealous of Belle, she is soon won over. 唐璜 Phillip Tong Wong (portrayed by Shek Sau) -The previously womanising playboy father of Samuel and Isaac, who works in the airport as their head chef. 刑佳美 Cammy Ying Kai Mei (portrayed by Mary Hon) - Wife of Phillip and the mother of both Samuel and Isaac. She and Phillip were separated once, but has since reunited. She later joined the airport as Public Relations Manager. 貝嘉露 Ruby Pui Ka Lo(portrayed by Louisa So) - Airport Ground Supervisor and one of Belle's best friends and ex-housemate. She is strict in her work and demands the best in everyone. 莫善波 Paul Mok Sin Bor (portrayed by Jerry Lamb) - Zoe's cousin. He initially aspired to be a pilot, but after failing his pilot examination three times, he joined the airport ground staff instead. 葉雁婷 Tina Yip Ngar Ting (portrayed by Rebecca Chan) - Zita's mother; training instructor for cabin crew. 丘慧琪 Vicky Yau Wai Ki (portrayed by Margaret Chung) - An experienced stewardess onboard Solar aircraft. Recurring cast Kam Chak Tai (Lok Ying Kwan) Tony Ching, Senior First Officer (Patrick Dunn) Szeto Hin (Andy Tai) Tang Wai Nei (Natalie Wong) Chee Sheung Man (Deno Cheung) Tong Wan Miu (Fung Hiu Man) Chow Wan Tin (Samuel Lau) Mimi (Eileen Yeow) Guest stars Episode 6: Twins Episode 26: Eason Chan Episodes 34, 37, and 39: Cerina de Graca Episodes 34, 37, 39, and 40: Patrick Tang Episode 32, 35: Josh Wong, Dave Wong Episode 40(end): Fred Cheng, Chris Lai References Review of series Clips, magazine scans, episode summaries External links Triumph in the Skies (衝上雲霄) at IMDb vteTriumph in the SkiesTelevision series Triumph in the Skies (2003)
 Triumph in the Skies II (2013) Film Triumph in the Skies (2015)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Triumph in the Skies II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_in_the_Skies_II"},{"link_name":"Triumph in the Skies (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_in_the_Skies_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_drama"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"TVB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVB"},{"link_name":"Francis Ng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ng"},{"link_name":"Flora Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Chan"},{"link_name":"Joe Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ma_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Myolie Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myolie_Wu"},{"link_name":"Cathay Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathay_Pacific"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Triumph in the Skies II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_in_the_Skies_II"},{"link_name":"TVB Jade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVB_Jade"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"LAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Parafield Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafield_Airport"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"}],"text":"This article is about the 2003 TV show. For the 2013 TV show, see Triumph in the Skies II. For the 2015 film, see Triumph in the Skies (film).Triumph in the Skies is a Hong Kong drama television series that premiered on TVB in 2003, starring Francis Ng, Flora Chan, Joe Ma and Myolie Wu. The drama tells the lives of pilots working for the fictional Solar Airways based on Hong Kong's Cathay Pacific.It has been cited as one of TVB's best serial dramas at the time, and there were plans for a sequel to be filmed in 2006. However, it was delayed due to negotiations with an airline to provide support.[citation needed] In May 2011, TVB announced that a sequel was in development, with filming beginning in the early months of 2012. The sequel, titled Triumph in the Skies II, aired on TVB Jade on 15 July 2013.Triumph in the Skies has been compared to the now-cancelled NBC series LAX. It sparked an interest in aviation when first aired amongst Hong Kong viewers, as well as an interest in a small doll named \"Triangel\" featured early on in the series.Location filming included Japan, Italy, and Australia, with sequence shots at Parafield Airport in Adelaide being memorable for their in-depth depiction of flight training.","title":"Triumph in the Skies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Ng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ng"},{"link_name":"Joe Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ma_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Flora Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Chan"},{"link_name":"Myolie Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myolie_Wu"},{"link_name":"Bosco Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosco_Wong"},{"link_name":"Sammul Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammul_Chan"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Ma"},{"link_name":"Michelle Ye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Ye"},{"link_name":"Michelle Ye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Ye"},{"link_name":"Sammul Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammul_Chan"}],"text":"Triumph in the Skies is about the daily life of the staff of the fictional airline Solar Airways. The show revolves around the friendship of Samuel Tong (Francis Ng) and Vincent Ling (Joe Ma), childhood friends who became pilots for Solar Airways and who have to balance their friendship, professional life, as well as their goals to become Hong Kong's first ethnic Chinese captain. Samuel and Vincent are then thrust into a love triangle relationship with Belle (Flora Chan), an air stewardess with Solar.After many misunderstandings and lost opportunities, the love triangle came to an end. Vincent and Belle became married, while Samuel became acquainted with Zoe (Myolie Wu), a sick passenger who came to idolize him. She became part of the airport's ground crew due to the hospitality she encountered during that eventful journey back to Hong Kong.All the while, Solar begins cadet recruitment. Samuel Tong's long lost younger brother Issac (Ron Ng) enters the cadet recruitment to prove to his brother Samuel that he can make it as a cadet, there he meets Chris (Bosco Wong), Donald (Sammul Chan), Roy (Kenneth Ma), and Zita (Michelle Ye) and they subsequently become close friends. Like his brother, Issac is thrust into a love triangle while cadet training in Australia with Zita (Michelle Ye) and Donald (Sammul Chan) which leaves the other two stuck in the middle of the love triangle.As Belle and Samuel accept each other as close friends, a jealous Vincent grows contentious in his friendship with Samuel. Misunderstandings between Belle and Samuel, led Vincent to the verge of divorce, before seeing the light in his relationship but not before a tragic accident takes his life. Belle spirals into depression and delusional thoughts while grieving for her husband. But Zoe, who has been in an awkward and often one-sided romantic relationship with a much older Samuel, begins to second guess her relationship and decides to let Samuel pursue a second chance with the newly-widowed Belle.After an eventful journey in their cadet training, the friends pass their cadet training to become pilots with Solar Airways.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Ng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ng"},{"link_name":"Solar Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Airways_and_Skylette_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Flora Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Chan"},{"link_name":"Joe Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ma_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Myolie Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myolie_Wu"}],"sub_title":"Main cast","text":"唐亦琛 Samuel Tong Yik Sam (portrayed by Francis Ng) - A senior first officer at Solar Airways. Having grown up with best buddy, Vincent, they both strive to be the first Chinese captain at Solar. Straitlaced and serious, he regularly checks his emotions, so he often appears cold-hearted.\n樂以珊 Isabelle \"Belle\" Lok Yi San (portrayed by Flora Chan) - A member of the Solar cabin crew, she first met Samuel in Rome and falls in love with him. Due to a misunderstanding, however, she eventually met and fell in love with Vincent, and marries him instead.\n凌雲志 Vincent Ling Wan Chi (portrayed by Joe Ma) - Sam's best friend and fellow senior first officer. He was a playboy and treated his relationships with women casually, but he later changed his outlook on life. He dies mid-series.\n蘇怡 Zoe So Yi (portrayed by Myolie Wu) - A bubbly, vivacious and naive person, she aspired to work at the airport after a medical incident on an airplane.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michelle Ye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Ye"},{"link_name":"Ron Ng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Ng"},{"link_name":"Sammul Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammul_Chan"},{"link_name":"Bosco Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosco_Wong"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Ma"},{"link_name":"Nancy Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Wu"},{"link_name":"Shek Sau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shek_Sau"},{"link_name":"Mary Hon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Hon"},{"link_name":"Louisa So","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_So"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lamb"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Chan"},{"link_name":"Margaret Chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Chung_(actress)"}],"sub_title":"Secondary cast","text":"童希欣 Zita Tung Hei Yan (portrayed by Michelle Ye) - She began her career as the only female trainee pilot in the cadre. Growing up in a single parent family, she repeatedly searched for her father, whom she believes is in Japan.\n唐亦風 Issac Tong Yik Fung (portrayed by Ron Ng) - The younger brother of Samuel. He grew up believing his mother was his older sister, but finally found out the truth behind his family story. Initially immature and irresponsible, he later became a second officer with Solar.\n萬浩聰 Donald Man Ho Chung (portrayed by Sammul Chan) - Coming from a wealthy family, he followed his love interest, Zita, into Solar as a second officer, and nurtured a love for that profession.\n謝立豪 Chris Tse Lap Ho (portrayed by Bosco Wong) - Despite being relatively poorer than Donald, he grew up with him, due to his father's occupation as Donald's father's chauffeur. He aspired for a career in aviation.\n高志宏 Roy Ko Chi Wan (portrayed by Kenneth Ma) - A poor kid who joined Solar to upgrade and continue the family tradition of being drivers, which is the occupation of all of his family members.\n凌卓芝 Coco Ling Cheuk Chi (portrayed by Nancy Wu) - Vincent's little sister who lived in Australia until she moved to Hong Kong to join Solar as an air stewardess. Initially jealous of Belle, she is soon won over.\n唐璜 Phillip Tong Wong (portrayed by Shek Sau) -The previously womanising playboy father of Samuel and Isaac, who works in the airport as their head chef.\n刑佳美 Cammy Ying Kai Mei (portrayed by Mary Hon) - Wife of Phillip and the mother of both Samuel and Isaac. She and Phillip were separated once, but has since reunited. She later joined the airport as Public Relations Manager.\n貝嘉露 Ruby Pui Ka Lo(portrayed by Louisa So) - Airport Ground Supervisor and one of Belle's best friends and ex-housemate. She is strict in her work and demands the best in everyone.\n莫善波 Paul Mok Sin Bor (portrayed by Jerry Lamb) - Zoe's cousin. He initially aspired to be a pilot, but after failing his pilot examination three times, he joined the airport ground staff instead.\n葉雁婷 Tina Yip Ngar Ting (portrayed by Rebecca Chan) - Zita's mother; training instructor for cabin crew.\n丘慧琪 Vicky Yau Wai Ki (portrayed by Margaret Chung) - An experienced stewardess onboard Solar aircraft.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lok Ying Kwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Ying_Kwan"},{"link_name":"Natalie Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Wong"},{"link_name":"Eileen Yeow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Yeow"}],"sub_title":"Recurring cast","text":"Kam Chak Tai (Lok Ying Kwan)\nTony Ching, Senior First Officer (Patrick Dunn)\nSzeto Hin (Andy Tai)\nTang Wai Nei (Natalie Wong)\nChee Sheung Man (Deno Cheung)\nTong Wan Miu (Fung Hiu Man)\nChow Wan Tin (Samuel Lau)\nMimi (Eileen Yeow)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twins_(group)"},{"link_name":"Eason Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eason_Chan"},{"link_name":"Cerina de Graca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cerina_de_Graca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Patrick Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Tang"},{"link_name":"Dave Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Wong"},{"link_name":"Fred Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Cheng"},{"link_name":"Chris Lai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lai"}],"sub_title":"Guest stars","text":"Episode 6: Twins\nEpisode 26: Eason Chan\nEpisodes 34, 37, and 39: Cerina de Graca\nEpisodes 34, 37, 39, and 40: Patrick Tang\nEpisode 32, 35: Josh Wong, Dave Wong\nEpisode 40(end): Fred Cheng, Chris Lai","title":"Cast"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.spcnet.tv/reviews/review.php?rID=294","external_links_name":"Review of series"},{"Link":"http://www.tvbsquare.com/TVBextras/triumphintheskies_main.htm","external_links_name":"Clips, magazine scans, episode summaries"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0441052/","external_links_name":"Triumph in the Skies (衝上雲霄)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_Castle
Hex Castle
["1 History","2 Today","3 See also","4 Notes","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°46′09″N 5°21′38″E / 50.76917°N 5.36056°E / 50.76917; 5.36056Château in Limburg, Belgium Main facade of Hex Castle Heks Castle (Dutch: Kasteel van Heks) is a château in the village of Heks in the municipality of Heers, province of Limburg, Belgium. History The house was built in the 1770s by the Liège architect Etienne Fayen for the Prince-Bishop of Liège, Franz Karl, Count of Velbrück (1719–1784). As a humanist and nature-lover, the prince-bishop chose this spot in the scenic Haspengouw region on which to build his country house and to lay out a number of gardens, including a Chinese garden, a kitchen garden and a rose garden. Later he added one of the first landscaped parks on the European mainland, inspired by the English landscaping of Capability Brown. The bishop died here in 1784. Today The estate is now in the private possession of Count Ghislain d' Ursel, since the third generation. They keep the estate in shape and restore the valuable gardens and heritage. The rose garden contains an exceptional assortment of about 250 varieties, of which the oldest were present in the original garden. Since 1970 Countess Michel d'Ursel restored and increased the original formal Renaissance garden laid out by Prince Bishop Velbruck in 1770. In 2003 the Garden of Roses was granted the Award of Garden Excellence by the World Federation of Rose Societies. The gardens and the park are open to the public on selected weekends during the summer months. See also Ursel family List of castles in Belgium Notes ^ the French form of the name, Hex, is also common, although the castle is in the Flemish Region ^ "The Garden of Roses at Hex Castle". World Federation of Rose Societies. 2012-11-10. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-08-11. ^ "Award of Garden Excellence". World Federation of Rose Societies. November 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-07-27. Retrieved 2014-08-11. External links Photos Global view (Belgium) Castle website (in English) 50°46′09″N 5°21′38″E / 50.76917°N 5.36056°E / 50.76917; 5.36056vte Castles in Belgium Abée Castle Acoz Castle Alden Biesen Castle Chateau des Amerois Annevoie Castle Antoing Castle Château d'Anvaing Château royal d'Ardenne Ardooie Castle Kasteel van Arenberg Aspremont-Lynden Castle Attre Castle Beauvoorde Castle Beersel Castle Château de Belœil Belvédère Castle La Berlière Castle Château de Beurthé Château Bilquin de Cartier Binche Palace Blanmont Castle Boelare Castle Château de Bois-Seigneur-Isaac Bolland Castle Bonlez Castle Bonneville Castle Bornem Castle Borrekens Castle Bossenstein Castle Bouchout Castle Château de Bouillon Braine Castle Château des Cailloux Chimay Castle Royal Castle of Ciergnon Cleydael Castle Château de Corroy-le-Château Couwelaar Castle Crèvecœur Castle Crupet Castle Dave Castle Deulin Castle Diepenbeek Castle Donnea Castle Château de Duras Écaussinnes-Lalaing Castle Elewijt Castle Castle of l'Estriverie Fagnolle Castle Falaën Castle La Falize Castle Château de Fallais Falnuée Castle Fanson Castle Farciennes Castle Faulx-les-Tombes Castle Fernelmont Castle Château de Flawinne Florennes Castle Château de Fontaine Fontaine-l'Évêque Castle Fosteau Castle Château de La Fougeraie Franc-Waret Castle Franchimont Castle Castle of Freÿr Gaasbeek Castle Geeraard de Duivelsteen Gors Castle Gravensteen Groot-Bijgaarden Castle Guirsch Castle Ham-sur-Heure Castle Hamal Castle Harzé Castle Hasselbrouck Castle Haultepenne Castle Hauteroche Castle Haversin Castle Havré Castle Heers Castle Hélécine Castle Hex Castle Houtain-le-Val Castle Ingelmunster Castle Jannée Castle Jehay-Bodegnée Castle Jemeppe Castle Kruishoutem Castle Karreveld Castle Kasteel van Laarne Kasteel Lagendal Landwijk Castle Lassus Castle Laval Castle Château de Lavaux-Sainte-Anne Kasteel van Leeuwergem Leignon castle Limont Castle Loppem Castle Male Castle Château Malou Meylandt Castle Château Miranda Mirwart Castle Château de Modave Montaigle Castle Montquintin Castle Morialmé Castle Nieuwerkerken Castle Nokere Castle Ommerstein Castle Ooidonk Castle Oostkerke Castle Opprebais Castle Ouren Castle Kasteel van Poeke Rameyen Castle Ravenhof Castle (Torhout) Reinhardstein Castle Renesse Castle Reuland Castle Reijvissche Castle Rivieren Castle (Ganshoren) La Roche-en-Ardenne Castle Le Rœulx Castle Château-ferme de Roly Château Rose Château Rouge La Royère Castle Royseux Castle Rullingen Castle Rumbeke Castle Château-ferme de Samart Sars-la-Bruyère Castle Sart-Eustache Castle Château de Seneffe Solre-sur-Sambre Castle Solvay Castle Sombreffe Castle Sorghvliedt Castle Spanjaardenkasteel Spiere Castle Spontin Castle Het Steen Sterckshof Château du Stuyvenberg Tavigny Castle Templeuve Castle Ter Leyen Castle Thoricourt Castle Thuillies Castle Castle of Thy-le-Château Tielen Castle Tillegem Castle Tornaco Castle Trazegnies Castle D'Ursel Castle Château of Val-Duchesse Château de Vêves La Vicomté Castle Vierset Castle Vierves-sur-Viroin Castle Villers-sur-Semois Castle De Viron Castle Vogelsanck Castle Vonêche Castle Castle of Waha Walberg Castle Waleffe Castle Walzin Castle Castle of Warfusée Waroux Castle Wégimont Castle Castle of Westerlo Westmalle Castle Kasteel van Wijnendale Wissekerke Castle Château de Wodémont Zeebroeck Castle Zétrud-Lumay Castle This article about a castle or château in Belgium is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kasteel_van_Heks.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"château","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau"},{"link_name":"Heers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heers"},{"link_name":"province of Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"}],"text":"Château in Limburg, BelgiumMain facade of Hex CastleHeks Castle (Dutch: Kasteel van Heks)[1] is a château in the village of Heks in the municipality of Heers, province of Limburg, Belgium.","title":"Hex Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Etienne Fayen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etienne_Fayen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prince-Bishop of Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishop_of_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Franz Karl, Count of Velbrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Charles_de_Velbr%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"Haspengouw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haspengouw"},{"link_name":"rose garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_garden"},{"link_name":"English landscaping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_landscape_garden"},{"link_name":"Capability Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability_Brown"}],"text":"The house was built in the 1770s by the Liège architect Etienne Fayen for the Prince-Bishop of Liège, Franz Karl, Count of Velbrück (1719–1784). As a humanist and nature-lover, the prince-bishop chose this spot in the scenic Haspengouw region on which to build his country house and to lay out a number of gardens, including a Chinese garden, a kitchen garden and a rose garden. Later he added one of the first landscaped parks on the European mainland, inspired by the English landscaping of Capability Brown. The bishop died here in 1784.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Count Ghislain d' Ursel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursel_family"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"World Federation of Rose Societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Rose_Societies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-garden_award-3"}],"text":"The estate is now in the private possession of Count Ghislain d' Ursel, since the third generation. They keep the estate in shape and restore the valuable gardens and heritage.The rose garden contains an exceptional assortment of about 250 varieties, of which the oldest were present in the original garden. Since 1970 Countess Michel d'Ursel restored and increased the original formal Renaissance garden laid out by Prince Bishop Velbruck in 1770.[2] In 2003 the Garden of Roses was granted the Award of Garden Excellence by the World Federation of Rose Societies.[3]The gardens and the park are open to the public on selected weekends during the summer months.","title":"Today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Flemish Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Region"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"The Garden of Roses at Hex Castle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140812205802/http://www.worldrose.org/awards/gardens/hex.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.worldrose.org/awards/gardens/hex.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-garden_award_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Award of Garden Excellence\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140727163944/http://www.worldrose.org/awards/gardens/gardens.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.worldrose.org/awards/gardens/gardens.asp"}],"text":"^ the French form of the name, Hex, is also common, although the castle is in the Flemish Region\n\n^ \"The Garden of Roses at Hex Castle\". World Federation of Rose Societies. 2012-11-10. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-08-11.\n\n^ \"Award of Garden Excellence\". World Federation of Rose Societies. November 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-07-27. Retrieved 2014-08-11.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Main facade of Hex Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kasteel_van_Heks.jpg/220px-Kasteel_van_Heks.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Ursel family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursel_family"},{"title":"List of castles in Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Belgium"}]
[{"reference":"\"The Garden of Roses at Hex Castle\". World Federation of Rose Societies. 2012-11-10. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205802/http://www.worldrose.org/awards/gardens/hex.asp","url_text":"\"The Garden of Roses at Hex Castle\""},{"url":"http://www.worldrose.org/awards/gardens/hex.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Award of Garden Excellence\". World Federation of Rose Societies. November 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-07-27. Retrieved 2014-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140727163944/http://www.worldrose.org/awards/gardens/gardens.asp","url_text":"\"Award of Garden Excellence\""},{"url":"http://www.worldrose.org/awards/gardens/gardens.asp","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hex_Castle&params=50_46_09_N_5_21_38_E_region:BE_type:landmark_source:kolossus-nlwiki","external_links_name":"50°46′09″N 5°21′38″E / 50.76917°N 5.36056°E / 50.76917; 5.36056"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205802/http://www.worldrose.org/awards/gardens/hex.asp","external_links_name":"\"The Garden of Roses at Hex Castle\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldrose.org/awards/gardens/hex.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140727163944/http://www.worldrose.org/awards/gardens/gardens.asp","external_links_name":"\"Award of Garden Excellence\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldrose.org/awards/gardens/gardens.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.globalview.be/search.asp?pid=3&idp=10091&ft=Hex&pos=1&back_pid=2","external_links_name":"Photos"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110227194147/http://www.hex.be/hex.taf?IdNav=6","external_links_name":"Castle website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hex_Castle&params=50_46_09_N_5_21_38_E_region:BE_type:landmark_source:kolossus-nlwiki","external_links_name":"50°46′09″N 5°21′38″E / 50.76917°N 5.36056°E / 50.76917; 5.36056"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hex_Castle&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia%27s_Next_Top_Model
Asia's Next Top Model
["1 Search for contestants","2 Format","3 Judges","4 Cycles","5 Contestants per country","6 Controversies","6.1 Glenn Tan","6.2 Mai Ngo","7 Viewership","8 International broadcasts","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
Reality television series This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Asia's Next Top Model" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Asia's Next Top ModelAlso known asAsNTMGenreReality televisionCreated byTyra BanksBased onAmerica's Next Top ModelPresented by Nadya Hutagalung Georgina Wilson Cindy Bishop Judges Todd Anthony Tyler Daniel Boey Joey Mead King Mike Rosenthal Adam Williams Alex Perry Kelly Tandiono Yu Tsai Cara G. McIlroy Original languageEnglishNo. of seasons6No. of episodes75ProductionExecutive producersKaren SeahMark ArbitrarioSam GollestaniGlenn SimsRunning time43–45 minutesProduction companiesIce-TV (C1)activeTV (C2)Beach House Pictures (C3)FremantleMedia Asia (C4)Refinery Media (C5-6)Original releaseNetworkStar World (2012–2017)Fox Life (2018)Release25 November 2012 (2012-11-25) –24 October 2018 (2018-10-24) Asia's Next Top Model (abbreviated as AsNTM) is a reality television show based on the American franchise America's Next Top Model in which a number of aspiring models compete for the title of Asia's Next Top Model and a chance to start their career in the modeling industry. The show features models from the entire Far East region (East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia). Search for contestants An extensive online search takes place for the selection process. Models of Asian descent or nationality are all allowed to apply, but they must be able to speak and write in English. All applicants are required to be at least 16 and no older than 27 years of age, and at least 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) tall. Contestants who have previously participated in another Top Model franchise can still apply for the competition as long as they were not the winner, and are not currently under contractual obligations with an agency or endorsing any product or brand. Format Main article: Top Model § Format description Show logo used from 2012–2017 Each cycle of Asia's Next Top Model has about 12-13 regular episodes, with a special recap episode which airs near the end of each cycle. Each cycle generally begins with about 14–16 contestants. Contestants are judged weekly on their overall appearance, participation in challenges, and their best photos from that week's photo shoot. Each episode, one contestant is eliminated, though in rare cases a double elimination or non-elimination was given by consensus of the judging panel. Makeovers are given to contestants early in the cycle (usually after the first or second elimination) and a trip to an international destination is sometimes scheduled about two-thirds of the way through the cycle. In contrast the American version, the contestants receive instruction from a mentor who helps coach them in various aspects of the modelling industry and acts as a general assistant during photo shoots and challenges. Past mentors have included Joey Mead King (cycles 1–3), Kelly Tandiono (cycle 4) and Cara G. McIlroy (cycle 5). Beginning with cycle 4, the show adapted the scoring system introduced in the American version. The scores included the judges' scores of photoshoot and the challenge scores. Judges For the sixth cycle, Cindy Bishop and Yu Tsai returned to the panel as the host and creative consultant of the show, respectively. Cara G. McIlroy did not return for the sixth cycle. Instead, she was replaced by Monika Sta. Maria from cycle 3, Shikin Gomez and Minh Tu Nguyen from cycle 5 as model mentors throughout the sixth cycle. However, they did not participate in the judging panel. Previous judges of the show include photographers Todd Anthony Tyler (cycle 1), Mike Rosenthal (cycles 2–3), creative director Daniel Boey (cycle 1 & 4) and fashion designer Alex Perry (cycle 3), model mentor Joey Mead King (cycles 1–3), Kelly Tandiono (cycle 4), and Cara G. McIlroy (cycle 5), catwalk coach Adam Williams (cycle 2), and head judges/hosts Nadya Hutagalung (cycles 1–2), and Georgina Wilson (cycle 3). Judge/Mentor Cycles 1 (2012-2013) 2 (2014) 3 (2015) 4 (2016) 5 (2017) 6 (2018) Hosts Nadya Hutagalung Main Georgina Wilson Main Guest Cindy Bishop Main Judging Panelists Daniel Boey Main Recurring Joey Mead King Main Todd Anthony Tyler Main Mike Rosenthal Main Recurring Adam Williams Guest Main Alex Perry Guest Main Kelly Tandiono Main Yu Tsai Main Cara G. McIlroy Guest Guest Main Guest Cycles Cycle Premiere date Winner Runner-up Other contestants in order of elimination Number of contestants International Destinations 1Singapore 25 November 2012 Jessica Amornkuldilok Kate MaStephanie Retuya Kyla Tan, Monica Benjaratjarunun (quit), Bei Si Liu, Jee Choi & Filantropi Witoko, Thuy Trang Nguyen, Rachel Erasmus, Melissa Th'ng, Helena Chan, Aastha Pokharel, Sofia Wakabayashi 14 BatamHong Kong 2Malaysia 8 January 2014 Sheena Liam Jodilly Pendre Jessie Yang, Elektra Yu, Bona Kometa, Ji-hye Moon, Nhu Thao Phan, Poojaa Gill, Sneha Ghosh & Janice Hermijanto, Tia Taveepanichpan, Natalie Pickles, Josephine Tan, Nicole Lee, Marie Nakagawa, Katarina Rodriguez 16 Hong Kong 3Singapore 25 March 2015 Ayu Gani Monika Sta. MariaAimee Cheng-Bradshaw Shareeta Selvaraj, Kiana Guyon, Rani Ramadhany, Lorretta Chow & Celine Duong, Franchesca Lagua, Melissa Tan, KB Barlow, Tahlia Raji, Amanda Chan, Barbara Katsuki 14 None 4Singapore 9 March 2016 Tawan Kedkong Patricia GunawanSang-in Kim Maya Goldman, Tugs Saruul, Quỳnh Mai Ngo, Gwen Ruais, Alaiza Malinao (quit), Jessica Lam, Aldilla Zahraa, May Htet Aung, Tuti Noor, Angie Watkins, Julian Flores 14 None 5Singapore 5 April 2017 Maureen Wroblewitz Minh Tu NguyenShikin Gomez Anjelica Santillan, Heidi Grods, Jennica Sanchez, Layla Ong, Alicia Amin, Randhawa Nametha (disqualified), Valerie Krasnadewi & Dorothy Petzold, Veronika Krasnasari, Cindy Chen, Clara Tan 14 Kuala Lumpur 6Thailand 22 August 2018 Dana Slosar Adela MarshallMia Sabathy Lena Saetiao & Hody Yim, Sharnie Fenn, Iko Bustomi, Jesslyn Lim, Rubini Sambanthan, Yi Han Si, Jachin Manere, Thanh Vy Nguyen, Pim Bubear & Beauty Thet Thinn 14 None Contestants per country Main article: List of Asia's Next Top Model contestants Asia's Next Top Model contestants per country Country/Region Cycle 1 2 3 4 5 6 China Bei Si Liu Jessie Yang — Hong Kong Helena Chan Elektra Yu KB BarlowLorretta Chow Jessica Lam — Hody Yim India Rachel Erasmus Sneha Ghosh — Indonesia Filantropi Witoko Janice HermijantoBona Kometa Ayu GaniTahlia RajiRani Ramadhany Patricia GunawanAldilla Zahraa Clara TanVeronika KrasnadewiValerie Krasnadewi Jesslyn LimIko Bustomi Japan Sofia Wakabayashi Marie Nakagawa Barbara Katsuki — Sharnie Fenn Malaysia Melissa Th'ng Sheena LiamJosephine Tan Melissa TanShareeta Selvaraj Tuti Noor Shikin GomezAlicia Amin Rubini Sambanthan Mongolia — Tugs Saruul — Myanmar — May Myat Noe — Beauty Thet Thinn Nepal Aastha Pokharel — Philippines Stephanie Retuya Jodilly PendreKatarina Rodriguez Monika Sta. MariaAmanda ChanFranchesca Lagua Julian FloresAlaiza MalinaoGwen Ruais Maureen WroblewitzJennica SanchezAnjelica Santillan Adela-Mae MarshallJachin Manere Singapore Kyla Tan Nicole LeePoojaa Gill Aimee Cheng-Bradshaw Angie Watkins Randhawa NamethaLayla Ong Yi Han Si South Korea Jee Choi Jihye Moon — Sang In Kim — Taiwan Kate Ma Natalie Pickles — Cindy Chen Mia Sabathy Thailand Jessica AmornkuldilokMonica Benjaratjarunun Tia Taveepanichpan Kiana Guyon Tawan KedkongMaya Goldman Dorothy PetzoldHeidi Grods Dana SlosarPim BubearLena Saetiao Vietnam Nguyen Thuy Trang Phan Nhu Thao Celine Duong Mai Ngo Quynh Nguyen Minh Tu Nguyen Thanh Vy   The contestant in bold won in her respective season.   The contestant in italic placed as a runner-up in her respective season. ^ a b The contestant decided to quit the competition. ^ The contestant was disqualified in her respective season. Controversies Glenn Tan Subaru executive Glenn Tan, who was a guest panelist in the fourth episode of cycle 4, sparked backlash on social media after reprimanding South Korean contestant Sang In Kim. Kim, who was told by Tan, "Who the fuck do you think you are to roll your eyes at me? If I'm the client, I am never, ever going to hire you!", was defended by fans of the show on Facebook. Executive producer of Asia's Next Top Model Sam Gollestani told the BBC, "Glenn provides the perspective of a client when choosing a model to front campaigns for products, which is why he was invited to be a guest judge this season. This scene is reflective of what considerations go into making these decisions when working in the fashion and modelling industry." Mai Ngo In May 2016, twelfth-placing contestant Mai Ngo Quynh, from Vietnam, was fined VND22,500,000 (US$1,000) by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (MCST), after it was ruled that she had entered Asia's Next Top Model illegally. Vietnam's official rules specify that all people who participate in beauty competitions abroad must obtain secure permission from the MCST and have won at least one national title. Mai had previously competed on the Vietnamese version of Top Model and in Miss Universe Vietnam, but had not won any titles. It was reported that she was summoned to report to the MCST three times but had failed to do so. The MCST had previously banned her from walking in Vietnam International Fashion Week in April. Mai claimed she did not know that the rule applied to non-professional models, and applied for mitigation of penalty. Viewership Cycle Timeslot (UTC+08/+07) Season premiere Season finale Network Season Regional viewers(in millions) 1 Sun 8:55/7:55 pm 25 November 2012 (2012-11-25) 17 February 2013 (2013-02-17) Star World 2012-2013 39 2 Wed 9:40/8:40 pm 8 January 2014 (2014-01-08) 9 April 2014 (2014-04-09) 2014 — 3 Wed 8:45/7:45 pm 25 March 2015 17 June 2015 2015 4 Wed 9:00/8:00 pm 9 March 2016 1 June 2016 2016 5 5 April 2017 28 June 2017 2017 15 Television 23 YouTube 6 22 August 2018 24 October 2018 Fox Life 2018 N/A International broadcasts Asia's Next Top Model was broadcast in all parts of Asia via cable channel Star World (then Fox Life). The first, fifth and sixth cycle of the series were free to watch on the show's official YouTube channel, but the videos are currently set to private viewing. All other local free-to-air channels aired the series on a one-week delayed schedule. Country/Region Channel Date Translated title Dub/Subtitle Arab World OSN Al Yawm (cycle 1) 12 January 2013 — — Hong Kong TVB TBA Indonesia RCTI (cycle 1) 7 December 2012 Subtitled in Indonesian TV One (cycle 4, 5) 20 March 2016 – 15 April 2017 NET. (cycle 2, 6) 8 February 2014 – 22 August 2018 INews (cycle 3) 25 March – 17 June 2015 Japan TV Asahi (cycle 1) 9 March 2013 Dubbed in Japanese Philippines Studio 23 (cycle 1) 9 December 2012 – 3 March 2013 — Velvet (cycle 1) TV5 (cycles 2, 4-5) 16 January 2014 – 24 April 2014 23 March 2016 GMA Network (cycle 3) 19 April 2015 – 12 July 2015 Singapore Channel 5 (cycle 1) 2 December 2012 Mio (cycle 3) 22 May 2015 StarHub (cycle 3) 15 May 2015 South Korea OnStyle (cycle 3) 13 December 2015 Thailand Channel 8 (cycle 1) 4 December 2012 Dubbed and subtitled in Thai Channel V Thailand (cycle 2) 15 January 2014 3 SD (cycle 3) 21 April 2015 3 Family (cycle 4,5) 20 March 2016 15 April 2017 Fox Thailand (cycle 5,6) 5 April 2017 22 August 2018 GMM 25 (cycle 6) 24 August 2018 Vietnam VTC – Let's Viet (cycle 1) 2 December 2012 Dubbed in Vietnamese — VTC1 (cycle 4) 27 March 2016 VTV3 (cycle 5) April 2017 See also Cambodia's Next Top Model China's Next Top Model India's Next Top Model Top Model India Indonesia's Next Top Model Korea's Next Top Model The Models Philippines' Next Top Model Thailand's Next Top Model Vietnam's Next Top Model References ^ "Fox International Channels announces season 4 of Asia's Next Top Model". FremantleMedia. 3 September 2015. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "The search for Asia's next top model returns". www.thesundaily.my. Archived from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "Asia's Next Top Model 6 reveals names of contestants". The Jakarta Post. 19 July 2018. ^ "Outrage after S Korean contestant lambasted on Asia's Next Top Model". BBC News. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016. ^ a b "Vietnamese model fined for entering 'Asia's Next Top Model' without permission". Thanh Nien Daily. 7 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016. ^ "Trước Asia's Next Top Model, Quỳnh Mai là ai?". SaoStar.vn (in Vietnamese). 11 March 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016. ^ VCCorp.vn (6 May 2016). "Thi chui tại Asia's Next Top Model, Quỳnh Mai chính thức bị xử phạt 22,5 triệu đồng". kenh14.vn. Retrieved 24 May 2016. ^ a b "Star World to Premiere Asia's Next Top Model S2 In January '14" Archived 4 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, CASBAA, date: 3 October 2013. ^ "STAR World - Asia's Next Top Model S3". Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015. ^ a b ""Thanks for making Season 5 a big success..."". Asia's Next Top Model Facebook. Retrieved 7 August 2017. ^ "AsiasNextTopModel's channel". YouTube. ^ "AsiasNextTopModel". YouTube. Retrieved 3 June 2014. ^ "Asia's Next Top Model s2 – EPISODE #2". YouTube. 21 January 2014. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014. External links Official website vteAsia's Next Top ModelSeasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hosts Nadya Hutagalung Georgina Wilson Cindy Bishop ContestantsWinners Jessica Amornkuldilok Sheena Liam Ayu Gani Tawan Kedkong Maureen Wroblewitz Dana Slosar Other alumni Helena Chan Aastha Pokharel Josephine Tan Katarina Rodriguez Jodilly Pendre Lorretta Chow Monika Sta. Maria Gwen Ruais May Myat Noe Patricia Gunawan Sang In Kim Minh Tu Nguyen Rubini Sambanthan Related Cambodia's Next Top Model China's Next Top Model India's Next Top Model Top Model India Indonesia's Next Top Model The Models Philippines' Next Top Model Korea's Next Top Model Thailand's Next Top Model Vietnam's Next Top Model vteTop ModelNational franchises United States (original) Albania Australia Austria Belgium (Topmodel, Belgium's Next Top Model) Brazil Cambodia Canada China Colombia Croatia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary India (India's Next Top Model, Top Model India) Indonesia Israel Italy Kazakhstan Malta Mexico Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Peru Philippines Poland Romania Russia (You are a supermodel, Top Model po-russki, You are a Top Model) Serbia Slovakia Slovenia South Korea Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Multinational franchises Africa Asia Benelux Caribbean Scandinavia (Top Model, Top Model Curves) United Kingdom & Ireland Italics indicate inactive or cancelled franchise
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"America's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model"}],"text":"Reality television seriesAsia's Next Top Model (abbreviated as AsNTM) is a reality television show based on the American franchise America's Next Top Model in which a number of aspiring models compete for the title of Asia's Next Top Model and a chance to start their career in the modeling industry. The show features models from the entire Far East region (East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia).","title":"Asia's Next Top Model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"An extensive online search takes place for the selection process. Models of Asian descent or nationality are all allowed to apply, but they must be able to speak and write in English. All applicants are required to be at least 16 and no older than 27 years of age, and at least 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) tall. Contestants who have previously participated in another Top Model franchise can still apply for the competition as long as they were not the winner, and are not currently under contractual obligations with an agency or endorsing any product or brand.[2]","title":"Search for contestants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asia%27s_Next_Top_Model_logo.png"}],"text":"Show logo used from 2012–2017Each cycle of Asia's Next Top Model has about 12-13 regular episodes, with a special recap episode which airs near the end of each cycle. Each cycle generally begins with about 14–16 contestants. Contestants are judged weekly on their overall appearance, participation in challenges, and their best photos from that week's photo shoot.Each episode, one contestant is eliminated, though in rare cases a double elimination or non-elimination was given by consensus of the judging panel. Makeovers are given to contestants early in the cycle (usually after the first or second elimination) and a trip to an international destination is sometimes scheduled about two-thirds of the way through the cycle.In contrast the American version, the contestants receive instruction from a mentor who helps coach them in various aspects of the modelling industry and acts as a general assistant during photo shoots and challenges. Past mentors have included Joey Mead King (cycles 1–3), Kelly Tandiono (cycle 4) and Cara G. McIlroy (cycle 5). Beginning with cycle 4, the show adapted the scoring system introduced in the American version. The scores included the judges' scores of photoshoot and the challenge scores.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sixth cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_6"},{"link_name":"Cindy Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Yu Tsai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Tsai"},{"link_name":"Monika Sta. Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monika_Sta._Maria"},{"link_name":"cycle 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_3"},{"link_name":"Minh Tu Nguyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minh_Tu_Nguyen"},{"link_name":"cycle 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Todd Anthony Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Anthony_Tyler"},{"link_name":"Alex Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Perry"},{"link_name":"Joey Mead King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Mead_King"},{"link_name":"Nadya Hutagalung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadya_Hutagalung"},{"link_name":"Georgina Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina_Wilson"}],"text":"For the sixth cycle, Cindy Bishop and Yu Tsai returned to the panel as the host and creative consultant of the show, respectively. Cara G. McIlroy did not return for the sixth cycle. Instead, she was replaced by Monika Sta. Maria from cycle 3, Shikin Gomez and Minh Tu Nguyen from cycle 5 as model mentors throughout the sixth cycle.[3][4] However, they did not participate in the judging panel.Previous judges of the show include photographers Todd Anthony Tyler (cycle 1), Mike Rosenthal (cycles 2–3), creative director Daniel Boey (cycle 1 & 4) and fashion designer Alex Perry (cycle 3), model mentor Joey Mead King (cycles 1–3), Kelly Tandiono (cycle 4), and Cara G. McIlroy (cycle 5), catwalk coach Adam Williams (cycle 2), and head judges/hosts Nadya Hutagalung (cycles 1–2), and Georgina Wilson (cycle 3).","title":"Judges"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cycles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-quit_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-quit_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DQ_6-0"}],"text":"The contestant in bold won in her respective season.The contestant in italic placed as a runner-up in her respective season.^ a b The contestant decided to quit the competition.\n\n^ The contestant was disqualified in her respective season.","title":"Contestants per country"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Subaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru"},{"link_name":"cycle 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_4"},{"link_name":"Sang In Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Sang_In"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Glenn Tan","text":"Subaru executive Glenn Tan, who was a guest panelist in the fourth episode of cycle 4, sparked backlash on social media after reprimanding South Korean contestant Sang In Kim. Kim, who was told by Tan, \"Who the fuck do you think you are to roll your eyes at me? If I'm the client, I am never, ever going to hire you!\", was defended by fans of the show on Facebook. Executive producer of Asia's Next Top Model Sam Gollestani told the BBC, \"Glenn provides the perspective of a client when choosing a model to front campaigns for products, which is why he was invited to be a guest judge this season. This scene is reflective of what considerations go into making these decisions when working in the fashion and modelling industry.\"[5]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture,_Sports_and_Tourism_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese version of Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Miss Universe Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"mitigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitigation_(law)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Mai Ngo","text":"In May 2016, twelfth-placing contestant Mai Ngo Quynh, from Vietnam, was fined VND22,500,000 (US$1,000) by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (MCST), after it was ruled that she had entered Asia's Next Top Model illegally. Vietnam's official rules specify that all people who participate in beauty competitions abroad must obtain secure permission from the MCST and have won at least one national title.[6] Mai had previously competed on the Vietnamese version of Top Model[7] and in Miss Universe Vietnam, but had not won any titles. It was reported that she was summoned to report to the MCST three times but had failed to do so.[6] The MCST had previously banned her from walking in Vietnam International Fashion Week in April. Mai claimed she did not know that the rule applied to non-professional models, and applied for mitigation of penalty.[8]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Viewership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_World"},{"link_name":"Fox Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Life"},{"link_name":"first","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_1"},{"link_name":"fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_5"},{"link_name":"sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_6"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Asia's Next Top Model was broadcast in all parts of Asia via cable channel Star World (then Fox Life). The first, fifth and sixth cycle of the series were free to watch on the show's official YouTube channel, but the videos are currently set to private viewing.[12][13][14] All other local free-to-air channels aired the series on a one-week delayed schedule.","title":"International broadcasts"}]
[]
[{"title":"Cambodia's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"title":"China's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"title":"India's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"title":"Top Model India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Model_India"},{"title":"Indonesia's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"title":"Korea's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"title":"The Models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Models_(Mongolian_TV_show)"},{"title":"Philippines' Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines%27_Next_Top_Model"},{"title":"Thailand's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"title":"Vietnam's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%27s_Next_Top_Model"}]
[{"reference":"\"Fox International Channels announces season 4 of Asia's Next Top Model\". FremantleMedia. 3 September 2015. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151010111148/http://www.fremantlemedia.com/news/news-detail/15-09-07/Fox_International_Channels_announces_season_4_of_Asia%e2%80%99s_Next_Top_Model.aspx","url_text":"\"Fox International Channels announces season 4 of Asia's Next Top Model\""},{"url":"http://www.fremantlemedia.com/news/news-detail/15-09-07/Fox_International_Channels_announces_season_4_of_Asia%E2%80%99s_Next_Top_Model.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181123120358/http://www.asntm.com/new/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AsNTM6_Eligibility_Requirements-2018-03-14-FNGNB.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.asntm.com/new/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AsNTM6_Eligibility_Requirements-2018-03-14-FNGNB.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The search for Asia's next top model returns\". www.thesundaily.my. Archived from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180901044438/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2018/08/06/search-asia%E2%80%99s-next-top-model-returns","url_text":"\"The search for Asia's next top model returns\""},{"url":"http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2018/08/06/search-asia%E2%80%99s-next-top-model-returns","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Asia's Next Top Model 6 reveals names of contestants\". The Jakarta Post. 19 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/07/20/asias-next-top-model-6-reveals-names-of-contestants.html","url_text":"\"Asia's Next Top Model 6 reveals names of contestants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Outrage after S Korean contestant lambasted on Asia's Next Top Model\". BBC News. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-35931747","url_text":"\"Outrage after S Korean contestant lambasted on Asia's Next Top Model\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vietnamese model fined for entering 'Asia's Next Top Model' without permission\". Thanh Nien Daily. 7 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thanhniennews.com/arts-culture/vietnamese-model-fined-for-entering-asias-next-top-model-without-permission-61888.html","url_text":"\"Vietnamese model fined for entering 'Asia's Next Top Model' without permission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trước Asia's Next Top Model, Quỳnh Mai là ai?\". SaoStar.vn (in Vietnamese). 11 March 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://saostar.vn/tv-show/truoc-asia-next-top-model-quynh-mai-la-ai-339923.html","url_text":"\"Trước Asia's Next Top Model, Quỳnh Mai là ai?\""}]},{"reference":"VCCorp.vn (6 May 2016). \"Thi chui tại Asia's Next Top Model, Quỳnh Mai chính thức bị xử phạt 22,5 triệu đồng\". kenh14.vn. Retrieved 24 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://kenh14.vn/thi-chui-tai-asias-next-top-model-quynh-mai-chinh-thuc-bi-xu-phat-225-trieu-dong-20160506093232109.chn","url_text":"\"Thi chui tại Asia's Next Top Model, Quỳnh Mai chính thức bị xử phạt 22,5 triệu đồng\""}]},{"reference":"\"STAR World - Asia's Next Top Model S3\". Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150320172310/http://www.starworldasia.tv/Programmes/AsiasNextTopModel/Guide","url_text":"\"STAR World - Asia's Next Top Model S3\""},{"url":"http://www.starworldasia.tv/Programmes/AsiasNextTopModel/Guide","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Thanks for making Season 5 a big success...\"\". Asia's Next Top Model Facebook. Retrieved 7 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/AsNTMOfficial/posts/1802897556667165:0","url_text":"\"\"Thanks for making Season 5 a big success...\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"AsiasNextTopModel's channel\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/user/AsiasNextTopModel","url_text":"\"AsiasNextTopModel's channel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"AsiasNextTopModel\". YouTube. Retrieved 3 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/user/AsiasNextTopModel/videos","url_text":"\"AsiasNextTopModel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asia's Next Top Model s2 – EPISODE #2\". YouTube. 21 January 2014. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140626060459/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UHTqi5hOZpI","url_text":"\"Asia's Next Top Model s2 – EPISODE #2\""},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UHTqi5hOZpI","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Asia%27s_Next_Top_Model","external_links_name":"reviewed"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Asia%27s+Next+Top+Model%22","external_links_name":"\"Asia's Next Top Model\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Asia%27s+Next+Top+Model%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Asia%27s+Next+Top+Model%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Asia%27s+Next+Top+Model%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Asia%27s+Next+Top+Model%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Asia%27s+Next+Top+Model%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151010111148/http://www.fremantlemedia.com/news/news-detail/15-09-07/Fox_International_Channels_announces_season_4_of_Asia%e2%80%99s_Next_Top_Model.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Fox International Channels announces season 4 of Asia's Next Top Model\""},{"Link":"http://www.fremantlemedia.com/news/news-detail/15-09-07/Fox_International_Channels_announces_season_4_of_Asia%E2%80%99s_Next_Top_Model.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181123120358/http://www.asntm.com/new/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AsNTM6_Eligibility_Requirements-2018-03-14-FNGNB.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.asntm.com/new/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AsNTM6_Eligibility_Requirements-2018-03-14-FNGNB.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180901044438/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2018/08/06/search-asia%E2%80%99s-next-top-model-returns","external_links_name":"\"The search for Asia's next top model returns\""},{"Link":"http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2018/08/06/search-asia%E2%80%99s-next-top-model-returns","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/07/20/asias-next-top-model-6-reveals-names-of-contestants.html","external_links_name":"\"Asia's Next Top Model 6 reveals names of contestants\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-35931747","external_links_name":"\"Outrage after S Korean contestant lambasted on Asia's Next Top Model\""},{"Link":"http://www.thanhniennews.com/arts-culture/vietnamese-model-fined-for-entering-asias-next-top-model-without-permission-61888.html","external_links_name":"\"Vietnamese model fined for entering 'Asia's Next Top Model' without permission\""},{"Link":"http://saostar.vn/tv-show/truoc-asia-next-top-model-quynh-mai-la-ai-339923.html","external_links_name":"\"Trước Asia's Next Top Model, Quỳnh Mai là ai?\""},{"Link":"http://kenh14.vn/thi-chui-tai-asias-next-top-model-quynh-mai-chinh-thuc-bi-xu-phat-225-trieu-dong-20160506093232109.chn","external_links_name":"\"Thi chui tại Asia's Next Top Model, Quỳnh Mai chính thức bị xử phạt 22,5 triệu đồng\""},{"Link":"http://www.casbaa.com/media-and-resources/news-center/members-news/6155-star-world-to-premiere-asias-next-top-model-s2-in-january-14","external_links_name":"\"Star World to Premiere Asia's Next Top Model S2 In January '14\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215532/http://www.casbaa.com/media-and-resources/news-center/members-news/6155-star-world-to-premiere-asias-next-top-model-s2-in-january-14","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150320172310/http://www.starworldasia.tv/Programmes/AsiasNextTopModel/Guide","external_links_name":"\"STAR World - Asia's Next Top Model S3\""},{"Link":"http://www.starworldasia.tv/Programmes/AsiasNextTopModel/Guide","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/AsNTMOfficial/posts/1802897556667165:0","external_links_name":"\"\"Thanks for making Season 5 a big success...\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/AsiasNextTopModel","external_links_name":"\"AsiasNextTopModel's channel\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/AsiasNextTopModel/videos","external_links_name":"\"AsiasNextTopModel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140626060459/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UHTqi5hOZpI","external_links_name":"\"Asia's Next Top Model s2 – EPISODE #2\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UHTqi5hOZpI","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.asntm.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_cherry
Cherry blossom
["1 Classification","2 Hanami: Flower viewing in Japan","3 Blooming season","3.1 Impacts of climate change","4 Symbolism in Japan","4.1 Mono no aware","4.2 Nationalism and militarism","4.3 Artistic and popular uses","5 Cultivars","6 Cultivation by country","7 The origin of wild cherry species","8 Culinary use","8.1 Toxicity","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","12 Sources","13 External links"]
Blossom of the cherry tree "Cherry Blossom" and "Sakura" redirect here. For other uses, see Cherry Blossom (disambiguation) and Sakura (disambiguation). Cherry blossom tree in Yachounomori Garden, Tatebayashi, Gunma, Japan The cherry blossom, or sakura, is the flower of trees in Prunus subgenus Cerasus. "Sakura" usually refers to flowers of ornamental cherry trees, such as cultivars of Prunus serrulata, not trees grown for their fruit: 14–18  (although these also have blossoms). Cherry blossoms have been described as having a vanilla-like smell, which is mainly attributed to coumarin. Wild species of cherry tree are widely distributed, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. They are common in East Asia, especially in Japan, where they have been cultivated, producing many varieties.: 40–42, 160–161  Most of the ornamental cherry trees planted in parks and other places for viewing are cultivars developed for ornamental purposes from various wild species. In order to create a cultivar suitable for viewing, a wild species with characteristics suitable for viewing is needed. Prunus speciosa (Oshima cherry), which is endemic to Japan, produces many large flowers, is fragrant, easily mutates into double flowers and grows rapidly. As a result, various cultivars, known as the Cerasus Sato-zakura Group, have been produced since the 14th century and continue to contribute greatly to the development of hanami (flower viewing) culture.: 27, 89–91 : 160–161  From the modern period, cultivars are mainly propagated by grafting, which quickly produces cherry trees with the same genetic characteristics as the original individuals, and which are excellent to look at.: 89–91  The Japanese word sakura (桜 or 櫻; さくら or サクラ) can mean either the tree or its flowers (see 桜). The cherry blossom is considered the national flower of Japan, and is central to the custom of hanami. Sakura trees are often called Japanese cherry in English. (This is also a common name for Prunus serrulata.) The cultivation of ornamental cherry trees began to spread in Europe and the United States in the early 20th century, particularly after Japan presented trees to the United States as a token of friendship in 1912.: 119–123  British plant collector Collingwood Ingram conducted important studies of Japanese cherry trees after the First World War. Classification Classifying cherry trees is often confusing, since they are relatively prone to mutation and have diverse flowers and characteristics, and many varieties (a sub-classification of species), hybrids between species, and cultivars exist. Researchers have assigned different scientific names to the same type of cherry tree throughout different periods.: 32–37  In Europe and North America, ornamental cherry trees are classified under the subgenus Cerasus ("true cherries"), within the genus Prunus. Cerasus consists of about 100 species of cherry tree, but does not include bush cherries, bird cherries, or cherry laurels (other non-Cerasus species in Prunus are plums, peaches, apricots, and almonds). Cerasus was originally named as a genus in 1700 by de Tournefort. In 1753, Linnaeus combined it with several other groupings to form a larger Prunus genus. Cerasus was later converted into a section and then a subgenus, this system becoming widely accepted, but some botanists resurrected it as a genus instead. In China and Russia, where there are many more wild cherry species than in Europe, Cerasus continues to be used as a genus.: 14–18  In Japan, ornamental cherry trees were traditionally classified in the genus Prunus, as in Europe and North America, but after a 1992 paper by Hideaki Ohba of the University of Tokyo, classification in the genus Cerasus became more common.: 14–18  This means that (for example) the scientific name Cerasus incisa is now used in Japan instead of Prunus incisa. Prunus speciosa (Oshima cherry), a species of cherry tree that has given rise to many cultivars A culture of plum blossom viewing has existed in mainland China since ancient times, and although cherry trees have many wild species, most of them had small flowers, and the distribution of wild cherry trees with large flowers suitable for cherry blossom viewing was limited.: 160–161  In Europe and North America, there were few cherry species with characteristics suitable for cherry blossom viewing.: 122  In Japan, on the other hand, the Prunus speciosa (Oshima cherry) and Prunus jamasakura (Yamazakura), which have large flowers suitable for cherry blossom viewing and tend to grow into large trees, were distributed over a fairly large area of the country and were close to people's living areas. The development of cherry blossom viewing, and the production of cultivars, is therefore considered to have taken place primarily in Japan.: 160–161  Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan' or 'Sekiyama', one of the most popular cherry tree cultivars in Europe and North America, selected for the British Award of Garden Merit: 40–42  Because cherry trees have mutable traits, many cultivars have been created for cherry blossom viewing, especially in Japan. Since the Heian period, the Japanese have produced cultivars by selecting superior or mutant trees from among the natural crossings of wild cherry trees. They were also produced by crossing trees artificially and then breeding them by grafting and cutting. Oshima, Yamazakura, Prunus pendula f. ascendens (syn, Prunus itosakura, Edo higan), and other varieties which grow naturally in Japan, mutate easily. The Oshima cherry, which is an endemic species in Japan, tends to mutate into a double-flowered tree, grows quickly, has many large flowers, and has a strong fragrance. Due to these favorable characteristics, the Oshima cherry has been used as a base for many Sakura cultivars (called the Sato-zakura Group). Two such cultivars are the Yoshino cherry and Kanzan; Yoshino cherries are actively planted in Asian countries, and Kanzan is actively planted in Western countries.: 86–95, 106, 166–168 : 40–42  Hanami: Flower viewing in Japan Main article: Hanami Woodblock print of Mount Fuji and cherry blossom from Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji by Hiroshige. 1858. "Hanami" is the many centuries-old practice of holding feasts or parties under blooming sakura (桜 or 櫻; さくら or サクラ) or ume (梅; うめ) trees. During the Nara period (710–794), when the custom is said to have begun, it was ume blossoms that people admired. By the Heian period (794–1185), however, cherry blossoms were attracting more attention, and 'hanami' was synonymous with 'sakura'. From then on, in both waka and haiku, "flowers" (花, hana) meant "cherry blossoms," as implied by one of Izumi Shikibu's poems. The custom was originally limited to the elite of the Imperial Court but soon spread to samurai society and, by the Edo period, to the common people as well. Tokugawa Yoshimune planted areas of cherry blossom trees to encourage this. Under the sakura trees, people held cheerful feasts where they ate, and drank sake.: 2–7, 156–160  Since a book written in the Heian period mentions "weeping cherry" (しだり櫻; 糸櫻), one of the cultivars with pendulous branches, Prunus itosakura 'Pendula' (Sidare-zakura) is considered the oldest cultivar in Japan. In the Kamakura period, when the population increased in the southern Kantō region, the Oshima cherry, which originated in Izu Oshima Island, was brought to Honshu and cultivated there; it then made its way to the capital, Kyoto. The Sato-zakura Group first appeared during the Muromachi period. Jindai-zakura , a 2,000-year-old Prunus itosakura: 178–182  Prunus itosakura (syn. Prunus subhirtella, Edo higan) is a wild species that grows slowly. However, it has the longest life span among cherry trees and is easy to grow into large trees. For this reason, there are many large, old specimens of this species in Japan. They are often regarded as sacred and have become landmarks that symbolize Shinto shrines, Buddhist temples, and local areas. For example, Jindai-zakura , which is around 2,000 years old, Usuzumi-zakura , which is around 1,500 years old, and Daigo-zakura , which is around 1,000 years old, are famous for their age.: 178–182  'Kanzan' is a double-flowered cultivar developed in the Edo period. It has 20 to 50 petals in a flower.: 93, 103–104  In the Edo period, various double-flowered cultivars were produced and planted on the banks of rivers, in Buddhist temples, in Shinto shrines, and in daimyo gardens in urban areas such as Edo; the common people living in urban areas could enjoy them. Books from the period record more than 200 varieties of cherry blossoms and mention many varieties that are currently known, such as 'Kanzan'. However, this situation was limited to urban areas, and the main objects of hanami across the country were still wild species such as Prunus jamasakura (Yamazakura)  and Oshima cherry. Since Japan was modernized in the Meiji period, the Yoshino cherry has spread throughout Japan, and it has become the main object of hanami.: 2–7, 156–160  Various other cultivars were cut down one after another during changes related to the rapid modernization of cities, such as the reclamation of waterways and the demolition of daimyo gardens. The gardener Takagi Magoemon and the village mayor of Kohoku Village, Shimizu Kengo, were concerned about this situation and preserved a few by planting a row of cherry trees, of various cultivars, along the Arakawa River bank. In Kyoto, Sano Toemon XIV, a gardener, collected various cultivars and propagated them. After World War II, these cultivars were inherited by the National Institute of Genetics, Tama Forest Science Garden and the Flower Association of Japan, and from the 1960s onwards were again used for hanami.: 115–119  Every year, the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the public track the sakura zensen ("cherry blossom front") as it moves northward up the archipelago with the approach of warmer weather, via nightly forecasts following the weather segment of news programs. Since 2009, tracking of the sakura zensen has been largely taken over by private forecasting companies, with the JMA switching to focus only on data collection that than forecasting. The blossoming begins in Okinawa in January and typically reaches Kyoto and Tokyo at the beginning of April, though recent years have trended towards earlier flowerings near the end of March. It proceeds northward and into areas of higher altitude, arriving in Hokkaido a few weeks later. Japanese locals, in addition to overseas tourists, pay close attention to these forecasts. Most Japanese schools and public buildings have cherry blossom trees planted outside of them. Since the fiscal and school years both begin in April, in many parts of Honshu the first day of work or school coincides with the cherry blossom season. However, while most cherry blossom trees bloom in the spring, there are also lesser-known winter cherry blossoms (fuyuzakura in Japanese) that bloom between October and December. The Japan Cherry Blossom Association has published a list of Japan's Top 100 Cherry Blossom Spots (日本さくら名所100選 ), with at least one location in every prefecture. Blooming season Yoshino cherry, a cultivar propagated through grafting, consistently reaches full bloom simultaneously between individuals if under the same environmental conditions. Many cherry species and cultivars bloom between March and April in the Northern Hemisphere. Wild cherry trees, even if they are the same species, differ genetically from one individual to another. Even if they are planted in the same area, there is some variation in the time when they reach full bloom. In contrast, cultivars are clones propagated by grafting or cutting, so each tree of the same cultivar planted in the same area will come into full bloom all at once due to their genetic similarity. Some wild species, such as Edo higan and the cultivars developed from them, are in full bloom before the leaves open. Yoshino cherry became popular for cherry-blossom viewing because of these characteristics of simultaneous flowering and blooming before the leaves open; it also bears many flowers and grows into a large tree. Many cultivars of the Sato-zakura group, which were developed from complex interspecific hybrids based on Oshima cherry, are often used for ornamental purposes. They generally reach full bloom a few days to two weeks after Yoshino cherry does.: 40–56  Impacts of climate change The flowering time of cherry trees is thought to be affected by global warming and the heat island effect of urbanization. According to the record of full bloom dates of Prunus jamasakura (Yamazakura) in Kyoto, Japan, which has been recorded for about 1200 years, the time of full bloom was relatively stable from 812 to the 1800s. After that, the time of full color rapidly became earlier, and in 2021, the earliest full bloom date in 1200 years was recorded. The average peak bloom day in the 1850s was around April 17, but by the 2020s, it was April 5; the average temperature rose by about 3.4 °C (6.1 °F) during this time. According to the record of full bloom dates of the Yoshino cherry in the Tidal Basin in Washington, D.C., the bloom date was April 5 in 1921, but it was March 31 in 2021. These records are consistent with the history of rapid increases in global mean temperature since the mid-1800s. Japanese cherry trees grown in the Southern Hemisphere will bloom at a different time of the year. For example, in Australia, while the trees in the Cowra Japanese Garden bloom in late September to mid-October, the Sydney cherry blossom festival is in late August. There's an escalating concern of climate change as it poses a threat to sakura cultivars, given that they are highly susceptible to shifts in temperature and weather fluctuations. The changes, driven by climate change including warmer temperatures and earlier starts to springtime, may disrupt the timing of their blooms and potentially lead to reduced flowering and cultural significance. In 2023, it has been observed in China that cherry blossoms have reached their peak bloom weeks earlier than they previously had a few decades ago. Similarly, data from Kyoto, Japan, and Washington, D.C., United States, also indicated that blooming periods are occurring earlier in those locations as well. Although precise forecasting is generally challenging, AI predictions from Japan Meteorological Agency, have suggested that without substantial efforts to rein in climate change, the Somei-Yoshino cherry tree variety could face significant challenges and even the risk of disappearing entirely from certain parts of Japan, including Miyazaki, Nagasaki, and Kagoshima prefectures in the Kyushu region by 2100. Symbolism in Japan A 100 yen coin depicting cherry blossoms Cherry blossoms are a frequent topic in waka composition, where they commonly symbolize impermanence. Due to their characteristic of blooming en masse, cherry blossoms and are considered an enduring metaphor for the ephemeral nature of life. Cherry blossoms frequently appear in Japanese art, manga, anime, and film, as well as stage set designs for musical performances. There is at least one popular folk song, originally meant for the shakuhachi (bamboo flute), titled "Sakura", in addition to several later pop songs bearing the name. The flower is also used on all manner of historical and contemporary consumer goods, including kimonos, stationery, and dishware. Mono no aware The traditional symbolism of cherry blossoms as a metaphor for the ephemeral nature of life is associated with the influence of Shinto, embodied in the concept of mono no aware (物の哀れ) (the pathos of things). The connection between cherry blossoms and mono no aware dates back to 18th-century scholar Motoori Norinaga. The transience of the blossoms, their beauty, and their volatility have often been associated with mortality and the graceful and ready acceptance of destiny and karma. Nationalism and militarism The Sakurakai, or Cherry Blossom Society, was the name chosen by young officers within the Imperial Japanese Army in September 1930 for their secret society established to reorganize the state along totalitarian militaristic lines, via a military coup d'état if necessary. During World War II, cherry blossoms were used as a symbol to motivate the Japanese people and stoke nationalism and militarism. The Japanese proverb hana wa sakuragi, hito wa bushi ("the best blossom is the cherry blossom, the best man is a warrior") was evoked in the Imperial Japanese army as a motivation during the war. Even before the war, cherry blossoms were used in propaganda to inspire the "Japanese spirit", as in the "Song of Young Japan", exulting in "warriors" who were "ready like the myriad cherry blossoms to scatter". In 1894, Sasaki Nobutsuna composed a poem, Shina seibatsu no uta (The Song of the Conquest of the Chinese) to coincide with the First Sino-Japanese War. The poem compares falling cherry blossoms to the sacrifice of Japanese soldiers who fall in battles for their country and emperor. In 1932, Akiko Yosano's poetry urged Japanese soldiers to endure suffering in China and compared the dead soldiers to cherry blossoms. Arguments that the plans for the Battle of Leyte Gulf, involving all Japanese ships, would expose Japan to danger if they failed were countered with the plea that the Navy be permitted to "bloom as flowers of death". The last message of the forces on Peleliu was "Sakura, Sakura". Japanese pilots would paint sakura flowers on the sides of their planes before embarking on a suicide mission, or even take branches of the trees with them on their missions. A cherry blossom painted on the side of a bomber symbolized the intensity and ephemerality of life; in this way, falling cherry petals came to represent the sacrifice of youth in suicide missions to honor the emperor. The first kamikaze unit had a subunit called Yamazakura, or wild cherry blossom. The Japanese government encouraged the people to believe that the souls of downed warriors were reincarnated in the blossoms. Artistic and popular uses The Japan national rugby union team is nicknamed the "Brave Blossoms", and have sakura embroidered on their chests. Cherry blossoms have been used symbolically in Japanese sports; the Japan national rugby union team has used the flower as an emblem on its uniforms since the team's first international matches in the 1930s, depicted as a "bud, half-open and full-bloomed". The team is known as the "Brave Blossoms" (ブレイブ・ブロッサムズ), and has had their current logo since 1952. The cherry blossom is also seen in the logo of the Japan Cricket Association and the Japan national American football team. Cherry blossoms are a prevalent symbol in irezumi, the traditional art of Japanese tattoos. In this art form, cherry blossoms are often combined with other classic Japanese symbols like koi fish, dragons, or tigers. The cherry blossom remains symbolic today. It was used for the Tokyo 2020 Paralympics mascot, Someity. It is also a common way to indicate the start of spring, such as in the Animal Crossing series of video games, where many of the game's trees are flowering cherries. Cultivars "Miharu Takizakura", a tree of species Prunus itosakura that is over 1,000 years old Prunus × subhirtella 'Omoigawa' , a cultivar produced in Oyama City in 1954 Japan has a wide diversity of cherry trees, including hundreds of cultivars. By one classification method, there are more than 600 cultivars in Japan, while the Tokyo Shimbun claims that there are 800. According to the results of DNA analysis of 215 cultivars carried out by Japan's Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute in 2014, many of the cultivars that have spread around the world are hybrids produced by crossing Oshima cherry and Prunus jamasakura (Yamazakura) with various wild species. Among these cultivars, the Sato-zakura Group and many other cultivars have a large number of petals, and the representative cultivar is Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan'.: 137  The following species, hybrids, and varieties are used for Sakura cultivars: Prunus apetala Prunus campanulata Prunus × furuseana (P. incisa × P. jamasakura) Prunus × incam (P. incisa × P. campanulata) Prunus incisa var. incisa Prunus incisa var. kinkiensis Prunus × introrsa Prunus itosakura (Prunus subhirtella, Prunus pendula) Prunus jamasakura Prunus × kanzakura (P. campanulata × P. jamasakura and P. campanulata × P. speciosa) Prunus leveilleana (Prunus verecunda) Prunus × miyoshii Prunus nipponica Prunus padus Prunus × parvifolia (P. incisa × P. speciosa) Prunus pseudocerasus Prunus × sacra (P. itosakura × P. jamasakura) Prunus sargentii Prunus serrulata var. lannesiana, Prunus lannesiana (Prunus Sato-zakura group. Complex interspecific hybrids based on Prunus speciosa.: 86–95, 137 ) Prunus × sieboldii Prunus speciosa: 89–95, 103–106, 166–170  Prunus × subhirtella (P. incisa × P. itosakura) Prunus × syodoi Prunus × tajimensis Prunus × takenakae Prunus × yedoensis (P. itosakura × P. speciosa) Prunus × yedoensis 'Somei-yoshino' (Yoshino cherry) The most popular cherry blossom cultivar in Japan is 'Somei-yoshino' (Yoshino cherry). Its flowers are nearly pure white, tinged with the palest pink, especially near the stem. They bloom and usually fall within a week before the leaves come out. Therefore, the trees look nearly white from top to bottom. The cultivar takes its name from the village of Somei, which is now part of Toshima in Tokyo. It was developed in the mid- to late-19th century, at the end of the Edo period and the beginning of the Meiji period. The 'Somei-yoshino' is so widely associated with cherry blossoms that jidaigeki and other works of fiction often show the trees being cultivated in the Edo period or earlier, although such depictions are anachronisms.: 40–45  Prunus × kanzakura 'Kawazu-zakura' (Kawazu cherry) , a representative cultivar of the cold season that blooms from late February to early March in Japan ''Prunus'' × ''kanzakura'' 'Kawazu-zakura'  is a representative cultivar that blooms before the arrival of spring. It is a natural hybrid between the Oshima cherry and Prunus campanulata and is characterized by deep pink petals. Wild cherry trees usually do not bloom in cold seasons because they cannot produce offspring if they bloom before spring, when pollinating insects become active. However, it is thought that 'Kawazu-zakura' blooms earlier because Prunus campanulata from Okinawa, which did not originally grow naturally in Honshu, was crossed with the Oshima cherry. In wild species, flowering before spring is a disadvantageous feature of selection; in cultivars such as 'Kawazu-zakura', early flowering and flower characteristics are preferred, and they are propagated by grafting.: 98–100  Cherry trees are generally classified by species and cultivar, but in Japan they are also classified using names based on the characteristics of the flowers and trees. Cherry trees with more petals than the ordinary five are classified as yae-zakura (double-flowered sakura), and those with drooping branches are classified as shidare-zakura, or weeping cherry. Most yae-zakura and shidare-zakura are cultivars. Famous shidare-zakura cultivars include 'Shidare-zakura', 'Beni-shidare', and 'Yae-beni-shidare', all derived from the wild species Prunus itosakura (syn, Prunus subhirtella or Edo higan).: 86–87  The color of cherry blossoms is generally a gradation between white and red, but there are cultivars with unusual colors such as yellow and green. The representative cultivars of these colors are ''Prunus serrulata'' 'Grandiflora' A. Wagner (Ukon)  and ''Prunus serrulata'' 'Gioiko' Koidz (Gyoiko) , which were developed in the Edo period of Japan.: 86–95, 104  In 2007, Riken produced a new cultivar named 'Nishina zao' by irradiating cherry trees with a heavy-ion beam. This cultivar is a mutation of the green-petaled ''Prunus serrulata'' 'Gioiko' (Gyoiko) ; it is characterized by its pale yellow-green-white flowers when it blooms and pale yellow-pink flowers when they fall. Riken produced the cultivars 'Nishina otome' (blooms in both spring and autumn, or year-round in a greenhouse), 'Nishina haruka' (larger flowers), and 'Nishina komachi' ('lantern-like' flowers that remain partially closed) in the same way. Prunus itosakura 'Pendula' (Shidare-zakura) Prunus itosakura 'Plena Rosea' (Yae-beni-shidare) is a cultivar having characteristics of both yae-zakura and shidare-zakura. ''Prunus serrulata'' 'Grandiflora' A. Wagner (Ukon)  with rare yellow flowers developed in the Edo period of Japan. One of the cultivars selected for the British Award of Garden Merit. ''Prunus serrulata'' 'Gioiko' Koidz (Gyoiko)  with rare green flowers developed in the Edo period of Japan. ''Prunus × sieboldii'' 'Beni-yutaka' . One of the cultivars selected for the British Award of Garden Merit. All wild cherry trees produce small, unpalatable fruit or edible cherries, however, some cultivars have structural modifications to render the plant unable to naturally reproduce. For example, ''Prunus serrulata'' 'Hisakura' (Ichiyo)  and ''Prunus serrulata'' 'Albo-rosea' Makino (Fugenzo) , which originated from the Oshima cherry, have a modified pistil that develops into a leaf-like structure, and can only be propagated by artificial methods such as grafting and cutting.: 107  Cherry trees grown for their fruit are generally cultivars of the related species Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus, and Prunus fruticosa. Cultivation by country Main article: Cherry blossom cultivation by country Cherry blossoms at Kungsträdgården in Stockholm, Sweden In the present day, ornamental cherry blossom trees are distributed and cultivated worldwide. While flowering cherry trees were historically present in Europe, North America, and China,: 122  the practice of cultivating ornamental cherry trees was centered in Japan,: 160–161  and many of the cultivars planted worldwide, such as that of Prunus × yedoensis, have been developed from Japanese hybrids. The global distribution of ornamental cherry trees, along with flower viewing festivals or hanami, largely started in the early 20th century, often as gifts from Japan. However, some regions have historically cultivated their own native species of flowering cherry trees, a notable variety of which is the Himalayan wild cherry tree Prunus cerasoides. The origin of wild cherry species Prunus cerasoides The wild Himalayan cherry, Prunus cerasoides, is native to the Himalayan region of Asia, and is common in countries such as Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Myanmar, where it is also cultivated. In 1975, three Japanese researchers proposed a theory that cherry trees originated in the Himalayan region and spread eastwards to reach Japan at a time before human civilisation, when the Japanese archipelago was connected to the Eurasian continent, and that cherry species differentiation was actively promoted in Japan. According to Masataka Somego, a professor at Tokyo University of Agriculture, cherry trees originated 10 million years ago in what is now Nepal and later differentiated in the Japanese archipelago, giving rise to species unique to Japan. According to the Kazusa DNA Research Institute, detailed DNA research has shown that the Prunus itosakura and the Prunus speciosa, which is endemic to Japan, differentiated into independent species 5.52 million years ago. Prunus grayana On the other hand, according to Ko Shimamoto, a professor at Nara Institute of Science and Technology, modern theories based on detailed DNA research reject the theory that the Himalayan cherry tree is the root of the Japanese cherry tree, and the ancestor of the cherry tree is estimated to be a plant belonging to the Prunus grayana. According to HuffPost, it is a widely held consensus that the origin of the first cherry blossoms happened somewhere in the Himalayas, Eurasia but scholars posit that the blossoms may have reached Japan around several thousand years ago. In Japan, centuries of hybridization have brought about more than 300 varieties of the cherry blossom. Culinary use Pickled blossomsA cup of sakurayu Cherry blossoms and leaves are edible, and both are used as food ingredients in Japan: The blossoms are pickled in salt and umezu (ume vinegar), and used for coaxing out flavor in wagashi, a traditional Japanese confectionery, or anpan, a Japanese sweet bun most-commonly filled with red bean paste. The pickling method, known as sakurazuke (桜漬け), is said to date back to the end of the Edo period, though the general method of pickling vegetables in salt to produce tsukemono has been known as early as the Jōmon period. Salt-pickled blossoms in hot water are called sakurayu and drunk at festive events like weddings in place of green tea. The leaves are pickled in salted water and used for sakuramochi. Cherry blossoms are used as a flavoring botanical in Japanese Roku gin. The prize-winning Japanese sakura cheese is made with the leaves of mountain cherry trees. Toxicity Cherry leaves and blossoms contain coumarin, which is potentially hepatotoxic and is banned in high doses by the Food and Drug Administration. However, coumarin has a desirable vanilla-like scent, and the salt curing process used prior to most culinary applications, which involves washing, drying, and salting the blossoms or leaves for a full day, reduces the concentration of coumarin to acceptable levels while preserving its scent. Coumarin may also be isolated from the plant for use in perfumes, pipe tobacco, or as an adulterant in vanilla flavorings, though the tonka bean is a more common natural source of this chemical. Cherry seeds and bark contain amygdalin and should not be eaten. See also The Cherry Orchard: play by Anton Chekhov Cherry Tree Park Kabazaiku: sakura wood craftsmanship Kigo: discussion of the role of sakura in Japanese poetry List of Award of Garden Merit flowering cherries Ohka: special attack aircraft used in World War II Saigyōzakura Sakura Square Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival Notes ^ Historical kana orthography: もののあはれ, modern kana: もののあわれ. The old kana form remains preferred in modern usage. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Katsuki, Toshio (2015). Sakura (in Japanese). Iwanami Shoten. ISBN 978-4004315346. ^ The history and cultural symbolism of both the seven wild species and the hundreds of forms known for centuries as sato-zakura, or garden cherries and information about growing and propagating is found in Kuitert, Wybe (6 March 2015). "Japanese Flowering Cherries". Timber Press. ^ FAQ・桜の豆知識 . The Flower Association of Japan (in Japanese). 日本以外にも桜は自生してるの？ . Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2024. ^ さくらの基礎知識 . JAPAN Cherry Blossom Association (in Japanese). Retrieved 21 February 2024. ^ Qingwei, Yao (February 1982). "Studies on the History of the Flowering Cherry". en.cnki.com.cn. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h Katsuki, Toshio (2018). Sakura no Kagaku (in Japanese). SB Creative. ISBN 978-4797389319. ^ "sakura". Cambridge Dictionary: English Dictionary. Retrieved 17 January 2024. ^ Honoca (4 February 2015). "The beauty and history of sakura, Japan's national flower". Tsunagu Japan. Retrieved 6 January 2016. ^ "Japanese cherry (n.)". Oxford English Dictionary. September 2023. doi:10.1093/OED/5455638245. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2024. ^ Bandini, Rosemary. "The Forgotten British Collector: Captain Collingwood Ingram (1880-1981)". www.rosemarybandini.com. Retrieved 17 January 2024. ^ Lee, Sangtae; Wen, Jun (2001). "A phylogenetic analysis of Prunus and the Amygdaloideae (Rosaceae) using ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA". American Journal of Botany. 88 (1): 150–160. doi:10.2307/2657135. JSTOR 2657135. PMID 11159135. ^ Ohba, Hideaki (1992). "Japanese Cherry Trees under the Genus Cerasus (Rosaceae)". The Journal of Japanese Botany. 67: 276–281. ^ a b c d Kato, Shuri; Matsumoto, Asako; Yoshimura, Kensuke; Katsuki, Toshio; Iwamoto, Kojiro; Kawahara, Takayuki; Mukai, Yuzuru; Tsuda, Yoshiaki; Ishio, Shogo; Nakamura, Kentaro; Moriwaki, Kazuo; Shiroishi, Toshihiko; Gojobori, Takashi; Yoshimaru, Hiroshi (30 January 2014). "Origins of Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars revealed using nuclear SSR markers". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 10 (3): 477–487. doi:10.1007/s11295-014-0697-1. ISSN 1614-2942. S2CID 255127026. ^ a b c DNAからわかったサクラ品種の真実 ―そのほとんどは雑種が起源― . Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (in Japanese). 16 June 2014. Archived from the original on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2021. ^ Brooklyn Botanic Garden (2006). Mizue Sawano: The Art of the Cherry Tree. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-889538-25-9. ^ Citko-DuPlantis, Małgorzata (Gosia) K. (7 March 2024). "Cherry blossoms – celebrated in Japan for centuries and gifted to Americans – are an appreciation of impermanence and spring". The Conversation. Retrieved 11 March 2024. ^ 新しいサクラの開花予想 (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. December 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2012. ^ Akasegawa, Genpei (2000). Sennin no sakura, zokujin no sakura: Nippon kaibo kiko (in Japanese). Osaka Seikei University, Kyoto, Japan: JTB Nihon Kotsu Kosha Shuppan Jigyokyoku. ISBN 978-4-533-01983-8. Archived from the original on 28 April 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2010. As cherry blossom front comes up, the whole Japan goes into a war; we just can't sit home and let it go. ^ a b Ha, Thu-huong (23 March 2023). "In Japan, cherry blossom forecasting is a big deal. Warming is making it harder". The Japan Times. ^ "Japan's cherry blossom 'earliest peak since 812'". BBC. 30 March 2021. ^ "5 Places to See Japan's (Very Real) Winter Cherry Blossoms". GaijinPot Travel. Gaijin Pot. 12 December 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2022. ^ "Japan's Top 100 Cherry Blossom Spots – GoJapanGo (English language version of list)". Japan's Top 100 Cherry Blossom Spots – GoJapanGo. Mi Marketing Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2011. ^ Kays, Stanley J. (3 October 2011). Cultivated vegetables of the world: a multilingual onomasticon. Springer. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-90-8686-720-2. ^ "Japan's Kyoto cherry blossoms peak on the earliest date in 1,200 years, a sign of climate change". The Washington Post. 30 March 2021. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021. ^ Aono, Yasuyuki (1 October 2015). "Cherry blossom phenology and temperature reconstructions at Kyoto". Osaka Prefecture University. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021. ^ "Sakura Matsuri - Cherry Blossom Festival". www.visitnsw.com. Retrieved 14 January 2024. ^ Skidmore, Maya (14 July 2023). "Sydney Cherry Blossom Festival". Time Out. Retrieved 14 January 2024. ^ "Cherry Blossoms Are Coming Earlier Because of Climate Change". TIME. 18 March 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024. ^ "In China, Climate Change Disrupts a Beloved Tradition: Cherry Blossom Season". #SixthTone. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2024. ^ "Japan's most famous cherry blossom trees could disappear due to climate change". Yahoo News. 25 March 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024. ^ Citko-DuPlantis, Małgorzata (Gosia) K. (7 March 2024). "Cherry blossoms – celebrated in Japan for centuries and gifted to Americans – are an appreciation of impermanence and spring". The Conversation. Retrieved 11 March 2024. ^ a b Choy Lee, Khoon (1995). Japan—between Myth and Reality. World Scientific. p. 142. ISBN 9789810218652. ^ "Court Lady's Garment (Kosode) with Swallows and Bells on Blossoming Cherry Tree", Asian Art at The Met, 1868–1912 ^ "Sakura: Cherry Blossoms as Living Symbols of Friendship". Library of Congress. Retrieved 17 January 2024. ^ "Large Dish with Cherry Blossoms", Asian Art at The Met, 1690–1720s ^ Young, John; Nakajima-Okano, Kimiko (1985). Learn Japanese: New College Text. University of Hawaii Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0824809515. ^ a b Slaymaker, Douglas (2004). The Body in Postwar Japanese Fiction. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN 9781134354030. ^ McClain, James L. (2002). Japan: A Modern History. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 414. ISBN 0-393-04156-5. ^ a b c d Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko (2002). Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms. University of Chicago Press. pp. 9–10. ^ Bruce Gamble (2014). Invasion Rabaul: The Epic Story of Lark Force, the Forgotten Garrison, January - July 1942. Zenith Press. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-0760345917. ^ Brendon, Piers (2000). The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s. Johnathan Cape. p. 441. ISBN 0-375-40881-9. ^ Citko-DuPlantis, Małgorzata (Gosia) K. (7 March 2024). "Cherry blossoms – celebrated in Japan for centuries and gifted to Americans – are an appreciation of impermanence and spring". The Conversation. Retrieved 11 March 2024. ^ Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms: The Militarization of Aesthetics in Japanese History. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ^ McClain 2002, p. 427. ^ Toland, John (1970). The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945. Random House New York. p. 539. ^ Harries, Meirion; Harries, Susie (1991). Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. Random House. p. 424. ISBN 0-394-56935-0. ^ Sakamoto, Kerri (2004). One Hundred Million Hearts. Vintage Book. ISBN 0-676-97512-7.. ^ a b Morris, Ivan (1975). The Nobility of Failure: Tragic Heroes in the History of Japan. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 290. ^ a b Shimbun, Kyoto. ""Rugby Grandma": Designer behind Japan team's cherry blossom emblem". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 22 February 2024. ^ ラグビー日本代表 初代ジャージー発見、京都で展示へ . スポニチ Sponichi Annex (in Japanese). 17 August 2019. ^ "Women's T20 Cricket : Nepal ends in third position". Newspolar. 19 November 2023. ^ アメリカンフットボール日本代表オフィシャルサイト (in Japanese). Retrieved 22 February 2024. ^ "Japan trounces South Korea, qualifies for IFAF World Championship | the Japan Times Online". The Japan Times. 27 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011. ^ "Cherry Blossom Tattoo Designs". Freetattoodesigns.org. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013. ^ "Olympic mascots Miraitowa and Someity invoke the future and cherry trees for 2020 Games". The Japan Times. AFP-JIJI. 22 July 2018. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018. ^ Diller, Nathan (6 April 2020). "Locals Are Getting Their Cherry Blossom Fix In Animal Crossing". DCist. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024. ^ "Visitors return to renowned cherry tree in Fukushima". Asahi Shimbun. 26 April 2012. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2024. ^ 小山市の花、木、鳥 (in Japanese). Oyama City. Retrieved 7 March 2021. ^ Brandow Samuels, Gayle (3 January 2005). Enduring Roots: Encounters with Trees, History, and the American Landscape. Rutgers University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-8135-3539-5. ^ 紹介！桜の品種 . Hibiya-Kadan (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. ^ 花のコーナー . General Incorporated Association Kitakyushu Ryokka Kyokai (in Japanese). April 2016. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. ^ 白の輝き 新種のしだれ桜 茨城の「博士」が上野で発見 (in Japanese). Tokyo Shimbun. 29 March 2022. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023. ^ サクラ栽培品種の分類体系の再編とデータベース化 (PDF) (in Japanese). 2013. pp. 58–59. ^ Katsuki, Toshio; Iwamoto, Kojiro; Ishii, Yukio (March 2011). 多摩森林科学園サクラ保存林における30年間のサクラの開花期観測 (PDF). Bulletin of FFPRI (in Japanese). 10 (l): 7–48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Kato, Shuri; Matsumoto, Asako; Yoshimura, Kensuke; Katsuki, Toshio; Iwamoto, Kojiro; Tsuda, Yoshiaki; Ishio, Shogo; Nakamura, Kentaro; Moriwaki, Kazuo; Shiroishi, Toshihiko; Gojobori, Takashi; Yoshimaru, Hiroshi (2012). "Clone identification in Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars using nuclear SSR markers". Breeding Science. 62 (3): 248–255. doi:10.1270/jsbbs.62.248. PMC 3501942. PMID 23226085. ^ a b c d e f g Kato, Shuri; Matsumoto, Asako; Yoshimura, Kensuke; Katsuki, Toshio; Iwamoto, Kojiro; Kawahara, Takayuki; Mukai, Yuzuru; Tsuda, Yoshiaki; Ishio, Shogo; Nakamura, Kentaro; Moriwaki, Kazuo; Shiroishi, Toshihiko; Gojobori, Takashi; Yoshimaru, Hiroshi (2014). "Origins of Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars revealed using nuclear SSR markers" (PDF). Tree Genetics & Genomes. 10 (3): 477–487. doi:10.1007/s11295-014-0697-1. S2CID 18606833. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ a b c 桜の新しい系統保全 ―形質・遺伝子・病害研究に基づく取組― (PDF) (in Japanese). Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Tama Forest Science Garden. ISBN 978-4-905304-19-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2014. ^ a b c d e f Katsuki, Toshio (2017). サクラの分類と形態による同定 (in Japanese). pp. 96–97. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. ^ Brand, Mark H. "Prunus × incam: Okame Flowering Cherry". University of Connecticut Plant Database. ^ Olsen, Richard T.; Whittemore, Alan T. (December 2009). "Validation of the Hybrid Flowering Cherry Prunus × incam (Rosaceae)". Novon. 19 (4): 490–493. doi:10.3417/2007177. JSTOR 27765203. S2CID 86536702. ^ "Cherry blossom". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. ^ Ma, Hongmei; Olsen, Richard; Pooler, Margaret (2009). "Evaluation of Flowering Cherry Species, Hybrids, and Cultivars Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 134 (4): 435–444. doi:10.21273/JASHS.134.4.435. ^ Satoshi Ohta; Shinsuke Osumi; Toshio Katsuki; Ikuo Nakamura; Toshiya Yamamoto; Yo-Ichiro Sato (2006). "Genetic characterization of flowering cherries (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) using rpl16-rpl14 spacer sequences of chloroplast DNA". 園芸雑誌(J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci.). 75 (1): 72–78. doi:10.2503/jjshs.75.72. Retrieved 6 April 2011. ^ "Nishina Zao". Riken. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2024. ^ 新種のサクラ . Riken (in Japanese). Retrieved 21 February 2024. ^ "Prunus serrulata Auckland ban". New Zealand Plant Producers Incorporated. 3 August 2021. ^ Iezzoni et al. 2017, p. 100, pp. 119–122. ^ Moore, Di'Amond (1 March 2023). "A look at Cherry Blossoms blooming around the world". USA Today. ^ Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9. ^ "Cherry Trees: A First Lady's Legacy". National Park Service. Retrieved 20 February 2024. ^ "The Sakura Campaign – The State of Berlin". Berlin.de. Retrieved 2 April 2017. ^ "Cherry Blossoms". City of Toronto. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2024. ^ "Prunus cerasoides". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 24 January 2014. ^ a b Pāgé, Navendu. "Wild Himalayan Cherry". www.flowersofindia.net. Retrieved 16 January 2024. ^ Chandel, V.; Rana, T.; Hallan, V.; Zaidi, A. A. (2007). "Wild Himalayan Cherry (Prunus cerasoides) as a Natural Host of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus in India". Plant Disease. 91 (12): 1686. doi:10.1094/PDIS-91-12-1686C. PMID 30780621. ^ Chandran, Divya (18 September 2019). "SAKURA MAGIC IN THE NILGIRIS". thepapyrus.in. Retrieved 16 January 2024. ^ Chandel, V.; Rana, T.; Hallan, V.; Zaidi, A. A. (December 2007). "Wild Himalayan Cherry (Prunus cerasoides) as a Natural Host of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus in India". Plant Disease. 91 (12): 1686. doi:10.1094/PDIS-91-12-1686C. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30780621. ^ Naithani, H. B. (1990). Flowering Plants of India, Nepal & Bhutan: Not Recorded in Sir J.D. Hooker's Flora of British India. Surya Publications. ISBN 978-81-85276-20-5. ^ Nobuhiko Tanaka (24 March 2021). 中国の人たちはなぜ花見をするようになったのか 日本を通じて桜を再発見した中国の人々 (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2024. ^ Masataka Somego. "How it became Sakura in Japan" (PDF). J stage. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2024. ^ Kenta Shirasawa; Tomoya Esumi; Hideki Hirakawa; Hideyuki Tanaka; Akihiro Itai; Andrea Ghelfi; Hideki Nagasaki; Sachiko Isobe (12 March 2019). "Phased genome sequence of an interspecific hybrid 2 flowering cherry, Somei-Yoshino (Cerasus × yedoensis)" (PDF). doi:10.1101/573451. S2CID 91512025. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2021. ^ ソメイヨシノのゲノム解読に成功、開花時期の予測が可能に (in Japanese). University Journal Online. 1 April 2019. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. ^ 秋咲きのサクラはヒマラヤザクラの先祖返り？ (in Japanese). The Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024. ^ "Cherry Blossoms: History Behind the Bloom". HuffPost. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2024. ^ a b Friedman, Stephanie (28 February 2023). "How Toxic Cherry Blossoms Are Turned Into Edible Sakura". Tasting Table. Retrieved 20 February 2024. ^ a b Mouritsen, Ole G.; Styrbæk, Klavs (2021). Tsukemono: Decoding the Art and Science of Japanese Pickling. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 120. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57862-6. ISBN 978-3-030-57861-9. S2CID 241732185. "A traditional Japanese sweet confection (sakura-mochi) consists of a ball of sweet, glutinous rice wrapped in a salt-pickled cherry leaf. Even if one does not want to eat the leaf, one will still experience a cherry taste as it seeps into the rice." ^ "Preserved Cherry Blossoms and Sakura Vinegar". Diversivore. 1 May 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2023. ^ a b Mok, Charmaine (25 March 2023). "How Japanese cherry blossom is used in food, what its tastes like, and where in Hong Kong you can find it". South China Morning Post. ^ Reid, Libby (August 2008). TSUKEMONO: A Look at Japanese Pickling Techniques (PDF). Kanagawa International Foundation. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2010. ^ Itoh, Makiko (23 March 2012). "Cherry blossom captures the flavor of spring". The Japan Times. ^ 【ホームメイト】桜湯｜ウェディング用語辞書 . Happy Pair (in Japanese). Retrieved 20 February 2024. ^ "Bartenders' guide to foraging: Cherry blossom". www.diffordsguide.com. Retrieved 6 June 2023. ^ "Japan wins Swiss cheese prize". ABC News. 31 October 2004. Retrieved 20 May 2024. ^ Poonam, V.; Raunak, null; Kumar, G.; Reddy L, C. S.; Jain, R.; Sharma, S. K.; Prasad, A. K.; Parmar, V. S. (2011). "Chemical constituents of the genus Prunus and their medicinal properties". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 18 (25): 3758–3824. doi:10.2174/092986711803414386. ISSN 1875-533X. PMID 21831039. ^ Shibato, Junko; Takenoya, Fumiko; Hirabayashi, Takahiro; Kimura, Ai; Iwasaki, Yusuke; Toyoda, Yoko; Hori, Motohide; Tamogami, Shigeru; Rakwal, Randeep; Shioda, Seiji (25 July 2019). "Towards identification of bioactive compounds in cold vacuum extracted double cherry blossom (Gosen-Sakura) leaves". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 14 (10): e1644594. Bibcode:2019PlSiB..14E4594S. doi:10.1080/15592324.2019.1644594. ISSN 1559-2316. PMC 6768248. PMID 31342859. ^ Yamada, Takashi; Katsutani, Naruo; Maruyama, Taeko; Kawamura, Tomoko; Yamazaki, Hiroshi; Murayama, Norie; Tong, Weida; Yamazoe, Yasushi; Hirose, Akihiko (23 September 2022). "Combined Risk Assessment of Food-derived Coumarin with in Silico Approaches". Food Safety. 10 (3): 73–82. doi:10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-21-00015. ISSN 2187-8404. PMC 9509535. PMID 36237397. ^ Lončar, Mirjana; Jakovljević, Martina; Šubarić, Drago; Pavlić, Martina; Buzjak Služek, Vlatka; Cindrić, Ines; Molnar, Maja (18 May 2020). "Coumarins in Food and Methods of Their Determination". Foods. 9 (5): 645. doi:10.3390/foods9050645. ISSN 2304-8158. PMC 7278589. PMID 32443406. ^ "Principles of herbal pharmacology", Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy, Elsevier, pp. 17–82, 2013, doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-06992-5.00002-5, ISBN 978-0-443-06992-5, retrieved 1 March 2024 ^ Bricault, Robert (13 March 2017). "Cherry blossom toxicity? #388219". Ask Extension. Retrieved 15 January 2024. ^ Mekonnen, Serkalem. "I Swallowed A Cherry Pit!". Poison Control. Retrieved 15 January 2024. Sources Katsuki, Toshio (2015). Sakura (in Japanese). Iwanami Shoten. ISBN 978-4004315346. Katsuki, Toshio (2018). Sakura no Kagaku (in Japanese). SB Creative. ISBN 978-4797389319. Iezzoni, Amy; Lang, Gregory; Pulawska, Joanna; Quero-García, José, eds. (2017). Cherries: Botany, Production and Uses. CABI. ISBN 9781780648378. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cherry blossoms (category) Japanese Cherry Blossom Guide Japanese Cherry Blossom Events & Locations Copenhagen Sakura Festival Flowering cherry Database—Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Flowering cherry introduction—Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute International Cherry Blossom Festival Online—Information about the 300,000 Yoshino cherry trees in Macon, Georgia, and the 10-day celebration held in mid-March Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival—Information about the 37,000 cherry trees in Greater Vancouver (Canada), What's in bloom now, Cherry Scout reports and maps, Cultivar identification. Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia ((Archived 1 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine)—Information about cherry trees and the annual two-week Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia. Cherry Blossoms Celebration in Japan Cherry Blossoms Celebration Tourism Office Valle del Jerte in Spain (in Spanish) Authority control databases: National Germany Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cherry Blossom (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Blossom_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Sakura (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sakura_and_Moss_Pink_-_%E6%A1%9C(%E3%81%95%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89)%E3%81%A8%E8%8A%9D%E6%A1%9C(%E3%81%97%E3%81%B0%E3%81%96%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tatebayashi, Gunma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatebayashi,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"Prunus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus"},{"link_name":"Cerasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_subg._Cerasus"},{"link_name":"cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"Prunus serrulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serrulata"},{"link_name":"trees grown for their fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"blossoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom"},{"link_name":"vanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla"},{"link_name":"coumarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumarin"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sakuranokai-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2018-6"},{"link_name":"cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivars"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"Prunus speciosa (Oshima cherry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_speciosa"},{"link_name":"hanami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanami"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2018-6"},{"link_name":"grafting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2018-6"},{"link_name":"桜","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A1%9C#Japanese"},{"link_name":"櫻","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AB%BB#Japanese"},{"link_name":"さくら","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%95%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89"},{"link_name":"サクラ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9"},{"link_name":"桜","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A1%9C#Japanese"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"national flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_flowers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"common name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_name"},{"link_name":"Prunus serrulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serrulata"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"Collingwood Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Ingram"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Blossom of the cherry tree\"Cherry Blossom\" and \"Sakura\" redirect here. For other uses, see Cherry Blossom (disambiguation) and Sakura (disambiguation).Cherry blossom tree in Yachounomori Garden, Tatebayashi, Gunma, JapanThe cherry blossom, or sakura, is the flower of trees in Prunus subgenus Cerasus. \"Sakura\" usually refers to flowers of ornamental cherry trees, such as cultivars of Prunus serrulata, not trees grown for their fruit[1]: 14–18 [2] (although these also have blossoms). Cherry blossoms have been described as having a vanilla-like smell, which is mainly attributed to coumarin.Wild species of cherry tree are widely distributed, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere.[3][4][5] They are common in East Asia, especially in Japan, where they have been cultivated, producing many varieties.[6]: 40–42, 160–161Most of the ornamental cherry trees planted in parks and other places for viewing are cultivars developed for ornamental purposes from various wild species. In order to create a cultivar suitable for viewing, a wild species with characteristics suitable for viewing is needed. Prunus speciosa (Oshima cherry), which is endemic to Japan, produces many large flowers, is fragrant, easily mutates into double flowers and grows rapidly. As a result, various cultivars, known as the Cerasus Sato-zakura Group, have been produced since the 14th century and continue to contribute greatly to the development of hanami (flower viewing) culture.[1]: 27, 89–91 [6]: 160–161  From the modern period, cultivars are mainly propagated by grafting, which quickly produces cherry trees with the same genetic characteristics as the original individuals, and which are excellent to look at.[6]: 89–91The Japanese word sakura (桜 or 櫻; さくら or サクラ) can mean either the tree or its flowers (see 桜).[7] The cherry blossom is considered the national flower of Japan, and is central to the custom of hanami.[8]Sakura trees are often called Japanese cherry in English.[9] (This is also a common name for Prunus serrulata.[10]) The cultivation of ornamental cherry trees began to spread in Europe and the United States in the early 20th century, particularly after Japan presented trees to the United States as a token of friendship in 1912.[1]: 119–123  British plant collector Collingwood Ingram conducted important studies of Japanese cherry trees after the First World War.[11]","title":"Cherry blossom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"varieties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"Cerasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_subg._Cerasus"},{"link_name":"Prunus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus"},{"link_name":"bush cherries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_sect._Microcerasus"},{"link_name":"bird cherries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_subg._Padus"},{"link_name":"cherry laurels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_subg._Padus"},{"link_name":"plums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum"},{"link_name":"peaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach"},{"link_name":"apricots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apricot"},{"link_name":"almonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"de Tournefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort"},{"link_name":"Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_(botany)"},{"link_name":"subgenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgenus"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"scientific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"Prunus incisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_incisa"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prunus_speciosa_in_the_Jardin_des_Plantes_002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prunus speciosa (Oshima cherry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_speciosa"},{"link_name":"cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ojfc-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ojfcffrri-15"},{"link_name":"plum blossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_mume"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2018-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"Prunus speciosa (Oshima cherry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_speciosa"},{"link_name":"Prunus jamasakura (Yamazakura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_jamasakura"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2018-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E5%85%A8%E4%BD%93.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan' or 'Sekiyama'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_%27Kanzan%27"},{"link_name":"Award of Garden Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Award_of_Garden_Merit_flowering_cherries"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2018-6"},{"link_name":"cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"grafting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting"},{"link_name":"cutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Prunus pendula f. ascendens (syn, Prunus itosakura, Edo higan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_itosakura"},{"link_name":"endemic species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"double-flowered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-flowered"},{"link_name":"Sato-zakura Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serrulata"},{"link_name":"Yoshino cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_%C3%97_yedoensis"},{"link_name":"Kanzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_%27Kanzan%27"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ojfc-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ojfcffrri-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2018-6"}],"text":"Classifying cherry trees is often confusing, since they are relatively prone to mutation and have diverse flowers and characteristics, and many varieties (a sub-classification of species), hybrids between species, and cultivars exist. Researchers have assigned different scientific names to the same type of cherry tree throughout different periods.[1]: 32–37In Europe and North America, ornamental cherry trees are classified under the subgenus Cerasus (\"true cherries\"), within the genus Prunus. Cerasus consists of about 100 species of cherry tree, but does not include bush cherries, bird cherries, or cherry laurels (other non-Cerasus species in Prunus are plums, peaches, apricots, and almonds). Cerasus was originally named as a genus in 1700 by de Tournefort. In 1753, Linnaeus combined it with several other groupings to form a larger Prunus genus. Cerasus was later converted into a section and then a subgenus, this system becoming widely accepted, but some botanists resurrected it as a genus instead.[12] In China and Russia, where there are many more wild cherry species than in Europe, Cerasus continues to be used as a genus.[1]: 14–18In Japan, ornamental cherry trees were traditionally classified in the genus Prunus, as in Europe and North America, but after a 1992 paper by Hideaki Ohba of the University of Tokyo, classification in the genus Cerasus became more common.[1]: 14–18  This means that (for example) the scientific name Cerasus incisa is now used in Japan instead of Prunus incisa.[13]Prunus speciosa (Oshima cherry), a species of cherry tree that has given rise to many cultivars[14][15]A culture of plum blossom viewing has existed in mainland China since ancient times, and although cherry trees have many wild species, most of them had small flowers, and the distribution of wild cherry trees with large flowers suitable for cherry blossom viewing was limited.[6]: 160–161  In Europe and North America, there were few cherry species with characteristics suitable for cherry blossom viewing.[1]: 122  In Japan, on the other hand, the Prunus speciosa (Oshima cherry) and Prunus jamasakura (Yamazakura), which have large flowers suitable for cherry blossom viewing and tend to grow into large trees, were distributed over a fairly large area of the country and were close to people's living areas. The development of cherry blossom viewing, and the production of cultivars, is therefore considered to have taken place primarily in Japan.[6]: 160–161Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan' or 'Sekiyama', one of the most popular cherry tree cultivars in Europe and North America, selected for the British Award of Garden Merit[6]: 40–42Because cherry trees have mutable traits, many cultivars have been created for cherry blossom viewing, especially in Japan. Since the Heian period, the Japanese have produced cultivars by selecting superior or mutant trees from among the natural crossings of wild cherry trees. They were also produced by crossing trees artificially and then breeding them by grafting and cutting. Oshima, Yamazakura, Prunus pendula f. ascendens (syn, Prunus itosakura, Edo higan), and other varieties which grow naturally in Japan, mutate easily. The Oshima cherry, which is an endemic species in Japan, tends to mutate into a double-flowered tree, grows quickly, has many large flowers, and has a strong fragrance. Due to these favorable characteristics, the Oshima cherry has been used as a base for many Sakura cultivars (called the Sato-zakura Group). Two such cultivars are the Yoshino cherry and Kanzan; Yoshino cherries are actively planted in Asian countries, and Kanzan is actively planted in Western countries.[1]: 86–95, 106, 166–168 [14][15][6]: 40–42","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cherry-Blossom-Utagawa-Hiroshige-36-Views-of-Mount_Fuji-Series-7.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fuji"},{"link_name":"Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji_(Hiroshige)"},{"link_name":"Hiroshige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshige"},{"link_name":"桜","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A1%9C#Japanese"},{"link_name":"櫻","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AB%BB#Japanese"},{"link_name":"さくら","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%95%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89"},{"link_name":"サクラ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9"},{"link_name":"ume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume"},{"link_name":"梅","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A2%85#Japanese"},{"link_name":"うめ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%86%E3%82%81#Japanese"},{"link_name":"Nara period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_period"},{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"waka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"haiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiku"},{"link_name":"Izumi Shikibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumi_Shikibu"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Yoshimune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshimune"},{"link_name":"sake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"Prunus itosakura 'Pendula' (Sidare-zakura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_itosakura"},{"link_name":"Kamakura period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_period"},{"link_name":"Kantō region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region"},{"link_name":"Izu Oshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izu_Oshima"},{"link_name":"Honshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Sato-zakura Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serrulata"},{"link_name":"Muromachi period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromachi_period"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hokuto_Yamanashi_Yamatakajindaizakura_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jindai-zakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jindai-zakura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E4%BB%A3%E6%A1%9C"},{"link_name":"Prunus itosakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_itosakura"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"Prunus itosakura (syn. Prunus subhirtella, Edo higan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_itosakura"},{"link_name":"Shinto shrines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto_shrine"},{"link_name":"Jindai-zakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jindai-zakura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E4%BB%A3%E6%A1%9C"},{"link_name":"Usuzumi-zakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usuzumi-zakura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%A1%E5%A2%A8%E6%A1%9C"},{"link_name":"Daigo-zakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daigo-zakura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%8D%E9%86%90%E6%A1%9C"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014-05-10_12_34_11_Flowering_Cherry_along_New_Jersey_Route_29_in_Hopewell_Township,_New_Jersey.JPG"},{"link_name":"'Kanzan'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_%27Kanzan%27"},{"link_name":"double-flowered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-flowered"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"double-flowered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-flowered"},{"link_name":"daimyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimyo"},{"link_name":"Edo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo"},{"link_name":"'Kanzan'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_%27Kanzan%27"},{"link_name":"Prunus jamasakura (Yamazakura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus_jamasakura_(Yamazakura)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B6%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"Meiji period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_era"},{"link_name":"Yoshino cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshino_cherry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"daimyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimyo"},{"link_name":"Arakawa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakawa_River_(Kant%C5%8D)"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Genetics"},{"link_name":"Tama Forest Science Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tama_Forest_Science_Garden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese Meteorological Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency"},{"link_name":"cherry blossom front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_blossom_front"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-method-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-20"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-20"},{"link_name":"Honshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"日本さくら名所100選","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%95%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%E5%90%8D%E6%89%80100%E9%81%B8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%95%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%E5%90%8D%E6%89%80100%E9%81%B8"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Woodblock print of Mount Fuji and cherry blossom from Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji by Hiroshige. 1858.\"Hanami\" is the many centuries-old practice of holding feasts or parties under blooming sakura (桜 or 櫻; さくら or サクラ) or ume (梅; うめ) trees. During the Nara period (710–794), when the custom is said to have begun, it was ume blossoms that people admired. By the Heian period (794–1185), however, cherry blossoms were attracting more attention, and 'hanami' was synonymous with 'sakura'.[16] From then on, in both waka and haiku, \"flowers\" (花, hana) meant \"cherry blossoms,\" as implied by one of Izumi Shikibu's poems.[17] The custom was originally limited to the elite of the Imperial Court but soon spread to samurai society and, by the Edo period, to the common people as well. Tokugawa Yoshimune planted areas of cherry blossom trees to encourage this. Under the sakura trees, people held cheerful feasts where they ate, and drank sake.[1]: 2–7, 156–160Since a book written in the Heian period mentions \"weeping cherry\" (しだり櫻; 糸櫻), one of the cultivars with pendulous branches, Prunus itosakura 'Pendula' (Sidare-zakura) is considered the oldest cultivar in Japan. In the Kamakura period, when the population increased in the southern Kantō region, the Oshima cherry, which originated in Izu Oshima Island, was brought to Honshu and cultivated there; it then made its way to the capital, Kyoto. The Sato-zakura Group first appeared during the Muromachi period.[1]Jindai-zakura [ja], a 2,000-year-old Prunus itosakura[1]: 178–182Prunus itosakura (syn. Prunus subhirtella, Edo higan) is a wild species that grows slowly. However, it has the longest life span among cherry trees and is easy to grow into large trees. For this reason, there are many large, old specimens of this species in Japan. They are often regarded as sacred and have become landmarks that symbolize Shinto shrines, Buddhist temples, and local areas. For example, Jindai-zakura [ja], which is around 2,000 years old, Usuzumi-zakura [ja], which is around 1,500 years old, and Daigo-zakura [ja], which is around 1,000 years old, are famous for their age.[1]: 178–182'Kanzan' is a double-flowered cultivar developed in the Edo period. It has 20 to 50 petals in a flower.[1]: 93, 103–104In the Edo period, various double-flowered cultivars were produced and planted on the banks of rivers, in Buddhist temples, in Shinto shrines, and in daimyo gardens in urban areas such as Edo; the common people living in urban areas could enjoy them. Books from the period record more than 200 varieties of cherry blossoms and mention many varieties that are currently known, such as 'Kanzan'. However, this situation was limited to urban areas, and the main objects of hanami across the country were still wild species such as Prunus jamasakura (Yamazakura) [ja] and Oshima cherry.[1]Since Japan was modernized in the Meiji period, the Yoshino cherry has spread throughout Japan, and it has become the main object of hanami.[1]: 2–7, 156–160  Various other cultivars were cut down one after another during changes related to the rapid modernization of cities, such as the reclamation of waterways and the demolition of daimyo gardens. The gardener Takagi Magoemon and the village mayor of Kohoku Village, Shimizu Kengo, were concerned about this situation and preserved a few by planting a row of cherry trees, of various cultivars, along the Arakawa River bank. In Kyoto, Sano Toemon XIV, a gardener, collected various cultivars and propagated them. After World War II, these cultivars were inherited by the National Institute of Genetics, Tama Forest Science Garden and the Flower Association of Japan, and from the 1960s onwards were again used for hanami.[1]: 115–119Every year, the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the public track the sakura zensen (\"cherry blossom front\") as it moves northward up the archipelago with the approach of warmer weather, via nightly forecasts following the weather segment of news programs.[18][19] Since 2009, tracking of the sakura zensen has been largely taken over by private forecasting companies, with the JMA switching to focus only on data collection that than forecasting.[20] The blossoming begins in Okinawa in January and typically reaches Kyoto and Tokyo at the beginning of April, though recent years have trended towards earlier flowerings near the end of March.[21] It proceeds northward and into areas of higher altitude, arriving in Hokkaido a few weeks later. Japanese locals, in addition to overseas tourists, pay close attention to these forecasts.[20]Most Japanese schools and public buildings have cherry blossom trees planted outside of them. Since the fiscal and school years both begin in April, in many parts of Honshu the first day of work or school coincides with the cherry blossom season. However, while most cherry blossom trees bloom in the spring, there are also lesser-known winter cherry blossoms (fuyuzakura in Japanese) that bloom between October and December.[22]The Japan Cherry Blossom Association has published a list of Japan's Top 100 Cherry Blossom Spots (日本さくら名所100選 [ja]),[23] with at least one location in every prefecture.","title":"Hanami: Flower viewing in Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yoshino_cherry_%E3%82%BD%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A8%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8E_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yoshino cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshino_cherry"},{"link_name":"grafting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kays2011-24"},{"link_name":"Edo higan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_itosakura"},{"link_name":"Yoshino cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshino_cherry"},{"link_name":"Sato-zakura group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serrulata"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"}],"text":"Yoshino cherry, a cultivar propagated through grafting, consistently reaches full bloom simultaneously between individuals if under the same environmental conditions.Many cherry species and cultivars bloom between March and April in the Northern Hemisphere. Wild cherry trees, even if they are the same species, differ genetically from one individual to another. Even if they are planted in the same area, there is some variation in the time when they reach full bloom. In contrast, cultivars are clones propagated by grafting or cutting, so each tree of the same cultivar planted in the same area will come into full bloom all at once due to their genetic similarity.[24]Some wild species, such as Edo higan and the cultivars developed from them, are in full bloom before the leaves open. Yoshino cherry became popular for cherry-blossom viewing because of these characteristics of simultaneous flowering and blooming before the leaves open; it also bears many flowers and grows into a large tree. Many cultivars of the Sato-zakura group, which were developed from complex interspecific hybrids based on Oshima cherry, are often used for ornamental purposes. They generally reach full bloom a few days to two weeks after Yoshino cherry does.[1]: 40–56","title":"Blooming season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heat island effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_island_effect"},{"link_name":"urbanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization"},{"link_name":"Prunus jamasakura (Yamazakura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_jamasakura"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Tidal Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_Basin"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Cowra Japanese Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowra_Japanese_Garden_and_Cultural_Centre"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Japan Meteorological Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Impacts of climate change","text":"The flowering time of cherry trees is thought to be affected by global warming and the heat island effect of urbanization. According to the record of full bloom dates of Prunus jamasakura (Yamazakura) in Kyoto, Japan, which has been recorded for about 1200 years, the time of full bloom was relatively stable from 812 to the 1800s. After that, the time of full color rapidly became earlier, and in 2021, the earliest full bloom date in 1200 years was recorded. The average peak bloom day in the 1850s was around April 17, but by the 2020s, it was April 5; the average temperature rose by about 3.4 °C (6.1 °F) during this time. According to the record of full bloom dates of the Yoshino cherry in the Tidal Basin in Washington, D.C., the bloom date was April 5 in 1921, but it was March 31 in 2021. These records are consistent with the history of rapid increases in global mean temperature since the mid-1800s.[25][26]Japanese cherry trees grown in the Southern Hemisphere will bloom at a different time of the year. For example, in Australia, while the trees in the Cowra Japanese Garden bloom in late September to mid-October, the Sydney cherry blossom festival is in late August.[27][28]There's an escalating concern of climate change as it poses a threat to sakura cultivars, given that they are highly susceptible to shifts in temperature and weather fluctuations. The changes, driven by climate change including warmer temperatures and earlier starts to springtime, may disrupt the timing of their blooms and potentially lead to reduced flowering and cultural significance.[29]In 2023, it has been observed in China that cherry blossoms have reached their peak bloom weeks earlier than they previously had a few decades ago. Similarly, data from Kyoto, Japan, and Washington, D.C., United States, also indicated that blooming periods are occurring earlier in those locations as well.[30]Although precise forecasting is generally challenging, AI predictions from Japan Meteorological Agency, have suggested that without substantial efforts to rein in climate change, the Somei-Yoshino cherry tree variety could face significant challenges and even the risk of disappearing entirely from certain parts of Japan, including Miyazaki, Nagasaki, and Kagoshima prefectures in the Kyushu region by 2100.[31]","title":"Blooming season"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:100JPY.JPG"},{"link_name":"100 yen coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_yen_coin"},{"link_name":"waka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-khoon-33"},{"link_name":"Japanese art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_art"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"folk song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_song"},{"link_name":"shakuhachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakuhachi"},{"link_name":"Sakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_(folk_song)"},{"link_name":"pop songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-pop"},{"link_name":"kimonos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimono"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"dishware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishware"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"A 100 yen coin depicting cherry blossomsCherry blossoms are a frequent topic in waka composition, where they commonly symbolize impermanence.[32] Due to their characteristic of blooming en masse, cherry blossoms and are considered an enduring metaphor for the ephemeral nature of life.[33] Cherry blossoms frequently appear in Japanese art, manga, anime, and film, as well as stage set designs for musical performances. There is at least one popular folk song, originally meant for the shakuhachi (bamboo flute), titled \"Sakura\", in addition to several later pop songs bearing the name. The flower is also used on all manner of historical and contemporary consumer goods, including kimonos,[34] stationery,[35] and dishware.[36]","title":"Symbolism in Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"mono no aware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_no_aware"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slaymaker-39"},{"link_name":"Motoori Norinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motoori_Norinaga"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slaymaker-39"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-khoon-33"}],"sub_title":"Mono no aware","text":"The traditional symbolism of cherry blossoms as a metaphor for the ephemeral nature of life is associated with the influence of Shinto,[37] embodied in the concept of mono no aware (物の哀れ)[a] (the pathos of things).[38] The connection between cherry blossoms and mono no aware dates back to 18th-century scholar Motoori Norinaga.[38] The transience of the blossoms, their beauty, and their volatility have often been associated with mortality[33] and the graceful and ready acceptance of destiny and karma.","title":"Symbolism in Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sakurakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakurakai"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"totalitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarian"},{"link_name":"militaristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarist"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohnuki-41"},{"link_name":"hana wa sakuragi, hito wa bushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hana_wa_sakuragi,_hito_wa_bushi"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Sasaki Nobutsuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobutsuna_Sasaki"},{"link_name":"Shina seibatsu no uta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/873478/1/10"},{"link_name":"First Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Akiko Yosano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiko_Yosano"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClain2002427-46"},{"link_name":"Battle of Leyte Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Peleliu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohnuki-41"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohnuki-41"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris-50"},{"link_name":"kamikaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikaze"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris-50"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohnuki-41"}],"sub_title":"Nationalism and militarism","text":"The Sakurakai, or Cherry Blossom Society, was the name chosen by young officers within the Imperial Japanese Army in September 1930 for their secret society established to reorganize the state along totalitarian militaristic lines, via a military coup d'état if necessary.[39]During World War II, cherry blossoms were used as a symbol to motivate the Japanese people and stoke nationalism and militarism.[40] The Japanese proverb hana wa sakuragi, hito wa bushi (\"the best blossom is the cherry blossom, the best man is a warrior\") was evoked in the Imperial Japanese army as a motivation during the war.[41] Even before the war, cherry blossoms were used in propaganda to inspire the \"Japanese spirit\", as in the \"Song of Young Japan\", exulting in \"warriors\" who were \"ready like the myriad cherry blossoms to scatter\".[42] In 1894, Sasaki Nobutsuna composed a poem, Shina seibatsu no uta (The Song of the Conquest of the Chinese) to coincide with the First Sino-Japanese War. The poem compares falling cherry blossoms to the sacrifice of Japanese soldiers who fall in battles for their country and emperor.[43][44] In 1932, Akiko Yosano's poetry urged Japanese soldiers to endure suffering in China and compared the dead soldiers to cherry blossoms.[45] Arguments that the plans for the Battle of Leyte Gulf, involving all Japanese ships, would expose Japan to danger if they failed were countered with the plea that the Navy be permitted to \"bloom as flowers of death\".[46] The last message of the forces on Peleliu was \"Sakura, Sakura\".[47] Japanese pilots would paint sakura flowers on the sides of their planes before embarking on a suicide mission, or even take branches of the trees with them on their missions.[40] A cherry blossom painted on the side of a bomber symbolized the intensity and ephemerality of life;[48] in this way, falling cherry petals came to represent the sacrifice of youth in suicide missions to honor the emperor.[40][49] The first kamikaze unit had a subunit called Yamazakura, or wild cherry blossom.[49] The Japanese government encouraged the people to believe that the souls of downed warriors were reincarnated in the blossoms.[40]","title":"Symbolism in Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Summer_Nations_Series_%2723-_Italia_vs_Giappone-45_(53148622315).jpg"},{"link_name":"Japan national rugby union team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rugbygm-51"},{"link_name":"Japan national rugby union team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rugbygm-51"},{"link_name":"Japan Cricket Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Cricket_Association"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Japan national American football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_American_football_team"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"irezumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irezumi"},{"link_name":"koi fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koi"},{"link_name":"dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Tokyo 2020 Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"Someity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraitowa_and_Someity"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-57"},{"link_name":"Animal Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Crossing"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Artistic and popular uses","text":"The Japan national rugby union team is nicknamed the \"Brave Blossoms\", and have sakura embroidered on their chests.[50]Cherry blossoms have been used symbolically in Japanese sports; the Japan national rugby union team has used the flower as an emblem on its uniforms since the team's first international matches in the 1930s, depicted as a \"bud, half-open and full-bloomed\".[51] The team is known as the \"Brave Blossoms\" (ブレイブ・ブロッサムズ), and has had their current logo since 1952.[50] The cherry blossom is also seen in the logo of the Japan Cricket Association[52] and the Japan national American football team.[53][54]Cherry blossoms are a prevalent symbol in irezumi, the traditional art of Japanese tattoos. In this art form, cherry blossoms are often combined with other classic Japanese symbols like koi fish, dragons, or tigers.[55]The cherry blossom remains symbolic today. It was used for the Tokyo 2020 Paralympics mascot, Someity.[56] It is also a common way to indicate the start of spring, such as in the Animal Crossing series of video games, where many of the game's trees are flowering cherries.[57]","title":"Symbolism in Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miharu_Miharu-Takizakura_Front_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miharu Takizakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miharu_Takizakura"},{"link_name":"Prunus itosakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_itosakura"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omoigawa,_Hakuoh_University.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prunus × subhirtella 'Omoigawa'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus_%C3%97_subhirtella_%27Omoigawa%27&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AF"},{"link_name":"Oyama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyama,_Tochigi"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oyama1-60"},{"link_name":"cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Shimbun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Shimbun"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"Oshima cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_speciosa"},{"link_name":"Prunus jamasakura (Yamazakura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_jamasakura"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ojfc-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ojfcffrri-15"},{"link_name":"Sato-zakura Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serrulata"},{"link_name":"Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_%27Kanzan%27"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"varieties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Prunus apetala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_apetala"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-67"},{"link_name":"Prunus campanulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_campanulata"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-69"},{"link_name":"Prunus × furuseana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus_%C3%97_furuseana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki201796-70"},{"link_name":"Prunus × incam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_%C3%97_incam"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Prunus incisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_incisa"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-67"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-67"},{"link_name":"Prunus × introrsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus_%C3%97_introrsa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-67"},{"link_name":"Prunus itosakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_itosakura"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ojfc-14"},{"link_name":"Prunus jamasakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_jamasakura"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-67"},{"link_name":"Prunus × kanzakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus_%C3%97_kanzakura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki201796-70"},{"link_name":"Prunus leveilleana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_leveilleana"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usda-73"},{"link_name":"Prunus × miyoshii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus_%C3%97_miyoshii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-67"},{"link_name":"Prunus nipponica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_nipponica"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ma-74"},{"link_name":"Prunus padus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_padus"},{"link_name":"Prunus × parvifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus_%C3%97_parvifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki201796-70"},{"link_name":"Prunus pseudocerasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_pseudocerasus"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-69"},{"link_name":"Prunus × sacra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus_%C3%97_sacra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-67"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki201796-70"},{"link_name":"Prunus sargentii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_sargentii"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-69"},{"link_name":"Prunus serrulata var. lannesiana, Prunus lannesiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serrulata#Cultivars"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"Prunus × sieboldii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus_%C3%97_sieboldii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-67"},{"link_name":"Prunus speciosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_speciosa"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nakamura-75"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"Prunus × subhirtella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_%C3%97_subhirtella"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-67"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki201796-70"},{"link_name":"Prunus × syodoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus_%C3%97_syodoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-67"},{"link_name":"Prunus × tajimensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus_%C3%97_tajimensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-67"},{"link_name":"Prunus × takenakae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus_%C3%97_takenakae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-67"},{"link_name":"Prunus × yedoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_%C3%97_yedoensis"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki201796-70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yoshino_Sakura_Tidal_Basin_DC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prunus × yedoensis 'Somei-yoshino' (Yoshino cherry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_%C3%97_yedoensis"},{"link_name":"'Somei-yoshino' (Yoshino cherry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_%C3%97_yedoensis"},{"link_name":"Toshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshima,_Tokyo_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Meiji period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_era"},{"link_name":"jidaigeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jidaigeki"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kawazu-zakura3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prunus × kanzakura 'Kawazu-zakura' (Kawazu cherry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus_%C3%97_kanzakura_Kawazu-zakura_(Kawazu_cherry)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%85%E3%82%B6%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9"},{"link_name":"''Prunus'' × ''kanzakura'' 'Kawazu-zakura'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27%27Prunus%27%27_%C3%97_%27%27kanzakura%27%27_%27Kawazu-zakura%27&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%85%E3%82%B6%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Honshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"double-flowered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-flowered"},{"link_name":"Shidare-zakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_itosakura"},{"link_name":"Beni-shidare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_itosakura"},{"link_name":"Yae-beni-shidare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_itosakura"},{"link_name":"Prunus itosakura (syn, Prunus subhirtella or Edo higan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_itosakura"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"''Prunus serrulata'' 'Grandiflora' A. Wagner (Ukon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27%27Prunus_serrulata%27%27_%27Grandiflora%27_A._Wagner_(Ukon)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3"},{"link_name":"''Prunus serrulata'' 'Gioiko' Koidz (Gyoiko)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27%27Prunus_serrulata%27%27_%27Gioiko%27_Koidz_(Gyoiko)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"Riken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riken"},{"link_name":"heavy-ion beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_beam"},{"link_name":"mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_breeding"},{"link_name":"''Prunus serrulata'' 'Gioiko' (Gyoiko)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27%27Prunus_serrulata%27%27_%27Gioiko%27_(Gyoiko)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A6"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shidare-zakura_%E3%82%B7%E3%83%80%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B6%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A92.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prunus itosakura 'Pendula' (Shidare-zakura)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_itosakura"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weeping_cherry_tree_in_Daianji_elementary_school_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prunus itosakura 'Plena Rosea' (Yae-beni-shidare)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_itosakura"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E8%BF%91%E6%8E%A5.jpg"},{"link_name":"''Prunus serrulata'' 'Grandiflora' A. Wagner (Ukon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27%27Prunus_serrulata%27%27_%27Grandiflora%27_A._Wagner_(Ukon)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3_(%E3%82%B5%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9)"},{"link_name":"Award of Garden Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Award_of_Garden_Merit_flowering_cherries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prunus_lannesiana_Gioiko_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"''Prunus serrulata'' 'Gioiko' Koidz (Gyoiko)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27%27Prunus_serrulata%27%27_%27Gioiko%27_Koidz_(Gyoiko)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beniyutaka2.jpg"},{"link_name":"''Prunus × sieboldii'' 'Beni-yutaka'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27%27Prunus_%C3%97_sieboldii%27%27_%27Beni-yutaka%27&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A6%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB"},{"link_name":"Award of Garden Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Award_of_Garden_Merit_flowering_cherries"},{"link_name":"cherries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzppi-78"},{"link_name":"''Prunus serrulata'' 'Hisakura' (Ichiyo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27%27Prunus_serrulata%27%27_%27Hisakura%27_(Ichiyo)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81%E3%83%A8%E3%82%A6"},{"link_name":"''Prunus serrulata'' 'Albo-rosea' Makino (Fugenzo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27%27Prunus_serrulata%27%27_%27Albo-rosea%27_Makino_(Fugenzo)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BE%E3%82%A6"},{"link_name":"pistil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"Prunus avium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_avium"},{"link_name":"Prunus cerasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_cerasus"},{"link_name":"Prunus fruticosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_fruticosa"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIezzoniLangPulawskaQuero-Garc%C3%ADa2017p._100,_pp._119%E2%80%93122-79"}],"text":"\"Miharu Takizakura\", a tree of species Prunus itosakura that is over 1,000 years old[58]Prunus × subhirtella 'Omoigawa' [ja], a cultivar produced in Oyama City in 1954[59]Japan has a wide diversity of cherry trees, including hundreds of cultivars.[60] By one classification method, there are more than 600 cultivars in Japan,[61][62] while the Tokyo Shimbun claims that there are 800.[63] According to the results of DNA analysis of 215 cultivars carried out by Japan's Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute in 2014, many of the cultivars that have spread around the world are hybrids produced by crossing Oshima cherry and Prunus jamasakura (Yamazakura) with various wild species.[14][15] Among these cultivars, the Sato-zakura Group and many other cultivars have a large number of petals, and the representative cultivar is Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan'.[1]: 137The following species, hybrids, and varieties are used for Sakura cultivars:[64][65]Prunus apetala[66]\nPrunus campanulata[67][66][68]\nPrunus × furuseana (P. incisa × P. jamasakura[69])\nPrunus × incam[70] (P. incisa × P. campanulata[71])\nPrunus incisa var. incisa[66]\nPrunus incisa var. kinkiensis[66]\nPrunus × introrsa[67][66]\nPrunus itosakura[14] (Prunus subhirtella, Prunus pendula)\nPrunus jamasakura[66]\nPrunus × kanzakura[67] (P. campanulata × P. jamasakura and P. campanulata × P. speciosa[69])\nPrunus leveilleana[72] (Prunus verecunda)\nPrunus × miyoshii[66]\nPrunus nipponica[73]\nPrunus padus\nPrunus × parvifolia (P. incisa × P. speciosa[69])\nPrunus pseudocerasus[68]\nPrunus × sacra[67][66] (P. itosakura × P. jamasakura[69])\nPrunus sargentii[66][68]\nPrunus serrulata var. lannesiana, Prunus lannesiana (Prunus Sato-zakura group. Complex interspecific hybrids based on Prunus speciosa.[1]: 86–95, 137 )\nPrunus × sieboldii[66]\nPrunus speciosa[74][1]: 89–95, 103–106, 166–170 \nPrunus × subhirtella[66] (P. incisa × P. itosakura[69])\nPrunus × syodoi[67][66]\nPrunus × tajimensis[66]\nPrunus × takenakae[67][66]\nPrunus × yedoensis[67] (P. itosakura × P. speciosa[69])Prunus × yedoensis 'Somei-yoshino' (Yoshino cherry)The most popular cherry blossom cultivar in Japan is 'Somei-yoshino' (Yoshino cherry). Its flowers are nearly pure white, tinged with the palest pink, especially near the stem. They bloom and usually fall within a week before the leaves come out. Therefore, the trees look nearly white from top to bottom. The cultivar takes its name from the village of Somei, which is now part of Toshima in Tokyo. It was developed in the mid- to late-19th century, at the end of the Edo period and the beginning of the Meiji period. The 'Somei-yoshino' is so widely associated with cherry blossoms that jidaigeki and other works of fiction often show the trees being cultivated in the Edo period or earlier, although such depictions are anachronisms.[1]: 40–45Prunus × kanzakura 'Kawazu-zakura' (Kawazu cherry) [ja], a representative cultivar of the cold season that blooms from late February to early March in Japan''Prunus'' × ''kanzakura'' 'Kawazu-zakura' [ja] is a representative cultivar that blooms before the arrival of spring. It is a natural hybrid between the Oshima cherry and Prunus campanulata and is characterized by deep pink petals. Wild cherry trees usually do not bloom in cold seasons because they cannot produce offspring if they bloom before spring, when pollinating insects become active. However, it is thought that 'Kawazu-zakura' blooms earlier because Prunus campanulata from Okinawa, which did not originally grow naturally in Honshu, was crossed with the Oshima cherry. In wild species, flowering before spring is a disadvantageous feature of selection; in cultivars such as 'Kawazu-zakura', early flowering and flower characteristics are preferred, and they are propagated by grafting.[1]: 98–100Cherry trees are generally classified by species and cultivar, but in Japan they are also classified using names based on the characteristics of the flowers and trees. Cherry trees with more petals than the ordinary five are classified as yae-zakura (double-flowered sakura), and those with drooping branches are classified as shidare-zakura, or weeping cherry. Most yae-zakura and shidare-zakura are cultivars. Famous shidare-zakura cultivars include 'Shidare-zakura', 'Beni-shidare', and 'Yae-beni-shidare', all derived from the wild species Prunus itosakura (syn, Prunus subhirtella or Edo higan).[1]: 86–87The color of cherry blossoms is generally a gradation between white and red, but there are cultivars with unusual colors such as yellow and green. The representative cultivars of these colors are ''Prunus serrulata'' 'Grandiflora' A. Wagner (Ukon) [ja] and ''Prunus serrulata'' 'Gioiko' Koidz (Gyoiko) [ja], which were developed in the Edo period of Japan.[1]: 86–95, 104In 2007, Riken produced a new cultivar named 'Nishina zao' by irradiating cherry trees with a heavy-ion beam. This cultivar is a mutation of the green-petaled ''Prunus serrulata'' 'Gioiko' (Gyoiko) [ja]; it is characterized by its pale yellow-green-white flowers when it blooms and pale yellow-pink flowers when they fall. Riken produced the cultivars 'Nishina otome' (blooms in both spring and autumn, or year-round in a greenhouse), 'Nishina haruka' (larger flowers), and 'Nishina komachi' ('lantern-like' flowers that remain partially closed) in the same way.[75][76]Prunus itosakura 'Pendula' (Shidare-zakura)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrunus itosakura 'Plena Rosea' (Yae-beni-shidare) is a cultivar having characteristics of both yae-zakura and shidare-zakura.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t''Prunus serrulata'' 'Grandiflora' A. Wagner (Ukon) [ja] with rare yellow flowers developed in the Edo period of Japan. One of the cultivars selected for the British Award of Garden Merit.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t''Prunus serrulata'' 'Gioiko' Koidz (Gyoiko) [ja] with rare green flowers developed in the Edo period of Japan.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t''Prunus × sieboldii'' 'Beni-yutaka' [ja]. One of the cultivars selected for the British Award of Garden Merit.All wild cherry trees produce small, unpalatable fruit or edible cherries, however, some cultivars have structural modifications to render the plant unable to naturally reproduce.[77] For example, ''Prunus serrulata'' 'Hisakura' (Ichiyo) [ja] and ''Prunus serrulata'' 'Albo-rosea' Makino (Fugenzo) [ja], which originated from the Oshima cherry, have a modified pistil that develops into a leaf-like structure, and can only be propagated by artificial methods such as grafting and cutting.[1]: 107  Cherry trees grown for their fruit are generally cultivars of the related species Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus, and Prunus fruticosa.[78]","title":"Cultivars"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kungstr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rden_v%C3%A5r_2012a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kungsträdgården","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungstr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rden"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2015-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuki2018-6"},{"link_name":"cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"Prunus × yedoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_%C3%97_yedoensis"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rushforth-81"},{"link_name":"hanami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanami"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berlin-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toronto-84"},{"link_name":"Prunus cerasoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_cerasoides"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRIN-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wild_Himalayan-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"text":"Cherry blossoms at Kungsträdgården in Stockholm, SwedenIn the present day, ornamental cherry blossom trees are distributed and cultivated worldwide.[79] While flowering cherry trees were historically present in Europe, North America, and China,[1]: 122  the practice of cultivating ornamental cherry trees was centered in Japan,[6]: 160–161  and many of the cultivars planted worldwide, such as that of Prunus × yedoensis,[80] have been developed from Japanese hybrids.The global distribution of ornamental cherry trees, along with flower viewing festivals or hanami, largely started in the early 20th century, often as gifts from Japan.[81][82][83] However, some regions have historically cultivated their own native species of flowering cherry trees, a notable variety of which is the Himalayan wild cherry tree Prunus cerasoides.[84][85][86]","title":"Cultivation by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zosterops_japonicus,_Cibodas_Botanical_Gardens,_Java.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prunus cerasoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_cerasoides"},{"link_name":"Prunus cerasoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_cerasoides"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wild_Himalayan-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Tokyo University of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_grayana2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Prunus grayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_grayana"},{"link_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Prunus grayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_grayana"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"HuffPost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"text":"Prunus cerasoidesThe wild Himalayan cherry, Prunus cerasoides, is native to the Himalayan region of Asia, and is common in countries such as Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Myanmar, where it is also cultivated.[85][87][88][89]In 1975, three Japanese researchers proposed a theory that cherry trees originated in the Himalayan region and spread eastwards to reach Japan at a time before human civilisation, when the Japanese archipelago was connected to the Eurasian continent, and that cherry species differentiation was actively promoted in Japan.[90]According to Masataka Somego, a professor at Tokyo University of Agriculture, cherry trees originated 10 million years ago in what is now Nepal and later differentiated in the Japanese archipelago, giving rise to species unique to Japan.[91]According to the Kazusa DNA Research Institute, detailed DNA research has shown that the Prunus itosakura and the Prunus speciosa, which is endemic to Japan, differentiated into independent species 5.52 million years ago.[92][93]Prunus grayanaOn the other hand, according to Ko Shimamoto, a professor at Nara Institute of Science and Technology, modern theories based on detailed DNA research reject the theory that the Himalayan cherry tree is the root of the Japanese cherry tree, and the ancestor of the cherry tree is estimated to be a plant belonging to the Prunus grayana.[94]According to HuffPost, it is a widely held consensus that the origin of the first cherry blossoms happened somewhere in the Himalayas, Eurasia but scholars posit that the blossoms may have reached Japan around several thousand years ago. In Japan, centuries of hybridization have brought about more than 300 varieties of the cherry blossom.[95]","title":"The origin of wild cherry species"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sakura_yu2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sakura_yu.jpg"},{"link_name":"sakurayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakurayu"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-97"},{"link_name":"umezu (ume vinegar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umeboshi"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsukemono-98"},{"link_name":"wagashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagashi"},{"link_name":"traditional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional"},{"link_name":"anpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpan"},{"link_name":"bun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bun"},{"link_name":"red bean paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_bean_paste"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scmpfd-100"},{"link_name":"tsukemono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukemono"},{"link_name":"Jōmon period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reid-101"},{"link_name":"sakurayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakurayu"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"green tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_tea"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scmpfd-100"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"sakuramochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakuramochi"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsukemono-98"},{"link_name":"gin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"sakura cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_cheese"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"text":"Pickled blossomsA cup of sakurayuCherry blossoms and leaves are edible,[96] and both are used as food ingredients in Japan:The blossoms are pickled in salt and umezu (ume vinegar),[97] and used for coaxing out flavor in wagashi, a traditional Japanese confectionery, or anpan, a Japanese sweet bun most-commonly filled with red bean paste.[98] The pickling method, known as sakurazuke (桜漬け), is said to date back to the end of the Edo period,[99] though the general method of pickling vegetables in salt to produce tsukemono has been known as early as the Jōmon period.[100]\nSalt-pickled blossoms in hot water are called sakurayu[101] and drunk at festive events like weddings in place of green tea.[99][102]\nThe leaves are pickled in salted water and used for sakuramochi.[97]\nCherry blossoms are used as a flavoring botanical in Japanese Roku gin.[103]\nThe prize-winning Japanese sakura cheese is made with the leaves of mountain cherry trees.[104]","title":"Culinary use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coumarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumarin"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"hepatotoxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatotoxicity"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-97"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"adulterant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adulterant"},{"link_name":"tonka bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonka_bean"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"amygdalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdalin"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"sub_title":"Toxicity","text":"Cherry leaves and blossoms contain coumarin,[105][106] which is potentially hepatotoxic and is banned in high doses by the Food and Drug Administration.[107] However, coumarin has a desirable vanilla-like scent, and the salt curing process used prior to most culinary applications, which involves washing, drying, and salting the blossoms or leaves for a full day, reduces the concentration of coumarin to acceptable levels while preserving its scent.[96] Coumarin may also be isolated from the plant for use in perfumes,[108] pipe tobacco, or as an adulterant in vanilla flavorings, though the tonka bean is a more common natural source of this chemical.[109]Cherry seeds and bark contain amygdalin and should not be eaten.[110][111]","title":"Culinary use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Historical kana orthography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_kana_orthography"},{"link_name":"modern kana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_kana_usage"}],"text":"^ Historical kana orthography: もののあはれ, modern kana: もののあわれ. The old kana form remains preferred in modern usage.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iwanami Shoten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwanami_Shoten"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4004315346","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4004315346"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4797389319","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4797389319"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781780648378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780648378"}],"text":"Katsuki, Toshio (2015). Sakura (in Japanese). Iwanami Shoten. ISBN 978-4004315346.\nKatsuki, Toshio (2018). Sakura no Kagaku [Science of Cherry Blossoms] (in Japanese). SB Creative. ISBN 978-4797389319.\nIezzoni, Amy; Lang, Gregory; Pulawska, Joanna; Quero-García, José, eds. (2017). Cherries: Botany, Production and Uses. CABI. ISBN 9781780648378.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Cherry blossom tree in Yachounomori Garden, Tatebayashi, Gunma, Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sakura_and_Moss_Pink_-_%E6%A1%9C%28%E3%81%95%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%29%E3%81%A8%E8%8A%9D%E6%A1%9C%28%E3%81%97%E3%81%B0%E3%81%96%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%29.jpg/330px-Sakura_and_Moss_Pink_-_%E6%A1%9C%28%E3%81%95%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%29%E3%81%A8%E8%8A%9D%E6%A1%9C%28%E3%81%97%E3%81%B0%E3%81%96%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prunus speciosa (Oshima cherry), a species of cherry tree that has given rise to many cultivars[14][15]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prunus_speciosa_in_the_Jardin_des_Plantes_002.jpg/220px-Prunus_speciosa_in_the_Jardin_des_Plantes_002.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan' or 'Sekiyama', one of the most popular cherry tree cultivars in Europe and North America, selected for the British Award of Garden Merit[6]: 40–42 ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E5%85%A8%E4%BD%93.jpg/220px-%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E5%85%A8%E4%BD%93.jpg"},{"image_text":"Woodblock print of Mount Fuji and cherry blossom from Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji by Hiroshige. 1858.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Cherry-Blossom-Utagawa-Hiroshige-36-Views-of-Mount_Fuji-Series-7.jpg/170px-Cherry-Blossom-Utagawa-Hiroshige-36-Views-of-Mount_Fuji-Series-7.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jindai-zakura [ja], a 2,000-year-old Prunus itosakura[1]: 178–182 ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hokuto_Yamanashi_Yamatakajindaizakura_1.jpg/220px-Hokuto_Yamanashi_Yamatakajindaizakura_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"'Kanzan' is a double-flowered cultivar developed in the Edo period. It has 20 to 50 petals in a flower.[1]: 93, 103–104 ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/2014-05-10_12_34_11_Flowering_Cherry_along_New_Jersey_Route_29_in_Hopewell_Township%2C_New_Jersey.JPG/220px-2014-05-10_12_34_11_Flowering_Cherry_along_New_Jersey_Route_29_in_Hopewell_Township%2C_New_Jersey.JPG"},{"image_text":"Yoshino cherry, a cultivar propagated through grafting, consistently reaches full bloom simultaneously between individuals if under the same environmental conditions.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yoshino_cherry_%E3%82%BD%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A8%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8E_3.jpg/220px-Yoshino_cherry_%E3%82%BD%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A8%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8E_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 100 yen coin depicting cherry blossoms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/100JPY.JPG/220px-100JPY.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Japan national rugby union team is nicknamed the \"Brave Blossoms\", and have sakura embroidered on their chests.[50]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Summer_Nations_Series_%2723-_Italia_vs_Giappone-45_%2853148622315%29.jpg/360px-Summer_Nations_Series_%2723-_Italia_vs_Giappone-45_%2853148622315%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Miharu Takizakura\", a tree of species Prunus itosakura that is over 1,000 years old[58]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Miharu_Miharu-Takizakura_Front_1.jpg/220px-Miharu_Miharu-Takizakura_Front_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prunus × subhirtella 'Omoigawa' [ja], a cultivar produced in Oyama City in 1954[59]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Omoigawa%2C_Hakuoh_University.jpg/220px-Omoigawa%2C_Hakuoh_University.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prunus × yedoensis 'Somei-yoshino' (Yoshino cherry)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Yoshino_Sakura_Tidal_Basin_DC.jpg/220px-Yoshino_Sakura_Tidal_Basin_DC.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prunus × kanzakura 'Kawazu-zakura' (Kawazu cherry) [ja], a representative cultivar of the cold season that blooms from late February to early March in Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kawazu-zakura3.jpg/220px-Kawazu-zakura3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cherry blossoms at Kungsträdgården in Stockholm, Sweden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kungstr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rden_v%C3%A5r_2012a.jpg/220px-Kungstr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rden_v%C3%A5r_2012a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prunus cerasoides","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Zosterops_japonicus%2C_Cibodas_Botanical_Gardens%2C_Java.jpg/220px-Zosterops_japonicus%2C_Cibodas_Botanical_Gardens%2C_Java.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prunus grayana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/P_grayana2.JPG/220px-P_grayana2.JPG"}]
[{"title":"The Cherry Orchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cherry_Orchard"},{"title":"Cherry Tree Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Tree_Park"},{"title":"Kabazaiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabazaiku"},{"title":"Kigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigo"},{"title":"Japanese poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_poetry"},{"title":"List of Award of Garden Merit flowering cherries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Award_of_Garden_Merit_flowering_cherries"},{"title":"Ohka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohka"},{"title":"Saigyōzakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigy%C5%8Dzakura"},{"title":"Sakura Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_Square"},{"title":"Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Cherry_Blossom_Festival_of_Greater_Philadelphia"},{"title":"Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Cherry_Blossom_Festival"}]
[{"reference":"Katsuki, Toshio (2015). Sakura (in Japanese). Iwanami Shoten. ISBN 978-4004315346.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwanami_Shoten","url_text":"Iwanami Shoten"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4004315346","url_text":"978-4004315346"}]},{"reference":"Kuitert, Wybe (6 March 2015). \"Japanese Flowering Cherries\". Timber Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.issuu.com/jtvr/docs/japanese_flowering_cherries_by_wybe/1","url_text":"\"Japanese Flowering Cherries\""}]},{"reference":"FAQ・桜の豆知識 [FAQ・Cherry Blossom Trivia]. The Flower Association of Japan (in Japanese). 日本以外にも桜は自生してるの？ [Are cherry trees native to countries other than Japan?]. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hananokai.or.jp/sakura/sakuramihonen-faq/","url_text":"FAQ・桜の豆知識"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140805121525/http://www.hananokai.or.jp/b/b9102.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"さくらの基礎知識 [Basic knowledge of cherry blossoms]. JAPAN Cherry Blossom Association (in Japanese). Retrieved 21 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sakuranokai.or.jp/chishiki/index.html","url_text":"さくらの基礎知識"}]},{"reference":"Qingwei, Yao (February 1982). \"Studies on the History of the Flowering Cherry\". en.cnki.com.cn. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220512095848/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-NJLY198202006.htm","url_text":"\"Studies on the History of the Flowering Cherry\""},{"url":"http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-NJLY198202006.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Katsuki, Toshio (2018). Sakura no Kagaku [Science of Cherry Blossoms] (in Japanese). SB Creative. ISBN 978-4797389319.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4797389319","url_text":"978-4797389319"}]},{"reference":"\"sakura\". Cambridge Dictionary: English Dictionary. Retrieved 17 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/sakura","url_text":"\"sakura\""}]},{"reference":"Honoca (4 February 2015). \"The beauty and history of sakura, Japan's national flower\". Tsunagu Japan. Retrieved 6 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsunagujapan.com/the-beauty-and-history-of-sakura-japans-national-flower/","url_text":"\"The beauty and history of sakura, Japan's national flower\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese cherry (n.)\". Oxford English Dictionary. September 2023. doi:10.1093/OED/5455638245.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F5455638245","url_text":"10.1093/OED/5455638245"}]},{"reference":"BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls","url_text":"BSBI List 2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_Britain_and_Ireland","url_text":"Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland"},{"url":"https://bsbi.org/download/3542/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bandini, Rosemary. \"The Forgotten British Collector: Captain Collingwood Ingram (1880-1981)\". www.rosemarybandini.com. Retrieved 17 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rosemarybandini.com/articles/captain-collingwood-ingram/","url_text":"\"The Forgotten British Collector: Captain Collingwood Ingram (1880-1981)\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Sangtae; Wen, Jun (2001). \"A phylogenetic analysis of Prunus and the Amygdaloideae (Rosaceae) using ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA\". American Journal of Botany. 88 (1): 150–160. doi:10.2307/2657135. JSTOR 2657135. PMID 11159135.","urls":[{"url":"https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/2657135","url_text":"\"A phylogenetic analysis of Prunus and the Amygdaloideae (Rosaceae) using ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2657135","url_text":"10.2307/2657135"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2657135","url_text":"2657135"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11159135","url_text":"11159135"}]},{"reference":"Ohba, Hideaki (1992). \"Japanese Cherry Trees under the Genus Cerasus (Rosaceae)\". The Journal of Japanese Botany. 67: 276–281.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/journal-japanese-botany-67-276-281","url_text":"\"Japanese Cherry Trees under the Genus Cerasus (Rosaceae)\""}]},{"reference":"Kato, Shuri; Matsumoto, Asako; Yoshimura, Kensuke; Katsuki, Toshio; Iwamoto, Kojiro; Kawahara, Takayuki; Mukai, Yuzuru; Tsuda, Yoshiaki; Ishio, Shogo; Nakamura, Kentaro; Moriwaki, Kazuo; Shiroishi, Toshihiko; Gojobori, Takashi; Yoshimaru, Hiroshi (30 January 2014). \"Origins of Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars revealed using nuclear SSR markers\". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 10 (3): 477–487. doi:10.1007/s11295-014-0697-1. ISSN 1614-2942. S2CID 255127026.","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11295-014-0697-1","url_text":"\"Origins of Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars revealed using nuclear SSR markers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11295-014-0697-1","url_text":"10.1007/s11295-014-0697-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1614-2942","url_text":"1614-2942"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255127026","url_text":"255127026"}]},{"reference":"DNAからわかったサクラ品種の真実 ―そのほとんどは雑種が起源― [Origins of Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars revealed using nuclear SSR markers]. Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (in Japanese). 16 June 2014. Archived from the original on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190309150440/https://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/research/saizensen/2014/20140616-01.html","url_text":"DNAからわかったサクラ品種の真実 ―そのほとんどは雑種が起源―"},{"url":"https://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/research/saizensen/2014/20140616-01.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brooklyn Botanic Garden (2006). Mizue Sawano: The Art of the Cherry Tree. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-889538-25-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nHf8lxLOYsUC&q=Hanami+nara&pg=PA12","url_text":"Mizue Sawano: The Art of the Cherry Tree"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889538-25-9","url_text":"978-1-889538-25-9"}]},{"reference":"Citko-DuPlantis, Małgorzata (Gosia) K. (7 March 2024). \"Cherry blossoms – celebrated in Japan for centuries and gifted to Americans – are an appreciation of impermanence and spring\". The Conversation. Retrieved 11 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://theconversation.com/cherry-blossoms-celebrated-in-japan-for-centuries-and-gifted-to-americans-are-an-appreciation-of-impermanence-and-spring-224610","url_text":"\"Cherry blossoms – celebrated in Japan for centuries and gifted to Americans – are an appreciation of impermanence and spring\""}]},{"reference":"新しいサクラの開花予想 [Forecast of new cherry blossom blooms] (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. December 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130106160101/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/sakura/data/cb/kaisetu24sakura.pdf","url_text":"新しいサクラの開花予想"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency","url_text":"Japan Meteorological Agency"},{"url":"http://www.data.jma.go.jp/sakura/data/cb/kaisetu24sakura.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Akasegawa, Genpei (2000). Sennin no sakura, zokujin no sakura: Nippon kaibo kiko (in Japanese). Osaka Seikei University, Kyoto, Japan: JTB Nihon Kotsu Kosha Shuppan Jigyokyoku. ISBN 978-4-533-01983-8. Archived from the original on 28 April 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2010. As cherry blossom front comes up, the whole Japan goes into a war; we just can't sit home and let it go.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genpei_Akasegawa","url_text":"Akasegawa, Genpei"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070428002853/http://www.ktv.co.jp/hanami/2005/daily/050420.html","url_text":"Sennin no sakura, zokujin no sakura: Nippon kaibo kiko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto","url_text":"Kyoto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-533-01983-8","url_text":"978-4-533-01983-8"},{"url":"http://www.ktv.co.jp/hanami/2005/daily/050420.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ha, Thu-huong (23 March 2023). \"In Japan, cherry blossom forecasting is a big deal. Warming is making it harder\". The Japan Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/03/23/national/cherry-blossom-forecasting/","url_text":"\"In Japan, cherry blossom forecasting is a big deal. Warming is making it harder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japan's cherry blossom 'earliest peak since 812'\". BBC. 30 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56574142","url_text":"\"Japan's cherry blossom 'earliest peak since 812'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"5 Places to See Japan's (Very Real) Winter Cherry Blossoms\". GaijinPot Travel. Gaijin Pot. 12 December 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://travel.gaijinpot.com/japan-sightseeing-essentials/cherry-blossoms-japan/winter-cherry-blossoms-in-japan/","url_text":"\"5 Places to See Japan's (Very Real) Winter Cherry Blossoms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japan's Top 100 Cherry Blossom Spots – GoJapanGo (English language version of list)\". Japan's Top 100 Cherry Blossom Spots – GoJapanGo. Mi Marketing Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180515132206/http://www.gojapango.com/travel/japans_top_100_cherry_blossom_spots.htm","url_text":"\"Japan's Top 100 Cherry Blossom Spots – GoJapanGo (English language version of list)\""},{"url":"http://www.gojapango.com/travel/japans_top_100_cherry_blossom_spots.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kays, Stanley J. (3 October 2011). Cultivated vegetables of the world: a multilingual onomasticon. Springer. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-90-8686-720-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1pBMcf6wyj0C&pg=PA15","url_text":"Cultivated vegetables of the world: a multilingual onomasticon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8686-720-2","url_text":"978-90-8686-720-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Japan's Kyoto cherry blossoms peak on the earliest date in 1,200 years, a sign of climate change\". The Washington Post. 30 March 2021. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210403174521if_/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/03/29/japan-kyoto-cherry-blossoms-record/","url_text":"\"Japan's Kyoto cherry blossoms peak on the earliest date in 1,200 years, a sign of climate change\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/03/29/japan-kyoto-cherry-blossoms-record/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aono, Yasuyuki (1 October 2015). \"Cherry blossom phenology and temperature reconstructions at Kyoto\". Osaka Prefecture University. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210403110917/http://atmenv.envi.osakafu-u.ac.jp/aono/kyophenotemp4/","url_text":"\"Cherry blossom phenology and temperature reconstructions at Kyoto\""},{"url":"http://atmenv.envi.osakafu-u.ac.jp/aono/kyophenotemp4/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sakura Matsuri - Cherry Blossom Festival\". www.visitnsw.com. Retrieved 14 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/country-nsw/cowra-area/cowra/events/sakura-matsuri-cherry-blossom-festival","url_text":"\"Sakura Matsuri - Cherry Blossom Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Skidmore, Maya (14 July 2023). \"Sydney Cherry Blossom Festival\". Time Out. Retrieved 14 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/sydney/things-to-do/sydney-cherry-blossom-festival","url_text":"\"Sydney Cherry Blossom Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cherry Blossoms Are Coming Earlier Because of Climate Change\". TIME. 18 March 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://time.com/6957844/cherry-blossoms-climate-change-peak-bloom-shift/","url_text":"\"Cherry Blossoms Are Coming Earlier Because of Climate Change\""}]},{"reference":"\"In China, Climate Change Disrupts a Beloved Tradition: Cherry Blossom Season\". #SixthTone. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1012557","url_text":"\"In China, Climate Change Disrupts a Beloved Tradition: Cherry Blossom Season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japan's most famous cherry blossom trees could disappear due to climate change\". Yahoo News. 25 March 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://au.news.yahoo.com/japans-most-famous-cherry-blossom-170908475.html","url_text":"\"Japan's most famous cherry blossom trees could disappear due to climate change\""}]},{"reference":"Citko-DuPlantis, Małgorzata (Gosia) K. (7 March 2024). \"Cherry blossoms – celebrated in Japan for centuries and gifted to Americans – are an appreciation of impermanence and spring\". The Conversation. Retrieved 11 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://theconversation.com/cherry-blossoms-celebrated-in-japan-for-centuries-and-gifted-to-americans-are-an-appreciation-of-impermanence-and-spring-224610","url_text":"\"Cherry blossoms – celebrated in Japan for centuries and gifted to Americans – are an appreciation of impermanence and spring\""}]},{"reference":"Choy Lee, Khoon (1995). Japan—between Myth and Reality. World Scientific. p. 142. ISBN 9789810218652.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=77ZqNbU_Y74C","url_text":"Japan—between Myth and Reality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789810218652","url_text":"9789810218652"}]},{"reference":"\"Court Lady's Garment (Kosode) with Swallows and Bells on Blossoming Cherry Tree\", Asian Art at The Met, 1868–1912","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/648202?pkgids=761","url_text":"\"Court Lady's Garment (Kosode) with Swallows and Bells on Blossoming Cherry Tree\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sakura: Cherry Blossoms as Living Symbols of Friendship\". Library of Congress. Retrieved 17 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/cherry-blossoms/cherry-blossoms-in-japanese-cultural-history","url_text":"\"Sakura: Cherry Blossoms as Living Symbols of Friendship\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"Large Dish with Cherry Blossoms\", Asian Art at The Met, 1690–1720s","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/52281","url_text":"\"Large Dish with Cherry Blossoms\""}]},{"reference":"Young, John; Nakajima-Okano, Kimiko (1985). Learn Japanese: New College Text. University of Hawaii Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0824809515.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824809515","url_text":"978-0824809515"}]},{"reference":"Slaymaker, Douglas (2004). The Body in Postwar Japanese Fiction. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN 9781134354030.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134354030","url_text":"9781134354030"}]},{"reference":"McClain, James L. (2002). Japan: A Modern History. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 414. ISBN 0-393-04156-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=obYhbzN-dY0C","url_text":"Japan: A Modern History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04156-5","url_text":"0-393-04156-5"}]},{"reference":"Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko (2002). Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms. University of Chicago Press. pp. 9–10.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiko_Ohnuki-Tierney","url_text":"Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko"},{"url":"https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/K/bo3656741.html","url_text":"Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms"}]},{"reference":"Bruce Gamble (2014). Invasion Rabaul: The Epic Story of Lark Force, the Forgotten Garrison, January - July 1942. Zenith Press. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-0760345917.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0760345917","url_text":"978-0760345917"}]},{"reference":"Brendon, Piers (2000). The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s. Johnathan Cape. p. 441. ISBN 0-375-40881-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers_Brendon","url_text":"Brendon, Piers"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0dBmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9","url_text":"0-375-40881-9"}]},{"reference":"Citko-DuPlantis, Małgorzata (Gosia) K. (7 March 2024). \"Cherry blossoms – celebrated in Japan for centuries and gifted to Americans – are an appreciation of impermanence and spring\". The Conversation. Retrieved 11 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://theconversation.com/cherry-blossoms-celebrated-in-japan-for-centuries-and-gifted-to-americans-are-an-appreciation-of-impermanence-and-spring-224610","url_text":"\"Cherry blossoms – celebrated in Japan for centuries and gifted to Americans – are an appreciation of impermanence and spring\""}]},{"reference":"Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms: The Militarization of Aesthetics in Japanese History. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/K/bo3656741.html","url_text":"Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms: The Militarization of Aesthetics in Japanese History"}]},{"reference":"Toland, John (1970). The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945. Random House New York. p. 539.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Toland_(author)","url_text":"Toland, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rising_Sun:_The_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Japanese_Empire_1936%E2%80%931945","url_text":"The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945"}]},{"reference":"Harries, Meirion; Harries, Susie (1991). Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. Random House. p. 424. ISBN 0-394-56935-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-56935-0","url_text":"0-394-56935-0"}]},{"reference":"Sakamoto, Kerri (2004). One Hundred Million Hearts. Vintage Book. ISBN 0-676-97512-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerri_Sakamoto","url_text":"Sakamoto, Kerri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-676-97512-7","url_text":"0-676-97512-7"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Ivan (1975). The Nobility of Failure: Tragic Heroes in the History of Japan. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 290.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Morris","url_text":"Morris, Ivan"}]},{"reference":"Shimbun, Kyoto. \"\"Rugby Grandma\": Designer behind Japan team's cherry blossom emblem\". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 22 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2019/09/bc34ccc8fff4-rugby-grandma-designer-behind-japan-teams-cherry-blossom-emblem.html","url_text":"\"\"Rugby Grandma\": Designer behind Japan team's cherry blossom emblem\""}]},{"reference":"ラグビー日本代表 初代ジャージー発見、京都で展示へ [Japan Rugby National Team's first jersey discovered, to be exhibited in Kyoto]. スポニチ Sponichi Annex (in Japanese). 17 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sponichi.co.jp/sports/news/2019/08/17/kiji/20190817s00044000058000c.html","url_text":"ラグビー日本代表 初代ジャージー発見、京都で展示へ"}]},{"reference":"\"Women's T20 Cricket : Nepal ends in third position\". Newspolar. 19 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://enewspolar.com/womens-t20-cricket-nepal-ends-in-third-position/","url_text":"\"Women's T20 Cricket : Nepal ends in third position\""}]},{"reference":"アメリカンフットボール日本代表オフィシャルサイト [Official site of the Japanese American Football National Team] (in Japanese). Retrieved 22 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanfootball.jp/japan/","url_text":"アメリカンフットボール日本代表オフィシャルサイト"}]},{"reference":"\"Japan trounces South Korea, qualifies for IFAF World Championship | the Japan Times Online\". The Japan Times. 27 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110302083904/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sf20110227a1.html","url_text":"\"Japan trounces South Korea, qualifies for IFAF World Championship | the Japan Times Online\""},{"url":"http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sf20110227a1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cherry Blossom Tattoo Designs\". Freetattoodesigns.org. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130622220241/http://www.freetattoodesigns.org/cherry-blossom-tattoo.html#sakura","url_text":"\"Cherry Blossom Tattoo Designs\""},{"url":"http://www.freetattoodesigns.org/cherry-blossom-tattoo.html#sakura","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic mascots Miraitowa and Someity invoke the future and cherry trees for 2020 Games\". The Japan Times. AFP-JIJI. 22 July 2018. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/07/22/national/tokyo-games-organizers-introduce-mascots-miraitowa-someity-world/","url_text":"\"Olympic mascots Miraitowa and Someity invoke the future and cherry trees for 2020 Games\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180722073052/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/07/22/national/tokyo-games-organizers-introduce-mascots-miraitowa-someity-world/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Diller, Nathan (6 April 2020). \"Locals Are Getting Their Cherry Blossom Fix In Animal Crossing\". DCist. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://dcist.com/story/20/04/06/locals-are-getting-their-cherry-blossom-fix-in-animal-crossing/","url_text":"\"Locals Are Getting Their Cherry Blossom Fix In Animal Crossing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240115180039/https://dcist.com/story/20/04/06/locals-are-getting-their-cherry-blossom-fix-in-animal-crossing/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Visitors return to renowned cherry tree in Fukushima\". Asahi Shimbun. 26 April 2012. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426175204/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/0311disaster/recovery/AJ201204260009","url_text":"\"Visitors return to renowned cherry tree in Fukushima\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun","url_text":"Asahi Shimbun"},{"url":"http://ajw.asahi.com/article/0311disaster/recovery/AJ201204260009","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"小山市の花、木、鳥 [Flowers, trees, and birds of Oyama City] (in Japanese). Oyama City. Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.city.oyama.tochigi.jp/soshiki/3/1559.html","url_text":"小山市の花、木、鳥"}]},{"reference":"Brandow Samuels, Gayle (3 January 2005). Enduring Roots: Encounters with Trees, History, and the American Landscape. Rutgers University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-8135-3539-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WovVBjvQG1wC","url_text":"Enduring Roots: Encounters with Trees, History, and the American Landscape"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3539-5","url_text":"978-0-8135-3539-5"}]},{"reference":"紹介！桜の品種 [Introduction! Varieties of cherry blossom]. Hibiya-Kadan (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 26 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200926115307/https://sakura.hibiyakadan.com/page.jsp?id=14549347","url_text":"紹介！桜の品種"},{"url":"https://sakura.hibiyakadan.com/page.jsp?id=14549347","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"花のコーナー [Flower Corner]. General Incorporated Association Kitakyushu Ryokka Kyokai (in Japanese). April 2016. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212031148/http://www.kita-ryokka.or.jp/index.php?%E8%8A%B1%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%80%802016%E5%B9%B404%E6%9C%88","url_text":"花のコーナー"},{"url":"http://www.kita-ryokka.or.jp/index.php?%E8%8A%B1%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%80%802016%E5%B9%B404%E6%9C%88","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"白の輝き 新種のしだれ桜 茨城の「博士」が上野で発見 (in Japanese). Tokyo Shimbun. 29 March 2022. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220328231414/https://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/168395","url_text":"白の輝き 新種のしだれ桜 茨城の「博士」が上野で発見"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Shimbun","url_text":"Tokyo Shimbun"},{"url":"https://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/168395","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"サクラ栽培品種の分類体系の再編とデータベース化 [Reorganization and database creation of classification system for cherry blossom cultivars] (PDF) (in Japanese). 2013. pp. 58–59.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/pubs/seikasenshu/2013/documents/p58-59.pdf","url_text":"サクラ栽培品種の分類体系の再編とデータベース化"}]},{"reference":"Katsuki, Toshio; Iwamoto, Kojiro; Ishii, Yukio (March 2011). 多摩森林科学園サクラ保存林における30年間のサクラの開花期観測 [The observation of flowering dates in the Cherry Preservation Forest at the Tama Forest Science Garden over a 30 year period] (PDF). Bulletin of FFPRI (in Japanese). 10 (l): 7–48.","urls":[{"url":"http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010813972.pdf","url_text":"多摩森林科学園サクラ保存林における30年間のサクラの開花期観測"}]},{"reference":"Kato, Shuri; Matsumoto, Asako; Yoshimura, Kensuke; Katsuki, Toshio; Iwamoto, Kojiro; Tsuda, Yoshiaki; Ishio, Shogo; Nakamura, Kentaro; Moriwaki, Kazuo; Shiroishi, Toshihiko; Gojobori, Takashi; Yoshimaru, Hiroshi (2012). \"Clone identification in Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars using nuclear SSR markers\". Breeding Science. 62 (3): 248–255. doi:10.1270/jsbbs.62.248. PMC 3501942. PMID 23226085.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3501942","url_text":"\"Clone identification in Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars using nuclear SSR markers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1270%2Fjsbbs.62.248","url_text":"10.1270/jsbbs.62.248"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3501942","url_text":"3501942"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23226085","url_text":"23226085"}]},{"reference":"Kato, Shuri; Matsumoto, Asako; Yoshimura, Kensuke; Katsuki, Toshio; Iwamoto, Kojiro; Kawahara, Takayuki; Mukai, Yuzuru; Tsuda, Yoshiaki; Ishio, Shogo; Nakamura, Kentaro; Moriwaki, Kazuo; Shiroishi, Toshihiko; Gojobori, Takashi; Yoshimaru, Hiroshi (2014). \"Origins of Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars revealed using nuclear SSR markers\" (PDF). Tree Genetics & Genomes. 10 (3): 477–487. doi:10.1007/s11295-014-0697-1. S2CID 18606833. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/content/esm/art:10.1007/s11295-014-0697-1/file/MediaObjects/11295_2014_697_MOESM5_ESM.pdf","url_text":"\"Origins of Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars revealed using nuclear SSR markers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11295-014-0697-1","url_text":"10.1007/s11295-014-0697-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18606833","url_text":"18606833"}]},{"reference":"桜の新しい系統保全 ―形質・遺伝子・病害研究に基づく取組― [Conservation of new lines of cherry blossoms - Efforts based on traits, genes, and disease research] (PDF) (in Japanese). Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Tama Forest Science Garden. ISBN 978-4-905304-19-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140708171655/http://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/pubs/chukiseika/documents/3rd-chuukiseika5.pdf","url_text":"桜の新しい系統保全 ―形質・遺伝子・病害研究に基づく取組―"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-905304-19-7","url_text":"978-4-905304-19-7"},{"url":"http://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/pubs/chukiseika/documents/3rd-chuukiseika5.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Katsuki, Toshio (2017). サクラの分類と形態による同定 [Classification and morphological identification of cherry trees] (in Japanese). pp. 96–97. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210301110856/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/treeforesthealth/21/2/21_93/_pdf","url_text":"サクラの分類と形態による同定"},{"url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/treeforesthealth/21/2/21_93/_pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brand, Mark H. \"Prunus × incam: Okame Flowering Cherry\". University of Connecticut Plant Database.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/detail.php?pid=358","url_text":"\"Prunus × incam: Okame Flowering Cherry\""}]},{"reference":"Olsen, Richard T.; Whittemore, Alan T. (December 2009). \"Validation of the Hybrid Flowering Cherry Prunus × incam (Rosaceae)\". Novon. 19 (4): 490–493. doi:10.3417/2007177. JSTOR 27765203. S2CID 86536702.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/121956","url_text":"\"Validation of the Hybrid Flowering Cherry Prunus × incam (Rosaceae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3417%2F2007177","url_text":"10.3417/2007177"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27765203","url_text":"27765203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86536702","url_text":"86536702"}]},{"reference":"\"Cherry blossom\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network","url_text":"Germplasm Resources Information Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service","url_text":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"}]},{"reference":"Ma, Hongmei; Olsen, Richard; Pooler, Margaret (2009). \"Evaluation of Flowering Cherry Species, Hybrids, and Cultivars Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers\". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 134 (4): 435–444. doi:10.21273/JASHS.134.4.435.","urls":[{"url":"https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/37581/PDF","url_text":"\"Evaluation of Flowering Cherry Species, Hybrids, and Cultivars Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21273%2FJASHS.134.4.435","url_text":"10.21273/JASHS.134.4.435"}]},{"reference":"Satoshi Ohta; Shinsuke Osumi; Toshio Katsuki; Ikuo Nakamura; Toshiya Yamamoto; Yo-Ichiro Sato (2006). \"Genetic characterization of flowering cherries (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) using rpl16-rpl14 spacer sequences of chloroplast DNA\". 園芸雑誌(J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci.). 75 (1): 72–78. doi:10.2503/jjshs.75.72. Retrieved 6 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjshs/75/1/75_1_72/_pdf","url_text":"\"Genetic characterization of flowering cherries (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) using rpl16-rpl14 spacer sequences of chloroplast DNA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2503%2Fjjshs.75.72","url_text":"10.2503/jjshs.75.72"}]},{"reference":"\"Nishina Zao\". Riken. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210302124605/https://www.riken.jp/en/about/history/story/zao/","url_text":"\"Nishina Zao\""},{"url":"https://www.riken.jp/en/about/history/story/zao/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"新種のサクラ [A new kind of cherry blossom]. Riken (in Japanese). Retrieved 21 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riken.jp/pr/fun/sakura/index.html","url_text":"新種のサクラ"}]},{"reference":"\"Prunus serrulata Auckland ban\". New Zealand Plant Producers Incorporated. 3 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzppi.co.nz/Prunus-serrulata-Auckland-ban/19776-bac69eb1-0526-41bc-962d-7cee8c88fbcf-s119774/","url_text":"\"Prunus serrulata Auckland ban\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, Di'Amond (1 March 2023). \"A look at Cherry Blossoms blooming around the world\". USA Today.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/nation/2023/03/01/look-cherry-blossoms-blooming-around-world/11374723002/","url_text":"\"A look at Cherry Blossoms blooming around the world\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cherry Trees: A First Lady's Legacy\". National Park Service. Retrieved 20 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/cherry-trees-a-first-lady-legacy.htm","url_text":"\"Cherry Trees: A First Lady's Legacy\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Sakura Campaign – The State of Berlin\". Berlin.de. Retrieved 2 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/stadtgruen/stadtbaeume/en/sakura/index.shtml","url_text":"\"The Sakura Campaign – The State of Berlin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cherry Blossoms\". City of Toronto. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toronto.ca/explore-enjoy/festivals-events/cherry-blossoms/","url_text":"\"Cherry Blossoms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prunus cerasoides\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 24 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=29865","url_text":"\"Prunus cerasoides\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network","url_text":"Germplasm Resources Information Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service","url_text":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"}]},{"reference":"Pāgé, Navendu. \"Wild Himalayan Cherry\". www.flowersofindia.net. Retrieved 16 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Wild%20Himalayan%20Cherry.html","url_text":"\"Wild Himalayan Cherry\""}]},{"reference":"Chandel, V.; Rana, T.; Hallan, V.; Zaidi, A. A. (2007). \"Wild Himalayan Cherry (Prunus cerasoides) as a Natural Host of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus in India\". Plant Disease. 91 (12): 1686. doi:10.1094/PDIS-91-12-1686C. PMID 30780621.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPDIS-91-12-1686C","url_text":"10.1094/PDIS-91-12-1686C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30780621","url_text":"30780621"}]},{"reference":"Chandran, Divya (18 September 2019). \"SAKURA MAGIC IN THE NILGIRIS\". thepapyrus.in. Retrieved 16 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://thepapyrus.in/index.php/sakura-magic-in-the-nilgiris-wild-cherry-blossom-pollachi-papyrus/","url_text":"\"SAKURA MAGIC IN THE NILGIRIS\""}]},{"reference":"Chandel, V.; Rana, T.; Hallan, V.; Zaidi, A. A. (December 2007). \"Wild Himalayan Cherry (Prunus cerasoides) as a Natural Host of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus in India\". Plant Disease. 91 (12): 1686. doi:10.1094/PDIS-91-12-1686C. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30780621.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30780621/#:~:text=Prunus%20cerasoides,%20also%20known%20as,cerasoides.","url_text":"\"Wild Himalayan Cherry (Prunus cerasoides) as a Natural Host of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus in India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPDIS-91-12-1686C","url_text":"10.1094/PDIS-91-12-1686C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0191-2917","url_text":"0191-2917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30780621","url_text":"30780621"}]},{"reference":"Naithani, H. B. (1990). Flowering Plants of India, Nepal & Bhutan: Not Recorded in Sir J.D. Hooker's Flora of British India. Surya Publications. ISBN 978-81-85276-20-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YIs_AAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Flowering Plants of India, Nepal & Bhutan: Not Recorded in Sir J.D. Hooker's Flora of British India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85276-20-5","url_text":"978-81-85276-20-5"}]},{"reference":"Nobuhiko Tanaka (24 March 2021). 中国の人たちはなぜ花見をするようになったのか 日本を通じて桜を再発見した中国の人々 (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210424051504/https://wisdom.nec.com/ja/series/tanaka/2021032401/index.html","url_text":"中国の人たちはなぜ花見をするようになったのか 日本を通じて桜を再発見した中国の人々"},{"url":"https://wisdom.nec.com/ja/series/tanaka/2021032401/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Masataka Somego. \"How it became Sakura in Japan\" (PDF). J stage. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328122238/https://www.htsj.or.jp/dennetsu/denpdf/Prof_Somego.pdf","url_text":"\"How it became Sakura in Japan\""},{"url":"https://www.htsj.or.jp/dennetsu/denpdf/Prof_Somego.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kenta Shirasawa; Tomoya Esumi; Hideki Hirakawa; Hideyuki Tanaka; Akihiro Itai; Andrea Ghelfi; Hideki Nagasaki; Sachiko Isobe (12 March 2019). \"Phased genome sequence of an interspecific hybrid 2 flowering cherry, Somei-Yoshino (Cerasus × yedoensis)\" (PDF). doi:10.1101/573451. S2CID 91512025. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210612161636/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573451v1.full.pdf","url_text":"\"Phased genome sequence of an interspecific hybrid 2 flowering cherry, Somei-Yoshino (Cerasus × yedoensis)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2F573451","url_text":"10.1101/573451"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91512025","url_text":"91512025"},{"url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573451v1.full.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"ソメイヨシノのゲノム解読に成功、開花時期の予測が可能に (in Japanese). University Journal Online. 1 April 2019. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210407165222/https://univ-journal.jp/25310/","url_text":"ソメイヨシノのゲノム解読に成功、開花時期の予測が可能に"},{"url":"https://univ-journal.jp/25310/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"秋咲きのサクラはヒマラヤザクラの先祖返り？ (in Japanese). The Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240405111127/https://jspp.org/hiroba/q_and_a/detail.html?id=1927&key=&target=","url_text":"秋咲きのサクラはヒマラヤザクラの先祖返り？"},{"url":"https://jspp.org/hiroba/q_and_a/detail.html?id=1927&key=&target=","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cherry Blossoms: History Behind the Bloom\". HuffPost. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/cherry-blossoms-history_b_3081264","url_text":"\"Cherry Blossoms: History Behind the Bloom\""}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Stephanie (28 February 2023). \"How Toxic Cherry Blossoms Are Turned Into Edible Sakura\". Tasting Table. Retrieved 20 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tastingtable.com/1213178/how-toxic-cherry-blossoms-are-turned-into-edible-sakura/","url_text":"\"How Toxic Cherry Blossoms Are Turned Into Edible Sakura\""}]},{"reference":"Mouritsen, Ole G.; Styrbæk, Klavs (2021). Tsukemono: Decoding the Art and Science of Japanese Pickling. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 120. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57862-6. ISBN 978-3-030-57861-9. S2CID 241732185.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-57862-6","url_text":"Tsukemono: Decoding the Art and Science of Japanese Pickling"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-57862-6","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-57862-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-57861-9","url_text":"978-3-030-57861-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241732185","url_text":"241732185"}]},{"reference":"\"Preserved Cherry Blossoms and Sakura Vinegar\". Diversivore. 1 May 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diversivore.com/preserved-cherry-blossoms/","url_text":"\"Preserved Cherry Blossoms and Sakura Vinegar\""}]},{"reference":"Mok, Charmaine (25 March 2023). \"How Japanese cherry blossom is used in food, what its tastes like, and where in Hong Kong you can find it\". South China Morning Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/food-drink/article/3214671/how-japanese-cherry-blossom-used-food-what-its-tastes-and-where-hong-kong-you-can-find-it","url_text":"\"How Japanese cherry blossom is used in food, what its tastes like, and where in Hong Kong you can find it\""}]},{"reference":"Reid, Libby (August 2008). TSUKEMONO: A Look at Japanese Pickling Techniques (PDF). Kanagawa International Foundation. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101124012004/http://k-i-a.or.jp/kokusai/jigyou/english-lesson/ts-report/report2008.pdf","url_text":"TSUKEMONO: A Look at Japanese Pickling Techniques"},{"url":"http://k-i-a.or.jp/kokusai/jigyou/english-lesson/ts-report/report2008.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Itoh, Makiko (23 March 2012). \"Cherry blossom captures the flavor of spring\". The Japan Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2012/03/23/food/cherry-blossom-captures-the-flavor-of-spring/","url_text":"\"Cherry blossom captures the flavor of spring\""}]},{"reference":"【ホームメイト】桜湯｜ウェディング用語辞書 [【Homemate】Sakura-yu｜Wedding terminology dictionary]. Happy Pair (in Japanese). Retrieved 20 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.happy-pair.com/useful/glossary/wedding/1322701/","url_text":"【ホームメイト】桜湯｜ウェディング用語辞書"}]},{"reference":"\"Bartenders' guide to foraging: Cherry blossom\". www.diffordsguide.com. Retrieved 6 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diffordsguide.com/encyclopedia/1651/cocktails/bartenders-guide-to-foraging-cherry-blossom","url_text":"\"Bartenders' guide to foraging: Cherry blossom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japan wins Swiss cheese prize\". ABC News. 31 October 2004. Retrieved 20 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-10-31/japan-wins-swiss-cheese-prize/576752","url_text":"\"Japan wins Swiss cheese prize\""}]},{"reference":"Poonam, V.; Raunak, null; Kumar, G.; Reddy L, C. S.; Jain, R.; Sharma, S. K.; Prasad, A. K.; Parmar, V. S. (2011). \"Chemical constituents of the genus Prunus and their medicinal properties\". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 18 (25): 3758–3824. doi:10.2174/092986711803414386. ISSN 1875-533X. PMID 21831039.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21831039","url_text":"\"Chemical constituents of the genus Prunus and their medicinal properties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2174%2F092986711803414386","url_text":"10.2174/092986711803414386"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1875-533X","url_text":"1875-533X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21831039","url_text":"21831039"}]},{"reference":"Shibato, Junko; Takenoya, Fumiko; Hirabayashi, Takahiro; Kimura, Ai; Iwasaki, Yusuke; Toyoda, Yoko; Hori, Motohide; Tamogami, Shigeru; Rakwal, Randeep; Shioda, Seiji (25 July 2019). \"Towards identification of bioactive compounds in cold vacuum extracted double cherry blossom (Gosen-Sakura) leaves\". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 14 (10): e1644594. Bibcode:2019PlSiB..14E4594S. doi:10.1080/15592324.2019.1644594. ISSN 1559-2316. PMC 6768248. PMID 31342859.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6768248","url_text":"\"Towards identification of bioactive compounds in cold vacuum extracted double cherry blossom (Gosen-Sakura) leaves\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PlSiB..14E4594S","url_text":"2019PlSiB..14E4594S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15592324.2019.1644594","url_text":"10.1080/15592324.2019.1644594"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1559-2316","url_text":"1559-2316"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6768248","url_text":"6768248"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31342859","url_text":"31342859"}]},{"reference":"Yamada, Takashi; Katsutani, Naruo; Maruyama, Taeko; Kawamura, Tomoko; Yamazaki, Hiroshi; Murayama, Norie; Tong, Weida; Yamazoe, Yasushi; Hirose, Akihiko (23 September 2022). \"Combined Risk Assessment of Food-derived Coumarin with in Silico Approaches\". Food Safety. 10 (3): 73–82. doi:10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-21-00015. ISSN 2187-8404. PMC 9509535. PMID 36237397.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9509535","url_text":"\"Combined Risk Assessment of Food-derived Coumarin with in Silico Approaches\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.14252%2Ffoodsafetyfscj.D-21-00015","url_text":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-21-00015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2187-8404","url_text":"2187-8404"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9509535","url_text":"9509535"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36237397","url_text":"36237397"}]},{"reference":"Lončar, Mirjana; Jakovljević, Martina; Šubarić, Drago; Pavlić, Martina; Buzjak Služek, Vlatka; Cindrić, Ines; Molnar, Maja (18 May 2020). \"Coumarins in Food and Methods of Their Determination\". Foods. 9 (5): 645. doi:10.3390/foods9050645. ISSN 2304-8158. PMC 7278589. PMID 32443406.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7278589","url_text":"\"Coumarins in Food and Methods of Their Determination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ffoods9050645","url_text":"10.3390/foods9050645"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2304-8158","url_text":"2304-8158"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7278589","url_text":"7278589"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32443406","url_text":"32443406"}]},{"reference":"\"Principles of herbal pharmacology\", Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy, Elsevier, pp. 17–82, 2013, doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-06992-5.00002-5, ISBN 978-0-443-06992-5, retrieved 1 March 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780443069925000025","url_text":"\"Principles of herbal pharmacology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-443-06992-5.00002-5","url_text":"10.1016/b978-0-443-06992-5.00002-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06992-5","url_text":"978-0-443-06992-5"}]},{"reference":"Bricault, Robert (13 March 2017). \"Cherry blossom toxicity? #388219\". Ask Extension. Retrieved 15 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ask2.extension.org/kb/faq.php?id=388219","url_text":"\"Cherry blossom toxicity? #388219\""}]},{"reference":"Mekonnen, Serkalem. \"I Swallowed A Cherry Pit!\". Poison Control. Retrieved 15 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poison.org/articles/i-swallowed-a-cherry-pit-184","url_text":"\"I Swallowed A Cherry Pit!\""}]},{"reference":"Katsuki, Toshio (2015). Sakura (in Japanese). Iwanami Shoten. ISBN 978-4004315346.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwanami_Shoten","url_text":"Iwanami Shoten"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4004315346","url_text":"978-4004315346"}]},{"reference":"Katsuki, Toshio (2018). Sakura no Kagaku [Science of Cherry Blossoms] (in Japanese). SB Creative. ISBN 978-4797389319.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4797389319","url_text":"978-4797389319"}]},{"reference":"Iezzoni, Amy; Lang, Gregory; Pulawska, Joanna; Quero-García, José, eds. (2017). Cherries: Botany, Production and Uses. CABI. ISBN 9781780648378.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780648378","url_text":"9781780648378"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/873478/1/10","external_links_name":"Shina seibatsu no uta"},{"Link":"http://www.issuu.com/jtvr/docs/japanese_flowering_cherries_by_wybe/1","external_links_name":"\"Japanese Flowering Cherries\""},{"Link":"http://www.hananokai.or.jp/sakura/sakuramihonen-faq/","external_links_name":"FAQ・桜の豆知識"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140805121525/http://www.hananokai.or.jp/b/b9102.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sakuranokai.or.jp/chishiki/index.html","external_links_name":"さくらの基礎知識"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220512095848/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-NJLY198202006.htm","external_links_name":"\"Studies on the History of the Flowering Cherry\""},{"Link":"http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-NJLY198202006.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/sakura","external_links_name":"\"sakura\""},{"Link":"https://www.tsunagujapan.com/the-beauty-and-history-of-sakura-japans-national-flower/","external_links_name":"\"The beauty and history of sakura, Japan's national flower\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F5455638245","external_links_name":"10.1093/OED/5455638245"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls","external_links_name":"BSBI List 2007"},{"Link":"https://bsbi.org/download/3542/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rosemarybandini.com/articles/captain-collingwood-ingram/","external_links_name":"\"The Forgotten British Collector: Captain Collingwood Ingram (1880-1981)\""},{"Link":"https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/2657135","external_links_name":"\"A phylogenetic analysis of Prunus and the Amygdaloideae (Rosaceae) using ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2657135","external_links_name":"10.2307/2657135"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2657135","external_links_name":"2657135"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11159135","external_links_name":"11159135"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/journal-japanese-botany-67-276-281","external_links_name":"\"Japanese Cherry Trees under the Genus Cerasus (Rosaceae)\""},{"Link":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11295-014-0697-1","external_links_name":"\"Origins of Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars revealed using nuclear SSR markers\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11295-014-0697-1","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11295-014-0697-1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1614-2942","external_links_name":"1614-2942"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255127026","external_links_name":"255127026"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190309150440/https://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/research/saizensen/2014/20140616-01.html","external_links_name":"DNAからわかったサクラ品種の真実 ―そのほとんどは雑種が起源―"},{"Link":"https://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/research/saizensen/2014/20140616-01.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nHf8lxLOYsUC&q=Hanami+nara&pg=PA12","external_links_name":"Mizue Sawano: The Art of the Cherry Tree"},{"Link":"https://theconversation.com/cherry-blossoms-celebrated-in-japan-for-centuries-and-gifted-to-americans-are-an-appreciation-of-impermanence-and-spring-224610","external_links_name":"\"Cherry blossoms – celebrated in Japan for centuries and gifted to Americans – are an appreciation of impermanence and spring\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130106160101/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/sakura/data/cb/kaisetu24sakura.pdf","external_links_name":"新しいサクラの開花予想"},{"Link":"http://www.data.jma.go.jp/sakura/data/cb/kaisetu24sakura.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070428002853/http://www.ktv.co.jp/hanami/2005/daily/050420.html","external_links_name":"Sennin no sakura, zokujin no sakura: Nippon kaibo kiko"},{"Link":"http://www.ktv.co.jp/hanami/2005/daily/050420.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/03/23/national/cherry-blossom-forecasting/","external_links_name":"\"In Japan, cherry blossom forecasting is a big deal. Warming is making it harder\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56574142","external_links_name":"\"Japan's cherry blossom 'earliest peak since 812'\""},{"Link":"https://travel.gaijinpot.com/japan-sightseeing-essentials/cherry-blossoms-japan/winter-cherry-blossoms-in-japan/","external_links_name":"\"5 Places to See Japan's (Very Real) Winter Cherry Blossoms\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180515132206/http://www.gojapango.com/travel/japans_top_100_cherry_blossom_spots.htm","external_links_name":"\"Japan's Top 100 Cherry Blossom Spots – GoJapanGo (English language version of list)\""},{"Link":"http://www.gojapango.com/travel/japans_top_100_cherry_blossom_spots.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1pBMcf6wyj0C&pg=PA15","external_links_name":"Cultivated vegetables of the world: a multilingual onomasticon"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210403174521if_/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/03/29/japan-kyoto-cherry-blossoms-record/","external_links_name":"\"Japan's Kyoto cherry blossoms peak on the earliest date in 1,200 years, a sign of climate change\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/03/29/japan-kyoto-cherry-blossoms-record/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210403110917/http://atmenv.envi.osakafu-u.ac.jp/aono/kyophenotemp4/","external_links_name":"\"Cherry blossom phenology and temperature reconstructions at Kyoto\""},{"Link":"http://atmenv.envi.osakafu-u.ac.jp/aono/kyophenotemp4/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/country-nsw/cowra-area/cowra/events/sakura-matsuri-cherry-blossom-festival","external_links_name":"\"Sakura Matsuri - Cherry Blossom Festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeout.com/sydney/things-to-do/sydney-cherry-blossom-festival","external_links_name":"\"Sydney Cherry Blossom Festival\""},{"Link":"https://time.com/6957844/cherry-blossoms-climate-change-peak-bloom-shift/","external_links_name":"\"Cherry Blossoms Are Coming Earlier Because of Climate Change\""},{"Link":"https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1012557","external_links_name":"\"In China, Climate Change Disrupts a Beloved Tradition: Cherry Blossom Season\""},{"Link":"https://au.news.yahoo.com/japans-most-famous-cherry-blossom-170908475.html","external_links_name":"\"Japan's most famous cherry blossom trees could disappear due to climate change\""},{"Link":"https://theconversation.com/cherry-blossoms-celebrated-in-japan-for-centuries-and-gifted-to-americans-are-an-appreciation-of-impermanence-and-spring-224610","external_links_name":"\"Cherry blossoms – celebrated in Japan for centuries and gifted to Americans – are an appreciation of impermanence and spring\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=77ZqNbU_Y74C","external_links_name":"Japan—between Myth and Reality"},{"Link":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/648202?pkgids=761","external_links_name":"\"Court Lady's Garment (Kosode) with Swallows and Bells on Blossoming Cherry Tree\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/cherry-blossoms/cherry-blossoms-in-japanese-cultural-history","external_links_name":"\"Sakura: Cherry Blossoms as Living Symbols of Friendship\""},{"Link":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/52281","external_links_name":"\"Large Dish with Cherry Blossoms\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=obYhbzN-dY0C","external_links_name":"Japan: A Modern History"},{"Link":"https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/K/bo3656741.html","external_links_name":"Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0dBmAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s"},{"Link":"https://theconversation.com/cherry-blossoms-celebrated-in-japan-for-centuries-and-gifted-to-americans-are-an-appreciation-of-impermanence-and-spring-224610","external_links_name":"\"Cherry blossoms – celebrated in Japan for centuries and gifted to Americans – are an appreciation of impermanence and spring\""},{"Link":"https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/K/bo3656741.html","external_links_name":"Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms: The Militarization of Aesthetics in Japanese History"},{"Link":"https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2019/09/bc34ccc8fff4-rugby-grandma-designer-behind-japan-teams-cherry-blossom-emblem.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Rugby Grandma\": Designer behind Japan team's cherry blossom emblem\""},{"Link":"https://www.sponichi.co.jp/sports/news/2019/08/17/kiji/20190817s00044000058000c.html","external_links_name":"ラグビー日本代表 初代ジャージー発見、京都で展示へ"},{"Link":"https://enewspolar.com/womens-t20-cricket-nepal-ends-in-third-position/","external_links_name":"\"Women's T20 Cricket : Nepal ends in third position\""},{"Link":"https://americanfootball.jp/japan/","external_links_name":"アメリカンフットボール日本代表オフィシャルサイト"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110302083904/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sf20110227a1.html","external_links_name":"\"Japan trounces South Korea, qualifies for IFAF World Championship | the Japan Times Online\""},{"Link":"http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/sf20110227a1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130622220241/http://www.freetattoodesigns.org/cherry-blossom-tattoo.html#sakura","external_links_name":"\"Cherry Blossom Tattoo Designs\""},{"Link":"http://www.freetattoodesigns.org/cherry-blossom-tattoo.html#sakura","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/07/22/national/tokyo-games-organizers-introduce-mascots-miraitowa-someity-world/","external_links_name":"\"Olympic mascots Miraitowa and Someity invoke the future and cherry trees for 2020 Games\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180722073052/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/07/22/national/tokyo-games-organizers-introduce-mascots-miraitowa-someity-world/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://dcist.com/story/20/04/06/locals-are-getting-their-cherry-blossom-fix-in-animal-crossing/","external_links_name":"\"Locals Are Getting Their Cherry Blossom Fix In Animal Crossing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240115180039/https://dcist.com/story/20/04/06/locals-are-getting-their-cherry-blossom-fix-in-animal-crossing/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426175204/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/0311disaster/recovery/AJ201204260009","external_links_name":"\"Visitors return to renowned cherry tree in Fukushima\""},{"Link":"http://ajw.asahi.com/article/0311disaster/recovery/AJ201204260009","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.city.oyama.tochigi.jp/soshiki/3/1559.html","external_links_name":"小山市の花、木、鳥"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WovVBjvQG1wC","external_links_name":"Enduring Roots: Encounters with Trees, History, and the American Landscape"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200926115307/https://sakura.hibiyakadan.com/page.jsp?id=14549347","external_links_name":"紹介！桜の品種"},{"Link":"https://sakura.hibiyakadan.com/page.jsp?id=14549347","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190212031148/http://www.kita-ryokka.or.jp/index.php?%E8%8A%B1%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%80%802016%E5%B9%B404%E6%9C%88","external_links_name":"花のコーナー"},{"Link":"http://www.kita-ryokka.or.jp/index.php?%E8%8A%B1%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%80%802016%E5%B9%B404%E6%9C%88","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220328231414/https://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/168395","external_links_name":"白の輝き 新種のしだれ桜 茨城の「博士」が上野で発見"},{"Link":"https://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/168395","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/pubs/seikasenshu/2013/documents/p58-59.pdf","external_links_name":"サクラ栽培品種の分類体系の再編とデータベース化"},{"Link":"http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010813972.pdf","external_links_name":"多摩森林科学園サクラ保存林における30年間のサクラの開花期観測"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3501942","external_links_name":"\"Clone identification in Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars using nuclear SSR markers\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1270%2Fjsbbs.62.248","external_links_name":"10.1270/jsbbs.62.248"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3501942","external_links_name":"3501942"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23226085","external_links_name":"23226085"},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/content/esm/art:10.1007/s11295-014-0697-1/file/MediaObjects/11295_2014_697_MOESM5_ESM.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Origins of Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) cultivars revealed using nuclear SSR markers\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11295-014-0697-1","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11295-014-0697-1"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18606833","external_links_name":"18606833"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140708171655/http://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/pubs/chukiseika/documents/3rd-chuukiseika5.pdf","external_links_name":"桜の新しい系統保全 ―形質・遺伝子・病害研究に基づく取組―"},{"Link":"http://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/pubs/chukiseika/documents/3rd-chuukiseika5.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210301110856/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/treeforesthealth/21/2/21_93/_pdf","external_links_name":"サクラの分類と形態による同定"},{"Link":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/treeforesthealth/21/2/21_93/_pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/detail.php?pid=358","external_links_name":"\"Prunus × incam: Okame Flowering Cherry\""},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/121956","external_links_name":"\"Validation of the Hybrid Flowering Cherry Prunus × incam (Rosaceae)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3417%2F2007177","external_links_name":"10.3417/2007177"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27765203","external_links_name":"27765203"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86536702","external_links_name":"86536702"},{"Link":"https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/37581/PDF","external_links_name":"\"Evaluation of Flowering Cherry Species, Hybrids, and Cultivars Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.21273%2FJASHS.134.4.435","external_links_name":"10.21273/JASHS.134.4.435"},{"Link":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjshs/75/1/75_1_72/_pdf","external_links_name":"\"Genetic characterization of flowering cherries (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) using rpl16-rpl14 spacer sequences of chloroplast DNA\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2503%2Fjjshs.75.72","external_links_name":"10.2503/jjshs.75.72"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210302124605/https://www.riken.jp/en/about/history/story/zao/","external_links_name":"\"Nishina Zao\""},{"Link":"https://www.riken.jp/en/about/history/story/zao/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.riken.jp/pr/fun/sakura/index.html","external_links_name":"新種のサクラ"},{"Link":"https://nzppi.co.nz/Prunus-serrulata-Auckland-ban/19776-bac69eb1-0526-41bc-962d-7cee8c88fbcf-s119774/","external_links_name":"\"Prunus serrulata Auckland ban\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/nation/2023/03/01/look-cherry-blossoms-blooming-around-world/11374723002/","external_links_name":"\"A look at Cherry Blossoms blooming around the world\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/cherry-trees-a-first-lady-legacy.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cherry Trees: A First Lady's Legacy\""},{"Link":"http://stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/stadtgruen/stadtbaeume/en/sakura/index.shtml","external_links_name":"\"The Sakura Campaign – The State of Berlin\""},{"Link":"https://www.toronto.ca/explore-enjoy/festivals-events/cherry-blossoms/","external_links_name":"\"Cherry Blossoms\""},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=29865","external_links_name":"\"Prunus cerasoides\""},{"Link":"https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Wild%20Himalayan%20Cherry.html","external_links_name":"\"Wild Himalayan Cherry\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPDIS-91-12-1686C","external_links_name":"10.1094/PDIS-91-12-1686C"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30780621","external_links_name":"30780621"},{"Link":"https://thepapyrus.in/index.php/sakura-magic-in-the-nilgiris-wild-cherry-blossom-pollachi-papyrus/","external_links_name":"\"SAKURA MAGIC IN THE NILGIRIS\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30780621/#:~:text=Prunus%20cerasoides,%20also%20known%20as,cerasoides.","external_links_name":"\"Wild Himalayan Cherry (Prunus cerasoides) as a Natural Host of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus in India\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPDIS-91-12-1686C","external_links_name":"10.1094/PDIS-91-12-1686C"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0191-2917","external_links_name":"0191-2917"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30780621","external_links_name":"30780621"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YIs_AAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Flowering Plants of India, Nepal & Bhutan: Not Recorded in Sir J.D. Hooker's Flora of British India"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210424051504/https://wisdom.nec.com/ja/series/tanaka/2021032401/index.html","external_links_name":"中国の人たちはなぜ花見をするようになったのか 日本を通じて桜を再発見した中国の人々"},{"Link":"https://wisdom.nec.com/ja/series/tanaka/2021032401/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328122238/https://www.htsj.or.jp/dennetsu/denpdf/Prof_Somego.pdf","external_links_name":"\"How it became Sakura in Japan\""},{"Link":"https://www.htsj.or.jp/dennetsu/denpdf/Prof_Somego.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210612161636/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573451v1.full.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Phased genome sequence of an interspecific hybrid 2 flowering cherry, Somei-Yoshino (Cerasus × yedoensis)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2F573451","external_links_name":"10.1101/573451"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91512025","external_links_name":"91512025"},{"Link":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573451v1.full.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210407165222/https://univ-journal.jp/25310/","external_links_name":"ソメイヨシノのゲノム解読に成功、開花時期の予測が可能に"},{"Link":"https://univ-journal.jp/25310/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240405111127/https://jspp.org/hiroba/q_and_a/detail.html?id=1927&key=&target=","external_links_name":"秋咲きのサクラはヒマラヤザクラの先祖返り？"},{"Link":"https://jspp.org/hiroba/q_and_a/detail.html?id=1927&key=&target=","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/cherry-blossoms-history_b_3081264","external_links_name":"\"Cherry Blossoms: History Behind the Bloom\""},{"Link":"https://www.tastingtable.com/1213178/how-toxic-cherry-blossoms-are-turned-into-edible-sakura/","external_links_name":"\"How Toxic Cherry Blossoms Are Turned Into Edible Sakura\""},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-57862-6","external_links_name":"Tsukemono: Decoding the Art and Science of Japanese Pickling"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-57862-6","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-030-57862-6"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241732185","external_links_name":"241732185"},{"Link":"https://www.diversivore.com/preserved-cherry-blossoms/","external_links_name":"\"Preserved Cherry Blossoms and Sakura Vinegar\""},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/food-drink/article/3214671/how-japanese-cherry-blossom-used-food-what-its-tastes-and-where-hong-kong-you-can-find-it","external_links_name":"\"How Japanese cherry blossom is used in food, what its tastes like, and where in Hong Kong you can find it\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101124012004/http://k-i-a.or.jp/kokusai/jigyou/english-lesson/ts-report/report2008.pdf","external_links_name":"TSUKEMONO: A Look at Japanese Pickling Techniques"},{"Link":"http://k-i-a.or.jp/kokusai/jigyou/english-lesson/ts-report/report2008.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2012/03/23/food/cherry-blossom-captures-the-flavor-of-spring/","external_links_name":"\"Cherry blossom captures the flavor of spring\""},{"Link":"https://www.happy-pair.com/useful/glossary/wedding/1322701/","external_links_name":"【ホームメイト】桜湯｜ウェディング用語辞書"},{"Link":"https://www.diffordsguide.com/encyclopedia/1651/cocktails/bartenders-guide-to-foraging-cherry-blossom","external_links_name":"\"Bartenders' guide to foraging: Cherry blossom\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-10-31/japan-wins-swiss-cheese-prize/576752","external_links_name":"\"Japan wins Swiss cheese prize\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21831039","external_links_name":"\"Chemical constituents of the genus Prunus and their medicinal properties\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2174%2F092986711803414386","external_links_name":"10.2174/092986711803414386"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1875-533X","external_links_name":"1875-533X"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21831039","external_links_name":"21831039"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6768248","external_links_name":"\"Towards identification of bioactive compounds in cold vacuum extracted double cherry blossom (Gosen-Sakura) leaves\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PlSiB..14E4594S","external_links_name":"2019PlSiB..14E4594S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15592324.2019.1644594","external_links_name":"10.1080/15592324.2019.1644594"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1559-2316","external_links_name":"1559-2316"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6768248","external_links_name":"6768248"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31342859","external_links_name":"31342859"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9509535","external_links_name":"\"Combined Risk Assessment of Food-derived Coumarin with in Silico Approaches\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.14252%2Ffoodsafetyfscj.D-21-00015","external_links_name":"10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-21-00015"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2187-8404","external_links_name":"2187-8404"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9509535","external_links_name":"9509535"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36237397","external_links_name":"36237397"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7278589","external_links_name":"\"Coumarins in Food and Methods of Their Determination\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ffoods9050645","external_links_name":"10.3390/foods9050645"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2304-8158","external_links_name":"2304-8158"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7278589","external_links_name":"7278589"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32443406","external_links_name":"32443406"},{"Link":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780443069925000025","external_links_name":"\"Principles of herbal pharmacology\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-443-06992-5.00002-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/b978-0-443-06992-5.00002-5"},{"Link":"https://ask2.extension.org/kb/faq.php?id=388219","external_links_name":"\"Cherry blossom toxicity? #388219\""},{"Link":"https://www.poison.org/articles/i-swallowed-a-cherry-pit-184","external_links_name":"\"I Swallowed A Cherry Pit!\""},{"Link":"https://www.japancherryblossom.com/","external_links_name":"Japanese Cherry Blossom Guide"},{"Link":"http://www.japanese-city.com/calendar/events/p/cherry.php","external_links_name":"Japanese Cherry Blossom Events & Locations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080429184917/http://www.sakurafestival.dk/index.php","external_links_name":"Copenhagen Sakura Festival"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150912064729/http://db1.ffpri-tmk.affrc.go.jp/sakura/home.php","external_links_name":"Flowering cherry Database"},{"Link":"http://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/pubs/chukiseika/3rd-chuukiseika5.html","external_links_name":"Flowering cherry introduction"},{"Link":"http://www.cherryblossom.com/","external_links_name":"International Cherry Blossom Festival Online"},{"Link":"http://www.vcbf.ca/","external_links_name":"Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival"},{"Link":"http://jasgp.org/cherryblossomfestival/","external_links_name":"Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090901135100/http://jasgp.org/cherryblossomfestival/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://blog.safarmasti.com/cherry-blossom-in-japan/","external_links_name":"Cherry Blossoms Celebration in Japan"},{"Link":"http://www.turismovalledeljerte.com/","external_links_name":"Cherry Blossoms Celebration Tourism Office Valle del Jerte in Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4561760-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570069","external_links_name":"Japan"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna
Jaysh al-Sunna
["1 Alleged bombing by the U.S.-led coalition","2 Reported use of child soldiers","3 Notable former member groups","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Jaysh al-Sunnaجيش السنةThe logo of Jaysh al-SunnaLeadersAmmar BouqaiDates of operation20 March 2015 – 28 January 2017Active regionsHoms GovernorateIdlib GovernorateAleppo GovernorateIdeologySunni Islamism Salafi Islamism Size500+ fightersPart ofArmy of ConquestFatah HalabAllies Islamic Front al-Nusra Front Jund al-AqsaOpponents Syria Iran Russia Hezbollah SSNP Syrian Democratic Forces Liwa Zainebiyoun Liwa FatemiyounBattles and warsSyrian Civil War 2015 Idlib offensive Second Battle of Idlib 2015 Jisr al-Shughur offensive Syrian Kurdish-Islamist conflict (2013-present) 2016 Aleppo campaign Aleppo offensive (July–August 2016) Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016) Idlib Governorate clashes (January 2017) Succeeded by Tahrir al-ShamAhrar al-Sham Jaysh al-Sunna (Arabic: جيش السنة) was a Homs-based Islamist rebel group that was established as a merger between different rebel groups, some of which originally came from the Free Syrian Army's Farouq Brigades, and is active during the Syrian Civil War. It joined the Army of Conquest on 24 March 2015, and took part in the Second Battle of Idlib. It lost 14 fighters in the battle. Alleged bombing by the U.S.-led coalition On 11 August 2015, an ammunition depot and base belonging to the group were allegedly bombed by the U.S.-led anti-ISIL coalition in the Atme area in the northern Idlib Governorate. Ten of the group's fighters were killed along with 8 civilians. Robert Ford, the former U.S. ambassador to Syria, expressed consternation at why an airstrike was conducted on Jaysh al-Sunna. Reported use of child soldiers See also: Human rights violations during the Syrian Civil War § Free Syrian Army and other armed opposition fighters In October 2016, it was reported that Jaysh al-Sunna released a video which featured child soldiers at an unidentified training camp. A Saudi cleric named Abdullah al-Muhesini was linked to the child soldier recruitment in northern Aleppo, and has allegedly recruited up to 1,000 children in all of Syria by paying them a $100 monthly salary. Notable former member groups Battalion 13 See also Asia portal List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War References ^ a b c d e f g h "The Homs tribute to the Idlib liberation battle". Facebook. 29 March 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015. ^ pbs.twimg.com https://web.archive.org/web/20150619042817/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CHz9sulUkAAj9pT.png%3Alarge. Archived from the original on 2015-06-19. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "Al Qaeda and allies form coalition to battle Syrian regime in Idlib". Long War Journal. 24 March 2015. ^ Weiss, Michael. "Did the U.S. Just Kill 5 Kids in Syria?". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 15 August 2015. ^ Chris Tomson (2 October 2016). "VIDEO: Syrian rebels recruit child soldiers to boost manpower". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2016. ^ Zen Adra (11 September 2016). "Syrian children soldiers paid $100 monthly salary to fight Syrian Army". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2016. ^ "Jaysh al-Sunna hold Democratic Union the responsibility for the actions of "Battalion 13" and clear its responsibility regarding shelling Afrin". SOHR. 12 May 2016. External links vteSyrian civil warOverviewsMain overviews Syria Rojava Syrian civil war Timeline Background and causes Syrian peace process Syrian government reactions Belligerents Inter-rebel conflict Spillover Cities and towns Sectarianism and minorities Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present) Effects and ongoing concerns Casualties of the Syrian civil war Refugees of the Syrian civil war Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war Phases and processes Syrian revolution Early insurgency phase 2012–2013 escalation Ceasefires Syrian peace process World reaction International reactions to the Syrian civil war Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war Specific groups and countries Russian involvement Russian intervention Turkish involvement Turkish occupation of northern Syria Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria American intervention in the Syrian civil war 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria Kurdish Area in Syria Syrian Democratic Forces Rojava conflict U.S. task force Agreements and dialogues Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria TimelineBackground 1963 coup 1966 coup Corrective Movement Islamist uprising Latakia protests Damascus Spring Qamishli riots Syrian occupation of Lebanon Damascus Declaration Human rights in Syria 2010s in Syria political history 2011Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Syrian Revolution Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb Siege of Daraa Siege of Baniyas May Talkalakh siege Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh June Jisr ash-Shughur operation Siege of Hama Siege of Homs Jabal al-Zawiya operation Siege of Latakia Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014) Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012) Battle of Zabadani Battle of Douma Daraa Governorate clashes Battle of Rastan Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush Idlib Governorate clashes December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres 2012Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec January al-Midan bombing Battle of Rastan First Battle of Idlib Battle of al-Qusayr Idlib Governorate operation (Apr) Battle of Taftanaz May Battle of Rastan Houla massacre Battle of al-Haffah Al-Qubeir massacre Battle of Tremseh Battle of Damascus 18 July 2012 Damascus bombing Battle of Aleppo Battle of Anadan Siege of Base 46 Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013) Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct) Darayya massacre Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz Battle of Maarrat al-Numan First siege of Wadi Deif Battle of Harem Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013) Battle of Darayya Aqrab massacre Hama offensive Halfaya massacre Battle of Darayya Quneitra Governorate clashes Talbiseh bakery massacre 2013Jan–AprMay–Dec Battle of Safira Battle of Shadadeh Damascus offensive Raqqa campaign (2012–2013) Battle of Raqqa (Mar) Daraa offensive Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug) Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl Ghouta chemical attack Al-Qusayr offensive Battle of al-Qusayr Bayda and Baniyas massacres Hama offensive Hatla massacre Khan al-Assal chemical attack Khan al-Assal massacre Adra massacre Battle of Ras al-Ayn Battle of Tell Abyad Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov) Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) Battle of al-Yaarubiyah Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan) 2014Jan–JulAug–Dec First Inter-rebel conflict Battle of Markada Deir ez-Zor offensive Battle of Morek Daraa offensive (Feb–May) Maan massacre Al-Otaiba ambush Idlib offensive Battle of Hosn Latakia Offensive Battle of Al-Malihah Kafr Zita chemical attack Second siege of Wadi Deif Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug) Battle of Arsal First Battle of the Shaer gas field Eastern Syria offensive Battle of Tabqa Airbase Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul) Hama Offensive Quneitra offensive Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov) Siege of Kobanî Homs school bombing Daraa offensive (Oct) Al-Safira offensive Idlib Raid Second Inter-Rebel Conflict Second Battle of the Shaer gas field Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec) 2015Jan–JulAug–Dec Air Force An-26 crash Daraa Offensive (Jan) Southern Syria Offensive Eastern al-Hasakah offensive Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr) Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul) Battle of Bosra Idlib Offensive Second Battle of Idlib Battle of Nasib Border Crossing Battle of Yarmouk Camp Western al-Hasakah offensive Palmyra offensive (May) Qamishli bombings Tell Abyad offensive Kobanî massacre Quneitra offensive (Jun) Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug) Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep) Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov) Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) Al-Hawl offensive Homs offensive (Nov-Dec) East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016) 2015–2016 Latakia offensive Tishrin Dam offensive Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown 2016Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan) January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb) Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar) Al-Shaddadi offensive February Homs bombings February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings Khanasir offensive Battle of Tel Abyad Battle of Maarrat al-Numan Battle of Qamishli (Apr) Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun) Palmyra offensive (Mar) East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May) Northern Raqqa offensive (May) May Jableh & Tartous bombings Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun) Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct) Manbij offensive Tokhar massacre Southern Aleppo campaign Battle of al-Rai (Aug) Operation Euphrates Shield Aleppo summer campaign Western al-Bab offensive (Sep) 5 September bombings September Deir ez-Zor air raid September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct) Dabiq offensive Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov) Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov) Raqqa campaign Battle of al-Bab Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec) Palmyra offensive (Dec) 2017Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017) January Azaz bombing Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17) Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar) Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb) Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun) Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb) Qaboun offensive Palmyra offensive East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr) March Damascus bombings Al-Jinah airstrike Hama offensive (Mar–Apr) Battle of Tabqa Khan Shaykhun chemical attack Shayrat missile strike Aleppo bombing April Turkish airstrikes East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) Desert campaign (May–Jul) Maskanah Plains offensive East Hama offensive Battle of Raqqa Daraa offensive (Jun) Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun) Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug) Quneitra offensive (Jun) Idlib clashes (Jul) Central campaign Qalamoun (Jul–Aug) Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18) Hama offensive (Sep) Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18) Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate Battle of Harasta Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec) Euphrates Crossing offensive Mayadin offensive Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov) Abu Kamal offensive Beit Jinn offensive 2018Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Operation Olive Branch Battle of Khasham Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr) Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb) Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict Southern Damascus offensive (Mar) Douma chemical attack Missile strikes (Apr) Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May) Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr) Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May) Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr) Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun) As-Suwayda offensive (Jun) Southern offensive As-Suwayda attacks As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov) Qamishli clashes (Sep) Missile strikes (Sep) Northern border clashes 2019Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Idlib inter-rebel conflict Manbij bombing Battle of Baghuz Fawqani ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor Dêrik prison escape attempt Tell Rifaat clashes Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug) June bombings Hass refugee camp bombing Missile strikes (Aug) Turkish offensive into northeast Barisha raid November bombings Israeli missile strikes (Nov) Qah missile strike Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20) US airstrikes 2020Jan–Dec COVID-19 pandemic Afrin bombing Idlib Governorate clashes Kafr-Takharim airstrike Ayn Issa clashes Deir ez-Zor ambush 2021Jan–Dec Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah Missile strikes (Jan) US airstrike (Feb) Battle of Qamishli (Apr) US airstrike (Jun) Daraa clashes Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict 2022Jan–Dec Battle of al-Hasakah Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes Jabal al-Bishrī clashes Jarqli airstrikes Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct) Operation Claw-Sword Northwest clashes (Dec) 2023Jan-Dec Al-Sukhnah attack Damascus airstrike Hama attack Northern border clashes SpilloverIsrael and Golan Heights: March 2017 incident February 2018 incident May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents Iraq: Akashat ambush Operation al-Shabah April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike Jordanian border incidents April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike Lebanon: Lebanese border clashes Battle of Sidon Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut North Lebanon clashes Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017) Turkey: December 2011 Turkish border clash 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown 2012 Turkish border clashes 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria Assassination of Andrei Karlov Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident 2020 Balyun airstrikes Operation Spring Shield Elsewhere: Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran) BelligerentsSyriaPolitics of Syria Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab Socialist Movement Syrian Communist Party Military and militias Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Resistance PFLP-GC al-Quds Brigade Palestine Liberation Army Foreign support Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Liwa Fatemiyoun Russian involvement medical facility targeting military intervention Wagner Group Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Popular Mobilization Forces OppositionInterim government National Coalition Local Coordination Committees Syrian National Council Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian Support Group Adopt a Revolution Syrian Patriotic Group Opposition militias Syrian National Army Free Syrian Army National Front for Liberation Army of Glory Authenticity and Development Front Army of Free Tribes Revolutionary Commando Army Muslim Brotherhood in Syria Grey Wolves Foreign support American-led intervention Jordanian intervention Qatar Saudi Arabia Turkey Autonomous Administrationof North and East SyriaDFNS Government Democratic Union Party Kurdish National Council Smaller political parties SDF militias People's Protection Units Women's Protection Units Anti-Terror Units Al-Sanadid Forces Army of Revolutionaries SDF military councils Syriac Military Council Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa Northern Democratic Brigade Support Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Kurdistan Workers' Party International Freedom Battalion Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women's Units IslamistsIslamic State Military activity of ISIL Dokumacılar Khalid ibn al-Walid Army Liwa al-Aqsa Group of the One and Only Liwa Dawud al-Qaeda and allies Tahrir al-Sham Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria Caucasus Emirate Ajnad al-Kavkaz Junud al-Makhdi Malhama Tactical Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan People Ammar Abdulhamid Ali al-Abdallah Adnan al-Aroor al-Assad family Bashar Maher Rifaat Rami Makhlouf Hafez Makhlouf Riad al-Asaad Anwar al-Bunni Fahd Jassem al-Freij Suheil al-Hassan Haitham al-Maleh Moaz al-Khatib Kamal al-Labwani Hamza al-Khateeb Tal al-Mallohi Fida al-Sayed Riad al-Turk Khaled Khoja Ammar al-Qurabi Suheir Atassi Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni Aref Dalila Farid Ghadry Burhan Ghalioun Razan Ghazzawi Ghassan Hitto Salim Idris Randa Kassis Abdul Halim Khaddam Michel Kilo Bassma Kodmani Ali Habib Mahmud Ali Mahmoud Othman Ibrahim Qashoush Dawoud Rajiha Yassin al-Haj Saleh Bouthaina Shaaban Abdulbaset Sieda Riad Seif Fadwa Souleimane Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid Yaser Tabbara Razan Zaitouneh Rami Jarrah Abdurrahman Mustafa Fadlallah al-Haji RelatedElections 2011 local elections 2012 parliamentary election 2014 presidential election 2015 Northern local elections 2016 parliamentary election 2017 Northern local elections 2017 Northern regional elections 2018 local elections 2020 parliamentary election 2021 presidential election Issues Casualties Cities and towns Chemical weapons Damaged heritage sites Foreign involvement Human rights violations Humanitarian aid International demonstrations and protests International reactions Massacres Refugees Sectarianism and minorities Status of the Golan Heights Spillover in Lebanon Syrian government reactions Peace process Arab League monitors Friends of Syria Group Kofi Annan peace plan UN supervision mission Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan U.S.–Russia peace proposals 39th G8 summit UN Security Council Resolution 2118 Geneva II conference 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement Vienna talks 2016 Geneva talks Idlib demilitarization (2018–present) First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal Syrian Constitutional Committee War crimes trials Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany Related topics Exclusive mandate Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference International recognition of the Syrian National Council Syria Files Syrian detainee report Syrian media coverage 2015 European migrant crisis Syrian civil war in popular culture Category This article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Syria-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs"},{"link_name":"Islamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamist"},{"link_name":"Free Syrian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army"},{"link_name":"Farouq Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farouq_Brigades"},{"link_name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Army of Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Conquest"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Idlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Idlib"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sunna-1"}],"text":"Jaysh al-Sunna (Arabic: جيش السنة) was a Homs-based Islamist rebel group that was established as a merger between different rebel groups, some of which originally came from the Free Syrian Army's Farouq Brigades, and is active during the Syrian Civil War. It joined the Army of Conquest on 24 March 2015, and took part in the Second Battle of Idlib. It lost 14 fighters in the battle.[1]","title":"Jaysh al-Sunna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S.-led anti-ISIL coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJTF-OIR"},{"link_name":"Atme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atme"},{"link_name":"Idlib Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Robert Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stephen_Ford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On 11 August 2015, an ammunition depot and base belonging to the group were allegedly bombed by the U.S.-led anti-ISIL coalition in the Atme area in the northern Idlib Governorate. Ten of the group's fighters were killed along with 8 civilians. Robert Ford, the former U.S. ambassador to Syria, expressed consternation at why an airstrike was conducted on Jaysh al-Sunna.[4]","title":"Alleged bombing by the U.S.-led coalition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human rights violations during the Syrian Civil War § Free Syrian Army and other armed opposition fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War#Free_Syrian_Army_and_other_armed_opposition_fighters"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"See also: Human rights violations during the Syrian Civil War § Free Syrian Army and other armed opposition fightersIn October 2016, it was reported that Jaysh al-Sunna released a video which featured child soldiers at an unidentified training camp.[5] A Saudi cleric named Abdullah al-Muhesini was linked to the child soldier recruitment in northern Aleppo, and has allegedly recruited up to 1,000 children in all of Syria by paying them a $100 monthly salary.[6]","title":"Reported use of child soldiers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-battalion13-7"}],"text":"Battalion 13[7]","title":"Notable former member groups"}]
[]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg"},{"title":"Asia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia"},{"title":"List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_armed_groups_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War"}]
[{"reference":"\"The Homs tribute to the Idlib liberation battle\". Facebook. 29 March 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/SyrianRebellionObservatory/photos/a.1648239072069399.1073741828.1648217982071508/1725363871023585/?type=1&theater","url_text":"\"The Homs tribute to the Idlib liberation battle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"pbs.twimg.com https://web.archive.org/web/20150619042817/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CHz9sulUkAAj9pT.png%3Alarge. Archived from the original on 2015-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150619042817/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CHz9sulUkAAj9pT.png%3Alarge","url_text":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150619042817/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CHz9sulUkAAj9pT.png%3Alarge"},{"url":"https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CHz9sulUkAAj9pT.png:large","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Al Qaeda and allies form coalition to battle Syrian regime in Idlib\". Long War Journal. 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/03/al-qaeda-and-allies-form-coalition-to-battle-syrian-regime-in-idlib.php","url_text":"\"Al Qaeda and allies form coalition to battle Syrian regime in Idlib\""}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Michael. \"Did the U.S. Just Kill 5 Kids in Syria?\". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 15 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/12/did-the-u-s-just-bomb-civilians-in-syria.html","url_text":"\"Did the U.S. Just Kill 5 Kids in Syria?\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Tomson (2 October 2016). \"VIDEO: Syrian rebels recruit child soldiers to boost manpower\". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180513025034/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/video-syrian-rebels-recruit-child-soldiers-to-boost-manpower/","url_text":"\"VIDEO: Syrian rebels recruit child soldiers to boost manpower\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/video-syrian-rebels-recruit-child-soldiers-to-boost-manpower/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zen Adra (11 September 2016). \"Syrian children soldiers paid $100 monthly salary to fight Syrian Army\". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180513025047/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-children-soldiers-paid-100-monthly-salary-fight-syrian-army/","url_text":"\"Syrian children soldiers paid $100 monthly salary to fight Syrian Army\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-children-soldiers-paid-100-monthly-salary-fight-syrian-army/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaysh al-Sunna hold Democratic Union the responsibility for the actions of \"Battalion 13\" and clear its responsibility regarding shelling Afrin\". SOHR. 12 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syriahr.com/en/2016/05/12/jaysh-al-sunna-hold-democratic-union-the-responsibility-for-the-actions-of-battalion-13-and-clear-its-responsibility-regarding-shelling-afrin/","url_text":"\"Jaysh al-Sunna hold Democratic Union the responsibility for the actions of \"Battalion 13\" and clear its responsibility regarding shelling Afrin\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/SyrianRebellionObservatory/photos/a.1648239072069399.1073741828.1648217982071508/1725363871023585/?type=1&theater","external_links_name":"\"The Homs tribute to the Idlib liberation battle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150619042817/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CHz9sulUkAAj9pT.png%3Alarge","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150619042817/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CHz9sulUkAAj9pT.png%3Alarge"},{"Link":"https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CHz9sulUkAAj9pT.png:large","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/03/al-qaeda-and-allies-form-coalition-to-battle-syrian-regime-in-idlib.php","external_links_name":"\"Al Qaeda and allies form coalition to battle Syrian regime in Idlib\""},{"Link":"http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/12/did-the-u-s-just-bomb-civilians-in-syria.html","external_links_name":"\"Did the U.S. Just Kill 5 Kids in Syria?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180513025034/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/video-syrian-rebels-recruit-child-soldiers-to-boost-manpower/","external_links_name":"\"VIDEO: Syrian rebels recruit child soldiers to boost manpower\""},{"Link":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/video-syrian-rebels-recruit-child-soldiers-to-boost-manpower/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180513025047/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-children-soldiers-paid-100-monthly-salary-fight-syrian-army/","external_links_name":"\"Syrian children soldiers paid $100 monthly salary to fight Syrian Army\""},{"Link":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-children-soldiers-paid-100-monthly-salary-fight-syrian-army/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.syriahr.com/en/2016/05/12/jaysh-al-sunna-hold-democratic-union-the-responsibility-for-the-actions-of-battalion-13-and-clear-its-responsibility-regarding-shelling-afrin/","external_links_name":"\"Jaysh al-Sunna hold Democratic Union the responsibility for the actions of \"Battalion 13\" and clear its responsibility regarding shelling Afrin\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaysh_al-Sunna&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaysh_al-Sunna&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_(San_Diego)
St. Paul's Cathedral (San Diego)
["1 Church philosophy","2 Worship","3 Education and community","4 Music","5 Social justice and outreach","6 Governance and clergy","6.1 Deans","7 History and building","7.1 Redevelopment plan","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 32°44′1″N 117°9′35″W / 32.73361°N 117.15972°W / 32.73361; -117.15972Church in California, United StatesSt. Paul's Cathedral, San DiegoSt. Paul's Episcopal Cathedral in 202232°44′1″N 117°9′35″W / 32.73361°N 117.15972°W / 32.73361; -117.15972Location2728 Sixth Avenue San Diego, CaliforniaCountryUnited StatesDenominationEpiscopalWebsitestpaulscathedral.orgHistoryStatusChurchFounded1869 as Holy Trinity, reincorporated at St. Paul's in 1887ArchitectureFunctional statusActiveArchitect(s)Philip FrohmanStyleNeo-GothicGroundbreaking1950CompletedFirst worship in 1951; technically still unfinished. Named as cathedral in 1985AdministrationProvinceProvince VIIIDioceseEpiscopal Diocese of San DiegoClergyDeanThe Very Rev Penelope BridgesPriest(s)The Rev. Canon Richard Hogue Jr.Deacon(s)The Rev. Canon Brooks MasonLaityDirector of musicCanon Martin GreenVergerCanon Lisa Churchill St. Paul's Cathedral is an Episcopal church located in the Bankers Hill district of the city of San Diego, California. It is the formal seat of the bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of San Diego. It traces its origins to the first Protestant church in San Diego, founded in Old Town in 1853, although the building itself was only completed in 1951. Church philosophy The cathedral is the home to an active and growing Episcopal/Anglican parish community. Calling itself "the Cathedral 4 the City", St. Paul's describes its mission as "bringing together the ancient rhythms of liturgy and sacred music set to a progressive beat that thoughtfully engages the critical issues of social justice facing our world". People of all faith backgrounds or none are welcomed. The congregation is greeted each Sunday with an announcement reminding them that "whoever you are and wherever you are on the journey of faith, you are welcome to participate in all that we do here at Saint Paul's". In keeping with this, the church practices "open Communion," using a variation on the Iona Community Invitation: "This is the table not of the church but of Jesus Christ. It is made ready for those who love him and who want to love him more. So come, you who have much faith and you who have little; you who have been here often and you who have not been for a long time or ever before; you who have tried to follow and you who have failed; come, not because the Church invites you; it is Christ, and he invites you to meet him here." The church is grounded in a high-church traditional liturgy and expression of Christian faith, but at the same time maintains robust interfaith bonds throughout the community. The cathedral also works with the local Islamic community to promote religious tolerance. Worship St. Paul's uses Rite II of the Episcopal Book of Common Prayer. Every Sunday, an early service at 8:00 am is followed by a full choral Eucharist at 10:30, complete with a large procession, use of incense, and chanted liturgy. There is also a traditional Choral Evensong at 5:00 pm. During the week, there is morning and evening prayer, held virtually. Every Friday there is a 12:00 pm Eucharist in the Chapel of the Holy Family (a small chapel located within the cathedral). In addition to the regular services and the busy seasons of Christmas and Easter, there are several special services unique to the cathedral, including a labyrinth walk on New Year's Eve, a "Zydeco Mass" on Mardi Gras, neighborhood processions on Palm Sunday, St. George's Day, and a Blessing of the Animals. Education and community The cathedral has a spectrum of adult education offerings each Sunday. A "forum" is conducted at 9 am which presents topics of interest ranging from religious practice to environmental concerns to local charitable and volunteer opportunities. During the year there are often ongoing classes during the week. Children's programming includes age-appropriate Sunday gatherings and child care during the 10:30 Eucharist. Numerous small groups and ministries meet regularly. St. Paul's also has a strong online presence on the internet and through social media. In the 1950s, the then-rector of St Paul's Church, Harold Robinson, joined with lay leaders to develop a senior housing ministry, originally known as St Paul's Episcopal Home. What is now called St Paul's Senior Homes and Services is governed by a board of directors, of which the Dean of St Paul's Cathedral is the ex officio President. Amongst other services, SPSHS participates in the Senior Community Centers for the Homeless. Music St Paul's LED lighting at night The church is noted for its music program led by the Canon for Music, Martin Green. There are three choirs: the regular adult choir that sings at the 10:30 Sunday Eucharist, and the Cathedral Choristers (boys and men) and the St Cecilia's Choir (girls and men) which alternate singing at weekly Evensong. Many concerts are held at the cathedral, including chamber music and choral works, and are open to the public. The cathedral is the home of the Pacific Academy of Ecclesiastical Music (PACEM) and maintains an extensive music library. The cathedral's Aeolian-Skinner organ is a historical instrument that encompasses part of the first organ in the city of San Diego, built in 1887 and moved with the church to its present location in the 1950s. It was expanded several times with additional ranks and keyboards. In 2011, the Cathedral raised funds for organ restoration, and the instrument was dismantled and sent to Missouri for a complete restoration. A temporary, digital organ was installed in its place. The restored Aeolian-Skinner organ was back in place by December 2012. The organ is used for weekly concerts (Tuesday at noon) in addition to its role in worship services. The Civic Organist of San Diego since 2001, Carol Williams, is also Organist in Residence at St. Paul's. Social justice and outreach St. Paul's has a broad viewpoint and places a high value on social justice within San Diego and beyond. The cathedral works actively with the Uptown Community to serve the needy throughout the community. As part of that work, every year St. Paul's houses a group of homeless adults for several weeks on campus. There is a food distribution weekly in the cathedral parking lot which is offered in conjunction with Jewish Family Services. The cathedral community is also active in promoting immigration justice. It is home to a Spanish-speaking congregation and carries out active Hispanic outreach. A major charitable effort is the support of Vida Joven, a home for foster children whose parents are incarcerated in Tijuana Mexico, . Environmental issues ("creation care") are also a strong concern and the Cathedral seeks to be as green as possible. The Alternative Gift Fair during the Advent season promotes environmentally responsible gifts and fair trade. Cathedral marchers at San Diego's Gay Pride Parade 2011. The St. Paul's Cathedral community is explicitly welcoming of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people. The cathedral works actively for equality by hosting conferences and movie screenings. In 2005, St. Paul's held the funeral service for a gay Catholic man, John McCusker, who was denied a funeral by the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego. St. Paul's fields one of the biggest groups marching in the annual San Diego Gay Pride Parade, and in 2010 received the Stonewall Service Award from the San Diego Gay Pride organization. The cathedral was outspoken in opposition to California's ballot initiative Proposition 8 in 2008, which took away the right of same-sex couples to marry. After the passage of Proposition 8, St. Paul's held an ecumenical healing service so that LGBT people and their allies could grieve together. In 2010 the 4th Bishop of San Diego, the Rt. Rev. James R. Mathes, approved a policy by which individual parishes could choose to recognize LGBT couples in a blessing service. St. Paul's Cathedral was the first parish in the diocese to take advantage of the new policy, and several couples had their marriages or domestic partnerships blessed by a special liturgy. In 2012, the General Convention of the Episcopal Church approved a church-wide provisional liturgy for same sex blessings. Following the overturning of California Proposition 8 by the US Supreme Court in June 2013, Bishop Mathes approved same-sex marriages in the diocese, subject to the same rules as blessings. The first wedding between a same-sex couple at St. Paul's was held in July 2013. Same-sex couples seeking marriage or blessing at St. Paul's are subject to similar policies as for heterosexual couples seeking marriage, including pre-marital counseling. Governance and clergy Typical of an Episcopal cathedral, St. Paul's is led by a dean (currently the Very Rev. Penelope Bridges). The cathedral is the formal seat of the bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of San Diego. Oversight is provided by a board of directors (cathedral chapter), a board of elected representatives from the cathedral community and the diocese. There are numerous affiliated clergy, many of whom are retired, and some of whom are canons of the cathedral. There are also several lay canons who serve in administrative positions. Several volunteer groups contribute to the smooth running of the cathedral and its worship services. These include the altar servers, the vergers, the altar guild and sacristans, the ushers, the docents, and the greeters. Deans 1978–1994: The Very Reverend James Earle Carroll DD (retired; returned as interim dean 2002-2003) 1996-2001: The Right Reverend John Bryson Chane (later Bishop of Washington, D.C.; now retired) 2003–2012: The Very Reverend Scott Richardson 2014–present: The Very Reverend Penelope Bridges History and building Nave and chancel of St. Paul's Cathedral The parish traces its roots to the first Protestant congregation in San Diego founded at Old Town in 1853. This eventually became the parish of Holy Trinity downtown at 8th and C streets, where it re-incorporated as St Paul's in 1887. In 1919, as St. Paul's was outgrowing its home downtown, the vestry purchased property opposite Balboa Park. They recruited Philip Frohman, a leader of the neo-Gothic style who designed the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., to design the new campus with a sizable church. Apparently the vestry expected an eventual separation from the Los Angeles Diocese that would make St. Paul's the Cathedral of San Diego, since they planned a large structure. The Great Hall was completed in 1929, but the church construction was severely delayed by the Great Depression and conflicts with the architect, so groundbreaking did not occur until 1950. The first service in the new church was held in 1951, although the building was not fully finished. Additions over the years included a chapel and an office wing. Photo of St. Paul's Episcopal Cathedral taken on May 13, 2022, with the newly built 525 Olive Street Building in the background. In 1973, the long-anticipated creation of the Episcopal Diocese of San Diego occurred, by dividing the large Los Angeles diocese. In 1985, St. Paul's became the cathedral of the new diocese. Redevelopment plan Detail of St Paul's rose window In 2011, the cathedral completed a planning process to develop its property. This plan proposes two residential tower buildings with ground-level retail on property adjacent to the cathedral, as well renovation of the campus with new offices and off street parking. The funds will be used to leverage the cathedral's activities in the community. See also List of the Episcopal cathedrals of the United States List of cathedrals in the United States References ^ "Church website". Stpaulcathedral.org. Retrieved 2013-11-02. ^ "Church website". Stpaulcathedral.org. Retrieved 2013-11-02. ^ "St Paul's Episcopal Home". Retrieved 28 June 2012. ^ "St Paul's Senior Homes and Services". Stpaulseniors.org. Retrieved 2013-11-02. ^ Downey, Paul. "Program for Homeless Seniors in Danger of Closing". San Diego union Tribune. Retrieved 28 June 2012. ^ "Pacific Academy of Ecclesiastical Music website". Retrieved 18 June 2012. ^ "St. Paul's Organ". St. Paul's Church website. Retrieved 18 June 2012. ^ Wilkens, John (December 24, 2012). "A musical holiday gift". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 29 December 2012. ^ "Uptown Faith Community website". Retrieved 18 June 2012. ^ "Catholic Funeral Services Denied To Gay Business Man". 10 News San Diego. March 18, 2005. Retrieved 18 June 2012. ^ Rubio-Sheffrey, Esther (July 7, 2010). "St. Paul's Cathedral and Hillcrest History Guild to get Pride's Stonewall Service Awards". San Diego Gay and Lesbian News. Retrieved 18 June 2012. ^ Dolbee, Sandi (September 27, 2008). "Battle lines drawn on Proposition 8". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 18 June 2012. ^ "Proposition 8 backers, foes gather at local events". San Diego Union-Tribune. November 1, 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2012. ^ McCaughan, Pat. "San Diego: Bishop outlines process for same-gender blessings". Episcopal News Service. Retrieved 18 June 2012. ^ Davies, Matthew. "General Convention Wrap-Up". Episcopal News Service. Retrieved 16 July 2012. ^ Smythe, William E. (1908). History of San Diego, 1542 - 1908. San Diego History Center. ^ Koelsch, William A. "A Gothic Architect in San Diego: Philip H. Frohman and the New St. Paul's Church, 1920–1966" (PDF). Journal of San Diego History. San Diego History Center. pp. 42–60. Retrieved 18 June 2012. ^ "Council OK's Renovation Of Cathedral Towers". 10 News San Diego. November 8, 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2012. ^ Broyles, Logan (March 2, 2012). "St. Paul's Cathedral developing state of the art condominiums in Bankers Hill". San Diego Uptown News. Retrieved 18 June 2012. External links Church website
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Bankers Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankers_Hill,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Diocese of San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Old Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town,_San_Diego"}],"text":"Church in California, United StatesSt. Paul's Cathedral is an Episcopal church located in the Bankers Hill district of the city of San Diego, California. It is the formal seat of the bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of San Diego. It traces its origins to the first Protestant church in San Diego, founded in Old Town in 1853, although the building itself was only completed in 1951.","title":"St. Paul's Cathedral (San Diego)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The cathedral is the home to an active and growing Episcopal/Anglican parish community. Calling itself \"the Cathedral 4 the City\", St. Paul's describes its mission as \"bringing together the ancient rhythms of liturgy and sacred music set to a progressive beat that thoughtfully engages the critical issues of social justice facing our world\".[1]People of all faith backgrounds or none are welcomed. The congregation is greeted each Sunday with an announcement reminding them that \"whoever you are and wherever you are on the journey of faith, you are welcome to participate in all that we do here at Saint Paul's\". In keeping with this, the church practices \"open Communion,\" using a variation on the Iona Community Invitation: \"This is the table not of the church but of Jesus Christ. It is made ready for those who love him and who want to love him more. So come, you who have much faith and you who have little; you who have been here often and you who have not been for a long time or ever before; you who have tried to follow and you who have failed; come, not because the Church invites you; it is Christ, and he invites you to meet him here.\"The church is grounded in a high-church traditional liturgy and expression of Christian faith, but at the same time maintains robust interfaith bonds throughout the community. The cathedral also works with the local Islamic community to promote religious tolerance.[2]","title":"Church philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Book of Common Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer"},{"link_name":"Choral Evensong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Prayer_(Anglican)"},{"link_name":"Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"}],"text":"St. Paul's uses Rite II of the Episcopal Book of Common Prayer. Every Sunday, an early service at 8:00 am is followed by a full choral Eucharist at 10:30, complete with a large procession, use of incense, and chanted liturgy. There is also a traditional Choral Evensong at 5:00 pm.During the week, there is morning and evening prayer, held virtually. Every Friday there is a 12:00 pm Eucharist in the Chapel of the Holy Family (a small chapel located within the cathedral).In addition to the regular services and the busy seasons of Christmas and Easter, there are several special services unique to the cathedral, including a labyrinth walk on New Year's Eve, a \"Zydeco Mass\" on Mardi Gras, neighborhood processions on Palm Sunday, St. George's Day, and a Blessing of the Animals.","title":"Worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The cathedral has a spectrum of adult education offerings each Sunday. A \"forum\" is conducted at 9 am which presents topics of interest ranging from religious practice to environmental concerns to local charitable and volunteer opportunities. During the year there are often ongoing classes during the week. Children's programming includes age-appropriate Sunday gatherings and child care during the 10:30 Eucharist. Numerous small groups and ministries meet regularly. St. Paul's also has a strong online presence on the internet and through social media.In the 1950s, the then-rector of St Paul's Church, Harold Robinson, joined with lay leaders to develop a senior housing ministry, originally known as St Paul's Episcopal Home.[3] What is now called St Paul's Senior Homes and Services is governed by a board of directors, of which the Dean of St Paul's Cathedral is the ex officio President.[4] Amongst other services, SPSHS participates in the Senior Community Centers for the Homeless.[5]","title":"Education and community"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StPaulNightSD.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Aeolian-Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolian-Skinner"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Carol Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Williams_(organist)"}],"text":"St Paul's LED lighting at nightThe church is noted for its music program led by the Canon for Music, Martin Green. There are three choirs: the regular adult choir that sings at the 10:30 Sunday Eucharist, and the Cathedral Choristers (boys and men) and the St Cecilia's Choir (girls and men) which alternate singing at weekly Evensong. Many concerts are held at the cathedral, including chamber music and choral works, and are open to the public. The cathedral is the home of the Pacific Academy of Ecclesiastical Music (PACEM)[6] and maintains an extensive music library.The cathedral's Aeolian-Skinner organ is a historical instrument that encompasses part of the first organ in the city of San Diego, built in 1887[7] and moved with the church to its present location in the 1950s. It was expanded several times with additional ranks and keyboards. In 2011, the Cathedral raised funds for organ restoration, and the instrument was dismantled and sent to Missouri for a complete restoration. A temporary, digital organ was installed in its place. The restored Aeolian-Skinner organ was back in place by December 2012.[8]The organ is used for weekly concerts (Tuesday at noon) in addition to its role in worship services. The Civic Organist of San Diego since 2001, Carol Williams, is also Organist in Residence at St. Paul's.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Advent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StPaulCathedral_SanDiego_Pride2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"San Diego Gay Pride Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillcrest,_San_Diego#Pride_Festival"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Proposition 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"California Proposition 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_8"},{"link_name":"US Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"}],"text":"St. Paul's has a broad viewpoint and places a high value on social justice within San Diego and beyond. The cathedral works actively with the Uptown Community[9] to serve the needy throughout the community. As part of that work, every year St. Paul's houses a group of homeless adults for several weeks on campus. There is a food distribution weekly in the cathedral parking lot which is offered in conjunction with Jewish Family Services. The cathedral community is also active in promoting immigration justice. It is home to a Spanish-speaking congregation and carries out active Hispanic outreach. A major charitable effort is the support of Vida Joven, a home for foster children whose parents are incarcerated in Tijuana Mexico, . Environmental issues (\"creation care\") are also a strong concern and the Cathedral seeks to be as green as possible. The Alternative Gift Fair during the Advent season promotes environmentally responsible gifts and fair trade.Cathedral marchers at San Diego's Gay Pride Parade 2011.The St. Paul's Cathedral community is explicitly welcoming of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people. The cathedral works actively for equality by hosting conferences and movie screenings. In 2005, St. Paul's held the funeral service for a gay Catholic man, John McCusker, who was denied a funeral by the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego.[10] St. Paul's fields one of the biggest groups marching in the annual San Diego Gay Pride Parade, and in 2010 received the Stonewall Service Award from the San Diego Gay Pride organization.[11] The cathedral was outspoken in opposition to California's ballot initiative Proposition 8 in 2008, which took away the right of same-sex couples to marry.[12][13] After the passage of Proposition 8, St. Paul's held an ecumenical healing service so that LGBT people and their allies could grieve together.In 2010 the 4th Bishop of San Diego, the Rt. Rev. James R. Mathes, approved a policy by which individual parishes could choose to recognize LGBT couples in a blessing service.[14] St. Paul's Cathedral was the first parish in the diocese to take advantage of the new policy, and several couples had their marriages or domestic partnerships blessed by a special liturgy. In 2012, the General Convention of the Episcopal Church approved a church-wide provisional liturgy for same sex blessings.[15] Following the overturning of California Proposition 8 by the US Supreme Court in June 2013, Bishop Mathes approved same-sex marriages in the diocese, subject to the same rules as blessings. The first wedding between a same-sex couple at St. Paul's was held in July 2013. Same-sex couples seeking marriage or blessing at St. Paul's are subject to similar policies as for heterosexual couples seeking marriage, including pre-marital counseling.","title":"Social justice and outreach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Episcopal Diocese of San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"canons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"vergers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vergers&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Typical of an Episcopal cathedral, St. Paul's is led by a dean (currently the Very Rev. Penelope Bridges). The cathedral is the formal seat of the bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of San Diego. Oversight is provided by a board of directors (cathedral chapter), a board of elected representatives from the cathedral community and the diocese. There are numerous affiliated clergy, many of whom are retired, and some of whom are canons of the cathedral. There are also several lay canons who serve in administrative positions. Several volunteer groups contribute to the smooth running of the cathedral and its worship services. These include the altar servers, the vergers, the altar guild and sacristans, the ushers, the docents, and the greeters.","title":"Governance and clergy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Deans","text":"1978–1994: The Very Reverend James Earle Carroll DD (retired; returned as interim dean 2002-2003)\n1996-2001: The Right Reverend John Bryson Chane (later Bishop of Washington, D.C.; now retired)\n2003–2012: The Very Reverend Scott Richardson\n2014–present: The Very Reverend Penelope Bridges","title":"Governance and clergy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StPaulSD.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Old Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town_San_Diego_State_Historic_Park"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Philip Frohman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Frohman"},{"link_name":"neo-Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Gothic"},{"link_name":"National Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Paul%27s_Episcopal_Cathedral_(and_525_Olive_in_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Diocese of San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Los_Angeles"}],"text":"Nave and chancel of St. Paul's CathedralThe parish traces its roots to the first Protestant congregation in San Diego founded at Old Town in 1853.[16] This eventually became the parish of Holy Trinity downtown at 8th and C streets, where it re-incorporated as St Paul's in 1887. In 1919, as St. Paul's was outgrowing its home downtown, the vestry purchased property opposite Balboa Park. They recruited Philip Frohman, a leader of the neo-Gothic style who designed the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., to design the new campus with a sizable church. Apparently the vestry expected an eventual separation from the Los Angeles Diocese that would make St. Paul's the Cathedral of San Diego, since they planned a large structure.[17] The Great Hall was completed in 1929, but the church construction was severely delayed by the Great Depression and conflicts with the architect, so groundbreaking did not occur until 1950. The first service in the new church was held in 1951, although the building was not fully finished. Additions over the years included a chapel and an office wing.Photo of St. Paul's Episcopal Cathedral taken on May 13, 2022, with the newly built 525 Olive Street Building in the background.In 1973, the long-anticipated creation of the Episcopal Diocese of San Diego occurred, by dividing the large Los Angeles diocese. In 1985, St. Paul's became the cathedral of the new diocese.","title":"History and building"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StPaulsSDRose.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Redevelopment plan","text":"Detail of St Paul's rose windowIn 2011, the cathedral completed a planning process to develop its property. This plan proposes two residential tower buildings with ground-level retail on property adjacent to the cathedral, as well renovation of the campus with new offices and off street parking.[18] The funds will be used to leverage the cathedral's activities in the community.[19]","title":"History and building"}]
[{"image_text":"St Paul's LED lighting at night","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/StPaulNightSD.jpg/250px-StPaulNightSD.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cathedral marchers at San Diego's Gay Pride Parade 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/StPaulCathedral_SanDiego_Pride2011.jpg/220px-StPaulCathedral_SanDiego_Pride2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nave and chancel of St. Paul's Cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/StPaulSD.jpeg/250px-StPaulSD.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Photo of St. Paul's Episcopal Cathedral taken on May 13, 2022, with the newly built 525 Olive Street Building in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/St._Paul%27s_Episcopal_Cathedral_%28and_525_Olive_in_background%29.jpg/252px-St._Paul%27s_Episcopal_Cathedral_%28and_525_Olive_in_background%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of St Paul's rose window","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/StPaulsSDRose.jpeg/250px-StPaulsSDRose.jpeg"}]
[{"title":"List of the Episcopal cathedrals of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_Episcopal_cathedrals_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of cathedrals in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_the_United_States"}]
[{"reference":"\"Church website\". Stpaulcathedral.org. Retrieved 2013-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://stpaulcathedral.org/","url_text":"\"Church website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Church website\". Stpaulcathedral.org. Retrieved 2013-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://stpaulcathedral.org/who-we-are/","url_text":"\"Church website\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Paul's Episcopal Home\". Retrieved 28 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stpaulcathedral.org/st-pauls-senior-homes","url_text":"\"St Paul's Episcopal Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Paul's Senior Homes and Services\". Stpaulseniors.org. Retrieved 2013-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stpaulseniors.org/","url_text":"\"St Paul's Senior Homes and Services\""}]},{"reference":"Downey, Paul. \"Program for Homeless Seniors in Danger of Closing\". San Diego union Tribune. Retrieved 28 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/jun/16/tp-program-for-homeless-seniors-in-danger-of/","url_text":"\"Program for Homeless Seniors in Danger of Closing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pacific Academy of Ecclesiastical Music website\". Retrieved 18 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://stpaulcathedral.org/pacem/events.html","url_text":"\"Pacific Academy of Ecclesiastical Music website\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Paul's Organ\". St. Paul's Church website. Retrieved 18 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://stpaulcathedral.org/music-st-pauls-organ","url_text":"\"St. Paul's Organ\""}]},{"reference":"Wilkens, John (December 24, 2012). \"A musical holiday gift\". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 29 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/dec/24/a-musical-holiday-gift/","url_text":"\"A musical holiday gift\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uptown Faith Community website\". Retrieved 18 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://uptownfaith.org/","url_text":"\"Uptown Faith Community website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catholic Funeral Services Denied To Gay Business Man\". 10 News San Diego. March 18, 2005. Retrieved 18 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.10news.com/news/4297683/detail.html","url_text":"\"Catholic Funeral Services Denied To Gay Business Man\""}]},{"reference":"Rubio-Sheffrey, Esther (July 7, 2010). \"St. Paul's Cathedral and Hillcrest History Guild to get Pride's Stonewall Service Awards\". San Diego Gay and Lesbian News. Retrieved 18 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sdgln.com/news/2010/06/28/st-pauls-cathedral-and-hillcrest-history-guild-win-stonewall-service-awards","url_text":"\"St. Paul's Cathedral and Hillcrest History Guild to get Pride's Stonewall Service Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Gay_and_Lesbian_News","url_text":"San Diego Gay and Lesbian News"}]},{"reference":"Dolbee, Sandi (September 27, 2008). \"Battle lines drawn on Proposition 8\". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 18 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20080927/news_1c27prop8.html","url_text":"\"Battle lines drawn on Proposition 8\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proposition 8 backers, foes gather at local events\". San Diego Union-Tribune. November 1, 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/metro/20081101-9999-bn1call.html","url_text":"\"Proposition 8 backers, foes gather at local events\""}]},{"reference":"McCaughan, Pat. \"San Diego: Bishop outlines process for same-gender blessings\". Episcopal News Service. Retrieved 18 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.episcopalchurch.org/81803_123584_ENG_HTM.htm","url_text":"\"San Diego: Bishop outlines process for same-gender blessings\""}]},{"reference":"Davies, Matthew. \"General Convention Wrap-Up\". Episcopal News Service. Retrieved 16 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://episcopaldigitalnetwork.com/ens/2012/07/12/convention-wrap-up-re-envisioning-church-for-the-21st-century","url_text":"\"General Convention Wrap-Up\""}]},{"reference":"Smythe, William E. (1908). History of San Diego, 1542 - 1908. San Diego History Center.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegohistory.org/books/smythe/6-1.htm","url_text":"History of San Diego, 1542 - 1908"}]},{"reference":"Koelsch, William A. \"A Gothic Architect in San Diego: Philip H. Frohman and the New St. Paul's Church, 1920–1966\" (PDF). Journal of San Diego History. San Diego History Center. pp. 42–60. Retrieved 18 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/v51-1/pdf/2005-1_cathedral.pdf","url_text":"\"A Gothic Architect in San Diego: Philip H. Frohman and the New St. Paul's Church, 1920–1966\""}]},{"reference":"\"Council OK's Renovation Of Cathedral Towers\". 10 News San Diego. November 8, 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.10news.com/news/29717385/detail.html","url_text":"\"Council OK's Renovation Of Cathedral Towers\""}]},{"reference":"Broyles, Logan (March 2, 2012). \"St. Paul's Cathedral developing state of the art condominiums in Bankers Hill\". San Diego Uptown News. Retrieved 18 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sduptownnews.com/st-pauls-cathedral-developing-state-of-the-art-condominiums-in-bankers-hill","url_text":"\"St. Paul's Cathedral developing state of the art condominiums in Bankers Hill\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_(San_Diego)&params=32_44_1_N_117_9_35_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"32°44′1″N 117°9′35″W / 32.73361°N 117.15972°W / 32.73361; -117.15972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_(San_Diego)&params=32_44_1_N_117_9_35_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"32°44′1″N 117°9′35″W / 32.73361°N 117.15972°W / 32.73361; -117.15972"},{"Link":"http://stpaulcathedral.org/","external_links_name":"stpaulscathedral.org"},{"Link":"http://stpaulcathedral.org/","external_links_name":"\"Church website\""},{"Link":"http://stpaulcathedral.org/who-we-are/","external_links_name":"\"Church website\""},{"Link":"http://www.stpaulcathedral.org/st-pauls-senior-homes","external_links_name":"\"St Paul's Episcopal Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.stpaulseniors.org/","external_links_name":"\"St Paul's Senior Homes and Services\""},{"Link":"http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/jun/16/tp-program-for-homeless-seniors-in-danger-of/","external_links_name":"\"Program for Homeless Seniors in Danger of Closing\""},{"Link":"http://stpaulcathedral.org/pacem/events.html","external_links_name":"\"Pacific Academy of Ecclesiastical Music website\""},{"Link":"http://stpaulcathedral.org/music-st-pauls-organ","external_links_name":"\"St. Paul's Organ\""},{"Link":"http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/dec/24/a-musical-holiday-gift/","external_links_name":"\"A musical holiday gift\""},{"Link":"http://uptownfaith.org/","external_links_name":"\"Uptown Faith Community website\""},{"Link":"https://www.10news.com/news/4297683/detail.html","external_links_name":"\"Catholic Funeral Services Denied To Gay Business Man\""},{"Link":"http://sdgln.com/news/2010/06/28/st-pauls-cathedral-and-hillcrest-history-guild-win-stonewall-service-awards","external_links_name":"\"St. Paul's Cathedral and Hillcrest History Guild to get Pride's Stonewall Service Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20080927/news_1c27prop8.html","external_links_name":"\"Battle lines drawn on Proposition 8\""},{"Link":"http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/metro/20081101-9999-bn1call.html","external_links_name":"\"Proposition 8 backers, foes gather at local events\""},{"Link":"http://archive.episcopalchurch.org/81803_123584_ENG_HTM.htm","external_links_name":"\"San Diego: Bishop outlines process for same-gender blessings\""},{"Link":"http://episcopaldigitalnetwork.com/ens/2012/07/12/convention-wrap-up-re-envisioning-church-for-the-21st-century","external_links_name":"\"General Convention Wrap-Up\""},{"Link":"http://www.sandiegohistory.org/books/smythe/6-1.htm","external_links_name":"History of San Diego, 1542 - 1908"},{"Link":"http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/v51-1/pdf/2005-1_cathedral.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Gothic Architect in San Diego: Philip H. Frohman and the New St. Paul's Church, 1920–1966\""},{"Link":"https://www.10news.com/news/29717385/detail.html","external_links_name":"\"Council OK's Renovation Of Cathedral Towers\""},{"Link":"http://sduptownnews.com/st-pauls-cathedral-developing-state-of-the-art-condominiums-in-bankers-hill","external_links_name":"\"St. Paul's Cathedral developing state of the art condominiums in Bankers Hill\""},{"Link":"http://stpaulcathedral.org/","external_links_name":"Church website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihailo_Stevanovi%C4%87_(linguist)
Mihailo Stevanović (linguist)
["1 Biography","2 References"]
Serbian linguist Mihailo Stevanović (April 3, 1903 – January 14, 1991) was a Serbian linguist and philologist, professor at the University of Belgrade and a full member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Biography He was born in Stijena Piperska. He was one of the signatories of the Novi Sad agreement on joint Serbo-Croatian language in 1954. He published more than 600 works, including the monumental two-volume Savremeni srpskohrvatski jezik: gramatički sistemi i književnojezička norma ("The modern Serbo-Croatian language: grammatical systems and the literary language norm"; Belgrade, 1964–1969). As an editor he collaborated on the development of numerous important dictionaries: Rečnik srpkohrvatskoga književnog jezika ("The dictionary of the Serbo-Croatian literary language"; Matica srpska, 1967–1976), Rečnik srpskohrvatskog književnog i narodnog jezika ("The dictionary of the Serbo-Croatian literary and vernacular language; SANU, 1959-), Rečnik Njegoševa jezika ("The dictionary of Njegoš' language"; Belgrade, Cetinje, 1983). Together with Ljudevit Jonke he co-edited the first joint Serbian and Croatian orthography book (Novi Sad - Zagreb, 1960). Stevanović also edited journals Srpski dijalektološki zbornik, Južnoslovenski filolog and Naš jezik. He was a full professor (since 1951) and the head of the Department of South Slavic languages and General Linguistics, at the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade. In 1958 he was elected a corresponding member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, becoming a full member in 1963. He also served as a director of the Serbo-Croatian Language Institute (1963–1973). He was awarded the Seventh of July Award in 1973, Vuk's Award in 1987, Order of Labor of the first order in 1960, and National Service Medal with Gold Star in 1964. He died in Belgrade. References ^ "Михаило СТЕВАНОВИЋ" (in Serbian). SANU. Retrieved March 14, 2014. Academic offices Preceded byDušan Nedeljković Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy 1949–1950 Succeeded byMihailo Dinić Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"linguist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguist"},{"link_name":"philologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philologist"},{"link_name":"University of Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Mihailo Stevanović (April 3, 1903 – January 14, 1991) was a Serbian linguist and philologist, professor at the University of Belgrade and a full member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.[1]","title":"Mihailo Stevanović (linguist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stijena Piperska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stijena_Piperska"},{"link_name":"Novi Sad agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Sad_agreement"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Rečnik srpskohrvatskog književnog i narodnog jezika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Serbo-Croatian_Literary_and_Vernacular_Language"},{"link_name":"Njegoš'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Ljudevit Jonke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudevit_Jonke"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Philosophy_in_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"}],"text":"He was born in Stijena Piperska. He was one of the signatories of the Novi Sad agreement on joint Serbo-Croatian language in 1954. He published more than 600 works, including the monumental two-volume Savremeni srpskohrvatski jezik: gramatički sistemi i književnojezička norma (\"The modern Serbo-Croatian language: grammatical systems and the literary language norm\"; Belgrade, 1964–1969). As an editor he collaborated on the development of numerous important dictionaries: Rečnik srpkohrvatskoga književnog jezika (\"The dictionary of the Serbo-Croatian literary language\"; Matica srpska, 1967–1976), Rečnik srpskohrvatskog književnog i narodnog jezika (\"The dictionary of the Serbo-Croatian literary and vernacular language; SANU, 1959-), Rečnik Njegoševa jezika (\"The dictionary of Njegoš' language\"; Belgrade, Cetinje, 1983). Together with Ljudevit Jonke he co-edited the first joint Serbian and Croatian orthography book (Novi Sad - Zagreb, 1960).Stevanović also edited journals Srpski dijalektološki zbornik, Južnoslovenski filolog and Naš jezik. He was a full professor (since 1951) and the head of the Department of South Slavic languages and General Linguistics, at the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade. In 1958 he was elected a corresponding member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, becoming a full member in 1963. He also served as a director of the Serbo-Croatian Language Institute (1963–1973).He was awarded the Seventh of July Award in 1973, Vuk's Award in 1987, Order of Labor of the first order in 1960, and National Service Medal with Gold Star in 1964.He died in Belgrade.","title":"Biography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Михаило СТЕВАНОВИЋ\" (in Serbian). SANU. Retrieved March 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sanu.ac.rs/Clanstvo/IstClan.aspx?arg=1287","url_text":"\"Михаило СТЕВАНОВИЋ\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.sanu.ac.rs/Clanstvo/IstClan.aspx?arg=1287","external_links_name":"\"Михаило СТЕВАНОВИЋ\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1463524/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108688178","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9903831","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy4hRF8RQBJdCxGKqvbVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12242157b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12242157b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/123629659","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RMSV095278","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007280614205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84237968","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js2005269369&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067974058","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810539775305606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/031149960","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urceolate
Glossary of botanical terms
[]
Terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Glossary of botanical terms" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary of leaf morphology. For other related terms, see Glossary of phytopathology, Glossary of lichen terms, and List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names. Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References External links A In the bud, Tetradenia riparia leaves have their upper surfaces turned toward the stem and the axil. The lower surface is abaxial ("away from the axis"), and the upper surface is adaxial. Viburnum abscission Welwitschia mirabilis presents an example of an acaulescent growth habit unusual in so large a plant species. Schematic diagrams of the accumbent arrangement of the cotyledons and radicle in a seed of Erysimum (formerly Cheiranthus) Achenes on the surface of the stem of the infructescence of a strawberry Geranium incanum flowers are actinomorphic, having five axes of symmetry, as opposed to the two axes of symmetry of the zygomorphic flowers of most species of the related genus Pelargonium. Fern frond with acuminate leaflets Adelphous stamens in flower of Gossypium tomentosum Watsonia flower slit open and with one stamen bent upward to show its adnate attachment to the petal Diagram of a coconut fruit. The albumen (endosperm) is labelled Alb. Caffeine is an alkaloid with four nitrogen atoms in its carbon skeleton. Rothmannia leaf with extensively anastomose venation Androgynous flower of Sandersonia aurantiaca cut open longitudinally to show the androecium, which comprises the anthers surrounding the green central pistil Anther of Lilium in a state of anthesis, dehiscent and releasing pollen A Neea species, family Nyctaginaceae, presents an example of an anthocarp: the calyx and style remain around the ripening fruit. Aphananthous flowers of oaks such as Quercus robur, being anemophilous, have no need of being conspicuous to pollinating animals. Apical bud of a Populus (poplar) shoot The apparently separate nuts of Ochrosia borbonica actually are apocarpous carpels, two from each flower. Apophyses on the tips of the cone scales of Araucaria cunninghamii amount to spikes. Hairs on the leaves of Meniocus linifolius (formerly Alyssum linifolium) are stellate and appressed to the leaf surface. Arachnoid leaves of an unidentified Gazania species Spines of cactus Gymnocalycium bayrianum emerging from the areoles of the stem nodes Seeds of a species of Blighia (ackee), one whole and one in longitudinal section, showing the pale aril Infructescence of wild rye, showing prominent awns Anatomy of an awn and bristles on a species of the Australian grass Rytidosperma longifolium Axillary buds in leaf ab- Prefix meaning "position away from". abaxial Surface of an organ facing away from the organ's axis, e.g. the lower surface of a lateral organ such as a leaf or petal. Contrast adaxial. abort To abandon development of a structure or organ. abscission Natural shedding of an organ that is mature or aged, as of a ripe fruit or an old leaf. abscission zone Specialized layer of tissue that allows an organ to be shed by abscission when it is ripe or senescent. Such tissue is commonly formed, for example, at the base of a petiole or pedicel. acaulescent Having no apparent stem, or at least none visible above the ground surface. Examples include some species of Oxalis, Nolina, and Yucca. Antonym: caulescent (possessing stem). accrescent Increasing in size with age, such as a calyx that continues to grow after the corolla has fallen, e.g. in Physalis peruviana. accumbent Lying against another part of the plant; when applied to a cotyledon, it means that an edge of the cotyledon lies along the folded radicle in the seed. -aceae Suffix added to the word stem of a generic name to form the name of a taxonomic family; for example, Rosaceae is the rose family, of which the type genus is Rosa. achene Dry, one-seeded indehiscent fruit in which the true fruit is not the so-called "berry", but the achenes, which are the so-called "seeds" on the infructescence, e.g. in the genus Fragaria. acicular Slender or needle-shaped. See also Leaf shape. acropetal Moving from roots to leaves, e.g. of molecular signals in plants. acrophyll Regular leaves of a mature plant, produced above the base, as opposed to bathyphyll. acrostichoid (describing a type of sorus) Covering the entire abaxial surface of a frond, usually densely so, as in Elaphoglossum and Acrostichum. actino- Prefix that indicates a radial pattern, form, or morphology. actinodromous (of leaf venation) Palmate or radially arranged venation with three or more primary veins arising at or near the base of the leaf and reaching the margin in most species, but not all. actinomorphic Regular or radially symmetrical; may be bisected into similar halves in at least two planes. Applies e.g. to steles and flowers in which the perianth segments within each whorl are alike in size and shape. Compare regular. Contrast asymmetrical, irregular, and zygomorphic. aculeate Armed with prickles, e.g. the stem of a rose. acumen A long, tapering point, especially the apex of an acuminate leaf. acuminate Tapering gradually to a point, with concave sides approaching the point. Contrast acute and mucronate. See also Leaf shape. acute 1.   Sharply pointed, but not drawn out, with straight sides approaching the point. Contrast acuminate. See also Leaf shape. 2.   Converging at an angle of less than 90°. Contrast obtuse. ad- Prefix meaning "near or toward"; also meaning "added to". adaxial Surface of an organ facing toward the organ's axis, e.g. the upper surface of a lateral organ such as a leaf or petal. Contrast abaxial. adelphia pl. adelphiae A bundle or structure of stamens forming one unit in an adelphous flower; for example, the stamen tube around the pistil of Hibiscus. adelphous Having organs, particularly filaments such as stamens, connected into one or more adelphiae, whether in the form of bunches or tubes, such as is commonly seen in families such as Malvaceae. Usage of the term is not consistent; some authors include closely bunched filaments, while others include only adelphiae in which filaments are connected minimally at their bases. See, for example, Sims: "...the filaments are so closely pressed that they have the appearance of being monadelphous...". Compare derived terms such as monadelphous, having stamens growing in a single bunch or tube, for example in Hibiscus, and diadelphous, growing in two bunches. adherent Slightly united to an organ of another kind, usually to a part of another whorl, e.g. a sepal connected to a petal. Contrast adnate. adnate Grown from or closely fused to an organ of a different kind, especially along a margin, e.g. a stamen fused to a petal. Adnate anthers have their halves attached to the filament through most of their length. Contrast connate. adventitious Produced in an unpredictable or unusual position, e.g. an adventitious bud produced from a stem rather than from the more typical axil of a leaf. Adventitious roots may develop from nodes of prostrate stems of some plant species, or from the hypocotyl rather than from the radicle of a germinating monocotyledon. adventive Introduced accidentally (usually referring to a weed). aerial Of the air; growing or borne above the surface of the ground or water. aestivation Arrangement of sepals and petals or their lobes in an unexpanded flower bud. Contrast vernation. aff. (affinis) With affinity to others, akin to; often used for a provisionally recognized but unnamed taxon considered close to that name, perhaps a hybrid or extreme variant. aggregate fruit Cluster of fruits formed from the free carpels of a single flower, e.g. a blackberry. Compare multiple fruit. agochoric Plants that are spread through accidental transport. agricultural weed See weed. agriophyte Plant species that have invaded native vegetation and could survive there without human intervention. They are established there in natural habitats, remaining part of natural vegetation even after human influence has ceased, and are independent of humans in their continued existence. agrophic Comb-like series of veins forking from a single side of a primary or secondary vein. agrostology Also graminology. The scientific study of grasses, in the strictest sense only those species which are members of the family Poaceae. Broader usages sometimes also include grass-like or graminoid species from the families Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, and Typhaceae. alate Having a wing or wings. albumen Older name for the endosperm of flowering plants. Except for being a storage tissue for nutrients, it is not like the albumen (egg white) of animal embryos. albuminous (of seeds) Containing endosperm. -ales Suffix added to the stem of a generic name or descriptive name to form the name of a taxonomic order. alien Any plant introduced to an area outside its natural range. Often used interchangeably or in combination with foreign, exotic, non-native, and non-indigenous. alkaloid Any of a loosely defined class of organic compounds found in the tissues of many species of plants. Alkaloid molecules have one or more alkaline-reacting nitrogen atoms in their carbon structures. Many alkaloids are commercially important as drugs or poisons, e.g. caffeine, morphine, quinine, and strychnine, each of which occurs naturally in certain plants. allelopathy The secretion by a plant of biochemicals which influence the growth and reproduction of nearby plants. allopatric Having geographically separate, non-overlapping ranges of distribution. Contrast sympatric. alternate 1.  (adj.) (of leaves or flowers) Borne singly at different levels along a stem, including spiralled parts. Contrast opposite. 2.  (prep.) Occurring between something else, e.g. stamens alternating with petals. alternipetalous A configuration where parts of the flower, e.g. stamens, alternate in position with the petals. ament A synonym of catkin. amphitropous (of an ovule) Bent so that both ends are near each other. Contrast anatropous, campylotropous, and orthotropous. amplexicaul With the base dilated and clasping the stem, usually of leaves. amylum star a vegetative propagative body filled with starch (amylum) and located around the lower nodes of certain stoneworts. anastomose Branching and then rejoining, as with leaf venation. anastomosis A connection or fusion of two or more veins that are normally diverging or branching, thereby forming a network. anatropous (of an ovule) Inverted so that the micropyle faces the placenta (this is the most common ovule orientation in flowering plants). Contrast amphitropous, campylotropous, and orthotropous. ancipital Flat, with two edges (versus round). androdioecious Having bisexual flowers and male flowers on separate individuals. Contrast andromonoecious, polygamodioecious, polygamomonoecious, and polygamous. androecium A collective name for the male reproductive parts of a flower; the stamens of a flower considered collectively. Contrast gynoecium. Abbreviated A; e.g. A 3+3 indicates six stamens in two whorls. androgynophore A stalk bearing both the androecium and gynoecium of a flower above the level of insertion of the perianth. androgynous Having male and female flowers in the same inflorescence. androphore The stalk or column supporting the stamens in certain flowers. andromonoecious Having bisexual flowers and male flowers on the same individual plant. Contrast androdioecious, gynomonoecious, polygamodioecious, polygamomonoecious, and polygamous. anemophilous Adapted to pollination by wind. anemophily Adaptation to pollination by wind. angiosperm A flowering plant; a plant with developing seeds enclosed in an ovary. anisomery The condition of having a floral whorl with a different (usually smaller) number of parts from the other floral whorls. anisotomic Branching, with branches having unequal diameters, such as a trunk and its branch. Contrast isotomic. annual A plant that completes its life cycle (i.e. germinates, reproduces, and dies) within a single year or growing season. annulus 1.  A ring-like structure; in the form of a ring. Pappus bristles are sometimes attached to a ring called an annulus or disk at the top of the achene beak. In some pollen grains, the exine around the apertures is either thicker or thinner. In pores, this border is termed an annulus. Certain flowers have ring-like constrictions at the mouth of the flower, e.g. in Huernia and Aristolochia. 2.  A ring of specialized cells on the sporangium. anterior Positioned in front of, toward the apex. Compare distal. anthemoid In the Compositae, a style with a brush-like tuft of sweeping hairs at the tip of each style branch. anther The pollen-bearing part of a stamen. antheridium in bryophytes, a specialized gametophytic organ that produces the male gametes. antheridiophore In liverworts of the order Marchantiales, a male gametophore, a specialized, stalked structure that bears the antheridia. antherode A sterile anther of a staminode. anthesis 1.  (of a flower) The period during which pollen is presented and/or the stigma is receptive. 2.  (of a flowering plant) The period during which flowers in anthesis are present. Not defined for some cases, such as when pollen is released in the bud. anthocarp A type of fruit in which some part of the flower persists attached to the pericarp, e.g. in Nyctaginaceae. anthophore A stalk-like structure, internode located between the calyx and the other parts of the flower. anticlinal Pointing up, away from, or perpendicular to a surface. Contrast periclinal. antrorse Directed forward or upward, e.g. of hairs on a stem. Contrast retrorse. apetalous Lacking petals. apex pl. apices The tip; the point furthest from the point of attachment. aphananthous (of flowers) Inconspicuous or unshowy, as opposed to phaneranthous or showy. aphlebia pl. aphlebiae Imperfect or irregular leaf endings commonly found on ferns and fossils of ferns from the Carboniferous Period. aphyllous Leafless; having no leaves. apical At or on the apex of a structure, usually a shoot, a stem, or the trunk of a tree, e.g. an apical meristem or an apical bud. apiculate especially of leaves, ending in a short triangular point. See also Leaf shape. apiphily A form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by honey bees. apo- A prefix meaning "away from, separate, without". apocarpous (of a gynoecium) Consisting of one or more carpels which are free from one another (or almost so), e.g. in members of the Ranunculaceae and Dilleniaceae. apomixis adj. apomictic A type of asexual reproduction whereby viable seeds or spores are produced asexually, without fertilization, such that the genetic material they contain is a clone of the parent's genetic material. A plant produced in this way is called an apomict. apomorphy In cladistics, a "different form" from the form of an ancestor (i.e., an innovation) of use in determining membership in a clade. apopetalous Having separate petals, not fused (sympetalous). apophyllous Perianth or other segments free, not united. Compare symphyllous, gamophyllous, and polyphyllous. apophysis 1.  The external part of a cone scale. 2.  An outgrowth of an organ or an enlargement of a stem. appendage A secondary part attached to a main structure; an external growth that seldom has any obvious function, hence appendiculate. appendiculate Having the nature of or bearing appendages. appressed Pressed closely but not fused, e.g. leaves against a stem. aquatic plant A plant whose natural habitat is water, living in or on water for all or a substantial part of its lifespan; generally restricted to fresh or inland waters. arachnoid Cobwebby, from being covered with fine white hairs. arborescent Tree-like in growth or general appearance. arboretum pl. arboreta A taxonomically arranged collection of trees. archaeophyte A non-native plant that has nonetheless been present in a particular geographic area for some time. Contrast neophyte. archegonium Plural archegonia. A multicellular haploid structure or organ of the gametophyte phase of certain plants, producing and containing the ovum or female gamete. The corresponding male organ is called the antheridium. archegoniophore In liverworts of the order Marchantiales, a female gametophore: a specialized, stalked structure that bears the archegonia and the sporophytes. arctotoid In the Compositae, a style with a ring of sweeping hairs borne on the shaft of the style proximal to the style branches. areolate Having or being composed of areoles, as an areolate crustose lichen. areole 1.  A space between the threads of a net, e.g. that part of a leaf surface defined by each of the elements of a vein network; as with cacti, the area between the veinlets of a leaf. 2.  A structure on the stem node of a cactus, morphologically a specialised branch; the region of a cactus upon which spines, glochids, and flowers are borne. aril A membranous or fleshy appendage formed by expansion of the funicle which partly or wholly covers a seed, e.g. the fleshy outer layer of lychee fruit, or that found in members of the Sapindaceae. aristate With a stiff, bristle-like awn or tip. See also Leaf shape. article A segment of a jointed stem or of a fruit with constrictions between the seeds; an organ part that separates easily from the rest of the organ at a joint or articulation. articulate Jointed; separating freely, leaving a clean scar; e.g. the fronds of certain ferns where they join the rhizome. ascending 1.  (of a stem) Spreading horizontally, then directed upward; an ascending stem is more or less prostrate near its base, then erect. 2.  (of an ovule) Attached somewhat above the base. ascidiate Shaped like a pitcher, as with the leaves of pitcher plants, e.g. species of Nepenthes and Sarracenia. asexual reproduction Reproduction that does not involve gametes. Often used interchangeably with vegetative reproduction. asperulous Having a rough, sandpapery texture; e.g. some leaf surfaces. asymmetrical Irregular or unequal; lacking any plane of symmetry; e.g. flowers of Canna. attenuate Narrowing gradually. See also Leaf shape. auricle An ear-shaped lobe, particularly a small, roundish, lateral appendage of a leaf or leaf-like organ. auriculate Attached at the base with ear-shaped appendages (auricles). See also Leaf shape. autogamous Self-pollinating, self-fertilizing – in flowering plants awn 1.  Any long, bristle-like appendage. 2.  In the Poaceae, an appendage terminating or on the back of glumes or lemmas of some grass spikelets. 3.  In the Geraniaceae, the part of the style that remains attached to the carpel that separates from the carpophore (column). 4.  A generally straight, stiff pappus element, varying from stiffly bristle-like to hard and needle-like. In Strophanthus, the awn is the beak of the seed, stipe of the coma hairs. axil The upper angle between one part of a plant and another, e.g. the stem and a leaf. axile On an axis; of a placenta, on the central axis of the ovary. axillary Borne in or arising from the axil, usually referring to the axil of a leaf. axis The main stem of a whole plant or inflorescence; also, the line along which this stem extends. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z B Baculiform desmid in genus Closterium Barbs occur on the spines of some species of cactus, as shown here, enlarged. Berries of Olinia ventosa, including a cross-section showing hard seeds in the pulp The bifoliate compound leaves of the mopane tree, Colophospermum mopane, suggest the common name "butterfly tree". Cross-section of a silique of Arabidopsis thaliana, showing it to be biloculate, formed of two carpels, morphologically a silique and not a pod Bipinnate leaf of Gymnocladus dioicus Structure of a biternate compound leaf This African baobab, Adansonia digitata, has an enormous bole beneath a relatively modest canopy that is typical of this species. The large, colorful bracts of Bougainvillea are commonly mistaken for its petals. Burrs, fruits of Arctium species Buttress root of a mature elm baccate Fruit appearing like a berry that may or may not be a true berry. baculiform Rod-like; longer than wide. Compare cylindrical. barb A rear-facing point, as in a fish hook. barbed Having barbs pointing in one direction. barbellate Having barbed hairs (barbellae). bark The protective external layer of tissue on the stems and roots of woody trees and shrubs; includes all of the living and non-living tissue external to the cambium. basal Situated or attached at or close to the base (of a plant or a phylogenetic tree diagram). basifixed Something attached by its base, e.g. an anther attached to the filament. Compare dorsifixed. basipetal Developing sequentially from the apex toward the base (i.e. with the youngest toward the base), e.g. of flowers in an inflorescence. Also, moving from leaves to roots, e.g. of molecular signals in plants. bathyphyll A specialized leaf produced at the base of a plant, usually when the plant is immature, and which serves to anchor the plant to a substrate; especially notable in the fern Teratophyllum. Contrast acrophyll. beak A prominent, pointed terminal projection, especially of a carpel or fruit. berry A type of indehiscent fruit with the seeds immersed in the pulp, e.g. a tomato. bi- A prefix meaning "two", e.g. bisulcate, having two sulci or grooves. biennial A plant which completes its life cycle (i.e. germinates, reproduces, and dies) within two years or growing seasons. Biennial plants usually form a basal rosette of leaves in the first year and then flower and fruit in the second year. bifid Forked; cut in two for about half its length. Compare trifid. bifoliate (of a compound leaf) Having precisely two leaflets, usually in a symmetrical pair, e.g. a leaf of Colophospermum mopane. Compare jugate lobed leaf, e.g. most species of Bauhinia. bifusiform Fusiform with a pinch in the middle. bilabiate Having two lips, e.g. the form of the petals in many irregular flowers. bilateral 1.  Having two distinguishable sides, such as the two faces of a dorsiventral leaf. 2.  Arranged on opposite sides, e.g. leaves on a stem; Compare distichous and opposite. 3.  Bilaterally symmetrical, as in a leaf with a symmetrical outline. biloculate Having two loculi, e.g. in anthers or ovaries. binomial Making use of names consisting of two words to form the scientific name (or combination) in a Latin form. For example, where the first is the name of the genus to which the species belongs, and the second is the specific epithet given to that species to distinguish it from others in the same genus. binomial nomenclature The system of nomenclature in which the scientific name of a species (and not of a taxon at any other rank) is a combination of two names, the first name being the generic name. The second name is referred to botanically as the specific epithet. Note that the two names together (not just the second name) constitute the species name. bipinnate Doubly pinnate; e.g. a compound leaf with individual leaflets pinnately divided. bipinnatisect A pinnatisect leaf with deeply dissected segments. bisexual Bearing both male and female reproductive organs; usually, flowers with both stamens and carpels; synonymous with hermaphrodite, synoecious, and monoclinous. Bisexual flowers occur only on monoecious plants. See also androgynous, monoicous, and plant reproductive morphology. bitegmic (of an ovule) Covered by two integuments. Contrast unitegmic. biternate Ternate, with each division divided into three. bivalve Having two valves or hinged parts. Contrast trivalve. blade The lamina or flattened part of a leaf, excluding the stalk or petiole. bloom A fine white or bluish waxy powder occurring on plant parts, usually stems, leaves, and fruits. It is easily removed by rubbing. bole The trunk of a tree, usually the portion below the lowest branch. Compare canopy. bostrychoid Arranged on a conical surface (like a snail shell); used to describe inflorescences in which the buds are arranged in an almost helical manner on the outside of a long, tapering, conical rachis. bract A modified leaf associated with a flower or inflorescence and differing in shape, size, or color from other leaves (and without an axillary bud). bracteate Possessing bracts. bracteole A small bract borne singly or in pairs on the pedicel or calyx; synonymous with bractlet. bracteolate Possessing bracteoles (bractlets). bracteose Having many or showy bracts. bractlet See bracteole. branchlet A small branch. brevideciduous A plant that loses all of its leaves only briefly before growing new ones, so that it is leafless for only a short time, e.g. approximately two weeks. bristle A straight, stiff hair (smooth or with minute teeth); the upper part of an awn (when the latter is bent and has a lower, stouter, and usually twisted part, called the column). brochidodromous Pinnate leaf venation in which the secondary veins do not terminate at the leaf margin, but are joined in a succession of prominent arcs. brochus pl. brochi Width of one lumen of a pollen grain reticulum and half of the width of the surrounding muri (walls), hence heterobrochate and homobrochate, where the lumina are of different or similar sizes, respectively. bryophyte Informally, any plant that is a moss, hornwort, or liverwort. Formally, these plants are placed in three separate divisions: hornworts (Anthocerophyta), liverworts (Marchantiophyta), and mosses (Bryophyta). bulb A thick storage organ, usually underground, consisting of a stem and leaf bases (the inner ones fleshy). bulbel A bulb arising from another bulb. See bulblet. bulbil A small, deciduous bulb or tuber formed in the axil of a leaf or pinna; a means of vegetative propagation. bulblet A bulb arising from another bulb; a bulbel. bullate 1.  Having a rounded or blister-like appearance; arched or vaulted. 2.  (of a leaf) Having arched leaf tissue between each lateral vein, i.e. the veins appear depressed in the leaf surface. burl A deformation or knot in the branches or trunk of a tree, sometimes sought after in woodworking. burr 1.  A prickly fruit. 2.  A rough or prickly propagule consisting of a seed or fruit and associated floral parts or bracts. buttress root A root growing from an above-ground stem or trunk, and providing support, e.g. commonly of Ficus macrophylla. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z C Dianthus chinensis has a caespitose growth habit. Callus tissue of Nicotiana tabacum growing on a nutrient medium in plant tissue culture Structure of flower of an orchid in genus Praecoxanthus, with the callus labelled Bearded callus of a floret of the grass species Chrysopogon filipes Scanning electron micrograph of the carpopodium at the base of the achene-like fruit of Zyzyura mayana, Asteraceae Dormant leaf buds of deciduous trees are commonly protected by imbricate cataphylls that are shed when the bud sprouts. Male catkins of Betula pendula The caudex of Dioscorea elephantipes grows largely above the soil surface. Many species that form caudices grow them underground. Flowers growing from a branch of Syzygium moorei, an example of cauliflory Some members of the Espeletia genus exhibit a growth habit that is caulirosulate. Moehringia growing as a chasmophyte on an overhanging cliff Chloroplasts within the cells of the leaves of the moss Bryum capillare Not all chloroplasts are simple in shape. Chloroplasts of Spirogyra are helical within the tubular cells of their algal filaments. Circinate vernation of crosiers of the fern Sadleria cyatheoides The so-called "fleshy leaves" of cacti, such as on this Opuntia tomentosa, are actually cladodes (branches). The true leaves are the spines growing on the cladodes, which on this young cladode are still fleshy. Colony of cells forming a coenobium, of an alga in the genus Pediastrum Asclepias syriaca seeds, showing the coma of hairs in its pappus Curcuma pseudomontana with red coma bracts Pfaffia gnaphalioides flowers with basal coma hairs Coma atop Muscari armeniacum, bearing sterile flowers The conical compound inflorescence of Aeonium arboreum is a compound panicle composed of minor panicles, some of which are compound in their turn. California buckeye (Aesculus californica) has a compound palmate leaf, the leaflets radiating from a central point. The lobes of the gamopetalous corolla of Nicotiana flowers are conduplicate in the bud. Casuarina equisetifolia male and female flowers and cones Gamopetalous Watsonia flower split open between two petals to show the connate formation of the corolla tube; compare the adnate attachment of the stamen bases to the matching petals Corms, one entire in its tunic, one partly peeled to show tunic cataphylls, and one split to show inner structure The corona of this Passiflora flower is a ring of purple filaments between the petals and the stamens. Cotyledons of seedlings of Koelreuteria. One plant shows the first new leaves above its cotyledons, and the rest show various younger stages of emerging cotyledons. Crassula rupestris frequently grows as a cremnophyte on cliff faces in fynbos. Nymphoides crenata has crenate leaf margins. Mimetes cucullatus, so named for the hooded, cucullate shape of its white flowers Murraya paniculata has leaves with cuneate (wedge-shaped) bases. Examples of cupules of Fagaceae:A: Quercus rubra B: Quercus trojanaC: Fagus sylvatica D: Castanea sativa Cuspidate leaves of Diplacus bigelovii var. cuspidatus Euphorbia milii is commercially grown for the aesthetic appearance of its brightly colored, bract-like structures called cyathophylls, which sit below the inflorescence. caducous Falling off early, e.g. the sepals of poppies, which fall off when the petals begin to open. Compare persistent and fugacious. caespitose Tufted or turf-like, e.g. the growth form of some grasses. calcarate possessing a spur. calcareous A soil type or a lichen substrate rock type that is rich in or largely composed of calcium carbonate. calceolate Shaped like a slipper. calcicole A plant which thrives in calcareous soil. Also calciphile, calciphyte. Antonym: calcifuge. callose Hardened; thickened; callous. callus pl. calli 1.  A protruding mass of tissue 2.  Undifferentiated tissue growth formed in response to wounding; may be grown in vitro. 3.  In orchids, fleshy outgrowths from the labellum which can be variously shaped from papillae to plates. 4.  In grasses, a hardened extension from the base of a floret (formed from the rachilla joint and/or the base of the lemma), which may or may not elongate and is often covered in hairs or bristles. calyciflorous Having petals and stamens attached to the calyx. calycophyll Leaf-like structure formed from a sepal or calyx lobe which enlarges, usually many-fold, before or after anthesis, especially when most of the other sepals or calyx lobes retain their original size. More extreme than an accrescent calyx, calycophylls are found in Rubiaceae. Compare semaphyll and pterophyll. calyculate Having an epicalyx. calyculus 1.  A cup-shaped structure formed from bracts resembling an outer calyx. 2.  In some Asteraceae, a circle of bracts below the involucre. calyptra A hood or lid. See operculum. calyx pl. calyces Collective term for the sepals of one flower; the outer whorl of a flower, usually green. Compare corolla. calyx tube A tube formed by the fusion of the sepals (calyx), at least at the base. cambium Tissue layer that provides partially undifferentiated cells for plant growth. campanulate Bell-shaped. camptodromous Pinnate venation in which the secondary veins curve toward the margins, in some cases becoming nearly parallel with them, and not reconnecting with other veins to form loops. campylotropous When the ovule is oriented transversely (i.e. with its axis at right angles to its stalk) and with a curved embryo sac. Compare amphitropus, anatropous, and orthotropous. canaliculate Channelled; having a longitudinal groove. canescent Approaching white in color, as in a leaf covered with white down or wool. canopy Branches and foliage of a tree; the crown. Also refers to the protective upper layer of a forest. Compare trunk. capillary 1.  Tube, pore, or passage with a narrow, internal cross-section. 2.  Slender; hair-like. capitate 1.  (of an inflorescence) Having a knob-like head, with the flowers unstalked and aggregated into a dense cluster. 2.  (of a stigma) Like the head of a pin. capitulum Dense cluster of sessile or subsessile flowers or florets, e.g. a flower head in the daisy family Asteraceae. See pseudanthium. capsule Dry fruit formed from two or more united carpels and dehiscing when ripe (usually by splitting into pieces or opening at summit by teeth or pores). carduoid In Asteraceae, having a style with a ring of sweeping hairs borne on the shaft of the style below the style branches. carina See keel. carinal canal Longitudinal cavity in the stems of Equisetum and extinct Equisetopsida, coinciding with a ridge in the stem surface. carneous Flesh-colored, especially as applied to some flowers. carnose, carnous Fleshy or pulpy in texture, especially as applied to some tissues or organs. Contrast coriaceous and corneous. Caropodium Genus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae. Native range: Turkey to Iran. Not to be confused with Carpopodium carpel The basic female reproductive organ in angiosperms, either consisting of a single sporophyll or a single locule of a compound ovary, with a style and a stigma. The gynoecium is the collective term for all of the carpels of a single flower. carpellary Referring to carpels or to associated structures or outgrowths of carpels, for example staminodes attached to carpels in Nymphaeaceae, were frequently referred to as carpellary attachments. The current and past usage of the terms "carpellary attachments", paracarpels, and staminodes is confused and varies among authors. carpopodium On achenes (Cypselae), an elongation of the base of the gynoecium which looks distinct; the abscission zone, where the achene is separated from the receptacle. 2.  Genus Carpopodium in the family Brassicaceae; not to be confused with Caropodium. cartilaginous Hard and tough; gristly. Compare corneous and coriaceous. caruncle A small piece of flesh-like tissue, typically lumpy or warty, growing on the testa near the hilum. Contrast aril. caryopsis A dry, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit in which the seed coat is closely fused to the fruit wall, e.g. in most grasses. Casparian strip A continuous band of suberin in the radial primary cell walls of the endodermis in vascular plant stems and roots that forms a permeability barrier to the passive diffusion of external water and solutes into the vascular tissue. cassideous Hood-, helmet- or bonnet-shaped; generally referring to floral anatomy, e.g. in the flowers of Aconitum, Satyrium, etc. castaneous Chestnut-colored, reddish-brown. casual alien An exotic plant that appears with no apparent human assistance but does not develop a sustained population(s), or one that persists only by repeated new introductions. Compare alien. cataphyll Any plant structure which is morphologically a leaf but which has at most an incidental or transient photosynthetic function. They are either shed when their main function has been completed, or are incorporated into structures where, when dead, they serve a protective or supportive purpose. catenulate In the shape of a chain; formed of parts or cells connected as if chained together, e.g. some diatoms, algae, and cyanobacteria such as Anabaena. See also concatenate. catkin A spike, usually pendulous, in which the mostly small flowers are unisexual and without a conspicuous perianth, e.g. in willows, poplars, oaks, and casuarinas. The individual flowers often have scaly bracts and are generally wind-pollinated. Catkins are usually shed as a unit. caudate Having a narrow, tail-like appendage or tip, e.g. a drip tip. Contrast acuminate, cuspidate, and mucronate. caudex pl. caudices The stem of a plant, especially a woody one; also used to mean a rootstock, or particularly a basal stem structure or storage organ from which new growth arises. Compare lignotuber. caudiciform Stem-like or caudex-like; sometimes used to mean "pachycaul", meaning "thick-stemmed". caulescent possessing a well-developed stem above ground, similar to cauline. Antonym: acaulescent (lacking an apparent stem). cauliflory adj. cauliflorous Having flowers or fruits growing directly from a tree's branches or trunk. cauline Borne on an aerial stem or caulis, as with leaves, flowers, or fruits (when applied to the latter two organs, usually referring to older stems. caulirosulate Borne at the end of the stem or caulis, as with leaves or bracts. cell 1.  The basic, microscopic unit of plant structure, generally consisting of compartments in a viscous fluid surrounded by a cell wall. 2.  A cavity of an anther or ovary. cenanthous (of a perianth) Lacking both stamens and pistil, i.e. a flower with neither androecium nor gynoecium. centrifixed Of a two-branched organ attached by its center, e.g. a hair or anther. ceraceous Having a waxy appearance, color, or texture, e.g. flowers of many species of Ceropegia, and the waxy fruit of some species of Myrica. cernuous Nodding, falling headlong or face down; inclined, stooping, or bowing forward. Applied to many species with a nodding, stooping habit, such as many Narcissus and Dierama species. Many plant species bear the specific epithet "cernua". cespitose An alternative spelling of caespitose, meaning tufted or turf-like, e.g. the growth form of some grasses. chamber A cavity of an ovary. channelled Sunken below the surface, resulting in a rounded channel. chartaceous Having a papery texture. chasmogamous Of flowers that are pollinated when the perianth is open. Compare cleistogamous. chasmophyte A plant adapted to growing in crevices or hollows, such as in cliff faces. Compare cremnophyte. chimera An individual composed of two or more genetically distinct tissues, most commonly as a result of a graft and sometimes by mutations that occur during cell division or cellular transfers during seed development. chiropterophilous Pollinated by bats. chlorophyll Any of a variety of different chemical pigments in chloroplasts that are essential for photosynthesis. chloroplast An organelle present in plant cells which contains chlorophyll. chlorosis An abnormal lack or paleness of color in a normally green organ. cilia sing. cilium; adj. ciliate Very small hairs or hair-like protrusions more or less confined to the margins of an organ, as with eyelashes; in motile cells, minute, hair-like protrusions which aid motility. circinate Spirally coiled with the tip innermost, e.g. circinate vernation of the developing fronds of most ferns. cirrhose (of a leaf) Ending in a tendril at the apex. cirrus See tendril. cladode A photosynthetic branch or stem, often leaf-like and usually with foliage leaves either absent or much reduced. Compare phyllode. class The principal category for taxa ranking between division and order. clathrate Shaped like a net or lattice; pierced with apertures, as with a cage. clavate Club-shaped. clavuncula In the Apocynaceae, an enlarged, drum-shaped stigma of which the sides and lower surface are the receptive zones. Coherent with the anthers or not. claw 1.  A narrow, stalk-like, basal portion of a petal, sepal, or bract. 2.  In Melaleuca, the united portion of a stamen bundle. cleistogamous Having flowers which self-pollinate and never open fully, or which self-pollinate before opening. Compare chasmogamous. climber A plant growing more or less erect by leaning on or twining around another structure for support, or by clinging with tendrils. climbing See climber. cline adj. clinal A continuous morphological variation in form within a species or sometimes between two species. clone A plant derived from the asexual vegetative reproduction of a parent plant, with both plants having identical genetic compositions. coalescent Having plant parts fused or grown together to form a single unit. cochleariform Concave and spoon-shaped. cochleate Coiled like a snail's shell. coenobium An arranged colony of algae that acts like a single organism. coenocyte A single cell with multiple nuclei, formed when nuclear division was not followed by cytokinesis. coleoptile One type of sheath in the structure of monocotyledonous seeds. The coleoptile is a protective sheath or cap (pileus), generally more or less pointed, that covers the monocotyledonous plumule as it emerges from the soil. It generally turns green and contributes to photosynthesis until its function is superseded by the main growth of the seedling. Contrast this with the coleorhiza, which remains underground until it is superseded as the roots emerge. coleorhiza One type of sheath in the structure of monocotyledonous seeds. The coleorhiza connects the coleoptile to the radicle and protects the monocotyledonous radicle during germination. Unlike the coleoptile, the coleorhiza is associated with the root and does not emerge from the soil during germination. Contrast coleoptile. collenchyma A specialized tissue consisting of living cells with unevenly thickened cellulose and pectin cell walls that performs a support function in organs such as leaves and young stems that are composed of primary plant tissues. colleter A multicellular, glandular hair that usually produces a mucilaginous substance and is located on sepals, stipules, or petioles, or on nearby parts of stems; commonly found on plants in the order Gentianales. columella In flowering plants, the central axis of the cone or fruit, e.g. in Callitris. column 1.  A structure extending above the ovary and incorporating the style and stamens also known as the gynostegium, e.g. in orchids and milkweeds. 2.  In grasses, the lower, stouter, and usually twisted part of an awn, distinct from the slender upper part or bristle. columnar Shaped like a column. coma 1.  A tuft of hairs from testa or funiculus at one or both ends of some seeds, e.g. in Strophanthus, Asclepias, or Alstonia. 2.  Sterile bracts, e.g. in Curcuma, Ananas, or Eucomis. 3.  Sterile flowers, e.g. in Muscari and Leopoldia, at the apex of some inflorescences. 4.  A tuft of hairs at the base of some flowers, e.g. in Pfaffia gnaphalioides. 5.  A tuft of hairs at the apex or base of some spikelets. 6.  An axil tuft of hairs in inflorescences in some Poaceae, e.g. in Eragrostis comata. commercial name A name often of no botanical standing and not governed by the ICNCP. The term generally applies to names such as Trademark Names, names covered by Plant Breeders Rights, Patents and Promotional Names, which are often used to enhance the sale of a plant. commissure The seam or face at which two carpels adhere. See also fissure and suture. community An ecological assemblage of plants that characteristically occur together. compound Composed of several parts, e.g. a leaf composed of multiple leaflets, a gynoecium composed of multiple carpels, or an inflorescence made up of multiple smaller inflorescences. compound palmate Having leaflets that radiate from a central point (usually at the top of a petiole), like spread-out fingers radiating from the palm of a hand. Compare palmate. compressed Flattened lengthwise, either laterally (from side to side) or dorsally (from front to back). concatenate Joined together in a chain-like form. See also concatenate and catenate. concolorous Having the same color throughout; uniformly colored. conduplicate Arranged such that two sides of a flat surface are folded along the midline to face each other. See also ptyxis, aestivation, and vernation. cone A type of fruit, usually woody, ovoid to globular, including scales, bracts, or bracteoles arranged around a central axis, e.g. in gymnosperms, especially conifers and Casuarina. conflorescence A rarely used term describing substantial differences between the overall structure of an inflorescence and that of its individual branches, e.g. the bottlebrush multiple-flower head of members of the genus Callistemon. connate Fused to another organ (or organs) of the same kind, e.g. petals in a gamopetalous corolla tube. Compare adnate. connective The part of an anther that connects the anther cells. connivent Coming into contact or converging. conspecific Belonging to the same species. contiguous Adjoining, touching, but not united. contort (of sepals or petals) A type of imbricate aestivation in which one side of each segment overlaps one of the adjacent segments and the other side is overlapped by the other adjacent segment. See convolute. contorted Twisted out of the normal shape. convolute 1.  Referring to the arrangement of floral or foliar organs in a bud when each organ or segment has one edge overlapping the adjacent organ or segment; a form of imbricate arrangement. See contort. 2.  (of leaves) A type of vernation in which one leaf is rolled up inside another. 3.  A type of vernation of two leaves at a node, in which one half of each leaf is exposed and the other half is wrapped inside the other leaf. corcle A plant embryo, plumule, or plumule plus radicle. cordate Heart-shaped, with the notch lowermost; of the base of a leaf, like the notched part of a heart. Contrast obcordate. coriaceous Leathery; stiff and tough, but flexible. Compare corneous. corm adj. cormose, cormous A fleshy, swollen stem base, usually underground and functioning in the storage of food reserves, with buds naked or covered by very thin scales; a type of rootstock. cormel A small corm (or cormlet), forming at the base of a growing larger corm. corneous Horny in texture; stiff and hard, but somewhat tough. Compare coriaceous. corolla A collective term for the petals of a flower. Compare calyx. corona 1.  In flowering plants, a ring of structures that may be united in a tube, arising from the corolla or perianth of a flower and standing between the perianth lobes and the stamens. The trumpet of a daffodil is a corona. 2.  In grasses, a hardened ring of tissue surmounting the lemma in some species. cortex pl. cortexes or cortices A region of tissue located between the surface cells and the vascular cylinder. corticolous Growing on bark or on wood with the bark stripped off. Compare lignicolous. corymb adj. corymbose An inflorescence with branches arising at different points but reaching about the same height, giving the flower cluster a flat-topped appearance. costa A rib. costapalmate Having a definite costa (midrib), unlike the typical palmate or fan leaf, but with the leaflets arranged radially as in a palmate leaf. cotyledon The primary leaf or leaves of a plant embryo which upon germination develops into the seed-leaf or the first set of leaves. craspedodromous Pinnate venation in which the secondary veins terminate at the margins, often as teeth. crateriform In the shape of a saucer or shallow cup; hemispherical or more shallow. cremnophyte A plant adapted to growing on, especially hanging from, cliff faces or crevices. Compare chasmophyte. crenate Having blunt or rounded teeth; scalloped. crenulate Minutely scalloped. crisped Finely curled, as with the edges of leaves and petals. cristarque cell A sclereid which contains a druse and has the lignin deposited excentrically on the cell wall to form a cup shape, or in cross-section, a ∪-shape. crown See canopy. cross To make something interbreed; the act of hybridization. cruciform Cross-shaped. crustaceous Hard, thin and brittle. crustose Forming a closely applied surface layer or crust. cryptogam Any of the "lower plants" which produce spores and do not have stamens, ovaries, or seeds; literally, plants whose sexual reproductive organs are not conspicuous. This group typically includes the ferns, bryophytes, and algae, and sometimes fungi (including lichenized fungi). Compare phanerogam. cucullate Hood-like or hooded, commonly referring to the shape of leaves or petals, e.g. Pelargonium cucullatum. Similarly derived terms include cuculliform and cuccularis. culm In grasses, sedges, rushes, and some other monocotyledons, an aerial stem bearing the inflorescence, extending strictly from the base of the plant to the lowest involucral bract (or base of the inflorescence). cultigen A plant whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity. cultivar A term derived from "cultivated variety" denoting an assemblage of cultivated plants clearly distinguished by one or more characters (morphological, physiological, cytological, chemical, or other). When reproduced (either sexually or asexually), the assemblage retains its distinguishing characters. A cultivar may arise in cultivation or be introduced from the wild. It is a variant that is of horticultural interest or value. Cultivar names are written with single quotation marks around them, e.g. 'Blue Carpet' or 'Alba'. All new names established after 1 January 1959 must be in common language (that is, not in Latin), but names established in Latin prior to this date are retained in Latin form. cultivar epithet The defining part of a name that denominates a cultivar. Cultivars are designated by fancy (q.v.) epithets appended either to the scientific name or to the common name of the taxon to which they belong; they are not italicized but placed in single quotation marks, e.g. Rubus nitidoides 'Merton Early'. 'Merton Early' is the cultivar epithet. cuneate Wedge-shaped, with straight sides converging at a base. cupule A cup-shaped structure composed of coalescent bracts, such as the cup of an acorn. See calybium. cupular Shaped like a cupule. cupulate Bearing cupules. cupuliform Nearly hemispherical, shaped like a cupola or dome. cusp A hard, pointed tip, stiffer and more formidable than a mucro, hence cuspidate. cuspidate Tipped with a cusp, as with some leaves. cuticle A waterproofing layer covering the epidermis of aerial plant surfaces and composed of the polymers cutin, and/or cutan and waxes. cutting An apical tip of shoot structure, root, or leaf which is cut from a plant and used for asexual vegetative propagation. cyathium pl. cyathia An inflorescence of unisexual flowers surrounded by involucral bracts, especially the flowers of Euphorbia. cyathophyll In Euphorbia, the bract-like structure on which the involucre sits, usually but not always occurring in twos. They may sometimes be brightly colored and confused with petals. cylindrical Rod-like and two to three times as long as wide. Compare baculiform. cynaroid See carduoid. cyme adj. cymose A type of inflorescence in which the main axis and all lateral branches end in a flower (each lateral may be repeatedly branched). cymose Having a cyme or cymes. cypsela A type of dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit formed from an inferior ovary. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z D Seasonal, healthy decortication of Eucalyptus grandis outer bark A decorticating machine collecting fiber from leaves Decussate phyllotaxis of Crassula rupestris Dentate leaf of elm Denticulate leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana Astragalus austriacus is regarded as diadelphous because it has one stamen unattached to the main adelphia (bunch). The paired cotyledons of a castor bean seedling (Ricinus communis) are typical of a dicotyledon. Discolorous leaves of Brachylaena discolor differ in color between their upper and lower surfaces. Disk florets opening in a capitulum of a cultivated Helianthus. They open progressively from the edge to the center of the disk. Dissepiment developing in tissue of carpels where they meet to form locules in the capsule of the ovary of Lilium Boophone disticha has conspicuously distichous leaves. Domatia at the bases of the thorns of Vachellia drepanolobium, the whistling thorn, with visible access holes Dorsiventral (bilateral) leaves of Syzygium gerrardii and Triadica sebifera Leaves of Epipremnum aureum (golden pothos) have a cuspidate drip tip. deciduous Dehiscing and falling seasonally, as with bark, leaves, or petals. Contrast persistent. declinate Curving downward, and then upward at the tip. Often qualified, e.g. declinate-ascendant. decompound Divided to more than one level, e.g. in bipinnate leaves, in which the leaflets of what would otherwise be a pinnate leaf are themselves pinnately divided. decorticate 1.  (intr. v.) To shed the outer bark of a tree, usually seasonally as part of the natural growth cycle. 2.  (tr. v.) To strip the peel, crust, bark, or other surface tissues from a plant or from harvested material, such as in extracting fiber from harvested Agave leaves. decumbent Having branches growing horizontally along the ground but which are turned up at the ends. decurrent Extending downward beyond the point of insertion, e.g. when the base of a leaf or a fungal gill is prolonged downward along the stem in a raised line or narrow wing. decussant A synonym of decussate; the usage decussant is questionable and occurs rarely, probably as an error. The formally correct usage is decussate. decussate Opposite with successive pairs borne at right angles to the last; generally applied to the arrangement of leaves. definite Of a constant number, e.g. twice as many stamens as petals or sepals (or less), or an inflorescence ending in a flower or an aborted floral bud, typically a cymose inflorescence. Contrast indefinite. deflexed Bent downward. Contrast inflexed. dehiscent Breaking open at maturity to release contents; refers e.g. to the opening of fruits to release seeds, of anthers to release pollen, and of sporangia to release spores. Contrast indehiscent. deltoid Shaped like the uppercase Greek letter Δ, i.e. like a more or less equilateral triangle. dendroid Tree-like; branching like a tree. dentate Toothed, especially in reference to leaf margins. denticulate Finely toothed; a diminutive form of dentate. deserticolous Inhabiting a desert. determinate Limited, usually in growth. Contrast indeterminate. diadelphous Referring to a class of adelphous structure in which the stamens or similar organs are connected in two adelphiae instead of just one. diaspore Any reproductive part of a plant adapted for dispersal and for establishing new plants; may be a disseminule such as a seed, or other parts such as specialized buds, branches, inflorescences, or fruits. dichasium A cymose inflorescence with all branches below the terminal flower in regular opposite pairs. Compare monochasium and pleiochasium. dichlamydeous Having a perianth which is divided into a separate calyx and corolla. Compare homochlamydeous. dichotomous Forking into two equal branches. This may result from an equal division of the growing tip, or may be sympodial, in which the growing tip is aborted and replaced. Typically refers to mode of branch growth, as in Aloidendron dichotomum, but also to other organs, such as the venation patterns on leaves, the thorns of various species of Carissa (which morphologically are branches), and the thalli or hyphae of various algae and fungi. dicotyledon Also abbreviated dicot. A flowering plant whose embryo has two or more cotyledons (seed leaves). Contrast monocotyledon. digitate With segments spreading from a common center, like the fingers of a hand. See also palmate and palmatisect. See also Leaf shape. digitiform Shaped like a finger. dimorphic Occurring in two different forms (with respect to shape and/or size), e.g. of stamens, fronds, or leaves. See also monomorphic (having a single form) and polymorphic (having many forms). dioecious (of vascular plants) Having male and female reproductive structures which develop only on different individuals and never on the same individual. Contrast monoecious. dioicous (of a bryophyte gametophyte) Having male and female reproductive structures which develop only on different individuals and never on the same individual. Contrast monoicous. diploid Having two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of a sporophyte cell, i.e. one set from each of the parental gametes. This is often expressed symbolically as 2n, where n = the number of chromosomes in the haploid gamete. diplostemonous Having stamens arranged in two whorls, with the outer whorl alternating with the petals while the inner whorl is opposite the petals. Compare obdiplostemonous and haplostemonous. disc Also spelled disk. A plate or ring of structures derived from the receptacle, and occurring between whorls of floral parts. In some groups, especially Sapindales, the nectary is in the form of a prominent disk. In daisies, the central part of the capitulum is a disk, hence flowers borne there are called disk flowers or florets. discoid Resembling a disc or plate, having both thickness and parallel faces and with a rounded margin. Also used to describe the flower head of Asteraceae where there are no ray florets but only disc florets. discolorous (of leaves) Having upper and lower surfaces of different colors. disjunct Occurring in widely separated geographic areas, distinctly separate; applies to a discontinuous range in which one or more populations are separated from other potentially interbreeding populations with sufficient distance so as to preclude gene flow between them. disk floret A floret occurring most typically in the disk of the capitulum of flowers in the family Asteraceae, and to some extent in other plants that bear a flowering head with a disk, such as Scabiosa. dissected Deeply divided; cut into many segments. dissepiment A partition or septum in a plant part, usually referring to septa between the loculi of capsules or of other fruits with multiple partitions. distal Remote from the point of origin or attachment; the free end. Contrast proximal. distichous Arranged in two opposite rows (and hence in the same plane). distinct Separate or free; not united. distyly The condition in which the flowers of a species occur in two forms that differ only by the length of the style and stamens, and flowers of only one of these forms appear on any one plant. Compare heterostyly. diurnal Of the day; occurring or opening in the daytime. divaricate Wide-spreading. divergent Spreading in different directions, generally upward. division A taxonomic rank below kingdom in the standard taxonomic hierarchy. "Division" is generally used only for plants, and is the approximate botanical equivalent of the term phylum, which is used for animals and other kingdoms. domatia sing. domatium Any hollow structure formed by a plant that is inhabited by animals such as ants or mites. dorsal From Latin dorsum, a ridge or the back of an animal. Partly because the term originally referred to animals rather than plants, usage in botany is arbitrary according to context and source. In general "dorsal" refers to "the rear or back or upper surface", but in botanical usage such concepts are not always clearly defined and may be contradictory. For example: facing away from the axis (abaxial) in a lateral organ of an erect plant facing away from the substrate in any part of an erect plant, for example the upper surface of a more or less horizontal leaf (adaxial) or the upper part of the crown of the plant facing away from the substrate in a prostrate or climbing plant or floating leaves such as those of Nymphaea. Derived or related terms include dorsad, "toward the dorsal", and dorsum, "the dorsal part of the organ or organism as a unit". Related anatomical terms of location include ventral, lateral. dorsifixed Attached at or by the back, e.g. anthers on a filament. dorsiventral Having structurally and visibly different upper and lower surfaces, e.g. some leaves. Compare bilateral and isobilateral. drip tip A long, narrow, acuminate, caudate, or cuspidate extension at the tip of a leaf or leaflet. Commonly an adaptation to rainy conditions, as it promotes shedding of water by its dripping from the narrow tip. The term drip tip is not anatomically descriptive in the way that acuminate or cuspidate are, for example; rather, it is a description of the functional shape that aids dripping, regardless of the specific geometry of the shape itself. drupe A type of succulent fruit formed from one carpel; the single seed is enclosed by a stony layer of the fruit wall, e.g. in peaches and olives. Also called a kernel. drupelet A small drupe formed from one of the carpels in an apocarpous flower. Drupelets usually form a compound fruit, as in Rubus, but they may become widely separated, as in Ochna. druse A globular mass of calcium oxalate crystals, usually with the crystals radiating from an organic core. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z E Plants of the genus Corydalis bear seeds with attached elaiosomes, which have various functions, commonly attracting ants. On some Corydalis species, elaiosomes that attract ants also repel mice. Ficus lyrata is an example of a doubly-emarginate leaf with lateral and apical emargination; it also might be seen as a basally emarginate. Petals of Heracleum sphondylium are variously emarginate at their tips. Flowers in the middle of the inflorescence have slightly emarginate petals, whereas flowers at the periphery are so deeply emarginate as to be almost cleft in two. The pale embryo emerging from the upper surface of the sprouting date seed is tiny in comparison to the endosperm, its main food supply, which comprises almost all of the rest of the seed. Water lilies and reeds represent two ecological categories of emergent aquatic vegetation. Iris pseudacorus has clearly ensiform leaves: narrow, straight-edged, sword-shaped. The enlarged calyx and smaller epicalyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa Shoots from epicormic buds on Eucalyptus following a bushfire Tillandsia recurvata growing as a harmless, non-parasitic epiphloedal epiphyte on a tree trunk that is also infested with an epiphloedal foliose lichen Seeds or fruits are dispersed by epizoochory when they stick to the fur of animals. The bases of equitant leaves enclose later leaves on the stem. Sections of exalbuminous seeds Aloe marlothii flowers with stamens and stigmata of mature flowers exserted from the mouths of the floral tubes -eae A suffix added to the stem of a generic name to form the name of a tribe, e.g. Aster → Astereae. ebracteate Lacking bracts; synonymous with ebracteolate. ecological amplitude The range of environmental conditions in which an organism can survive. edaphic Of or influenced by the soil. eglandular Also aglandular Not having glands. elaiosome An external structure attached to the seed of many species of plants. Elaiosomes generally look fleshy and in some species they are rich in oils or other nutritious materials. Their functions vary and are not always obvious; commonly they attract ants or other animals that aid in dispersal, but they may also repel other animals from eating the seed. elephophily A form of pollination whereby pollen or spores are distributed by the feet of elephants, as in Rafflesia arnoldii. ellipsoid A three-dimensional shape that is elliptical in all sections through the long axis. elliptical Also elliptic. Planar, shaped like a flattened circle, symmetrical about both the long and the short axis, tapering equally both to the tip and the base; oval. emarginate Typically in reference to leaf margins: notched or recessed at some part of the edge, such as the apex; the recess usually is broad and shallow. The location of a leaf's emargination(s) might be one or more of apical, lateral or basal embryo The young plant contained by a seed prior to germination. emergent A plant taller than the surrounding vegetation or, among aquatic plant species, one that bears flowers and commonly leaves above the surface of the water. Aquatic examples include water lilies, reeds, and papyrus. Some pondweeds such as Stuckenia are not emergent until they flower, at which time only their flowers appear above the water surface. enation Leaf-like outgrowth from a surface. enantiostyly The condition in which the gynoecium protrudes laterally, to the right (dextrostyly) or to the left (sinistrostyly) of the androecium, e.g. Senna. endemic Having a natural distribution restricted to a particular geographic region. Compare native. endocarp The innermost layer of the wall of a fruit; in a drupe, the stony layer surrounding the seed. endodermis The innermost layer of the cortex of vascular plant roots, also present in the stems of pteridophytes. The radial walls are impregnated with suberin to form a permeability barrier known as the Casparian strip. endosperm 1.  (angiosperms) A nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo of the seed, usually triploid, originating from the fusion of both polar nuclei with one gamete after the fertilization of the egg. 2.  (gymnosperms) The prothallus within the embryo sac. endospory The production of spores that germinate into a reduced multicellular gametophyte contained within the spore wall. Contrast exospory. ensiform Shaped like the blade of a sword. entire 1.  Not divided. 2.  (of a margin) Smooth and not lobed or toothed (though possibly wavy or scalloped). entomophily A form of pollination whereby pollen or spores are distributed by insects. epecophyte Species of recent appearance, usually numerous and constant in the country, but confined to artificial habitats, such as meadows and ruderal vegetation and are dependent on humans for existence. ephemeral Short-lived. See also caducous. epicalyx An involucre resembling an outer calyx, e.g. as in Hibiscus. epicarp The outer layer of the wall of a fruit, i.e. the "skin". epicormic Used to refer to buds, shoots, or flowers developing from the old wood of trees, especially after injury or fire. epicotyl The part of the plant axis or stem between the cotyledonary node and the first foliage leaves. epicuticular wax A layer of crystalline or amorphous wax deposited on the surface of the cuticle. epidermis An organ's outermost layer of cells, usually only one cell thick. epigynous Borne on the ovary; describes floral parts when attached above the level of the ovary and arising from tissue fused to the ovary wall. Compare hypogynous and perigynous. epilithic Growing on stone. Compare lithophytic, a plant growing on stone. epipetalous Of stamens that are attached to the petals. epipetric Growing on rock or stone, lithophytic, epilithic. epiphloedal Growing on the surface of bark. Contrast endophloedal (growing inside, not on, the bark) and epilithic (growing on rock, not bark). epiphyte A plant, alga or fungus that grows on another plant without deriving nourishment from it but using it for support. epiphytic Of an epiphyte; living on the surface of a plant. Compare epilithic, lithophytic. episepalous Of stamens that are attached to the sepals. epitepalous Of stamens that are attached to the tepals. epithet The adjectival component in a binomial scientific name, usually more specifically called a specific epithet; the final word or combination of words in a name of more than one word (other than a term denoting rank) that denominates an individual taxon. The simplest and commonest example is the second word in a two-word name of a species, such as "mirabilis" in Welwitschia mirabilis. epizoochory A type of seed dispersal that occurs when seeds or fruits physically adhere to the outside of vertebrate animal bodies. epruinose Not pruinose. equitant (of a leaf) Folded lengthwise and clasping another leaf. erect Upright, more or less perpendicular to the ground or point of attachment. Compare patent (spreading) and erecto-patent, between erect and patent. ericoid Having leaves like those of the European heaths (Erica); small and sharply pointed. erose (of a margin) Irregular as though nibbled or worn away. ethelochoric Deliberate introduction by seedlings, seeds or plants in a new habitat by humans. etiolation Weak growth due to lack of light, resulting in elongated stems and yellowish color. even-pinnate Having an even number of leaflets in a compound leaf; synonymous with paripinnate. evergreen Not deciduous; having leaves all year. ex In nomenclature, indicating that the preceding author proposed the name but did not legitimately publish it, and that the succeeding author referred to the first author when legitimately publishing the name. See Author citation (botany). exalbuminous In seeds of a given species, having no endosperm, i.e. no albumen, e.g. in Fabaceae and Combretaceae. exocarp The outer layer of the pericarp, often the skin of fleshy fruits. exospory The production of spores that germinate into free-living multicellular gametophytes. Contrast endospory. exotesta The outer layer of the testa (seed coat). It is derived from the outer integument of the ovule. exotic Not native; introduced from another region or country. exserted Projected beyond, e.g. stamens beyond the corolla tube. exstipulate Lacking stipules. extrastaminal Outside the stamens or androecium, usually referring to the location of a nectary disk. extrorse (of anther locules) Opening toward the outside of the flower. Contrast introrse and latrorse. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z F Astragalus falcatus has conspicuously falcate pods; not many falcate anatomical structures are so markedly curved. Rhigozum obovatum bears its leaves in well-defined fascicles. Trunks and branches of some species of poplars contribute to the trees' fastigiate habit. Favolaschia calocera, the orange pore fungus, has conspicuously faveolate fruiting bodies. Emerging leaves of Oldenburgia grandis are heavily felted. Fenestrate leaves of Darlingtonia californica In the wild, the leaves of Fenestraria commonly are covered in soil, except for the transparent fenestration; this permits photosynthesis while reducing damage from exposure to intrense sunlight and herbivores. Digitalis ferruginea owes its specific name to its ferruginous (rust-colored) flowers. Calochortus fimbriatus has fimbriate flowers. Panaeolus cinctulus has gently flexuous stipes. The pseudanthium of Zinnia elegans is typical of many Asteraceae in that it includes two types of florets, ray florets and disk florets. Medicago sativa (alfalfa or lucerne) is an agriculturally important forb, grown in large volumes for forage, soil improvement, and other purposes. Foveolate seeds of Physochlaina physaloides F1 hybrid A single cross; a plant breeding term for the result of a repeatable cross between two pure bred lines. F2 hybrid A plant breeding term for the result of a plant arising from a cross between two F1 hybrids; may also refer to self-pollination in a population of F1 hybrids. fabiform Shaped like a kidney bean. facultative Able to perform a particular life function, or to live generally, in more than one way. Compare obligate. falcate Curved like the blade of a scythe. family A taxonomic group of one or more genera with features, ancestry, or both in common. It is the term for the principal rank between order and genus. farina Powdery, pale yellow, crystalline secretion consisting of flavonoids in Primula and other species. farinaceous Powderiness that is mealy. fascicle adj. fasciculate A cluster of flowers, leaves, needles, vascular tissue, etc., e.g. a tuft of leaves all arising from the same node. fasciculate Branching in clusters, e.g. a bundle of sticks or needles; having fascicles. fastigiate 1.  In Plant morphology, the habit of a plant that consists in part, of a bundle of erect, more or less parallel branches or stems, particularly if they form or taper to a peak or point. (Latin fastigiatus,meaning "having a peak". 2.  In palynology, the form of a pollen grain that has a fastigium, a pointed apex over a hollow between the layers of the pollen outer wall. faucal Pertaining to the fauces; located in the throat of a calyx or corolla. fauces The throat of a calyx or corolla; the conspicuously widened portion between the mouth and the apex of the tube. In Boraginaceae, the site of distinctive appendages. faveolate Honeycombed; having regular, angled pits. Compare foveolate. felted Having interlocked hairs to the extent of being matted. female flower See pistillate flower. fenestrate Having translucent or transparent areas that let light through; this variously affects the behavior of animal visitors or permits photosynthesis in many arid-region plants that grow only to the soil surface. Also refers loosely to perforations, for which perforate is the more precise term. ferruginous Ruddy or rust-colored. fertile Capable of producing fruit; of flowers when they produce seed, or of anthers containing pollen. fertilization The union of male and female gametes during sexual reproduction. fiber 1.  A fiber cell. 2.  Any flexible, strong, stringy, and very elongate structure. fiber cell A type of cell that is found in sclerenchyma; it is much elongated, and dies soon after an extensive modification of its cell wall. The cell wall is usually thickly lignified but is sometimes gelatinous. filament 1.  The stalk of a stamen. 2.  Any very narrow, thread-like structure that is one or a few cells thick. filamentous Consisting of filaments or fibers; hairlike. filiform Thread-like, e.g. stamen filaments or leaf shapes. fimbria pl. fimbriae Slender, hair-like projection; fringe. fimbriate Fringed, e.g. where the ends of a petal are split into two or more divisions. Having fimbriae. fissure A split or crack, often referring to fissured bark; a line or opening of dehiscence. fistule A tube-shaped cavity. fistulose Hollow; usually applied to a tube-shaped cavity, as in a reed. flabellate Fan-shaped, e.g. a flabellate (fan-shaped) leaf. flaccid Limp; tending to wilt. Compare turgid. flexistyly Depending on the degree of maturation of the stamens, the style moves up or down (cataflexistyle or (ana-)hyperflexisyle). flexuous flexuose Bent alternately in different directions; zigzag. floccose Having a soft and wooly covering of hairs. flora 1.  All the plants growing in a certain region or country. 2.  An enumeration of them, generally with a guide to their identification (e.g. the Flora of North America, Flora of China, Flora of Victoria, Flora of New South Wales, and so on). In this case, flora is written with a capital F. floral envelope See perianth. floral leaves The upper leaves at the base of the flowering branches. floral diagram A graphical means to describe flower structure, usually a schematic cross-section through a young flower. floral formula A description of flower structure using numbers, letters, and various symbols. floral tube An imprecise term sometimes used as a synonym of hypanthium, corolla tube, or calyx tube. floret A small flower, usually referring to the individual true flowers clustered within an inflorescence, particularly those of the Poaceae grasses and the pseudanthia of family Asteraceae. flower The sexual reproductive structure of the angiosperms, typically with a gynoecium, androecium, perianth, and an axis. foliate Preceded by a number to signify having a certain number of leaflets, e.g. 3-foliate means "having three leaflets". foliicolous A growth habit of certain lichens, algae, and fungi that prefer to grow on the leaves of vascular plants. follicle A dry fruit formed from one carpel splitting along a single suture to which the seeds are attached, e.g. from the pod of a legume. foliole A small, leaf-like appendage on the front or back. foliose Leaf-like; flattened like a leaf. forb Any non-woody flowering plant that is not a grass, sedge, or rush. forest Vegetation dominated by trees with single trunks, including closely arranged trees with or without an understory of shrubs and herbs. forma (in common usage, form) A taxonomic category subordinate to species and within the taxonomic hierarchy, below variety (varietas), and usually differentiated by a minor character. foveolate Having regular tiny pits. Compare faveolate. free Not united with other organs of the same type; not attached at one end. free central (of placentation) Ovules attached to a free-standing column in the center of a unilocular ovary. frond A leaf of a fern, cycad, or palm. frutescent Shrub-like (fruticose) or becoming shrub-like. fruticose Shrubby; having the branching character of a shrub. fruit A seed-bearing structure, present in all angiosperms, formed from the mature ovary and sometimes associated floral parts upon fertilization. fugacious Disappearing, falling off, or withering. Compare persistent and caducous. funicle (funiculus) The stalk of an ovule. funnelform Having a form gradually widening from the base to the apex; funnel-shaped. furcate Forked, usually applied to a terminal division; with two long lobes. fused Joined together. fusiform Rod-shaped and narrowing gradually from the middle toward each end; spindle-shaped. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z G Galbulus (berry-like, fleshy) cones on the coniferous tree Podocarpus elatus Gametophores (red male antheridia and brown female archegonia) borne on a gametophyte of a Chara species of green algae Longitudinal section of immature male pine cone, showing male gametophytes (pollen grains) developing between the cone scales Glandular hairs on the stem of Geranium dissectum The leaves, buds, and young stalks of Eucalyptus macrocarpa are glaucous, covered with a thick waxy pruinosity. Glochids at the base of an Opuntia cactus spine Glumes of a grass species with a fairly large inflorescence Scanning electron micrograph of a stoma on the leaf of Haemanthus. The two lip-shaped cells on either side of the pore are the guard cells. Drops of guttation fluid on the dentate points fringing the immature leaf of a grapevine Examples of gymnosperms LEFT 1-Welwitschia mirabilis 2-Cycas revoluta 3-Taxus baccata 4-Ginkgo biloba RIGHT 1-Cupressus sempervirens 2-Sequoiadendron giganteum 3-Agathis dammara 4-Araucaria heterophylla galbulus In gymnosperms, a fleshy cone (megastrobilus); chiefly relates to cones borne by junipers and cypresses, which are often mistakenly called berries. galea An overhanging, helmet-shaped, structure that protects the reproductive parts from precipitation, wind or unwanted visitors. gall Abnormal outgrowth on external plant tissues, caused by various parasites, from viruses, fungi and bacteria, to other plants, insects and mites. gamete A cell or nucleus that fuses with another of the opposite sex during sexual reproduction. gametophore Specialized structures on the gametophytes of some bryophyte species, for example many species in the order Marchantiales; in such species the gametes are produced on the gametophores. gametophyte The haploid multicellular phase in the alternation of generations of plants and algae that bears gametes. In bryophytes the gametophyte is the dominant vegetative phase; in ferns and their allies it is a small free-living plant known as the prothallus; in gymnosperms and angiosperms the gametophytes are reduced to microscopic structures dependent on the sporophyte, male gametophytes contained in pollen grains and females contained within the ovules. gamopetalous with joined or fused petals gamophyllous a single perianth-whorl of united segments. Compare symphyllous (synonym), apophyllous, and polyphyllous. gemma an asexual reproductive structure found in liverworts and mosses. gene pool The complete range of genetic variation found within a population. genus pl. genera A group of one or more species with features or ancestry (or both) in common. Genus is the principal category of taxa intermediate in rank between family and species in the standard nomenclatural hierarchy. generic name The name of a taxonomic genus, such as Acacia and Eucalyptus. genotype The genetic make-up of an individual. geophilous Growing or rooting in the ground. germination 1.  of seeds, describing the complex sequence of physiological and structural changes that occur from resting to growth stage. 2.  of a pollen grain; production of a pollen tube when contacting a stigma receptive to it. 3.  of a spore of fungi/bacterium; change of state – from resting to vegetative. gibbous (gibbose) (of part of an organ) Swollen, usually with a pouch-like enlargement at the base. glabrescent Becoming glabrous, almost glabrous; glabrate. glabrous Lacking surface ornamentation such as hairs, scales or bristles; smooth. gland A secretory structure within or on the surface of a plant. glandular hair A hair tipped with a gland. glaucous Describing the external surface of a plant part that has a whitish covering, in some cases with a blueish cast. Often applied to plants with a wooly or arachnoid surface, but properly referring to pruinose surfaces, meaning those with a waxy bloom. The surfaces of the young leaves of many eucalypts provide good examples, and so do some xerophytes. globose Also globular. Roughly spherical. See also subglobose. globulose Approximately spherical. glochid A tiny barbed hair or bristle, e.g. the fine defensive hairs in cactus species such as Opuntia. glumes bracts subtending the floret(s) of a sedge, or similar plant; in grasses forming the lowermost organs of a spikelet (there are usually 2 but 1 is sometimes reduced; or rarely, both are absent). glutinous Sticky. graft 1.  The artificial union of plant parts. 2.  A plant shoot suitable for grafting; loosely, a scion, sucker, or branch. graft chimaera (sometimes graft hybrid) A taxon whose members consist of tissue from two or more different plants in intimate association originated by grafting. The addition sign "+" is used to indicate a graft-chimaera either as a part of a formula (e.g. Crataegus monogyna + Mespilus germanica) or in front of an abbreviated name (e.g. + Crataegomespilus 'Dardari'). The nomenclature of graft hybrids is governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants. graminaceous Also gramineous Of or relating to grass. graminoid An herbaceous plant with a grass-like morphology. granular (of a surface) Covered with small rounded protuberances. grass A plant of the family Poaceae. grassland Low vegetation dominated by grasses. groundcover 1.  Dense vegetation that covers the ground. 2.  A term applied to describe a plant that covers the soil surface so densely that it smothers all beneath it. group A formal category equivalent to or below the rank of genus which distinguishes an assemblage of two or more cultivars within a species or hybrid; plants derived from a hybrid in which one or more of the parent species is not known or is of uncertain origin; or, a range of cultivated plants of a species or hybrid which may exhibit variation but share one or more characters, which makes it worth distinguishing them as a unit. guard cell Each of two cells surrounding the stoma which control gas exchange between the apoplast of the plant and the external environment. guttate Having droplet-shaped spots. Compare punctate and maculate. guttation The secretion of liquid water from uninjured plant parts. See hydathode. guttulate Having or appearing to be spotted with oil droplets; of spores, having oil droplets inside. gymnosperm A seed-bearing plant with unenclosed ovules borne on the surface of a sporophyll. Gymnosperms are among the oldest clades of vascular plants, and today are represented by approximately 1,000 extant species worldwide, including, among others, conifers, Ginkgo, Gnetum and cycads. Compare angiosperm. gynaecium Alternative term for gynoecium, but with partly different etymology. gynobasic Of a style, arising near the base of the gynoecium, e.g. between the lobes of the ovary. gynodioecious Of a species, with some plants bearing only bisexual flowers and others bearing only female flowers. gynomonoecious Of a species, with bisexual flowers and female flowers on the same plant. gynoecium The collective term for the female reproductive parts of a flower or for the carpels of a flower, whether united or free. Contrast androecium. Abbreviation: G. For instance, G indicates a superior ovary; G(5) indicates having five fused carpels. gynophore A stalk supporting the gynoecium and situated above the level of insertion of the other floral parts. gynostegium A compound organ in milkweeds (Asclepiadaceae) and orchids formed by fusion of the filaments of the stamens with the style. Also known as the column. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z H Epidermal hairs on plant leaves Multicellular hairs on the edge of a sepal of Veronica sublobata Haplostemonous arrangement of stamens and petals Markedly hastate leaf of Salvia canariensis The swollen haustorium of Viscum capense renders the end of the branch stunted compared to the lower part of the branch. The fruit of Poncirus is a typical hesperidium. Heteroblastic growth is common in Eucalyptus species with leaves that are isobilateral in the mature tree; they generally start life with dorsiventral leaves. Some of these saplings are in the transient stage in which they have both forms of leaves, dorsiventral on lower branches, and isobilateral above. The hilum contrasts conspicuously with the rest of the testa in the seeds of many species. In the case of Erythrina species, the colors may be a warning that the seeds are poisonous. A hypocarpium forms below the fruits of Sassafras albidum. Flowers, fruit and propagule of a Rhizophora "mangle" or mangrove. The apparent root of the propagule is in fact meristematic tissue developing from the hypocotyl. The new plant develops largely from this tissue, especially if it has successfully penetrated into mud in which the new plant can establish itself. habit The general external appearance of a plant, including size, shape, texture, and orientation. habitat The place where a plant lives; the environmental conditions of its home. hair A single elongated cell or row of cells borne on the surface of an organ. half-inferior ovary An ovary partly below and partly above the level of attachment of the other floral parts. Compare inferior ovary and superior ovary. halonate Having a transparent coating, or being of a spore's outer layer. halophyte A plant adapted to living in highly saline habitats; a plant that accumulates high concentrations of salt in its tissues. hand-pollination The controlled act of pollination that excludes the possibility of open-pollination. haploid Having one set of chromosomes, e.g. the complement of chromosomes in each of the cells of the gametophyte, the nucleus of a gamete, and the spores. This is expressed symbolically as n, where n = the gametic number of chromosomes. Compare diploid, triploid, and tetraploid. haplostemonous Having a single series of stamens equal in number to the proper number of petals, and alternating with them. Compare diplostemonous and obdiplostemonous. harmomegathy process by which pollen grains in arid environments close off their apertures to avoid losing water hastate Triangular in outline, the basal lobes pointing outward, so that the base appears truncate; may refer only to the base of a leaf with such lobes. Compare sagittate, which refers to basal lobes pointing backward. haustorium In parasitic plants, a structure developed for penetrating the host's tissues. head See capitulum, a pseudanthium. heathland Vegetation dominated by small shrubs which usually have ericoid leaves. helicoid Coiled; of a cymose inflorescence, when the branching is repeatedly on the same side (the apex is often recurved). Compare scorpioid. heliophilous Requiring or tolerating strong, direct sunlight. hemerochory A plant that has been transported voluntarily or involuntarily by humans in a territory which it could not have colonized by its own natural mechanisms of dissemination, or at least much more slowly. hemi-legume A legume fruit in which the seed or seeds and one valve of the pod are dispersed as a unit. The valve catches the wind and blows away with the seeds, as in Acacia tenuifolia and Peltogyne paniculata. herb Any vascular plant that does not develop a woody stem at any point during its life cycle, e.g. a daffodil. herbaceous Not woody; usually green and soft in texture. herbarium pl. herbaria A collection of preserved, usually pressed and dried, plant material used for identification and comparison; also a building in which such collections are stored. hermaphrodite A synonym of bisexual. hesperidium A form of berry that occurs most familiarly in the genus Citrus. The fruit tends to be large for a berry, ranging from not much more than a centimeter in small fruited genera such as Murraya, to 15 cm or more in some varieties of Citrus. The outer rind typically is thick and tough with many oil glands, while the carpels within are packed with juicy fibers. heteroblastic Having parts, especially leaves, that are distinctly different between the juvenile and adult stages. heteromorphic Having two or more distinct morphologies (e.g. of different size and shape). Compare isomorphic. heterospory The production of spores of two different sizes (small and large) by the sporophytes of land plants. Compare homospory. heterostyly The condition of a species having flowers with different style and stamen lengths, but with all the flowers of any one plant being identical. See distyly. hilum The scar on a seed coat where it separates from its stalk (funicle). hip The fruit of a rose plant. hippocrepiform Horseshoe-shaped. hirsute Bearing coarse, rough, longish hairs. See indumentum. hispid Bearing long, erect, rigid hairs or bristles, harsh to touch. hoary Covered with a greyish to whitish layer of very short, closely interwoven hairs, giving a frosted appearance. holotype A type chosen by the author of a name. Compare lectotype. homochlamydeous Having a perianth which is not divided into a separate calyx and corolla. Contrast dichlamydeous. homospory The production of spores of only one size by the sporophytes of land plants. Compare heterospory. hort. (never capitalized) Of gardens, an author citation used in two ways:1.  as a name misapplied by gardeners 2.  as an invalid name derived from horticultural writings of confused authorship. husk Protective outer covering of certain seeds, for example, the leafy outer covering of an ear of maize (corn), the leathery covering of the walnut, or the spiky covering of the chestnut. hyaline Translucent; usually delicately membranous and colorless. hybrid Plant produced by the crossing of parents belonging to two different named groups, e.g. genera, species, varieties, subspecies, forma and so on; i.e. the progeny resulting within and between two different plants. An F1 hybrid is the primary product of such a cross. An F2 hybrid is a plant arising from a cross between two F1 hybrids (or from the self-pollination of an F1 hybrid). hybrid formula The names of the parents of a hybrid joined by a multiplication sign, e.g. Cytisus ardonoi × C. purgans. hydrophily Form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by the flow of waters. hypanthium Tube or cup-like structure in a flower that includes the bases of sepals, petals, and stamens, and may or may not be connected (adnate) to the ovary. hyper-resupinate In botany, describing leaves or flowers that are in the usual position but are borne on a petiole or pedicel that is twisted 360 degrees. The term is used to describe organs, such as orchid flowers, that are usually resupinate. Compare resupinate. hypocarpium Enlarged fleshy structure that forms below the fruit from the receptacle or hypanthium. hypocotyl Of an embryo or seedling, the part of the plant axis below the cotyledon and node, but above the root. It marks the transition from root to stem development. hypocrateriform Salver-shaped. Synonym of salverform. From Greek kratḗrion: a vessel. hypogynous Borne below the ovary; used to describe floral parts inserted below the ovary's level of insertion. Compare epigynous and perigynous. hysteranthous Type of growth in which new leaves appear after flowering. Also spelled histeranthous. Compare proteranthous and synanthous. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z I Imbricate protective cataphylls on dormant buds of Quercus robur Petals of Mespilus germanica are imbricate before the flower opens. Doubly imparipinnate compound leaf of Melia azedarach Deeply incised leaves of Pelargonium graveolens Indefinite stamens of Hypericum Indehiscent pods of Libidibia ferrea; unlike most Fabaceae species, the plant depends on the pods being crushed by large ungulates to disperse the seeds. Aloe brevifolia bears an indeterminate raceme. The leaves of Syagrus palms are 'induplicately folded, in contrast to many other palm genera with reduplicate leaves. Stamens of Calotropis gigantea are inserted at the base of the corolla. The intramarginal veins near the margins of this leaf are outlined in white. Two of these three green Asteraceae involucres encase unopened flower heads, and the third supports the open colorful head of emerging flowers. The imbricate phyllaries around the heads of this Malacothrix coulteri suggest the keeled scales of a snake, giving the plant its common name: "snake's head". This Begonia leaf shows unusual iridescence for a plant. idioblast A cell, especially of a leaf, differing markedly from surrounding cells. They often synthesise specialized products such as crystals. illegitimate name (nomen illeg.) A name not abiding by the rules of the botanical Codes, e.g. later homonyms, cultivars that have been Latinised after 1 Jan 1959; cultivar names with more than 10 syllables or 30 letters; cultivar names that use confusing names of other plants, e.g. Camellia 'Rose'. imbricate From the Latin for "tiled". Overlapping each other; of perianth parts, edges overlapping in the bud (the convoluted arrangement is a special form of imbrication). Dormant buds of many deciduous species are imbricately covered with protective cataphylls called bud scales. Compare with subimbricates meaning lightly overlapping imparipinnate A pinnate leaf with an odd number of pinnae (terminated by a single leaflet). Compare paripinnate. in In nomenclature, where the preceding author published the name in an article or book, authored or edited by the succeeding author. -inae The suffix added to the stem of a generic name to form the name of a subtribe: for instance, Corydalinae from Corydalis + -inae. inbreeding The production of offspring between closely related parents leading to a high degree of similarity; self-fertilization is the most intense form of inbreeding. incertae sedis Of unknown taxonomic affinity; relationships obscure. incised Cut deeply and (usually) unevenly (a condition intermediate between toothed and lobed). included Enclosed, not protruding, e.g. stamens within the corolla. incomplete flower A flower which lacks one or more of its usual parts, such as carpels, sepals, petals, pistils, or stamens. incurved Bent or curved inward; of leaf margins, when curved toward the adaxial side. ined. An abbreviation of Latin inedita, an unpublished work. Used to indicate that a botanical name appeared only in a manuscript that was not published, so the name is invalid. indefinite variable in number, and as a rule numerous, e.g. more than twice as many stamens as petals or sepals, but no particular standard number of stamens. In another usage it is a synonym for the preferable term indeterminate, meaning the condition in which an inflorescence is not terminated by a flower, but continues growing until limited by physiological factors. Compare numerous. Contrast definite. indehiscent Not opening in any definite manner at maturity; usually referring to fruit. Contrast dehiscent. indeterminate usually referring to a stem or inflorescence in which there is no particular terminal bud or meristem that stops growth and ends the extension of the stem, which continues until physiological factors stop the growth. Racemes of some Xanthorrhoeaceae, such as many Aloes, and of many Iridaceae, such as Watsonias, are indeterminate. Contrast determinate. indigenous Native to the area, not introduced, and not necessarily confined to the region discussed or present throughout it (hardly distinct from ‘native' but usually applied to a smaller area). For example, the Cootamundra Wattle is native to Australia but indigenous to the Cootamundra region of southern New South Wales. Compare endemic. indumentum Collective term for a surface covering of any kind of trichomes, e.g. hairs, scales. induplicate Folded upward, or folded with the two adaxial surfaces together. indusium 1.  Membrane covering the sori of some ferns. 2.  Cup enclosing the stigma in Goodeniaceae. inferior ovary An ovary at least partly below the level of attachment of other floral parts. Compare superior ovary and half-inferior ovary. inflated Swollen, like a bladder. inflexed Bent sharply upward or forward. Compare deflexed. inflorescence several flowers closely grouped together to form an efficient structured unit; the grouping or arrangement of flowers on a plant. infraspecific denotes taxonomic ranks below species level, for example subspecies. infrageneric denoting taxonomic ranks below the genus level, for example, subgenera, sections, and series. infructescence the grouping or arrangement of fruits on a plant. infundibular (infundibuliform) funnel-shaped, for example in the corolla of a flower. inrolled rolled inward. insectivorous catching, and drawing nutriment from, insects. insertion, point of The point at which one organ or structure (such as a leaf) is joined to the structure which bears it (such as a stem). inserted growing out from integument in general, any covering, but especially the covering of an ovule. intercalary (e.g. of growth) occurring between the apex and the base of an organ intercalary meristem a meristem located between the apex and the base of an organ interjugary glands in pinnate leaves, glands occurring along the leaf rachis between the pinnae (occurring below the single, and often slightly larger, gland at or just below the insertion of the pinnae). Compare jugary. internode The portion of a stem between two nodes. interpetiolar (of stipules) Between the petioles of opposite leaves, e.g in Rubiaceae. intramarginal inside but close to the margin. For example, an intramarginal vein is one that parallels, and is very close to, the leaf margin. intrastaminal inside the stamens or androecium, usually referring to the location of a nectary disk. introrse of anther locules, with opening toward the center of flower (at least in bud). Compare extrorse and latrorse. invalid Use of names not validly published according to the Code, i.e. they are not strictly 'names' in the sense of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. involucre A structure surrounding or supporting, usually a head of flowers. In Asteraceae, it is the group of phyllaries (bracts) surrounding the inflorescence before opening, then supporting the cup-like receptacle on which the head of flowers sits. In Euphorbiaceae it is the cuplike structure that holds the nectar glands, nectar, and head of flowers, and sits above the bract-like cyathophyll structure. Involucres occur in Marchantiophyta, Cycads, fungi, and many other groups. involute Rolled inward, for example when the margins of a leaf are rolled toward the adaxial (usually upper) surface. Compare revolute. iridescent Having a reflective colored sheen produced by structural coloration, as in the speculum of the mirror orchid Ophrys speculum. irregular Not able to be divided into two equal halves through any vertical plane. See also asymmetrical. Compare zygomorphic, actinomorphic, and regular. isobifacial (of flat structures, especially leaves) Having both surfaces similar, usually referring to cell types or to the number and distribution of stomata. isomerous Having an equal number of parts in the whorls. isomorphic with all features morphologically similar, i.e. of similar size and shape. Compare heteromorphic. isotomic Having branches of equal diameter. Compare anisotomic. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z J Vachellia karroo bipinnate leaf A. Rachilla B. Pinnule C. Jugary glands D. Juga (plural of jugum) E. Base of petiole F. Petiolary gland G. Rachis Jugate leaf of Bauhinia glabra Jugate fruit of Tabernaemontana elegans Eucalyptus camaldulensis has dorsiventral juvenile leaves. joint A node or junction of two parts; articulation. jugary associated with a jugum or something yoke-like; see for example jugary gland. jugary gland A gland occurring on the rachis of a pinnate or bipinnate leaf on a jugum, the junction or attachment of pairs of pinnae or pinnules, as in some Acacia species. Compare interjugary. jugate yoke-like; describing a structure of paired items joined together as in a jugum or something yoke-like, such as some leaves and fruit. jugum applied to various yoke-like organs, usually in the sense of their being paired, such as a pair of pinnae on a rachis. juvenile leaves Leaves formed on a young plant, typically differing from the adult leaves in form. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z K One form of the kettle traps of a pitcher plant Kidney-shaped leaf of Cucurbita maxima Typical knee at a node in a grass stem Unusually dense stand of cypress knees around the parent tree keel adj. keeled A prominent longitudinal ridge like the keel of a boat, e.g. the structure of the corolla formed by the fusion of the lower edge of the two abaxial anterior petals of flowers in the Fabaceae. kernel See drupe. kettle trap another term for the kettle-like pitchers of any of the carnivorous pitcher plants, in which they trap their prey. key innovation A novel phenotypic trait that allows subsequent evolutionary radiation and success of a taxonomic group. kidney shape A term describing a kidney-shaped object such as a bean or a leaf; more formally, oblately cordate, or crescent-shaped with the ends rounded. kingdom the highest generally employed category of the taxonomic hierarchy, above that of division (phylum). The Plant Kingdom includes vascular plants, bryophytes and green algae and is also known as the clade Viridiplantae. Klausenfrucht Klausen or Klausenfrucht (german) is a special type of fruits in Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae. A dry, dehiscent fruit formed from a superior ovary with axil or basal placentation, with an adherent calyx, from more than one carpel and usually breaking apart into 1-seeded units by separating each carpel by false septa. One unit is a half carpel, mostly there are four units, seeds. English terms are eremocarp, schizocarp, mericarp or nutlets. knee abrupt bend in a root or stem, commonly at a node; a cypress knee, or pneumatophore, is a type of bend or knob in the root of some plants, especially conifers such as some of the Taxodioideae, that shows as a projection of the root above ground level or mud level. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z L Labiate flowers of Prunella vulgaris Laciniate, deeply incised, leaves of Pelargonium crispum Most Euphorbias are laticiferous and instantly exude latex when even mildly punctured. A leaf scar on Juglans regia, showing the layer of corky protective tissue that remained after the leaf separated along the abscission zone. It also shows the leaf traces of the vascular bundles that broke off when the abscission zone failed. The axillary bud associated with the leaf shows just above the scar. The dark horizontal lines on silver birch bark are lenticels. Lignotubers of Lambertia formosa growing sprouts after a bush fire Ligule between the leaf sheath and leaf of a grass Loculicidal dehiscence of a fruit capsule. The locule walls split at the back, and the valves separate, bearing the septa on their centers. The loment (or lomentum) of Hedysarum occidentale splits into single-seeded segments along the visible lines of weakness when ripe. labellum lip; one of three or five petals which is (usually) different from the others, e.g. in Orchidaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae and Stylidiaceae. labiate lipped; where a corolla is divided into two parts, called an upper and lower lip, the two resembling an open mouth with lips. lacerate jagged, as if torn. laciniate Of lobes – with ends irregularly divided into deeply divided, narrow, pointed segments; Of margins – deeply divided into pointed segments in an irregular manner. lacuna An empty space, hole, cavity, pit, depression, or discontinuity. lamella pl. lamellae Thin, plate-like layer. adj. lamellate Composed of an assemblage of many layers. lamina the blade of a leaf or the expanded upper part of a petal, sepal or bract. lanate covered in or composed of wooly hairs. lanceolate longer than broad, narrowly ovate, broadest in the lower half and tapering to the tip, like a lance or spear head; (sometimes, and incorrectly, used to mean narrowly elliptic). lanuginose covered in long hairs that cross and/or interweave with each other. More commonly the term lanate is used. lateral attached to the side of an organ, e.g. leaves or branches on a stem. For more detail see dorsal. latex a milky fluid that exudes from such plants such as spurges, figs and dandelions. laticiferous latex-bearing, producing a milky juice. latrorse a type of anther dehiscence in which the anthers open laterally toward adjacent anthers. Compare introrse and extrorse. lauroid resembling Laurus, the laurel genus, particularly its leaves. lax loose, not compact. leaf an outgrowth of a stem, usually flat and green; its main function is food manufacture by photosynthesis. Abbreviation: lvs. leaf gap a parenchymatous area in the stele above (distal to) a leaf trace. leaf scar A healing layer forming on a stem where a leaf has fallen off. leaf trace A vascular bundle connecting the stele to a leaf. leaflets The ultimate segments of a compound leaf. legume 1.  a fruit characteristic of the family Fabaceae, formed from one carpel and either dehiscent along both sides, or indehiscent. 2.  a crop species in the family Fabaceae. 3.  a plant of the family Fabaceae. lemma the lower of 2 bracts enclosing a grass flower. lenticel Typically lenticular (lens-shaped) porous tissue in bark with large intercellular spaces that allows direct exchange of gases between the internal tissues and atmosphere through the bark. lenticellate Having lenticels lenticular 1.  lens-shaped. 2.  covered in lenticels. lepidote covered with small scales. leprose powdery liana a woody climbing plant, rooted in the ground (liane is also used). liane a woody climbing plant, rooted in the ground. See also liana. ligneous having hard lignified tissues or woody parts, woody lignum Dead wood, typically in the context of a substrate for lichens. lignicolous Growing on wood tissue after bark as fallen or been stripped off (compare to corticolous). lignotuber a woody swelling of the stem below or just above the ground; contains adventitious buds from which new shoots can develop, e.g. after fire. ligulate 1.  bearing a ligule. 2.  strap-shaped. ligule 1.  A small membranous appendage on the top of the sheath of grass leaves. 2.  A minute adaxial appendage near the base of a leaf, e.g. in Selaginella. 3.  An extended, strap-like corolla in some daisy florets. linea, line, British line, Paris line Various pre-metric units somewhat larger than 2 mm, used in botany into the 20th century. See Line (unit) and Paris line. linear Very narrow in relation to its length, with the sides mostly parallel. See Leaf shape. lingulate tongue-shaped. lip A labellum. lithophytic A plant growing on rocks; an epilithic plant. lobe Part of a leaf (or other organ), often rounded and formed by incisions to about halfway to the midrib. lobulate Having, consisting of or relating to a lobe or lobes. loculicidal (of a fruit) Dehiscing through the centers of loculi. Compare septicidal. locule A chamber or cavity containing seeds within an ovary, pollen within an anther or spores in a sporangium. lodicule One of two or three minute organs at the base of the ovary of a grass flower, representing parts of a strongly reduced perianth. lomentum or loment A pod-like indehiscent fruit that develops constrictions between the segments and at maturity breaks into one-seeded segments instead of splitting open. longicidal (of anthers) Opening lengthwise by longitudinal slits. Compare poricidal. lunate Crescent-shaped. lumen The cavity bounded by a plant cell wall. lyrate Lyre-shaped; deeply lobed, with a large terminal lobe and smaller lateral ones. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z M Maculate leaves Eucalyptus socialis, showing its mallee habit, a single tree with several trunks growing from an underground lignotuber Mast from beeches on the forest floor Geranium incanum schizocarp and mericarp Apical meristem in root tip:1: Meristem2: Columella    showing statocytes with statoliths3: Lateral part of the tip4: Dead cells5: Elongation zone Mesophyll as seen in the cross section of a dicotyledonous leafA-Lower epidermisB-Lower palisade mesophyllC-Upper epidermisD-Upper palisade mesophyllE- Spongy mesophyllF-Leaf vein Longitudinal section of Pinus ovuleA=GametophyteB=Egg cellC=MicropyleD=IntegumentE=Megasporangium Strobilus of a SelaginellaA-MegasporeB-MicrosporangiumC-MegasporangiumD-MicrosporeE-Sporophyll Moniliform pods on Vachellia nilotica A germinating date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, a monocotyledon, showing its single cotyledon Mucro at the tip of the rachis of a compound leaf of Vachellia karroo Fungal mycelium grown in culture dish Mycelium of mycorrhiza growing on the roots of Picea maculate Spotted; marked with spots. male flower See staminate flower. mallee A growth habit in which several woody stems arise separately from a lignotuber; a plant with such a growth habit, e.g. many Eucalyptus species; vegetation characterized by such plants. mangrove Any shrub or small tree growing in salt or brackish water, usually characterized by pneumatophores; any tropical coastal vegetation characterized by such species. margin The edge of a structure, as in the edge of a leaf blade. marginal Occurring at or very close to a margin. marsh A waterlogged area or swamp. mast Edible fruit and nuts produced by woody species of plants (e.g. acorns and beechmast) which is consumed on the ground by wildlife species and some domestic animals. mealy Covered with coarse, floury powder. medulla pith. See also medullary rays in wood. megasporangium the larger of two kinds of sporangium produced by heterosporous plants, producing large spores that contain the female gametophytes. Compare microsporangium. megaspore the larger of two kinds of spores produced by a heterosporous plant, giving rise to the female gametophyte. Compare microspore. megasporophyll in hetersoporous plants, a modified leaf bearing one or more megasporangia. Compare microsporophyll. megastrobilus the larger of two kinds of cones or strobili produced by gymnosperms, being female and producing the seeds. Compare microstrobilus. membranous thin, translucent and flexible, seldom green. mericarp one segment of a fruit (a schizocarp) that splits at maturity into units derived from the individual carpels, or a carpel, usually 1-seeded, released by the break-up at maturity of a fruit formed from 2 or more joined carpels. meristem Any actively dividing plant tissue. mesic Moist, avoiding both extremes of drought and wet; pertaining to conditions of moderate moisture or water supply; applied to organisms (vegetation) occupying moist habitats. mesocarp The fleshy portion of the wall of a succulent fruit inside the skin and outside the stony layer (if any), surrounding the seed(s); sarcocarp. mesomorphic Soft and with little fibrous tissue, but not succulent. mesophyll 1.  The parenchyma tissues between the upper and lower epidermis. They vary in function, but usually include the photosynthetic tissue of a leaf. 2.  In ecology, the blade of a leaf or leaflet that has a surface area 4500–18225 mm2; a plant, or vegetation, that has mesophyll (sized) leaves. mesophyllous (of vegetation) Of moist habitats and having mostly large and soft leaves. mesophyte A plant thriving under intermediate environmental conditions of moderate moisture and temperature, without major seasonal fluctuations. micropyle Opening at apex of ovule. microsporangium The smaller of two kinds of sporangium produced by a heterosporous plant, producing microspores that contain the male gametophyte. Compare megasporangium. microspore The smaller of two kinds of spores produced by a heterosporous plant. Compare megaspore. microsporophyll In heterosporous plants, a modified leaf bearing one or more microsporangia. Compare megasporophyll. microstrobilus The smaller of two kinds of cones or strobilus produced by gymnosperms, being male and producing the pollen. Compare megastrobilus. midrib Also midvein. The central and usually most prominent vein of a leaf or leaf-like organ. midvein See midrib. monad A single individual that is free from other individuals, not united with them into a group. The term is usually used for pollen to distinguish single grains from tetrads or polyads. monadelphous A term describing stamen filaments that are fused for the greater part of their length, forming a tube around the style. moniliform Resembling a string of beads. monocarpic Flowering and setting seed only once before dying. See also semelparous. monochasium A cymose inflorescence with the branches arising singly. Compare dichasium and pleiochasium. monocot An abbreviation of monocotyledon. monocotyledon A flowering plant whose embryo contains one cotyledon (seed-leaf). Compare dicotyledon. monoecious (of vascular plants) Hermaphroditic, with all flowers bisexual, or with male and female reproductive structures in separate flowers but on the same plant, or of an inflorescence that has unisexual flowers of both sexes. Contrast dioecious. monoicous (of bryophyte gametophytes) Hermaphroditic or bisexual, where both male and female reproductive structures develop on the same individual. Contrast dioicous. monograph Of a group of plants, a comprehensive treatise presenting an analysis and synthesis of taxonomic knowledge of that taxon; the fullest account possible (at the time) of a family, tribe or genus. It is generally worldwide in scope and evaluates all taxonomic treatments of that taxon including studies of its evolutionary relationships with other related taxa, and cytological, genetic, morphological, palaeobotanical and ecological studies. The term is often incorrectly applied to any systematic work devoted to a single taxon. Compare revision. monomorphic Of one type, rather than several. See also dimorphic (two types) and polymorphic (many types). monophyllous Having a single leaf. monopodial A mode of stem growth and branching in which the main axis is formed by a single dominant meristem. Contrast sympodial. monostromatic Being a single cell thick, as in the alga Monostroma. monothecous having a sole compartment or cell. Compare Dithecous. monotypic Containing only one taxon of the next lower rank, e.g. a family with only one genus, or a genus that includes only a single species. morphology The shape or form of an organism or part thereof. mucro dim. mucronule. A sharp, short point, generally at the tip of a leaf or the tip of the midrib of a compound leaf. mucronate Terminating in a mucro. multiple fruit A cluster of fruits produced from more than one flower and appearing as a single fruit, often on a swollen axis, as with many species of the family Moraceae. Compare aggregate fruit. muricate Covered with short, hard protuberances. mutation In times before the nature of genetic encoding was understood, mutation was regarded as an abrupt, and sometimes heritable, variation from the norm of a population; for example a plant might unexpectedly produce "double" flowers, a novel color, or a habit of growth uncharacteristic of the species or variety. Advances in genetics and molecular biology in the mid-twentieth century, showed that biological mutations comprise and reflect changes in the nucleic acid molecules that encode the genome of an organism or virus. The nucleic acid affected could be DNA in the chromosomes, or it could be extrachromosomal DNA (typically DNA in the mitochondria or chloroplasts). In RNA viruses a mutation would be a change to the genetic information that the RNA encodes. mycelium The "vegetative" (nonreproductive) part of a fungus, mostly composed of aggregations of hyphae. It functions in substrate decomposition and absorption of nutrients. mycorrhiza pl. mycorrhizae; adj. mycorrhizal One of several types of symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant. mycotroph adj. mycotrophic A plant that obtains most or all of its carbon, water, and nutrients by associating with a fungus. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z N Hoya carnosa secretes so much nectar that it falls in drops if no pollinators remove it. The small green petals of Helleborus argutifolius act as floral nectaries. The sepals function as petals. Some Senna species have extrafloral nectaries that attract ants to defend them from pests. Plant stem nodes and internodes native Naturally occurring in an area, but not necessarily confined to it. Compare endemic. natural hybrid A hybrid taxon produced by chance in the wild. naturalised Describing a plant, introduced from another region, that grows and reproduces readily in competition with the natural flora. nectar A usually sweet, nutrient-rich fluid produced by the flowers of many plants and collected by bees and other pollinators. nectary adj. nectariferous A specialized gland that secretes nectar. neophyte A plant that has recently been introduced to a geographic area. Contrast archaeophyte. nerve Another name for a vein. node The part of a stem from which leaves or branches arise. nomen conservandum (Latin) A conserved name, usually a name that became so much better known than the correct name, that a substitution was made. nomen illegitimum A name that is either superfluous at its time of publication because the taxon to which it was applied already has a name, or the name has already been applied to another plant (a homonym). nomen invalidum A name that is not validly published, and technically is therefore not a botanical name. Abbreviation: nom. inval. See valid publication. nomen nudum A name not published in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, usually without a diagnosis or description of the entity to which it applies, and without reference to either; such a name should not be used. nomenclature The naming of things; often restricted to the correct use of scientific names in taxonomy; a system that sets out provisions for the formation and use of names. noxious Of plants, containing harmful or unwholesome qualities. Applied in conjunction with 'weed' to specifically describe a plant which legislation deems harmful to the environment. Each state and territory in Australia has specific legislation governing noxious weeds. nucellus The tissue of the ovule of a seed plant that surrounds the female gametophyte. It is enclosed by integuments and is not of epidermal origin. numerous Stamens are described as numerous when there are more than twice as many as sepals or petals, especially when there is no set number of them. Compare indefinite. nut A hard, dry, indehiscent fruit containing only one seed. nutlet 1.  A small nut. 2.  One of the lobes or sections of the mature ovary of some members of the Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, and Lamiaceae. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z O Obconical syconium (infructescence) of Ficus carica Obcordate leaflets of a ternate leaf of Oxalis pes-caprae Obovate leaflets of a ternate leaf of Kummerowia Obtuse leaves of Dovyalis zeyheri Open flower of Eucalyptus macrocarpa, next to a shed operculum Opposite arrangement (phyllotaxis) of leaves Orbicular leaves of Dombeya rotundifolia Ovate leaflets on a ternate leaf of a Vigna species ob- A prefix meaning "inversely"; usually the same shape as that described by the word stem, but attached by the narrower end. See obcordate, oblanceolate and obovate. obconic (of a fruit, hypanthium, pistil, or calyx) Shaped like an inverted cone, attached at the apex. obcordate (of a leaf blade) Broad and notched at the tip; heart-shaped but attached at the pointed end. obdiplostemonous Having stamens arranged in two whorls, and having twice as many stamens as petals, with the outer whorl being opposite the petals. Compare diplostemonous and haplostemonous. oblanceolate Having a lanceolate shape but broadest in the upper third. oblate Having a spherical shape but flattened at the poles. obligate (of parasites) Unable to survive without a host. Contrast facultative. oblique Slanting; of a leaf or stem, larger on one side of the midrib than the other, in other words asymmetrical. obloid Having a three-dimensional oblong shape, e.g. a fruit. oblong Having a length a few times greater than the width, with sides almost parallel and ends rounded. obovate (of a leaf) Having a length about 1.5 times the width, and widest above the center. obsolete Not evident, or at most rudimentary or vestigial. obtrapeziform trapeziform, but attached by the narrower trapezoidal base (e.g. of a leaf) obtuse Blunt or rounded; having converging edges that form an angle of more than 90°. Compare acute. ocrea Also spelled ochrea. A sheath formed from two stipules encircling the node in members of the Polygonaceae. odd-pinnate Also imparipinnate Having an odd number of leaflets in a compound pinnate leaf, such that there is only one terminal leaflet. oft. An abbreviation of "often". Compare usu. and s.t.. -oideae A suffix added to the stem of a generic name to form the name of a subfamily, e.g. Fumaria → Fumarioideae. olim Formerly, e.g. "olim B", formerly in the Berlin herbarium (Herbarium Berolinense). ontogeny The sequence of developmental stages through which an organism passes as it grows. operculum (calyptra) A lid or cover that becomes detached at maturity, e.g. in Eucalyptus, a cap covering the bud and formed by the fusion or cohesion of perianth parts. opposite 1.  Describing leaves or flowers borne at the same level but on directly opposite sides of their common axis. 2.  Describing the occurrence of something on the same radius as something else, e.g. anthers opposite sepals. Compare alternate. opus utique oppressum pl. opera utique oppressa Listed after the botanical name of a plant, or the name of a publication, this indicates that a publication is listed in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants as a suppressed work. Botanical names of the specified rank in the publication are considered not validly published (article 34). orbicular Flat and more or less circular. order A group of one or more families sharing common features, ancestry, or both. ortet The original single parent plant from which a clone ultimately derives. orthotropous Describes an ovule that is erect, with the micropyle directed away from the placenta; atropous. Compare amphitropous, anatropous, and campylotropous. oval See elliptical. ovary The basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, enclosing the ovules. ovate Shaped like a section through the "long axis" of an egg and attached by the wider end. ovoid Egg-shaped, with wider portion at base; 3-dimensional object, ovate in all sections through long-axis. ovule Loosely, the seed before fertilization; a structure in a seed plant within which one or more megaspores are formed (after fertilization it develops into a seed). Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z P The thick trunk of Brachychiton rupestris accumulates moisture as a means of survival of droughts, and presents a marked example of a pachycaul habit. This Curio articulatus is pachycladous in that it has a disproportionately thick stem. A maple (Acer platanoides) leaf has palmate venation, as its veins radiate out from a central point, like fingers from the palm of a hand. The inflorescence of Agave americana is a giant panicle. Asclepias physocarpa shedding seeds, each with its silky pappus Doubly paripinnate leaves of Delonix regia Aloe ferox in flower, bearing two inflorescences on peduncles Stephania japonica is a vine with peltate leaves. Perfoliate leaves of Smyrnium perfoliatum with stems passing through them The leaves of Aponogeton madagascariensis are perforate. The perigonium of a moss (red in this case), also called a splash-cup, surrounds the antheridia and aids in dispersal of sperm. Liquidambar styraciflua bud emerging from its protective brown imbricate cataphyll scales, also known as perules Pelargonium lobatum inflorescence, with showy petals projecting from inconspicuous protective sepals Petiolary glands on the petiole of a cherry leaf Rock-splitting roots of the petricolous large-leaved rock fig, Ficus abutilifolia The phaneranthous habit of the red flowering gum, Corymbia ficifolia, can attract pollinators such as the honey eater, Anthochaera chrysoptera, from a considerable distance. Seedlings of Acacia fasciculifera bear leaves that illustrate the ancestral function of their phyllodes as petioles. Pileus of the fruiting body of the fungus Pluteus admirabilis Glandular pilose hairs on the stem of Aquilegia grata Bipinnate leaf anatomy showing a pinna (or pinnule) Simple pinnate leaf of Ekebergia capensis Pistillate flowers of Shepherdia canadensis.Compare staminate flower. Electron micrographs of sections of wood of a conifer (Picea abies) show pits in the tracheid walls. Flowers in the inflorescence of Euphorbia platyphyllos open simultaneously, as a pleiochasium. The corolla of Datura discolor is plicate. Longitudinal section of maize kernel (scale=1.4 mm):A=pericarp, B=aleurone, C=stalk, D=endosperm, E=coleorhiza, F=radicle, G=hypocotyl, H=plumule, I=scutellum, J=coleoptile Pneumatophores on a species of mangrove The sharp projections on the trunk of the knobthorn, Senegalia nigrescens, are prickles rather than thorns, botanically speaking. Procumbent growth habit of Sagina procumbens, growing mainly along the soil surface, but without rooting Carpobrotus and other prostrate plants growing on sand in Sicily, striking root and binding the soil as they grow Floral stages of the protandrous species: Geranium incanum. The flower at first has intensely colored petals, and both androecium and gynoecium. After a day or so in bloom, it sheds the stamens and the color of the petals becomes somewhat paler. Pubescent stem and inflorescence of Gomphrena celosioides Punctate glands on Artemisia nova are visible because they are not covered with epidermal hairs. Punctiform glands on the undersurface of a Plectranthus leaf Pyramidal growth habit of Picea pungens Pyriform syconium ("fruit") of domestic fig pachycaul with a disproportionately thick trunk pachycladous with disproportionately thick stems palate An expanded lower lip of a flower that nearly or entirely blocks the opening of a flower tube, as in a snapdragon flower. palea pl. paleae 1.  The upper of two bracts enclosing a grass flower, major contributors to chaff in harvested grain. 2.  Chaffy scales on the receptacles of many Asteraceae. 3.  Chaffy scales on the stipe of many ferns. paleate Bearing paleae or chaffy scales, as in description of the receptacle of a capitulum of a plant in the Asteraceae. paleaceous Chaff-like in texture. palmate 1.  leaf with veins radiating out from a central point (usually at the top of a petiole), resembling spread out fingers pointing away from the palm. 2.  A compound palmate leaf has leaflets that radiate from a central point (usually at the top of a petiole). palmatifid Deeply divided into several lobes arising from more or less the same level. palmatisect Intermediate between palmate and palmatifid, i.e. the segments are not fully separated at the base; often more or less digitate. pandurate shaped like the body of a fiddle (mainly, of plant leaves) panicle adj. paniculate A compound raceme; an indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on branches of the main axis or on further branches of these. papilionate Butterfly-like; having a corolla like that of a pea. papilla pl. papillae; adj. papillose or papillateA small, elongated protuberance on the surface of an organ, usually an extension of one epidermal cell. pappus In daisy florets, a tuft or ring of hairs or scales borne above the ovary and outside the corolla (representing the reduced calyx); a tuft of hairs on a fruit. paracarpel Ill-defined term, variously interpreted and applied to: organs attached to carpels; staminodes close to the gynoecium; and to a pistillode in a staminate flower paraperigonium Also paraperigone. An anomalous secondary outgrowth of the perianthal meristem with ramifying vasculature. See also perigonium, perianth, and corona. parasite An organism living on or in a different organism, from which it derives nourishment. Some plant species are parasitic. Compare saprophyte and epiphyte. parenchyma A versatile ground tissue composed of living primary cells which performs a wide variety of structural and biochemical functions in plants. parietal Attached to the marginal walls of a structure, e.g. ovules attached to placentas on the wall of the ovary. See placentation. paripinnate Having an even number of leaflets (or pinnae), i.e. terminated by a pair of pinnae as opposed to a single pinna. Compare imparipinnate. parthenocarpy The development or production of fruit without fertilization. Compare stenospermocarpy. patent Also patulous. Spreading; standing at 45–50° to the axis. See also erecto-patent. patulous See patent. pauciflor Having few flowers per inflorescence. Compare pluriflor and uniflor. pectinate Pinnately divided with narrow segments closely set like the teeth of a comb. pedate Having a terminal lobe or leaflet, and on either side of it an axis curving outward and backward, bearing lobes or leaflets on the outer side of the curve. pedicel adj. pedicellate The stalk of a flower; may also be applied to the stalk of a capitulum in the Asteraceae. peduncle adj. pedunculate The stalk of an inflorescence. peltate Shield-like, with the stalk attached to the lower surface and not to the margin. pellucid Transmitting light; for example, said of tiny gland dots in the leaves of e.g. Myrtaceae and Rutaceae that are visible when held in front of a light. pendulous Hanging, for example an ovule attached to a placenta on the top of the ovary. Compare suspended. penicillate Tufted like an artist's brush; with long hairs toward one end. penninervation adj. penninerved With pinnately arranged veins. pentamerous In five parts, particularly with respect to flowers, five parts in each whorl. See also trimerous and tetramerous. pepo A type of berry formed from an inferior ovary and containing many seeds, usually large with a tough outer skin (e.g. a cucumber, pumpkin or watermelon.) perennating Of an organ that survives vegetatively from season to season. A period of reduced activity between seasons is usual. perennial A plant whose life span extends over several years. perfect (of a flower) Bisexual; containing both male and female reproductive parts in the same inflorescence. Contrast imperfect. perfoliate With its base wrapped around the stem (so that the stem appears to pass through it), e.g. of leaves and bracts. perforate With many holes. Used to describe the texture of pollen exine, and also to indicate that tracheary elements have a perforation plate. See also fenestrate. perforation plate in a tracheary element, part of the cell wall that is perforated; present in vessel members but not in tracheids. Should not be confused with a pit. perianth The collective term for the calyx and corolla of a flower (generally used when the two are too similar to be easily distinguishable). Abbreviation: P; for instance, P 3+3 indicates the calyx and corolla each have 3 elements, i.e. 3 sepals + 3 petals. pericarp The wall of a fruit, developed from the ovary wall. periclinal Curved along parallel to a surface. Compare anticlinal. pericycle A cylinder of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells that lies just inside the endodermis and is the outer most part of the stele of plants. perigonium In flowering plants, synonym of perianth. 2.  In mosses, the leaves surrounding the antheridia, also called a splash-cup, e.g. in Polytrichum juniperinum. perigynium A sac from a modified tubular bract, or when fully closed an utricle, around the pistillate flower of sedges perigynous Borne around the ovary, i.e. of perianth segments and stamens arising from a cup-like or tubular extension of receptacle (free from the ovary but extending above its base). Compare epigynous and hypogynous. persistent Remaining attached to the plant beyond the usual time of falling, for instance sepals not falling after flowering, flower parts remaining through maturity of fruit. Compare deciduous and caducous. perule adj. perulate 1.  The scales covering a leaf or flower bud, or a reduced scale-like leaf surrounding the bud. Buds lacking perulae are referred to as "naked". 2.  In Camellias the final bracts and sepals become indistinguishable and are called perules. 3.  A kind of sac formed by the adherent bases of the two lateral sepals in certain orchids. petal In a flower, one of the segments or divisions of the inner whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs, usually soft and conspicuously colored. Compare sepal, tepal. petalody The transformation of reproductive organs of flower into petals. petaloid Like a petal; soft in texture and colored conspicuously. petiolary (or petiolar) Associated with a petiole, as in petiolary glands. petiolate (of a leaf) Having a petiole. Contrast sessile. petiole The stalk of a leaf. petiolule The stalk of a leaflet. petricolous Rock-dwelling; living on or among rocks. phaneranthous Showy, as in showy flowers that advertise to pollinators, as opposed to aphananthous (unshowy) phanerogam Gymnosperms and angiosperms; plants producing stamens and gynoecia; literally plants with conspicuous sexual reproductive organs. Compare cryptogams. phenology The study of the timing of seasonal biological phenomena, such as flowering, leaf emergence, fruit ripening and leaf fall. phloem Specialized conducting tissue in vascular plants that transports sucrose from the leaves to other plant organs. photosynthesis Process by which energy from sunlight is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars in cells containing chloroplasts. All plants, except certain parasites, can perform photosynthesis. phyllary Individual bract within an involucre or involucel. phyllid Leaf-like extension of the stem in Bryophytes phyllode adj. phyllodineous A leaf with the blade much reduced or absent, and in which the petiole and or rachis perform the functions of the whole leaf, e.g. many acacias. Compare cladode. phyllopodium (in ferns) A short outgrowth of the stem on which the frond is borne and which remains attached to the rhizome after the frond has been shed. phylloplane the surface of a leaf, considered as a habitat for organisms. phyllosphere The above-ground surface of plants as a habitat for epiphytic microorganisms. phylum A level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum. phytomelan Also phytomelanin; adj. phytomelanous A black, inert, organic material that forms a crust-like covering of some seeds, commonly found in Asparagales, Asteraceae, etc. pileate Having a cap, a pileus. pileus A cap or cap-shaped structure, such as the cap of mushrooms or the plumule of some monocotyledons. piliform Having the shape of a cap, a pileus. pilose covered with soft, weak, thin and clearly separated hairs, which are usually defined as long and sometimes ascending. pinna pl. pinnae A primary segment of a compound leaf. pinnate A compound leaf with leaflets arranged on each side of a common petiole or axis; also applied to how the lateral veins are arranged in relation to the main vein. pinnatifid Pinnately lobed. pinnatisect pinnately divided almost to midrib but segments still confluent. pinnule or pinnula Usage varies:ultimate free division (or leaflets) of a compound leaf,ora pinnate subdivision of a multipinnate leaf. pistil 1.  a single carpel when the carpels are free. 2.  a group of carpels when the carpels are united by the fusion of their walls. pistillate flower a flower containing one or more pistils but no fertile stamens. Sometimes called a female flower. Contrast with staminate flower pistillode A sterile or rudimentary pistil such as may appear in a staminate flower. pit In tracheary elements, a section of the cell wall where the secondary wall is missing, and the primary wall is present. Pits generally occur in pairs and link two cells. pith The central region of a stem, inside the vascular cylinder; the spongy parenchymatous central tissue in some stems and roots. placenta The tissue within an ovary to which the ovules are attached. placentation The arrangement of ovules inside ovary; for example axile, free-central, parietal, marginal, basal, or apical. Plant Breeders Rights (PBR) These rights, governed by Plant Breeder's Rights Acts give the plant breeder legal protection over the propagation of a cultivar, and the exclusive rights to produce and to sell it, including the right to license others to produce and sell plants and reproductive material of a registered, deliberately bred variety. Compare UPOV. Plant Variety Rights (PVR) Governed by the Plant Variety Rights the registration of new varieties is now governed by Plant Breeders Rights. plastochron The time between successive leaf initiation events. pleiochasium pl. pleiochasia. An inflorescence in which several buds come out at the same time. Compare monochasium and dichasium. plicate Pleated; folded back and forth longitudinally like a fan, such as the leaves of fan palm species. The concept often appears in specific names in forms such as Kumara plicatilis and Acacia plicata. Commonly such names are not correctly appropriate, but are applied to distichous structures rather than plicate. -plinerved (of leaves) A suffix indicating that the main nerves are lateral and arise from a point distinctly above the base of the leaf. Combined with a numerical prefix to form words like 3-plinerved, 5-plinerved, and so on. Such leaves are especially characteristic of the family Melastomataceae. See for example Dissotis. plumose Like a feather; with fine hairs branching from a main axis. plumule The part of an embryo that gives rise to the shoot system of a plant. Compare radicle. pluriflor Having many flowers per inflorescence. See also pauciflor and uniflor. pluriovulate Having many ovules as in placentae, carpels, or ovaries. pneumatophore A vertical appendage, aerial at low tide, on the roots of some plants. Pneumatophore functions are unclear, but possibly related to gas exchange, or to root anchoring. Pneumatophores typically occur on mangrove roots, but some versions occur on species of conifers, such as some in the Taxodioideae. pod 1.  A legume, the fruit of a leguminous plant, a dry fruit of a single carpel, splitting along two sutures. 2.  A siliqua and silicula, the fruit of Brassicaceae, a dry fruit composed of two carpels separated by a partition. podocarpium In four genera of the coniferous family Podocarpaceae (Acmopyle, Dacrycarpus, Falcatifolium, and Podocarpus), a group of fleshy fused bracts beneath the female cone, often brightly-colored, which swell to enclose the developing seeds above and attract fruit-eating animals. pollen powdery mass shed from anthers (of angiosperms) or microsporangia (of gymnosperms); the microspores of seed plants; pollen-grains. pollen-mass pollen-grains cohering by a waxy texture or fine threads into a single body; pollinium, e.g. in orchids. pollen transmitting tissue the tissue in the style of a flower through which the pollen tubes grow. pollination The transfer of pollen from a male organ (such as an anther) to the receptive region of a female organ (such as a stigma). pollinium See pollen-mass. polygamodioecious Having bisexual and male flowers on some plants and bisexual and female flowers on others. Compare androdioecious, andromonoecious, dioecious, monoecious, polygamomonoecious, and polygamous. polygamomonoecious having male, female, and bisexual flowers on the same plant. Compare androdioecious, andromonoecious, polygamodioecious, and polygamous. polygamous having bisexual and unisexual flowers on the same plant. polymorphic Of several different kinds (in respect to shape and/or size), hence polymorphism. See also monomorphic (a single type) and dimorphic (two types) polyphyllous having many leaves or perianth segments. Compare symphyllous, gamophyllous, and apophyllous. polyploid with more than two of the basic sets of chromosomes in the nucleus; any sporophyte with cells containing three or more complete sets of chromosomes. Various combinations of words or numbers with '-ploid' indicate the number of haploid sets of chromosomes, e.g. triploid = 3 sets, tetraploid = 4 sets, pentaploid = 5 sets, hexaploid = 6 sets, and so on. polystemonous having numerous stamens; the number of stamens being at least twice the number of sepals or petals, but not strictly three or four times that number. pome A fruit that has developed partly from the ovary wall but mostly from the hypanthium (e.g. an apple). population 1.  All individuals of one or more species within a prescribed area. 2.  A group of organisms of one species, occupying a defined area and usually isolated to some degree from other similar groups. 3.  In statistics, the whole group of items or individuals under investigation. poricidal Opening by pores, as with the capsule of a poppy or the anthers in several families of plants. Compare longicidal. posterior Positioned behind or toward the rear. Contrast anterior. prickle adj. prickly A hard, pointed outgrowth from the surface of a plant (involving several layers of cells but not containing a vein); a sharp outgrowth from the bark, detachable without tearing wood. Compare thorn. primary vein The single vein or array of veins that is conspicuously larger than any others in a leaf. In pinnate venation, the single primary vein can generally be found in the middle of the leaf; in palmate venation, several such veins radiate from a point at or near the base of the leaf. procumbent Spreading along the ground but not rooting at the nodes; not as close to the ground as prostrate. propagule Any structure capable of generating a new plant; includes seeds, spores, bulbils, etc. pro parte In part. In nomenclature, used to denote that the preceding taxon includes more than one currently recognized entity, and that only one of those entities is being considered. prophyll A leaf formed at the base of a shoot, usually smaller than those formed later. prostrate Lying flat on the ground; commonly rooting at nodes that touch the soil surface. protandrous Having male sex organs which mature before the female ones, e.g. a flower shedding pollen before the stigma is receptive. Compare protogynous. proteranthous With new leaves appearing before flowers. See also hysteranthous and synanthous. prothallus A gametophyte plant, usually flattened and delicate, e.g. in ferns and fern allies. protogynous Having female sex organs which mature before the male ones, e.g. a flower shedding pollen after the stigma has ceased to be receptive. Compare protandrous. proximal Near the point of origin or attachment. Compare distal. pruinose Covered with a powdery, waxy material; having a bloom. pseudanthium A type of inflorescence occurring in the Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae, in which multiple flowers are grouped together to form a flower-like structure, commonly called a head or capitulum. pseudo- A prefix meaning "false, not genuine", e.g. a pseudo-bulb is a thickened, bulb-like internode in orchids, but not an actual bulb. pseudobasifixed (of an anther) Connected to the filament of the stamen by connective tissue which extends in a tube around the filament tip. See also basifixed and dorsifixed. pseudostipule An enlarged, persistent axillary bud scale that resembles a stipule; common in Bignoniaceae. pseudoverticillate Having the appearance of being whorled (verticillate), without actually being so. puberulous Also puberulent. Covered with minute soft erect hairs. pubescent Downy; covered with short, soft hairs, especially erect hairs. pulverulent Having powdery or crumbly particles as if pulverized. pulvinate Having a pulvinus. pulvinus a swelling at either end of a petiole of a leaf or petiolule of a leaflet, e.g. in Fabaceae, that permits leaf movement. punctate (from Latin puncta= puncture or prick-mark) marked with an indefinite number of dots, or with similarly small items such as translucent glands or tiny hollows. punctiform Dot-like or in the shape of a prick-mark. pungent Having a sharp, hard point. pustule A blister-like swelling. pustulate Having pustules. pyramidal (of a growth habit) Conical or pyramid-shaped. Most familiar in some coniferous trees, especially species adapted to snowy climates pyrene The stone of a drupe, consisting of the seed surrounded by the hardened endocarp. pyriform Pear-shaped; a term for solid shapes that are roughly conical in shape, broadest one end and narrowest at the other. As a rule the distal third of their length is the broadest, and they are narrowest near the proximal end, the base, where the stalk, if any, attaches. pyrophile Plants which need fire for their reproduction. pyrophyte Plants which have adapted to tolerate fire. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Q Siliques of Conringia orientalis tend toward a quadrate cross section. quadrate More or less square. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z R Bulbinella latifolia racemes. The flowers are already open at the bottom; at the top, the axis is still growing and budding. Rachis of Vachellia karroo bipinnate leaf, with components labelled as follows: A. Rachilla (the diminutive of rachis) B. Pinnule C. Jugary glands D. Juga (plural of jugum) E. Base of petiole F. Petiolary gland G. Rachis Radicles emerging from germinating seeds Reniform kidney bean seeds A leaf of Ficus carica, illustrating reticulate venation The central leaflets of the ternate leaves of Searsia glauca are oblate and commonly retuse. Typical rhizome. This one is a specimen of Iris pseudacorus. Grafting kiwifruit vine scion onto rootstock below Unidentified Gasteria bearing leaves with a rugose surface, banded with callosities Rugose leaves of Alocasia are stiffer than flat leaves of the same size and thickness would be. Unidentified Crassula bearing rugulose leaves with fine wrinkles in the epidermis The runcinate lobes of a Taraxacum officinale leaf point downward, i.e. toward the stem. raceme adj. racemose, An indeterminate inflorescence in which the main axis produces a series of flowers on lateral stalks, the oldest at the base and the youngest at the top. Compare spike. Also racemiform or racemoid - having the form of a raceme. rachilla (rhachilla) 1.  the axis of a grass spikelet, above the glumes; see spikelet. 2.  the rachis of higher order in leaves that are compound more than once rachis pl. rachises or rachides The axis of an inflorescence or a pinnate leaf; for example ferns; secondary rachis is the axis of a pinna in a bipinnate leaf distal to and including the lowermost pedicel attachment. radial With structures radiating from a central point as spokes on a wheel (e.g. the lateral spines of a cactus). radiate (of daisies, of a capitulum) With ray floret surrounding disc florets. radical Springing from the root; clustered at base of stem. radicle The part of an embryo giving rise to the root system of a plant. Compare plumule. rainforest A moist temperate or tropical forest dominated by broad-leaved trees that form a continuous canopy. ramet An individual member of a clone. ramicaul a single-leafed stem, as in Pleurothallis orchids. ramify To divide or spread out into individual branches or branchlike parts. ray 1.  zygomorphic (ligulate) flowers in a radiate flowerhead, that is, ray-florets/flowers, for example Asteraceae. 2.  each of the branches of an umbel. receptacle the axis of a flower, in other words, floral axis; torus; for example in Asteraceae, the floral base or receptacle is the expanded tip of the peduncle on which the flowers are inserted. recumbent bent back toward or below the horizontal. recurved bent or curved backward or downward. reduplicate folded outward, or with the two abaxial surfaces together. reflexed bent sharply back or down. registered name a cultivar name accepted by the relevant International Cultivar Registration Authority. registration 1.  the act of recording a new cultivar name with an International Cultivar Registration Authority. 2.  recording a new cultivar name with a statutory authority like the Plant Breeder's Rights Office. 3.  recording a trademark with a trade marks office. regular See actinomorphic. reniform Kidney-shaped. replum a framework-like placenta to which the seeds attach, and which remains after each valve drops away. resupinate Describing leaves or flowers that are in an inverted position because the petiole or pedicel, respectively, is twisted 180 degrees. compare: hyper-resupinate. reticulate forming a network (or reticulum), e.g. veins that join one another at more than one point. retrorse Bent backward or downward. Compare antrorse. retuse Having a blunt (obtuse) and slightly notched apex. revision an account of a particular plant group, like an abbreviated or simplified monograph. Sometimes confined to the plants of a particular region. Similar to a monograph in clearly distinguishing the taxa and providing a means for their identification. Compare monograph. revolute rolled under (downward or backward), for example when the edges of leaves are rolled under toward the midrib. Compare involute. rhachis See rachis. rhizodermis the root epidermis, the outermost primary cell layer of the root rhizome a perennial underground stem usually growing horizontally. See also stolon. Abbreviation: rhiz. rhizomatous (adj.) having above-ground stems that are derived from below-ground stems (rhizomes). Compare arhizomatous (arhizomatic). rhizosphere the below-ground surface of plants and adjacent soil as a habitat for microorganisms. rhytidome the dead region of the bark and root that lies outside the periderm. rhombic like a rhombus: an oblique figure with four equal sides. Compare trapeziform and trullate. rhomboid a four-sided figure with opposite sides parallel but with adjacent sides an unequal length (like an oblique rectangle); see also rhombic. rhomboidal a shape, for instance of a leaf, that is roughly diamond-shaped with length equal to width. rimose with many cracks, as in the surface of a crustose areolate lichen. root a unit of a plant's axial system which is usually underground, does not bear leaves, tends to grow downward, and is typically derived from the radicle of the embryo. root hairs outgrowths of the outermost layer of cells just behind the root tips, functioning as water-absorbing organs. root microbiome the dynamic community of microorganisms associated with plant roots. rootstock 1. the part of a budded or grafted plant which supplies the root system, also simply called a stock. 2.  plants selected to produce a root system with some specific attribute, e.g. a virus-free rootstock. rosette when parts are not whorled or opposite but appear so, due to the contractions of internodes, e.g. the petals in a double rose or a basal cluster of leaves (usually close to the ground) in some plants. rostellate possessing a beak (rostellum). Synonym of rostrate. rostrate with a beak. rotate circular and flattened; for example a corolla with a very short tube and spreading lobes (for instance some Solanaceae). ruderal a plant that colonises or occupies disturbed waste ground. See also weed. rudiment In the structure of a plant, an item that is at best hardly functional, either because it is immature and has not yet completed its development (such as a leaf still incompletely formed inside a bud), or because its role in the organism's morphology cannot be completed and therefore is futile (such as the leaf rudiment at the tip of a phyllode, that will be shed while immature, because the leaf function will be taken over by the phyllode). Compare cataphyll and vestige. rudimentary Being of the nature of a rudiment; at most barely functional because incompletely developed; begun, but far from completed, either temporarily or permanently. Compare vestigial. rugose Wrinkled, either covered with wrinkles, or crumpled like a wrinkled leaf, either as a stiffening structure, or in response to disease or insect damage. rugulose Finely wrinkled. ruminate (usually applied to endosperm) Irregularly grooved or ridged; appearing chewed, e.g. the endosperm in certain members of Myristicaceae. runcinate Sharply pinnatifid or cleft, with the segments directed downward. runner See stolon. rupicolous Rupestral, saxicolous, growing on or among rocks. Compare epilithic and lithophytic. rush A plant of the family Juncaceae or, more loosely, applied to various monocotyledons. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z S Sagittate leaves of an Alocasia plant Salverform flowers of Plumbago auriculata Trametes versicolor, the turkey tail fungus, is a saprotroph that consumes dead wood in forests. Its common name comes from the conspicuously patterned brackets, but the main body of the saprotroph consists of the largely invisible mycelium that penetrates the dead wood and digests it. Strawberry plants reproduce mainly by sarments, stolons such as these, often called runners; at their nodes the sarments put up tufts of leaves and strike root if there is any good soil beneath. Micrograph of the scabrid undersurface of the leaf of Stipa pulcherrima. Amaryllis belladonna in flower, an example of a leafless scape emerging directly from the underground bulb before the seasonal leaves Involucral bracts of Syncarpha species are as scarious as tissue paper, but look like live petals for years, so they are known as "Everlastings" and valued for dried arrangements. Isolated sclereid or stone cell in plant tissue Sclereids in gritty particles of pear tissue Sepals on Geranium thunbergii, five separated behind the petals of an open flower, and a connected set enclosing an unopened bud Sericeous leaves of Podalyria sericea, the silver sweet pea bush The fruits of Lepidium bonariense are silicles, green and circular, with a notch at the apex. Silky foliage of the silvertree, Leucadendron argenteum Sori under the leaf of the fern Rumohra adiantiformis. Some are still covered by their indusia. Spadix of Amorphophallus maximus within its spathe. The female flowers are around the bottom of the spadix, the male flowers above, and the sterile top part is the major source of pollinator attractants. The convolute spathe around the spadix of Zantedeschia aethiopica Drosera spatulata leaves are markedly spathulate. The flowering spike of this Salvia nemorosa differs from a raceme in that the flowers are practically sessile. Spines emerging from the areoles of an Echinopsis species Spinescent leaves of Salsola australis: stiff, narrowed, and with lobes ending in spiny points Bird nest fungi, Nidulariaceae, bear examples of splash-cups with spores that are spread by raindrops. Sporangia of the fungus Rhizopus Staminate flowers of Shepherdia canadensis Manilkara hexandra flowers have both stamens with anthers and staminodes that have no anthers. Subulate leaves are narrow with an elongated, tapering tip, as seen on this species of Aloe. The large, succulent, acaulescent, linear, cuspidate mottled leaves of a Gasteria species and the small, succulent, cordate leaves of a Crassula species contrast with the linear, herbaceous leaves of a Hypoxis species. Suckers around the trunk of Dypsis lutescens Sulcate (specifically polysulcate) grooves along the stem of Scorzonera cana Superior ovary ovary in an Aloe species. One flower is sectioned to display the pistil and hypanthium. The suture along the concave curve of the pod of a Crotalaria incana, along which the seeds are attached, is where the single carpel has folded shut. An undamaged syconium of a Ficus species, plus two more cut open longitudinally to display the fruit within saccate Pouched or shaped like a sack. sagittate Shaped like the head of an arrow; narrow and pointed but gradually enlarged at the base into two straight lobes directed downward; may refer only to the base of a leaf with such lobes. Compare hastate. salverform Shaped like a salver - Trumpet-shaped; having a long, slender tube and a flat, abruptly expanded limb samara A dry, indehiscent fruit with its wall expanded into a wing, e.g. in the genus Acer. samphire A common name given to various edible coastal plants, such as Salicornia spp. (Amaranthaceae), Crithmum maritimum (Apiaceae) and Limbarda crithmoides (Asteraceae). sanguine (from Latin sanguineus) Blood-colored: crimson; the color of blood. saprophyte adj. saprophytic A plant, or loosely speaking, a fungus or similar organism, deriving its nourishment from decaying organic matter such as dead wood or humus, and usually lacking chlorophyll. Compare parasite, saprotroph, and epiphyte. saprotroph adj. saprotrophic An organism deriving its nourishment from decaying organic matter. Contrast parasite and epiphyte. sarment A long, slender, prostrate stolon, commonly called a runner. sarmentose Reproducing by sarments; strawberry plants are the most familiar example. saxicolous Growing on stone, like some lichens. scabrid . Also scabrous Rough to the touch, with short hard protrusions or hairs. scalariform Ladder-like in structure or appearance. scale 1.  A reduced or rudimentary leaf, for example around a dormant bud. 2.  A flattened epidermal outgrowth, such as those commonly found on the leaves and rhizomes of ferns. scandent Climbing, by whatever means. See also: scandent in Wiktionary. scape adj. scapose Usages vary, e.g.: a leafless peduncle arising directly from the ground, or a stem-like flowering stalk of a plant with radical leaves. scapose Having the floral axis more or less erect with few or no leaves; consisting of a scape. scarious Dry and membranous. schizocarp A dry fruit formed from more than one carpel but breaking apart into individual carpels (mericarp) when ripe. For illustration, see mericarp scion The aerial part of a graft combination, induced by various means to unite with a compatible understock or rootstock. sclereid A cell with a thick, lignified, cell wall that is shorter than a fiber cell and dies soon after the thickening of its cell wall. sclerenchyma A strengthening or supporting tissue composed of sclereids or of a mixture of sclereids and fibers. sclerophyll adj. sclerophyllous A plant with hard, stiff leaves; any structure stiffened with thick-walled cells. scorpioid (of a cymose inflorescence) Branching alternately on one side and then the other. Compare helicoid. scrobiculate Having very small pits. scrubland Dense vegetation dominated by shruba. scurf Minute, loose, membranous scales on the surface of some plant parts, such as leaves. secondary metabolite Chemicals produced by a plant that do not have a role in so-called primary functions such as growth, development, photosynthesis, reproduction, etc. secretory tissue The tissues concerned with the secretion of gums, resins, oils and other substances in plants. section (sectio) The category of supplementary taxa intermediate in rank between subgenus and series. It is a singular noun always written with a capital initial letter, in combination with the generic name. secund Having all the parts grouped on one side or turned to one side (applied especially to inflorescences). sedge A plant of the family Cyperaceae. seed A ripened ovule, consisting of a protective coat enclosing an embryo and food reserves; a propagating organ formed in the sexual reproductive cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperms (together, the seed plants). segment A part or subdivision of an organ, e.g. a petal is a segment of the corolla. A term sometimes used when the sepals and petals are indistinguishable. self-pollination (also selfing) The acceptance by stigmas of pollen from the same flower or from flowers on the same plant, which means they are self-compatible. semaphyll A structure such as a bract or sepal (if the remainder of the perianth is inconspicuous) which has become modified to attract pollinators. semelparity When a plant flowers once then dies. semiterete Rounded on one side but flat on the other. See also terete. senecioid See anthemoid. sensitive A descriptive term for stigmas that, in response to touch, close the two lobes of the stigma together, ending the receptivity of the stigma, at least for the time that the lobes are closed together. Mimulus is perhaps the best-known example. sensu In the sense of. sensu auct. (of a plant group or name) As cited by a named authority. sensu amplo (of a plant group or name) In a generous or ample sense. sensu lato (of a plant group) In a broad sense. sensu strictissimo (of a plant group) In the narrowest sense. sensu stricto (of a plant group) In a narrow sense. sepal In a flower, one of the segments or divisions of the outer whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs; usually green. Compare petal, tepal. septicidal (of a fruit) Dehiscing along the partitions between loculi. Compare loculicidal. septum pl. septaA partition, e.g. the membranous wall separating the two valves of the pod of Brassicaceae. seriate Arranged in rows. sericeous Silky with dense appressed hairs. series The category of supplementary taxa intermediate in rank between section and species. It is often used as a plural adjective, as in "Primula subgenus Primula sect. Primula series Acaules". serrate Toothed with asymmetrical teeth pointing forward; like the cutting edge of a saw. serrulate Finely serrate. sessile Attached without a stalk, e.g. of a leaf without a petiole or a stigma, when the style is absent. seta pl. setae; adj. setose, setaceous A bristle or stiff hair (in Bryophytes, the stalk of the sporophyte). A terminal seta is an appendage to the tip of an organ, e.g. the primary rachis of a bipinnate leaf in Acacia. sheath A tubular or rolled part of an organ, e.g. the lower part of the leaf in most grasses. shoot The aerial part of a plant; a stem and all of its dependent parts (leaves, flowers, etc.). shrub A woody perennial plant without a single main trunk, branching freely, and generally smaller than a tree. sigmoid Shaped like the letter 'S'. silicula or silicle A fruit like a siliqua, but stouter, not more than twice as long as wide. silique siliqua A dry, dehiscent fruit (in contrast to a silicula, more than twice as long as wide) formed from a superior ovary of two carpels, with two parietal placentas and divided into two loculi by a 'false' septum. silky Densely covered with fine, soft, straight, appressed hairs, with a lustrous sheen and satiny to the touch. silviculture The science of forestry and the cultivation of woodlands for commercial purposes and wildlife conservation. simple Undivided or unsegmented, e.g. a leaf not divided into leaflets (note, however, that a simple leaf may still be entire, toothed or lobed) or an unbranched hair or inflorescence. sinuate Having deep, wave-like depressions along the margins, but more or less flat. Compare undulate. sinus A notch or depression between two lobes or teeth in the margin of an organ. solitary Single, of flowers that grow one plant per year, one in each axil, or widely separated on the plant; not grouped in an inflorescence. sorus pl. sori A cluster of sporangia. Sori typically occur in ferns, some Algae and some fungi. In many fern species the sorus is covered by a protective indusium. sp. An abbreviation of species (singular), often used when the genus is known but the species has not been determined, as in "Brassica sp." See spp.. spp. An abbreviation of species (plural), often used to collectively refer to more than one species of the same genus, as in "Astragalus spp." See sp.. spadix A spicate (spike-like) inflorescence with the flowers crowded densely, even solidly, around a stout, often succulent axis. Particularly typical of the family Araceae spathe adj. spathaceous A large bract ensheathing an inflorescence. Traditionally any broad, flat blade. spathulate or spatulate Spoon-shaped; broad at the tip with a narrowed projection extending to the base. species A group, or populations of individuals, sharing common features and/or ancestry, generally the smallest group that can be readily and consistently recognized; often, a group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. The basic unit of classification, the category of taxa of the lowest principal rank in the nomenclatural hierarchy. Strict assignment to a species is not always possible, as it is subject to particular contexts, and the species concept under consideration. specific epithet Follows the name of the genus, and is the second word of a botanical binomial. The generic name and specific epithet together constitute the name of a species, i.e. the specific epithet is not the species name. speirochoric Unintentional introduction by seeds. Compare agochoric. spica adj. spicate Another name for a spike. spike adj. spicate An unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are without stalks. Compare raceme. spikelet A subunit of a spike inflorescence, especially in grasses, sedges, and some other monocotyledons, consisting of one to many flowers and associated bracts or glumes. spine adj. spinose A stiff, sharp structure formed by the modification of a plant organ that contains vascular tissue, e.g. a lateral branch or a stipule; includes thorns. spinescent Ending in a spine; modified to form a spine. spiral Of arrangement, when plant parts are arranged in a succession of curves like the thread of a screw, or coiled in a cylindrical or conical manner. splash-cup (sporangia) A cup-like structure in fungi such as Nidulariaceae and in cryptogams such as some mosses. The cups function in spore dispersal, in which the energy of raindrops falling into the cup causes the water to splash outward carrying the spores. sporangium (sporangia) A structure in which spores are formed and from which the mature spores are released sporangiophore An organ bearing sporangia, e.g. the cones of Equisetum. spore A haploid propagule, produced by meiosis in diploid cells of a sporophyte that can germinate to produce a multicellular gametophyte. sporocarp A fruiting body containing spores. sporophyll In pteridophytes, a modified leaf that bears a sporangium or sporangia. sporophyte The diploid multicellular phase in the alternation of generations of plants and algae that produces the spores. Compare gametophyte. sport A naturally occurring variant of a species, not usually present in a population or group of plants; a plant that has spontaneously mutated so that it differs from its parent plant. spreading Extending horizontally, e.g. in branches. Standing out at right angles to an axis, e.g. in leaves or hairs. spur 1.  a short shoot. 2.  a conical or tubular outgrowth from the base of a perianth segment, often containing nectar. squamule pl. squamules, squamulae; adj. squamulose Small scales. squamulose Covered with small scales (squamules). squarrose Having tips of leaves, stems, etc. radiating or projecting outward, e.g. in the moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus. s.t. An abbreviation for "sometimes". Compare usu. and oft.. stalk The supporting structure of an organ, usually narrower in diameter than the organ itself. stamen adj. staminate The male organ of a flower, consisting (usually) of a stalk called the filament and a pollen-bearing head called the anther. staminate flower Also male flower. A flower with stamens but no pistil. staminode A sterile stamen, often rudimentary, sometimes petal-like. Commonly has a function in attracting pollinators that feed on the staminodes. staminophore A structure, around the apex of eucalypt, myrtaceae hypanthia, that supports the stamens. standard The large posterior petal of pea-flowers. standard specimen A representative specimen of a cultivar or other taxon which demonstrates how the name of that taxon should be used. stele The primary vascular system (including phloem, xylem, and ground tissue) of plant stems and roots. stellate Star-shaped. stem The plant axis, either aerial or subterranean, which bears nodes, leaves, branches, and flowers. stem-clasping See amplexicaul. stenospermocarpy The development or production of fruit that is seedless or has minute seeds because of the abortion of seed development. Compare parthenocarpy. sterile Infertile, as with a stamen that does not bear pollen or a flower that does not bear seed. stigma The pollen-receptive surface of a carpel or group of fused carpels, usually sticky; usually a point or small head at the summit of the style. stipe Generally a small stalk or stalk-like structure. The stalk of a frond of a fern; the stalk supporting the pileus of a mushroom; the stalk of a seaweed such as a kelp; the stalk-like support of a gynaecium or a carpel stipella Also stipel; pl. stipellae One of two small secondary stipules at the base of leaflets in some species. stipitate stalked; borne on a stipe; of an ovary, borne on a gynophore. stipulate Bearing stipules. stipule A small appendage at the bases of leaves in many dicotyledons. stock See rootstock. stolon Also runner. A slender, prostrate or trailing stem, producing roots and sometimes erect shoots at its nodes. See also rhizome. stoloniferous Having stolons. stoma pl. stomata A pore or small hole in the surface of a leaf (or other aerial organ) allowing the exchange of gases between tissues and the atmosphere. stone cell a sclereid cell, such as the cells that form the tissue of nut shells and the stones of drupes. striate Striped with parallel, longitudinal lines or ridges. strigillose Minutely strigose. strigose Covered with appressed, straight, rigid, bristle-like hairs; the appressed equivalent of hispid. strobilus pl. strobili A cone-like structure consisting of sporophylls (e.g. conifers and club mosses) or sporangiophores (e.g. in Equisetopsida) borne close together on an axis. style An elongated part of a carpel or a group of fused carpels between the ovary and the stigma. stylodium An elongate stigma that resembles a style; a false style, e.g. commonly found in the Poaceae and Asteraceae. stylopodium A swelling on top of the ovary, at the base of the styles commonly found in flowers of the Apiaceae. stylulus The elongated apex of a free carpel which functions like the style of a syncarpous ovary, allowing pollen tubes from its stigma to enter the locule of only that carpel. subacute Having a tapered but not sharply pointed form; moderately acute. See also acute. subcoriaceous Slightly leathery or coriaceous. subgenus A category of supplementary taxa intermediate between genus and section. The name of a subgenus is a singular noun, always has a capital initial letter and is used in combination with the generic name, e.g. Primula subgenus Primula. subglobose Inflated, but less than spherical. See also globose. suborbicular Nearly orbicular, flat and almost circular in outline. See also orbicular. subpetiolate (of a leaf) Having an extremely short petiole, and may appear sessile. subquadrangular Not quite square. Compare quadrangular. subshrub Also undershrub A small shrub which may have partially herbaceous stems, but generally a woody plant less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) high. subspecies A taxonomic category within a species, usually used for geographically isolated or morphologically distinct populations of the same species. Its taxonomic rank occurs between species and variety. subtend To stand beneath or close to, as in a bract at the base of a flower. subulate Narrow and tapering gradually to a fine point. succulent 1.  Juicy or fleshy. 2.  A plant with a fleshy habit. sucker A shoot of more or less subterranean origin; an erect shoot originating from a bud on a root or a rhizome, sometimes at some distance from the stem of the plant. suffrutex pl. suffrutices A subshrub or undershrub. sulcate Furrowed; grooved. May be single (monosulcate), two (bisulcate) or many (polysulcate). superficial On the surface. superior ovary An ovary borne above the level of attachment of the other floral parts, or above the base of a hypanthium. Compare inferior ovary and half-inferior ovary. suspended Of an ovule, when attached slightly below the summit of the ovary. Compare pendulous. suture A junction or seam of union. See fissure and commissure. sward Extensive, more or less even cover of a surface, e.g. a lawn grass. Compare tussock. sympatric Having more or less similar or overlapping ranges of distribution. sympodial A mode of growth in which the main axis is repeatedly terminated and replaced with a lateral branch. Examples occur in the family Combretaceae, including the genera Terminalia and Combretum. Compare monopodial. syconium A hollow infructescence containing multiple fruit, such as that of a fig. syn- Also sym-. A prefix meaning "with, together". symmetrical Capable of being divided into at least two equal, mirror-image halves (e.g. zygomorphic) or having rotational symmetry (e.g. regular or actinomorphic). Compare irregular and asymmetrical. sympetalous Having united (connate or fused) petals, not free (apopetalous). See also syntepalous (having fused tepals). symphyllous a single perianth-whorl of united segments. Compare gamophyllous (synonym), apophyllous, and polyphyllous. synangium A fused aggregate of sporangia, e.g. in the trilocular sporangia of the whisk fern Psilotum. synanthous A type of growth in which new leaves and flowers appear and die back at the same time. See also hysteranthous and proteranthous. synaptospermy The dispersal of diaspores as units, where each bears more than one seed, for example where each diaspore comprises an entire inflorescence, as in Brunsvigia or multi-seeded fruit as in Tribulus zeyheri. Ephemeral synaptospermy is the term for when the diaspores split into units containing fewer or single seeds each, as in most tumbleweeds. True synaptospermy is when the diaspore generally remains entire until germination, as commonly happens in species of Grielum. syncarpous (of a gynoecium) Composed of united carpels. synonym An outdated or 'alternative' name for the same taxon. synoecious A synonym of bisexual. syntepalous Having fused tepals. See also sympetalous (having fused petals). Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z T Leucaena leucocephala taproot exposed in a roadcut Cross sections of Brazil nut seeds, showing the tegmen and testa Tendrils of Cucurbita pepo, some supporting the stem on the frame, some failing to find a point of attachment Nerine bowdenii, showing the lack of visible sepals, and the inferior ovaries. The sepals are incorporated into the corolla as tepals. Terete raceme of Kniphofia shown together with a cross section of a peduncle. A: Inflorescence; B: Terete peduncle; C: Cross section of a terete peduncle Gymnosporia buxifolia has true thorns, that is, modified branches. In some species such branches are complete with buds and leaves. Sweet potato tubers exposed, showing them to be root tubers. Morphologically, they differ from stem tubers of potatoes, for example, in that root tubers do not have nodes that bear buds. The root tubers of some species of plants, however, can produce adventitious buds for vegetative reproduction. Oxalis tuberosa, a stem tuber Corms of Crocosmia bear typical tunics formed of cataphylls growing from the nodes of the corm. The illustration shows still-living cataphylls as white tissue, whereas the functional, hard, resistant tunic is brown. Turbinate (spinning top-shaped) roots of sugar beet Haworthia lockwoodii, with its leaves turgid and green after seasonal rains, store water against the coming dry period. Tussock grasses on mountain slopes taproot The primary descending root of a plant with a single dominant root axis. tartareous Having a surface that is course, thick, rough, and crumbling. taxon pl. taxa A group or category in a system of biological classification. taxonomy The study of the principles and practice of classification. tegmen The inner layer of the testa (seed coat). It develops from the inner integument of the ovule. tendril Any slender organ modified from a stem, leaf, leaflet, or stipule and used by climbing plants to cling to an object. tepal A segment of a perianth, either sepal or petal; usually used when all perianth segments are indistinguishable in appearance. terete Also semiterete Circular in cross-section; more or less cylindrical without grooves or ridges. terminal Situated at the tip or apex. ternate In groups of three; of leaves, arranged in whorls of three; of a single leaf, having the leaflets arranged in groups of three. terrestrial Of or on the ground; of a habitat, on land as opposed to in water (aquatic), on rocks (lithophytic), or on other plants (epiphytic). tessellate With cracks or fissures arranged in squares so as to give a chequered appearance. Usually applied to the appearance of the bark of a tree testa The seed coat. tetrad A group of four; usually used to refer to four pollen grains which remain fused together through maturity (e.g. in the Epacridaceae). tetragonal Square; having four corners; four-angled, e.g. the cross-sections of stems of herbaceous Lamiaceae. tetramerous In four parts, particularly with respect to flowers; four parts in each whorl. See also trimerous and pentamerous. tetraploid Having four complete sets of chromosomes in each sporophyte cell. tetraspore The asexual spore of red algae. It is so named because each sporangium produces just four spores. See Rhodophyceae. thalamus Obsolete 1.  A synonym for receptacle. 2.  The inflorescence disk of members of the Asteraceae. 3.  A calyx, as used by Carl Linnaeus. having a thallus-like structure; in the form of a thallus; thalloid thallus pl. thalli A vegetative structure that is not differentiated into stem and leaves, as in lichens, algae, thallose liverworts, and certain vascular plants, e.g. Lemna theca One of the usually two synangia in which pollen is produced in flowering plants. It consists of two fused sporangia known as pollen sacs. The wall between the pollen sacs disintegrates before dehiscence, which is usually by a common slit. thorn A sharp, stiff point, usually a modified stem, that cannot be detached without tearing the subtending tissue; a spine. Compare prickle. throat The opening of a corolla or perianth. thyrse A branched inflorescence in which the main axis is indeterminate (racemose) and the lateral branches determinate (cymose). tomentellous Minutely tomentose. tomentum Also tomentose A dense covering of short, matted hairs. Tomentose is often used as a general term for bearing an indumentum, but this is not a recommended use. toothed Having a more or less regularly incised margin. torus See receptacle. transmitting tissue See pollen transmitting tissue. trapeziform 1.  Like a trapezium (a four-sided figure with two parallel sides of unequal length). 2.  Like a trapezoid (a four-sided figure, or quadrilateral, with neither pair of sides equal); sometimes used erroneously as a synonym for rhombic. tree A woody plant, usually with a single distinct trunk and generally more than 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 ft) tall. triad A group of three. triangular Planar and with 3 sides. tribe A taxonomic grouping that ranks between genus and family. trichome In non-filamentous plants, any hair-like outgrowth from the epidermis, e.g. a hair or bristle; sometimes restricted to unbranched epidermal outgrowths. trichotomous 3-forked or branched into three. Compare dichotomous. trifid Split into three parts. See also bifid. trifoliate A compound leaf of three leaflets; for example, a clover leaf. trifoliolate See trifoliate. trigonous Triangular in cross-section and obtusely angled. Compare triquetrous. trimerous In three parts, particularly with respect to flowers; having three parts in each whorl. See also tetramerous and pentamerous. trinerved Having three nerves or veins. triplinerved (of leaves) Having three main nerves with the lateral nerves arising from the midnerve above the base of the leaf. triporate (of pollen) Having three pores. triquetrous More or less triangular in cross-section, but acutely angled (with 3 distinct longitudinal ridges). Compare trigonous. trivalve Divided into three valves. Also trivalvar. See also bivalve. trivial name The second word in the two-part scientific name of an organism. Compare specific epithet. trophophyll A vegetative, nutrient-producing leaf or microphyll whose primary function is photosynthesis. It is not specialized or modified for some other function. Compare sporophyll. trullate Ovate but angled, as with a bricklayer's trowel; inversely kite-shaped. Compare rhombic. truncate Cut off squarely; having an abruptly transverse end. trunk The upright, large and typically woody main stem of a tree. truss A compact cluster of flowers or fruits arising from one center; evident in many rhododendrons. tuber Any of many types of specialized vegetative underground storage organs. They accumulate food, water, or in protection from death by fire, drought, or other hard times. Tubers generally are well differentiated from other plant organs; for example, informally a carrot is not generally regarded as a tuber, but simply a swollen root. In this they differ from the tuber of a sweet potato, which has no special root-like function. Similarly, corms are not generally regarded as tubers, even though they are underground storage stems. Tubers store food for the plant, and also have important roles in vegetative reproduction. They generally are of two main types: stem tubers form by the swelling of an underground stem growing from a root, or from structures such as underground stolons. Stem tubers generally produce propagative buds at their stem nodes, forming a seasonal perennating organ, e.g. a potato. The main other class is the root tuber, also called tuberoid. They differ from stem tubers in features such as that, like any normal root, they do not form nodes. tubercle A small wart-like outgrowth or protuberance of tissue. tuberculate Covered in tubercles. See warty. tuberoid An alternative name for underground storage organ formed by the swelling of a root; occurs in many orchids. tuberous Resembling a tuber or producing tubers. tubular Having the form of a tube or cylinder. tufted Densely fasciculate at the tip. tunic The outer covering of some bulbs and corms. tunicate (of bulbs) Consisting of concentric coats. turbinate Shaped like a spinning top or beetroot. turgid Swollen with liquid; bloated; firm. Compare flaccid. tussock A dense tuft of vegetation, usually well separated from neighbouring tussocks, for example in some grasses. Compare sward. two-ranked Having leaves arranged in two rows in the same plane, on opposite sides of the branch. See distichous. type An item (usually an herbarium specimen) to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached, i.e. a designated representative of a plant name. Important in determining the priority of names available for a particular taxon. type genus In nomenclature, a single genus on which a taxonomic family is based. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z U Umbo in the middle of the cap of Cantharellula umbonata Thorny prickles of Senegalia mellifera subspecies detinens are unciform. Mammillaria bocasana has uncinate tips on its major spines. Pitchers of the species Nepenthes ventricosa tend to be markedly urceolate. umbel A racemose inflorescence in which all the individual flower stalks arise in a cluster at the top of the peduncle and are of about equal length; in a simple umbel, each stalk is unbranched and bears only one flower. A cymose umbel looks similar to an ordinary umbel but its flowers open centrifugally. umbo A rounded elevation, such as in the middle of the top of an umbrella or mushroom; a central boss or protuberance, such as on the scale of a cone. umbonate Having an umbo, with a conical or blunt projection arising from a flatter surface, as on the top of a mushroom or in the scale of a pine cone. unciform Hook-shaped. uncinate Having a hook at the apex. undershrub A low shrub, often with flowering branches that die off in winter. Compare subshrub. understory Plant life growing beneath the forest canopy. undulate Wavy and not flat. Compare sinuate. uniflor Having a single flower (uniflory). Compare pauciflor (few) and pluriflor (many). unilocular Having one loculus or chamber, e.g. the ovary in the families Proteaceae and Fabaceae. uniserial Arranged in a single row or series. Unbranched. Uniseriate. uniseriate Arranged in a single row or series. Unbranched. Uniserial. unisexual Of one sex; bearing only male or only female reproductive organs, dioecious, dioicous. See Sexual reproduction in plants. unitegmic (of an ovule) Covered by a single integument. See also bitegmic, having two integuments. urceolate Shaped like an urn or pitcher, with a swollen middle and narrowing top. Examples include the pitchers of many species of the pitcher plant genera Sarracenia and Nepenthes. usu. An abbreviation of usually. Compare s.t. and oft.. utricle 1.  A small bladder; a membranous bladder-like sac from the ovary wall, thin pericarp, becomes more or less bladdery or inflated at maturity enclosing an ovary or fruit. 2.  In sedges, a fruit in which the fruit is loosely encloses from a modified tubular bract, see perigynium. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z V Photomicrograph of a cross section of a vascular bundle in the stem of a typical herbaceous dicotyledon A: PhloemB: CambiumC: XylemD: Fibrous sheath of vascular bundle Leaf veins and velutinous hairs of Nepeta Velamen, the pale grey membrane covering the mature part of the root of an epiphyte Flower stalks and sepal tubes of Pueraria phaseoloides are covered with velutinous (velvety) hairs. Verticillaster of Salvia yangii Verticillate leaves and emerging branchlets of a forb Vestigial leaf scales on stem nodes of Viscum capense Asparagus virgatus owes its specific epithet virgatus to the twiggy appearance of its virgate shoots. vallecular canal A resin canal coinciding with a longitudinal groove in the seeds of Asteraceae. A longitudinal cavity in the cortex of the stems of Equisetum, coinciding with a groove in the stem surface. valvate (of sepals and petals in bud) Meeting edge-to-edge but not overlapping. valve A portion of an organ that fragments or splits open, e.g. the teeth-like portions of a pericarp in a split (dehisced) capsule or pod when ripe. var. An abbreviation of varietas. variant A plant or group of plants showing some measure of difference from the characteristics associated with a particular taxon. variegated Irregularly marked with blotches or patches of another color. varietas Often variety in common usage and abbreviated as var. A taxonomic rank below that of species and between the ranks of subspecies and form. vascular Referring to the conducting tissues (xylem and phloem) of vascular plants. vascular bundle A bundle of vascular tissue in the primary stems of vascular plants, consisting of specialized conducting cells for the transport of water (xylem) and assimilate (phloem). vasculum A container used by botanists for collecting field specimens. vein Also nerve. A strand of vascular tissue, e.g. in the leaves of vascular plants. veinlet A small vein; the ultimate (visible) division of a vein. velamen A spongy tissue covering the aerial roots of orchids and some other epiphytes. velutinous See velvety. velvety Densely covered with fine, short, soft, erect hairs. venation The arrangement of veins in a leaf. ventral From Latin venter, meaning "belly". The opposite of dorsal. Partly because the term originally referred to animals rather than plants, usage in botany is arbitrary according to context and source. In general "ventral" refers to "the belly or lower part", but in botanical usage such concepts are not always clearly defined and may be contradictory. For example: facing toward the axis (adaxial) in referring to a lateral organ of an erect plant facing toward the substrate in any part of an erect plant, for example the lower surface of a more or less horizontal leaf (abaxial) facing toward the substrate in a prostrate or climbing plant. For more detail see dorsal. vernation The arrangement of unexpanded leaves in a bud; the order in which leaves unfold from a bud. vernicose Having a shiny or polished surface as if covered in varnish and a slick or smooth texture. vernonioid In the family Asteraceae, style with sweeping hairs borne on abaxial surfaces of style branches. verruciform Wart-like in form. verrucose Having warts. verruculose Minutely verrucose; minutely warty. versatile (of anthers) Swinging freely about the point of attachment to the filament. verticillate Arranged in one or more whorls, i.e. several similar parts arranged at the same point of the axis, e.g. leaf arrangement. Compare pseudoverticillate (appearing whorled or verticillate but not actually so). verticillaster A type of pseudoverticillate inflorescence, typical of the Lamiaceae, in which pseudo-whorls are formed from pairs of opposite cymes. vesicular (of hairs) Bladder-like; vesciculous, bearing such hairs. vessel A capillary tube formed from a series of open-ended cells in the water-conducting tissue of a plant. vestigial Reduced in form and function from the normal or ancestral condition. villosulous Minutely villous. villous Abounding in or covered with long, soft, straight hairs; shaggy with soft hairs. vine 1.  Scandent plants climbing by means of trailing or twining stems or runners. 2.  Such a stem or runner. 3.  A member of the genus Vitis. virgate Diminutive: virgulate Wand-shaped, twiggy, especially referring to erect, straight stems. In mycology, referring to a pileus with radiating ribs or lines. Viridiplantae A clade of autotrophic organisms that includes the green algae, Charophyta and land plants, all of which have cellulose in their cell walls, chloroplasts derived from primary endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria that contain chlorophylls a and b and lack phycobilins. viscid Sticky; coated with a thick, syrupy secretion. vitta An oil tube in the fruit of some plants. viviparous 1.  Referring to seeds or fruits which germinate before being shed from the parent plant. 2.  The development of plantlets on non-floral organs, e.g. leaves. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z W Watershoots The verticillate whorls of leaves on Brabejum stellatifolium are unusual among trees in its native region. Winged seeds of Catalpa bignonioides are nearly all wing. Tufts at the tips increase aerodynamic drag, thereby improving wind dispersal. Leaves of some species of Citrus have winged petioles. Senecio haworthii leaves have an unusually dense wooly coat. warty A surface covered with small round protuberances, especially in fruit, leaves, twigs and bark. See tuberculate. watershoot An erect, strong-growing, or epicormic shoot developing from near the base of a shrub or tree, but distinct from a sucker. weed 1.  Any plant growing where it is not wanted; commonly associated with disrupted habitats. See also ruderal. 2.  An unwanted plant which grows among agricultural crops. 3.  A naturalised, exotic, or ecologically "out-of-balance" indigenous species outside of the agricultural or garden context, which, as a result of invasion, adversely affects the survival or regeneration of indigenous species in natural or partly natural vegetation communities. wild Originating from a known wild or purely natural habitat (wilderness). whorl A ring of organs borne at the same level on an axis (e.g. leaves, bracts, or floral parts). wing 1.  A membranous expansion of a fruit or seed which aids in dispersal, for instance on pine seeds. 2.  A thin flange of tissue extending beyond the normal outline of a structure, e.g. on the column of some orchids, on stems, on petioles. 3.  One of the two lateral petals of a flower of subfamily Faboideae of family Fabaceae, located between the adaxial standard (banner) petal and the two abaxial keel petals. woody hard and lignified; not herbaceous wooly woolly Very densely covered with long, more or less matted or intertwined hairs, resembling a sheep's wool. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z X xeromorph A plant with structural features (e.g. hard or succulent leaves) or functional adaptations that prevent water loss by evaporation; usually associated with arid habitats, but not necessarily drought-tolerant. Compare xerophyte. xerophyte A plant generally living in a dry habitat, typically showing xeromorphic or succulent adaptation; a plant able to tolerate long periods of drought. Compare xeromorph. xylem A specialized water-conducting tissue in vascular plants. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Z Zonate markings on the leaves of a garden variety of Pelargonium zonale Like most of the genus Pelargonium, and unlike most members of the genus Geranium, Pelargonium quercifolium bears flowers that are bilaterally symmetrical. Accordingly, because the yoke of an ox is bilaterally symmetrical, such flowers are said to be zygomorphic, which literally means "yoke-shaped". zonate Having light and dark circular bands or rings, typically on leaves or flowers. zygomorphic Bilaterally symmetrical; symmetrical about one vertical plane only; applies to flowers in which the perianth segments within each whorl vary in size and shape. Contrast actinomorphic and irregular. zygote A fertilized cell, the product of fusion of two gametes. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also Glossary of biology Glossary of plant morphology Glossary of leaf morphology Glossary of lichen terms Glossary of mycology Glossary of scientific naming Plant morphology Floral formula – abbreviations used in describing flower parts Plants portal References ^ New Oxford Dictionary v1 2007, p. 2. ^ a b c Harris & Harris 2001, p. 3. ^ New Oxford Dictionary v1 2007, p. 7. ^ New Oxford Dictionary v1 2007, p. 8. ^ Shreve & Wiggins 1964, p. 738. ^ Shreve & Wiggins 1964, p. 355. ^ Shreve & Wiggins 1964, p. 351. ^ New Oxford Dictionary v1 2007, p. 16. ^ Turland et al. 2018, Article 18. ^ IPNI 2022. ^ a b Harris & Harris 2001, p. 4. ^ Harris & Harris 2001, pp. 4–5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Harris & Harris 2001, p. 5. ^ Sims 1803, . ^ Harris & Harris 2001, p. 6. ^ Cappers & Neef 2012, p. 95. ^ Pell & Angell 2016, p. 15. ^ Pell & Angell 2016, p. 16. ^ Pell & Angell 2016, p. 17. ^ Pell & Angell 2016, p. 20. ^ Pell & Angell 2016, p. 24. ^ Pell & Angell 2016, p. 27. ^ Pell & Angell 2016, p. 35. ^ Pell & Angell 2016, p. 39. ^ a b Pell & Angell 2016, p. 41. ^ Pell & Angell 2016, p. 46. ^ Pell & Angell 2016, p. 47. ^ a b c d e Jackson 1928. ^ a b Jaeger 1959. ^ Pell & Angell 2016, p. 58. ^ Beentje 2010, p. 33. ^ a b Hanzawa, Beattie & Holmes 1985. ^ Pell & Angell 2016, p. 78. ^ a b Schulze & Zwölfer 2012, p. 261. ^ Pell & Angell 2016, p. 83. ^ Copied definition from Wiktionary entry for faculative biology adjective. See that page's history for attribution. ^ Copied definition from Wiktionary entry for fimbriate biology adjective. See that page's history for attribution. ^ Rendle 1911. ^ a b Carolin & Tindale 1994, p. 23. ^ Beentje 2010, p. 67. ^ "Glossary: P". Go Botany. Native Plant Trust. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ Meerow et al. 1999. ^ Eckenwalder 2009, pp. 648–661. ^ Pell & Angell 2016, p. 169. ^ Kucewicz, Maćkiewicz & Źróbek-Sokolnik 2010. ^ Brodie 1951. ^ Beach 1914a. ^ Beach 1914b. ^ "tuberculate". Dictionary of botany. Retrieved 7 January 2024. ^ Harris & Harris 2001, p. 132. ^ New Oxford Dictionary v2 2007, p. 3534. ^ Carr, G.W., in Foreman & Walsh, 1993. Bibliography Allaby, Michael (2012). A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960057-1 – via Google Books (preview only). Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914a). "Tetrad". The New Student's Reference Work. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co. Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914b). "Tetraspore". The New Student's Reference Work. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co. Beentje, Henk (2010). The Kew Plant Glossary, an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms. Richmond, London: Kew Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84246-422-9. Brodie, Harold J. (May 1951). "The splash-cup dispersal mechanism in plants". Canadian Journal of Botany. 29 (3). Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Science Publishing: 224–234. doi:10.1139/b51-022. Cappers, René T.J.; Neef, Reinder (2012). Handbook of Plant Palaeoecology. Barkuis Publishing. ISBN 9789492444264 – via Google Books (preview only). Carolin, Roger C.; Tindale, Mary D. (1994). Flora of the Sydney Region (4th ed.). Chatswood, NSW: Reed. ISBN 0730104001. OCLC 32821788. Don, George (1831). A General History of Dichlamydeous Plants...Arranged According to the Natural System. Vol. 1. London. Retrieved 15 December 2022 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library. Eckenwalder, James E. (2009). Conifers of the World: the Complete Reference. London: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4. Gifford, Ernest M.; Foster, Adriance S. (1989). Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants (3rd ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-1946-5. Hanzawa, Frances M.; Beattie, Andrew J.; Holmes, Anne (November 1985). "Dual function of the elaiosome of Corydalis aurea (Fumariaceae): attraction of dispersal agents and repulsion of Peromyscus maniculatus, a seed predator". American Journal of Botany. 72 (11). St. Louis, Missouri: Botanical Society of America: 1707–1711. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1985.tb08442.x. JSTOR 2443727. Harris, James G.; Harris, Melinda Woolf (2001). Plant Identification Terminology: an Illustrated Glossary (2nd ed.). Spring Lake, Utah, US: Spring Lake Publishing. ISBN 0-9640221-6-8. Hickey, Michael; King, Clive (2000). The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79401-5 – via Google Books. Hughes, Colin (2017). "About the Field Guides Project". The Virtual Field Herbarium (herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk). Oxford University Herbaria. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017. "Plant Characteristics". The Virtual Field Herbarium (herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk). Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017. In Hughes (2017). IPNI (2022). "Rosaceae Juss., Gen. Pl. 334 (1789), nom. cons". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 24 December 2022. Jackson, Benjamin Daydon (1928). A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent. New York: Hafner Publishing Co. Inc. Retrieved 15 December 2022 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library. Jaeger, Edmund Carroll (1959). A Source-book of Biological Names and Terms. Springfield, Illinois, US: Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-06179-1 – via Internet Archive. Kucewicz, Magdalena; Maćkiewicz, Katarzyna; Źróbek-Sokolnik, Anna (2010). "Selected aspects of tiny vetch seed ecology: generative reproduction and effects of seed maturity and seed storage on seed germination". Acta Agrobotanica. 63 (1). Warsaw: Polish Botanical Society: 205–212. doi:10.5586/aa.2010.023. Lellinger, David B. (2002). A Modern Multilingual Glossary for Taxonomic Pteridology (Pteridologia) (in English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese). Vol. 3. American Fern Society, Inc. ISBN 978-0-933500-02-0. Retrieved 15 December 2022 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library. Meerow, Alan W.; Fay, Michael F.; Guy, Charles L.; Li, Qin-Bao; Zaman, Faridah Q.; Chase, Mark W. (September 1999). "Systematics of Amaryllidaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 86 (9). St. Louis, Missouri: Botanical Society of America: 1325–1345. doi:10.2307/2656780. JSTOR 2656780. PMID 10487820. Neotropikey (2017). "Glossary of Botanical Terms". www.kew.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017. New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (A–M). Vol. 1 (6th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2. Retrieved 17 December 2022 – via Internet Archive. New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (N–Z). Vol. 2 (6th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2. Retrieved 16 December 2022 – via Internet Archive. NYBG (2019). "Glossary for Vascular Plants". The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium, New York Botanical Garden. Retrieved 20 September 2019. Pell, Susan K.; Angell, Bobbi (2016). A Botanist's Vocabulary: 1300 Terms Explained and Illustrated. Portland, Oregon, US: Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-604-69563-2. Rendle, Alfred Barton (1911). "Fruit". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 257–258. Schulze, Ernst-Detlef; Zwölfer, Helmut, eds. (2012). Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis, Extinction and Naturalization of Plant Species. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 9783642716300. Retrieved 16 December 2022 – via Google Books (preview only). Shreve, Forrest; Wiggins, Ira L. (1964). Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert. Vol. 1. Stanford, California, US: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804701631. OCLC 710084 – via Internet Archive. Simpson, Michael G. (August 2011). Plant Systematics. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-051404-8 – via Google Books (preview only). Sims, John (1803). Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Or, Flower-garden Displayed: In which the Most Ornamental Foreign Plants, Cultivated in the Open Ground, the Green-house, and the Stove, are Accurately Represented in Their Natural Colours ... Vol. 17. London: T. Curtis. Retrieved 15 December 2022 – via Google Books. Stearn, William T. (1983). Botanical Latin (3rd ed.). Newton Abbot & London & North Pomfret, Vermont, US: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-8548-8. Retrieved 15 December 2015 – via Internet Archive. Turland, N.J.; Wiersema, J.H.; Barrie, F.R.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Kusber, W.-H.; Li, D.-Z.; Marhold, K.; May, T.W.; McNeill, J.; Monro, A.M.; Prado, J.; Price, M.J.; Smith, G.F., eds. (2018). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile. Vol. 159. Glashütten, Germany: Koeltz Botanical Books. doi:10.12705/Code.2018. ISBN 978-3-946583-16-5. OCLC 1043552267. Retrieved 21 December 2022. External links Wiktionary Glossary at: APweb A glossary of botanical terms in English At: Flora, etc. Garden Web eFloras Categorical Glossary for the Flora of North America Project Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew Standard glossary (archive) Stuppy, W. Glossary of Seed and Fruit Morphological Terms Australia and New Zealand University of Sydney: Eflora – Glossary Florabase (Western Australia) Flora of Australia Online Glossary Flora of Australia Abbreviations Flora of S Australia Botany Word of the Day. Illustrated with New Zealand natives New Zealand Plant Conservation Network Africa Herman, P P J (2015). "Botanical glossary" (PDF). SANBI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020. Plants of southern Africa Archived 17 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine vteBotany History Outline Subdisciplines Archaeobotany Astrobotany Bryology Dendrology Ethnobotany Paleobotany Phycology Phytochemistry Phytogeography Geobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Plant pathology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Fern Lycophyte Spermatophytes Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant anatomy Plant morphology(glossary)Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Cork Ground tissue Mesophyll Meristem Storage organs Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Wood Vegetative Bulb Root Rhizoid Rhizome Shoot Bud Leaf Cataphyll Petiole Sessility Stem Reproductive(incl. Flower) Archegonium Antheridium Androecium Pollen Stamen Staminode Tapetum Flower Aestivation Flower development Floral diagram Floral formula Floral symmetry Whorl Fruit Anatomy Berry Capsule Nut Pyrena Seed Dispersal Endosperm Gametophyte Gynandrium Gynoecium Ovary Locule Ovule Stigma Hypanthium (Floral cup) Inflorescence Bract Pedicellate Raceme Umbel Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Plant embryo Receptacle Sporophyll Sporophyte Surface structures Cuticle Epicuticular wax Epidermis Nectar Stoma Thorns, spines, and prickles Trichome Plant physiologyMaterials Aleurone Apical dominance Bulk flow Cellulose Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Phytomelanin Plant hormones Respiration Gas Exchange Cellular respiration Sap Starch Sugar Transpiration Turgor pressure Plant growthand habit Habit Cushion plants Rosettes Shrubs Prostrate shrubs Subshrubs Succulent plants Trees Vines Lianas Herbaceous plants Secondary growth Woody plants Reproduction EvolutionEcology Alternation of generations Double fertilization Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Flora Germination Pollination Artificial Pollinators Pollen tube Self Sporangium Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Spore Plant taxonomy Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature (ICN) ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy Cultigen Cultivar Group Grex History of plant systematics Herbarium International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) Plant taxonomy systems Taxonomic rank Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Phytochemical ListsRelated topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expeditions Individual trees Category vteGlossaries of science and engineering Aerospace engineering Agriculture Archaeology Architecture Artificial intelligence Astronomy Biology Botany Calculus Cell biology Chemistry Civil engineering Clinical research Computer hardware Computer science Developmental and reproductive biology Ecology Economics Electrical and electronics engineering Engineering A–L M–Z Entomology Environmental science Genetics and evolutionary biology Cellular and molecular biology 0–L M–Z Geography A–M N–Z Arabic toponyms Hebrew toponyms Western and South Asia Geology Ichthyology Machine vision Mathematics Mechanical engineering Medicine Meteorology Mycology Nanotechnology Ornithology Physics Probability and statistics Psychiatry Quantum computing Robotics Scientific naming Structural engineering Virology
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"plant morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_morphology"},{"link_name":"Glossary of plant morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology"},{"link_name":"Glossary of leaf morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology"},{"link_name":"Glossary of phytopathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_phytopathology"},{"link_name":"Glossary of lichen terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_lichen_terms"},{"link_name":"List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_and_Greek_words_commonly_used_in_systematic_names"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"},{"link_name":"See also","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#See_also"},{"link_name":"References","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#References"},{"link_name":"External links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#External_links"}],"text":"This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary of leaf morphology. For other related terms, see Glossary of phytopathology, Glossary of lichen terms, and List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names.Contents \n\nA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z\nSee also\nReferences\nExternal links","title":"Glossary of botanical terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetradenia_riparia_leaves_and_buds_IMG_2103c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tetradenia riparia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetradenia_riparia"},{"link_name":"axil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axil"},{"link_name":"abaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#abaxial"},{"link_name":"adaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adaxial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viburnum_abscission.jpg"},{"link_name":"Viburnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viburnum"},{"link_name":"abscission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#abscission"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Welwitschia_at_Ugab_River_basin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Welwitschia mirabilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welwitschia_mirabilis"},{"link_name":"acaulescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#acaulescent"},{"link_name":"habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#habit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accumbent_cotyledon.jpg"},{"link_name":"accumbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#accumbent"},{"link_name":"cotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cotyledon"},{"link_name":"radicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#radicle"},{"link_name":"Erysimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysimum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strawberry.achene.es.jpg"},{"link_name":"Achene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#achene"},{"link_name":"infructescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#infructescence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geranium_incanum_floral_stages_IMG_2752.jpg"},{"link_name":"Geranium incanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geranium_incanum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"actinomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#actinomorphic"},{"link_name":"zygomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#zygomorphic"},{"link_name":"Pelargonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelargonium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferns-_British_and_exotic.._(1856)_(14595221459).jpg"},{"link_name":"acuminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#acuminate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr-091104-0742-Gossypium_tomentosum-flower-Kahanu_Gardens_NTBG_Kaeleku_Hana-Maui_(24961202116).jpg"},{"link_name":"Adelphous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adelphous"},{"link_name":"Gossypium tomentosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossypium_tomentosum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Watsonia_flower_with_adnate_stamens_and_connate_petals_IMG_1974c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Watsonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watsonia_(plant)"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"adnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adnate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Contributions_from_the_New_York_Botanical_Garden_(1899-)_(20677430362).jpg"},{"link_name":"albumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#albumen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caffeine.png"},{"link_name":"Caffeine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine"},{"link_name":"alkaloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#alkaloid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rothmannia_globosa,_blaarbearing,_Uniegeboutuine,_a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rothmannia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothmannia"},{"link_name":"anastomose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anastomose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandersonia_aurantiaca_1DS-II_2-5399.jpg"},{"link_name":"Androgynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#androgynous"},{"link_name":"Sandersonia aurantiaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandersonia_aurantiaca"},{"link_name":"androecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#androecium"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"pistil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pistil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2012-01-04_17-57-36-lys.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"Lilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilium"},{"link_name":"anthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anthesis"},{"link_name":"dehiscent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dehiscent"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neea_sp.,_Nyctaginaceae,_Atlantic_forest,_northeastern_Bahia,_Brazil_(9463277249).jpg"},{"link_name":"Neea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neea"},{"link_name":"Nyctaginaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctaginaceae"},{"link_name":"anthocarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anthocarp"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#style"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quercus_robur_RF.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aphananthous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aphananthous"},{"link_name":"Quercus robur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_robur"},{"link_name":"anemophilous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anemophilous"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Populus_angustifolia_%C3%97_balsamifera_(5001208139).jpg"},{"link_name":"Apical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apical"},{"link_name":"Populus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ochrosia_borbonica_fruit_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ochrosia borbonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochrosia_borbonica"},{"link_name":"apocarpous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apocarpous"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070404-6665_Araucaria_cunninghamii.jpg"},{"link_name":"Apophyses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apophysis"},{"link_name":"Araucaria cunninghamii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucaria_cunninghamii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alyssum_linifolium_leaf2_ST_(14931806424).jpg"},{"link_name":"Meniocus linifolius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meniocus_linifolius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"stellate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stellate"},{"link_name":"appressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#appressed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arachnoid_leaves_of_unidentified_Gazania_2012_07_05_7252s.JPG"},{"link_name":"Arachnoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#arachnoid"},{"link_name":"Gazania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gymnocalycium_bayrianum_GN88_69_spines.JPG"},{"link_name":"Spine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spine"},{"link_name":"Gymnocalycium bayrianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnocalycium_bayrianum"},{"link_name":"areole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#areole"},{"link_name":"node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#node"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013.11-411-169_Akee,seed%26aril(whole,LS)_Bobo-Dioulasso,BF_thu14nov2013-0953h.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blighia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blighia"},{"link_name":"aril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aril"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wild_rye.jpg"},{"link_name":"Infructescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#infructescence"},{"link_name":"awn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#awn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rytidosperma_longifolium33_floret19_(9412598806).jpg"},{"link_name":"awn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#awn"},{"link_name":"Rytidosperma longifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rytidosperma_longifolium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Searsia_angustifolia_(Rhus_angustifolia)_axillary_and_apical_buds_5471.jpg"},{"link_name":"Axillary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axillary"},{"link_name":"ab-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ab-"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Oxford_Dictionary_v120072-1"},{"link_name":"abaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abaxial"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20013-2"},{"link_name":"adaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adaxial"},{"link_name":"abort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abort"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Oxford_Dictionary_v120077-3"},{"link_name":"abscission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscission"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Oxford_Dictionary_v120078-4"},{"link_name":"abscission zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscission_zone"},{"link_name":"abscission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#abscission"},{"link_name":"petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petiole"},{"link_name":"pedicel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pedicel"},{"link_name":"acaulescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acaulescent"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20013-2"},{"link_name":"Oxalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShreveWiggins1964738-5"},{"link_name":"Nolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShreveWiggins1964355-6"},{"link_name":"Yucca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucca"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShreveWiggins1964351-7"},{"link_name":"Antonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonym"},{"link_name":"caulescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#caulescent"},{"link_name":"accrescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accrescent"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20013-2"},{"link_name":"Physalis peruviana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalis_peruviana"},{"link_name":"cotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cotyledon"},{"link_name":"radicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#radicle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Oxford_Dictionary_v1200716-8"},{"link_name":"generic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurlandWiersemaBarrieGreuter2018[httpswwwiapt-taxonorgnomenpagesmainart_18html_Article%3Cspan_class=%22nowrap%22%3E %3C/span%3E18]-9"},{"link_name":"Rosaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosaceae"},{"link_name":"type genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_genus"},{"link_name":"Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_(plant)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIPNI2022-10"},{"link_name":"achene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achene"},{"link_name":"indehiscent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indehiscent"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20014-11"},{"link_name":"infructescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#infructescence"},{"link_name":"Fragaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragaria"},{"link_name":"acicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acicular_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20014-11"},{"link_name":"Leaf shape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shape"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"bathyphyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bathyphyll"},{"link_name":"sorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sorus"},{"link_name":"abaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#abaxial"},{"link_name":"frond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#frond"},{"link_name":"Elaphoglossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaphoglossum"},{"link_name":"Acrostichum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrostichum"},{"link_name":"actino-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/actino-"},{"link_name":"radial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/radial"},{"link_name":"leaf venation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_venation"},{"link_name":"Palmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#palmate"},{"link_name":"radially","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#radial"},{"link_name":"primary vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#primary_vein"},{"link_name":"margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#margin"},{"link_name":"actinomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinomorphic"},{"link_name":"Regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#regular"},{"link_name":"radially","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#radial"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20014%E2%80%935-12"},{"link_name":"stele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stele"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#regular"},{"link_name":"asymmetrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#asymmetrical"},{"link_name":"irregular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#irregular"},{"link_name":"zygomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#zygomorphic"},{"link_name":"aculeate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aculeate"},{"link_name":"prickle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#prickle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20015-13"},{"link_name":"acuminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuminate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20015-13"},{"link_name":"acute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#acute"},{"link_name":"mucronate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mucronate"},{"link_name":"Leaf shape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shape"},{"link_name":"acute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_angles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20015-13"},{"link_name":"acuminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#acuminate"},{"link_name":"Leaf shape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shape"},{"link_name":"obtuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#obtuse"},{"link_name":"ad-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ad-"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20015-13"},{"link_name":"adaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adaxial"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20015-13"},{"link_name":"abaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#abaxial"},{"link_name":"adelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adelphia"},{"link_name":"adelphous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adelphous"},{"link_name":"Hibiscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus"},{"link_name":"adelphous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adelphous"},{"link_name":"filament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#filament"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"adelphiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adelphia"},{"link_name":"Malvaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvaceae"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims1803[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddGdMAAAAYAAJpgPP93_[p._93]]-14"},{"link_name":"monadelphous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monadelphous"},{"link_name":"Hibiscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus"},{"link_name":"diadelphous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#diadelphous"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20015-13"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"adnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adnate"},{"link_name":"adnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20015-13"},{"link_name":"margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#margin"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"connate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#connate"},{"link_name":"adventitious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventitious"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20015-13"},{"link_name":"bud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bud"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"axil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axil"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#root"},{"link_name":"node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#node"},{"link_name":"prostrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#prostrate"},{"link_name":"hypocotyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hypocotyl"},{"link_name":"radicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#radicle"},{"link_name":"monocotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monocotyledon"},{"link_name":"adventive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventive"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20015-13"},{"link_name":"weed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#weed"},{"link_name":"aerial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aerial"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20016-15"},{"link_name":"aestivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestivation"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lobe"},{"link_name":"bud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bud"},{"link_name":"vernation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vernation"},{"link_name":"aff. (affinis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_affinis"},{"link_name":"hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"aggregate fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_fruit"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"blackberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackberry"},{"link_name":"multiple fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#multiple_fruit"},{"link_name":"agochoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agochory"},{"link_name":"weed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#weed"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECappersNeef201295-16"},{"link_name":"agrostology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrostology"},{"link_name":"Poaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae"},{"link_name":"graminoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#graminoid"},{"link_name":"Cyperaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperaceae"},{"link_name":"Juncaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncaceae"},{"link_name":"Typhaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhaceae"},{"link_name":"alate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alate"},{"link_name":"wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#wing"},{"link_name":"albumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumen"},{"link_name":"endosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endosperm"},{"link_name":"storage tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_organ"},{"link_name":"egg white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_white"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seed"},{"link_name":"endosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endosperm"},{"link_name":"generic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#generic_name"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#order"},{"link_name":"alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(biology)"},{"link_name":"exotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#exotic"},{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#native"},{"link_name":"indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indigenous"},{"link_name":"alkaloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"caffeine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine"},{"link_name":"morphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine"},{"link_name":"quinine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine"},{"link_name":"strychnine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strychnine"},{"link_name":"allelopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelopathy"},{"link_name":"allopatric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopatric_speciation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellAngell201615-17"},{"link_name":"sympatric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sympatric"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"opposite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opposite"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellAngell201616-18"},{"link_name":"ament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ament"},{"link_name":"synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"},{"link_name":"catkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#catkin"},{"link_name":"ovule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovule"},{"link_name":"anatropous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anatropous"},{"link_name":"campylotropous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#campylotropous"},{"link_name":"orthotropous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#orthotropous"},{"link_name":"starch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch"},{"link_name":"stonewort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stonewort"},{"link_name":"anastomose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastomose"},{"link_name":"leaf venation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf_venation"},{"link_name":"anastomosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastomosis"},{"link_name":"vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vein"},{"link_name":"anatropous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anatropous"},{"link_name":"ovule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovule"},{"link_name":"micropyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#micropyle"},{"link_name":"placenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#placenta"},{"link_name":"amphitropous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#amphitropous"},{"link_name":"campylotropous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#campylotropous"},{"link_name":"orthotropous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#orthotropous"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellAngell201617-19"},{"link_name":"androdioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androdioecious"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bisexual"},{"link_name":"andromonoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#andromonoecious"},{"link_name":"polygamodioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#polygamodioecious"},{"link_name":"polygamomonoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#polygamomonoecious"},{"link_name":"polygamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#polygamous"},{"link_name":"androecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androecium"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynoecium"},{"link_name":"whorl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#whorl"},{"link_name":"androgynophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Androgynophore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"androecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#androecium"},{"link_name":"gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynoecium"},{"link_name":"insertion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#insertion"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"androgynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgynous"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"andromonoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromonoecious"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bisexual"},{"link_name":"androdioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#androdioecious"},{"link_name":"gynomonoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynomonoecious"},{"link_name":"polygamodioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#polygamodioecious"},{"link_name":"polygamomonoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#polygamomonoecious"},{"link_name":"polygamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#polygamous"},{"link_name":"anemophilous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemophilous"},{"link_name":"pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollination"},{"link_name":"wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind"},{"link_name":"anemophily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemophily"},{"link_name":"pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollination"},{"link_name":"wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind"},{"link_name":"angiosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm"},{"link_name":"flowering plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"anisomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merosity"},{"link_name":"whorl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#whorl"},{"link_name":"anisotomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anisotomic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"isotomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#isotomic"},{"link_name":"annual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_plant"},{"link_name":"annulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulus_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Pappus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pappus"},{"link_name":"achene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#achene"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollen"},{"link_name":"Huernia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huernia"},{"link_name":"Aristolochia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristolochia"},{"link_name":"sporangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporangium"},{"link_name":"anterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apex"},{"link_name":"distal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#distal"},{"link_name":"Compositae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositae"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#style"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anther"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollen"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"antheridium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antheridium"},{"link_name":"gametes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametes"},{"link_name":"gametophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametophore"},{"link_name":"antheridia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antheridium"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"staminode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#staminode"},{"link_name":"anthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthesis"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollen"},{"link_name":"stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stigma"},{"link_name":"anthocarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocarp"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"pericarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pericarp"},{"link_name":"Nyctaginaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctaginaceae"},{"link_name":"internode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#internode"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"periclinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#periclinal"},{"link_name":"retrorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#retrorse"},{"link_name":"apetalous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apetalous"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apical_meristem"},{"link_name":"aphananthous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphananthous"},{"link_name":"phaneranthous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#phaneranthous"},{"link_name":"aphlebia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphlebia"},{"link_name":"Carboniferous Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous_Period"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellAngell201620-20"},{"link_name":"apical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apical_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apex"},{"link_name":"shoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#shoot"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#trunk"},{"link_name":"meristem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#meristem"},{"link_name":"bud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bud"},{"link_name":"Leaf shape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shape"},{"link_name":"pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollination"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollen"},{"link_name":"honey bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_bees"},{"link_name":"apo-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ab-"},{"link_name":"apocarpous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apocarpous"},{"link_name":"gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynoecium"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"Ranunculaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranunculaceae"},{"link_name":"Dilleniaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilleniaceae"},{"link_name":"apomixis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomixis"},{"link_name":"asexual reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seed"},{"link_name":"spore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spore"},{"link_name":"fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilization"},{"link_name":"apomorphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomorphy"},{"link_name":"cladistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics"},{"link_name":"innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation_(biology)"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#clade"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"sympetalous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sympetalous"},{"link_name":"Perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"symphyllous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#symphyllous"},{"link_name":"gamophyllous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gamophyllous"},{"link_name":"polyphyllous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#polyphyllous"},{"link_name":"cone scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#scale"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"appendage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendage"},{"link_name":"appendiculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#appendiculate"},{"link_name":"appendiculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/appendiculate"},{"link_name":"appendage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#appendage"},{"link_name":"appressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appressed"},{"link_name":"aquatic plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_plant"},{"link_name":"arachnoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnoid_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tree"},{"link_name":"arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboretum"},{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tree"},{"link_name":"archaeophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeophyte"},{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#native"},{"link_name":"neophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#neophyte"},{"link_name":"archegonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archegonium"},{"link_name":"gametophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametophyte"},{"link_name":"antheridium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#antheridium"},{"link_name":"gametophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametophore"},{"link_name":"archegonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#archegonium"},{"link_name":"sporophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporophyte"},{"link_name":"Compositae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositae"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#style"},{"link_name":"areolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areolate"},{"link_name":"areole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#areole"},{"link_name":"crustose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#crustose"},{"link_name":"lichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen"},{"link_name":"areole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areole"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vein"},{"link_name":"node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#node"},{"link_name":"cactus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactaceae"},{"link_name":"morphologically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"spine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spine"},{"link_name":"glochid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#glochid"},{"link_name":"aril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aril"},{"link_name":"appendage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#appendage"},{"link_name":"funicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#funicle"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seed"},{"link_name":"lychee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lychee"},{"link_name":"Sapindaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapindaceae"},{"link_name":"aristate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristate_(botany)"},{"link_name":"awn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#awn"},{"link_name":"Leaf shape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shape"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"articulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Articulation_(botany)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"frond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#frond"},{"link_name":"rhizome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rhizome"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"prostrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#prostrate"},{"link_name":"erect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#erect"},{"link_name":"ovule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovule"},{"link_name":"Nepenthes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes"},{"link_name":"Sarracenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarracenia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellAngell201624-21"},{"link_name":"asexual reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction"},{"link_name":"gamete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gamete"},{"link_name":"vegetative reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vegetative_reproduction"},{"link_name":"asymmetrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetry"},{"link_name":"Irregular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#irregular"},{"link_name":"plane of symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_symmetry"},{"link_name":"Canna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canna_(plant)"},{"link_name":"attenuate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuate_leaf"},{"link_name":"Leaf shape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shape"},{"link_name":"auricle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auricle_(botany)"},{"link_name":"lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lobe"},{"link_name":"appendage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#appendage"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"auriculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriculate"},{"link_name":"auricle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#auricle"},{"link_name":"Leaf shape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shape"},{"link_name":"autogamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogamy#Self-pollination_in_flowering_plants"},{"link_name":"awn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awn_(botany)"},{"link_name":"appendage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#appendage"},{"link_name":"Poaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae"},{"link_name":"glume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#glume"},{"link_name":"lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lemma"},{"link_name":"spikelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spikelet"},{"link_name":"Geraniaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraniaceae"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#style"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"carpophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpophore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pappus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pappus"},{"link_name":"Strophanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strophanthus"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seed"},{"link_name":"stipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stipe"},{"link_name":"coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coma"},{"link_name":"axil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axil"},{"link_name":"axile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"placenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#placenta"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"axil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axil"},{"link_name":"axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_symmetry"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"In the bud, Tetradenia riparia leaves have their upper surfaces turned toward the stem and the axil. The lower surface is abaxial (\"away from the axis\"), and the upper surface is adaxial.\nViburnum abscission\nWelwitschia mirabilis presents an example of an acaulescent growth habit unusual in so large a plant species.\nSchematic diagrams of the accumbent arrangement of the cotyledons and radicle in a seed of Erysimum (formerly Cheiranthus)\nAchenes on the surface of the stem of the infructescence of a strawberry\nGeranium incanum flowers are actinomorphic, having five axes of symmetry, as opposed to the two axes of symmetry of the zygomorphic flowers of most species of the related genus Pelargonium.\nFern frond with acuminate leaflets\nAdelphous stamens in flower of Gossypium tomentosum\nWatsonia flower slit open and with one stamen bent upward to show its adnate attachment to the petal\nDiagram of a coconut fruit. The albumen (endosperm) is labelled Alb.\nCaffeine is an alkaloid with four nitrogen atoms in its carbon skeleton.\nRothmannia leaf with extensively anastomose venation\nAndrogynous flower of Sandersonia aurantiaca cut open longitudinally to show the androecium, which comprises the anthers surrounding the green central pistil\nAnther of Lilium in a state of anthesis, dehiscent and releasing pollen\nA Neea species, family Nyctaginaceae, presents an example of an anthocarp: the calyx and style remain around the ripening fruit.\nAphananthous flowers of oaks such as Quercus robur, being anemophilous, have no need of being conspicuous to pollinating animals.\nApical bud of a Populus (poplar) shoot\nThe apparently separate nuts of Ochrosia borbonica actually are apocarpous carpels, two from each flower.\nApophyses on the tips of the cone scales of Araucaria cunninghamii amount to spikes.\nHairs on the leaves of Meniocus linifolius (formerly Alyssum linifolium) are stellate and appressed to the leaf surface.\nArachnoid leaves of an unidentified Gazania species\nSpines of cactus Gymnocalycium bayrianum emerging from the areoles of the stem nodes\nSeeds of a species of Blighia (ackee), one whole and one in longitudinal section, showing the pale aril\nInfructescence of wild rye, showing prominent awns\nAnatomy of an awn and bristles on a species of the Australian grass Rytidosperma longifolium\nAxillary buds in leaf\nab-\nPrefix meaning \"position away from\".[1]\n\nabaxial\nSurface of an organ facing away from the organ's axis, e.g. the lower surface of a lateral organ such as a leaf or petal.[2] Contrast adaxial.\n\nabort\nTo abandon development of a structure or organ.[3]\n\nabscission\nNatural shedding of an organ that is mature or aged, as of a ripe fruit or an old leaf.[4]\n\nabscission zone\nSpecialized layer of tissue that allows an organ to be shed by abscission when it is ripe or senescent. Such tissue is commonly formed, for example, at the base of a petiole or pedicel.\n\nacaulescent\nHaving no apparent stem, or at least none visible above the ground surface.[2] Examples include some species of Oxalis,[5] Nolina,[6] and Yucca.[7] Antonym: caulescent (possessing stem).\n\naccrescent\nIncreasing in size with age, such as a calyx that continues to grow after the corolla has fallen,[2] e.g. in Physalis peruviana.\n\naccumbent\nLying against another part of the plant; when applied to a cotyledon, it means that an edge of the cotyledon lies along the folded radicle in the seed.[8]\n\n-aceae\nSuffix added to the word stem of a generic name to form the name of a taxonomic family;[9] for example, Rosaceae is the rose family, of which the type genus is Rosa.[10]\n\nachene\nDry, one-seeded indehiscent fruit[11] in which the true fruit is not the so-called \"berry\", but the achenes, which are the so-called \"seeds\" on the infructescence, e.g. in the genus Fragaria.\n\nacicular\nSlender or needle-shaped.[11] See also Leaf shape.\n\nacropetal\nMoving from roots to leaves, e.g. of molecular signals in plants.\n\nacrophyll\nRegular leaves of a mature plant, produced above the base, as opposed to bathyphyll.\n\nacrostichoid\n(describing a type of sorus) Covering the entire abaxial surface of a frond, usually densely so, as in Elaphoglossum and Acrostichum.\n\nactino-\nPrefix that indicates a radial pattern, form, or morphology.\n\nactinodromous\n(of leaf venation) Palmate or radially arranged venation with three or more primary veins arising at or near the base of the leaf and reaching the margin in most species, but not all.\n\nactinomorphic\nRegular or radially symmetrical;[12] may be bisected into similar halves in at least two planes. Applies e.g. to steles and flowers in which the perianth segments within each whorl are alike in size and shape. Compare regular. Contrast asymmetrical, irregular, and zygomorphic.\n\naculeate\nArmed with prickles,[13] e.g. the stem of a rose.\n\nacumen\nA long, tapering point, especially the apex of an acuminate leaf.\n\nacuminate\nTapering gradually to a point, with concave sides approaching the point.[13] Contrast acute and mucronate. See also Leaf shape.\n\nacute\n1.   Sharply pointed, but not drawn out, with straight sides approaching the point.[13] Contrast acuminate. See also Leaf shape.\n2.   Converging at an angle of less than 90°. Contrast obtuse.\n\nad-\nPrefix meaning \"near or toward\"; also meaning \"added to\".[13]\n\nadaxial\nSurface of an organ facing toward the organ's axis,[13] e.g. the upper surface of a lateral organ such as a leaf or petal. Contrast abaxial.\n\nadelphia\npl. adelphiae A bundle or structure of stamens forming one unit in an adelphous flower; for example, the stamen tube around the pistil of Hibiscus.\nadelphous\nHaving organs, particularly filaments such as stamens, connected into one or more adelphiae, whether in the form of bunches or tubes, such as is commonly seen in families such as Malvaceae. Usage of the term is not consistent; some authors include closely bunched filaments, while others include only adelphiae in which filaments are connected minimally at their bases. See, for example, Sims: \"...the filaments are so closely pressed that they have the appearance of being monadelphous...\".[14] Compare derived terms such as monadelphous, having stamens growing in a single bunch or tube, for example in Hibiscus, and diadelphous, growing in two bunches.\n\nadherent\nSlightly united to an organ of another kind,[13] usually to a part of another whorl, e.g. a sepal connected to a petal. Contrast adnate.\n\nadnate\nGrown from or closely fused to an organ of a different kind,[13] especially along a margin, e.g. a stamen fused to a petal. Adnate anthers have their halves attached to the filament through most of their length. Contrast connate.\n\nadventitious\nProduced in an unpredictable or unusual position,[13] e.g. an adventitious bud produced from a stem rather than from the more typical axil of a leaf. Adventitious roots may develop from nodes of prostrate stems of some plant species, or from the hypocotyl rather than from the radicle of a germinating monocotyledon.\n\nadventive\nIntroduced accidentally[13] (usually referring to a weed).\n\naerial\nOf the air; growing or borne above the surface of the ground or water.[15]\n\naestivation\nArrangement of sepals and petals or their lobes in an unexpanded flower bud. Contrast vernation.\n\naff. (affinis)\nWith affinity to others, akin to; often used for a provisionally recognized but unnamed taxon considered close to that name, perhaps a hybrid or extreme variant.\n\naggregate fruit\nCluster of fruits formed from the free carpels of a single flower, e.g. a blackberry. Compare multiple fruit.\n\nagochoric\nPlants that are spread through accidental transport.\n\nagricultural weed\nSee weed.\n\nagriophyte\nPlant species that have invaded native vegetation and could survive there without human intervention. They are established there in natural habitats, remaining part of natural vegetation even after human influence has ceased, and are independent of humans in their continued existence.[16]\n\nagrophic\nComb-like series of veins forking from a single side of a primary or secondary vein.\n\nagrostology\nAlso graminology.\nThe scientific study of grasses, in the strictest sense only those species which are members of the family Poaceae. Broader usages sometimes also include grass-like or graminoid species from the families Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, and Typhaceae.\n\nalate\nHaving a wing or wings.\n\nalbumen\nOlder name for the endosperm of flowering plants. Except for being a storage tissue for nutrients, it is not like the albumen (egg white) of animal embryos.\n\nalbuminous\n(of seeds) Containing endosperm.\n\n-ales\nSuffix added to the stem of a generic name or descriptive name to form the name of a taxonomic order.\n\nalien\nAny plant introduced to an area outside its natural range. Often used interchangeably or in combination with foreign, exotic, non-native, and non-indigenous.\n\nalkaloid\nAny of a loosely defined class of organic compounds found in the tissues of many species of plants. Alkaloid molecules have one or more alkaline-reacting nitrogen atoms in their carbon structures. Many alkaloids are commercially important as drugs or poisons, e.g. caffeine, morphine, quinine, and strychnine, each of which occurs naturally in certain plants.\n\nallelopathy\nThe secretion by a plant of biochemicals which influence the growth and reproduction of nearby plants.\n\nallopatric\nHaving geographically separate, non-overlapping ranges of distribution.[17] Contrast sympatric.\n\nalternate\n1.  (adj.) (of leaves or flowers) Borne singly at different levels along a stem, including spiralled parts. Contrast opposite.\n2.  (prep.) Occurring between something else, e.g. stamens alternating with petals.\n\nalternipetalous\nA configuration where parts of the flower, e.g. stamens, alternate in position with the petals.[18]\n\nament\nA synonym of catkin.\n\namphitropous\n(of an ovule) Bent so that both ends are near each other. Contrast anatropous, campylotropous, and orthotropous.\n\namplexicaul\nWith the base dilated and clasping the stem, usually of leaves.\n\namylum star\na vegetative propagative body filled with starch (amylum) and located around the lower nodes of certain stoneworts.\n\nanastomose\nBranching and then rejoining, as with leaf venation.\n\nanastomosis\nA connection or fusion of two or more veins that are normally diverging or branching, thereby forming a network.\n\nanatropous\n(of an ovule) Inverted so that the micropyle faces the placenta (this is the most common ovule orientation in flowering plants). Contrast amphitropous, campylotropous, and orthotropous.\n\nancipital\nFlat, with two edges (versus round).[19]\n\nandrodioecious\nHaving bisexual flowers and male flowers on separate individuals. Contrast andromonoecious, polygamodioecious, polygamomonoecious, and polygamous.\n\nandroecium\nA collective name for the male reproductive parts of a flower; the stamens of a flower considered collectively. Contrast gynoecium. Abbreviated A; e.g. A 3+3 indicates six stamens in two whorls.\n\nandrogynophore\nA stalk bearing both the androecium and gynoecium of a flower above the level of insertion of the perianth.\n\nandrogynous\nHaving male and female flowers in the same inflorescence.\n\nandrophore\nThe stalk or column supporting the stamens in certain flowers.\n\nandromonoecious\nHaving bisexual flowers and male flowers on the same individual plant. Contrast androdioecious, gynomonoecious, polygamodioecious, polygamomonoecious, and polygamous.\n\nanemophilous\nAdapted to pollination by wind.\n\nanemophily\nAdaptation to pollination by wind.\n\nangiosperm\nA flowering plant; a plant with developing seeds enclosed in an ovary.\n\nanisomery\nThe condition of having a floral whorl with a different (usually smaller) number of parts from the other floral whorls.\n\nanisotomic\nBranching, with branches having unequal diameters, such as a trunk and its branch. Contrast isotomic.\n\nannual\nA plant that completes its life cycle (i.e. germinates, reproduces, and dies) within a single year or growing season.\n\nannulus\n1.  A ring-like structure; in the form of a ring. Pappus bristles are sometimes attached to a ring called an annulus or disk at the top of the achene beak. In some pollen grains, the exine around the apertures is either thicker or thinner. In pores, this border is termed an annulus. Certain flowers have ring-like constrictions at the mouth of the flower, e.g. in Huernia and Aristolochia.\n2.  A ring of specialized cells on the sporangium.\n\nanterior\nPositioned in front of, toward the apex. Compare distal.\n\nanthemoid\nIn the Compositae, a style with a brush-like tuft of sweeping hairs at the tip of each style branch.\n\nanther\nThe pollen-bearing part of a stamen.\n\nantheridium\nin bryophytes, a specialized gametophytic organ that produces the male gametes.\n\nantheridiophore\nIn liverworts of the order Marchantiales, a male gametophore, a specialized, stalked structure that bears the antheridia.\n\nantherode\nA sterile anther of a staminode.\n\nanthesis\n1.  (of a flower) The period during which pollen is presented and/or the stigma is receptive.\n2.  (of a flowering plant) The period during which flowers in anthesis are present. Not defined for some cases, such as when pollen is released in the bud.\n\nanthocarp\nA type of fruit in which some part of the flower persists attached to the pericarp, e.g. in Nyctaginaceae.\n\nanthophore\nA stalk-like structure, internode located between the calyx and the other parts of the flower.\n\nanticlinal\nPointing up, away from, or perpendicular to a surface. Contrast periclinal.\n\nantrorse\nDirected forward or upward, e.g. of hairs on a stem. Contrast retrorse.\n\napetalous\nLacking petals.\n\napex\npl. apices The tip; the point furthest from the point of attachment.\naphananthous\n(of flowers) Inconspicuous or unshowy, as opposed to phaneranthous or showy.\n\naphlebia\npl. aphlebiae Imperfect or irregular leaf endings commonly found on ferns and fossils of ferns from the Carboniferous Period.\naphyllous\nLeafless; having no leaves.[20]\n\napical\nAt or on the apex of a structure, usually a shoot, a stem, or the trunk of a tree, e.g. an apical meristem or an apical bud.\n\napiculate\nespecially of leaves, ending in a short triangular point. See also Leaf shape.\n\napiphily\nA form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by honey bees.\n\napo-\nA prefix meaning \"away from, separate, without\".\n\napocarpous\n(of a gynoecium) Consisting of one or more carpels which are free from one another (or almost so), e.g. in members of the Ranunculaceae and Dilleniaceae.\n\napomixis\nadj. apomictic A type of asexual reproduction whereby viable seeds or spores are produced asexually, without fertilization, such that the genetic material they contain is a clone of the parent's genetic material. A plant produced in this way is called an apomict.\napomorphy\nIn cladistics, a \"different form\" from the form of an ancestor (i.e., an innovation) of use in determining membership in a clade.\n\napopetalous\nHaving separate petals, not fused (sympetalous).\n\napophyllous\nPerianth or other segments free, not united. Compare symphyllous, gamophyllous, and polyphyllous.\n\napophysis\n1.  The external part of a cone scale.\n2.  An outgrowth of an organ or an enlargement of a stem.\n\nappendage\nA secondary part attached to a main structure; an external growth that seldom has any obvious function, hence appendiculate.\n\nappendiculate\nHaving the nature of or bearing appendages.\n\nappressed\nPressed closely but not fused, e.g. leaves against a stem.\n\naquatic plant\nA plant whose natural habitat is water, living in or on water for all or a substantial part of its lifespan; generally restricted to fresh or inland waters.\n\narachnoid\nCobwebby, from being covered with fine white hairs.\n\narborescent\nTree-like in growth or general appearance.\n\narboretum\npl. arboreta A taxonomically arranged collection of trees.\narchaeophyte\nA non-native plant that has nonetheless been present in a particular geographic area for some time. Contrast neophyte.\n\narchegonium\nPlural archegonia.\nA multicellular haploid structure or organ of the gametophyte phase of certain plants, producing and containing the ovum or female gamete. The corresponding male organ is called the antheridium.\n\narchegoniophore\nIn liverworts of the order Marchantiales, a female gametophore: a specialized, stalked structure that bears the archegonia and the sporophytes.\n\narctotoid\nIn the Compositae, a style with a ring of sweeping hairs borne on the shaft of the style proximal to the style branches.\n\nareolate\nHaving or being composed of areoles, as an areolate crustose lichen.\n\nareole\n1.  A space between the threads of a net, e.g. that part of a leaf surface defined by each of the elements of a vein network; as with cacti, the area between the veinlets of a leaf.\n2.  A structure on the stem node of a cactus, morphologically a specialised branch; the region of a cactus upon which spines, glochids, and flowers are borne.\n\naril\nA membranous or fleshy appendage formed by expansion of the funicle which partly or wholly covers a seed, e.g. the fleshy outer layer of lychee fruit, or that found in members of the Sapindaceae.\n\naristate\nWith a stiff, bristle-like awn or tip. See also Leaf shape.\n\narticle\nA segment of a jointed stem or of a fruit with constrictions between the seeds; an organ part that separates easily from the rest of the organ at a joint or articulation.\n\narticulate\nJointed; separating freely, leaving a clean scar; e.g. the fronds of certain ferns where they join the rhizome.\n\nascending\n1.  (of a stem) Spreading horizontally, then directed upward; an ascending stem is more or less prostrate near its base, then erect.\n2.  (of an ovule) Attached somewhat above the base.\n\nascidiate\nShaped like a pitcher, as with the leaves of pitcher plants, e.g. species of Nepenthes and Sarracenia.[21]\n\nasexual reproduction\nReproduction that does not involve gametes. Often used interchangeably with vegetative reproduction.\n\nasperulous\nHaving a rough, sandpapery texture; e.g. some leaf surfaces.\n\nasymmetrical\nIrregular or unequal; lacking any plane of symmetry; e.g. flowers of Canna.\n\nattenuate\nNarrowing gradually. See also Leaf shape.\n\nauricle\nAn ear-shaped lobe, particularly a small, roundish, lateral appendage of a leaf or leaf-like organ.\n\nauriculate\nAttached at the base with ear-shaped appendages (auricles). See also Leaf shape.\n\nautogamous\nSelf-pollinating, self-fertilizing – in flowering plants\n\nawn\n1.  Any long, bristle-like appendage.\n2.  In the Poaceae, an appendage terminating or on the back of glumes or lemmas of some grass spikelets.\n3.  In the Geraniaceae, the part of the style that remains attached to the carpel that separates from the carpophore (column).\n4.  A generally straight, stiff pappus element, varying from stiffly bristle-like to hard and needle-like. In Strophanthus, the awn is the beak of the seed, stipe of the coma hairs.\n\naxil\nThe upper angle between one part of a plant and another, e.g. the stem and a leaf.\n\naxile\nOn an axis; of a placenta, on the central axis of the ovary.\n\naxillary\nBorne in or arising from the axil, usually referring to the axil of a leaf.\n\naxis\nThe main stem of a whole plant or inflorescence; also, the line along which this stem extends.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mikrofoto.de-Closterium_5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baculiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#baculiform"},{"link_name":"desmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmid"},{"link_name":"Closterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closterium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spine2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#barb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berries_of_Olinia_ventosa_IMG_12951304.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#berry"},{"link_name":"Olinia ventosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olinia_ventosa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mopane_(Colophospermum_mopane)_leaves_(11683653383).jpg"},{"link_name":"bifoliate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bifoliate"},{"link_name":"Colophospermum mopane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colophospermum_mopane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arabidopsis_thaliana_sl18.jpg"},{"link_name":"silique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#silique"},{"link_name":"Arabidopsis thaliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana"},{"link_name":"biloculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#biloculate"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"pod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pod"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gymnocladus_dioicus_Berlin_Bernauer_TP03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bipinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bipinnate"},{"link_name":"Gymnocladus dioicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnocladus_dioicus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_type_ternately-compound_biternate.png"},{"link_name":"biternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#biternate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baobab_tree.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adansonia digitata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adansonia_digitata"},{"link_name":"bole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bole"},{"link_name":"canopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#canopy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bougainvilea_bracts.jpg"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"Bougainvillea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainvillea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burrdock_Seed_heads_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1131389.jpg"},{"link_name":"Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#burr"},{"link_name":"Arctium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XN_buttress_root_526.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buttress root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#buttress_root"},{"link_name":"elm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellAngell201627-22"},{"link_name":"cylindrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cylindrical"},{"link_name":"fish hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_hook"},{"link_name":"barb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#barb"},{"link_name":"barbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#barbed"},{"link_name":"bark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark_(botany)"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#root"},{"link_name":"woody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#woody"},{"link_name":"cambium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cambium"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree"},{"link_name":"basifixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basifixed"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"filament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#filament"},{"link_name":"dorsifixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dorsifixed"},{"link_name":"basipetal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basipetal"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apex"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"Teratophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratophyllum"},{"link_name":"acrophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#acrophyll"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_(botany)"},{"link_name":"indehiscent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indehiscent"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seed"},{"link_name":"tomato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato"},{"link_name":"bi-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bi-"},{"link_name":"bisulcate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sulcate"},{"link_name":"biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennial_plant"},{"link_name":"rosette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rosette"},{"link_name":"trifid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#trifid"},{"link_name":"compound leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#compound"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"Colophospermum mopane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colophospermum_mopane"},{"link_name":"jugate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jugate"},{"link_name":"Bauhinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhinia"},{"link_name":"bifusiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bifusiform&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fusiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fusiform"},{"link_name":"bilabiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilabiate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"irregular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#irregular"},{"link_name":"bilateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_symmetry"},{"link_name":"dorsiventral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dorsiventral"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"distichous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#distichous"},{"link_name":"opposite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opposite"},{"link_name":"loculi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#loculus"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"ovaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"binomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#genus"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#species"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#specific_epithet"},{"link_name":"binomial nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#species"},{"link_name":"generic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#generic_name"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#specific_epithet"},{"link_name":"bipinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipinnate"},{"link_name":"pinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinnate"},{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#compound"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"bipinnatisect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bipinnatisect&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pinnatisect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinnatisect"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"synonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"},{"link_name":"hermaphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hermaphrodite"},{"link_name":"synoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#synoecious"},{"link_name":"monoclinous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monoclinous"},{"link_name":"monoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monoecious"},{"link_name":"androgynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#androgynous"},{"link_name":"monoicous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monoicous"},{"link_name":"plant reproductive morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology"},{"link_name":"bitegmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitegmic"},{"link_name":"ovule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovule"},{"link_name":"integument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#integument"},{"link_name":"unitegmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#unitegmic"},{"link_name":"biternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biternate"},{"link_name":"Ternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ternate"},{"link_name":"valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve"},{"link_name":"trivalve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#trivalve"},{"link_name":"blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blade_(leaf)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"lamina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lamina"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petiole"},{"link_name":"bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicuticular_wax"},{"link_name":"bole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bole_(botany)"},{"link_name":"trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#trunk"},{"link_name":"canopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#canopy"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"bud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bud"},{"link_name":"rachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rachis"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"axillary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axillary"},{"link_name":"bud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bud"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"bracteole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracteole"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"pedicel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pedicel"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"synonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"},{"link_name":"bractlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bractlet"},{"link_name":"bracteole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bracteole"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellAngell201635-23"},{"link_name":"bracteole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bracteole"},{"link_name":"branchlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branchlet"},{"link_name":"branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#branch"},{"link_name":"bristle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristle"},{"link_name":"awn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#awn"},{"link_name":"column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#column"},{"link_name":"brochidodromous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brochidodromous&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinnate"},{"link_name":"leaf venation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf_venation"},{"link_name":"secondary vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#secondary_vein"},{"link_name":"margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#margin"},{"link_name":"joined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anastomosis"},{"link_name":"arcs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollen"},{"link_name":"bryophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte"},{"link_name":"moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss"},{"link_name":"hornwort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornwort"},{"link_name":"liverwort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverwort"},{"link_name":"Anthocerophyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocerophyta"},{"link_name":"Marchantiophyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchantiophyta"},{"link_name":"Bryophyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss"},{"link_name":"bulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulb"},{"link_name":"bulbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbel"},{"link_name":"bulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bulb"},{"link_name":"bulblet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bulblet"},{"link_name":"bulbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbil"},{"link_name":"bulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bulb"},{"link_name":"tuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tuber"},{"link_name":"axil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axil"},{"link_name":"pinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinna"},{"link_name":"bulblet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulblet"},{"link_name":"bulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bulb"},{"link_name":"bulbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bulbel"},{"link_name":"bullate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bullate"},{"link_name":"burl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burl"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellAngell201639-24"},{"link_name":"burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bur"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seed"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"buttress root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttress_root"},{"link_name":"root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#root"},{"link_name":"Ficus macrophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_macrophylla"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Baculiform desmid in genus Closterium\nBarbs occur on the spines of some species of cactus, as shown here, enlarged.\nBerries of Olinia ventosa, including a cross-section showing hard seeds in the pulp\nThe bifoliate compound leaves of the mopane tree, Colophospermum mopane, suggest the common name \"butterfly tree\".\nCross-section of a silique of Arabidopsis thaliana, showing it to be biloculate, formed of two carpels, morphologically a silique and not a pod\nBipinnate leaf of Gymnocladus dioicus\nStructure of a biternate compound leaf\nThis African baobab, Adansonia digitata, has an enormous bole beneath a relatively modest canopy that is typical of this species.\nThe large, colorful bracts of Bougainvillea are commonly mistaken for its petals.\nBurrs, fruits of Arctium species\nButtress root of a mature elm\nbaccate\nFruit appearing like a berry that may or may not be a true berry.[22]\n\nbaculiform\nRod-like; longer than wide. Compare cylindrical.\n\nbarb\nA rear-facing point, as in a fish hook.\n\nbarbed\nHaving barbs pointing in one direction.\n\nbarbellate\nHaving barbed hairs (barbellae).\n\nbark\nThe protective external layer of tissue on the stems and roots of woody trees and shrubs; includes all of the living and non-living tissue external to the cambium.\n\nbasal\nSituated or attached at or close to the base (of a plant or a phylogenetic tree diagram).\n\nbasifixed\nSomething attached by its base, e.g. an anther attached to the filament. Compare dorsifixed.\n\nbasipetal\nDeveloping sequentially from the apex toward the base (i.e. with the youngest toward the base), e.g. of flowers in an inflorescence. Also, moving from leaves to roots, e.g. of molecular signals in plants.\n\nbathyphyll\nA specialized leaf produced at the base of a plant, usually when the plant is immature, and which serves to anchor the plant to a substrate; especially notable in the fern Teratophyllum. Contrast acrophyll.\n\nbeak\nA prominent, pointed terminal projection, especially of a carpel or fruit.\n\nberry\nA type of indehiscent fruit with the seeds immersed in the pulp, e.g. a tomato.\n\nbi-\nA prefix meaning \"two\", e.g. bisulcate, having two sulci or grooves.\n\nbiennial\nA plant which completes its life cycle (i.e. germinates, reproduces, and dies) within two years or growing seasons. Biennial plants usually form a basal rosette of leaves in the first year and then flower and fruit in the second year.\n\nbifid\nForked; cut in two for about half its length. Compare trifid.\n\nbifoliate\n(of a compound leaf) Having precisely two leaflets, usually in a symmetrical pair, e.g. a leaf of Colophospermum mopane. Compare jugate lobed leaf, e.g. most species of Bauhinia.\n\nbifusiform\nFusiform with a pinch in the middle.\n\nbilabiate\nHaving two lips, e.g. the form of the petals in many irregular flowers.\n\nbilateral\n1.  Having two distinguishable sides, such as the two faces of a dorsiventral leaf.\n2.  Arranged on opposite sides, e.g. leaves on a stem; Compare distichous and opposite.\n3.  Bilaterally symmetrical, as in a leaf with a symmetrical outline.\n\nbiloculate\nHaving two loculi, e.g. in anthers or ovaries.\n\nbinomial\nMaking use of names consisting of two words to form the scientific name (or combination) in a Latin form. For example, where the first is the name of the genus to which the species belongs, and the second is the specific epithet given to that species to distinguish it from others in the same genus.\n\nbinomial nomenclature\nThe system of nomenclature in which the scientific name of a species (and not of a taxon at any other rank) is a combination of two names, the first name being the generic name. The second name is referred to botanically as the specific epithet. Note that the two names together (not just the second name) constitute the species name.\n\nbipinnate\nDoubly pinnate; e.g. a compound leaf with individual leaflets pinnately divided.\n\nbipinnatisect\nA pinnatisect leaf with deeply dissected segments.\n\nbisexual\nBearing both male and female reproductive organs; usually, flowers with both stamens and carpels; synonymous with hermaphrodite, synoecious, and monoclinous. Bisexual flowers occur only on monoecious plants. See also androgynous, monoicous, and plant reproductive morphology.\n\nbitegmic\n(of an ovule) Covered by two integuments. Contrast unitegmic.\n\nbiternate\nTernate, with each division divided into three.\n\nbivalve\nHaving two valves or hinged parts. Contrast trivalve.\n\nblade\nThe lamina or flattened part of a leaf, excluding the stalk or petiole.\n\nbloom\nA fine white or bluish waxy powder occurring on plant parts, usually stems, leaves, and fruits. It is easily removed by rubbing.\n\nbole\nThe trunk of a tree, usually the portion below the lowest branch. Compare canopy.\n\nbostrychoid\nArranged on a conical surface (like a snail shell); used to describe inflorescences in which the buds are arranged in an almost helical manner on the outside of a long, tapering, conical rachis.\n\nbract\nA modified leaf associated with a flower or inflorescence and differing in shape, size, or color from other leaves (and without an axillary bud).\n\nbracteate\nPossessing bracts.\n\nbracteole\nA small bract borne singly or in pairs on the pedicel or calyx; synonymous with bractlet.\n\nbracteolate\nPossessing bracteoles (bractlets).\n\nbracteose\nHaving many or showy bracts.[23]\n\nbractlet\nSee bracteole.\n\nbranchlet\nA small branch.\n\nbrevideciduous\nA plant that loses all of its leaves only briefly before growing new ones, so that it is leafless for only a short time, e.g. approximately two weeks.\n\nbristle\nA straight, stiff hair (smooth or with minute teeth); the upper part of an awn (when the latter is bent and has a lower, stouter, and usually twisted part, called the column).\n\nbrochidodromous\nPinnate leaf venation in which the secondary veins do not terminate at the leaf margin, but are joined in a succession of prominent arcs.\n\nbrochus\npl. brochi Width of one lumen of a pollen grain reticulum and half of the width of the surrounding muri (walls), hence heterobrochate and homobrochate, where the lumina are of different or similar sizes, respectively.\nbryophyte\nInformally, any plant that is a moss, hornwort, or liverwort. Formally, these plants are placed in three separate divisions: hornworts (Anthocerophyta), liverworts (Marchantiophyta), and mosses (Bryophyta).\n\nbulb\nA thick storage organ, usually underground, consisting of a stem and leaf bases (the inner ones fleshy).\n\nbulbel\nA bulb arising from another bulb. See bulblet.\n\nbulbil\nA small, deciduous bulb or tuber formed in the axil of a leaf or pinna; a means of vegetative propagation.\n\nbulblet\nA bulb arising from another bulb; a bulbel.\n\nbullate\n1.  Having a rounded or blister-like appearance; arched or vaulted.\n2.  (of a leaf) Having arched leaf tissue between each lateral vein, i.e. the veins appear depressed in the leaf surface.\n\nburl\nA deformation or knot in the branches or trunk of a tree, sometimes sought after in woodworking.[24]\n\nburr\n1.  A prickly fruit.\n2.  A rough or prickly propagule consisting of a seed or fruit and associated floral parts or bracts.\n\nbuttress root\nA root growing from an above-ground stem or trunk, and providing support, e.g. commonly of Ficus macrophylla.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dianthus_chinensis_-_Raspberry_parfait_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dianthus chinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianthus_chinensis"},{"link_name":"caespitose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#caespitose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Callus1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Callus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#callus"},{"link_name":"Nicotiana tabacum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotiana_tabacum"},{"link_name":"plant tissue culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_tissue_culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Praecoxanthus_labelled.pdf"},{"link_name":"Praecoxanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praecoxanthus"},{"link_name":"callus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#callus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysopogon_filipes_callus_(6914259711).jpg"},{"link_name":"callus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#callus"},{"link_name":"Chrysopogon filipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysopogon_filipes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zyzyura_mayana_SEM_carpopodium.jpg"},{"link_name":"carpopodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpopodium"},{"link_name":"Zyzyura mayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyzyura_mayana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_bud_of_American_Sweet_gum_(Liquidambar_styraciflua)_showing_imbricate_cataphylls_5405.jpg"},{"link_name":"cataphyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cataphyll"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Betula_pendula_male_catkins_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"catkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#catkin"},{"link_name":"Betula pendula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula_pendula"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dioscorea_elephantipes.JPG"},{"link_name":"caudex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#caudex"},{"link_name":"Dioscorea elephantipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea_elephantipes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syzygium_moorei_flowering.jpg"},{"link_name":"Syzygium moorei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_moorei"},{"link_name":"cauliflory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cauliflory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frailej%C3%B3n_(Espeletia_sp.)_(14285633322).jpg"},{"link_name":"Espeletia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espeletia"},{"link_name":"caulirosulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#caulirosulate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moehringia_Vilin_razboj_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Moehringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moehringia"},{"link_name":"chasmophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chasmophyte"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bryum_capillare_leaf_cells.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chloroplast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chloroplast"},{"link_name":"Bryum capillare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryum_capillare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_freshwater_alga_Spirogyra.jpg"},{"link_name":"chloroplast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chloroplast"},{"link_name":"Spirogyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirogyra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sadleria_cyatheoides_unfurling.jpg"},{"link_name":"Circinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#circinate"},{"link_name":"vernation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vernation"},{"link_name":"crosiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddlehead_fern"},{"link_name":"Sadleria cyatheoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadleria_cyatheoides"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_cladode_and_bud_of_Velvet_Tree_Pear,_Opuntia_tomentosa_(10921285475).jpg"},{"link_name":"Opuntia tomentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntia_tomentosa"},{"link_name":"cladode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cladode"},{"link_name":"spine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pediastrum_minus_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"coenobium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coenobium"},{"link_name":"alga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga"},{"link_name":"Pediastrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediastrum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_syriaca_(fruits_and_seeds)_D130902_closeup.jpg"},{"link_name":"Asclepias syriaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias_syriaca"},{"link_name":"coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coma"},{"link_name":"pappus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pappus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curcuma_pseudomontana.JPG"},{"link_name":"Curcuma pseudomontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curcuma_pseudomontana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pfaffia_gnaphalioides-_Soriano,_Palmar,_Suelo_arenoso_pedregoso_al_margen_del_Lago.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pfaffia gnaphalioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pfaffia_gnaphalioides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muscari_armeniacum_flowerhead3_ST_(14999577633).jpg"},{"link_name":"Coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coma"},{"link_name":"Muscari armeniacum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscari_armeniacum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeonium_arboreum_-_Jard%C3%ADn_Bot%C3%A1nico_Canario_Viera_y_Clavijo_-_Gran_Canaria_-_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#compound"},{"link_name":"Aeonium arboreum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeonium_arboreum"},{"link_name":"panicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#panicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aesculus_californica-12.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aesculus californica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesculus_californica"},{"link_name":"compound palmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#compound_palmate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicotiana_%C3%97_sanderae_flowers.jpg"},{"link_name":"gamopetalous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gamopetalous"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"Nicotiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotiana"},{"link_name":"conduplicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#conduplicate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr-170624-0907-Casuarina_equisetifolia-male_and_female_flowers_and_cones-Abandoned_Runway_Near_Rusty_Bucket_Sand_Island-Midway_Atoll_(36059371970).jpg"},{"link_name":"Casuarina equisetifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuarina_equisetifolia"},{"link_name":"cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Watsonia_flower_with_adnate_stamens_and_connate_petals_IMG_1974c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gamopetalous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gamopetalous"},{"link_name":"Watsonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watsonia_(plant)"},{"link_name":"connate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#connate"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"adnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adnate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corms_of_Crocosmia,_entire,_partly_peeled,_and_split.jpg"},{"link_name":"Corm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corm"},{"link_name":"tunic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tunic"},{"link_name":"cataphyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cataphyll"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_kermesina3.jpg"},{"link_name":"corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corona"},{"link_name":"Passiflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiflora"},{"link_name":"filament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#filament"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koelreuteria_paniculata_-_cotyledons_and_first_true_leaves,_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cotyledon"},{"link_name":"Koelreuteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koelreuteria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crassula_rupestris_on_cliff_face_-_Cape_Town.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crassula rupestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassula_rupestris"},{"link_name":"cremnophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cremnophyte"},{"link_name":"fynbos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fynbos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nymphoides_crenata_leaf1_(16826924328).jpg"},{"link_name":"Nymphoides crenata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphoides_crenata"},{"link_name":"crenate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#crenate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mimetes_cucullatus_0147.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mimetes cucullatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetes_cucullatus"},{"link_name":"cucullate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cucullate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murraya_paniculata_leaves_at_Peravoor_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Murraya paniculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murraya_paniculata"},{"link_name":"cuneate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cuneate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cupule_of_Fagaceae.jpg"},{"link_name":"cupule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cupule"},{"link_name":"Fagaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagaceae"},{"link_name":"Quercus rubra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_rubra"},{"link_name":"Quercus trojana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_trojana"},{"link_name":"Fagus sylvatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica"},{"link_name":"Castanea sativa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castanea_sativa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diplacus_bigelovii_(A._Gray)_A._Gray_var._cuspidatus_A._L._Grant_20000508_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cuspidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cuspidate"},{"link_name":"Diplacus bigelovii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplacus_bigelovii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_Milii_flowers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Euphorbia milii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_milii"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"cyathophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cyathophyll"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"caducous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caducous"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"persistent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#persistent"},{"link_name":"fugacious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fugacious"},{"link_name":"caespitose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cespitose"},{"link_name":"calcarate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calcarate"},{"link_name":"spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spur"},{"link_name":"calcareous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous"},{"link_name":"soil type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_type"},{"link_name":"calcium carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellAngell201641-25"},{"link_name":"calcicole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcicole"},{"link_name":"calcareous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calcareous"},{"link_name":"Antonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonym"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellAngell201641-25"},{"link_name":"callose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callose"},{"link_name":"labellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#labellum"},{"link_name":"papillae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#papilla"},{"link_name":"floret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#floret"},{"link_name":"rachilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rachilla"},{"link_name":"lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lemma"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"calycophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calycophyll&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"anthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anthesis"},{"link_name":"accrescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#accrescent"},{"link_name":"Rubiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubiaceae"},{"link_name":"semaphyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#semaphyll"},{"link_name":"pterophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pterophyll"},{"link_name":"epicalyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epicalyx"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"involucre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#involucre"},{"link_name":"calyptra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyptra"},{"link_name":"operculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#operculum"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepal"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"whorl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#whorl"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"calyx tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyx_tube"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"cambium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambium"},{"link_name":"campanulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/campanulate"},{"link_name":"camptodromous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camptodromous&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinnate"},{"link_name":"venation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#venation"},{"link_name":"secondary vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#secondary_vein"},{"link_name":"campylotropous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campylotropous&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ovule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovule"},{"link_name":"embryo sac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo_sac"},{"link_name":"amphitropus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#amphitropus"},{"link_name":"anatropous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anatropous"},{"link_name":"orthotropous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#orthotropous"},{"link_name":"canaliculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canaliculate"},{"link_name":"canescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canescent"},{"link_name":"canopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#crown"},{"link_name":"trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#trunk"},{"link_name":"capillary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary"},{"link_name":"capitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capitate"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stigma"},{"link_name":"capitulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_head"},{"link_name":"sessile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sessile"},{"link_name":"subsessile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#subsessile"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"floret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#floret"},{"link_name":"head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#head"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"pseudanthium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pseudanthium"},{"link_name":"capsule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"dehiscing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dehiscent"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#style"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#keel"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"Equisetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equisetum"},{"link_name":"Equisetopsida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equisetopsida"},{"link_name":"coriaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coriaceous"},{"link_name":"corneous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corneous"},{"link_name":"Caropodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caropodium"},{"link_name":"Apiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiaceae"},{"link_name":"Carpopodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpopodium"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpel"},{"link_name":"angiosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#angiosperm"},{"link_name":"sporophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporophyll"},{"link_name":"locule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#locule"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#style"},{"link_name":"stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stigma"},{"link_name":"gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynoecium"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"staminodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staminode"},{"link_name":"paracarpels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#paracarpel"},{"link_name":"staminode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#staminode"},{"link_name":"achene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#achene"},{"link_name":"gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynoecium"},{"link_name":"abscission zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#abscission_zone"},{"link_name":"receptacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#receptacle"},{"link_name":"Carpopodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpopodium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brassicaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicaceae"},{"link_name":"Caropodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#caropodium"},{"link_name":"cartilaginous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilaginous"},{"link_name":"corneous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corneous"},{"link_name":"coriaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coriaceous"},{"link_name":"caruncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaiosome"},{"link_name":"testa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#testa"},{"link_name":"hilum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hilum"},{"link_name":"aril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aril"},{"link_name":"caryopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryopsis"},{"link_name":"indehiscent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indehiscent"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"seed coat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seed_coat"},{"link_name":"Casparian strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casparian_strip"},{"link_name":"suberin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suberin"},{"link_name":"endodermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endodermis"},{"link_name":"Aconitum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum"},{"link_name":"Satyrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_(plant)"},{"link_name":"castaneous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castaneous"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellAngell201646-26"},{"link_name":"casual alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casual_alien&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#alien"},{"link_name":"cataphyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataphyll"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"photosynthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#photosynthesis"},{"link_name":"catenulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenate"},{"link_name":"diatoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"cyanobacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria"},{"link_name":"Anabaena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaena"},{"link_name":"concatenate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#concatenate"},{"link_name":"catkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catkin"},{"link_name":"spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spike"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"unisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#unisexual"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"willows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix"},{"link_name":"poplars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus"},{"link_name":"oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus"},{"link_name":"casuarinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuarina"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"wind-pollinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anemophilous"},{"link_name":"drip tip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#drip_tip"},{"link_name":"acuminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#acuminate"},{"link_name":"cuspidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cuspidate"},{"link_name":"mucronate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mucronate"},{"link_name":"caudex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudex"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"woody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#woody"},{"link_name":"rootstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rootstock"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#basal"},{"link_name":"lignotuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lignotuber"},{"link_name":"caudiciform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudex"},{"link_name":"Stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"caudex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#caudex"},{"link_name":"pachycaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachycaul"},{"link_name":"caulescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caulescent"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stem"},{"link_name":"cauline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cauline"},{"link_name":"Antonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonym"},{"link_name":"acaulescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#acaulescent"},{"link_name":"cauliflory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauliflory"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellAngell201647-27"},{"link_name":"cauline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cauline"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"caulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#caulis"},{"link_name":"caulirosulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caulirosulate"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"caulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#caulis"},{"link_name":"cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"cell wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cell_wall"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"pistil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pistil"},{"link_name":"androecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#androecium"},{"link_name":"gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynoecium"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"Ceropegia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceropegia"},{"link_name":"Myrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrica"},{"link_name":"habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#habit"},{"link_name":"Narcissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Dierama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierama"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#specific_epithet"},{"link_name":"cespitose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cespitose"},{"link_name":"caespitose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#caespitose"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"chartaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartaceous"},{"link_name":"chasmogamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasmogamous"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"cleistogamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cleistogamous"},{"link_name":"cremnophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cremnophyte"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1928-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaeger1959-29"},{"link_name":"chimera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_(plant)"},{"link_name":"graft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#graft"},{"link_name":"chiropterophilous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiropterophilous&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pollinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollination"},{"link_name":"bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat"},{"link_name":"chlorophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll"},{"link_name":"chloroplast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chloroplast"},{"link_name":"photosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#photosynthesis"},{"link_name":"chloroplast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast"},{"link_name":"organelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle"},{"link_name":"chlorophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chlorophyll"},{"link_name":"chlorosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorosis"},{"link_name":"ciliate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ciliate"},{"link_name":"margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#margin"},{"link_name":"motility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motility"},{"link_name":"vernation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vernation"},{"link_name":"frond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#frond"},{"link_name":"cirrhose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cirrhose"},{"link_name":"tendril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tendril"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apex"},{"link_name":"tendril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tendril"},{"link_name":"cladode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladode"},{"link_name":"photosynthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#photosynthesis"},{"link_name":"branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#branch"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"phyllode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#phyllode"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(biology)"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#division"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#order"},{"link_name":"clavate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavate"},{"link_name":"Apocynaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae"},{"link_name":"stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stigma"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#basal"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"Melaleuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaleuca"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"cleistogamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleistogamous"},{"link_name":"chasmogamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chasmogamous"},{"link_name":"climber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine"},{"link_name":"erect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#erect"},{"link_name":"tendrils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tendril"},{"link_name":"climber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#climber"},{"link_name":"cline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cline_(biology)"},{"link_name":"clone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning"},{"link_name":"coalescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalescent"},{"link_name":"cochleariform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cochleariform"},{"link_name":"cochleate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cochleate"},{"link_name":"coenobium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenobium_(morphology)"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"coenocyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenocyte"},{"link_name":"nuclei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus"},{"link_name":"cytokinesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokinesis"},{"link_name":"sheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sheath"},{"link_name":"monocotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monocotyledon"},{"link_name":"pileus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pileus"},{"link_name":"plumule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#plumule"},{"link_name":"coleorhiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coleorhiza"},{"link_name":"sheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sheath"},{"link_name":"monocotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monocotyledon"},{"link_name":"radicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#radicle"},{"link_name":"coleoptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coleoptile"},{"link_name":"collenchyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tissue#collenchyma"},{"link_name":"cellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose"},{"link_name":"pectin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin"},{"link_name":"cell walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cell_wall"},{"link_name":"colleter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleter_(botany)"},{"link_name":"glandular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#glandular"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"stipules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stipule"},{"link_name":"petioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petiole"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"Gentianales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentianales"},{"link_name":"columella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columella"},{"link_name":"cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cone"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"Callitris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callitris"},{"link_name":"column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(botany)"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#style"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"gynostegium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynostegium"},{"link_name":"orchids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid"},{"link_name":"milkweeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkweed"},{"link_name":"awn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#awn"},{"link_name":"columnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columnar"},{"link_name":"coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coma_(botany)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"testa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#testa"},{"link_name":"funiculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#funiculus"},{"link_name":"Strophanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strophanthus"},{"link_name":"Asclepias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias"},{"link_name":"Alstonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstonia"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"Curcuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuma"},{"link_name":"Ananas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananas"},{"link_name":"Eucomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucomis"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"Muscari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscari"},{"link_name":"Leopoldia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldia"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apex"},{"link_name":"inflorescences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"Pfaffia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfaffia"},{"link_name":"spikelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spikelet"},{"link_name":"axil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axil"},{"link_name":"Poaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae"},{"link_name":"Eragrostis comata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eragrostis_comata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"commercial name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_name"},{"link_name":"ICNCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICNCP"},{"link_name":"commissure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissure"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"fissure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fissure"},{"link_name":"suture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#suture"},{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_community"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynoecium"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petiole"},{"link_name":"palmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#palmate"},{"link_name":"compressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compression_(botany)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"concatenate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concatenate"},{"link_name":"catenate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#catenate"},{"link_name":"concolorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concolorous"},{"link_name":"conduplicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduplicate"},{"link_name":"ptyxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ptyxis"},{"link_name":"aestivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aestivation"},{"link_name":"vernation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vernation"},{"link_name":"cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_(botany)"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"woody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#woody"},{"link_name":"ovoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovoid"},{"link_name":"globular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#globular"},{"link_name":"scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#scale"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"bracteoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bracteole"},{"link_name":"gymnosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperms"},{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifers"},{"link_name":"Casuarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuarina"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"Callistemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callistemon"},{"link_name":"connate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connation"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"gamopetalous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gamopetalous"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"adnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adnate"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"connivent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connivent"},{"link_name":"conspecific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspecific"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#species"},{"link_name":"contiguous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_contiguity"},{"link_name":"contort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contort_(botany)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"aestivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aestivation"},{"link_name":"convolute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#convolute"},{"link_name":"convolute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolute_(botany)"},{"link_name":"bud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bud"},{"link_name":"imbricate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#imbricate"},{"link_name":"contort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#contort"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"vernation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vernation"},{"link_name":"node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#node"},{"link_name":"embryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#embryo"},{"link_name":"plumule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#plumule"},{"link_name":"radicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#radicle"},{"link_name":"cordate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordate_(leaf_shape)"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"obcordate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#obcordate"},{"link_name":"corneous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corneous"},{"link_name":"corm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corm"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"buds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bud"},{"link_name":"rootstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rootstock"},{"link_name":"cormel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corm#Cormels"},{"link_name":"corm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corm"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellAngell201658-30"},{"link_name":"coriaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coriaceous"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corolla_(flower)"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_(perianth)"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"daffodil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daffodil"},{"link_name":"lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lemma"},{"link_name":"cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex_(botany)"},{"link_name":"surface cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epidermis"},{"link_name":"vascular cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vascular_cylinder"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeentje201033-31"},{"link_name":"bark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bark"},{"link_name":"lignicolous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lignicolous"},{"link_name":"corymb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corymb"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"rib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rib"},{"link_name":"costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#costa"},{"link_name":"palmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#palmate"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"cotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotyledon"},{"link_name":"craspedodromous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craspedodromous&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinnate"},{"link_name":"venation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#venation"},{"link_name":"secondary veins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#secondary_vein"},{"link_name":"margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#margin"},{"link_name":"crateriform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crateriform&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cremnophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cremnophyte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"chasmophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chasmophyte"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1928-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaeger1959-29"},{"link_name":"crenate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenate"},{"link_name":"scalloped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scallop"},{"link_name":"crenulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenulate"},{"link_name":"crisped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crisped"},{"link_name":"cristarque cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cristarque_cell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sclereid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclereid"},{"link_name":"druse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#druse"},{"link_name":"lignin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin"},{"link_name":"cell wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cell_wall"},{"link_name":"cross-section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_(botany)"},{"link_name":"canopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#canopy"},{"link_name":"cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"cruciform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciform"},{"link_name":"crustaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustaceous"},{"link_name":"cryptogam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptogam"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"ovaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seed"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"bryophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"},{"link_name":"phanerogam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#phanerogam"},{"link_name":"cucullate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cucullate_(plant)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pelargonium cucullatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelargonium_cucullatum"},{"link_name":"culm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culm_(botany)"},{"link_name":"monocotyledons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monocotyledon"},{"link_name":"aerial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aerial"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"involucral bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#involucral_bract"},{"link_name":"cultigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultigen"},{"link_name":"cultivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"cultivated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture"},{"link_name":"horticultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture"},{"link_name":"cultivar epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultivar_epithet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cultivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cultivar"},{"link_name":"cupule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calybium_and_cupule"},{"link_name":"coalescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coalescent"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"acorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn"},{"link_name":"calybium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calybium"},{"link_name":"cupular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cupular&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cupule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cupule"},{"link_name":"cupulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cupulate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cupules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cupule"},{"link_name":"cupuliform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupuliform"},{"link_name":"cusp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cusp"},{"link_name":"mucro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mucro"},{"link_name":"cuspidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cuspidate"},{"link_name":"cuspidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cuspidate"},{"link_name":"cusp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cusp"},{"link_name":"cuticle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cuticle"},{"link_name":"epidermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epidermis"},{"link_name":"aerial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aerial"},{"link_name":"cutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutin"},{"link_name":"cutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutan_(polymer)"},{"link_name":"cutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_(plant)"},{"link_name":"apical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apical"},{"link_name":"shoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#shoot"},{"link_name":"root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#root"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"cyathium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyathium"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"unisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#unisexual"},{"link_name":"involucral bracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#involucre"},{"link_name":"Euphorbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia"},{"link_name":"Euphorbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"involucre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#involucre"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"baculiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#baculiform"},{"link_name":"cynaroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cynaroid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"carduoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carduoid"},{"link_name":"cyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyme_(botany)"},{"link_name":"cymose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cymose"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"cymose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyme_(botany)"},{"link_name":"cyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cyme"},{"link_name":"cypsela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae#Fruits_and_seeds"},{"link_name":"indehiscent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indehiscent"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"inferior ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inferior_ovary"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Dianthus chinensis has a caespitose growth habit.\nCallus tissue of Nicotiana tabacum growing on a nutrient medium in plant tissue culture\nStructure of flower of an orchid in genus Praecoxanthus, with the callus labelled\nBearded callus of a floret of the grass species Chrysopogon filipes\nScanning electron micrograph of the carpopodium at the base of the achene-like fruit of Zyzyura mayana, Asteraceae\nDormant leaf buds of deciduous trees are commonly protected by imbricate cataphylls that are shed when the bud sprouts.\nMale catkins of Betula pendula\nThe caudex of Dioscorea elephantipes grows largely above the soil surface. Many species that form caudices grow them underground.\nFlowers growing from a branch of Syzygium moorei, an example of cauliflory\nSome members of the Espeletia genus exhibit a growth habit that is caulirosulate.\nMoehringia growing as a chasmophyte on an overhanging cliff\nChloroplasts within the cells of the leaves of the moss Bryum capillare\nNot all chloroplasts are simple in shape. Chloroplasts of Spirogyra are helical within the tubular cells of their algal filaments.\nCircinate vernation of crosiers of the fern Sadleria cyatheoides\nThe so-called \"fleshy leaves\" of cacti, such as on this Opuntia tomentosa, are actually cladodes (branches). The true leaves are the spines growing on the cladodes, which on this young cladode are still fleshy.\nColony of cells forming a coenobium, of an alga in the genus Pediastrum\nAsclepias syriaca seeds, showing the coma of hairs in its pappus\nCurcuma pseudomontana with red coma bracts\nPfaffia gnaphalioides flowers with basal coma hairs\nComa atop Muscari armeniacum, bearing sterile flowers\nThe conical compound inflorescence of Aeonium arboreum is a compound panicle composed of minor panicles, some of which are compound in their turn.\nCalifornia buckeye (Aesculus californica) has a compound palmate leaf, the leaflets radiating from a central point.\nThe lobes of the gamopetalous corolla of Nicotiana flowers are conduplicate in the bud.\nCasuarina equisetifolia male and female flowers and cones\nGamopetalous Watsonia flower split open between two petals to show the connate formation of the corolla tube; compare the adnate attachment of the stamen bases to the matching petals\nCorms, one entire in its tunic, one partly peeled to show tunic cataphylls, and one split to show inner structure\nThe corona of this Passiflora flower is a ring of purple filaments between the petals and the stamens.\nCotyledons of seedlings of Koelreuteria. One plant shows the first new leaves above its cotyledons, and the rest show various younger stages of emerging cotyledons.\nCrassula rupestris frequently grows as a cremnophyte on cliff faces in fynbos.\nNymphoides crenata has crenate leaf margins.\nMimetes cucullatus, so named for the hooded, cucullate shape of its white flowers\nMurraya paniculata has leaves with cuneate (wedge-shaped) bases.\nExamples of cupules of Fagaceae:A: Quercus rubra B: Quercus trojanaC: Fagus sylvatica D: Castanea sativa\nCuspidate leaves of Diplacus bigelovii var. cuspidatus\nEuphorbia milii is commercially grown for the aesthetic appearance of its brightly colored, bract-like structures called cyathophylls, which sit below the inflorescence.\ncaducous\nFalling off early, e.g. the sepals of poppies, which fall off when the petals begin to open. Compare persistent and fugacious.\n\ncaespitose\nTufted or turf-like, e.g. the growth form of some grasses.\n\ncalcarate\npossessing a spur.\n\ncalcareous\nA soil type or a lichen substrate rock type that is rich in or largely composed of calcium carbonate.\n\ncalceolate\nShaped like a slipper.[25]\n\ncalcicole\nA plant which thrives in calcareous soil. Also calciphile, calciphyte. Antonym: calcifuge. [25]\n\ncallose\nHardened; thickened; callous.\n\ncallus\npl. calli 1.  A protruding mass of tissue\n2.  Undifferentiated tissue growth formed in response to wounding; may be grown in vitro.\n3.  In orchids, fleshy outgrowths from the labellum which can be variously shaped from papillae to plates.\n4.  In grasses, a hardened extension from the base of a floret (formed from the rachilla joint and/or the base of the lemma), which may or may not elongate and is often covered in hairs or bristles.\n\ncalyciflorous\nHaving petals and stamens attached to the calyx.\n\ncalycophyll\nLeaf-like structure formed from a sepal or calyx lobe which enlarges, usually many-fold, before or after anthesis, especially when most of the other sepals or calyx lobes retain their original size. More extreme than an accrescent calyx, calycophylls are found in Rubiaceae. Compare semaphyll and pterophyll.\n\ncalyculate\nHaving an epicalyx.\n\ncalyculus\n1.  A cup-shaped structure formed from bracts resembling an outer calyx.\n2.  In some Asteraceae, a circle of bracts below the involucre.\n\ncalyptra\nA hood or lid. See operculum.\n\ncalyx\npl. calyces Collective term for the sepals of one flower; the outer whorl of a flower, usually green. Compare corolla.\ncalyx tube\nA tube formed by the fusion of the sepals (calyx), at least at the base.\n\ncambium\nTissue layer that provides partially undifferentiated cells for plant growth.\n\ncampanulate\nBell-shaped.\n\ncamptodromous\nPinnate venation in which the secondary veins curve toward the margins, in some cases becoming nearly parallel with them, and not reconnecting with other veins to form loops.\n\ncampylotropous\nWhen the ovule is oriented transversely (i.e. with its axis at right angles to its stalk) and with a curved embryo sac. Compare amphitropus, anatropous, and orthotropous.\n\ncanaliculate\nChannelled; having a longitudinal groove.\n\ncanescent\nApproaching white in color, as in a leaf covered with white down or wool.\n\ncanopy\nBranches and foliage of a tree; the crown. Also refers to the protective upper layer of a forest. Compare trunk.\n\ncapillary\n1.  Tube, pore, or passage with a narrow, internal cross-section.\n2.  Slender; hair-like.\n\ncapitate\n1.  (of an inflorescence) Having a knob-like head, with the flowers unstalked and aggregated into a dense cluster.\n2.  (of a stigma) Like the head of a pin.\n\ncapitulum\nDense cluster of sessile or subsessile flowers or florets, e.g. a flower head in the daisy family Asteraceae. See pseudanthium.\n\ncapsule\nDry fruit formed from two or more united carpels and dehiscing when ripe (usually by splitting into pieces or opening at summit by teeth or pores).\n\ncarduoid\nIn Asteraceae, having a style with a ring of sweeping hairs borne on the shaft of the style below the style branches.\n\ncarina\nSee keel.\n\ncarinal canal\nLongitudinal cavity in the stems of Equisetum and extinct Equisetopsida, coinciding with a ridge in the stem surface.\n\ncarneous\nFlesh-colored, especially as applied to some flowers.\n\ncarnose, carnous\nFleshy or pulpy in texture, especially as applied to some tissues or organs. Contrast coriaceous and corneous.\n\nCaropodium \nGenus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae. Native range: Turkey to Iran. Not to be confused with Carpopodium\n\ncarpel\nThe basic female reproductive organ in angiosperms, either consisting of a single sporophyll or a single locule of a compound ovary, with a style and a stigma. The gynoecium is the collective term for all of the carpels of a single flower.\n\ncarpellary\nReferring to carpels or to associated structures or outgrowths of carpels, for example staminodes attached to carpels in Nymphaeaceae, were frequently referred to as carpellary attachments. The current and past usage of the terms \"carpellary attachments\", paracarpels, and staminodes is confused and varies among authors.\n\ncarpopodium\nOn achenes (Cypselae), an elongation of the base of the gynoecium which looks distinct; the abscission zone, where the achene is separated from the receptacle.\n2.  Genus Carpopodium in the family Brassicaceae; not to be confused with Caropodium.\n\ncartilaginous\nHard and tough; gristly. Compare corneous and coriaceous.\n\ncaruncle\nA small piece of flesh-like tissue, typically lumpy or warty, growing on the testa near the hilum. Contrast aril.\n\ncaryopsis\nA dry, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit in which the seed coat is closely fused to the fruit wall, e.g. in most grasses.\n\nCasparian strip \nA continuous band of suberin in the radial primary cell walls of the endodermis in vascular plant stems and roots that forms a permeability barrier to the passive diffusion of external water and solutes into the vascular tissue.\n\ncassideous\nHood-, helmet- or bonnet-shaped; generally referring to floral anatomy, e.g. in the flowers of Aconitum, Satyrium, etc.\n\ncastaneous\nChestnut-colored, reddish-brown.[26]\n\ncasual alien\nAn exotic plant that appears with no apparent human assistance but does not develop a sustained population(s), or one that persists only by repeated new introductions. Compare alien.\n\ncataphyll\nAny plant structure which is morphologically a leaf but which has at most an incidental or transient photosynthetic function. They are either shed when their main function has been completed, or are incorporated into structures where, when dead, they serve a protective or supportive purpose.\n\ncatenulate\nIn the shape of a chain; formed of parts or cells connected as if chained together, e.g. some diatoms, algae, and cyanobacteria such as Anabaena. See also concatenate.\n\ncatkin\nA spike, usually pendulous, in which the mostly small flowers are unisexual and without a conspicuous perianth, e.g. in willows, poplars, oaks, and casuarinas. The individual flowers often have scaly bracts and are generally wind-pollinated. Catkins are usually shed as a unit.\n\ncaudate\nHaving a narrow, tail-like appendage or tip, e.g. a drip tip. Contrast acuminate, cuspidate, and mucronate.\n\ncaudex\npl. caudices The stem of a plant, especially a woody one; also used to mean a rootstock, or particularly a basal stem structure or storage organ from which new growth arises. Compare lignotuber.\ncaudiciform\nStem-like or caudex-like; sometimes used to mean \"pachycaul\", meaning \"thick-stemmed\".\n\ncaulescent\npossessing a well-developed stem above ground, similar to cauline. Antonym: acaulescent (lacking an apparent stem).\n\ncauliflory\nadj. cauliflorous Having flowers or fruits growing directly from a tree's branches or trunk.[27]\ncauline\nBorne on an aerial stem or caulis, as with leaves, flowers, or fruits (when applied to the latter two organs, usually referring to older stems.\n\ncaulirosulate\nBorne at the end of the stem or caulis, as with leaves or bracts.\n\ncell\n1.  The basic, microscopic unit of plant structure, generally consisting of compartments in a viscous fluid surrounded by a cell wall.\n2.  A cavity of an anther or ovary.\n\ncenanthous\n(of a perianth) Lacking both stamens and pistil, i.e. a flower with neither androecium nor gynoecium.\n\ncentrifixed\nOf a two-branched organ attached by its center, e.g. a hair or anther.\n\nceraceous\nHaving a waxy appearance, color, or texture, e.g. flowers of many species of Ceropegia, and the waxy fruit of some species of Myrica.\n\ncernuous\nNodding, falling headlong or face down; inclined, stooping, or bowing forward. Applied to many species with a nodding, stooping habit, such as many Narcissus and Dierama species. Many plant species bear the specific epithet \"cernua\".\n\ncespitose\nAn alternative spelling of caespitose, meaning tufted or turf-like, e.g. the growth form of some grasses.\n\nchamber\nA cavity of an ovary.\n\nchannelled\nSunken below the surface, resulting in a rounded channel.\n\nchartaceous\nHaving a papery texture.\n\nchasmogamous\nOf flowers that are pollinated when the perianth is open. Compare cleistogamous.\n\nchasmophyte\nA plant adapted to growing in crevices or hollows, such as in cliff faces. Compare cremnophyte.[28][29]\n\nchimera\nAn individual composed of two or more genetically distinct tissues, most commonly as a result of a graft and sometimes by mutations that occur during cell division or cellular transfers during seed development.\n\nchiropterophilous\nPollinated by bats.\n\nchlorophyll\nAny of a variety of different chemical pigments in chloroplasts that are essential for photosynthesis.\n\nchloroplast\nAn organelle present in plant cells which contains chlorophyll.\n\nchlorosis\nAn abnormal lack or paleness of color in a normally green organ.\n\ncilia\nsing. cilium; adj. ciliate Very small hairs or hair-like protrusions more or less confined to the margins of an organ, as with eyelashes; in motile cells, minute, hair-like protrusions which aid motility.\ncircinate\nSpirally coiled with the tip innermost, e.g. circinate vernation of the developing fronds of most ferns.\n\ncirrhose\n(of a leaf) Ending in a tendril at the apex.\n\ncirrus\nSee tendril.\n\ncladode\nA photosynthetic branch or stem, often leaf-like and usually with foliage leaves either absent or much reduced. Compare phyllode.\n\nclass\nThe principal category for taxa ranking between division and order.\n\nclathrate\nShaped like a net or lattice; pierced with apertures, as with a cage.\n\nclavate\nClub-shaped.\n\nclavuncula\nIn the Apocynaceae, an enlarged, drum-shaped stigma of which the sides and lower surface are the receptive zones. Coherent with the anthers or not.\n\nclaw\n1.  A narrow, stalk-like, basal portion of a petal, sepal, or bract.\n2.  In Melaleuca, the united portion of a stamen bundle.\n\ncleistogamous\nHaving flowers which self-pollinate and never open fully, or which self-pollinate before opening. Compare chasmogamous.\n\nclimber\nA plant growing more or less erect by leaning on or twining around another structure for support, or by clinging with tendrils.\n\nclimbing\nSee climber.\n\ncline\nadj. clinal A continuous morphological variation in form within a species or sometimes between two species.\nclone\nA plant derived from the asexual vegetative reproduction of a parent plant, with both plants having identical genetic compositions.\n\ncoalescent\nHaving plant parts fused or grown together to form a single unit.\n\ncochleariform\nConcave and spoon-shaped.\n\ncochleate\nCoiled like a snail's shell.\n\ncoenobium\nAn arranged colony of algae that acts like a single organism.\n\ncoenocyte\nA single cell with multiple nuclei, formed when nuclear division was not followed by cytokinesis.\n\ncoleoptile\nOne type of sheath in the structure of monocotyledonous seeds. The coleoptile is a protective sheath or cap (pileus), generally more or less pointed, that covers the monocotyledonous plumule as it emerges from the soil. It generally turns green and contributes to photosynthesis until its function is superseded by the main growth of the seedling. Contrast this with the coleorhiza, which remains underground until it is superseded as the roots emerge.\n\ncoleorhiza\nOne type of sheath in the structure of monocotyledonous seeds. The coleorhiza connects the coleoptile to the radicle and protects the monocotyledonous radicle during germination. Unlike the coleoptile, the coleorhiza is associated with the root and does not emerge from the soil during germination. Contrast coleoptile.\n\ncollenchyma\nA specialized tissue consisting of living cells with unevenly thickened cellulose and pectin cell walls that performs a support function in organs such as leaves and young stems that are composed of primary plant tissues.\n\ncolleter\nA multicellular, glandular hair that usually produces a mucilaginous substance and is located on sepals, stipules, or petioles, or on nearby parts of stems; commonly found on plants in the order Gentianales.\n\ncolumella\nIn flowering plants, the central axis of the cone or fruit, e.g. in Callitris.\n\ncolumn\n1.  A structure extending above the ovary and incorporating the style and stamens also known as the gynostegium, e.g. in orchids and milkweeds.\n2.  In grasses, the lower, stouter, and usually twisted part of an awn, distinct from the slender upper part or bristle.\n\ncolumnar\nShaped like a column.\n\ncoma\n1.  A tuft of hairs from testa or funiculus at one or both ends of some seeds, e.g. in Strophanthus, Asclepias, or Alstonia.\n2.  Sterile bracts, e.g. in Curcuma, Ananas, or Eucomis.\n3.  Sterile flowers, e.g. in Muscari and Leopoldia, at the apex of some inflorescences.\n4.  A tuft of hairs at the base of some flowers, e.g. in Pfaffia gnaphalioides.\n5.  A tuft of hairs at the apex or base of some spikelets.\n6.  An axil tuft of hairs in inflorescences in some Poaceae, e.g. in Eragrostis comata.\n\ncommercial name\nA name often of no botanical standing and not governed by the ICNCP. The term generally applies to names such as Trademark Names, names covered by Plant Breeders Rights, Patents and Promotional Names, which are often used to enhance the sale of a plant.\n\ncommissure\nThe seam or face at which two carpels adhere. See also fissure and suture.\n\ncommunity\nAn ecological assemblage of plants that characteristically occur together.\n\ncompound\nComposed of several parts, e.g. a leaf composed of multiple leaflets, a gynoecium composed of multiple carpels, or an inflorescence made up of multiple smaller inflorescences.\n\ncompound palmate\nHaving leaflets that radiate from a central point (usually at the top of a petiole), like spread-out fingers radiating from the palm of a hand. Compare palmate.\n\ncompressed\nFlattened lengthwise, either laterally (from side to side) or dorsally (from front to back).\n\nconcatenate\nJoined together in a chain-like form. See also concatenate and catenate.\n\nconcolorous\nHaving the same color throughout; uniformly colored.\n\nconduplicate\nArranged such that two sides of a flat surface are folded along the midline to face each other. See also ptyxis, aestivation, and vernation.\n\ncone\nA type of fruit, usually woody, ovoid to globular, including scales, bracts, or bracteoles arranged around a central axis, e.g. in gymnosperms, especially conifers and Casuarina.\n\nconflorescence\nA rarely used term describing substantial differences between the overall structure of an inflorescence and that of its individual branches, e.g. the bottlebrush multiple-flower head of members of the genus Callistemon.\n\nconnate\nFused to another organ (or organs) of the same kind, e.g. petals in a gamopetalous corolla tube. Compare adnate.\n\nconnective\nThe part of an anther that connects the anther cells.\n\nconnivent\nComing into contact or converging.\n\nconspecific\nBelonging to the same species.\n\ncontiguous\nAdjoining, touching, but not united.\n\ncontort\n(of sepals or petals) A type of imbricate aestivation in which one side of each segment overlaps one of the adjacent segments and the other side is overlapped by the other adjacent segment. See convolute.\n\ncontorted\nTwisted out of the normal shape.\n\nconvolute\n1.  Referring to the arrangement of floral or foliar organs in a bud when each organ or segment has one edge overlapping the adjacent organ or segment; a form of imbricate arrangement. See contort.\n2.  (of leaves) A type of vernation in which one leaf is rolled up inside another.\n3.  A type of vernation of two leaves at a node, in which one half of each leaf is exposed and the other half is wrapped inside the other leaf.\n\ncorcle\nA plant embryo, plumule, or plumule plus radicle.\n\ncordate\nHeart-shaped, with the notch lowermost; of the base of a leaf, like the notched part of a heart. Contrast obcordate.\n\ncoriaceous\nLeathery; stiff and tough, but flexible. Compare corneous.\n\ncorm\nadj. cormose, cormous A fleshy, swollen stem base, usually underground and functioning in the storage of food reserves, with buds naked or covered by very thin scales; a type of rootstock.\ncormel\nA small corm (or cormlet), forming at the base of a growing larger corm.[30]\n\ncorneous\nHorny in texture; stiff and hard, but somewhat tough. Compare coriaceous.\n\ncorolla\nA collective term for the petals of a flower. Compare calyx.\n\ncorona\n1.  In flowering plants, a ring of structures that may be united in a tube, arising from the corolla or perianth of a flower and standing between the perianth lobes and the stamens. The trumpet of a daffodil is a corona.\n2.  In grasses, a hardened ring of tissue surmounting the lemma in some species.\n\ncortex\npl. cortexes or cortices A region of tissue located between the surface cells and the vascular cylinder.[31]\ncorticolous\nGrowing on bark or on wood with the bark stripped off. Compare lignicolous.\n\ncorymb\nadj. corymbose An inflorescence with branches arising at different points but reaching about the same height, giving the flower cluster a flat-topped appearance.\ncosta\nA rib.\n\ncostapalmate\nHaving a definite costa (midrib), unlike the typical palmate or fan leaf, but with the leaflets arranged radially as in a palmate leaf.\n\ncotyledon\nThe primary leaf or leaves of a plant embryo which upon germination develops into the seed-leaf or the first set of leaves.\n\ncraspedodromous\nPinnate venation in which the secondary veins terminate at the margins, often as teeth.\n\ncrateriform\nIn the shape of a saucer or shallow cup; hemispherical or more shallow.\n\ncremnophyte\nA plant adapted to growing on, especially hanging from, cliff faces or crevices. Compare chasmophyte.[28][29]\n\ncrenate\nHaving blunt or rounded teeth; scalloped.\n\ncrenulate\nMinutely scalloped.\n\ncrisped\nFinely curled, as with the edges of leaves and petals.\n\ncristarque cell\nA sclereid which contains a druse and has the lignin deposited excentrically on the cell wall to form a cup shape, or in cross-section, a ∪-shape.\n\ncrown\nSee canopy.\n\ncross\nTo make something interbreed; the act of hybridization.\n\ncruciform\nCross-shaped.\n\ncrustaceous\nHard, thin and brittle.\n\ncrustose\nForming a closely applied surface layer or crust.\n\ncryptogam\nAny of the \"lower plants\" which produce spores and do not have stamens, ovaries, or seeds; literally, plants whose sexual reproductive organs are not conspicuous. This group typically includes the ferns, bryophytes, and algae, and sometimes fungi (including lichenized fungi). Compare phanerogam.\n\ncucullate\nHood-like or hooded, commonly referring to the shape of leaves or petals, e.g. Pelargonium cucullatum. Similarly derived terms include cuculliform and cuccularis.\n\nculm\nIn grasses, sedges, rushes, and some other monocotyledons, an aerial stem bearing the inflorescence, extending strictly from the base of the plant to the lowest involucral bract (or base of the inflorescence).\n\ncultigen\nA plant whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity.\n\ncultivar\nA term derived from \"cultivated variety\" denoting an assemblage of cultivated plants clearly distinguished by one or more characters (morphological, physiological, cytological, chemical, or other). When reproduced (either sexually or asexually), the assemblage retains its distinguishing characters. A cultivar may arise in cultivation or be introduced from the wild. It is a variant that is of horticultural interest or value. Cultivar names are written with single quotation marks around them, e.g. 'Blue Carpet' or 'Alba'. All new names established after 1 January 1959 must be in common language (that is, not in Latin), but names established in Latin prior to this date are retained in Latin form.\n\ncultivar epithet\nThe defining part of a name that denominates a cultivar. Cultivars are designated by fancy (q.v.) epithets appended either to the scientific name or to the common name of the taxon to which they belong; they are not italicized but placed in single quotation marks, e.g. Rubus nitidoides 'Merton Early'. 'Merton Early' is the cultivar epithet.\n\ncuneate\nWedge-shaped, with straight sides converging at a base.\n\ncupule\nA cup-shaped structure composed of coalescent bracts, such as the cup of an acorn. See calybium.\n\ncupular\nShaped like a cupule.\n\ncupulate\nBearing cupules.\n\ncupuliform\nNearly hemispherical, shaped like a cupola or dome.\n\ncusp\nA hard, pointed tip, stiffer and more formidable than a mucro, hence cuspidate.\n\ncuspidate\nTipped with a cusp, as with some leaves.\n\ncuticle\nA waterproofing layer covering the epidermis of aerial plant surfaces and composed of the polymers cutin, and/or cutan and waxes.\n\ncutting\nAn apical tip of shoot structure, root, or leaf which is cut from a plant and used for asexual vegetative propagation.\n\ncyathium\npl. cyathia An inflorescence of unisexual flowers surrounded by involucral bracts, especially the flowers of Euphorbia.\ncyathophyll\nIn Euphorbia, the bract-like structure on which the involucre sits, usually but not always occurring in twos. They may sometimes be brightly colored and confused with petals.\n\ncylindrical\nRod-like and two to three times as long as wide. Compare baculiform.\n\ncynaroid\nSee carduoid.\n\ncyme\nadj. cymose A type of inflorescence in which the main axis and all lateral branches end in a flower (each lateral may be repeatedly branched).\ncymose\nHaving a cyme or cymes.\n\ncypsela\nA type of dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit formed from an inferior ovary.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eucalyptus_grandis_bark_decorticating_7th_Brigade_Park_Chermside_L1100307.jpg"},{"link_name":"decortication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#decorticate"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus grandis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_grandis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Descripci%C3%B3n_General-V150.jpg"},{"link_name":"decorticating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#decorticate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crassula_rupestris-PICT3087.jpg"},{"link_name":"Decussate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#decussate"},{"link_name":"phyllotaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllotaxis"},{"link_name":"Crassula rupestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassula_rupestris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princeton_leaf.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dentate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dentate"},{"link_name":"elm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ziziphus_mauritiana_Lam_-_Flickr_-_lalithamba.jpg"},{"link_name":"Denticulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#denticulate"},{"link_name":"Ziziphus mauritiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziziphus_mauritiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Astragalus_austriacus_sl18.jpg"},{"link_name":"Astragalus austriacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astragalus_austriacus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"diadelphous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#diadelphous"},{"link_name":"adelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adelphia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_castor_bean_plant_showing_prominent_cotyledons.jpg"},{"link_name":"cotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cotyledon"},{"link_name":"Ricinus communis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinus_communis"},{"link_name":"dicotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dicotyledon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brachylaena_discolor_Brachylaena_uniflora_leaves_both.JPG"},{"link_name":"Discolorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#discolorous"},{"link_name":"Brachylaena discolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachylaena_discolor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonnenblume_Helianthus_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Disk florets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#disk_floret"},{"link_name":"capitulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capitulum"},{"link_name":"Helianthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helianthus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dissepiment_label_added_to_file_of_Jon_Houseman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dissepiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dissepiment"},{"link_name":"carpels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpel"},{"link_name":"locules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locule"},{"link_name":"Lilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boophone_disticha,_habitus,_Skeerpoort,_a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boophone disticha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boophone_disticha"},{"link_name":"distichous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#distichous"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acacia_drepanolobium--_Whistling_Thorn_(25396927222).jpg"},{"link_name":"Domatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#domatia"},{"link_name":"Vachellia drepanolobium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia_drepanolobium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorsiventral_(bilateral)_leaves_of_Syzygium_gerrardii_and_Triadica_sebifera_IMG_1994c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dorsiventral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dorsiventral"},{"link_name":"Syzygium gerrardii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syzygium_gerrardii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Triadica sebifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triadica_sebifera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epipremnum_pinnatum_var.jpg"},{"link_name":"Epipremnum aureum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipremnum_aureum"},{"link_name":"cuspidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cuspidate"},{"link_name":"drip tip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#drip_tip"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"Dehiscing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dehiscent"},{"link_name":"bark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bark"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"persistent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#persistent"},{"link_name":"declinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/declinate"},{"link_name":"bipinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bipinnate"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"pinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinnate"},{"link_name":"decurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decurrent"},{"link_name":"insertion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#point_of_insertion"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"decussate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#decussate"},{"link_name":"decussate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#decussate"},{"link_name":"decussate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/decussate"},{"link_name":"Opposite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opposite"},{"link_name":"arrangement of leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllotaxis"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"bud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bud"},{"link_name":"cymose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cymose"},{"link_name":"indefinite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indefinite"},{"link_name":"inflexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflexed"},{"link_name":"dehiscent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)"},{"link_name":"fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seed"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollen"},{"link_name":"sporangia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporangium"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spore"},{"link_name":"indehiscent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indehiscent"},{"link_name":"deltoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(letter)"},{"link_name":"Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tree"},{"link_name":"dentate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_margin"},{"link_name":"Toothed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#toothed"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#margin"},{"link_name":"denticulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_margin"},{"link_name":"toothed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#toothed"},{"link_name":"dentate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dentate"},{"link_name":"deserticolous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deserticolous&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"determinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinate_growth"},{"link_name":"indeterminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indeterminate"},{"link_name":"adelphous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adelphous"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"adelphiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adelphia"},{"link_name":"diaspore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspore_(botany)"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seed"},{"link_name":"buds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bud"},{"link_name":"dichasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichasium"},{"link_name":"cymose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cymose"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#regular"},{"link_name":"monochasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monochasium"},{"link_name":"pleiochasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pleiochasium"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"homochlamydeous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#homochlamydeous"},{"link_name":"sympodial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympodial"},{"link_name":"Aloidendron dichotomum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloidendron_dichotomum"},{"link_name":"venation patterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichotomous_venation"},{"link_name":"Carissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carissa"},{"link_name":"thalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#thallus"},{"link_name":"hyphae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypha"},{"link_name":"dicotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicotyledon"},{"link_name":"cotyledons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cotyledon"},{"link_name":"monocotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monocotyledon"},{"link_name":"digitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitate"},{"link_name":"palmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#palmate"},{"link_name":"palmatisect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#palmatisect"},{"link_name":"Leaf shape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shape"},{"link_name":"digitiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/digitiform"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"fronds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frond_dimorphism"},{"link_name":"monomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monomorphic"},{"link_name":"polymorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)"},{"link_name":"dioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioecious"},{"link_name":"monoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monoecious"},{"link_name":"dioicous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioicous"},{"link_name":"bryophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bryophyte"},{"link_name":"gametophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametophyte"},{"link_name":"monoicous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monoicous"},{"link_name":"diploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidy#Diploid"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"sporophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporophyte"},{"link_name":"gametes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gamete"},{"link_name":"haploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#haploid"},{"link_name":"diplostemonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"whorls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#whorl"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"obdiplostemonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#obdiplostemonous"},{"link_name":"haplostemonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#haplostemonous"},{"link_name":"disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology#Disk"},{"link_name":"receptacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#receptacle"},{"link_name":"whorls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#whorl"},{"link_name":"Sapindales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapindales"},{"link_name":"nectary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#nectary"},{"link_name":"daisies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"capitulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capitulum"},{"link_name":"disk flowers or florets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#disk_floret"},{"link_name":"head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capitulum"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"disjunct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjunct_distribution"},{"link_name":"floret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#floret"},{"link_name":"disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#disc"},{"link_name":"capitulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capitulum"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"Scabiosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scabiosa"},{"link_name":"septum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septum"},{"link_name":"loculi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#locule"},{"link_name":"capsules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capsule"},{"link_name":"distal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal"},{"link_name":"proximal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#proximal"},{"link_name":"distichous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllotaxis"},{"link_name":"distyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distyly"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#style"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"heterostyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#heterostyly"},{"link_name":"diurnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnality"},{"link_name":"divaricate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divaricate"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(botany)"},{"link_name":"kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kingdom"},{"link_name":"phylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#phylum"},{"link_name":"domatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domatium"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_(location)"},{"link_name":"general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral"},{"link_name":"botanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"abaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#abaxial"},{"link_name":"adaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adaxial"},{"link_name":"prostrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#prostrate"},{"link_name":"Nymphaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea"},{"link_name":"dorsad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location"},{"link_name":"dorsum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location"},{"link_name":"anatomical terms of location","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location"},{"link_name":"ventral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ventral"},{"link_name":"lateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lateral"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"filament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#filament"},{"link_name":"dorsiventral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsiventral"},{"link_name":"bilateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bilateral"},{"link_name":"isobilateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobilateral"},{"link_name":"acuminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#acuminate"},{"link_name":"caudate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#caudate"},{"link_name":"cuspidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cuspidate"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"drupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe"},{"link_name":"succulent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#succulent"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seed"},{"link_name":"kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kernel"},{"link_name":"drupelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe"},{"link_name":"drupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#drupe"},{"link_name":"apocarpous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apocarpous"},{"link_name":"compound fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#compound_fruit"},{"link_name":"Rubus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus"},{"link_name":"Ochna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochna"},{"link_name":"druse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druse_(botany)"},{"link_name":"calcium oxalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxalate"},{"link_name":"organic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_matter"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Seasonal, healthy decortication of Eucalyptus grandis outer bark\nA decorticating machine collecting fiber from leaves\nDecussate phyllotaxis of Crassula rupestris\nDentate leaf of elm\nDenticulate leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana\nAstragalus austriacus is regarded as diadelphous because it has one stamen unattached to the main adelphia (bunch).\nThe paired cotyledons of a castor bean seedling (Ricinus communis) are typical of a dicotyledon.\nDiscolorous leaves of Brachylaena discolor differ in color between their upper and lower surfaces.\nDisk florets opening in a capitulum of a cultivated Helianthus. They open progressively from the edge to the center of the disk.\nDissepiment developing in tissue of carpels where they meet to form locules in the capsule of the ovary of Lilium\nBoophone disticha has conspicuously distichous leaves.\nDomatia at the bases of the thorns of Vachellia drepanolobium, the whistling thorn, with visible access holes\nDorsiventral (bilateral) leaves of Syzygium gerrardii and Triadica sebifera\nLeaves of Epipremnum aureum (golden pothos) have a cuspidate drip tip.\ndeciduous\nDehiscing and falling seasonally, as with bark, leaves, or petals. Contrast persistent.\n\ndeclinate\nCurving downward, and then upward at the tip. Often qualified, e.g. declinate-ascendant.\n\ndecompound\nDivided to more than one level, e.g. in bipinnate leaves, in which the leaflets of what would otherwise be a pinnate leaf are themselves pinnately divided.\n\ndecorticate\n1.  (intr. v.) To shed the outer bark of a tree, usually seasonally as part of the natural growth cycle.\n2.  (tr. v.) To strip the peel, crust, bark, or other surface tissues from a plant or from harvested material, such as in extracting fiber from harvested Agave leaves.\n\ndecumbent\nHaving branches growing horizontally along the ground but which are turned up at the ends.\n\ndecurrent\nExtending downward beyond the point of insertion, e.g. when the base of a leaf or a fungal gill is prolonged downward along the stem in a raised line or narrow wing.\n\ndecussant\nA synonym of decussate; the usage decussant is questionable and occurs rarely, probably as an error. The formally correct usage is decussate.\n\ndecussate\nOpposite with successive pairs borne at right angles to the last; generally applied to the arrangement of leaves.\n\ndefinite\nOf a constant number, e.g. twice as many stamens as petals or sepals (or less), or an inflorescence ending in a flower or an aborted floral bud, typically a cymose inflorescence. Contrast indefinite.\n\ndeflexed\nBent downward. Contrast inflexed.\n\ndehiscent\nBreaking open at maturity to release contents; refers e.g. to the opening of fruits to release seeds, of anthers to release pollen, and of sporangia to release spores. Contrast indehiscent.\n\ndeltoid\nShaped like the uppercase Greek letter Δ, i.e. like a more or less equilateral triangle.\n\ndendroid\nTree-like; branching like a tree.\n\ndentate\nToothed, especially in reference to leaf margins.\n\ndenticulate\nFinely toothed; a diminutive form of dentate.\n\ndeserticolous\nInhabiting a desert.\n\ndeterminate\nLimited, usually in growth. Contrast indeterminate.\n\ndiadelphous\nReferring to a class of adelphous structure in which the stamens or similar organs are connected in two adelphiae instead of just one.\n\ndiaspore\nAny reproductive part of a plant adapted for dispersal and for establishing new plants; may be a disseminule such as a seed, or other parts such as specialized buds, branches, inflorescences, or fruits.\n\ndichasium\nA cymose inflorescence with all branches below the terminal flower in regular opposite pairs. Compare monochasium and pleiochasium.\n\ndichlamydeous\nHaving a perianth which is divided into a separate calyx and corolla. Compare homochlamydeous.\n\ndichotomous\nForking into two equal branches. This may result from an equal division of the growing tip, or may be sympodial, in which the growing tip is aborted and replaced. Typically refers to mode of branch growth, as in Aloidendron dichotomum, but also to other organs, such as the venation patterns on leaves, the thorns of various species of Carissa (which morphologically are branches), and the thalli or hyphae of various algae and fungi.\n\ndicotyledon\nAlso abbreviated dicot. A flowering plant whose embryo has two or more cotyledons (seed leaves). Contrast monocotyledon.\ndigitate\nWith segments spreading from a common center, like the fingers of a hand. See also palmate and palmatisect. See also Leaf shape.\n\ndigitiform\nShaped like a finger.\n\ndimorphic\nOccurring in two different forms (with respect to shape and/or size), e.g. of stamens, fronds, or leaves. See also monomorphic (having a single form) and polymorphic (having many forms).\n\ndioecious\n(of vascular plants) Having male and female reproductive structures which develop only on different individuals and never on the same individual. Contrast monoecious.\n\ndioicous\n(of a bryophyte gametophyte) Having male and female reproductive structures which develop only on different individuals and never on the same individual. Contrast monoicous.\n\ndiploid\nHaving two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of a sporophyte cell, i.e. one set from each of the parental gametes. This is often expressed symbolically as 2n, where n = the number of chromosomes in the haploid gamete.\n\ndiplostemonous\nHaving stamens arranged in two whorls, with the outer whorl alternating with the petals while the inner whorl is opposite the petals. Compare obdiplostemonous and haplostemonous.\n\ndisc\nAlso spelled disk. A plate or ring of structures derived from the receptacle, and occurring between whorls of floral parts. In some groups, especially Sapindales, the nectary is in the form of a prominent disk. In daisies, the central part of the capitulum is a disk, hence flowers borne there are called disk flowers or florets.\ndiscoid\nResembling a disc or plate, having both thickness and parallel faces and with a rounded margin. Also used to describe the flower head of Asteraceae where there are no ray florets but only disc florets.\n\ndiscolorous\n(of leaves) Having upper and lower surfaces of different colors.\n\ndisjunct\nOccurring in widely separated geographic areas, distinctly separate; applies to a discontinuous range in which one or more populations are separated from other potentially interbreeding populations with sufficient distance so as to preclude gene flow between them.\n\ndisk floret\nA floret occurring most typically in the disk of the capitulum of flowers in the family Asteraceae, and to some extent in other plants that bear a flowering head with a disk, such as Scabiosa.\n\ndissected\nDeeply divided; cut into many segments.\n\ndissepiment\nA partition or septum in a plant part, usually referring to septa between the loculi of capsules or of other fruits with multiple partitions.\n\ndistal\nRemote from the point of origin or attachment; the free end. Contrast proximal.\n\ndistichous\nArranged in two opposite rows (and hence in the same plane).\n\ndistinct\nSeparate or free; not united.\n\ndistyly\nThe condition in which the flowers of a species occur in two forms that differ only by the length of the style and stamens, and flowers of only one of these forms appear on any one plant. Compare heterostyly.\n\ndiurnal\nOf the day; occurring or opening in the daytime.\n\ndivaricate\nWide-spreading.\n\ndivergent\nSpreading in different directions, generally upward.\n\ndivision\nA taxonomic rank below kingdom in the standard taxonomic hierarchy. \"Division\" is generally used only for plants, and is the approximate botanical equivalent of the term phylum, which is used for animals and other kingdoms.\n\ndomatia\nsing. domatium Any hollow structure formed by a plant that is inhabited by animals such as ants or mites.\ndorsal\nFrom Latin dorsum, a ridge or the back of an animal. Partly because the term originally referred to animals rather than plants, usage in botany is arbitrary according to context and source. In general \"dorsal\" refers to \"the rear or back or upper surface\", but in botanical usage such concepts are not always clearly defined and may be contradictory. For example:\nfacing away from the axis (abaxial) in a lateral organ of an erect plant\nfacing away from the substrate in any part of an erect plant, for example the upper surface of a more or less horizontal leaf (adaxial) or the upper part of the crown of the plant\nfacing away from the substrate in a prostrate or climbing plant or floating leaves such as those of Nymphaea.\nDerived or related terms include dorsad, \"toward the dorsal\", and dorsum, \"the dorsal part of the organ or organism as a unit\". Related anatomical terms of location include ventral, lateral.\n\ndorsifixed\nAttached at or by the back, e.g. anthers on a filament.\n\ndorsiventral\nHaving structurally and visibly different upper and lower surfaces, e.g. some leaves. Compare bilateral and isobilateral.\n\ndrip tip\nA long, narrow, acuminate, caudate, or cuspidate extension at the tip of a leaf or leaflet. Commonly an adaptation to rainy conditions, as it promotes shedding of water by its dripping from the narrow tip. The term drip tip is not anatomically descriptive in the way that acuminate or cuspidate are, for example; rather, it is a description of the functional shape that aids dripping, regardless of the specific geometry of the shape itself.\n\ndrupe\nA type of succulent fruit formed from one carpel; the single seed is enclosed by a stony layer of the fruit wall, e.g. in peaches and olives. Also called a kernel.\n\ndrupelet\nA small drupe formed from one of the carpels in an apocarpous flower. Drupelets usually form a compound fruit, as in Rubus, but they may become widely separated, as in Ochna.\n\ndruse\nA globular mass of calcium oxalate crystals, usually with the crystals radiating from an organic core.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corydalis_cheilanthifolia_pod.jpg"},{"link_name":"Corydalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corydalis"},{"link_name":"elaiosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#elaiosome"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanzawaBeattieHolmes1985-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ficus_lyrata_as_an_example_of_a_doubly-emarginate_leaf.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ficus lyrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_lyrata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heracleum_sphondylium_003.JPG"},{"link_name":"Heracleum sphondylium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracleum_sphondylium"},{"link_name":"emarginate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#emarginate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Date_Seed_sprouting.jpg"},{"link_name":"embryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#embryo"},{"link_name":"date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palm"},{"link_name":"endosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endosperm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_lilies_and_reeds,_Lochan_Dubh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_233467.jpg"},{"link_name":"Water lilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea"},{"link_name":"reeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_(plant)"},{"link_name":"emergent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#emergent"},{"link_name":"aquatic vegetation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_vegetation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IrisPseudacorus_6004.JPG"},{"link_name":"Iris pseudacorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_pseudacorus"},{"link_name":"ensiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ensiform"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terengganu_roselle.jpg"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"epicalyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epicalyx"},{"link_name":"Hibiscus sabdariffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus_sabdariffa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epicormic_Shoots_from_an_Epicormic_Bud_on_Eucalyptus_following_Bushfire_2,_near_Anglers_Rest,_Vic,_Aust,_jjron_27.3.2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#shoot"},{"link_name":"epicormic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epicormic"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"bushfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushfire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tillandsia_recurvata_epiphyte_IMG_1620.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tillandsia recurvata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillandsia_recurvata"},{"link_name":"epiphloedal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epiphloedal"},{"link_name":"foliose lichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliose_lichen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epizoochoria_NRM.jpg"},{"link_name":"epizoochory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epizoochory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boophane_disticha_in_Phipps_Conservatory_%26_Botanical_Gardens.jpg"},{"link_name":"equitant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#equitant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cut_of_seeds_with_hypogeal_germination.jpg"},{"link_name":"exalbuminous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#exalbuminous"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_marlothii02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aloe marlothii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_marlothii"},{"link_name":"exserted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#exserted"},{"link_name":"floral tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#floral_tube"},{"link_name":"-eae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-eae"},{"link_name":"generic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#generic_name"},{"link_name":"tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tribe"},{"link_name":"Aster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aster_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Astereae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astereae"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"synonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"},{"link_name":"ecological amplitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecological_amplitude&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edaphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edaphic"},{"link_name":"elaiosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaiosome"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seed"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanzawaBeattieHolmes1985-32"},{"link_name":"pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollination"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollen"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spore"},{"link_name":"Rafflesia arnoldii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafflesia_arnoldii#Reproduction"},{"link_name":"ellipsoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsoid"},{"link_name":"elliptical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#elliptical"},{"link_name":"elliptical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_(leaf_shape)"},{"link_name":"oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#oval"},{"link_name":"emarginate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emarginate"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apex"},{"link_name":"embryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seed"},{"link_name":"germination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#germination"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"papyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus"},{"link_name":"Stuckenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuckenia"},{"link_name":"enation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enation"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellAngell201678-33"},{"link_name":"gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynoecium"},{"link_name":"dextrostyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dextrostyly"},{"link_name":"sinistrostyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sinistrostyly"},{"link_name":"androecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#androecium"},{"link_name":"Senna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_(plant)"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#native"},{"link_name":"endocarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocarp"},{"link_name":"drupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#drupe"},{"link_name":"endodermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endodermis"},{"link_name":"cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cortex"},{"link_name":"vascular plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#root"},{"link_name":"pteridophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridophyte"},{"link_name":"suberin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suberin"},{"link_name":"Casparian strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casparian_strip"},{"link_name":"endosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosperm"},{"link_name":"angiosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#angiosperm"},{"link_name":"nutritive tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_organ"},{"link_name":"embryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#embryo"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seed"},{"link_name":"triploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triploid"},{"link_name":"polar nuclei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_nuclei"},{"link_name":"gamete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamete"},{"link_name":"gymnosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gymnosperm"},{"link_name":"prothallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#prothallus"},{"link_name":"embryo sac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo_sac"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spore"},{"link_name":"gametophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametophyte"},{"link_name":"exospory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#exospory"},{"link_name":"ensiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiform"},{"link_name":"entire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entire_leaf"},{"link_name":"margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#margin"},{"link_name":"lobed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lobed"},{"link_name":"toothed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#toothed"},{"link_name":"scalloped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#scalloped"},{"link_name":"entomophily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomophily"},{"link_name":"pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollination"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollen"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spore"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"ruderal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruderal"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulzeZw%C3%B6lfer2012261-34"},{"link_name":"ephemeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeral"},{"link_name":"caducous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#caducous"},{"link_name":"epicalyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicalyx"},{"link_name":"involucre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#involucre"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"Hibiscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus"},{"link_name":"epicarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicarp"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"epicormic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicormic"},{"link_name":"buds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bud"},{"link_name":"shoots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#shoot"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"epicotyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicotyl"},{"link_name":"cotyledonary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cotyledon"},{"link_name":"epicuticular wax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicuticular_wax"},{"link_name":"wax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax"},{"link_name":"cuticle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cuticle"},{"link_name":"epidermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)"},{"link_name":"epigynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigynous"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"hypogynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hypogynous"},{"link_name":"perigynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perigynous"},{"link_name":"epilithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epilithic"},{"link_name":"lithophytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lithophytic"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"epipetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epilithic"},{"link_name":"lithophytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lithophytic"},{"link_name":"epilithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epilithic"},{"link_name":"bark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bark"},{"link_name":"endophloedal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endophloedal"},{"link_name":"epilithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epilithic"},{"link_name":"epiphyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphyte"},{"link_name":"epiphytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphytic"},{"link_name":"epiphyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epiphyte"},{"link_name":"epilithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epilithic"},{"link_name":"lithophytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lithophytic"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"tepals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tepal"},{"link_name":"epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithet"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#specific_epithet"},{"link_name":"Welwitschia mirabilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welwitschia_mirabilis"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seed"},{"link_name":"fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"pruinose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pruinose"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#patent"},{"link_name":"erecto-patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#erecto-patent"},{"link_name":"ericoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericoid"},{"link_name":"Erica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_(plant)"},{"link_name":"erose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erose"},{"link_name":"margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#margin"},{"link_name":"etiolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiolation"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellAngell201683-35"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#compound"},{"link_name":"synonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"},{"link_name":"paripinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#paripinnate"},{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#deciduous"},{"link_name":"Author citation (botany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"endosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endosperm"},{"link_name":"albumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#albumen"},{"link_name":"Fabaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"},{"link_name":"Combretaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combretaceae"},{"link_name":"exocarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocarp"},{"link_name":"pericarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pericarp"},{"link_name":"fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spore"},{"link_name":"gametophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametophyte"},{"link_name":"endospory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endospory"},{"link_name":"exotesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testa_(botany)"},{"link_name":"testa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#testa"},{"link_name":"integument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#integument"},{"link_name":"ovule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovule"},{"link_name":"exotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"},{"link_name":"exserted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exserted"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"corolla tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla_tube"},{"link_name":"exstipulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exstipulate"},{"link_name":"stipules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stipule"},{"link_name":"extrastaminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extrastaminal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"androecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#androecium"},{"link_name":"extrorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrorse"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"locules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#locule"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"introrse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#introrse"},{"link_name":"latrorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#latrorse"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Plants of the genus Corydalis bear seeds with attached elaiosomes, which have various functions, commonly attracting ants. On some Corydalis species, elaiosomes that attract ants also repel mice.[32]\nFicus lyrata is an example of a doubly-emarginate leaf with lateral and apical emargination; it also might be seen as a basally emarginate.\nPetals of Heracleum sphondylium are variously emarginate at their tips. Flowers in the middle of the inflorescence have slightly emarginate petals, whereas flowers at the periphery are so deeply emarginate as to be almost cleft in two.\nThe pale embryo emerging from the upper surface of the sprouting date seed is tiny in comparison to the endosperm, its main food supply, which comprises almost all of the rest of the seed.\nWater lilies and reeds represent two ecological categories of emergent aquatic vegetation.\nIris pseudacorus has clearly ensiform leaves: narrow, straight-edged, sword-shaped.\nThe enlarged calyx and smaller epicalyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa\nShoots from epicormic buds on Eucalyptus following a bushfire\nTillandsia recurvata growing as a harmless, non-parasitic epiphloedal epiphyte on a tree trunk that is also infested with an epiphloedal foliose lichen\nSeeds or fruits are dispersed by epizoochory when they stick to the fur of animals.\nThe bases of equitant leaves enclose later leaves on the stem.\nSections of exalbuminous seeds\nAloe marlothii flowers with stamens and stigmata of mature flowers exserted from the mouths of the floral tubes\n-eae\nA suffix added to the stem of a generic name to form the name of a tribe, e.g. Aster → Astereae.\n\nebracteate\nLacking bracts; synonymous with ebracteolate.\n\necological amplitude\nThe range of environmental conditions in which an organism can survive.\n\nedaphic\nOf or influenced by the soil.\n\neglandular\nAlso aglandular Not having glands.\nelaiosome\nAn external structure attached to the seed of many species of plants. Elaiosomes generally look fleshy and in some species they are rich in oils or other nutritious materials. Their functions vary and are not always obvious; commonly they attract ants or other animals that aid in dispersal, but they may also repel other animals from eating the seed.[32]\n\nelephophily\nA form of pollination whereby pollen or spores are distributed by the feet of elephants, as in Rafflesia arnoldii.\n\nellipsoid\nA three-dimensional shape that is elliptical in all sections through the long axis.\n\nelliptical\nAlso elliptic. Planar, shaped like a flattened circle, symmetrical about both the long and the short axis, tapering equally both to the tip and the base; oval.\nemarginate\nTypically in reference to leaf margins: notched or recessed at some part of the edge, such as the apex; the recess usually is broad and shallow. The location of a leaf's emargination(s) might be one or more of apical, lateral or basal\n\nembryo\nThe young plant contained by a seed prior to germination.\n\nemergent\nA plant taller than the surrounding vegetation or, among aquatic plant species, one that bears flowers and commonly leaves above the surface of the water. Aquatic examples include water lilies, reeds, and papyrus. Some pondweeds such as Stuckenia are not emergent until they flower, at which time only their flowers appear above the water surface.\n\nenation\nLeaf-like outgrowth from a surface.[33]\n\nenantiostyly\nThe condition in which the gynoecium protrudes laterally, to the right (dextrostyly) or to the left (sinistrostyly) of the androecium, e.g. Senna.\n\nendemic\nHaving a natural distribution restricted to a particular geographic region. Compare native.\n\nendocarp\nThe innermost layer of the wall of a fruit; in a drupe, the stony layer surrounding the seed.\n\nendodermis\nThe innermost layer of the cortex of vascular plant roots, also present in the stems of pteridophytes. The radial walls are impregnated with suberin to form a permeability barrier known as the Casparian strip.\n\nendosperm\n1.  (angiosperms) A nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo of the seed, usually triploid, originating from the fusion of both polar nuclei with one gamete after the fertilization of the egg.\n2.  (gymnosperms) The prothallus within the embryo sac.\n\nendospory\nThe production of spores that germinate into a reduced multicellular gametophyte contained within the spore wall. Contrast exospory.\n\nensiform\nShaped like the blade of a sword.\n\nentire\n1.  Not divided.\n2.  (of a margin) Smooth and not lobed or toothed (though possibly wavy or scalloped).\n\nentomophily\nA form of pollination whereby pollen or spores are distributed by insects.\n\nepecophyte\nSpecies of recent appearance, usually numerous and constant in the country, but confined to artificial habitats, such as meadows and ruderal vegetation and are dependent on humans for existence.[34]\n\nephemeral\nShort-lived. See also caducous.\n\nepicalyx\nAn involucre resembling an outer calyx, e.g. as in Hibiscus.\n\nepicarp\nThe outer layer of the wall of a fruit, i.e. the \"skin\".\n\nepicormic\nUsed to refer to buds, shoots, or flowers developing from the old wood of trees, especially after injury or fire.\n\nepicotyl\nThe part of the plant axis or stem between the cotyledonary node and the first foliage leaves.\n\nepicuticular wax\nA layer of crystalline or amorphous wax deposited on the surface of the cuticle.\n\nepidermis\nAn organ's outermost layer of cells, usually only one cell thick.\n\nepigynous\nBorne on the ovary; describes floral parts when attached above the level of the ovary and arising from tissue fused to the ovary wall. Compare hypogynous and perigynous.\n\nepilithic\nGrowing on stone. Compare lithophytic, a plant growing on stone.\n\nepipetalous\nOf stamens that are attached to the petals.\n\nepipetric\nGrowing on rock or stone, lithophytic, epilithic.\n\nepiphloedal\nGrowing on the surface of bark. Contrast endophloedal (growing inside, not on, the bark) and epilithic (growing on rock, not bark).\n\nepiphyte\nA plant, alga or fungus that grows on another plant without deriving nourishment from it but using it for support.\n\nepiphytic\nOf an epiphyte; living on the surface of a plant. Compare epilithic, lithophytic.\n\nepisepalous\nOf stamens that are attached to the sepals.\n\nepitepalous\nOf stamens that are attached to the tepals.\n\nepithet\nThe adjectival component in a binomial scientific name, usually more specifically called a specific epithet; the final word or combination of words in a name of more than one word (other than a term denoting rank) that denominates an individual taxon. The simplest and commonest example is the second word in a two-word name of a species, such as \"mirabilis\" in Welwitschia mirabilis.\n\nepizoochory\nA type of seed dispersal that occurs when seeds or fruits physically adhere to the outside of vertebrate animal bodies.\n\nepruinose\nNot pruinose.\n\nequitant\n(of a leaf) Folded lengthwise and clasping another leaf.\n\nerect\nUpright, more or less perpendicular to the ground or point of attachment. Compare patent (spreading) and erecto-patent, between erect and patent.\n\nericoid\nHaving leaves like those of the European heaths (Erica); small and sharply pointed.\n\nerose\n(of a margin) Irregular as though nibbled or worn away.\n\nethelochoric\nDeliberate introduction by seedlings, seeds or plants in a new habitat by humans.\n\netiolation\nWeak growth due to lack of light, resulting in elongated stems and yellowish color.[35]\n\neven-pinnate\nHaving an even number of leaflets in a compound leaf; synonymous with paripinnate.\n\nevergreen\nNot deciduous; having leaves all year.\n\nex\nIn nomenclature, indicating that the preceding author proposed the name but did not legitimately publish it, and that the succeeding author referred to the first author when legitimately publishing the name. See Author citation (botany).\n\nexalbuminous\nIn seeds of a given species, having no endosperm, i.e. no albumen, e.g. in Fabaceae and Combretaceae.\n\nexocarp\nThe outer layer of the pericarp, often the skin of fleshy fruits.\n\nexospory\nThe production of spores that germinate into free-living multicellular gametophytes. Contrast endospory.\n\nexotesta\nThe outer layer of the testa (seed coat). It is derived from the outer integument of the ovule.\n\nexotic\nNot native; introduced from another region or country.\n\nexserted\nProjected beyond, e.g. stamens beyond the corolla tube.\n\nexstipulate\nLacking stipules.\n\nextrastaminal\nOutside the stamens or androecium, usually referring to the location of a nectary disk.\n\nextrorse\n(of anther locules) Opening toward the outside of the flower. Contrast introrse and latrorse.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Astragalus_falcatus_(7441409300).jpg"},{"link_name":"Astragalus falcatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astragalus_falcatus"},{"link_name":"falcate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#falcate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhigozum_obovatum_8217s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rhigozum obovatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhigozum_obovatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fascicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fascicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bondues_parc_vert_bois_allee_peupliers.jpg"},{"link_name":"habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#habit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orange_Pore_Fungus_(Favolaschia_calocera)_(33327394770).jpg"},{"link_name":"Favolaschia calocera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favolaschia_calocera"},{"link_name":"faveolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#faveolate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_emerging_leaves_of_Oldenburgia_grandis_are_white-felted_IMG_5582.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oldenburgia grandis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburgia_grandis"},{"link_name":"felted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#felted"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darlingtonia_californica_ne1_(crop).jpg"},{"link_name":"Fenestrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fenestrate"},{"link_name":"Darlingtonia californica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlingtonia_californica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fenestrate_leaves_of_Fenestraria_aurantiaca_IMG_3851c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fenestraria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenestraria"},{"link_name":"fenestration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fenestration"},{"link_name":"photosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digitalis_ferruginea-IMG_9992.jpg"},{"link_name":"Digitalis ferruginea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalis_ferruginea"},{"link_name":"ferruginous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ferruginous"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calochortus_fimbriatus_open_flower.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Calochortus fimbriatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calochortus_fimbriatus"},{"link_name":"fimbriate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fimbriate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panaeolus_cinctulus_(Bolton)_Britzelm_447936.jpg"},{"link_name":"Panaeolus cinctulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaeolus_cinctulus"},{"link_name":"flexuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flexuous"},{"link_name":"stipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stipe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zinnia_elegans_of_Kadavoor.jpg"},{"link_name":"pseudanthium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pseudanthium"},{"link_name":"Zinnia elegans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinnia_elegans"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"floret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#floret"},{"link_name":"ray florets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_floret"},{"link_name":"disk florets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_floret"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medicago_sativa_plant1_(10603928013).jpg"},{"link_name":"alfalfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa"},{"link_name":"forb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seeds_of_Physochlaina_physaloides.jpg"},{"link_name":"Foveolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#foveolate"},{"link_name":"Physochlaina physaloides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physochlaina_physaloides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"F1 hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1_hybrid"},{"link_name":"cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cross"},{"link_name":"F2 hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F2_hybrid"},{"link_name":"cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cross"},{"link_name":"F1 hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#f1_hybrid"},{"link_name":"self-pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#self-pollination"},{"link_name":"fabiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabiform&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"kidney bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_bean"},{"link_name":"facultative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/facultative"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"obligate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#obligate"},{"link_name":"falcate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcate"},{"link_name":"scythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythe"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#genus"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#order"},{"link_name":"flavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoids"},{"link_name":"Primula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primula"},{"link_name":"farinaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farinaceous"},{"link_name":"fascicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascicle_(botany)"},{"link_name":"fasciculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fasciculate"},{"link_name":"vascular tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissue"},{"link_name":"fasciculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fasciculate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fascicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fascicle"},{"link_name":"fastigiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fastigiate"},{"link_name":"Plant morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_morphology"},{"link_name":"habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#habit"},{"link_name":"palynology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palynology"},{"link_name":"fastigium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fastigium"},{"link_name":"faucal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faucal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fauces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fauces"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apex"},{"link_name":"Boraginaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boraginaceae"},{"link_name":"faveolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faveolate"},{"link_name":"pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pit"},{"link_name":"foveolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#foveolate"},{"link_name":"felted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felted"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1928-28"},{"link_name":"pistillate flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pistillate_flower"},{"link_name":"fenestrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_window"},{"link_name":"translucent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translucent"},{"link_name":"perforate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perforate"},{"link_name":"rust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust"},{"link_name":"fertile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility"},{"link_name":"fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilization"},{"link_name":"gametes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gamete"},{"link_name":"fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tissue#fibres"},{"link_name":"fiber cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiber_cell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sclerenchyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerenchyma"},{"link_name":"cell wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall"},{"link_name":"lignified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignified"},{"link_name":"gelatinous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatinous"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"filament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#filament"},{"link_name":"fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fiber"},{"link_name":"filiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filiform"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"filament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#filament"},{"link_name":"leaf shapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shape"},{"link_name":"fimbriate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fimbriate"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"fimbriae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fimbriae"},{"link_name":"dehiscence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)"},{"link_name":"fistule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fistule&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fistulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fistulose&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_(plant)"},{"link_name":"flabellate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flabellate_(leaf)"},{"link_name":"turgid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#turgid"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#style"},{"link_name":"flexuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexuous"},{"link_name":"zigzag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigzag"},{"link_name":"floccose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/floccose"},{"link_name":"flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora"},{"link_name":"Flora of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"Flora of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"floral leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floral_leaves&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"floral diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_diagram"},{"link_name":"floral formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_formula"},{"link_name":"synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"},{"link_name":"hypanthium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hypanthium"},{"link_name":"corolla tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla_tube"},{"link_name":"calyx tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx_tube"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"Poaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae"},{"link_name":"pseudanthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudanthium"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"angiosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#angiosperm"},{"link_name":"gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynoecium"},{"link_name":"androecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#androecium"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axis"},{"link_name":"foliicolous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliicolous"},{"link_name":"lichens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichens"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"},{"link_name":"vascular plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plants"},{"link_name":"follicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicle_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"suture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#suture"},{"link_name":"pod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pod"},{"link_name":"legume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendle1911-38"},{"link_name":"foliole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliole"},{"link_name":"of what?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Clarity"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"forb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forb"},{"link_name":"flowering plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#grass"},{"link_name":"sedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperaceae"},{"link_name":"rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncaceae"},{"link_name":"forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_(botany)"},{"link_name":"variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#variety"},{"link_name":"varietas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#varietas"},{"link_name":"pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pit"},{"link_name":"faveolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#faveolate"},{"link_name":"free central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_central&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"placentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#placentation"},{"link_name":"Ovule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovule"},{"link_name":"unilocular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#unilocular"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"frond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frond"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"fern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"cycad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycad"},{"link_name":"palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#shrub"},{"link_name":"fruticose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruticose"},{"link_name":"shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#shrub"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"angiosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#angiosperm"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fertilization"},{"link_name":"persistent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#persistent"},{"link_name":"caducous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#caducous"},{"link_name":"ovule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovule"},{"link_name":"funnelform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnelform"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apex"},{"link_name":"furcate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Furcate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#terminal"},{"link_name":"lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lobe"},{"link_name":"fusiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fusiform"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Astragalus falcatus has conspicuously falcate pods; not many falcate anatomical structures are so markedly curved.\nRhigozum obovatum bears its leaves in well-defined fascicles.\nTrunks and branches of some species of poplars contribute to the trees' fastigiate habit.\nFavolaschia calocera, the orange pore fungus, has conspicuously faveolate fruiting bodies.\nEmerging leaves of Oldenburgia grandis are heavily felted. \nFenestrate leaves of Darlingtonia californica\nIn the wild, the leaves of Fenestraria commonly are covered in soil, except for the transparent fenestration; this permits photosynthesis while reducing damage from exposure to intrense sunlight and herbivores.\nDigitalis ferruginea owes its specific name to its ferruginous (rust-colored) flowers.\nCalochortus fimbriatus has fimbriate flowers.\nPanaeolus cinctulus has gently flexuous stipes.\nThe pseudanthium of Zinnia elegans is typical of many Asteraceae in that it includes two types of florets, ray florets and disk florets.\nMedicago sativa (alfalfa or lucerne) is an agriculturally important forb, grown in large volumes for forage, soil improvement, and other purposes.\nFoveolate seeds of Physochlaina physaloides\nF1 hybrid \nA single cross; a plant breeding term for the result of a repeatable cross between two pure bred lines.\n\nF2 hybrid \nA plant breeding term for the result of a plant arising from a cross between two F1 hybrids; may also refer to self-pollination in a population of F1 hybrids.\n\nfabiform\nShaped like a kidney bean.\n\nfacultative\nAble to perform a particular life function, or to live generally, in more than one way.[36] Compare obligate.\n\nfalcate\nCurved like the blade of a scythe.\n\nfamily\nA taxonomic group of one or more genera with features, ancestry, or both in common. It is the term for the principal rank between order and genus.\n\nfarina\nPowdery, pale yellow, crystalline secretion consisting of flavonoids in Primula and other species.\n\nfarinaceous\nPowderiness that is mealy.\n\nfascicle\nadj. fasciculate A cluster of flowers, leaves, needles, vascular tissue, etc., e.g. a tuft of leaves all arising from the same node.\nfasciculate\nBranching in clusters, e.g. a bundle of sticks or needles; having fascicles.\n\nfastigiate\n1.  In Plant morphology, the habit of a plant that consists in part, of a bundle of erect, more or less parallel branches or stems, particularly if they form or taper to a peak or point. (Latin fastigiatus,meaning \"having a peak\".\n2.  In palynology, the form of a pollen grain that has a fastigium, a pointed apex over a hollow between the layers of the pollen outer wall.\n\nfaucal\nPertaining to the fauces; located in the throat of a calyx or corolla.\n\nfauces\nThe throat of a calyx or corolla; the conspicuously widened portion between the mouth and the apex of the tube. In Boraginaceae, the site of distinctive appendages.\n\nfaveolate\nHoneycombed; having regular, angled pits. Compare foveolate.\n\nfelted\nHaving interlocked hairs to the extent of being matted.[28]\n\nfemale flower\nSee pistillate flower.\n\nfenestrate\nHaving translucent or transparent areas that let light through; this variously affects the behavior of animal visitors or permits photosynthesis in many arid-region plants that grow only to the soil surface. Also refers loosely to perforations, for which perforate is the more precise term.\n\nferruginous\nRuddy or rust-colored.\n\nfertile\nCapable of producing fruit; of flowers when they produce seed, or of anthers containing pollen.\n\nfertilization\nThe union of male and female gametes during sexual reproduction.\n\nfiber\n1.  A fiber cell.\n2.  Any flexible, strong, stringy, and very elongate structure.\n\nfiber cell\nA type of cell that is found in sclerenchyma; it is much elongated, and dies soon after an extensive modification of its cell wall. The cell wall is usually thickly lignified but is sometimes gelatinous.\n\nfilament\n1.  The stalk of a stamen.\n2.  Any very narrow, thread-like structure that is one or a few cells thick.\n\nfilamentous\nConsisting of filaments or fibers; hairlike.\n\nfiliform\nThread-like, e.g. stamen filaments or leaf shapes.\n\nfimbria\npl. fimbriae Slender, hair-like projection; fringe.\nfimbriate\nFringed, e.g. where the ends of a petal are split into two or more divisions.[37] Having fimbriae.\n\nfissure\nA split or crack, often referring to fissured bark; a line or opening of dehiscence.\n\nfistule\nA tube-shaped cavity.\n\nfistulose\nHollow; usually applied to a tube-shaped cavity, as in a reed.\n\nflabellate\nFan-shaped, e.g. a flabellate (fan-shaped) leaf.\n\nflaccid\nLimp; tending to wilt. Compare turgid.\n\nflexistyly\nDepending on the degree of maturation of the stamens, the style moves up or down (cataflexistyle or (ana-)hyperflexisyle).\n\nflexuous\nflexuose\nBent alternately in different directions; zigzag.\n\nfloccose\nHaving a soft and wooly covering of hairs.\n\nflora\n1.  All the plants growing in a certain region or country.\n2.  An enumeration of them, generally with a guide to their identification (e.g. the Flora of North America, Flora of China, Flora of Victoria, Flora of New South Wales, and so on). In this case, flora is written with a capital F.\n\nfloral envelope\nSee perianth.\n\nfloral leaves\nThe upper leaves at the base of the flowering branches.\n\nfloral diagram\nA graphical means to describe flower structure, usually a schematic cross-section through a young flower.\n\nfloral formula\nA description of flower structure using numbers, letters, and various symbols.\n\nfloral tube\nAn imprecise term sometimes used as a synonym of hypanthium, corolla tube, or calyx tube.\n\nfloret\nA small flower, usually referring to the individual true flowers clustered within an inflorescence, particularly those of the Poaceae grasses and the pseudanthia of family Asteraceae.\n\nflower\nThe sexual reproductive structure of the angiosperms, typically with a gynoecium, androecium, perianth, and an axis.\n\nfoliate\nPreceded by a number to signify having a certain number of leaflets, e.g. 3-foliate means \"having three leaflets\".\n\nfoliicolous\nA growth habit of certain lichens, algae, and fungi that prefer to grow on the leaves of vascular plants.\n\nfollicle\nA dry fruit formed from one carpel splitting along a single suture to which the seeds are attached, e.g. from the pod of a legume.[38]\n\nfoliole\nA small, leaf-like appendage on the front or back.[of what?]\n\nfoliose\nLeaf-like; flattened like a leaf.\n\nforb\nAny non-woody flowering plant that is not a grass, sedge, or rush.\n\nforest\nVegetation dominated by trees with single trunks, including closely arranged trees with or without an understory of shrubs and herbs.\n\nforma (in common usage, form)\nA taxonomic category subordinate to species and within the taxonomic hierarchy, below variety (varietas), and usually differentiated by a minor character.\n\nfoveolate\nHaving regular tiny pits. Compare faveolate.\n\nfree\nNot united with other organs of the same type; not attached at one end.\n\nfree central\n(of placentation) Ovules attached to a free-standing column in the center of a unilocular ovary.\n\nfrond\nA leaf of a fern, cycad, or palm.\n\nfrutescent\nShrub-like (fruticose) or becoming shrub-like.\n\nfruticose\nShrubby; having the branching character of a shrub.\n\nfruit\nA seed-bearing structure, present in all angiosperms, formed from the mature ovary and sometimes associated floral parts upon fertilization.\n\nfugacious\nDisappearing, falling off, or withering. Compare persistent and caducous.\n\nfunicle (funiculus) \nThe stalk of an ovule.\n\nfunnelform\nHaving a form gradually widening from the base to the apex; funnel-shaped.\n\nfurcate\nForked, usually applied to a terminal division; with two long lobes.\n\nfused\nJoined together.\n\nfusiform\nRod-shaped and narrowing gradually from the middle toward each end; spindle-shaped.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Podocarpus_elatus_foliage_%26_cones.JPG"},{"link_name":"Galbulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#galbulus"},{"link_name":"coniferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinophyta"},{"link_name":"Podocarpus elatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarpus_elatus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CharaV3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gametophores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametophore"},{"link_name":"antheridia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antheridia"},{"link_name":"gametophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametophyte"},{"link_name":"Chara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chara_(alga)"},{"link_name":"green algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_algae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Male_Gametophyte_Male_Gametophyte_Pinus_Staminate_Zoomed.jpg"},{"link_name":"gametophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametophyte"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geranium_dissectum_sl11.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glandular hairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#glandular_hair"},{"link_name":"Geranium dissectum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geranium_dissectum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eucalyptus_macrocarpa_buds.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus macrocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_macrocarpa"},{"link_name":"glaucous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#glaucous"},{"link_name":"pruinosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pruinose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opuntia_cactus_spine_and_glochids.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glochids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#glochid"},{"link_name":"Opuntia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urochloa_mosambicensis_spikelet12_annotated_-_Flickr_-_Macleay_Grass_Man.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#glumes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stoma.jpg"},{"link_name":"stoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoma"},{"link_name":"Haemanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemanthus"},{"link_name":"guard cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#guard_cell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weinblatt13-05.JPG"},{"link_name":"guttation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#guttation"},{"link_name":"dentate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dentate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gymnospermae.jpg"},{"link_name":"gymnosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gymnosperm"},{"link_name":"Welwitschia mirabilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welwitschia_mirabilis"},{"link_name":"Cycas revoluta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycas_revoluta"},{"link_name":"Taxus baccata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata"},{"link_name":"Ginkgo biloba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba"},{"link_name":"Cupressus sempervirens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus_sempervirens"},{"link_name":"Sequoiadendron giganteum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum"},{"link_name":"Agathis dammara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathis_dammara"},{"link_name":"Araucaria heterophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucaria_heterophylla"},{"link_name":"galbulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galbulus"},{"link_name":"gymnosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gymnosperm"},{"link_name":"megastrobilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#megastrobilus"},{"link_name":"junipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniperus"},{"link_name":"cypresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus"},{"link_name":"berries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#berry"},{"link_name":"galea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galea_(botany)"},{"link_name":"gall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall"},{"link_name":"gamete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamete"},{"link_name":"gametophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametophore"},{"link_name":"gametophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametophyte"},{"link_name":"bryophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bryophyte"},{"link_name":"Marchantiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchantiales"},{"link_name":"gametophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametophyte"},{"link_name":"haploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidy#Haploid_and_monoploid"},{"link_name":"alternation of generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_of_generations"},{"link_name":"gametes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametes"},{"link_name":"bryophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte"},{"link_name":"sporophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporophyte"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen"},{"link_name":"ovules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovule"},{"link_name":"symphyllous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#symphyllous"},{"link_name":"synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"},{"link_name":"apophyllous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apophyllous"},{"link_name":"polyphyllous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#polyphyllous"},{"link_name":"gemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_(botany)"},{"link_name":"liverworts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverwort"},{"link_name":"mosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss"},{"link_name":"gene pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_pool"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#species"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#family"},{"link_name":"generic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_a_biological_genus"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#genus"},{"link_name":"Acacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"genotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype"},{"link_name":"geophilous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/geophilous"},{"link_name":"germination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germination"},{"link_name":"glabrescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glabrescent"},{"link_name":"glabrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#glabrous"},{"link_name":"glabrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glabrousness_(botany)"},{"link_name":"gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gland_(botany)"},{"link_name":"glandular hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glandular_hair"},{"link_name":"gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gland"},{"link_name":"glaucous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucous"},{"link_name":"arachnoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#arachnoid"},{"link_name":"pruinose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pruinose"},{"link_name":"bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bloom"},{"link_name":"eucalypts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"xerophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#xerophyte"},{"link_name":"globose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globose"},{"link_name":"subglobose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#subglobose"},{"link_name":"glochid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glochid"},{"link_name":"Opuntia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntia"},{"link_name":"glumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glumes"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"sedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperaceae"},{"link_name":"grasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae"},{"link_name":"spikelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spikelet"},{"link_name":"glutinous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutinous"},{"link_name":"graft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting"},{"link_name":"shoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#shoot"},{"link_name":"scion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#scion"},{"link_name":"sucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sucker"},{"link_name":"graft chimaera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graft_chimaera"},{"link_name":"Crataegus monogyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna"},{"link_name":"Mespilus germanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mespilus_germanica"},{"link_name":"+ Crataegomespilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2B_Crataegomespilus"},{"link_name":"International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants"},{"link_name":"graminoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graminoid"},{"link_name":"Poaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae"},{"link_name":"grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland"},{"link_name":"grasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae"},{"link_name":"groundcover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundcover"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar_group"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#genus"},{"link_name":"guard cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_cell"},{"link_name":"stoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stoma"},{"link_name":"apoplast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apoplast"},{"link_name":"punctate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#punctate"},{"link_name":"maculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#maculate"},{"link_name":"hydathode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hydathode"},{"link_name":"gymnosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm"},{"link_name":"sporophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporophyll"},{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer"},{"link_name":"Ginkgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo"},{"link_name":"Gnetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetum"},{"link_name":"cycads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycad"},{"link_name":"angiosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#angiosperm"},{"link_name":"gynaecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynaecium"},{"link_name":"gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynoecium"},{"link_name":"gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynoecium"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"gynodioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynodioecious"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bisexual"},{"link_name":"gynomonoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynomonoecious"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bisexual"},{"link_name":"gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoecium"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"androecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#androecium"},{"link_name":"superior ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#superior_ovary"},{"link_name":"gynophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynophore"},{"link_name":"gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynoecium"},{"link_name":"insertion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#insertion"},{"link_name":"Asclepiadaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepiadaceae"},{"link_name":"orchids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchids"},{"link_name":"filaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#filament"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#style"},{"link_name":"column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#column"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Galbulus (berry-like, fleshy) cones on the coniferous tree Podocarpus elatus\nGametophores (red male antheridia and brown female archegonia) borne on a gametophyte of a Chara species of green algae\nLongitudinal section of immature male pine cone, showing male gametophytes (pollen grains) developing between the cone scales\nGlandular hairs on the stem of Geranium dissectum\nThe leaves, buds, and young stalks of Eucalyptus macrocarpa are glaucous, covered with a thick waxy pruinosity.\nGlochids at the base of an Opuntia cactus spine\nGlumes of a grass species with a fairly large inflorescence\nScanning electron micrograph of a stoma on the leaf of Haemanthus. The two lip-shaped cells on either side of the pore are the guard cells.\nDrops of guttation fluid on the dentate points fringing the immature leaf of a grapevine\nExamples of gymnosperms LEFT 1-Welwitschia mirabilis 2-Cycas revoluta 3-Taxus baccata 4-Ginkgo biloba RIGHT 1-Cupressus sempervirens 2-Sequoiadendron giganteum 3-Agathis dammara 4-Araucaria heterophylla\ngalbulus\nIn gymnosperms, a fleshy cone (megastrobilus); chiefly relates to cones borne by junipers and cypresses, which are often mistakenly called berries.\n\ngalea\nAn overhanging, helmet-shaped, structure that protects the reproductive parts from precipitation, wind or unwanted visitors.\n\ngall\nAbnormal outgrowth on external plant tissues, caused by various parasites, from viruses, fungi and bacteria, to other plants, insects and mites.\n\ngamete\nA cell or nucleus that fuses with another of the opposite sex during sexual reproduction.\n\ngametophore\nSpecialized structures on the gametophytes of some bryophyte species, for example many species in the order Marchantiales; in such species the gametes are produced on the gametophores.\n\ngametophyte\nThe haploid multicellular phase in the alternation of generations of plants and algae that bears gametes. In bryophytes the gametophyte is the dominant vegetative phase; in ferns and their allies it is a small free-living plant known as the prothallus; in gymnosperms and angiosperms the gametophytes are reduced to microscopic structures dependent on the sporophyte, male gametophytes contained in pollen grains and females contained within the ovules.\n\ngamopetalous\nwith joined or fused petals\n\ngamophyllous\na single perianth-whorl of united segments. Compare symphyllous (synonym), apophyllous, and polyphyllous.\n\ngemma\nan asexual reproductive structure found in liverworts and mosses.\n\ngene pool\nThe complete range of genetic variation found within a population.\n\ngenus\npl. genera A group of one or more species with features or ancestry (or both) in common. Genus is the principal category of taxa intermediate in rank between family and species in the standard nomenclatural hierarchy.\ngeneric name\nThe name of a taxonomic genus, such as Acacia and Eucalyptus.\n\ngenotype\nThe genetic make-up of an individual.\n\ngeophilous\nGrowing or rooting in the ground.\n\ngermination\n1.  of seeds, describing the complex sequence of physiological and structural changes that occur from resting to growth stage.\n2.  of a pollen grain; production of a pollen tube when contacting a stigma receptive to it.\n3.  of a spore of fungi/bacterium; change of state – from resting to vegetative.\n\ngibbous (gibbose)\n(of part of an organ) Swollen, usually with a pouch-like enlargement at the base.\n\nglabrescent\nBecoming glabrous, almost glabrous; glabrate.\n\nglabrous\nLacking surface ornamentation such as hairs, scales or bristles; smooth.\n\ngland\nA secretory structure within or on the surface of a plant.\n\nglandular hair\nA hair tipped with a gland.\n\nglaucous\nDescribing the external surface of a plant part that has a whitish covering, in some cases with a blueish cast. Often applied to plants with a wooly or arachnoid surface, but properly referring to pruinose surfaces, meaning those with a waxy bloom. The surfaces of the young leaves of many eucalypts provide good examples, and so do some xerophytes.\n\nglobose\nAlso globular. Roughly spherical. See also subglobose.\nglobulose\nApproximately spherical.\n\nglochid\nA tiny barbed hair or bristle, e.g. the fine defensive hairs in cactus species such as Opuntia.\n\nglumes\nbracts subtending the floret(s) of a sedge, or similar plant; in grasses forming the lowermost organs of a spikelet (there are usually 2 but 1 is sometimes reduced; or rarely, both are absent).\n\nglutinous\nSticky.\n\ngraft\n1.  The artificial union of plant parts.\n2.  A plant shoot suitable for grafting; loosely, a scion, sucker, or branch.\n\ngraft chimaera (sometimes graft hybrid)\nA taxon whose members consist of tissue from two or more different plants in intimate association originated by grafting. The addition sign \"+\" is used to indicate a graft-chimaera either as a part of a formula (e.g. Crataegus monogyna + Mespilus germanica) or in front of an abbreviated name (e.g. + Crataegomespilus 'Dardari'). The nomenclature of graft hybrids is governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.\n\ngraminaceous\nAlso gramineous Of or relating to grass.\ngraminoid\nAn herbaceous plant with a grass-like morphology.\n\ngranular\n(of a surface) Covered with small rounded protuberances.\n\ngrass\nA plant of the family Poaceae.\n\ngrassland\nLow vegetation dominated by grasses.\n\ngroundcover\n1.  Dense vegetation that covers the ground.\n2.  A term applied to describe a plant that covers the soil surface so densely that it smothers all beneath it.\n\ngroup\nA formal category equivalent to or below the rank of genus which distinguishes\nan assemblage of two or more cultivars within a species or hybrid;\nplants derived from a hybrid in which one or more of the parent species is not known or is of uncertain origin; or,\na range of cultivated plants of a species or hybrid which may exhibit variation but share one or more characters, which makes it worth distinguishing them as a unit.\n\nguard cell\nEach of two cells surrounding the stoma which control gas exchange between the apoplast of the plant and the external environment.\n\nguttate\nHaving droplet-shaped spots. Compare punctate and maculate.\n\nguttation\nThe secretion of liquid water from uninjured plant parts. See hydathode.\n\nguttulate\nHaving or appearing to be spotted with oil droplets; of spores, having oil droplets inside.\n\ngymnosperm\nA seed-bearing plant with unenclosed ovules borne on the surface of a sporophyll. Gymnosperms are among the oldest clades of vascular plants, and today are represented by approximately 1,000 extant species worldwide, including, among others, conifers, Ginkgo, Gnetum and cycads. Compare angiosperm.\n\ngynaecium\nAlternative term for gynoecium, but with partly different etymology.\n\ngynobasic\nOf a style, arising near the base of the gynoecium, e.g. between the lobes of the ovary.\n\ngynodioecious\nOf a species, with some plants bearing only bisexual flowers and others bearing only female flowers.\n\ngynomonoecious\nOf a species, with bisexual flowers and female flowers on the same plant.\n\ngynoecium\nThe collective term for the female reproductive parts of a flower or for the carpels of a flower, whether united or free. Contrast androecium. Abbreviation: G. For instance, G indicates a superior ovary; G(5) indicates having five fused carpels.\n\ngynophore\nA stalk supporting the gynoecium and situated above the level of insertion of the other floral parts.\n\ngynostegium\nA compound organ in milkweeds (Asclepiadaceae) and orchids formed by fusion of the filaments of the stamens with the style. Also known as the column.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vicia_villosa_leaf_hairs1_(14692343921).jpg"},{"link_name":"hairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veronica_sublobata_sl18.jpg"},{"link_name":"Veronica sublobata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_(plant)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catunaregam_spinosa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Haplostemonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#haplostemonous"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hastate_leaf_Salvia_canariensis_IMG_9038.jpg"},{"link_name":"hastate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hastate"},{"link_name":"Salvia canariensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_canariensis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viscum_capense_and_haustorium_on_Searsia_sp_IMG_2203.jpg"},{"link_name":"haustorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#haustorium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poncirus_trifoliatus_fruit_and_seeds.jpg"},{"link_name":"Poncirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poncirus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eucalyptus_foliage_isobilateral_dorsiventral_IMG_0588e.JPG"},{"link_name":"Heteroblastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#heteroblastic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erythrina_-_seeds_(6531865875).jpg"},{"link_name":"hilum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hilum"},{"link_name":"testa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#testa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AbbotV1Tab02A.jpg"},{"link_name":"hypocarpium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hypocarpium"},{"link_name":"Sassafras albidum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassafras_albidum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhizophora_mangle.jpg"},{"link_name":"propagule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#propagule"},{"link_name":"Rhizophora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizophora"},{"link_name":"mangrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mangrove"},{"link_name":"meristematic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#meristem"},{"link_name":"hypocotyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hypocotyl"},{"link_name":"habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habit_(biology)"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichome"},{"link_name":"half-inferior ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-inferior_ovary"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"inferior ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inferior_ovary"},{"link_name":"superior ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#superior_ovary"},{"link_name":"halonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halonate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"halophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halophyte"},{"link_name":"hand-pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand-pollination"},{"link_name":"haploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid"},{"link_name":"gametophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametophyte"},{"link_name":"gamete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gamete"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spore"},{"link_name":"diploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#diploid"},{"link_name":"triploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#triploid"},{"link_name":"tetraploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tetraploid"},{"link_name":"haplostemonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen#haplostemonous"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"diplostemonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#diplostemonous"},{"link_name":"obdiplostemonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#obdiplostemonous"},{"link_name":"harmomegathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmomegathy"},{"link_name":"apertures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture_(botany)"},{"link_name":"hastate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shape"},{"link_name":"truncate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#truncate"},{"link_name":"sagittate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sagittate"},{"link_name":"haustorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haustorium"},{"link_name":"head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(botany)"},{"link_name":"capitulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capitulum"},{"link_name":"pseudanthium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pseudanthium"},{"link_name":"heathland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathland"},{"link_name":"shrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#shrub"},{"link_name":"ericoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ericoid"},{"link_name":"helicoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicoid"},{"link_name":"cymose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cymose"},{"link_name":"recurved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#recurved"},{"link_name":"scorpioid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#scorpioid"},{"link_name":"hemerochory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemerochory"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulzeZw%C3%B6lfer2012261-34"},{"link_name":"Acacia tenuifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_tenuifolia"},{"link_name":"Peltogyne paniculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peltogyne_paniculata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"herb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous_plant"},{"link_name":"vascular plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"woody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#woody"},{"link_name":"daffodil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_(plant)"},{"link_name":"herbaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous"},{"link_name":"woody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#woody"},{"link_name":"herbarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbarium"},{"link_name":"hermaphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphrodite"},{"link_name":"synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bisexual"},{"link_name":"hesperidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperidium"},{"link_name":"Citrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus"},{"link_name":"Murraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murraya"},{"link_name":"Citrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus"},{"link_name":"heteroblastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroblasty_(botany)"},{"link_name":"juvenile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_(organism)"},{"link_name":"heteromorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heteromorphic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"isomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#isomorphic"},{"link_name":"heterospory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterospory"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spore"},{"link_name":"sporophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporophyte"},{"link_name":"homospory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#homospory"},{"link_name":"heterostyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterostyly"},{"link_name":"distyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#distyly"},{"link_name":"hilum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilum_(biology)"},{"link_name":"funicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#funicle"},{"link_name":"hip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_hip"},{"link_name":"hippocrepiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hippocrepiform&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Horseshoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe"},{"link_name":"indumentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indumentum"},{"link_name":"hispid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispid"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"lectotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lectotype"},{"link_name":"homochlamydeous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homochlamydeous"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"dichlamydeous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dichlamydeous"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spore"},{"link_name":"sporophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporophyte"},{"link_name":"heterospory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#heterospory"},{"link_name":"husk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husk"},{"link_name":"hyaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaline"},{"link_name":"hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"F1 hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1_hybrid"},{"link_name":"hybrid formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_formula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hydrophily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophily"},{"link_name":"hypanthium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypanthium"},{"link_name":"adnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adnate"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"hyper-resupinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyper-resupinate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_(botany)"},{"link_name":"pedicel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)"},{"link_name":"resupinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#resupinate"},{"link_name":"receptacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#receptacle"},{"link_name":"hypanthium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hypanthium"},{"link_name":"hypocotyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocotyl"},{"link_name":"cotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cotyledon"},{"link_name":"node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#node"},{"link_name":"hypocrateriform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypocrateriform"},{"link_name":"Synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"},{"link_name":"salverform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#salverform"},{"link_name":"hypogynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypogynous"},{"link_name":"epigynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epigynous"},{"link_name":"perigynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perigynous"},{"link_name":"hysteranthous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hysteranthous"},{"link_name":"proteranthous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#proteranthous"},{"link_name":"synanthous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#synanthous"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Epidermal hairs on plant leaves\nMulticellular hairs on the edge of a sepal of Veronica sublobata\nHaplostemonous arrangement of stamens and petals\nMarkedly hastate leaf of Salvia canariensis\nThe swollen haustorium of Viscum capense renders the end of the branch stunted compared to the lower part of the branch.\nThe fruit of Poncirus is a typical hesperidium.\nHeteroblastic growth is common in Eucalyptus species with leaves that are isobilateral in the mature tree; they generally start life with dorsiventral leaves. Some of these saplings are in the transient stage in which they have both forms of leaves, dorsiventral on lower branches, and isobilateral above.\nThe hilum contrasts conspicuously with the rest of the testa in the seeds of many species. In the case of Erythrina species, the colors may be a warning that the seeds are poisonous.\nA hypocarpium forms below the fruits of Sassafras albidum.\nFlowers, fruit and propagule of a Rhizophora \"mangle\" or mangrove. The apparent root of the propagule is in fact meristematic tissue developing from the hypocotyl. The new plant develops largely from this tissue, especially if it has successfully penetrated into mud in which the new plant can establish itself.\nhabit\nThe general external appearance of a plant, including size, shape, texture, and orientation.\n\nhabitat\nThe place where a plant lives; the environmental conditions of its home.\n\nhair\nA single elongated cell or row of cells borne on the surface of an organ.\n\nhalf-inferior ovary\nAn ovary partly below and partly above the level of attachment of the other floral parts. Compare inferior ovary and superior ovary.\n\nhalonate\nHaving a transparent coating, or being of a spore's outer layer.\n\nhalophyte\nA plant adapted to living in highly saline habitats; a plant that accumulates high concentrations of salt in its tissues.\n\nhand-pollination\nThe controlled act of pollination that excludes the possibility of open-pollination.\n\nhaploid\nHaving one set of chromosomes, e.g. the complement of chromosomes in each of the cells of the gametophyte, the nucleus of a gamete, and the spores. This is expressed symbolically as n, where n = the gametic number of chromosomes. Compare diploid, triploid, and tetraploid.\n\nhaplostemonous\nHaving a single series of stamens equal in number to the proper number of petals, and alternating with them. Compare diplostemonous and obdiplostemonous.\n\nharmomegathy\nprocess by which pollen grains in arid environments close off their apertures to avoid losing water\n\nhastate\nTriangular in outline, the basal lobes pointing outward, so that the base appears truncate; may refer only to the base of a leaf with such lobes. Compare sagittate, which refers to basal lobes pointing backward.\n\nhaustorium\nIn parasitic plants, a structure developed for penetrating the host's tissues.\n\nhead\nSee capitulum, a pseudanthium.\n\nheathland\nVegetation dominated by small shrubs which usually have ericoid leaves.\n\nhelicoid\nCoiled; of a cymose inflorescence, when the branching is repeatedly on the same side (the apex is often recurved). Compare scorpioid.\n\nheliophilous\nRequiring or tolerating strong, direct sunlight.\n\nhemerochory\nA plant that has been transported voluntarily or involuntarily by humans in a territory which it could not have colonized by its own natural mechanisms of dissemination, or at least much more slowly.[34]\n\nhemi-legume\nA legume fruit in which the seed or seeds and one valve of the pod are dispersed as a unit. The valve catches the wind and blows away with the seeds, as in Acacia tenuifolia and Peltogyne paniculata.\n\nherb\nAny vascular plant that does not develop a woody stem at any point during its life cycle, e.g. a daffodil.\n\nherbaceous\nNot woody; usually green and soft in texture.\n\nherbarium\npl. herbaria A collection of preserved, usually pressed and dried, plant material used for identification and comparison; also a building in which such collections are stored.\nhermaphrodite\nA synonym of bisexual.\n\nhesperidium\nA form of berry that occurs most familiarly in the genus Citrus. The fruit tends to be large for a berry, ranging from not much more than a centimeter in small fruited genera such as Murraya, to 15 cm or more in some varieties of Citrus. The outer rind typically is thick and tough with many oil glands, while the carpels within are packed with juicy fibers.\n\nheteroblastic\nHaving parts, especially leaves, that are distinctly different between the juvenile and adult stages.\n\nheteromorphic\nHaving two or more distinct morphologies (e.g. of different size and shape). Compare isomorphic.\n\nheterospory\nThe production of spores of two different sizes (small and large) by the sporophytes of land plants. Compare homospory.\n\nheterostyly\nThe condition of a species having flowers with different style and stamen lengths, but with all the flowers of any one plant being identical. See distyly.\n\nhilum\nThe scar on a seed coat where it separates from its stalk (funicle).\n\nhip\nThe fruit of a rose plant.\n\nhippocrepiform\nHorseshoe-shaped.\n\nhirsute\nBearing coarse, rough, longish hairs. See indumentum.\n\nhispid\nBearing long, erect, rigid hairs or bristles, harsh to touch.\n\nhoary\nCovered with a greyish to whitish layer of very short, closely interwoven hairs, giving a frosted appearance.\n\nholotype\nA type chosen by the author of a name. Compare lectotype.\n\nhomochlamydeous\nHaving a perianth which is not divided into a separate calyx and corolla. Contrast dichlamydeous.\n\nhomospory\nThe production of spores of only one size by the sporophytes of land plants. Compare heterospory.\n\nhort.\n(never capitalized) Of gardens, an author citation used in two ways:1.  as a name misapplied by gardeners\n2.  as an invalid name derived from horticultural writings of confused authorship.\n\nhusk\nProtective outer covering of certain seeds, for example, the leafy outer covering of an ear of maize (corn), the leathery covering of the walnut, or the spiky covering of the chestnut.\n\nhyaline\nTranslucent; usually delicately membranous and colorless.\n\nhybrid\nPlant produced by the crossing of parents belonging to two different named groups, e.g. genera, species, varieties, subspecies, forma and so on; i.e. the progeny resulting within and between two different plants. An F1 hybrid is the primary product of such a cross. An F2 hybrid is a plant arising from a cross between two F1 hybrids (or from the self-pollination of an F1 hybrid).\n\nhybrid formula\nThe names of the parents of a hybrid joined by a multiplication sign, e.g. Cytisus ardonoi × C. purgans.\n\nhydrophily\nForm of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by the flow of waters.\n\nhypanthium\nTube or cup-like structure in a flower that includes the bases of sepals, petals, and stamens, and may or may not be connected (adnate) to the ovary.\n\nhyper-resupinate\nIn botany, describing leaves or flowers that are in the usual position but are borne on a petiole or pedicel that is twisted 360 degrees. The term is used to describe organs, such as orchid flowers, that are usually resupinate. Compare resupinate.\n\nhypocarpium\nEnlarged fleshy structure that forms below the fruit from the receptacle or hypanthium.\n\nhypocotyl\nOf an embryo or seedling, the part of the plant axis below the cotyledon and node, but above the root. It marks the transition from root to stem development.\n\nhypocrateriform\nSalver-shaped. Synonym of salverform. From Greek kratḗrion: a vessel.\n\nhypogynous\nBorne below the ovary; used to describe floral parts inserted below the ovary's level of insertion. Compare epigynous and perigynous.\n\nhysteranthous\nType of growth in which new leaves appear after flowering. Also spelled histeranthous. Compare proteranthous and synanthous.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dormant_buds_on_twig_of_English_Oak_Quercus_robur_5523.jpg"},{"link_name":"Imbricate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#imbricate"},{"link_name":"cataphylls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cataphyll"},{"link_name":"Quercus robur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_robur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mespilus_germanica_imbrication.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mespilus germanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mespilus_germanica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melia_azedarach_doubly_imparipinnate_compound_leaf_IMG_2096c.jpg"},{"link_name":"imparipinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#imparipinnate"},{"link_name":"Melia azedarach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melia_azedarach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pelargonium_graveolens-_Kirstenbosch_botanical_garden_-_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"incised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#incised"},{"link_name":"Pelargonium graveolens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelargonium_graveolens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hypericum_garden_specimen_indefinite_stamens_IMG_9066.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indefinite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indefinite"},{"link_name":"Hypericum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indehiscent_pods_of_Libidibia_ferrea_IMG_8652.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indehiscent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indehiscent"},{"link_name":"Libidibia ferrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libidibia_ferrea"},{"link_name":"Fabaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"},{"link_name":"ungulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulate"},{"link_name":"disperse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_dispersal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_brevifolia_indeterminate_raceme_IMG_9016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aloe brevifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_brevifolia"},{"link_name":"indeterminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indeterminate"},{"link_name":"raceme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#raceme"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_080117-1868_Syagrus_romanzoffiana.jpg"},{"link_name":"Syagrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syagrus_(plant)"},{"link_name":"induplicately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#induplicate"},{"link_name":"reduplicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#reduplicate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calotropis_gigantea_R.Br._-_Flickr_-_lalithamba.jpg"},{"link_name":"Calotropis gigantea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calotropis_gigantea"},{"link_name":"inserted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inserted"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070906-8739_Caladium_bicolor.jpg"},{"link_name":"intramarginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#intramarginal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malacothrixcoulteri.jpg"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"involucres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#involucre"},{"link_name":"phyllaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllaries"},{"link_name":"Malacothrix coulteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacothrix_coulteri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iridescent_begonia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Begonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begonia"},{"link_name":"iridescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#iridescent"},{"link_name":"idioblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioblast"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"illegitimate name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_name"},{"link_name":"homonyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonym_(biology)"},{"link_name":"cultivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cultivar"},{"link_name":"imbricate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbricate"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"imparipinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imparipinnate"},{"link_name":"pinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinnate"},{"link_name":"pinnae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinna"},{"link_name":"paripinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#paripinnate"},{"link_name":"generic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#generic_name"},{"link_name":"subtribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtribe"},{"link_name":"Corydalinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaveraceae#Corydalinae"},{"link_name":"Corydalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corydalis"},{"link_name":"inbreeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding"},{"link_name":"incertae sedis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incertae_sedis"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#margin"},{"link_name":"adaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adaxial"},{"link_name":"indeterminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indeterminate"},{"link_name":"numerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#numerous"},{"link_name":"definite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#definite"},{"link_name":"indehiscent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indehiscent"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"dehiscent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dehiscent"},{"link_name":"indeterminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminate_growth"},{"link_name":"meristem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#meristem"},{"link_name":"determinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#determinate"},{"link_name":"indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endemic"},{"link_name":"indumentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indumentum"},{"link_name":"trichomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichome"},{"link_name":"adaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaxial"},{"link_name":"sori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorus"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarolinTindale199423-39"},{"link_name":"Goodeniaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodeniaceae"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarolinTindale199423-39"},{"link_name":"inferior ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_ovary"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"superior ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#superior_ovary"},{"link_name":"half-inferior ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#half-inferior_ovary"},{"link_name":"deflexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#deflexed"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"infraspecific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraspecific"},{"link_name":"infrageneric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infrageneric&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"infructescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infructescence"},{"link_name":"infundibular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infundibular"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"insectivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectivorous"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"integument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integument"},{"link_name":"ovule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovule"},{"link_name":"intercalary meristem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristem#Intercalary_meristem"},{"link_name":"meristem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#meristem"},{"link_name":"interjugary glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interjugary_glands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"rachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rachis"},{"link_name":"pinnae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinna"},{"link_name":"jugary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jugary"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"nodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#node"},{"link_name":"interpetiolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interpetiolar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"stipules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipules"},{"link_name":"Rubiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubiaceae"},{"link_name":"vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vein"},{"link_name":"intrastaminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intrastaminal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"androecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#androecium"},{"link_name":"introrse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introrse"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anther"},{"link_name":"locules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#locule"},{"link_name":"extrorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"latrorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"International Code of Botanical Nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Botanical_Nomenclature"},{"link_name":"involucre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involucral_bract"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"phyllaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllaries"},{"link_name":"bracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracts"},{"link_name":"Euphorbiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbiaceae"},{"link_name":"cyathophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cyathophyll"},{"link_name":"Marchantiophyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchantiophyta"},{"link_name":"Cycads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycad"},{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"adaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adaxial"},{"link_name":"revolute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#revolute"},{"link_name":"iridescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridescence"},{"link_name":"structural coloration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_coloration"},{"link_name":"asymmetrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#asymmetrical"},{"link_name":"zygomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#zygomorphic"},{"link_name":"actinomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#actinomorphic"},{"link_name":"regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#regular"},{"link_name":"isobifacial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isobifacial&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"stomata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stoma"},{"link_name":"isomerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merosity"},{"link_name":"whorls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorl_(botany)"},{"link_name":"heteromorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#heteromorphic"},{"link_name":"isotomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isotomic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"anisotomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anisotomic"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Imbricate protective cataphylls on dormant buds of Quercus robur\nPetals of Mespilus germanica are imbricate before the flower opens.\nDoubly imparipinnate compound leaf of Melia azedarach\nDeeply incised leaves of Pelargonium graveolens\nIndefinite stamens of Hypericum\nIndehiscent pods of Libidibia ferrea; unlike most Fabaceae species, the plant depends on the pods being crushed by large ungulates to disperse the seeds.\nAloe brevifolia bears an indeterminate raceme.\nThe leaves of Syagrus palms are 'induplicately folded, in contrast to many other palm genera with reduplicate leaves.\nStamens of Calotropis gigantea are inserted at the base of the corolla.\nThe intramarginal veins near the margins of this leaf are outlined in white.\nTwo of these three green Asteraceae involucres encase unopened flower heads, and the third supports the open colorful head of emerging flowers. The imbricate phyllaries around the heads of this Malacothrix coulteri suggest the keeled scales of a snake, giving the plant its common name: \"snake's head\".\nThis Begonia leaf shows unusual iridescence for a plant.\nidioblast\nA cell, especially of a leaf, differing markedly from surrounding cells. They often synthesise specialized products such as crystals.\n\nillegitimate name (nomen illeg.)\nA name not abiding by the rules of the botanical Codes, e.g. later homonyms, cultivars that have been Latinised after 1 Jan 1959; cultivar names with more than 10 syllables or 30 letters; cultivar names that use confusing names of other plants, e.g. Camellia 'Rose'.\n\nimbricate\nFrom the Latin for \"tiled\". Overlapping each other; of perianth parts, edges overlapping in the bud (the convoluted arrangement is a special form of imbrication). Dormant buds of many deciduous species are imbricately covered with protective cataphylls called bud scales. Compare with subimbricates meaning lightly overlapping\n\nimparipinnate\nA pinnate leaf with an odd number of pinnae (terminated by a single leaflet). Compare paripinnate.\n\nin\nIn nomenclature, where the preceding author published the name in an article or book, authored or edited by the succeeding author.\n\n-inae\nThe suffix added to the stem of a generic name to form the name of a subtribe: for instance, Corydalinae from Corydalis + -inae.\n\ninbreeding\nThe production of offspring between closely related parents leading to a high degree of similarity; self-fertilization is the most intense form of inbreeding.\n\nincertae sedis\nOf unknown taxonomic affinity; relationships obscure.\n\nincised\nCut deeply and (usually) unevenly (a condition intermediate between toothed and lobed).\n\nincluded\nEnclosed, not protruding, e.g. stamens within the corolla.\n\nincomplete flower\nA flower which lacks one or more of its usual parts, such as carpels, sepals, petals, pistils, or stamens.\n\nincurved\nBent or curved inward; of leaf margins, when curved toward the adaxial side.\n\nined.\nAn abbreviation of Latin inedita, an unpublished work. Used to indicate that a botanical name appeared only in a manuscript that was not published, so the name is invalid.\n\nindefinite\nvariable in number, and as a rule numerous, e.g. more than twice as many stamens as petals or sepals, but no particular standard number of stamens. In another usage it is a synonym for the preferable term indeterminate, meaning the condition in which an inflorescence is not terminated by a flower, but continues growing until limited by physiological factors. Compare numerous. Contrast definite.\n\nindehiscent\nNot opening in any definite manner at maturity; usually referring to fruit. Contrast dehiscent.\n\nindeterminate\nusually referring to a stem or inflorescence in which there is no particular terminal bud or meristem that stops growth and ends the extension of the stem, which continues until physiological factors stop the growth. Racemes of some Xanthorrhoeaceae, such as many Aloes, and of many Iridaceae, such as Watsonias, are indeterminate. Contrast determinate.\n\nindigenous\nNative to the area, not introduced, and not necessarily confined to the region discussed or present throughout it (hardly distinct from ‘native' but usually applied to a smaller area). For example, the Cootamundra Wattle is native to Australia but indigenous to the Cootamundra region of southern New South Wales. Compare endemic.\n\nindumentum\nCollective term for a surface covering of any kind of trichomes, e.g. hairs, scales.\n\ninduplicate\nFolded upward, or folded with the two adaxial surfaces together.\n\nindusium\n1.  Membrane covering the sori of some ferns.[39]\n2.  Cup enclosing the stigma in Goodeniaceae.[39]\n\ninferior ovary\nAn ovary at least partly below the level of attachment of other floral parts. Compare superior ovary and half-inferior ovary.\n\ninflated\nSwollen, like a bladder.\n\ninflexed\nBent sharply upward or forward. Compare deflexed.\n\ninflorescence\nseveral flowers closely grouped together to form an efficient structured unit; the grouping or arrangement of flowers on a plant.\n\ninfraspecific\ndenotes taxonomic ranks below species level, for example subspecies.\n\ninfrageneric\ndenoting taxonomic ranks below the genus level, for example, subgenera, sections, and series.\n\ninfructescence\nthe grouping or arrangement of fruits on a plant.\n\ninfundibular (infundibuliform)\nfunnel-shaped, for example in the corolla of a flower.\n\ninrolled\nrolled inward.\n\ninsectivorous\ncatching, and drawing nutriment from, insects.\n\ninsertion, point of\nThe point at which one organ or structure (such as a leaf) is joined to the structure which bears it (such as a stem).\n\ninserted\ngrowing out from\n\nintegument\nin general, any covering, but especially the covering of an ovule.\n\nintercalary\n(e.g. of growth) occurring between the apex and the base of an organ\n\nintercalary meristem\na meristem located between the apex and the base of an organ\n\ninterjugary glands\nin pinnate leaves, glands occurring along the leaf rachis between the pinnae (occurring below the single, and often slightly larger, gland at or just below the insertion of the pinnae). Compare jugary.\n\ninternode\nThe portion of a stem between two nodes.\n\ninterpetiolar\n(of stipules) Between the petioles of opposite leaves, e.g in Rubiaceae.\n\nintramarginal\ninside but close to the margin. For example, an intramarginal vein is one that parallels, and is very close to, the leaf margin.\n\nintrastaminal\ninside the stamens or androecium, usually referring to the location of a nectary disk.\n\nintrorse\nof anther locules, with opening toward the center of flower (at least in bud). Compare extrorse and latrorse.\n\ninvalid\nUse of names not validly published according to the Code, i.e. they are not strictly 'names' in the sense of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.\n\ninvolucre\nA structure surrounding or supporting, usually a head of flowers. In Asteraceae, it is the group of phyllaries (bracts) surrounding the inflorescence before opening, then supporting the cup-like receptacle on which the head of flowers sits. In Euphorbiaceae it is the cuplike structure that holds the nectar glands, nectar, and head of flowers, and sits above the bract-like cyathophyll structure. Involucres occur in Marchantiophyta, Cycads, fungi, and many other groups.\n\ninvolute\nRolled inward, for example when the margins of a leaf are rolled toward the adaxial (usually upper) surface. Compare revolute.\n\niridescent\nHaving a reflective colored sheen produced by structural coloration, as in the speculum of the mirror orchid Ophrys speculum.\n\nirregular\nNot able to be divided into two equal halves through any vertical plane. See also asymmetrical. Compare zygomorphic, actinomorphic, and regular.\n\nisobifacial\n(of flat structures, especially leaves) Having both surfaces similar, usually referring to cell types or to the number and distribution of stomata.\n\nisomerous\nHaving an equal number of parts in the whorls.\n\nisomorphic\nwith all features morphologically similar, i.e. of similar size and shape. Compare heteromorphic.\n\nisotomic\nHaving branches of equal diameter. Compare anisotomic.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acacia_karroo_bipinnate_leaf_IMG_2153a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vachellia karroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia_karroo"},{"link_name":"Jugary glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jugary_gland"},{"link_name":"jugum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jugum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bauhinia_glabra_(11135932776).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jugate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jugate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toad-tree_(Tabernaemontana_elegans)_fruit_(11822645486).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tabernaemontana elegans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernaemontana_elegans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eucalyptus_camaldulensis_has_dorsiventral_juvenile_leaves_but_isobilateral_leaves_on_mature_trees_IMG_2014a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus camaldulensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_camaldulensis"},{"link_name":"dorsiventral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dorsiventral"},{"link_name":"juvenile leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#juvenile_leaves"},{"link_name":"node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#node"},{"link_name":"articulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#articulate"},{"link_name":"jugary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jugary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"jugum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jugum"},{"link_name":"jugary gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jugary_gland"},{"link_name":"jugary gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jugary_gland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"rachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rachis"},{"link_name":"pinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinnate"},{"link_name":"bipinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bipinnate"},{"link_name":"jugum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jugum"},{"link_name":"pinnae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinna"},{"link_name":"pinnules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinnule"},{"link_name":"Acacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia"},{"link_name":"interjugary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#interjugary"},{"link_name":"jugate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugate"},{"link_name":"jugum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jugum"},{"link_name":"jugum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugum"},{"link_name":"pinnae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinna"},{"link_name":"rachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rachis"},{"link_name":"juvenile leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juvenile_leaves&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Vachellia karroo bipinnate leaf A. Rachilla B. Pinnule C. Jugary glands D. Juga (plural of jugum) E. Base of petiole F. Petiolary gland G. Rachis\nJugate leaf of Bauhinia glabra \nJugate fruit of Tabernaemontana elegans\nEucalyptus camaldulensis has dorsiventral juvenile leaves.\njoint\nA node or junction of two parts; articulation.\n\njugary\nassociated with a jugum or something yoke-like; see for example jugary gland.\n\njugary gland\nA gland occurring on the rachis of a pinnate or bipinnate leaf on a jugum, the junction or attachment of pairs of pinnae or pinnules, as in some Acacia species. Compare interjugary.\n\njugate\nyoke-like; describing a structure of paired items joined together as in a jugum or something yoke-like, such as some leaves and fruit.\n\njugum\napplied to various yoke-like organs, usually in the sense of their being paired, such as a pair of pinnae on a rachis.\n\njuvenile leaves\nLeaves formed on a young plant, typically differing from the adult leaves in form.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tropical_pitcher_plant_-_Tanjung_Puting_National_Park_-_Indonesia_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"kettle trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kettle_trap"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cucurbita_maxima_var._zapallito_-_ejemplo_de_hoja_reniforme.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kidney-shaped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kidney_shape"},{"link_name":"Cucurbita maxima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbita_maxima"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Setaria_incrassata_node1_NWP_-_Flickr_-_Macleay_Grass_Man.jpg"},{"link_name":"knee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cypress_knee_6016.JPG"},{"link_name":"cypress knees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_knee"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keel_(petal)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"Fabaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"},{"link_name":"drupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#drupe"},{"link_name":"pitcher plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher_plant"},{"link_name":"key innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_innovation"},{"link_name":"phenotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypic"},{"link_name":"evolutionary radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation"},{"link_name":"taxonomic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic_group"},{"link_name":"kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney"},{"link_name":"oblately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oblate"},{"link_name":"cordate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cordate"},{"link_name":"crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crescent"},{"link_name":"kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)"},{"link_name":"vascular plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plants"},{"link_name":"bryophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophytes"},{"link_name":"green algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_algae"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#clade"},{"link_name":"Viridiplantae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viridiplantae"},{"link_name":"Lamiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceae"},{"link_name":"Boraginaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boraginaceae"},{"link_name":"knee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee"},{"link_name":"node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#node"},{"link_name":"cypress knee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_knee"},{"link_name":"pneumatophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pneumatophore"},{"link_name":"Taxodioideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxodioideae"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"One form of the kettle traps of a pitcher plant\nKidney-shaped leaf of Cucurbita maxima\nTypical knee at a node in a grass stem\nUnusually dense stand of cypress knees around the parent tree\nkeel\nadj. keeled A prominent longitudinal ridge like the keel of a boat, e.g. the structure of the corolla formed by the fusion of the lower edge of the two abaxial anterior petals of flowers in the Fabaceae.\nkernel\nSee drupe.\n\nkettle trap\nanother term for the kettle-like pitchers of any of the carnivorous pitcher plants, in which they trap their prey.\n\nkey innovation\nA novel phenotypic trait that allows subsequent evolutionary radiation and success of a taxonomic group.\n\nkidney shape\nA term describing a kidney-shaped object such as a bean or a leaf; more formally, oblately cordate, or crescent-shaped with the ends rounded.\n\nkingdom\nthe highest generally employed category of the taxonomic hierarchy, above that of division (phylum). The Plant Kingdom includes vascular plants, bryophytes and green algae and is also known as the clade Viridiplantae.\n\nKlausenfrucht\nKlausen or Klausenfrucht (german) is a special type of fruits in Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae. A dry, dehiscent fruit formed from a superior ovary with axil or basal placentation, with an adherent calyx, from more than one carpel and usually breaking apart into 1-seeded units by separating each carpel by false septa. One unit is a half carpel, mostly there are four units, seeds. English terms are eremocarp, schizocarp, mericarp or nutlets.\n\nknee\nabrupt bend in a root or stem, commonly at a node; a cypress knee, or pneumatophore, is a type of bend or knob in the root of some plants, especially conifers such as some of the Taxodioideae, that shows as a projection of the root above ground level or mud level.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prunella_vulgaris_003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Labiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#labiate"},{"link_name":"Prunella vulgaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunella_vulgaris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pelargonium_graveolens-_Kirstenbosch_botanical_garden_-_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laciniate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#laciniate"},{"link_name":"Pelargonium crispum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelargonium_crispum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_latex_IMG_8745c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Euphorbias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia"},{"link_name":"latex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#latex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bladlitteken_van_Juglans_regia.jpg"},{"link_name":"leaf scar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf_scar"},{"link_name":"Juglans regia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_regia"},{"link_name":"abscission zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#abscission_zone"},{"link_name":"vascular bundles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vascular_bundle"},{"link_name":"axillary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axillary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_birch_bark.jpg"},{"link_name":"silver birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_birch"},{"link_name":"lenticel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lenticel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_207_The_Mountain_Devil_Lambertia_formosa_shrub_regenerating_from_lignotubers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lignotuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lignotuber"},{"link_name":"Lambertia formosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambertia_formosa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holcus_lanatus_ligule1_(7325929936).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ligule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ligule"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crepe_myrtle_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Loculicidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#loculicidal"},{"link_name":"dehiscence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dehiscent"},{"link_name":"capsule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capsule"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hedysarum_occidentale_(28915806450).jpg"},{"link_name":"loment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lomentum"},{"link_name":"Hedysarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedysarum"},{"link_name":"labellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labellum_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Orchidaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae"},{"link_name":"Zingiberaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingiberaceae"},{"link_name":"Cannaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannaceae"},{"link_name":"Stylidiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylidiaceae"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"lacerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lacerate"},{"link_name":"laciniate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laciniate"},{"link_name":"lobes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lobes"},{"link_name":"margins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#margins"},{"link_name":"lamella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lamella"},{"link_name":"lamina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_leaf"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"lanceolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanceolate"},{"link_name":"lanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanate"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeentje201067-40"},{"link_name":"lateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lateral"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dorsal"},{"link_name":"latex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex"},{"link_name":"spurges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia"},{"link_name":"figs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus"},{"link_name":"dandelions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum"},{"link_name":"latex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex"},{"link_name":"latrorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrorse"},{"link_name":"dehiscence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dehiscence"},{"link_name":"anthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anthers"},{"link_name":"introrse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"extrorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"Laurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurus"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"leaf gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_gap"},{"link_name":"parenchymatous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenchyma"},{"link_name":"stele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele_(biology)"},{"link_name":"leaf trace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf_trace"},{"link_name":"leaf scar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_scar"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"leaf trace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leaf_trace&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"vascular bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_bundle"},{"link_name":"stele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele_(biology)"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"leaflets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaflet_(botany)"},{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#compound"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"legume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume"},{"link_name":"Fabaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"},{"link_name":"dehiscent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dehiscent"},{"link_name":"indehiscent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indehiscent"},{"link_name":"lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemma_(botany)"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae"},{"link_name":"lenticel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenticel"},{"link_name":"lenticular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lenticular"},{"link_name":"porous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoma"},{"link_name":"intercellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#intercellular"},{"link_name":"exchange of gases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_exchange"},{"link_name":"lenticular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenticular_lens"},{"link_name":"lenticels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lenticel"},{"link_name":"lepidote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidote"},{"link_name":"liana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana"},{"link_name":"liane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#liane"},{"link_name":"liana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#liana"},{"link_name":"lichens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichens"},{"link_name":"corticolous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corticolous"},{"link_name":"lignotuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignotuber"},{"link_name":"ligulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligulate"},{"link_name":"ligule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ligule"},{"link_name":"ligule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligule"},{"link_name":"sheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sheath"},{"link_name":"adaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adaxial"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"Selaginella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selaginella"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"Line (unit)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Paris line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligne"},{"link_name":"Leaf shape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shape"},{"link_name":"labellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#labellum"},{"link_name":"lithophytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithophytic"},{"link_name":"epilithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epilithic"},{"link_name":"lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"midrib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#midrib"},{"link_name":"loculicidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loculicidal"},{"link_name":"Dehiscing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dehiscent"},{"link_name":"loculi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#locule"},{"link_name":"septicidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#septicidal"},{"link_name":"locule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locule"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"sporangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporangium"},{"link_name":"lodicule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodicule"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#grass"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"lomentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomentum"},{"link_name":"indehiscent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indehiscent"},{"link_name":"longicidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longicidal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"poricidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#poricidal"},{"link_name":"lunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunate"},{"link_name":"lyrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrate"},{"link_name":"lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lobe"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Labiate flowers of Prunella vulgaris\nLaciniate, deeply incised, leaves of Pelargonium crispum\nMost Euphorbias are laticiferous and instantly exude latex when even mildly punctured.\nA leaf scar on Juglans regia, showing the layer of corky protective tissue that remained after the leaf separated along the abscission zone. It also shows the leaf traces of the vascular bundles that broke off when the abscission zone failed. The axillary bud associated with the leaf shows just above the scar.\nThe dark horizontal lines on silver birch bark are lenticels.\nLignotubers of Lambertia formosa growing sprouts after a bush fire\nLigule between the leaf sheath and leaf of a grass\nLoculicidal dehiscence of a fruit capsule. The locule walls split at the back, and the valves separate, bearing the septa on their centers.\nThe loment (or lomentum) of Hedysarum occidentale splits into single-seeded segments along the visible lines of weakness when ripe.\nlabellum\nlip; one of three or five petals which is (usually) different from the others, e.g. in Orchidaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae and Stylidiaceae.\n\nlabiate\nlipped; where a corolla is divided into two parts, called an upper and lower lip, the two resembling an open mouth with lips.\n\nlacerate\njagged, as if torn.\n\nlaciniate\nOf lobes – with ends irregularly divided into deeply divided, narrow, pointed segments; Of margins – deeply divided into pointed segments in an irregular manner.\n\nlacuna\nAn empty space, hole, cavity, pit, depression, or discontinuity.\n\nlamella\npl. lamellae Thin, plate-like layer. adj. lamellate Composed of an assemblage of many layers.\nlamina\nthe blade of a leaf or the expanded upper part of a petal, sepal or bract.\n\nlanate\ncovered in or composed of wooly hairs.\n\nlanceolate\nlonger than broad, narrowly ovate, broadest in the lower half and tapering to the tip, like a lance or spear head; (sometimes, and incorrectly, used to mean narrowly elliptic).\n\nlanuginose\ncovered in long hairs that cross and/or interweave with each other. More commonly the term lanate is used.[40]\n\nlateral\nattached to the side of an organ, e.g. leaves or branches on a stem. For more detail see dorsal.\n\nlatex\na milky fluid that exudes from such plants such as spurges, figs and dandelions.\n\nlaticiferous\nlatex-bearing, producing a milky juice.\n\nlatrorse\na type of anther dehiscence in which the anthers open laterally toward adjacent anthers. Compare introrse and extrorse.\n\nlauroid\nresembling Laurus, the laurel genus, particularly its leaves.\n\nlax\nloose, not compact.\n\nleaf\nan outgrowth of a stem, usually flat and green; its main function is food manufacture by photosynthesis. Abbreviation: lvs.\n\nleaf gap\na parenchymatous area in the stele above (distal to) a leaf trace.\n\nleaf scar\nA healing layer forming on a stem where a leaf has fallen off.\n\nleaf trace\nA vascular bundle connecting the stele to a leaf.\n\nleaflets\nThe ultimate segments of a compound leaf.\n\nlegume\n1.  a fruit characteristic of the family Fabaceae, formed from one carpel and either dehiscent along both sides, or indehiscent.\n2.  a crop species in the family Fabaceae.\n3.  a plant of the family Fabaceae.\n\nlemma\nthe lower of 2 bracts enclosing a grass flower.\n\nlenticel\nTypically lenticular (lens-shaped) porous tissue in bark with large intercellular spaces that allows direct exchange of gases between the internal tissues and atmosphere through the bark.\n\nlenticellate\nHaving lenticels\n\nlenticular\n1.  lens-shaped.\n2.  covered in lenticels.\n\nlepidote\ncovered with small scales.\n\nleprose\npowdery\n\nliana\na woody climbing plant, rooted in the ground (liane is also used).\n\nliane\na woody climbing plant, rooted in the ground. See also liana.\n\nligneous\nhaving hard lignified tissues or woody parts, woody\n\nlignum\nDead wood, typically in the context of a substrate for lichens.\n\nlignicolous\nGrowing on wood tissue after bark as fallen or been stripped off (compare to corticolous).\n\nlignotuber\na woody swelling of the stem below or just above the ground; contains adventitious buds from which new shoots can develop, e.g. after fire.\n\nligulate\n1.  bearing a ligule.\n2.  strap-shaped.\n\nligule\n1.  A small membranous appendage on the top of the sheath of grass leaves.\n2.  A minute adaxial appendage near the base of a leaf, e.g. in Selaginella.\n3.  An extended, strap-like corolla in some daisy florets.\n\nlinea, line, British line, Paris line\nVarious pre-metric units somewhat larger than 2 mm, used in botany into the 20th century. See Line (unit) and Paris line.\n\nlinear\nVery narrow in relation to its length, with the sides mostly parallel. See Leaf shape.\n\nlingulate\ntongue-shaped.\n\nlip\nA labellum.\n\nlithophytic\nA plant growing on rocks; an epilithic plant.\n\nlobe\nPart of a leaf (or other organ), often rounded and formed by incisions to about halfway to the midrib.\n\nlobulate\nHaving, consisting of or relating to a lobe or lobes.\n\nloculicidal\n(of a fruit) Dehiscing through the centers of loculi. Compare septicidal.\n\nlocule\nA chamber or cavity containing seeds within an ovary, pollen within an anther or spores in a sporangium.\n\nlodicule\nOne of two or three minute organs at the base of the ovary of a grass flower, representing parts of a strongly reduced perianth.\n\nlomentum or loment\nA pod-like indehiscent fruit that develops constrictions between the segments and at maturity breaks into one-seeded segments instead of splitting open.\n\nlongicidal\n(of anthers) Opening lengthwise by longitudinal slits. Compare poricidal.\n\nlunate\nCrescent-shaped.\n\nlumen\nThe cavity bounded by a plant cell wall.\n\nlyrate\nLyre-shaped; deeply lobed, with a large terminal lobe and smaller lateral ones.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acaulescent_habit_of_Drimiopsis_maculata_IMG_1956.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#maculate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eucalyptus_socialis_tree.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus socialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_socialis"},{"link_name":"mallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mallee"},{"link_name":"habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#habit"},{"link_name":"lignotuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lignotuber"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beechmast_-_Flickr_-_S._Rae.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geranium_incanum_schizocarp_and_mericarp_IMG_8807c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Geranium incanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geranium_incanum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"schizocarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#schizocarp"},{"link_name":"mericarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mericarp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Root-tip-tag.png"},{"link_name":"meristem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#meristem"},{"link_name":"Columella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columella_(botany)"},{"link_name":"statocytes with statoliths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statocyte"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dicot_leaf_L.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mesophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mesophyll"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_ovule_L.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus"},{"link_name":"Gametophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametophyte"},{"link_name":"Micropyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#micropyle"},{"link_name":"Megasporangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#megasporangium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selaginella_strobulus_L.jpg"},{"link_name":"Strobilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#strobilus"},{"link_name":"Megaspore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#megaspore"},{"link_name":"Microsporangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#microsporangium"},{"link_name":"Megasporangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#megasporangium"},{"link_name":"Microspore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#microspore"},{"link_name":"Sporophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporophyll"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acacia_nilotica-4-yercaud-salem-India.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moniliform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#moniliform"},{"link_name":"Vachellia nilotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia_nilotica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germination_of_Date_Palm.jpg"},{"link_name":"date palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(plant)"},{"link_name":"monocotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monocotyledon"},{"link_name":"cotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cotyledon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mucro_at_the_tip_of_the_rachis_of_a_compound_leaf_of_Vachellia_karoo_IMG_7977.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mucro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mucro"},{"link_name":"rachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rachis"},{"link_name":"Vachellia karroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia_karroo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P._involutus01.JPG"},{"link_name":"mycelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mycelium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mycorhizes-02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mycelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycelium"},{"link_name":"mycorrhiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mycorrhiza"},{"link_name":"Picea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea"},{"link_name":"staminate flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#staminate_flower"},{"link_name":"mallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallee_(habit)"},{"link_name":"lignotuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lignotuber"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"mangrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove"},{"link_name":"shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#shrub"},{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tree"},{"link_name":"pneumatophores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatophore"},{"link_name":"margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_margin"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#margin"},{"link_name":"marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_(botany)"},{"link_name":"acorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn"},{"link_name":"beechmast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech"},{"link_name":"pith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pith"},{"link_name":"medullary rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_ray_(botany)"},{"link_name":"heterosporous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterospory"},{"link_name":"gametophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametophyte"},{"link_name":"microsporangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#microsporangium"},{"link_name":"megaspore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaspore"},{"link_name":"heterosporous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterospory"},{"link_name":"gametophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametophyte"},{"link_name":"microspore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#microspore"},{"link_name":"hetersoporous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterospory"},{"link_name":"megasporangia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#megasporangium"},{"link_name":"microsporophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#microsporophyll"},{"link_name":"megastrobilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megastrobilus"},{"link_name":"strobili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#strobilus"},{"link_name":"gymnosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm"},{"link_name":"microstrobilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#microstrobilus"},{"link_name":"membranous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_membrane"},{"link_name":"mericarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mericarp"},{"link_name":"schizocarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#schizocarp"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"meristem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristem"},{"link_name":"mesic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesic_habitat"},{"link_name":"mesocarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesocarp"},{"link_name":"succulent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#succulent"},{"link_name":"sarcocarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sarcocarp"},{"link_name":"succulent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#succulent"},{"link_name":"parenchyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#parenchyma"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"mesophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesophyte"},{"link_name":"micropyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovule#Integuments,_micropyle_and_chalaza"},{"link_name":"ovule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovule"},{"link_name":"sporangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporangium"},{"link_name":"heterosporous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#heterospory"},{"link_name":"microspores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#microspore"},{"link_name":"gametophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametophyte"},{"link_name":"megasporangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#megasporangium"},{"link_name":"microspore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microspore"},{"link_name":"heterosporous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#heterospory"},{"link_name":"megaspore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#megaspore"},{"link_name":"heterosporous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#heterospory"},{"link_name":"microsporangia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#microsporangium"},{"link_name":"megasporophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#megasporophyll"},{"link_name":"microstrobilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstrobilus"},{"link_name":"strobilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#strobilus"},{"link_name":"gymnosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gymnosperm"},{"link_name":"megastrobilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#megastrobilus"},{"link_name":"vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vein"},{"link_name":"midrib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#midrib"},{"link_name":"tetrads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tetrad"},{"link_name":"monadelphous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen#Terminology"},{"link_name":"moniliform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moniliform&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"monocarpic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocarpic"},{"link_name":"semelparous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#semelparous"},{"link_name":"monochasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monochasium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cymose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cyme"},{"link_name":"dichasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dichasium"},{"link_name":"pleiochasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pleiochasium"},{"link_name":"monocot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocot"},{"link_name":"monocotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monocotyledon"},{"link_name":"monocotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyledon"},{"link_name":"embryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#embryo"},{"link_name":"cotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cotyledon"},{"link_name":"dicotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dicotyledon"},{"link_name":"monoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoecious"},{"link_name":"Hermaphroditic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hermaphrodite"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bisexual"},{"link_name":"unisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#unisexual"},{"link_name":"dioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dioecious"},{"link_name":"monoicous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoicous"},{"link_name":"bryophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bryophyte"},{"link_name":"gametophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametophyte"},{"link_name":"Hermaphroditic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hermaphrodite"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bisexual"},{"link_name":"dioicous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dioicous"},{"link_name":"monograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"},{"link_name":"revision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#revision"},{"link_name":"monomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)"},{"link_name":"dimorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dimorphic"},{"link_name":"polymorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)"},{"link_name":"monophyllous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monophyllous"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"meristem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#meristem"},{"link_name":"sympodial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sympodial"},{"link_name":"monostromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monostromatic"},{"link_name":"alga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga"},{"link_name":"Monostroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monostroma"},{"link_name":"monothecous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monothecous&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dithecous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dithecous"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)"},{"link_name":"mucro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1928-28"},{"link_name":"mucronate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"mucro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mucro"},{"link_name":"multiple fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_fruit"},{"link_name":"fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"Moraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraceae"},{"link_name":"aggregate fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aggregate_fruit"},{"link_name":"mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"habit of growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habit_(biology)"},{"link_name":"genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"molecular biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"},{"link_name":"biological mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"nucleic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid"},{"link_name":"molecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule"},{"link_name":"encode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code"},{"link_name":"genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"organism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism"},{"link_name":"virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"},{"link_name":"DNA in the chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"extrachromosomal DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNA"},{"link_name":"mitochondria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria"},{"link_name":"chloroplast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chloroplast"},{"link_name":"RNA viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_virus"},{"link_name":"information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information"},{"link_name":"RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA"},{"link_name":"mycelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycelium"},{"link_name":"fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"hyphae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphae"},{"link_name":"mycorrhiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhiza"},{"link_name":"symbiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis"},{"link_name":"mycotroph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotroph"},{"link_name":"fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Maculate leaves\nEucalyptus socialis, showing its mallee habit, a single tree with several trunks growing from an underground lignotuber\nMast from beeches on the forest floor\nGeranium incanum schizocarp and mericarp\nApical meristem in root tip:1: Meristem2: Columella    showing statocytes with statoliths3: Lateral part of the tip4: Dead cells5: Elongation zone\nMesophyll as seen in the cross section of a dicotyledonous leafA-Lower epidermisB-Lower palisade mesophyllC-Upper epidermisD-Upper palisade mesophyllE- Spongy mesophyllF-Leaf vein\nLongitudinal section of Pinus ovuleA=GametophyteB=Egg cellC=MicropyleD=IntegumentE=Megasporangium\nStrobilus of a SelaginellaA-MegasporeB-MicrosporangiumC-MegasporangiumD-MicrosporeE-Sporophyll\nMoniliform pods on Vachellia nilotica\nA germinating date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, a monocotyledon, showing its single cotyledon\nMucro at the tip of the rachis of a compound leaf of Vachellia karroo\nFungal mycelium grown in culture dish\nMycelium of mycorrhiza growing on the roots of Picea\nmaculate\nSpotted; marked with spots.\n\nmale flower\nSee staminate flower.\n\nmallee\nA growth habit in which several woody stems arise separately from a lignotuber; a plant with such a growth habit, e.g. many Eucalyptus species; vegetation characterized by such plants.\n\nmangrove\nAny shrub or small tree growing in salt or brackish water, usually characterized by pneumatophores; any tropical coastal vegetation characterized by such species.\n\nmargin\nThe edge of a structure, as in the edge of a leaf blade.\n\nmarginal\nOccurring at or very close to a margin.\n\nmarsh\nA waterlogged area or swamp.\n\nmast\nEdible fruit and nuts produced by woody species of plants (e.g. acorns and beechmast) which is consumed on the ground by wildlife species and some domestic animals.\n\nmealy\nCovered with coarse, floury powder.\n\nmedulla\npith. See also medullary rays in wood.\n\nmegasporangium\nthe larger of two kinds of sporangium produced by heterosporous plants, producing large spores that contain the female gametophytes. Compare microsporangium.\n\nmegaspore\nthe larger of two kinds of spores produced by a heterosporous plant, giving rise to the female gametophyte. Compare microspore.\n\nmegasporophyll\nin hetersoporous plants, a modified leaf bearing one or more megasporangia. Compare microsporophyll.\n\nmegastrobilus\nthe larger of two kinds of cones or strobili produced by gymnosperms, being female and producing the seeds. Compare microstrobilus.\n\nmembranous\nthin, translucent and flexible, seldom green.\n\nmericarp\none segment of a fruit (a schizocarp) that splits at maturity into units derived from the individual carpels, or a carpel, usually 1-seeded, released by the break-up at maturity of a fruit formed from 2 or more joined carpels.\n\nmeristem\nAny actively dividing plant tissue.\n\nmesic\nMoist, avoiding both extremes of drought and wet; pertaining to conditions of moderate moisture or water supply; applied to organisms (vegetation) occupying moist habitats.\n\nmesocarp\nThe fleshy portion of the wall of a succulent fruit inside the skin and outside the stony layer (if any), surrounding the seed(s); sarcocarp.\n\nmesomorphic\nSoft and with little fibrous tissue, but not succulent.\n\nmesophyll\n1.  The parenchyma tissues between the upper and lower epidermis. They vary in function, but usually include the photosynthetic tissue of a leaf.\n2.  In ecology, the blade of a leaf or leaflet that has a surface area 4500–18225 mm2; a plant, or vegetation, that has mesophyll (sized) leaves.\n\nmesophyllous\n(of vegetation) Of moist habitats and having mostly large and soft leaves.\n\nmesophyte\nA plant thriving under intermediate environmental conditions of moderate moisture and temperature, without major seasonal fluctuations.\n\nmicropyle\nOpening at apex of ovule.\n\nmicrosporangium\nThe smaller of two kinds of sporangium produced by a heterosporous plant, producing microspores that contain the male gametophyte. Compare megasporangium.\n\nmicrospore\nThe smaller of two kinds of spores produced by a heterosporous plant. Compare megaspore.\n\nmicrosporophyll\nIn heterosporous plants, a modified leaf bearing one or more microsporangia. Compare megasporophyll.\n\nmicrostrobilus\nThe smaller of two kinds of cones or strobilus produced by gymnosperms, being male and producing the pollen. Compare megastrobilus.\n\nmidrib\nAlso midvein. The central and usually most prominent vein of a leaf or leaf-like organ.\nmidvein\nSee midrib.\n\nmonad\nA single individual that is free from other individuals, not united with them into a group. The term is usually used for pollen to distinguish single grains from tetrads or polyads.\n\nmonadelphous\nA term describing stamen filaments that are fused for the greater part of their length, forming a tube around the style.\n\nmoniliform\nResembling a string of beads.\n\nmonocarpic\nFlowering and setting seed only once before dying. See also semelparous.\n\nmonochasium\nA cymose inflorescence with the branches arising singly. Compare dichasium and pleiochasium.\n\nmonocot\nAn abbreviation of monocotyledon.\n\nmonocotyledon\nA flowering plant whose embryo contains one cotyledon (seed-leaf). Compare dicotyledon.\n\nmonoecious\n(of vascular plants) Hermaphroditic, with all flowers bisexual, or with male and female reproductive structures in separate flowers but on the same plant, or of an inflorescence that has unisexual flowers of both sexes. Contrast dioecious.\n\nmonoicous\n(of bryophyte gametophytes) Hermaphroditic or bisexual, where both male and female reproductive structures develop on the same individual. Contrast dioicous.\n\nmonograph\nOf a group of plants, a comprehensive treatise presenting an analysis and synthesis of taxonomic knowledge of that taxon; the fullest account possible (at the time) of a family, tribe or genus. It is generally worldwide in scope and evaluates all taxonomic treatments of that taxon including studies of its evolutionary relationships with other related taxa, and cytological, genetic, morphological, palaeobotanical and ecological studies. The term is often incorrectly applied to any systematic work devoted to a single taxon. Compare revision.\n\nmonomorphic\nOf one type, rather than several. See also dimorphic (two types) and polymorphic (many types).\n\nmonophyllous\nHaving a single leaf.\n\nmonopodial\nA mode of stem growth and branching in which the main axis is formed by a single dominant meristem. Contrast sympodial.\n\nmonostromatic\nBeing a single cell thick, as in the alga Monostroma.\n\nmonothecous\nhaving a sole compartment or cell. Compare Dithecous.\n\nmonotypic\nContaining only one taxon of the next lower rank, e.g. a family with only one genus, or a genus that includes only a single species.\n\nmorphology\nThe shape or form of an organism or part thereof.\n\nmucro\ndim. mucronule. A sharp, short point, generally at the tip of a leaf or the tip of the midrib of a compound leaf.[28]\nmucronate\nTerminating in a mucro.\n\nmultiple fruit\nA cluster of fruits produced from more than one flower and appearing as a single fruit, often on a swollen axis, as with many species of the family Moraceae. Compare aggregate fruit.\n\nmuricate\nCovered with short, hard protuberances.\n\nmutation\nIn times before the nature of genetic encoding was understood, mutation was regarded as an abrupt, and sometimes heritable, variation from the norm of a population; for example a plant might unexpectedly produce \"double\" flowers, a novel color, or a habit of growth uncharacteristic of the species or variety. Advances in genetics and molecular biology in the mid-twentieth century, showed that biological mutations comprise and reflect changes in the nucleic acid molecules that encode the genome of an organism or virus. The nucleic acid affected could be DNA in the chromosomes, or it could be extrachromosomal DNA (typically DNA in the mitochondria or chloroplasts). In RNA viruses a mutation would be a change to the genetic information that the RNA encodes.\n\nmycelium\nThe \"vegetative\" (nonreproductive) part of a fungus, mostly composed of aggregations of hyphae. It functions in substrate decomposition and absorption of nutrients.\n\nmycorrhiza\npl. mycorrhizae; adj. mycorrhizal One of several types of symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant.\nmycotroph\nadj. mycotrophic A plant that obtains most or all of its carbon, water, and nutrients by associating with a fungus.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoya_carnosa_nectar_IMG_1395c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hoya carnosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoya_carnosa"},{"link_name":"nectar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#nectar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helleborus_argutifolius_flower-5155~2016_01_03.JPG"},{"link_name":"Helleborus argutifolius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helleborus_argutifolius"},{"link_name":"nectaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#nectary"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nylanderia_flavipes_extrafloral_nectary.jpg"},{"link_name":"Senna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_(plant)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plant_nodes_c.jpg"},{"link_name":"node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#node"},{"link_name":"internodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#internode"},{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endemic"},{"link_name":"natural hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_hybrid"},{"link_name":"hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"naturalised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisation_(biology)"},{"link_name":"nectar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar"},{"link_name":"pollinators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator"},{"link_name":"nectary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectary"},{"link_name":"nectar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#nectar"},{"link_name":"neophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neophyte_(botany)"},{"link_name":"archaeophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#archaeophyte"},{"link_name":"vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vein"},{"link_name":"node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(botany)"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"nomen conservandum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_name"},{"link_name":"nomen illegitimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_illegitimum"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"valid publication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validly_published_name_(botany)"},{"link_name":"nomen nudum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_nudum"},{"link_name":"International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants"},{"link_name":"nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature"},{"link_name":"noxious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noxious_weed"},{"link_name":"nucellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucellus"},{"link_name":"ovule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovule"},{"link_name":"seed plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_plant"},{"link_name":"gametophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametophyte"},{"link_name":"epidermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epidermis"},{"link_name":"indefinite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indefinite"},{"link_name":"nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"indehiscent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indehiscent"},{"link_name":"nutlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrena"},{"link_name":"nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#nut"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"Boraginaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boraginaceae"},{"link_name":"Verbenaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbenaceae"},{"link_name":"Lamiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceae"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Hoya carnosa secretes so much nectar that it falls in drops if no pollinators remove it.\nThe small green petals of Helleborus argutifolius act as floral nectaries. The sepals function as petals.\nSome Senna species have extrafloral nectaries that attract ants to defend them from pests.\nPlant stem nodes and internodes\nnative\nNaturally occurring in an area, but not necessarily confined to it. Compare endemic.\n\nnatural hybrid\nA hybrid taxon produced by chance in the wild.\n\nnaturalised\nDescribing a plant, introduced from another region, that grows and reproduces readily in competition with the natural flora.\n\nnectar\nA usually sweet, nutrient-rich fluid produced by the flowers of many plants and collected by bees and other pollinators.\n\nnectary\nadj. nectariferous A specialized gland that secretes nectar.\nneophyte\nA plant that has recently been introduced to a geographic area. Contrast archaeophyte.\n\nnerve\nAnother name for a vein.\n\nnode\nThe part of a stem from which leaves or branches arise.\n\nnomen conservandum\n(Latin) A conserved name, usually a name that became so much better known than the correct name, that a substitution was made.\n\nnomen illegitimum\nA name that is either superfluous at its time of publication because the taxon to which it was applied already has a name, or the name has already been applied to another plant (a homonym).\n\nnomen invalidum\nA name that is not validly published, and technically is therefore not a botanical name. Abbreviation: nom. inval. See valid publication.\n\nnomen nudum\nA name not published in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, usually without a diagnosis or description of the entity to which it applies, and without reference to either; such a name should not be used.\n\nnomenclature\nThe naming of things; often restricted to the correct use of scientific names in taxonomy; a system that sets out provisions for the formation and use of names.\n\nnoxious\nOf plants, containing harmful or unwholesome qualities. Applied in conjunction with 'weed' to specifically describe a plant which legislation deems harmful to the environment. Each state and territory in Australia has specific legislation governing noxious weeds.\n\nnucellus\nThe tissue of the ovule of a seed plant that surrounds the female gametophyte. It is enclosed by integuments and is not of epidermal origin.\n\nnumerous\nStamens are described as numerous when there are more than twice as many as sepals or petals, especially when there is no set number of them. Compare indefinite.\n\nnut\nA hard, dry, indehiscent fruit containing only one seed.\n\nnutlet\n1.  A small nut.\n2.  One of the lobes or sections of the mature ovary of some members of the Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, and Lamiaceae.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr-010330-0591-Ficus_carica-fruit-Kahului-Maui_(24236554100).jpg"},{"link_name":"Obconical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#obconic"},{"link_name":"syconium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#syconium"},{"link_name":"infructescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#infructescence"},{"link_name":"Ficus carica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_carica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxalis_pes-caprae_1DS-II_1-9711.jpg"},{"link_name":"Obcordate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#obcordate"},{"link_name":"ternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ternate"},{"link_name":"Oxalis pes-caprae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalis_pes-caprae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kummerowia_striata_leaf1_(10355256105).jpg"},{"link_name":"Obovate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#obovate"},{"link_name":"ternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ternate"},{"link_name":"Kummerowia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kummerowia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dovyalis_zeyheri,_blare,_Pretoria.jpg"},{"link_name":"Obtuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#obtuse"},{"link_name":"Dovyalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovyalis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eucalyptus_macrocarpa_flower_operculum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus macrocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_macrocarpa"},{"link_name":"operculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#operculum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94_Wan_Chai_%E5%9B%8D%E5%8C%AF_The_Avenue_Rooftop_Garden_terrace_plants_Oct_2017_IX1_opposite_green_leaves_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Opposite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opposite"},{"link_name":"phyllotaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllotaxis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dombeya_rotundifolia-leaves.jpg"},{"link_name":"Orbicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#orbicular"},{"link_name":"Dombeya rotundifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dombeya_rotundifolia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vigna_parkeri_leaf2_(10737009993).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ovate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovate"},{"link_name":"ternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ternate"},{"link_name":"Vigna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigna"},{"link_name":"obcordate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#obcordate"},{"link_name":"oblanceolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#oblanceolate"},{"link_name":"obovate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#obovate"},{"link_name":"obconic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obconic"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"hypanthium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hypanthium"},{"link_name":"pistil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pistil"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"obcordate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obcordate"},{"link_name":"blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blade"},{"link_name":"obdiplostemonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen#obdiplostemonous"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"whorls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#whorl"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"diplostemonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#diplostemonous"},{"link_name":"haplostemonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#haplostemonous"},{"link_name":"oblanceolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblanceolate"},{"link_name":"lanceolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lanceolate"},{"link_name":"oblate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oblate"},{"link_name":"obligate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligate_parasite"},{"link_name":"facultative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#facultative"},{"link_name":"midrib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#midrib"},{"link_name":"asymmetrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#asymmetrical"},{"link_name":"oblong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#oblong"},{"link_name":"oblong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblong_leaf"},{"link_name":"obovate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obovate"},{"link_name":"rudimentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigiality"},{"link_name":"vestigial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigiality"},{"link_name":"trapeziform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#trapeziform"},{"link_name":"acute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#acute"},{"link_name":"ocrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocrea"},{"link_name":"sheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sheath"},{"link_name":"stipules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stipule"},{"link_name":"node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#node"},{"link_name":"Polygonaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonaceae"},{"link_name":"odd-pinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd-pinnate"},{"link_name":"imparipinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#imparipinnate"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#compound"},{"link_name":"usu.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#usu."},{"link_name":"s.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#s.t."},{"link_name":"-oideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-oideae"},{"link_name":"generic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#generic_name"},{"link_name":"subfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#subfamily"},{"link_name":"Fumaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumaria"},{"link_name":"Fumarioideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarioideae"},{"link_name":"olim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/olim"},{"link_name":"herbarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#herbarium"},{"link_name":"ontogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontogeny"},{"link_name":"operculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"opposite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite_(botany)"},{"link_name":"axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axis"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"alternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#alternate"},{"link_name":"International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants"},{"link_name":"validly published","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validly_published"},{"link_name":"orbicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_shapes#orbicular"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"ortet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortet"},{"link_name":"clone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#clone"},{"link_name":"micropyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#micropyle"},{"link_name":"atropous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#atropous"},{"link_name":"amphitropous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#amphitropous"},{"link_name":"anatropous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anatropous"},{"link_name":"campylotropous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#campylotropous"},{"link_name":"oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval"},{"link_name":"elliptical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#elliptical"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary_(plants)"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"ovules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovule"},{"link_name":"ovoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovoid"},{"link_name":"ovule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovule"},{"link_name":"megaspores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#megaspore"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Obconical syconium (infructescence) of Ficus carica\nObcordate leaflets of a ternate leaf of Oxalis pes-caprae\nObovate leaflets of a ternate leaf of Kummerowia\nObtuse leaves of Dovyalis zeyheri\n Open flower of Eucalyptus macrocarpa, next to a shed operculum\nOpposite arrangement (phyllotaxis) of leaves\nOrbicular leaves of Dombeya rotundifolia\nOvate leaflets on a ternate leaf of a Vigna species\nob- \nA prefix meaning \"inversely\"; usually the same shape as that described by the word stem, but attached by the narrower end. See obcordate, oblanceolate and obovate.\n\nobconic\n(of a fruit, hypanthium, pistil, or calyx) Shaped like an inverted cone, attached at the apex.\n\nobcordate\n(of a leaf blade) Broad and notched at the tip; heart-shaped but attached at the pointed end.\n\nobdiplostemonous\nHaving stamens arranged in two whorls, and having twice as many stamens as petals, with the outer whorl being opposite the petals. Compare diplostemonous and haplostemonous.\n\noblanceolate\nHaving a lanceolate shape but broadest in the upper third.\n\noblate\nHaving a spherical shape but flattened at the poles.\n\nobligate\n(of parasites) Unable to survive without a host. Contrast facultative.\n\noblique\nSlanting; of a leaf or stem, larger on one side of the midrib than the other, in other words asymmetrical.\n\nobloid\nHaving a three-dimensional oblong shape, e.g. a fruit.\n\noblong\nHaving a length a few times greater than the width, with sides almost parallel and ends rounded.\n\nobovate\n(of a leaf) Having a length about 1.5 times the width, and widest above the center.\n\nobsolete\nNot evident, or at most rudimentary or vestigial.\n\nobtrapeziform\ntrapeziform, but attached by the narrower trapezoidal base (e.g. of a leaf)\n\nobtuse\nBlunt or rounded; having converging edges that form an angle of more than 90°. Compare acute.\n\nocrea\nAlso spelled ochrea. A sheath formed from two stipules encircling the node in members of the Polygonaceae.\nodd-pinnate\nAlso imparipinnate Having an odd number of leaflets in a compound pinnate leaf, such that there is only one terminal leaflet.\noft.\nAn abbreviation of \"often\". Compare usu. and s.t..\n\n-oideae\nA suffix added to the stem of a generic name to form the name of a subfamily, e.g. Fumaria → Fumarioideae.\n\nolim\nFormerly, e.g. \"olim B\", formerly in the Berlin herbarium (Herbarium Berolinense).\n\nontogeny\nThe sequence of developmental stages through which an organism passes as it grows.\n\noperculum (calyptra)\nA lid or cover that becomes detached at maturity, e.g. in Eucalyptus, a cap covering the bud and formed by the fusion or cohesion of perianth parts.\n\nopposite\n1.  Describing leaves or flowers borne at the same level but on directly opposite sides of their common axis.\n2.  Describing the occurrence of something on the same radius as something else, e.g. anthers opposite sepals. Compare alternate.\n\nopus utique oppressum\npl. opera utique oppressa Listed after the botanical name of a plant, or the name of a publication, this indicates that a publication is listed in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants as a suppressed work. Botanical names of the specified rank in the publication are considered not validly published (article 34).\norbicular\nFlat and more or less circular.\n\norder\nA group of one or more families sharing common features, ancestry, or both.\n\nortet\nThe original single parent plant from which a clone ultimately derives.\n\northotropous\nDescribes an ovule that is erect, with the micropyle directed away from the placenta; atropous. Compare amphitropous, anatropous, and campylotropous.\n\noval\nSee elliptical.\n\novary\nThe basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, enclosing the ovules.\n\novate\nShaped like a section through the \"long axis\" of an egg and attached by the wider end.\n\novoid\nEgg-shaped, with wider portion at base; 3-dimensional object, ovate in all sections through long-axis.\n\novule\nLoosely, the seed before fertilization; a structure in a seed plant within which one or more megaspores are formed (after fertilization it develops into a seed).Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brachychiton_rupestris.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brachychiton rupestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachychiton_rupestris"},{"link_name":"pachycaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pachycaul"},{"link_name":"habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#habit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senecio_articulatus_01_ies.jpg"},{"link_name":"Curio articulatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curio_articulatus"},{"link_name":"pachycladous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pachycladous"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maple_leaf_Fcb981.JPG"},{"link_name":"Acer platanoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_platanoides"},{"link_name":"palmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#palmate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agave_July_2011-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"Agave americana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agave_americana"},{"link_name":"panicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#panicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr-030210-0016-Asclepias_physocarpa-seeds_and_pappus-Auwahi-Maui_(24252209689).jpg"},{"link_name":"Asclepias physocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias_physocarpa"},{"link_name":"pappus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pappus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_%E4%B8%8A%E6%B0%B4_Sheung_Shui_%E5%BD%A9%E5%9C%92%E8%B7%AF_Choi_Yuen_Road_%E9%B3%B3%E5%87%B0%E6%9C%A8_Delonix_regia_green_pinnate_compound_leaves_Sept_2017_IX1_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"paripinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#paripinnate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_ferox_D2007-02-03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aloe ferox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_ferox"},{"link_name":"inflorescences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"peduncles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#peduncles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peltate_vine_Barrenjoey.JPG"},{"link_name":"Stephania japonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephania_japonica"},{"link_name":"peltate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#peltate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doorwaskervel_-_Smyrnium_perfoliatum_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Perfoliate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perfoliate"},{"link_name":"Smyrnium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrnium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aponogeton_madagascariensis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aponogeton madagascariensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aponogeton_madagascariensis"},{"link_name":"perforate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perforate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_moss_-_Polytrichum_piliferum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_974857.jpg"},{"link_name":"perigonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perigonium"},{"link_name":"splash-cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#splash-cup"},{"link_name":"antheridia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antheridia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liquidambar_styraciflua_bud_emerging_from_its_protective_imbricate_cataphyll_scales_IMG_2102.jpg"},{"link_name":"Liquidambar styraciflua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidambar_styraciflua"},{"link_name":"imbricate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#imbricate"},{"link_name":"cataphyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cataphyll"},{"link_name":"perule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perule"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pelargonium_lobatum.JPG"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cherry_petiole_glands.JPG"},{"link_name":"Petiolary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petiolary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Large-leaved_Rock_Fig_(Ficus_abutilifolia)_(13960371426).jpg"},{"link_name":"petricolous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petricolous"},{"link_name":"Ficus abutilifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_abutilifolia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthochaera_chrysoptera.jpg"},{"link_name":"phaneranthous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#phaneranthous"},{"link_name":"habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#habit"},{"link_name":"Corymbia ficifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corymbia_ficifolia"},{"link_name":"Anthochaera chrysoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthochaera_chrysoptera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acacia_facsiculifera_seedling.jpg"},{"link_name":"Acacia fasciculifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_fasciculifera"},{"link_name":"phyllode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#phyllode"},{"link_name":"petioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petiole"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pluteus_admirabilis_Peck_587250.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pileus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pileus"},{"link_name":"Pluteus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluteus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aquilegia_grata_glandular_pilose_hair.jpg"},{"link_name":"pilose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pilose"},{"link_name":"Aquilegia grata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia_grata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bipinnate_leaf_anatomy_with_alternate_labels.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bipinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bipinnate"},{"link_name":"pinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simply_pinnate_leaf_of_Ekebergia_capensis_IMG_2422.jpg"},{"link_name":"pinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinnate"},{"link_name":"Ekebergia capensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekebergia_capensis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shepherdia_canadensis_5459.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pistillate flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pistillate_flower"},{"link_name":"staminate flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#staminate_flower"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tracheiden_Picea_abies.jpg"},{"link_name":"Picea abies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea_abies"},{"link_name":"pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_platyphyllos_sl18.jpg"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"Euphorbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia"},{"link_name":"pleiochasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pleiochasium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whiteflower8.jpg"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corolla_(flower)"},{"link_name":"Datura discolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datura_discolor"},{"link_name":"plicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#plicate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zea_Kernal_L.jpg"},{"link_name":"pericarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pericarp"},{"link_name":"aleurone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleurone"},{"link_name":"stalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stalk"},{"link_name":"endosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endosperm"},{"link_name":"coleorhiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coleorhiza"},{"link_name":"radicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#radicle"},{"link_name":"hypocotyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hypocotyl"},{"link_name":"plumule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#plumule"},{"link_name":"scutellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutellum_(botany)"},{"link_name":"coleoptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coleoptile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pneumatophores_of_Avicennia_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN9864_(13).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pneumatophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pneumatophore"},{"link_name":"mangrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mangrove"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acacia_nigrescens,_knoppiesbas,_Steenbokpan,_a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Senegalia nigrescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalia_nigrescens"},{"link_name":"prickle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#prickle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr-150330-0516-Sagina_procumbens-flowering_habit-Tarmac_Near_Fire_Station_Sand_Island-Midway_Atoll_(25244594686).jpg"},{"link_name":"Procumbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#procumbent"},{"link_name":"Sagina procumbens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagina_procumbens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carpobrotus_acinaciformis_(plants).jpg"},{"link_name":"Carpobrotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpobrotus"},{"link_name":"prostrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#prostrate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floral_stages_of_Geranium_incanum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Geranium incanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geranium_incanum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"androecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#androecium"},{"link_name":"gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynoecium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gomphrena_celosioides_flowerhead3_(14646694313).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pubescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pubescent"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"Gomphrena celosioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomphrena_celosioides"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_nova_(5061071225).jpg"},{"link_name":"Punctate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#punctate"},{"link_name":"Artemisia nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_nova"},{"link_name":"hairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Punctate_under-surface_of_Plectranthus_leaf_IMG_9256s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Punctiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#punctiform"},{"link_name":"Plectranthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plectranthus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picea_pungens_USDA1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pyramidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pyramidal"},{"link_name":"habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#habit"},{"link_name":"Picea pungens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea_pungens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fig.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pyriform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pyriform"},{"link_name":"syconium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#syconium"},{"link_name":"pachycaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachycaul"},{"link_name":"snapdragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapdragon"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"palea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palea_(botany)"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"stipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stipe"},{"link_name":"paleae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#palea"},{"link_name":"capitulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_head"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"palmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_shapes#palmate"},{"link_name":"veins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein"},{"link_name":"petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petiole"},{"link_name":"compound palmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#compound_palmate"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"palmatifid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palmatifid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"palmatisect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palmatisect&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"palmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#palmate"},{"link_name":"palmatifid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#palmatifid"},{"link_name":"digitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#digitate"},{"link_name":"pandurate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandurate"},{"link_name":"fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"},{"link_name":"panicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicle"},{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#compound"},{"link_name":"raceme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#raceme"},{"link_name":"indeterminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indeterminate"},{"link_name":"papilionate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papilionate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"pea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisum"},{"link_name":"papilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/papilla"},{"link_name":"papillate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/papillate"},{"link_name":"epidermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epidermis"},{"link_name":"pappus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappus_(flower_structure)"},{"link_name":"floret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#floret"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"staminode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#staminode"},{"link_name":"gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynoecium"},{"link_name":"pistillode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pistillode"},{"link_name":"staminate flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#staminate_flower"},{"link_name":"perianthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perianth"},{"link_name":"meristem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#meristem"},{"link_name":"ramifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramification_(botany)"},{"link_name":"vasculature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissue"},{"link_name":"perigonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perigonium"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corona"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeerowFayGuyLi1999-42"},{"link_name":"parasite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite"},{"link_name":"saprophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#saprophyte"},{"link_name":"epiphyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epiphyte"},{"link_name":"parenchyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenchyma_(botany)"},{"link_name":"placentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentation"},{"link_name":"paripinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paripinnate"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"pinnae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinna"},{"link_name":"imparipinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#imparipinnate"},{"link_name":"parthenocarpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenocarpy"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fertilization"},{"link_name":"stenospermocarpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stenospermocarpy"},{"link_name":"erecto-patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#erecto-patent"},{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#patent"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"pluriflor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pluriflor"},{"link_name":"uniflor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#uniflor"},{"link_name":"Pinnately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinnate"},{"link_name":"pedate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedate"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"pedicel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"capitulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capitulum"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"peduncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peduncle_(botany)"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"peltate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peltate"},{"link_name":"margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#margin"},{"link_name":"pellucid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellucid"},{"link_name":"Myrtaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtaceae"},{"link_name":"Rutaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutaceae"},{"link_name":"pendulous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pendulous"},{"link_name":"suspended","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#suspended"},{"link_name":"penicillate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penicillate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"penninervation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penninervation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pinnately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinnate"},{"link_name":"veins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vein"},{"link_name":"pentamerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merosity"},{"link_name":"trimerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#trimerous"},{"link_name":"tetramerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tetramerous"},{"link_name":"berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#berry"},{"link_name":"inferior ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inferior_ovary"},{"link_name":"cucumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumber"},{"link_name":"pumpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin"},{"link_name":"watermelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon"},{"link_name":"perennating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennating"},{"link_name":"perennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial"},{"link_name":"perfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_flower"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"Bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bisexual"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"imperfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#imperfect"},{"link_name":"perfoliate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfoliate"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"tracheary elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheary_element"},{"link_name":"fenestrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fenestrate"},{"link_name":"tracheary element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheary_element"},{"link_name":"pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pit"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perianth"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"sepals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepals"},{"link_name":"petals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petals"},{"link_name":"pericarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarp"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"periclinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periclinal"},{"link_name":"anticlinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anticlinal"},{"link_name":"pericycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericycle"},{"link_name":"flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"mosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss"},{"link_name":"splash-cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#splash-cup"},{"link_name":"Polytrichum juniperinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytrichum_juniperinum"},{"link_name":"utricle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#utricle"},{"link_name":"pistillate flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pistillate_flower"},{"link_name":"sedges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedge"},{"link_name":"perigynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perigynous"},{"link_name":"epigynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epigynous"},{"link_name":"hypogynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hypogynous"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#deciduous"},{"link_name":"caducous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#caducous"},{"link_name":"perule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perule&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"flower bud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_bud"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petal"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"tepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tepal"},{"link_name":"petalody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petalody"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"petaloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaloid"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"petiolary (or petiolar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_(botany)"},{"link_name":"petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petiole"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petiole"},{"link_name":"sessile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sessile"},{"link_name":"petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_(botany)"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"petiolule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiolule"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"petricolous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petricolous&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"phaneranthous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaneranthous&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pollinators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinators"},{"link_name":"aphananthous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aphananthous"},{"link_name":"phanerogam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanerogam"},{"link_name":"cryptogams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptogam"},{"link_name":"phenology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenology"},{"link_name":"phloem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloem"},{"link_name":"vascular plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plants"},{"link_name":"sucrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose"},{"link_name":"photosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"simple sugars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_sugar"},{"link_name":"chloroplast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chloroplast"},{"link_name":"parasites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#parasite"},{"link_name":"phyllary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllary"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"involucre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#involucre"},{"link_name":"involucel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#involucel"},{"link_name":"Bryophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte"},{"link_name":"phyllode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllode"},{"link_name":"rachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rachis"},{"link_name":"acacias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia"},{"link_name":"cladode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cladode"},{"link_name":"frond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#frond"},{"link_name":"rhizome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rhizome"},{"link_name":"phyllosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllosphere"},{"link_name":"epiphytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epiphyte"},{"link_name":"phylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum"},{"link_name":"classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#classification"},{"link_name":"kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kingdom"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#class"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#division"},{"link_name":"phytomelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytomelan"},{"link_name":"Asparagales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagales"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"pileus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pileus"},{"link_name":"pileus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileus_(mycology)"},{"link_name":"plumule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#plumule"},{"link_name":"monocotyledons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monocotyledon"},{"link_name":"pileus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pileus"},{"link_name":"pinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frond#Pinnate_fronds"},{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#compound"},{"link_name":"pinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnate"},{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#compound"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axis"},{"link_name":"veins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vein"},{"link_name":"pinnatifid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnatifid"},{"link_name":"Pinnately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinnate"},{"link_name":"pinnatisect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnatisect"},{"link_name":"pinnule or pinnula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnate"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#compound"},{"link_name":"pistil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistil"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"pistillate flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistillate_flower"},{"link_name":"pistils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pistil"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"staminate flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#staminate_flower"},{"link_name":"staminate flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#staminate_flower"},{"link_name":"tracheary elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheary_element"},{"link_name":"pith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pith"},{"link_name":"vascular cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vascular_cylinder"},{"link_name":"parenchymatous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tissue"},{"link_name":"placenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentation"},{"link_name":"placentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentation"},{"link_name":"Plant Breeders Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_Breeders_Rights"},{"link_name":"Plant Variety Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_Variety_Rights"},{"link_name":"plastochron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastochron"},{"link_name":"pleiochasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pleiochasium"},{"link_name":"monochasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monochasium"},{"link_name":"dichasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dichasium"},{"link_name":"plicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleated"},{"link_name":"fan palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_palm"},{"link_name":"Kumara plicatilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumara_plicatilis"},{"link_name":"Acacia plicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_plicata"},{"link_name":"distichous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllotaxis"},{"link_name":"Dissotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissotis"},{"link_name":"plumule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumule"},{"link_name":"radicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#radicle"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"pauciflor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pauciflor"},{"link_name":"uniflor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#uniflor"},{"link_name":"ovules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovules"},{"link_name":"placentae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentation"},{"link_name":"carpels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpel"},{"link_name":"ovaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary_(botany)"},{"link_name":"pneumatophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatophore"},{"link_name":"mangrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mangrove"},{"link_name":"versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knee"},{"link_name":"Taxodioideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxodioideae"},{"link_name":"legume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#legume"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"sutures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#suture"},{"link_name":"siliqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#siliqua"},{"link_name":"silicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#silicula"},{"link_name":"Brassicaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicaceae"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"podocarpium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarpium"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#genus"},{"link_name":"Podocarpaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarpaceae"},{"link_name":"Acmopyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acmopyle"},{"link_name":"Dacrycarpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacrycarpus"},{"link_name":"Falcatifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcatifolium"},{"link_name":"Podocarpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarpus"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cone"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckenwalder2009648%E2%80%93661-43"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen"},{"link_name":"pollen-mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pollen-mass&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pollinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollinium"},{"link_name":"orchids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(botany)"},{"link_name":"pollen tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_tube"},{"link_name":"pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollen"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stigma"},{"link_name":"pollinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinium"},{"link_name":"pollen-mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollen-mass"},{"link_name":"polygamodioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamodioecious"},{"link_name":"androdioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#androdioecious"},{"link_name":"andromonoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#andromonoecious"},{"link_name":"dioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dioecious"},{"link_name":"monoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monoecious"},{"link_name":"polygamomonoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#polygamomonoecious"},{"link_name":"polygamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#polygamous"},{"link_name":"polygamomonoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamomonoecious"},{"link_name":"androdioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#androdioecious"},{"link_name":"andromonoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#andromonoecious"},{"link_name":"polygamodioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#polygamodioecious"},{"link_name":"polygamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#polygamous"},{"link_name":"polygamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology#polygamous"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bisexual"},{"link_name":"unisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#unisexual"},{"link_name":"polymorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polymorphic"},{"link_name":"polymorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)"},{"link_name":"monomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monomorphic"},{"link_name":"dimorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dimorphic"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"symphyllous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#symphyllous"},{"link_name":"gamophyllous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gamophyllous"},{"link_name":"apophyllous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apophyllous"},{"link_name":"polyploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploid"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomes"},{"link_name":"nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus"},{"link_name":"sporophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporophyte"},{"link_name":"haploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#haploid"},{"link_name":"tetraploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tetraploid"},{"link_name":"numerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#numerous"},{"link_name":"stamens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamens"},{"link_name":"pome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pome"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"hypanthium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hypanthium"},{"link_name":"apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"poricidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poricidal"},{"link_name":"pores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoma"},{"link_name":"capsule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capsule"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"longicidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#longicidal"},{"link_name":"posterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"anterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anterior"},{"link_name":"prickle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prickle_(botany)"},{"link_name":"vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vein"},{"link_name":"thorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#thorn"},{"link_name":"vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vein"},{"link_name":"pinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinnate"},{"link_name":"venation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#venation"},{"link_name":"palmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#palmate"},{"link_name":"procumbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procumbent"},{"link_name":"nodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#node"},{"link_name":"prostrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#prostrate"},{"link_name":"propagule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagule"},{"link_name":"seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seed"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spore"},{"link_name":"bulbils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bulbil"},{"link_name":"pro parte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_parte"},{"link_name":"prophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophyll"},{"link_name":"shoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#shoot"},{"link_name":"protandrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protandrous"},{"link_name":"protogynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#protogynous"},{"link_name":"proteranthous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proteranthous&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"hysteranthous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hysteranthous"},{"link_name":"synanthous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#synanthous"},{"link_name":"prothallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothallus"},{"link_name":"gametophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametophyte"},{"link_name":"protogynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protogynous"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollen"},{"link_name":"stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stigma"},{"link_name":"protandrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#protandrous"},{"link_name":"proximal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximo_distal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"distal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#distal"},{"link_name":"pruinose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruinose"},{"link_name":"bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bloom"},{"link_name":"pseudanthium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudanthium"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"Euphorbiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbiaceae"},{"link_name":"head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudanthium"},{"link_name":"capitulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capitulum"},{"link_name":"pseudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo"},{"link_name":"orchids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae"},{"link_name":"bulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bulb"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"filament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#filament"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"basifixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#basifixed"},{"link_name":"dorsifixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dorsifixed"},{"link_name":"pseudostipule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudostipule&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"axillary bud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axillary_bud"},{"link_name":"stipule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stipule"},{"link_name":"Bignoniaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae"},{"link_name":"pseudoverticillate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoverticillate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"verticillate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#verticillate"},{"link_name":"puberulous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/puberulous"},{"link_name":"pubescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubescent_(botany)"},{"link_name":"pulvinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pulvinus"},{"link_name":"pulvinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulvinus"},{"link_name":"petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petiole"},{"link_name":"petiolule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petiolule"},{"link_name":"Fabaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"},{"link_name":"pustule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustule"},{"link_name":"pustulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustulate"},{"link_name":"pustules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pustule"},{"link_name":"pyramidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidal"},{"link_name":"pyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrena"},{"link_name":"drupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#drupe"},{"link_name":"endocarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endocarp"},{"link_name":"Pear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear"},{"link_name":"distal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#distal"},{"link_name":"proximal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#proximal"},{"link_name":"pyrophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophyte#Pyrophile_plants"},{"link_name":"pyrophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophyte"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"The thick trunk of Brachychiton rupestris accumulates moisture as a means of survival of droughts, and presents a marked example of a pachycaul habit.\nThis Curio articulatus is pachycladous in that it has a disproportionately thick stem.\nA maple (Acer platanoides) leaf has palmate venation, as its veins radiate out from a central point, like fingers from the palm of a hand.\nThe inflorescence of Agave americana is a giant panicle.\nAsclepias physocarpa shedding seeds, each with its silky pappus\nDoubly paripinnate leaves of Delonix regia\nAloe ferox in flower, bearing two inflorescences on peduncles\nStephania japonica is a vine with peltate leaves.\nPerfoliate leaves of Smyrnium perfoliatum with stems passing through them\nThe leaves of Aponogeton madagascariensis are perforate.\nThe perigonium of a moss (red in this case), also called a splash-cup, surrounds the antheridia and aids in dispersal of sperm.\nLiquidambar styraciflua bud emerging from its protective brown imbricate cataphyll scales, also known as perules \nPelargonium lobatum inflorescence, with showy petals projecting from inconspicuous protective sepals\nPetiolary glands on the petiole of a cherry leaf\nRock-splitting roots of the petricolous large-leaved rock fig, Ficus abutilifolia\nThe phaneranthous habit of the red flowering gum, Corymbia ficifolia, can attract pollinators such as the honey eater, Anthochaera chrysoptera, from a considerable distance.\nSeedlings of Acacia fasciculifera bear leaves that illustrate the ancestral function of their phyllodes as petioles.\nPileus of the fruiting body of the fungus Pluteus admirabilis\nGlandular pilose hairs on the stem of Aquilegia grata \nBipinnate leaf anatomy showing a pinna (or pinnule)\nSimple pinnate leaf of Ekebergia capensis\nPistillate flowers of Shepherdia canadensis.Compare staminate flower.\nElectron micrographs of sections of wood of a conifer (Picea abies) show pits in the tracheid walls.\nFlowers in the inflorescence of Euphorbia platyphyllos open simultaneously, as a pleiochasium.\nThe corolla of Datura discolor is plicate.\nLongitudinal section of maize kernel (scale=1.4 mm):A=pericarp, B=aleurone, C=stalk, D=endosperm, E=coleorhiza, F=radicle, G=hypocotyl, H=plumule, I=scutellum, J=coleoptile\nPneumatophores on a species of mangrove\nThe sharp projections on the trunk of the knobthorn, Senegalia nigrescens, are prickles rather than thorns, botanically speaking.\nProcumbent growth habit of Sagina procumbens, growing mainly along the soil surface, but without rooting\nCarpobrotus and other prostrate plants growing on sand in Sicily, striking root and binding the soil as they grow\nFloral stages of the protandrous species: Geranium incanum. The flower at first has intensely colored petals, and both androecium and gynoecium. After a day or so in bloom, it sheds the stamens and the color of the petals becomes somewhat paler.\nPubescent stem and inflorescence of Gomphrena celosioides\nPunctate glands on Artemisia nova are visible because they are not covered with epidermal hairs.\nPunctiform glands on the undersurface of a Plectranthus leaf\nPyramidal growth habit of Picea pungens\nPyriform syconium (\"fruit\") of domestic fig\npachycaul\nwith a disproportionately thick trunk\n\npachycladous\nwith disproportionately thick stems\n\npalate\nAn expanded lower lip of a flower that nearly or entirely blocks the opening of a flower tube, as in a snapdragon flower.[41]\n\npalea \npl. paleae\n1.  The upper of two bracts enclosing a grass flower, major contributors to chaff in harvested grain.\n2.  Chaffy scales on the receptacles of many Asteraceae.\n3.  Chaffy scales on the stipe of many ferns.\n\npaleate\nBearing paleae or chaffy scales, as in description of the receptacle of a capitulum of a plant in the Asteraceae.\n\npaleaceous\nChaff-like in texture.\n\npalmate\n1.  leaf with veins radiating out from a central point (usually at the top of a petiole), resembling spread out fingers pointing away from the palm.\n2.  A compound palmate leaf has leaflets that radiate from a central point (usually at the top of a petiole).\n\npalmatifid\nDeeply divided into several lobes arising from more or less the same level.\n\npalmatisect\nIntermediate between palmate and palmatifid, i.e. the segments are not fully separated at the base; often more or less digitate.\n\npandurate\nshaped like the body of a fiddle (mainly, of plant leaves)\n\npanicle \nadj. paniculate A compound raceme; an indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on branches of the main axis or on further branches of these.\npapilionate\nButterfly-like; having a corolla like that of a pea.\n\npapilla \npl. papillae; adj. papillose or papillateA small, elongated protuberance on the surface of an organ, usually an extension of one epidermal cell.\npappus\nIn daisy florets, a tuft or ring of hairs or scales borne above the ovary and outside the corolla (representing the reduced calyx); a tuft of hairs on a fruit.\n\nparacarpel\nIll-defined term, variously interpreted and applied to: organs attached to carpels; staminodes close to the gynoecium; and to a pistillode in a staminate flower\n\nparaperigonium \nAlso paraperigone. An anomalous secondary outgrowth of the perianthal meristem with ramifying vasculature. See also perigonium, perianth, and corona.[42]\nparasite\nAn organism living on or in a different organism, from which it derives nourishment. Some plant species are parasitic. Compare saprophyte and epiphyte.\n\nparenchyma\nA versatile ground tissue composed of living primary cells which performs a wide variety of structural and biochemical functions in plants.\n\nparietal\nAttached to the marginal walls of a structure, e.g. ovules attached to placentas on the wall of the ovary. See placentation.\n\nparipinnate\nHaving an even number of leaflets (or pinnae), i.e. terminated by a pair of pinnae as opposed to a single pinna. Compare imparipinnate.\n\nparthenocarpy\nThe development or production of fruit without fertilization. Compare stenospermocarpy.\n\npatent\nAlso patulous. Spreading; standing at 45–50° to the axis. See also erecto-patent.\npatulous\nSee patent.\n\npauciflor\nHaving few flowers per inflorescence. Compare pluriflor and uniflor.\n\npectinate\nPinnately divided with narrow segments closely set like the teeth of a comb.\n\npedate\nHaving a terminal lobe or leaflet, and on either side of it an axis curving outward and backward, bearing lobes or leaflets on the outer side of the curve.\n\npedicel \nadj. pedicellate The stalk of a flower; may also be applied to the stalk of a capitulum in the Asteraceae.\npeduncle \nadj. pedunculate The stalk of an inflorescence.\npeltate\nShield-like, with the stalk attached to the lower surface and not to the margin.\n\npellucid\nTransmitting light; for example, said of tiny gland dots in the leaves of e.g. Myrtaceae and Rutaceae that are visible when held in front of a light.\n\npendulous\nHanging, for example an ovule attached to a placenta on the top of the ovary. Compare suspended.\n\npenicillate\nTufted like an artist's brush; with long hairs toward one end.\n\npenninervation \nadj. penninerved With pinnately arranged veins.\npentamerous\nIn five parts, particularly with respect to flowers, five parts in each whorl. See also trimerous and tetramerous.\n\npepo\nA type of berry formed from an inferior ovary and containing many seeds, usually large with a tough outer skin (e.g. a cucumber, pumpkin or watermelon.)\n\nperennating\nOf an organ that survives vegetatively from season to season. A period of reduced activity between seasons is usual.\n\nperennial\nA plant whose life span extends over several years.\n\nperfect\n(of a flower) Bisexual; containing both male and female reproductive parts in the same inflorescence. Contrast imperfect.\n\nperfoliate\nWith its base wrapped around the stem (so that the stem appears to pass through it), e.g. of leaves and bracts.\n\nperforate\nWith many holes. Used to describe the texture of pollen exine, and also to indicate that tracheary elements have a perforation plate. See also fenestrate.\n\nperforation plate\nin a tracheary element, part of the cell wall that is perforated; present in vessel members but not in tracheids. Should not be confused with a pit.\n\nperianth\nThe collective term for the calyx and corolla of a flower (generally used when the two are too similar to be easily distinguishable). Abbreviation: P; for instance, P 3+3 indicates the calyx and corolla each have 3 elements, i.e. 3 sepals + 3 petals.\n\npericarp\nThe wall of a fruit, developed from the ovary wall.\n\npericlinal\nCurved along parallel to a surface. Compare anticlinal.\n\npericycle\nA cylinder of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells that lies just inside the endodermis and is the outer most part of the stele of plants.\n\nperigonium\nIn flowering plants, synonym of perianth.\n2.  In mosses, the leaves surrounding the antheridia, also called a splash-cup, e.g. in Polytrichum juniperinum.\n\nperigynium\nA sac from a modified tubular bract, or when fully closed an utricle, around the pistillate flower of sedges\n\nperigynous\nBorne around the ovary, i.e. of perianth segments and stamens arising from a cup-like or tubular extension of receptacle (free from the ovary but extending above its base). Compare epigynous and hypogynous.\n\npersistent\nRemaining attached to the plant beyond the usual time of falling, for instance sepals not falling after flowering, flower parts remaining through maturity of fruit. Compare deciduous and caducous.\n\nperule \nadj. perulate 1.  The scales covering a leaf or flower bud, or a reduced scale-like leaf surrounding the bud. Buds lacking perulae are referred to as \"naked\".\n2.  In Camellias the final bracts and sepals become indistinguishable and are called perules.\n3.  A kind of sac formed by the adherent bases of the two lateral sepals in certain orchids.\n\npetal\nIn a flower, one of the segments or divisions of the inner whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs, usually soft and conspicuously colored. Compare sepal, tepal.\n\npetalody\nThe transformation of reproductive organs of flower into petals.\n\npetaloid\nLike a petal; soft in texture and colored conspicuously.\n\npetiolary (or petiolar)\nAssociated with a petiole, as in petiolary glands.\n\npetiolate\n(of a leaf) Having a petiole. Contrast sessile.\n\npetiole\nThe stalk of a leaf.\n\npetiolule\nThe stalk of a leaflet.\n\npetricolous\nRock-dwelling; living on or among rocks.\n\nphaneranthous\nShowy, as in showy flowers that advertise to pollinators, as opposed to aphananthous (unshowy)\n\nphanerogam\nGymnosperms and angiosperms; plants producing stamens and gynoecia; literally plants with conspicuous sexual reproductive organs. Compare cryptogams.\n\nphenology\nThe study of the timing of seasonal biological phenomena, such as flowering, leaf emergence, fruit ripening and leaf fall.\n\nphloem\nSpecialized conducting tissue in vascular plants that transports sucrose from the leaves to other plant organs.\n\nphotosynthesis\nProcess by which energy from sunlight is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars in cells containing chloroplasts. All plants, except certain parasites, can perform photosynthesis.\n\nphyllary\nIndividual bract within an involucre or involucel.\n\nphyllid\nLeaf-like extension of the stem in Bryophytes\n\nphyllode \nadj. phyllodineous A leaf with the blade much reduced or absent, and in which the petiole and or rachis perform the functions of the whole leaf, e.g. many acacias. Compare cladode.\nphyllopodium\n(in ferns) A short outgrowth of the stem on which the frond is borne and which remains attached to the rhizome after the frond has been shed.\n\nphylloplane\nthe surface of a leaf, considered as a habitat for organisms.\n\nphyllosphere\nThe above-ground surface of plants as a habitat for epiphytic microorganisms.\n\nphylum\nA level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum.\n\nphytomelan \nAlso phytomelanin; adj. phytomelanous A black, inert, organic material that forms a crust-like covering of some seeds, commonly found in Asparagales, Asteraceae, etc.\npileate\nHaving a cap, a pileus.\n\npileus\nA cap or cap-shaped structure, such as the cap of mushrooms or the plumule of some monocotyledons.\n\npiliform\nHaving the shape of a cap, a pileus.\n\npilose\ncovered with soft, weak, thin and clearly separated hairs, which are usually defined as long and sometimes ascending.\n\npinna \npl. pinnae A primary segment of a compound leaf.\npinnate\nA compound leaf with leaflets arranged on each side of a common petiole or axis; also applied to how the lateral veins are arranged in relation to the main vein.\n\npinnatifid\nPinnately lobed.\n\npinnatisect\npinnately divided almost to midrib but segments still confluent.\n\npinnule or pinnula\nUsage varies:ultimate free division (or leaflets) of a compound leaf,ora pinnate subdivision of a multipinnate leaf.\n\npistil\n1.  a single carpel when the carpels are free.\n2.  a group of carpels when the carpels are united by the fusion of their walls.\n\npistillate flower\na flower containing one or more pistils but no fertile stamens. Sometimes called a female flower. Contrast with staminate flower\n\npistillode\nA sterile or rudimentary pistil such as may appear in a staminate flower.\n\npit\nIn tracheary elements, a section of the cell wall where the secondary wall is missing, and the primary wall is present. Pits generally occur in pairs and link two cells.\n\npith\nThe central region of a stem, inside the vascular cylinder; the spongy parenchymatous central tissue in some stems and roots.\n\nplacenta\nThe tissue within an ovary to which the ovules are attached.\n\nplacentation\nThe arrangement of ovules inside ovary; for example axile, free-central, parietal, marginal, basal, or apical.\n\nPlant Breeders Rights (PBR) \nThese rights, governed by Plant Breeder's Rights Acts give the plant breeder legal protection over the propagation of a cultivar, and the exclusive rights to produce and to sell it, including the right to license others to produce and sell plants and reproductive material of a registered, deliberately bred variety. Compare UPOV.\n\nPlant Variety Rights (PVR) \nGoverned by the Plant Variety Rights the registration of new varieties is now governed by Plant Breeders Rights.\n\nplastochron\nThe time between successive leaf initiation events.\n\npleiochasium \npl. pleiochasia. An inflorescence in which several buds come out at the same time. Compare monochasium and dichasium.\n\nplicate\nPleated; folded back and forth longitudinally like a fan, such as the leaves of fan palm species. The concept often appears in specific names in forms such as Kumara plicatilis and Acacia plicata. Commonly such names are not correctly appropriate, but are applied to distichous structures rather than plicate.\n\n-plinerved\n(of leaves) A suffix indicating that the main nerves are lateral and arise from a point distinctly above the base of the leaf. Combined with a numerical prefix to form words like 3-plinerved, 5-plinerved, and so on. Such leaves are especially characteristic of the family Melastomataceae. See for example Dissotis.\n\nplumose\nLike a feather; with fine hairs branching from a main axis.\n\nplumule\nThe part of an embryo that gives rise to the shoot system of a plant. Compare radicle.\n\npluriflor\nHaving many flowers per inflorescence. See also pauciflor and uniflor.\n\npluriovulate\nHaving many ovules as in placentae, carpels, or ovaries.\n\npneumatophore\nA vertical appendage, aerial at low tide, on the roots of some plants. Pneumatophore functions are unclear, but possibly related to gas exchange, or to root anchoring. Pneumatophores typically occur on mangrove roots, but some versions occur on species of conifers, such as some in the Taxodioideae.\n\npod\n1.  A legume, the fruit of a leguminous plant, a dry fruit of a single carpel, splitting along two sutures.\n2.  A siliqua and silicula, the fruit of Brassicaceae, a dry fruit composed of two carpels separated by a partition.\n\npodocarpium\nIn four genera of the coniferous family Podocarpaceae (Acmopyle, Dacrycarpus, Falcatifolium, and Podocarpus), a group of fleshy fused bracts beneath the female cone, often brightly-colored, which swell to enclose the developing seeds above and attract fruit-eating animals.[43]\n\npollen\npowdery mass shed from anthers (of angiosperms) or microsporangia (of gymnosperms); the microspores of seed plants; pollen-grains.\n\npollen-mass\npollen-grains cohering by a waxy texture or fine threads into a single body; pollinium, e.g. in orchids.\n\npollen transmitting tissue\nthe tissue in the style of a flower through which the pollen tubes grow.\n\npollination\nThe transfer of pollen from a male organ (such as an anther) to the receptive region of a female organ (such as a stigma).\n\npollinium\nSee pollen-mass.\n\npolygamodioecious\nHaving bisexual and male flowers on some plants and bisexual and female flowers on others. Compare androdioecious, andromonoecious, dioecious, monoecious, polygamomonoecious, and polygamous.\n\npolygamomonoecious\nhaving male, female, and bisexual flowers on the same plant. Compare androdioecious, andromonoecious, polygamodioecious, and polygamous.\n\npolygamous\nhaving bisexual and unisexual flowers on the same plant.\n\npolymorphic\nOf several different kinds (in respect to shape and/or size), hence polymorphism. See also monomorphic (a single type) and dimorphic (two types)\n\npolyphyllous\nhaving many leaves or perianth segments. Compare symphyllous, gamophyllous, and apophyllous.\n\npolyploid\nwith more than two of the basic sets of chromosomes in the nucleus; any sporophyte with cells containing three or more complete sets of chromosomes. Various combinations of words or numbers with '-ploid' indicate the number of haploid sets of chromosomes, e.g. triploid = 3 sets, tetraploid = 4 sets, pentaploid = 5 sets, hexaploid = 6 sets, and so on.\n\npolystemonous\nhaving numerous stamens; the number of stamens being at least twice the number of sepals or petals, but not strictly three or four times that number.\n\npome\nA fruit that has developed partly from the ovary wall but mostly from the hypanthium (e.g. an apple).\n\npopulation\n1.  All individuals of one or more species within a prescribed area.\n2.  A group of organisms of one species, occupying a defined area and usually isolated to some degree from other similar groups.\n3.  In statistics, the whole group of items or individuals under investigation.\n\nporicidal\nOpening by pores, as with the capsule of a poppy or the anthers in several families of plants. Compare longicidal.\n\nposterior\nPositioned behind or toward the rear. Contrast anterior.\n\nprickle \nadj. prickly A hard, pointed outgrowth from the surface of a plant (involving several layers of cells but not containing a vein); a sharp outgrowth from the bark, detachable without tearing wood. Compare thorn.\nprimary vein\nThe single vein or array of veins that is conspicuously larger than any others in a leaf. In pinnate venation, the single primary vein can generally be found in the middle of the leaf; in palmate venation, several such veins radiate from a point at or near the base of the leaf.\n\nprocumbent\nSpreading along the ground but not rooting at the nodes; not as close to the ground as prostrate.\n\npropagule\nAny structure capable of generating a new plant; includes seeds, spores, bulbils, etc.\n\npro parte\nIn part. In nomenclature, used to denote that the preceding taxon includes more than one currently recognized entity, and that only one of those entities is being considered.\n\nprophyll\nA leaf formed at the base of a shoot, usually smaller than those formed later.\n\nprostrate\nLying flat on the ground; commonly rooting at nodes that touch the soil surface.\n\nprotandrous\nHaving male sex organs which mature before the female ones, e.g. a flower shedding pollen before the stigma is receptive. Compare protogynous.\n\nproteranthous\nWith new leaves appearing before flowers. See also hysteranthous and synanthous.\n\nprothallus\nA gametophyte plant, usually flattened and delicate, e.g. in ferns and fern allies.\n\nprotogynous\nHaving female sex organs which mature before the male ones, e.g. a flower shedding pollen after the stigma has ceased to be receptive. Compare protandrous.\n\nproximal\nNear the point of origin or attachment. Compare distal.\n\npruinose\nCovered with a powdery, waxy material; having a bloom.\n\npseudanthium\nA type of inflorescence occurring in the Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae, in which multiple flowers are grouped together to form a flower-like structure, commonly called a head or capitulum.\n\npseudo-\nA prefix meaning \"false, not genuine\", e.g. a pseudo-bulb is a thickened, bulb-like internode in orchids, but not an actual bulb.\n\npseudobasifixed\n(of an anther) Connected to the filament of the stamen by connective tissue which extends in a tube around the filament tip. See also basifixed and dorsifixed.\n\npseudostipule\nAn enlarged, persistent axillary bud scale that resembles a stipule; common in Bignoniaceae.\n\npseudoverticillate\nHaving the appearance of being whorled (verticillate), without actually being so.\n\npuberulous\nAlso puberulent. Covered with minute soft erect hairs.\npubescent\nDowny; covered with short, soft hairs, especially erect hairs.\n\npulverulent\nHaving powdery or crumbly particles as if pulverized.\n\npulvinate\nHaving a pulvinus.\n\npulvinus\na swelling at either end of a petiole of a leaf or petiolule of a leaflet, e.g. in Fabaceae, that permits leaf movement.\n\npunctate\n(from Latin puncta= puncture or prick-mark) marked with an indefinite number of dots, or with similarly small items such as translucent glands or tiny hollows.\n\npunctiform\nDot-like or in the shape of a prick-mark.\n\npungent\nHaving a sharp, hard point.\n\npustule\nA blister-like swelling.\n\npustulate\nHaving pustules.\n\npyramidal\n(of a growth habit) Conical or pyramid-shaped. Most familiar in some coniferous trees, especially species adapted to snowy climates\n\npyrene\nThe stone of a drupe, consisting of the seed surrounded by the hardened endocarp.\n\npyriform\nPear-shaped; a term for solid shapes that are roughly conical in shape, broadest one end and narrowest at the other. As a rule the distal third of their length is the broadest, and they are narrowest near the proximal end, the base, where the stalk, if any, attaches.\n\npyrophile\nPlants which need fire for their reproduction.\n\npyrophyte\nPlants which have adapted to tolerate fire.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conringia_austriaca_sl36.jpg"},{"link_name":"Siliques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#silique"},{"link_name":"Conringia orientalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conringia_orientalis"},{"link_name":"quadrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#quadrate"},{"link_name":"square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Siliques of Conringia orientalis tend toward a quadrate cross section.\nquadrate\nMore or less square.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sur%C3%A1frica,_Namaqualand_21.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bulbinella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbinella"},{"link_name":"raceme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#raceme"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acacia_karroo_bipinnate_leaf_IMG_2153a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rachis"},{"link_name":"Vachellia karroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia_karroo"},{"link_name":"jugum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jugum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xanthoceras_radicle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Radicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#radicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reniform_kidney_bean_seeds.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reniform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#reniform"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reticulate_veins_in_leaf_of_Ficus_carica_IMG_9203s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ficus carica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_carica"},{"link_name":"reticulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#reticulate"},{"link_name":"venation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#venation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Retuse_obtuse_leaf_of_Searsia_glauca_IMG_9112.jpg"},{"link_name":"ternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ternate"},{"link_name":"Searsia glauca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searsia_glauca"},{"link_name":"oblate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oblate"},{"link_name":"retuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#retuse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iris_pseudacorus_rhizome_and_roots_IMG_9222s.jpg"},{"link_name":"rhizome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rhizome"},{"link_name":"Iris pseudacorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_pseudacorus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiwifruit_vine_grafting_15.jpg"},{"link_name":"scion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#scion"},{"link_name":"rootstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rootstock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rugose_leaf_from_a_species_of_Gasteria_IMG_9225.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gasteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasteria"},{"link_name":"rugose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rugose"},{"link_name":"callosities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#callose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alocasia_Portodora_0zz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rugose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rugose"},{"link_name":"Alocasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alocasia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rugulose_leaf_of_unidentified_Crassula_species_IMG_9233.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crassula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassula"},{"link_name":"rugulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rugulose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nsr-slika-431.png"},{"link_name":"runcinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#runcinate"},{"link_name":"Taraxacum officinale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum_officinale"},{"link_name":"raceme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raceme"},{"link_name":"indeterminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indeterminate"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spike"},{"link_name":"rachilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachilla_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"spikelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spikelet"},{"link_name":"glumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#glumes"},{"link_name":"spikelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spikelet"},{"link_name":"rachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachis"},{"link_name":"rachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachis"},{"link_name":"pinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinnate"},{"link_name":"rachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rachis"},{"link_name":"pinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinna"},{"link_name":"pedicel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pedicel"},{"link_name":"spokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoke"},{"link_name":"cactus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus"},{"link_name":"ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ray"},{"link_name":"floret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#floret"},{"link_name":"radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudex"},{"link_name":"radicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicle"},{"link_name":"embryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#embryo"},{"link_name":"plumule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#plumule"},{"link_name":"rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest"},{"link_name":"ramet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramet"},{"link_name":"clone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#clone"},{"link_name":"ramicaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramicaul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pleurothallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurothallis"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellAngell2016169-44"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"radiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#radiate"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"umbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#umbel"},{"link_name":"receptacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)"},{"link_name":"axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axis"},{"link_name":"flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flower"},{"link_name":"floral axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_axis"},{"link_name":"torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#torus"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"receptacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#receptacle"},{"link_name":"inserted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inserted"},{"link_name":"recumbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recumbent_(botany)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"recurved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recurved&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"abaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#abaxial"},{"link_name":"reflexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reflexed"},{"link_name":"cultivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"International Cultivar Registration Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cultivar_Registration_Authority"},{"link_name":"cultivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"International Cultivar Registration Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cultivar_Registration_Authority"},{"link_name":"Plant Breeder's Rights Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_Breeder%27s_Rights_Office&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"actinomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#actinomorphic"},{"link_name":"Kidney-shaped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kidney_shape"},{"link_name":"replum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/replum"},{"link_name":"placenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#placenta"},{"link_name":"valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#valve"},{"link_name":"resupinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resupinate"},{"link_name":"petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_(botany)"},{"link_name":"pedicel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)"},{"link_name":"hyper-resupinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hyper-resupinate"},{"link_name":"veins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vein"},{"link_name":"antrorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#antrorse"},{"link_name":"retuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retuse"},{"link_name":"obtuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#obtuse"},{"link_name":"monograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monograph"},{"link_name":"monograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monograph"},{"link_name":"involute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#involute"},{"link_name":"rachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rachis"},{"link_name":"rhizodermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizodermis"},{"link_name":"epidermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)"},{"link_name":"rhizome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome"},{"link_name":"stolon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stolon"},{"link_name":"rhizosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizosphere"},{"link_name":"rhombus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombus"},{"link_name":"trapeziform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#trapeziform"},{"link_name":"trullate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#trullate"},{"link_name":"rhomboid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhomboid"},{"link_name":"rhombic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rhombic"},{"link_name":"rhomboidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhomboidal"},{"link_name":"rimose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimose"},{"link_name":"crustose areolate lichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen"},{"link_name":"root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root"},{"link_name":"radicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#radicle"},{"link_name":"embryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#embryo"},{"link_name":"root hairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_hairs"},{"link_name":"root microbiome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_microbiome"},{"link_name":"rootstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootstock"},{"link_name":"grafted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting"},{"link_name":"rosette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette_(botany)"},{"link_name":"internodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#internode"},{"link_name":"rostellate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rostellate"},{"link_name":"rostrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rostrate"},{"link_name":"rostrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"Solanaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanaceae"},{"link_name":"ruderal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruderal_species"},{"link_name":"weed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#weed"},{"link_name":"cataphyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cataphyll"},{"link_name":"vestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vestige"},{"link_name":"rudiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rudiment"},{"link_name":"vestigial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vestigial"},{"link_name":"ruminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosperm"},{"link_name":"endosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endosperm"},{"link_name":"Myristicaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristicaceae"},{"link_name":"pinnatifid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pinnatifid"},{"link_name":"stolon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stolon"},{"link_name":"rupicolous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rupicolous"},{"link_name":"Rupestral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rupestral"},{"link_name":"saxicolous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#saxicolous"},{"link_name":"epilithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epilithic"},{"link_name":"lithophytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithophytic"},{"link_name":"Juncaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncaceae"},{"link_name":"monocotyledons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monocotyledon"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Bulbinella latifolia racemes. The flowers are already open at the bottom; at the top, the axis is still growing and budding.\nRachis of Vachellia karroo bipinnate leaf, with components labelled as follows: A. Rachilla (the diminutive of rachis) B. Pinnule C. Jugary glands D. Juga (plural of jugum) E. Base of petiole F. Petiolary gland G. Rachis\nRadicles emerging from germinating seeds\nReniform kidney bean seeds\nA leaf of Ficus carica, illustrating reticulate venation\nThe central leaflets of the ternate leaves of Searsia glauca are oblate and commonly retuse.\nTypical rhizome. This one is a specimen of Iris pseudacorus.\nGrafting kiwifruit vine scion onto rootstock below\nUnidentified Gasteria bearing leaves with a rugose surface, banded with callosities\nRugose leaves of Alocasia are stiffer than flat leaves of the same size and thickness would be.\nUnidentified Crassula bearing rugulose leaves with fine wrinkles in the epidermis\nThe runcinate lobes of a Taraxacum officinale leaf point downward, i.e. toward the stem.\nraceme\nadj. racemose, An indeterminate inflorescence in which the main axis produces a series of flowers on lateral stalks, the oldest at the base and the youngest at the top. Compare spike. Also racemiform or racemoid - having the form of a raceme.\nrachilla (rhachilla)\n1.  the axis of a grass spikelet, above the glumes; see spikelet.\n2.  the rachis of higher order in leaves that are compound more than once\n\nrachis\npl. rachises or rachides The axis of an inflorescence or a pinnate leaf; for example ferns; secondary rachis is the axis of a pinna in a bipinnate leaf distal to and including the lowermost pedicel attachment.\nradial\nWith structures radiating from a central point as spokes on a wheel (e.g. the lateral spines of a cactus).\n\nradiate\n(of daisies, of a capitulum) With ray floret surrounding disc florets.\n\nradical\nSpringing from the root; clustered at base of stem.\n\nradicle\nThe part of an embryo giving rise to the root system of a plant. Compare plumule.\n\nrainforest\nA moist temperate or tropical forest dominated by broad-leaved trees that form a continuous canopy.\n\nramet\nAn individual member of a clone.\n\nramicaul\na single-leafed stem, as in Pleurothallis orchids.[44]\n\nramify\nTo divide or spread out into individual branches or branchlike parts.\n\nray\n1.  zygomorphic (ligulate) flowers in a radiate flowerhead, that is, ray-florets/flowers, for example Asteraceae.\n2.  each of the branches of an umbel.\n\nreceptacle\nthe axis of a flower, in other words, floral axis; torus; for example in Asteraceae, the floral base or receptacle is the expanded tip of the peduncle on which the flowers are inserted.\n\nrecumbent\nbent back toward or below the horizontal.\n\nrecurved\nbent or curved backward or downward.\n\nreduplicate\nfolded outward, or with the two abaxial surfaces together.\n\nreflexed\nbent sharply back or down.\n\nregistered name\na cultivar name accepted by the relevant International Cultivar Registration Authority.\n\nregistration\n1.  the act of recording a new cultivar name with an International Cultivar Registration Authority.\n2.  recording a new cultivar name with a statutory authority like the Plant Breeder's Rights Office.\n3.  recording a trademark with a trade marks office.\n\nregular\nSee actinomorphic.\n\nreniform\nKidney-shaped.\n\nreplum\na framework-like placenta to which the seeds attach, and which remains after each valve drops away.\n\nresupinate\nDescribing leaves or flowers that are in an inverted position because the petiole or pedicel, respectively, is twisted 180 degrees. compare: hyper-resupinate.\n\nreticulate\nforming a network (or reticulum), e.g. veins that join one another at more than one point.\n\nretrorse\nBent backward or downward. Compare antrorse.\n\nretuse\nHaving a blunt (obtuse) and slightly notched apex.\n\nrevision\nan account of a particular plant group, like an abbreviated or simplified monograph. Sometimes confined to the plants of a particular region. Similar to a monograph in clearly distinguishing the taxa and providing a means for their identification. Compare monograph.\n\nrevolute\nrolled under (downward or backward), for example when the edges of leaves are rolled under toward the midrib. Compare involute.\n\nrhachis\nSee rachis.\n\nrhizodermis\nthe root epidermis, the outermost primary cell layer of the root\n\nrhizome\na perennial underground stem usually growing horizontally. See also stolon. Abbreviation: rhiz.\n\nrhizomatous\n(adj.) having above-ground stems that are derived from below-ground stems (rhizomes). Compare arhizomatous (arhizomatic).\n\nrhizosphere\nthe below-ground surface of plants and adjacent soil as a habitat for microorganisms.\n\nrhytidome\nthe dead region of the bark and root that lies outside the periderm.\n\nrhombic\nlike a rhombus: an oblique figure with four equal sides. Compare trapeziform and trullate.\n\nrhomboid\na four-sided figure with opposite sides parallel but with adjacent sides an unequal length (like an oblique rectangle); see also rhombic.\n\nrhomboidal\na shape, for instance of a leaf, that is roughly diamond-shaped with length equal to width.\n\nrimose\nwith many cracks, as in the surface of a crustose areolate lichen.\n\nroot\na unit of a plant's axial system which is usually underground, does not bear leaves, tends to grow downward, and is typically derived from the radicle of the embryo.\n\nroot hairs\noutgrowths of the outermost layer of cells just behind the root tips, functioning as water-absorbing organs.\n\nroot microbiome\nthe dynamic community of microorganisms associated with plant roots.\n\nrootstock\n1. the part of a budded or grafted plant which supplies the root system, also simply called a stock.\n2.  plants selected to produce a root system with some specific attribute, e.g. a virus-free rootstock.\n\nrosette\nwhen parts are not whorled or opposite but appear so, due to the contractions of internodes, e.g. the petals in a double rose or a basal cluster of leaves (usually close to the ground) in some plants.\n\nrostellate\npossessing a beak (rostellum). Synonym of rostrate.\n\nrostrate\nwith a beak.\n\nrotate\ncircular and flattened; for example a corolla with a very short tube and spreading lobes (for instance some Solanaceae).\n\nruderal\na plant that colonises or occupies disturbed waste ground. See also weed.\n\nrudiment\nIn the structure of a plant, an item that is at best hardly functional, either because it is immature and has not yet completed its development (such as a leaf still incompletely formed inside a bud), or because its role in the organism's morphology cannot be completed and therefore is futile (such as the leaf rudiment at the tip of a phyllode, that will be shed while immature, because the leaf function will be taken over by the phyllode). Compare cataphyll and vestige.\n\nrudimentary\nBeing of the nature of a rudiment; at most barely functional because incompletely developed; begun, but far from completed, either temporarily or permanently. Compare vestigial.\n\nrugose\nWrinkled, either covered with wrinkles, or crumpled like a wrinkled leaf, either as a stiffening structure, or in response to disease or insect damage.\n\nrugulose\nFinely wrinkled.\n\nruminate\n(usually applied to endosperm) Irregularly grooved or ridged; appearing chewed, e.g. the endosperm in certain members of Myristicaceae.\n\nruncinate\nSharply pinnatifid or cleft, with the segments directed downward.\n\nrunner\nSee stolon.\n\nrupicolous\nRupestral, saxicolous, growing on or among rocks. Compare epilithic and lithophytic.\n\nrush\nA plant of the family Juncaceae or, more loosely, applied to various monocotyledons.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr-110209-0812-Alocasia_x_amazonica-leaves-Resort_Management_Group_Nursery_Kihei-Maui_(24444063964).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sagittate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sagittate"},{"link_name":"Alocasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alocasia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr-070207-4265-Plumbago_auriculata-flowers-Hookele_Rd_Kahului-Maui_(24255038073).jpg"},{"link_name":"Salverform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#salverform"},{"link_name":"Plumbago auriculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbago_auriculata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turkey_tail_Fungus._(41856600312).jpg"},{"link_name":"Trametes versicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trametes_versicolor"},{"link_name":"saprotroph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#saprotroph"},{"link_name":"mycelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mycelium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pink_Panda_07_ies.jpg"},{"link_name":"sarment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sarment"},{"link_name":"stolons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stolon"},{"link_name":"runners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#runner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stipa_pulcherrima_(subsp._pulcherrima)_sl26.jpg"},{"link_name":"scabrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#scabrid"},{"link_name":"Stipa pulcherrima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipa_pulcherrima"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amaryllis_belladonna_in_flower,_showing_scape_IMG_5342.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cape_Snow_(Syncarpha_vestita)_(45415678955).jpg"},{"link_name":"Involucral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#involucre"},{"link_name":"Syncarpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncarpha"},{"link_name":"scarious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#scarious"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plant_cell_type_sclerenchyma_sclereid.png"},{"link_name":"sclereid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sclereid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stone_cells_in_Pyrus_pear_(36452689990).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geranium_thunbergii_(sepal).JPG"},{"link_name":"Sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"Geranium thunbergii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geranium_thunbergii"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Podalyria_sericea_-_South_African_shrub_-_Cape_Town_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sericeous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sericeous"},{"link_name":"Podalyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podalyria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lepidium_bonariense_fruit1_(14652857933).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lepidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidium"},{"link_name":"silicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#silicula"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leucadendron_argenteum_-_Silvertree_-_foliage_9.jpg"},{"link_name":"Silky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#silky"},{"link_name":"Leucadendron argenteum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucadendron_argenteum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rumohra_adiantiformis_sori_crop01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sorus"},{"link_name":"Rumohra adiantiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumohra_adiantiformis"},{"link_name":"indusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indusium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amorphophallus_maximus_-_inflorescence_detail_(6592569989).jpg"},{"link_name":"Spadix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spadix"},{"link_name":"Amorphophallus maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphophallus_maximus"},{"link_name":"spathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spathe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zantedeschia_aethiopica_convolute_spathe_around_spadix_IMG_5884.JPG"},{"link_name":"convolute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#convolute"},{"link_name":"spathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spathe"},{"link_name":"Zantedeschia aethiopica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zantedeschia_aethiopica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drosera_spatulata_leaves4_(16806065992).jpg"},{"link_name":"Drosera spatulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosera_spatulata"},{"link_name":"spathulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spathulate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salvia-nemorosa-flower-spike.jpg"},{"link_name":"spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spike"},{"link_name":"Salvia nemorosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_nemorosa"},{"link_name":"raceme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#raceme"},{"link_name":"sessile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sessile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echinopsis_candicans_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"Spine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spine"},{"link_name":"areoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#areole"},{"link_name":"Echinopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salsola_australis_stem1_-_Flickr_-_Macleay_Grass_Man.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spinescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spinescent"},{"link_name":"Salsola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsola"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bird_nest_fungi._(35408587773).jpg"},{"link_name":"Nidulariaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidulariaceae"},{"link_name":"splash-cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#splash-cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zygo1000L.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sporangia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporangium"},{"link_name":"Rhizopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizopus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shepherdia_canadensis_38574.JPG"},{"link_name":"Staminate flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#staminate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manilkara_hexandra_L._-_Flickr_-_lalithamba.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manilkara hexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilkara_hexandra"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"staminode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#staminode"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subulate_leaves_on_unidentified_Aloe_IMG_1999d.jpg"},{"link_name":"Subulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#subulate"},{"link_name":"Aloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acaulescent_habit_of_Hypoxis_species_and_Gasteria_species_IMG_1957.jpg"},{"link_name":"succulent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#succulent"},{"link_name":"acaulescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#acaulescent"},{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#linear"},{"link_name":"cuspidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cuspidate"},{"link_name":"Gasteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasteria"},{"link_name":"cordate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cordate"},{"link_name":"Crassula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassula"},{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#linear"},{"link_name":"herbaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#herbaceous"},{"link_name":"Hypoxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr-060922-9132-Chrysalidocarpus_lutescens-trunk_and_suckers-Kahului_Airport-Maui_(24772270571).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sucker"},{"link_name":"Dypsis lutescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dypsis_lutescens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scorzonera_cana_sl16.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sulcate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sulcate"},{"link_name":"Scorzonera cana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scorzonera_cana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Superior_ovary_in_Aloe_IMG_2029d.jpg"},{"link_name":"Superior ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#superior_ovary"},{"link_name":"Aloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe"},{"link_name":"pistil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pistil"},{"link_name":"hypanthium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hypanthium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr-130320-3453-Crotalaria_incana-fuzzy_pods_and_bluish_seeds-Mokolea_Pt_Kilauea_Pt_NWR-Kauai_(25182906376).jpg"},{"link_name":"suture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#suture"},{"link_name":"Crotalaria incana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crotalaria_incana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ficus_sp-1_140304-0229_tdp.JPG"},{"link_name":"syconium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#syconium"},{"link_name":"Ficus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus"},{"link_name":"saccate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccate"},{"link_name":"sagittate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittate"},{"link_name":"hastate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hastate"},{"link_name":"samara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"indehiscent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indehiscent"},{"link_name":"Acer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_(plant)"},{"link_name":"samphire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samphire"},{"link_name":"Salicornia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicornia"},{"link_name":"Amaranthaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranthaceae"},{"link_name":"Crithmum maritimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crithmum_maritimum"},{"link_name":"Apiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiaceae"},{"link_name":"Limbarda crithmoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_samphire"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"saprophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saprotrophic_nutrition"},{"link_name":"chlorophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chlorophyll"},{"link_name":"parasite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#parasite"},{"link_name":"saprotroph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#saprotroph"},{"link_name":"epiphyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epiphyte"},{"link_name":"saprotroph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saprotroph"},{"link_name":"parasite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#parasite"},{"link_name":"epiphyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epiphyte"},{"link_name":"prostrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#prostrate"},{"link_name":"stolon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stolon"},{"link_name":"runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#runner"},{"link_name":"sarments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sarment"},{"link_name":"saxicolous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxicolous"},{"link_name":"lichens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichens"},{"link_name":"scandent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine"},{"link_name":"scandent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scandent"},{"link_name":"scape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scape_(botany)"},{"link_name":"scapose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#scapose"},{"link_name":"peduncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#peduncle"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#radical"},{"link_name":"scapose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapose"},{"link_name":"erect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#erect"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"scape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#scape"},{"link_name":"scarious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarious"},{"link_name":"membranous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#membranous"},{"link_name":"schizocarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizocarp"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fruit"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"mericarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mericarp"},{"link_name":"ripe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ripe"},{"link_name":"mericarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mericarp"},{"link_name":"scion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scion"},{"link_name":"aerial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aerial"},{"link_name":"graft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#graft"},{"link_name":"rootstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rootstock"},{"link_name":"sclereid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclereid"},{"link_name":"lignified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lignified"},{"link_name":"cell wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cell_wall"},{"link_name":"fiber cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fiber_cell"},{"link_name":"sclerenchyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerenchyma"},{"link_name":"sclereids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sclereid"},{"link_name":"sclerophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerophyll"},{"link_name":"scorpioid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scorpioid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cymose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cymose"},{"link_name":"helicoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#helicoid"},{"link_name":"scrobiculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scrobiculate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"scrubland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubland"},{"link_name":"shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#shrub"},{"link_name":"scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#scale"},{"link_name":"secondary metabolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolite"},{"link_name":"secretory tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_secretory_tissue"},{"link_name":"section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Cyperaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperaceae"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed"},{"link_name":"ovule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovule"},{"link_name":"gymnosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperms"},{"link_name":"angiosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms"},{"link_name":"seed plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyte"},{"link_name":"segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segment_(biology)"},{"link_name":"self-pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-pollination"},{"link_name":"semaphyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semaphyll&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"pollinators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator"},{"link_name":"semelparity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semelparity"},{"link_name":"semiterete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semiterete&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"terete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#terete"},{"link_name":"senecioid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senecioid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"anthemoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anthemoid"},{"link_name":"Mimulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimulus"},{"link_name":"sensu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensu"},{"link_name":"sensu lato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sensu_lato"},{"link_name":"sensu stricto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sensu_stricto"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepal"},{"link_name":"whorl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#whorl"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"tepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tepal"},{"link_name":"septicidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septicidal"},{"link_name":"Dehiscing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dehisce"},{"link_name":"loculi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#locule"},{"link_name":"loculicidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#loculicidal"},{"link_name":"septum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Septum_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"membranous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#membranous"},{"link_name":"Brassicaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicaceae"},{"link_name":"seriate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seriate"},{"link_name":"Silky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#silky"},{"link_name":"appressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#appressed"},{"link_name":"series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_(botany)"},{"link_name":"section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#section"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#species"},{"link_name":"Primula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primula"},{"link_name":"serrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serrate_(botany)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Toothed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#toothed"},{"link_name":"serrulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serrulate"},{"link_name":"serrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#serrate"},{"link_name":"sessile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessility_(botany)"},{"link_name":"petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petiole"},{"link_name":"stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stigma"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#style"},{"link_name":"seta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seta"},{"link_name":"Bryophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophytes"},{"link_name":"sporophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporophyte"},{"link_name":"appendage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#appendage"},{"link_name":"rachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rachis"},{"link_name":"bipinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bipinnate"},{"link_name":"Acacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia"},{"link_name":"sheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_sheath"},{"link_name":"grasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass"},{"link_name":"shoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_(botany)"},{"link_name":"aerial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aerial"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"woody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#woody"},{"link_name":"perennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perennial"},{"link_name":"trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#trunk"},{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tree"},{"link_name":"silicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicula"},{"link_name":"siliqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#siliqua"},{"link_name":"silique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silique"},{"link_name":"silicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#silicula"},{"link_name":"superior ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#superior_ovary"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"parietal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#parietal"},{"link_name":"loculi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#locule"},{"link_name":"silky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"appressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#appressed"},{"link_name":"silviculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silviculture"},{"link_name":"forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry"},{"link_name":"woodlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"entire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#entire"},{"link_name":"toothed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#toothed"},{"link_name":"lobed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lobed"},{"link_name":"margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#margin"},{"link_name":"undulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#undulate"},{"link_name":"sinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_(botany)"},{"link_name":"margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#margin"},{"link_name":"sporangia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporangium"},{"link_name":"Algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga"},{"link_name":"indusium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indusium"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#species"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#genus"},{"link_name":"Brassica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica"},{"link_name":"spp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spp."},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#species"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#genus"},{"link_name":"Astragalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astragalus_(plant)"},{"link_name":"sp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sp."},{"link_name":"spadix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spadix_(botany)"},{"link_name":"spicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spicate"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"succulent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#succulent"},{"link_name":"axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axis"},{"link_name":"Araceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araceae"},{"link_name":"spathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spathe"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"spathulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spathulate"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"species concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_concept"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKucewiczMa%C4%87kiewicz%C5%B9r%C3%B3bek-Sokolnik2010-45"},{"link_name":"agochoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#agochoric"},{"link_name":"spica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spica_(botany)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"spicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spicate"},{"link_name":"spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spike"},{"link_name":"spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_(botany)"},{"link_name":"spicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spicate"},{"link_name":"indeterminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indeterminate"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"raceme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#raceme"},{"link_name":"spikelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spikelet"},{"link_name":"spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spike"},{"link_name":"grasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae"},{"link_name":"sedges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperaceae"},{"link_name":"monocotyledons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyledon"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"glumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#glume"},{"link_name":"spine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_(botany)"},{"link_name":"stipule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stipule"},{"link_name":"spinescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinescent"},{"link_name":"spiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral"},{"link_name":"splash-cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splash-cup"},{"link_name":"Nidulariaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidulariaceae"},{"link_name":"cryptogams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cryptogram"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodie1951-46"},{"link_name":"sporangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporangium"},{"link_name":"Equisetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equisetum"},{"link_name":"spore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore"},{"link_name":"haploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#haploid"},{"link_name":"meiosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis"},{"link_name":"sporophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporophyte"},{"link_name":"gametophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametophyte"},{"link_name":"sporocarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporocarp_(fungi)"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spore"},{"link_name":"sporophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporophyll"},{"link_name":"pteridophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridophyta"},{"link_name":"sporangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporangium"},{"link_name":"sporophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporophyte"},{"link_name":"diploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidy#diploid_and_monoploid"},{"link_name":"alternation of generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#alternation_of_generations"},{"link_name":"gametophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gametophyte"},{"link_name":"sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_sport"},{"link_name":"spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_(botany)"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"squamulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#squamulose"},{"link_name":"squamule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#squamule"},{"link_name":"Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhytidiadelphus_squarrosus"},{"link_name":"usu.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#usu."},{"link_name":"oft.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#oft."},{"link_name":"stalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stem"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"filament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#filament"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"staminate flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staminate_flower"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"pistil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pistil"},{"link_name":"staminode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staminode"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"rudimentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rudimentary"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"cultivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cultivar"},{"link_name":"phloem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#phloem"},{"link_name":"xylem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#xylem"},{"link_name":"ground tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tissue"},{"link_name":"Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_(shape)"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stem"},{"link_name":"axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axis"},{"link_name":"amplexicaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#amplexicaul"},{"link_name":"stenospermocarpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenospermocarpy"},{"link_name":"parthenocarpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#parthenocarpy"},{"link_name":"sterile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterility_(physiology)"},{"link_name":"stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stamen"},{"link_name":"stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(botany)"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#style"},{"link_name":"stipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipe_(botany)"},{"link_name":"stalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stalk"},{"link_name":"frond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#frond"},{"link_name":"pileus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pileus"},{"link_name":"kelp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp"},{"link_name":"gynaecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynaecium"},{"link_name":"stipella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stipella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"stipules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stipule"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"stipitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipitate"},{"link_name":"stalked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stalk"},{"link_name":"stipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stipe"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"gynophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynophore"},{"link_name":"stipules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stipule"},{"link_name":"stipule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipule"},{"link_name":"dicotyledons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dicotyledon"},{"link_name":"stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootstock"},{"link_name":"rootstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rootstock"},{"link_name":"stolon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolon"},{"link_name":"prostrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#prostrate"},{"link_name":"nodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#node"},{"link_name":"rhizome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rhizome"},{"link_name":"stolons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stolon"},{"link_name":"stoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoma"},{"link_name":"sclereid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sclereid"},{"link_name":"drupes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#drupe"},{"link_name":"appressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#appressed"},{"link_name":"hispid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hispid"},{"link_name":"strobilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobilus"},{"link_name":"sporophylls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporophyll"},{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinophyta"},{"link_name":"club mosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopodiopsida"},{"link_name":"sporangiophores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporangiophore"},{"link_name":"Equisetopsida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equisetopsida"},{"link_name":"axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axis"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoecium"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stigma"},{"link_name":"stylodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylodium"},{"link_name":"stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stigma"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#style"},{"link_name":"Poaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#style"},{"link_name":"Apiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiaceae"},{"link_name":"stylulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylulus"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"syncarpous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#syncarpous"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"pollen tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_tube"},{"link_name":"stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stigma"},{"link_name":"locule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#locule"},{"link_name":"acute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#acute"},{"link_name":"coriaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coriaceous"},{"link_name":"subgenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgenus"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#genus"},{"link_name":"section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#section"},{"link_name":"Primula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primula"},{"link_name":"subglobose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subglobose"},{"link_name":"globose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#globose"},{"link_name":"suborbicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/suborbicular"},{"link_name":"orbicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#orbicular"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaf"},{"link_name":"petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petiole"},{"link_name":"sessile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sessile"},{"link_name":"quadrangular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quadrangular"},{"link_name":"subshrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subshrub"},{"link_name":"undershrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#undershrub"},{"link_name":"shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#shrub"},{"link_name":"herbaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#herbaceous"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#species"},{"link_name":"variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#variety"},{"link_name":"subtend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtend"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"subulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subulate"},{"link_name":"succulent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent"},{"link_name":"sucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_shoot"},{"link_name":"shoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#shoot"},{"link_name":"erect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#erect"},{"link_name":"rhizome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rhizome"},{"link_name":"suffrutex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrutex"},{"link_name":"subshrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#subshrub"},{"link_name":"sulcate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sulcate"},{"link_name":"superior ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_ovary"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"hypanthium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hypanthium"},{"link_name":"inferior ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inferior_ovary"},{"link_name":"half-inferior ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#half-inferior_ovary"},{"link_name":"ovule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovule"},{"link_name":"pendulous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pendulous"},{"link_name":"suture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suture_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"fissure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fissure"},{"link_name":"commissure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#commissure"},{"link_name":"tussock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tussock"},{"link_name":"sympatric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympatric"},{"link_name":"sympodial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympodial_branching"},{"link_name":"Combretaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combretaceae"},{"link_name":"Terminalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Combretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combretum"},{"link_name":"monopodial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monopodial"},{"link_name":"syconium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syconium"},{"link_name":"infructescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infructescence"},{"link_name":"multiple fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_fruit"},{"link_name":"fig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_fig"},{"link_name":"symmetrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"zygomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#zygomorphic"},{"link_name":"regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#regular"},{"link_name":"actinomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#actinomorphic"},{"link_name":"irregular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#irregular"},{"link_name":"asymmetrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#asymmetrical"},{"link_name":"sympetalous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympetalous"},{"link_name":"connate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#connate"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"apopetalous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apopetalous"},{"link_name":"syntepalous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#syntepalous"},{"link_name":"tepals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tepal"},{"link_name":"gamophyllous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gamophyllous"},{"link_name":"synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"},{"link_name":"apophyllous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#apophyllous"},{"link_name":"polyphyllous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#polyphyllous"},{"link_name":"synangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synangium"},{"link_name":"sporangia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporangium"},{"link_name":"Psilotum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilotum"},{"link_name":"hysteranthous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hysteranthous"},{"link_name":"proteranthous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#proteranthous"},{"link_name":"synaptospermy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synaptospermy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"diaspores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspore_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Brunsvigia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunsvigia"},{"link_name":"Tribulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribulus"},{"link_name":"tumbleweeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbleweed"},{"link_name":"Grielum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grielum"},{"link_name":"syncarpous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncarpous"},{"link_name":"gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gynoecium"},{"link_name":"carpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carpel"},{"link_name":"synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"synoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoecious"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bisexual"},{"link_name":"tepals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tepal"},{"link_name":"sympetalous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sympetalous"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Sagittate leaves of an Alocasia plant\nSalverform flowers of Plumbago auriculata\nTrametes versicolor, the turkey tail fungus, is a saprotroph that consumes dead wood in forests. Its common name comes from the conspicuously patterned brackets, but the main body of the saprotroph consists of the largely invisible mycelium that penetrates the dead wood and digests it.\nStrawberry plants reproduce mainly by sarments, stolons such as these, often called runners; at their nodes the sarments put up tufts of leaves and strike root if there is any good soil beneath.\nMicrograph of the scabrid undersurface of the leaf of Stipa pulcherrima.\nAmaryllis belladonna in flower, an example of a leafless scape emerging directly from the underground bulb before the seasonal leaves\nInvolucral bracts of Syncarpha species are as scarious as tissue paper, but look like live petals for years, so they are known as \"Everlastings\" and valued for dried arrangements.\nIsolated sclereid or stone cell in plant tissue\nSclereids in gritty particles of pear tissue\nSepals on Geranium thunbergii, five separated behind the petals of an open flower, and a connected set enclosing an unopened bud\nSericeous leaves of Podalyria sericea, the silver sweet pea bush\nThe fruits of Lepidium bonariense are silicles, green and circular, with a notch at the apex.\nSilky foliage of the silvertree, Leucadendron argenteum\nSori under the leaf of the fern Rumohra adiantiformis. Some are still covered by their indusia.\nSpadix of Amorphophallus maximus within its spathe. The female flowers are around the bottom of the spadix, the male flowers above, and the sterile top part is the major source of pollinator attractants.\nThe convolute spathe around the spadix of Zantedeschia aethiopica\nDrosera spatulata leaves are markedly spathulate.\nThe flowering spike of this Salvia nemorosa differs from a raceme in that the flowers are practically sessile.\nSpines emerging from the areoles of an Echinopsis species\nSpinescent leaves of Salsola australis: stiff, narrowed, and with lobes ending in spiny points\nBird nest fungi, Nidulariaceae, bear examples of splash-cups with spores that are spread by raindrops.\nSporangia of the fungus Rhizopus\nStaminate flowers of Shepherdia canadensis\nManilkara hexandra flowers have both stamens with anthers and staminodes that have no anthers.\nSubulate leaves are narrow with an elongated, tapering tip, as seen on this species of Aloe.\nThe large, succulent, acaulescent, linear, cuspidate mottled leaves of a Gasteria species and the small, succulent, cordate leaves of a Crassula species contrast with the linear, herbaceous leaves of a Hypoxis species.\nSuckers around the trunk of Dypsis lutescens\nSulcate (specifically polysulcate) grooves along the stem of Scorzonera cana\nSuperior ovary ovary in an Aloe species. One flower is sectioned to display the pistil and hypanthium.\nThe suture along the concave curve of the pod of a Crotalaria incana, along which the seeds are attached, is where the single carpel has folded shut.\nAn undamaged syconium of a Ficus species, plus two more cut open longitudinally to display the fruit within\nsaccate\nPouched or shaped like a sack.\n\nsagittate\nShaped like the head of an arrow; narrow and pointed but gradually enlarged at the base into two straight lobes directed downward; may refer only to the base of a leaf with such lobes. Compare hastate.\n\nsalverform\nShaped like a salver - Trumpet-shaped; having a long, slender tube and a flat, abruptly expanded limb\n\nsamara\nA dry, indehiscent fruit with its wall expanded into a wing, e.g. in the genus Acer.\n\nsamphire\nA common name given to various edible coastal plants, such as Salicornia spp. (Amaranthaceae), Crithmum maritimum (Apiaceae) and Limbarda crithmoides (Asteraceae).\n\nsanguine\n(from Latin sanguineus) Blood-colored: crimson; the color of blood.\n\nsaprophyte\nadj. saprophytic A plant, or loosely speaking, a fungus or similar organism, deriving its nourishment from decaying organic matter such as dead wood or humus, and usually lacking chlorophyll. Compare parasite, saprotroph, and epiphyte.\nsaprotroph\nadj. saprotrophic An organism deriving its nourishment from decaying organic matter. Contrast parasite and epiphyte.\nsarment\nA long, slender, prostrate stolon, commonly called a runner.\n\nsarmentose\nReproducing by sarments; strawberry plants are the most familiar example.\n\nsaxicolous\nGrowing on stone, like some lichens.\n\nscabrid .\nAlso scabrous Rough to the touch, with short hard protrusions or hairs.\nscalariform\nLadder-like in structure or appearance.\n\nscale\n1.  A reduced or rudimentary leaf, for example around a dormant bud.\n2.  A flattened epidermal outgrowth, such as those commonly found on the leaves and rhizomes of ferns.\n\nscandent\nClimbing, by whatever means. See also: scandent in Wiktionary.\n\nscape\nadj. scapose Usages vary, e.g.: a leafless peduncle arising directly from the ground, or a stem-like flowering stalk of a plant with radical leaves.\nscapose\nHaving the floral axis more or less erect with few or no leaves; consisting of a scape.\n\nscarious\nDry and membranous.\n\nschizocarp\nA dry fruit formed from more than one carpel but breaking apart into individual carpels (mericarp) when ripe. For illustration, see mericarp\n\nscion\nThe aerial part of a graft combination, induced by various means to unite with a compatible understock or rootstock.\n\nsclereid\nA cell with a thick, lignified, cell wall that is shorter than a fiber cell and dies soon after the thickening of its cell wall.\n\nsclerenchyma\nA strengthening or supporting tissue composed of sclereids or of a mixture of sclereids and fibers.\n\nsclerophyll\nadj. sclerophyllous A plant with hard, stiff leaves; any structure stiffened with thick-walled cells.\nscorpioid\n(of a cymose inflorescence) Branching alternately on one side and then the other. Compare helicoid.\n\nscrobiculate\nHaving very small pits.\n\nscrubland\nDense vegetation dominated by shruba.\n\nscurf\nMinute, loose, membranous scales on the surface of some plant parts, such as leaves.\n\nsecondary metabolite\nChemicals produced by a plant that do not have a role in so-called primary functions such as growth, development, photosynthesis, reproduction, etc.\n\nsecretory tissue\nThe tissues concerned with the secretion of gums, resins, oils and other substances in plants.\n\nsection (sectio)\nThe category of supplementary taxa intermediate in rank between subgenus and series. It is a singular noun always written with a capital initial letter, in combination with the generic name.\n\nsecund\nHaving all the parts grouped on one side or turned to one side (applied especially to inflorescences).\n\nsedge\nA plant of the family Cyperaceae.\n\nseed\nA ripened ovule, consisting of a protective coat enclosing an embryo and food reserves; a propagating organ formed in the sexual reproductive cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperms (together, the seed plants).\n\nsegment\nA part or subdivision of an organ, e.g. a petal is a segment of the corolla. A term sometimes used when the sepals and petals are indistinguishable.\n\nself-pollination\n(also selfing) The acceptance by stigmas of pollen from the same flower or from flowers on the same plant, which means they are self-compatible.\n\nsemaphyll\nA structure such as a bract or sepal (if the remainder of the perianth is inconspicuous) which has become modified to attract pollinators.\n\nsemelparity\nWhen a plant flowers once then dies.\n\nsemiterete\nRounded on one side but flat on the other. See also terete.\n\nsenecioid\nSee anthemoid.\n\nsensitive\nA descriptive term for stigmas that, in response to touch, close the two lobes of the stigma together, ending the receptivity of the stigma, at least for the time that the lobes are closed together. Mimulus is perhaps the best-known example.\n\nsensu\nIn the sense of.\n\nsensu auct.\n(of a plant group or name) As cited by a named authority.\n\nsensu amplo\n(of a plant group or name) In a generous or ample sense.\n\nsensu lato\n(of a plant group) In a broad sense.\n\nsensu strictissimo\n(of a plant group) In the narrowest sense.\n\nsensu stricto\n(of a plant group) In a narrow sense.\n\nsepal\nIn a flower, one of the segments or divisions of the outer whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs; usually green. Compare petal, tepal.\n\nsepticidal\n(of a fruit) Dehiscing along the partitions between loculi. Compare loculicidal.\n\nseptum\npl. septaA partition, e.g. the membranous wall separating the two valves of the pod of Brassicaceae.\nseriate\nArranged in rows.\n\nsericeous\nSilky with dense appressed hairs.\n\nseries\nThe category of supplementary taxa intermediate in rank between section and species. It is often used as a plural adjective, as in \"Primula subgenus Primula sect. Primula series Acaules\".\n\nserrate\nToothed with asymmetrical teeth pointing forward; like the cutting edge of a saw.\n\nserrulate\nFinely serrate.\n\nsessile\nAttached without a stalk, e.g. of a leaf without a petiole or a stigma, when the style is absent.\n\nseta\npl. setae; adj. setose, setaceous A bristle or stiff hair (in Bryophytes, the stalk of the sporophyte). A terminal seta is an appendage to the tip of an organ, e.g. the primary rachis of a bipinnate leaf in Acacia.\nsheath\nA tubular or rolled part of an organ, e.g. the lower part of the leaf in most grasses.\n\nshoot\nThe aerial part of a plant; a stem and all of its dependent parts (leaves, flowers, etc.).\n\nshrub\nA woody perennial plant without a single main trunk, branching freely, and generally smaller than a tree.\n\nsigmoid\nShaped like the letter 'S'.\n\nsilicula or silicle\nA fruit like a siliqua, but stouter, not more than twice as long as wide.\n\nsilique\n\nsiliqua\nA dry, dehiscent fruit (in contrast to a silicula, more than twice as long as wide) formed from a superior ovary of two carpels, with two parietal placentas and divided into two loculi by a 'false' septum.\n\nsilky\nDensely covered with fine, soft, straight, appressed hairs, with a lustrous sheen and satiny to the touch.\n\nsilviculture\nThe science of forestry and the cultivation of woodlands for commercial purposes and wildlife conservation.\n\nsimple\nUndivided or unsegmented, e.g. a leaf not divided into leaflets (note, however, that a simple leaf may still be entire, toothed or lobed) or an unbranched hair or inflorescence.\n\nsinuate\nHaving deep, wave-like depressions along the margins, but more or less flat. Compare undulate.\n\nsinus\nA notch or depression between two lobes or teeth in the margin of an organ.\n\nsolitary\nSingle, of flowers that grow one plant per year, one in each axil, or widely separated on the plant; not grouped in an inflorescence.\n\nsorus\npl. sori A cluster of sporangia. Sori typically occur in ferns, some Algae and some fungi. In many fern species the sorus is covered by a protective indusium.\nsp.\nAn abbreviation of species (singular), often used when the genus is known but the species has not been determined, as in \"Brassica sp.\" See spp..\n\nspp.\nAn abbreviation of species (plural), often used to collectively refer to more than one species of the same genus, as in \"Astragalus spp.\" See sp..\n\nspadix\nA spicate (spike-like) inflorescence with the flowers crowded densely, even solidly, around a stout, often succulent axis. Particularly typical of the family Araceae\n\nspathe\nadj. spathaceous A large bract ensheathing an inflorescence. Traditionally any broad, flat blade.\nspathulate or spatulate\nSpoon-shaped; broad at the tip with a narrowed projection extending to the base.\n\nspecies\nA group, or populations of individuals, sharing common features and/or ancestry, generally the smallest group that can be readily and consistently recognized; often, a group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. The basic unit of classification, the category of taxa of the lowest principal rank in the nomenclatural hierarchy. Strict assignment to a species is not always possible, as it is subject to particular contexts, and the species concept under consideration.\n\nspecific epithet\nFollows the name of the genus, and is the second word of a botanical binomial. The generic name and specific epithet together constitute the name of a species, i.e. the specific epithet is not the species name.\n\nspeirochoric\nUnintentional introduction by seeds.[45] Compare agochoric.\n\nspica \nadj. spicate Another name for a spike.\nspike\nadj. spicate An unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are without stalks. Compare raceme.\nspikelet\nA subunit of a spike inflorescence, especially in grasses, sedges, and some other monocotyledons, consisting of one to many flowers and associated bracts or glumes.\n\nspine\nadj. spinose A stiff, sharp structure formed by the modification of a plant organ that contains vascular tissue, e.g. a lateral branch or a stipule; includes thorns.\nspinescent\nEnding in a spine; modified to form a spine.\n\nspiral\nOf arrangement, when plant parts are arranged in a succession of curves like the thread of a screw, or coiled in a cylindrical or conical manner.\n\nsplash-cup (sporangia)\nA cup-like structure in fungi such as Nidulariaceae and in cryptogams such as some mosses. The cups function in spore dispersal, in which the energy of raindrops falling into the cup causes the water to splash outward carrying the spores.[46]\n\nsporangium (sporangia)\nA structure in which spores are formed and from which the mature spores are released\n\nsporangiophore\nAn organ bearing sporangia, e.g. the cones of Equisetum.\n\nspore\nA haploid propagule, produced by meiosis in diploid cells of a sporophyte that can germinate to produce a multicellular gametophyte.\n\nsporocarp\nA fruiting body containing spores.\n\nsporophyll\nIn pteridophytes, a modified leaf that bears a sporangium or sporangia.\n\nsporophyte\nThe diploid multicellular phase in the alternation of generations of plants and algae that produces the spores. Compare gametophyte.\n\nsport\nA naturally occurring variant of a species, not usually present in a population or group of plants; a plant that has spontaneously mutated so that it differs from its parent plant.\n\nspreading\nExtending horizontally, e.g. in branches. Standing out at right angles to an axis, e.g. in leaves or hairs.\n\nspur\n1.  a short shoot.\n2.  a conical or tubular outgrowth from the base of a perianth segment, often containing nectar.\n\nsquamule\npl. squamules, squamulae; adj. squamulose Small scales.\nsquamulose\nCovered with small scales (squamules).\n\nsquarrose\nHaving tips of leaves, stems, etc. radiating or projecting outward, e.g. in the moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus.\n\ns.t.\nAn abbreviation for \"sometimes\". Compare usu. and oft..\n\nstalk\nThe supporting structure of an organ, usually narrower in diameter than the organ itself.\n\nstamen\nadj. staminate The male organ of a flower, consisting (usually) of a stalk called the filament and a pollen-bearing head called the anther.\nstaminate flower\nAlso male flower. A flower with stamens but no pistil.\nstaminode\nA sterile stamen, often rudimentary, sometimes petal-like. Commonly has a function in attracting pollinators that feed on the staminodes.\n\nstaminophore\nA structure, around the apex of eucalypt, myrtaceae hypanthia, that supports the stamens.\n\nstandard\nThe large posterior petal of pea-flowers.\n\nstandard specimen\nA representative specimen of a cultivar or other taxon which demonstrates how the name of that taxon should be used.\n\nstele\nThe primary vascular system (including phloem, xylem, and ground tissue) of plant stems and roots.\n\nstellate\nStar-shaped.\n\nstem\nThe plant axis, either aerial or subterranean, which bears nodes, leaves, branches, and flowers.\n\nstem-clasping\nSee amplexicaul.\n\nstenospermocarpy\nThe development or production of fruit that is seedless or has minute seeds because of the abortion of seed development. Compare parthenocarpy.\n\nsterile\nInfertile, as with a stamen that does not bear pollen or a flower that does not bear seed.\n\nstigma\nThe pollen-receptive surface of a carpel or group of fused carpels, usually sticky; usually a point or small head at the summit of the style.\n\nstipe\nGenerally a small stalk or stalk-like structure. The stalk of a frond of a fern; the stalk supporting the pileus of a mushroom; the stalk of a seaweed such as a kelp; the stalk-like support of a gynaecium or a carpel\n\nstipella\nAlso stipel; pl. stipellae One of two small secondary stipules at the base of leaflets in some species.\nstipitate\nstalked; borne on a stipe; of an ovary, borne on a gynophore.\n\nstipulate\nBearing stipules.\n\nstipule\nA small appendage at the bases of leaves in many dicotyledons.\n\nstock\nSee rootstock.\n\nstolon\nAlso runner. A slender, prostrate or trailing stem, producing roots and sometimes erect shoots at its nodes. See also rhizome.\nstoloniferous\nHaving stolons.\n\nstoma \npl. stomata A pore or small hole in the surface of a leaf (or other aerial organ) allowing the exchange of gases between tissues and the atmosphere.\nstone cell\na sclereid cell, such as the cells that form the tissue of nut shells and the stones of drupes.\n\nstriate\nStriped with parallel, longitudinal lines or ridges.\n\nstrigillose\nMinutely strigose.\n\nstrigose\nCovered with appressed, straight, rigid, bristle-like hairs; the appressed equivalent of hispid.\n\nstrobilus \npl. strobili A cone-like structure consisting of sporophylls (e.g. conifers and club mosses) or sporangiophores (e.g. in Equisetopsida) borne close together on an axis.\nstyle\nAn elongated part of a carpel or a group of fused carpels between the ovary and the stigma.\n\nstylodium\nAn elongate stigma that resembles a style; a false style, e.g. commonly found in the Poaceae and Asteraceae.\n\nstylopodium\nA swelling on top of the ovary, at the base of the styles commonly found in flowers of the Apiaceae.\n\nstylulus\nThe elongated apex of a free carpel which functions like the style of a syncarpous ovary, allowing pollen tubes from its stigma to enter the locule of only that carpel.\n\nsubacute\nHaving a tapered but not sharply pointed form; moderately acute. See also acute.\n\nsubcoriaceous\nSlightly leathery or coriaceous.\n\nsubgenus\nA category of supplementary taxa intermediate between genus and section. The name of a subgenus is a singular noun, always has a capital initial letter and is used in combination with the generic name, e.g. Primula subgenus Primula.\n\nsubglobose\nInflated, but less than spherical. See also globose.\n\nsuborbicular\nNearly orbicular, flat and almost circular in outline. See also orbicular.\n\nsubpetiolate\n(of a leaf) Having an extremely short petiole, and may appear sessile.\n\nsubquadrangular\nNot quite square. Compare quadrangular.\n\nsubshrub\nAlso undershrub A small shrub which may have partially herbaceous stems, but generally a woody plant less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) high.\nsubspecies\nA taxonomic category within a species, usually used for geographically isolated or morphologically distinct populations of the same species. Its taxonomic rank occurs between species and variety.\n\nsubtend\nTo stand beneath or close to, as in a bract at the base of a flower.\n\nsubulate\nNarrow and tapering gradually to a fine point.\n\nsucculent\n1.  Juicy or fleshy.\n2.  A plant with a fleshy habit.\n\nsucker\nA shoot of more or less subterranean origin; an erect shoot originating from a bud on a root or a rhizome, sometimes at some distance from the stem of the plant.\n\nsuffrutex\npl. suffrutices A subshrub or undershrub.\nsulcate\nFurrowed; grooved. May be single (monosulcate), two (bisulcate) or many (polysulcate).\n\nsuperficial\nOn the surface.\n\nsuperior ovary\nAn ovary borne above the level of attachment of the other floral parts, or above the base of a hypanthium. Compare inferior ovary and half-inferior ovary.\n\nsuspended\nOf an ovule, when attached slightly below the summit of the ovary. Compare pendulous.\n\nsuture\nA junction or seam of union. See fissure and commissure.\n\nsward\nExtensive, more or less even cover of a surface, e.g. a lawn grass. Compare tussock.\n\nsympatric\nHaving more or less similar or overlapping ranges of distribution.\n\nsympodial\nA mode of growth in which the main axis is repeatedly terminated and replaced with a lateral branch. Examples occur in the family Combretaceae, including the genera Terminalia and Combretum. Compare monopodial.\n\nsyconium\nA hollow infructescence containing multiple fruit, such as that of a fig.\n\nsyn- \nAlso sym-. A prefix meaning \"with, together\".\nsymmetrical\nCapable of being divided into at least two equal, mirror-image halves (e.g. zygomorphic) or having rotational symmetry (e.g. regular or actinomorphic). Compare irregular and asymmetrical.\n\nsympetalous\nHaving united (connate or fused) petals, not free (apopetalous). See also syntepalous (having fused tepals).\n\nsymphyllous\na single perianth-whorl of united segments. Compare gamophyllous (synonym), apophyllous, and polyphyllous.\n\nsynangium\nA fused aggregate of sporangia, e.g. in the trilocular sporangia of the whisk fern Psilotum.\n\nsynanthous\nA type of growth in which new leaves and flowers appear and die back at the same time. See also hysteranthous and proteranthous.\n\nsynaptospermy\nThe dispersal of diaspores as units, where each bears more than one seed, for example where each diaspore comprises an entire inflorescence, as in Brunsvigia or multi-seeded fruit as in Tribulus zeyheri. Ephemeral synaptospermy is the term for when the diaspores split into units containing fewer or single seeds each, as in most tumbleweeds. True synaptospermy is when the diaspore generally remains entire until germination, as commonly happens in species of Grielum.\n\nsyncarpous\n(of a gynoecium) Composed of united carpels.\n\nsynonym\nAn outdated or 'alternative' name for the same taxon.\n\nsynoecious\nA synonym of bisexual.\n\nsyntepalous\nHaving fused tepals. See also sympetalous (having fused petals).Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr-070404-6562-Leucaena_leucocephala-taproot_profile_in_roadcut-Keomoku_Rd-Lanai_(24258711924).jpg"},{"link_name":"Leucaena leucocephala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucaena_leucocephala"},{"link_name":"taproot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#taproot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brazil_nut_Seed_Tegmen_testa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brazil nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_nut"},{"link_name":"tegmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tegmen"},{"link_name":"testa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#testa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cucurbita_pepo_01_ies.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tendril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tendril"},{"link_name":"Cucurbita pepo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbita_pepo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nerine_bowdenii1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nerine bowdenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerine_bowdenii"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"inferior ovaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inferior_ovary"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"tepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tepal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terete_raceme_of_Kniphofia_with_cross_section_of_peduncle_IMG_2082a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Terete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#terete"},{"link_name":"Kniphofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniphofia"},{"link_name":"Inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"peduncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#peduncle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gymnosporia_buxifolia_thorn.JPG"},{"link_name":"Gymnosporia buxifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosporia_buxifolia"},{"link_name":"thorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#thorn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sweet_potatoes_exposed_-_DSCF7299.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sweet potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato"},{"link_name":"tuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tuber"},{"link_name":"nodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#node"},{"link_name":"adventitious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adventitious"},{"link_name":"vegetative reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oca_du_P%C3%A9rou_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oxalis tuberosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalis_tuberosa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CrocosmiaCormTunic5601s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Corms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corm"},{"link_name":"Crocosmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocosmia"},{"link_name":"tunic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tunic"},{"link_name":"cataphylls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cataphyll"},{"link_name":"nodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#node"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SugarBeet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Turbinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#turbinate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haworthia_lockwoodii_-_green_after_rains.jpg"},{"link_name":"Haworthia lockwoodii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haworthia_lockwoodii"},{"link_name":"turgid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#turgid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lindis_Pass,_New_Zealand_(3).JPG"},{"link_name":"Tussock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tussock"},{"link_name":"taproot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taproot"},{"link_name":"root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#root"},{"link_name":"taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon"},{"link_name":"taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"tegmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testa_(botany)"},{"link_name":"testa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#testa"},{"link_name":"integument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#integument"},{"link_name":"ovule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovule"},{"link_name":"tendril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendril"},{"link_name":"stipule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stipule"},{"link_name":"tepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepal"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sepal"},{"link_name":"petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#petal"},{"link_name":"terete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terete"},{"link_name":"semiterete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#semiterete"},{"link_name":"cylindrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cylindrical"},{"link_name":"terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terminal"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_plant"},{"link_name":"aquatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aquatic"},{"link_name":"lithophytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lithophytic"},{"link_name":"epiphytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epiphytic"},{"link_name":"testa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testa_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Epacridaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epacridaceae"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeach1914a-47"},{"link_name":"Lamiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceae"},{"link_name":"tetramerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merosity"},{"link_name":"trimerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#trimerous"},{"link_name":"pentamerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pentamerous"},{"link_name":"sporophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporophyte"},{"link_name":"tetraspore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraspore"},{"link_name":"red algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_algae"},{"link_name":"sporangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sporangium"},{"link_name":"Rhodophyceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodophyceae"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeach1914b-48"},{"link_name":"receptacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#receptacle"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calyx"},{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"thallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gli"},{"link_name":"thallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallus"},{"link_name":"lichens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"thallose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#thallose"},{"link_name":"liverworts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverwort"},{"link_name":"vascular plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"Lemna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemna"},{"link_name":"theca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theca"},{"link_name":"synangia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#synangium"},{"link_name":"sporangia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporangium"},{"link_name":"pollen sacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen#Pollen_production"},{"link_name":"thorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles"},{"link_name":"modified stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_stem_modification"},{"link_name":"prickle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#prickle"},{"link_name":"corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corolla"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"thyrse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrse"},{"link_name":"racemose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#racemose"},{"link_name":"cymose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cymose"},{"link_name":"tomentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichome#Plant_trichomes"},{"link_name":"Tomentose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tomentose"},{"link_name":"indumentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#indumentum"},{"link_name":"toothed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothed"},{"link_name":"margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#margin"},{"link_name":"receptacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#receptacle"},{"link_name":"pollen transmitting tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pollen_transmitting_tissue"},{"link_name":"trapeziform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapeziform"},{"link_name":"trapezium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoid"},{"link_name":"quadrilateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrilateral"},{"link_name":"rhombic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rhombic"},{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree"},{"link_name":"trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#trunk"},{"link_name":"triangular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular"},{"link_name":"tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_(biology)"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#genus"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#family"},{"link_name":"trichome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichome"},{"link_name":"epidermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epidermis"},{"link_name":"dichotomous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dichotomous"},{"link_name":"trifid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trifid"},{"link_name":"bifid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bifid"},{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#compound"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leaflet"},{"link_name":"clover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clover"},{"link_name":"trifoliolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifoliolate"},{"link_name":"trifoliate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#trifoliate"},{"link_name":"triquetrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#triquetrous"},{"link_name":"trimerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merosity"},{"link_name":"tetramerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tetramerous"},{"link_name":"pentamerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pentamerous"},{"link_name":"nerves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#nerve"},{"link_name":"veins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vein"},{"link_name":"triquetrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/triquetrous"},{"link_name":"trigonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#trigonous"},{"link_name":"valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#valve"},{"link_name":"bivalve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bivalve"},{"link_name":"trivial name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature#History"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#specific_epithet"},{"link_name":"microphyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#microphyll"},{"link_name":"photosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#photosynthesis"},{"link_name":"sporophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporophyll"},{"link_name":"trullate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullate"},{"link_name":"Ovate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovate"},{"link_name":"trowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trowel"},{"link_name":"kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"rhombic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rhombic"},{"link_name":"trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_(botany)"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"rhododendrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron"},{"link_name":"tuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuber"},{"link_name":"corms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corm"},{"link_name":"vegetative reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction"},{"link_name":"stolons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolon"},{"link_name":"nodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#node"},{"link_name":"perennating organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennation"},{"link_name":"potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"},{"link_name":"tuberoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tuberoid"},{"link_name":"tubercle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle"},{"link_name":"wart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wart"},{"link_name":"tuberculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle"},{"link_name":"tubercles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tubercle"},{"link_name":"warty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#warty"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"orchids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae"},{"link_name":"tuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tuber"},{"link_name":"cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"fasciculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fasciculate"},{"link_name":"bulbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bulb"},{"link_name":"corms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corm"},{"link_name":"bulbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bulb"},{"link_name":"spinning top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_top"},{"link_name":"beetroot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetroot"},{"link_name":"flaccid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flaccid"},{"link_name":"tussock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tussock_grass"},{"link_name":"sward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sward"},{"link_name":"distichous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#distichous"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology)"},{"link_name":"herbarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#herbarium"},{"link_name":"type genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_genus"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#genus"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#family"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Leucaena leucocephala taproot exposed in a roadcutCross sections of Brazil nut seeds, showing the tegmen and testaTendrils of Cucurbita pepo, some supporting the stem on the frame, some failing to find a point of attachmentNerine bowdenii, showing the lack of visible sepals, and the inferior ovaries. The sepals are incorporated into the corolla as tepals.Terete raceme of Kniphofia shown together with a cross section of a peduncle. A: Inflorescence; B: Terete peduncle; C: Cross section of a terete peduncleGymnosporia buxifolia has true thorns, that is, modified branches. In some species such branches are complete with buds and leaves.Sweet potato tubers exposed, showing them to be root tubers. Morphologically, they differ from stem tubers of potatoes, for example, in that root tubers do not have nodes that bear buds. The root tubers of some species of plants, however, can produce adventitious buds for vegetative reproduction.Oxalis tuberosa, a stem tuberCorms of Crocosmia bear typical tunics formed of cataphylls growing from the nodes of the corm. The illustration shows still-living cataphylls as white tissue, whereas the functional, hard, resistant tunic is brown.Turbinate (spinning top-shaped) roots of sugar beetHaworthia lockwoodii, with its leaves turgid and green after seasonal rains, store water against the coming dry period.Tussock grasses on mountain slopestaproot\nThe primary descending root of a plant with a single dominant root axis.\n\ntartareous\nHaving a surface that is course, thick, rough, and crumbling.\n\ntaxon \npl. taxa A group or category in a system of biological classification.\ntaxonomy\nThe study of the principles and practice of classification.\n\ntegmen\nThe inner layer of the testa (seed coat). It develops from the inner integument of the ovule.\n\ntendril\nAny slender organ modified from a stem, leaf, leaflet, or stipule and used by climbing plants to cling to an object.\n\ntepal\nA segment of a perianth, either sepal or petal; usually used when all perianth segments are indistinguishable in appearance.\n\nterete\nAlso semiterete Circular in cross-section; more or less cylindrical without grooves or ridges.\nterminal\nSituated at the tip or apex.\n\nternate\nIn groups of three; of leaves, arranged in whorls of three; of a single leaf, having the leaflets arranged in groups of three.\n\nterrestrial\nOf or on the ground; of a habitat, on land as opposed to in water (aquatic), on rocks (lithophytic), or on other plants (epiphytic).\n\ntessellate\nWith cracks or fissures arranged in squares so as to give a chequered appearance. Usually applied to the appearance of the bark of a tree\n\ntesta\nThe seed coat.\n\ntetrad\nA group of four; usually used to refer to four pollen grains which remain fused together through maturity (e.g. in the Epacridaceae).[47]\n\ntetragonal\nSquare; having four corners; four-angled, e.g. the cross-sections of stems of herbaceous Lamiaceae.\n\ntetramerous\nIn four parts, particularly with respect to flowers; four parts in each whorl. See also trimerous and pentamerous.\n\ntetraploid\nHaving four complete sets of chromosomes in each sporophyte cell.\n\ntetraspore\nThe asexual spore of red algae. It is so named because each sporangium produces just four spores. See Rhodophyceae.[48]\n\nthalamus\nObsolete 1.  A synonym for receptacle.\n2.  The inflorescence disk of members of the Asteraceae.\n3.  A calyx, as used by Carl Linnaeus.\n\n\nhaving a thallus-like structure; in the form of a thallus; thalloid\n\nthallus\npl. thalli A vegetative structure that is not differentiated into stem and leaves, as in lichens, algae, thallose liverworts, and certain vascular plants, e.g. Lemna\ntheca\nOne of the usually two synangia in which pollen is produced in flowering plants. It consists of two fused sporangia known as pollen sacs. The wall between the pollen sacs disintegrates before dehiscence, which is usually by a common slit.\n\nthorn\nA sharp, stiff point, usually a modified stem, that cannot be detached without tearing the subtending tissue; a spine. Compare prickle.\n\nthroat\nThe opening of a corolla or perianth.\n\nthyrse\nA branched inflorescence in which the main axis is indeterminate (racemose) and the lateral branches determinate (cymose).\n\ntomentellous\nMinutely tomentose.\n\ntomentum\nAlso tomentose A dense covering of short, matted hairs. Tomentose is often used as a general term for bearing an indumentum, but this is not a recommended use.\ntoothed\nHaving a more or less regularly incised margin.\n\ntorus\nSee receptacle.\n\ntransmitting tissue\nSee pollen transmitting tissue.\n\ntrapeziform\n1.  Like a trapezium (a four-sided figure with two parallel sides of unequal length).\n2.  Like a trapezoid (a four-sided figure, or quadrilateral, with neither pair of sides equal); sometimes used erroneously as a synonym for rhombic.\n\ntree\nA woody plant, usually with a single distinct trunk and generally more than 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 ft) tall.\n\ntriad\nA group of three.\n\ntriangular\nPlanar and with 3 sides.\n\ntribe\nA taxonomic grouping that ranks between genus and family.\n\ntrichome\nIn non-filamentous plants, any hair-like outgrowth from the epidermis, e.g. a hair or bristle; sometimes restricted to unbranched epidermal outgrowths.\n\ntrichotomous\n3-forked or branched into three. Compare dichotomous.\n\ntrifid\nSplit into three parts. See also bifid.\n\ntrifoliate\nA compound leaf of three leaflets; for example, a clover leaf.\n\ntrifoliolate\nSee trifoliate.\n\ntrigonous\nTriangular in cross-section and obtusely angled. Compare triquetrous.\n\ntrimerous\nIn three parts, particularly with respect to flowers; having three parts in each whorl. See also tetramerous and pentamerous.\n\ntrinerved\nHaving three nerves or veins.\n\ntriplinerved\n(of leaves) Having three main nerves with the lateral nerves arising from the midnerve above the base of the leaf.\n\ntriporate\n(of pollen) Having three pores.\n\ntriquetrous\nMore or less triangular in cross-section, but acutely angled (with 3 distinct longitudinal ridges). Compare trigonous.\n\ntrivalve\nDivided into three valves. Also trivalvar. See also bivalve.\n\ntrivial name\nThe second word in the two-part scientific name of an organism. Compare specific epithet.\n\ntrophophyll\nA vegetative, nutrient-producing leaf or microphyll whose primary function is photosynthesis. It is not specialized or modified for some other function. Compare sporophyll.\n\ntrullate\nOvate but angled, as with a bricklayer's trowel; inversely kite-shaped. Compare rhombic.\n\ntruncate\nCut off squarely; having an abruptly transverse end.\n\ntrunk\nThe upright, large and typically woody main stem of a tree.\n\ntruss\nA compact cluster of flowers or fruits arising from one center; evident in many rhododendrons.\n\ntuber\nAny of many types of specialized vegetative underground storage organs. They accumulate food, water, or in protection from death by fire, drought, or other hard times. Tubers generally are well differentiated from other plant organs; for example, informally a carrot is not generally regarded as a tuber, but simply a swollen root. In this they differ from the tuber of a sweet potato, which has no special root-like function. Similarly, corms are not generally regarded as tubers, even though they are underground storage stems. Tubers store food for the plant, and also have important roles in vegetative reproduction. They generally are of two main types: stem tubers form by the swelling of an underground stem growing from a root, or from structures such as underground stolons. Stem tubers generally produce propagative buds at their stem nodes, forming a seasonal perennating organ, e.g. a potato. The main other class is the root tuber, also called tuberoid. They differ from stem tubers in features such as that, like any normal root, they do not form nodes.\n\ntubercle\nA small wart-like outgrowth or protuberance of tissue.\n\ntuberculate\nCovered in tubercles. See warty.[49]\n\ntuberoid\nAn alternative name for underground storage organ formed by the swelling of a root; occurs in many orchids.\n\ntuberous\nResembling a tuber or producing tubers.\n\ntubular\nHaving the form of a tube or cylinder.\n\ntufted\nDensely fasciculate at the tip.\n\ntunic\nThe outer covering of some bulbs and corms.\n\ntunicate\n(of bulbs) Consisting of concentric coats.\n\nturbinate\nShaped like a spinning top or beetroot.\n\nturgid\nSwollen with liquid; bloated; firm. Compare flaccid.\n\ntussock\nA dense tuft of vegetation, usually well separated from neighbouring tussocks, for example in some grasses. Compare sward.\n\ntwo-ranked\nHaving leaves arranged in two rows in the same plane, on opposite sides of the branch. See distichous.\n\ntype\nAn item (usually an herbarium specimen) to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached, i.e. a designated representative of a plant name. Important in determining the priority of names available for a particular taxon.\n\ntype genus\nIn nomenclature, a single genus on which a taxonomic family is based.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cantharellula_umbonata_59168.jpg"},{"link_name":"Umbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#umbo"},{"link_name":"Cantharellula umbonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantharellula_umbonata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acacia_mellifera_subsp._detinens08.jpg"},{"link_name":"prickle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#prickle"},{"link_name":"Senegalia mellifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalia_mellifera"},{"link_name":"unciform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#unciform"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mammillaria_bocasana_(26413016563).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mammillaria bocasana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammillaria_bocasana"},{"link_name":"uncinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#uncinate"},{"link_name":"spines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nepenthes_ventricosa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nepenthes ventricosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes_ventricosa"},{"link_name":"urceolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#urceolate"},{"link_name":"umbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbel"},{"link_name":"racemose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#raceme"},{"link_name":"peduncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#peduncle"},{"link_name":"cymose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cyme"},{"link_name":"mushroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbo_(mycology)"},{"link_name":"scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#scale"},{"link_name":"cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer_cone"},{"link_name":"umbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#umbo"},{"link_name":"top of a mushroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbo_(mycology)"},{"link_name":"cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer_cone"},{"link_name":"unciform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unciform"},{"link_name":"shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#shrub"},{"link_name":"subshrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#subshrub"},{"link_name":"understory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understory"},{"link_name":"canopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_(biology)#Canopy_layer_of_forests"},{"link_name":"sinuate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sinuate"},{"link_name":"pauciflor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pauciflor"},{"link_name":"pluriflor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pluriflor"},{"link_name":"unilocular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilocular"},{"link_name":"loculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#loculus"},{"link_name":"Proteaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae"},{"link_name":"Fabaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"},{"link_name":"Uniseriate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#uniseriate"},{"link_name":"uniseriate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniseriate"},{"link_name":"Uniserial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#uniserial"},{"link_name":"unisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisexual"},{"link_name":"dioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dioecious"},{"link_name":"dioicous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dioicous"},{"link_name":"Sexual reproduction in plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_reproduction_in_plants"},{"link_name":"unitegmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovule#Integuments,_micropyle_and_chalaza"},{"link_name":"ovule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovule"},{"link_name":"integument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integument#Botanical_usage"},{"link_name":"bitegmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bitegmic"},{"link_name":"urceolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher_(container)"},{"link_name":"urn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urn"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher_(container)"},{"link_name":"pitcher plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher_plant"},{"link_name":"Sarracenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarracenia"},{"link_name":"Nepenthes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes"},{"link_name":"s.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#s.t."},{"link_name":"oft.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#oft."},{"link_name":"membranous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#membranous"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ovary"},{"link_name":"sedges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedges"},{"link_name":"perigynium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perigynium"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Umbo in the middle of the cap of Cantharellula umbonata\nThorny prickles of Senegalia mellifera subspecies detinens are unciform.\nMammillaria bocasana has uncinate tips on its major spines.\nPitchers of the species Nepenthes ventricosa tend to be markedly urceolate.\numbel\nA racemose inflorescence in which all the individual flower stalks arise in a cluster at the top of the peduncle and are of about equal length; in a simple umbel, each stalk is unbranched and bears only one flower. A cymose umbel looks similar to an ordinary umbel but its flowers open centrifugally.\n\numbo\nA rounded elevation, such as in the middle of the top of an umbrella or mushroom; a central boss or protuberance, such as on the scale of a cone.\n\numbonate\nHaving an umbo, with a conical or blunt projection arising from a flatter surface, as on the top of a mushroom or in the scale of a pine cone.\n\nunciform\nHook-shaped.\n\nuncinate\nHaving a hook at the apex.\n\nundershrub\nA low shrub, often with flowering branches that die off in winter. Compare subshrub.\n\nunderstory\nPlant life growing beneath the forest canopy.\n\nundulate\nWavy and not flat. Compare sinuate.\n\nuniflor\nHaving a single flower (uniflory). Compare pauciflor (few) and pluriflor (many).\n\nunilocular\nHaving one loculus or chamber, e.g. the ovary in the families Proteaceae and Fabaceae.\n\nuniserial\nArranged in a single row or series. Unbranched. Uniseriate.\n\nuniseriate\nArranged in a single row or series. Unbranched. Uniserial.\n\nunisexual\nOf one sex; bearing only male or only female reproductive organs, dioecious, dioicous. See Sexual reproduction in plants.\n\nunitegmic\n(of an ovule) Covered by a single integument. See also bitegmic, having two integuments.\n\nurceolate\nShaped like an urn or pitcher, with a swollen middle and narrowing top. Examples include the pitchers of many species of the pitcher plant genera Sarracenia and Nepenthes.\n\nusu.\nAn abbreviation of usually. Compare s.t. and oft..\n\nutricle\n1.  A small bladder; a membranous bladder-like sac from the ovary wall, thin pericarp, becomes more or less bladdery or inflated at maturity enclosing an ovary or fruit.\n2.  In sedges, a fruit in which the fruit is loosely encloses from a modified tubular bract, see perigynium.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rumex_vascular_bundle_from_Commons,_adapted_copy_of_commons_file.jpg"},{"link_name":"Photomicrograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrograph#Photomicrograph"},{"link_name":"vascular bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vascular_bundle"},{"link_name":"herbaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#herbaceous"},{"link_name":"dicotyledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dicotyledon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_veins_and_velutinous_hairs_of_Nepeta_IMG_8150c.jpg"},{"link_name":"vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vein"},{"link_name":"velutinous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#velutinous"},{"link_name":"Nepeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepeta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clinging_root_of_epiphyte.jpg"},{"link_name":"Velamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#velamen"},{"link_name":"epiphyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epiphyte"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hesperiidae_on_Pueraria_phaseoloides_in_Kadavoor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pueraria phaseoloides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueraria_phaseoloides"},{"link_name":"velutinous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#velutinous"},{"link_name":"velvety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#velvety"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vercillaster.jpg"},{"link_name":"Verticillaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#verticillaster"},{"link_name":"Salvia yangii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_yangii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fg_verticillate.JPG"},{"link_name":"Verticillate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#verticillate"},{"link_name":"forb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viscum_capense_Detail_of_branch_and_vestigial_leaf_scales_IMG_6409.JPG"},{"link_name":"Vestigial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vestigial"},{"link_name":"nodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#node"},{"link_name":"Viscum capense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscum_capense"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asparagus_virgatus_IMG_8069.jpg"},{"link_name":"Asparagus virgatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus_virgatus"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_epithet"},{"link_name":"virgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#virgate"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"Equisetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equisetum"},{"link_name":"valvate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvate"},{"link_name":"pericarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pericarp"},{"link_name":"capsule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_(botany)"},{"link_name":"pod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedpod"},{"link_name":"varietas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#varietas"},{"link_name":"taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#taxon"},{"link_name":"variegated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variegated"},{"link_name":"variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(botany)"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#species"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#subspecies"},{"link_name":"form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#form"},{"link_name":"xylem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#xylem"},{"link_name":"phloem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#phloem"},{"link_name":"vascular plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"vascular bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_bundle"},{"link_name":"vascular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vascular"},{"link_name":"vascular plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"xylem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#xylem"},{"link_name":"phloem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#phloem"},{"link_name":"vasculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasculum"},{"link_name":"vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_vein"},{"link_name":"vascular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vascular"},{"link_name":"vascular plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"veinlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veinlet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vein"},{"link_name":"aerial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aerial"},{"link_name":"roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#root"},{"link_name":"orchids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae"},{"link_name":"epiphytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epiphyte"},{"link_name":"velvety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#velvety"},{"link_name":"venation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venatious"},{"link_name":"veins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vein"},{"link_name":"ventral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral"},{"link_name":"venter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ventral"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dorsal"},{"link_name":"general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral"},{"link_name":"botanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"adaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adaxial"},{"link_name":"abaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#abaxial"},{"link_name":"prostrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#prostrate"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dorsal"},{"link_name":"vernation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernation"},{"link_name":"bud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bud"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris2001132-50"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"verruciform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verruciform"},{"link_name":"verrucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucose"},{"link_name":"verruculose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verruculose"},{"link_name":"verrucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#verrucose"},{"link_name":"anther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anther"},{"link_name":"filament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#filament"},{"link_name":"verticillate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verticillate"},{"link_name":"whorls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#whorl"},{"link_name":"axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axis"},{"link_name":"pseudoverticillate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pseudoverticillate"},{"link_name":"pseudoverticillate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pseudoverticillate"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inflorescence"},{"link_name":"Lamiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceae"},{"link_name":"cymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cyme"},{"link_name":"vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessel_element"},{"link_name":"vestigial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigial"},{"link_name":"vine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine"},{"link_name":"Scandent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#scandent"},{"link_name":"climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#climber"},{"link_name":"runners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#runner"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1928-28"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Oxford_Dictionary_v220073534-51"},{"link_name":"Vitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis"},{"link_name":"virgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgate"},{"link_name":"mycology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycology"},{"link_name":"pileus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileus_(mycology)"},{"link_name":"Viridiplantae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viridiplantae"},{"link_name":"autotrophic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#autotroph"},{"link_name":"green algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyta"},{"link_name":"Charophyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charophyta"},{"link_name":"land plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryophyta"},{"link_name":"cellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cellulose"},{"link_name":"cell wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cell_wall"},{"link_name":"chloroplast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chloroplast"},{"link_name":"endosymbiosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosymbiosis"},{"link_name":"cyanobacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria"},{"link_name":"chlorophylls a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll_a"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll_b"},{"link_name":"phycobilins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycobilins"},{"link_name":"viviparous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparity"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Photomicrograph of a cross section of a vascular bundle in the stem of a typical herbaceous dicotyledon A: PhloemB: CambiumC: XylemD: Fibrous sheath of vascular bundle\nLeaf veins and velutinous hairs of Nepeta\nVelamen, the pale grey membrane covering the mature part of the root of an epiphyte\nFlower stalks and sepal tubes of Pueraria phaseoloides are covered with velutinous (velvety) hairs.\nVerticillaster of Salvia yangii\nVerticillate leaves and emerging branchlets of a forb\nVestigial leaf scales on stem nodes of Viscum capense\nAsparagus virgatus owes its specific epithet virgatus to the twiggy appearance of its virgate shoots.\nvallecular canal\nA resin canal coinciding with a longitudinal groove in the seeds of Asteraceae. A longitudinal cavity in the cortex of the stems of Equisetum, coinciding with a groove in the stem surface.\n\nvalvate\n(of sepals and petals in bud) Meeting edge-to-edge but not overlapping.\n\nvalve\nA portion of an organ that fragments or splits open, e.g. the teeth-like portions of a pericarp in a split (dehisced) capsule or pod when ripe.\n\nvar.\nAn abbreviation of varietas.\n\nvariant\nA plant or group of plants showing some measure of difference from the characteristics associated with a particular taxon.\n\nvariegated\nIrregularly marked with blotches or patches of another color.\n\nvarietas\nOften variety in common usage and abbreviated as var. A taxonomic rank below that of species and between the ranks of subspecies and form.\nvascular\nReferring to the conducting tissues (xylem and phloem) of vascular plants.\n\nvascular bundle\nA bundle of vascular tissue in the primary stems of vascular plants, consisting of specialized conducting cells for the transport of water (xylem) and assimilate (phloem).\n\nvasculum\nA container used by botanists for collecting field specimens.\n\nvein\nAlso nerve. A strand of vascular tissue, e.g. in the leaves of vascular plants.\nveinlet\nA small vein; the ultimate (visible) division of a vein.\n\nvelamen\nA spongy tissue covering the aerial roots of orchids and some other epiphytes.\n\nvelutinous\nSee velvety.\n\nvelvety\nDensely covered with fine, short, soft, erect hairs.\n\nvenation\nThe arrangement of veins in a leaf.\n\nventral\nFrom Latin venter, meaning \"belly\". The opposite of dorsal. Partly because the term originally referred to animals rather than plants, usage in botany is arbitrary according to context and source. In general \"ventral\" refers to \"the belly or lower part\", but in botanical usage such concepts are not always clearly defined and may be contradictory. For example:\nfacing toward the axis (adaxial) in referring to a lateral organ of an erect plant\nfacing toward the substrate in any part of an erect plant, for example the lower surface of a more or less horizontal leaf (abaxial)\nfacing toward the substrate in a prostrate or climbing plant.\nFor more detail see dorsal.\n\nvernation\nThe arrangement of unexpanded leaves in a bud; the order in which leaves unfold from a bud.\n\nvernicose\nHaving a shiny or polished surface as if covered in varnish and a slick or smooth texture.[50]\n\nvernonioid\nIn the family Asteraceae, style with sweeping hairs borne on abaxial surfaces of style branches.\n\nverruciform\nWart-like in form.\n\nverrucose\nHaving warts.\n\nverruculose\nMinutely verrucose; minutely warty.\n\nversatile\n(of anthers) Swinging freely about the point of attachment to the filament.\n\nverticillate\nArranged in one or more whorls, i.e. several similar parts arranged at the same point of the axis, e.g. leaf arrangement. Compare pseudoverticillate (appearing whorled or verticillate but not actually so).\n\nverticillaster\nA type of pseudoverticillate inflorescence, typical of the Lamiaceae, in which pseudo-whorls are formed from pairs of opposite cymes.\n\nvesicular\n(of hairs) Bladder-like; vesciculous, bearing such hairs.\n\nvessel\nA capillary tube formed from a series of open-ended cells in the water-conducting tissue of a plant.\n\nvestigial\nReduced in form and function from the normal or ancestral condition.\n\nvillosulous\nMinutely villous.\n\nvillous\nAbounding in or covered with long, soft, straight hairs; shaggy with soft hairs.\n\nvine\n1.  Scandent plants climbing by means of trailing or twining stems or runners.\n2.  Such a stem or runner.[28][51]\n3.  A member of the genus Vitis.\n\nvirgate\nDiminutive: virgulate Wand-shaped, twiggy, especially referring to erect, straight stems. In mycology, referring to a pileus with radiating ribs or lines.\nViridiplantae\nA clade of autotrophic organisms that includes the green algae, Charophyta and land plants, all of which have cellulose in their cell walls, chloroplasts derived from primary endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria that contain chlorophylls a and b and lack phycobilins.\n\nviscid\nSticky; coated with a thick, syrupy secretion.\n\nvitta\nAn oil tube in the fruit of some plants.\n\nviviparous\n1.  Referring to seeds or fruits which germinate before being shed from the parent plant.\n2.  The development of plantlets on non-floral organs, e.g. leaves.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Watershoots.JPG"},{"link_name":"Watershoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#watershoot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brabejum_stellatifolium_tree_CapeWildAlmond_3.JPG"},{"link_name":"verticillate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#verticillate"},{"link_name":"whorl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#whorl"},{"link_name":"Brabejum stellatifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabejum_stellatifolium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winged_seeds_of_Catalpa_bignonioides_IMG_2557c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#wing"},{"link_name":"Catalpa bignonioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalpa_bignonioides"},{"link_name":"drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Citrus_limon_-_leaf_with_winged_petiole.jpg"},{"link_name":"Citrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senecio_haworthii_Felted_leaves_2012_07_19_7536.JPG"},{"link_name":"Senecio haworthii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senecio_haworthii"},{"link_name":"wooly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#wooly"},{"link_name":"warty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warty"},{"link_name":"tuberculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tuberculate"},{"link_name":"watershoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watershoot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"erect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#erect"},{"link_name":"epicormic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#epicormic"},{"link_name":"shoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#shoot"},{"link_name":"sucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sucker"},{"link_name":"weed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed"},{"link_name":"ruderal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ruderal"},{"link_name":"crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#crop"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness"},{"link_name":"whorl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorl_(botany)"},{"link_name":"axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#axis"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bract"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"orchids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid"},{"link_name":"Faboideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faboideae"},{"link_name":"Fabaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"},{"link_name":"adaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adaxial"},{"link_name":"abaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#abaxial"},{"link_name":"woody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_plant"},{"link_name":"lignified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin"},{"link_name":"herbaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#herbaceous"},{"link_name":"wooly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooly"},{"link_name":"wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Watershoots\nThe verticillate whorls of leaves on Brabejum stellatifolium are unusual among trees in its native region.\nWinged seeds of Catalpa bignonioides are nearly all wing. Tufts at the tips increase aerodynamic drag, thereby improving wind dispersal.\nLeaves of some species of Citrus have winged petioles.\nSenecio haworthii leaves have an unusually dense wooly coat.\nwarty\nA surface covered with small round protuberances, especially in fruit, leaves, twigs and bark. See tuberculate.\n\nwatershoot\nAn erect, strong-growing, or epicormic shoot developing from near the base of a shrub or tree, but distinct from a sucker.\n\nweed\n1.  Any plant growing where it is not wanted; commonly associated with disrupted habitats. See also ruderal.\n2.  An unwanted plant which grows among agricultural crops.\n3.  A naturalised, exotic, or ecologically \"out-of-balance\" indigenous species outside of the agricultural or garden context, which, as a result of invasion, adversely affects the survival or regeneration of indigenous species in natural or partly natural vegetation communities.[52]\n\nwild\nOriginating from a known wild or purely natural habitat (wilderness).\n\nwhorl\nA ring of organs borne at the same level on an axis (e.g. leaves, bracts, or floral parts).\n\nwing\n1.  A membranous expansion of a fruit or seed which aids in dispersal, for instance on pine seeds.\n2.  A thin flange of tissue extending beyond the normal outline of a structure, e.g. on the column of some orchids, on stems, on petioles.\n3.  One of the two lateral petals of a flower of subfamily Faboideae of family Fabaceae, located between the adaxial standard (banner) petal and the two abaxial keel petals.\n\nwoody\nhard and lignified; not herbaceous\n\nwooly\nwoolly \nVery densely covered with long, more or less matted or intertwined hairs, resembling a sheep's wool.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"xeromorph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeromorph"},{"link_name":"xerophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#xerophyte"},{"link_name":"xerophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophyte"},{"link_name":"xeromorph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#xeromorph"},{"link_name":"xylem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem"},{"link_name":"vascular plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plants"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"xeromorph\nA plant with structural features (e.g. hard or succulent leaves) or functional adaptations that prevent water loss by evaporation; usually associated with arid habitats, but not necessarily drought-tolerant. Compare xerophyte.\n\nxerophyte\nA plant generally living in a dry habitat, typically showing xeromorphic or succulent adaptation; a plant able to tolerate long periods of drought. Compare xeromorph.\n\nxylem\nA specialized water-conducting tissue in vascular plants.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"X"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pelargonium_zonale_a1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#zonate"},{"link_name":"Pelargonium zonale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelargonium_zonale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pelargonium_quercifolium_habit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pelargonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelargonium"},{"link_name":"Geranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geranium"},{"link_name":"Pelargonium quercifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelargonium_quercifolium"},{"link_name":"bilaterally symmetrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_in_biology#Bilateral_symmetry"},{"link_name":"zygomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#zygomorphic"},{"link_name":"zonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonate"},{"link_name":"zygomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomorphic"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perianth"},{"link_name":"actinomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#actinomorphic"},{"link_name":"irregular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#irregular"},{"link_name":"zygote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygote"},{"link_name":"gametes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gamete"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Zonate markings on the leaves of a garden variety of Pelargonium zonale\nLike most of the genus Pelargonium, and unlike most members of the genus Geranium, Pelargonium quercifolium bears flowers that are bilaterally symmetrical. Accordingly, because the yoke of an ox is bilaterally symmetrical, such flowers are said to be zygomorphic, which literally means \"yoke-shaped\".\nzonate\nHaving light and dark circular bands or rings, typically on leaves or flowers.\n\nzygomorphic\nBilaterally symmetrical; symmetrical about one vertical plane only; applies to flowers in which the perianth segments within each whorl vary in size and shape. Contrast actinomorphic and irregular.\n\nzygote\nA fertilized cell, the product of fusion of two gametes.Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allaby, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Allaby"},{"link_name":"A Dictionary of Plant Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wzZGQOmcjqAC"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-960057-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960057-1"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"Tetrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Tetrad"},{"link_name":"The New Student's Reference Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"},{"link_name":"Tetraspore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Tetraspore"},{"link_name":"The New Student's Reference Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"},{"link_name":"Beentje, Henk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henk_Jaap_Beentje"},{"link_name":"Kew Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84246-422-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84246-422-9"},{"link_name":"Brodie, Harold J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_J._Brodie"},{"link_name":"\"The splash-cup dispersal mechanism in plants\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/b51-022"},{"link_name":"Canadian Journal of Botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Botany"},{"link_name":"Canadian Science Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Science_Publishing"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1139/b51-022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1139%2Fb51-022"},{"link_name":"Handbook of Plant Palaeoecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OJhLDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789492444264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789492444264"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"Carolin, Roger C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Charles_Carolin"},{"link_name":"Tindale, Mary D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tindale"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0730104001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0730104001"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"32821788","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/32821788"},{"link_name":"Don, George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Don"},{"link_name":"A General History of Dichlamydeous Plants...Arranged According to the Natural System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/55546"},{"link_name":"Biodiversity Heritage Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library"},{"link_name":"Eckenwalder, James E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Emory_Eckenwalder"},{"link_name":"Timber Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-88192-974-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-974-4"},{"link_name":"Foster, Adriance S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriance_S._Foster"},{"link_name":"W. H. Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Freeman_and_Company"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7167-1946-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1946-5"},{"link_name":"American Journal of Botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Botany"},{"link_name":"Botanical Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/j.1537-2197.1985.tb08442.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1537-2197.1985.tb08442.x"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2443727","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2443727"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9640221-6-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9640221-6-8"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0Yja1lL_pJYC"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-79401-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79401-5"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"\"About the Field Guides Project\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170305113254/http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/about/"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Herbaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Herbaria"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/about/"},{"link_name":"\"Plant Characteristics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170305034525/http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/image/index.php?glossary=show"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/image/index.php?glossary=show"},{"link_name":"Hughes (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2017"},{"link_name":"\"Rosaceae Juss., Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 334 (1789), nom. cons\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ipni.org/n/30000200-2"},{"link_name":"International Plant Names Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index"},{"link_name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Herbaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria"},{"link_name":"Libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Library"},{"link_name":"Australian National Botanic Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Botanic_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Jackson, Benjamin Daydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Daydon_Jackson"},{"link_name":"A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/glossaryofbotani1928jack"},{"link_name":"Biodiversity Heritage Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library"},{"link_name":"Jaeger, Edmund Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Jaeger"},{"link_name":"A Source-book of Biological Names and Terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sourcebookofbiol0000jaeg"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-398-06179-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-398-06179-1"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"\"Selected aspects of tiny vetch [Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray S.F.] seed ecology: generative reproduction and effects of seed maturity and seed storage on seed germination\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pbsociety.org.pl/journals/index.php/aa/article/view/aa.2010.023/1199"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5586/aa.2010.023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5586%2Faa.2010.023"},{"link_name":"Lellinger, David B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Lellinger"},{"link_name":"A Modern Multilingual Glossary for Taxonomic Pteridology (Pteridologia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52384173"},{"link_name":"American Fern Society, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Fern_Society"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-933500-02-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933500-02-0"},{"link_name":"Biodiversity Heritage Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library"},{"link_name":"Meerow, Alan W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Meerow"},{"link_name":"Fay, Michael F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Francis_Fay"},{"link_name":"Chase, Mark W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wayne_Chase"},{"link_name":"American Journal of Botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Botany"},{"link_name":"Botanical Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2656780","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2656780"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2656780","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2656780"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10487820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10487820"},{"link_name":"\"Glossary of Botanical Terms\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170121214009/http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/glossary.htm"},{"link_name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/glossary.htm"},{"link_name":"New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (A–M)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/shorteroxfordeng0001unse_b7h4/"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-920687-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920687-2"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (N–Z)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/shorteroxfordeng0002unse_z2f4/"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-920687-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920687-2"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"\"Glossary for Vascular Plants\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sweetgum.nybg.org/science/glossary/"},{"link_name":"New York Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Garden"},{"link_name":"Timber Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-604-69563-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-604-69563-2"},{"link_name":"Rendle, Alfred Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Barton_Rendle"},{"link_name":"Fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fruit"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis, Extinction and Naturalization of Plant Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cqXrCAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Berlin_Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783642716300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642716300"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"Shreve, Forrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Shreve"},{"link_name":"Wiggins, Ira L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Loren_Wiggins"},{"link_name":"Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/vegetationflorao0001shre/"},{"link_name":"Stanford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780804701631","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804701631"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"710084","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/710084"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"Plant Systematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC"},{"link_name":"Academic Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-08-051404-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-051404-8"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"Sims, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sims_(taxonomist)"},{"link_name":"Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Or, Flower-garden Displayed: In which the Most Ornamental Foreign Plants, Cultivated in the Open Ground, the Green-house, and the Stove, are Accurately Represented in Their Natural Colours ...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dGdMAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"Stearn, William T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Stearn"},{"link_name":"Botanical Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/botanicallatinhi0000stea"},{"link_name":"David & Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_%26_Charles"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7153-8548-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-8548-8"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php"},{"link_name":"Glashütten, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glash%C3%BCtten_(Taunus)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.12705/Code.2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.12705%2FCode.2018"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-946583-16-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-946583-16-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1043552267","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043552267"}],"text":"Allaby, Michael (2012). A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960057-1 – via Google Books (preview only).\nBeach, Chandler B., ed. (1914a). \"Tetrad\". The New Student's Reference Work. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.\nBeach, Chandler B., ed. (1914b). \"Tetraspore\". The New Student's Reference Work. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.\nBeentje, Henk (2010). The Kew Plant Glossary, an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms. Richmond, London: Kew Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84246-422-9.\nBrodie, Harold J. (May 1951). \"The splash-cup dispersal mechanism in plants\". Canadian Journal of Botany. 29 (3). Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Science Publishing: 224–234. doi:10.1139/b51-022.\nCappers, René T.J.; Neef, Reinder (2012). Handbook of Plant Palaeoecology. Barkuis Publishing. ISBN 9789492444264 – via Google Books (preview only).\nCarolin, Roger C.; Tindale, Mary D. (1994). Flora of the Sydney Region (4th ed.). Chatswood, NSW: Reed. ISBN 0730104001. OCLC 32821788.\nDon, George (1831). A General History of Dichlamydeous Plants...Arranged According to the Natural System. Vol. 1. London. Retrieved 15 December 2022 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.\nEckenwalder, James E. (2009). Conifers of the World: the Complete Reference. London: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4.\nGifford, Ernest M.; Foster, Adriance S. (1989). Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants (3rd ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-1946-5.\nHanzawa, Frances M.; Beattie, Andrew J.; Holmes, Anne (November 1985). \"Dual function of the elaiosome of Corydalis aurea (Fumariaceae): attraction of dispersal agents and repulsion of Peromyscus maniculatus, a seed predator\". American Journal of Botany. 72 (11). St. Louis, Missouri: Botanical Society of America: 1707–1711. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1985.tb08442.x. JSTOR 2443727.\nHarris, James G.; Harris, Melinda Woolf (2001). Plant Identification Terminology: an Illustrated Glossary (2nd ed.). Spring Lake, Utah, US: Spring Lake Publishing. ISBN 0-9640221-6-8.\nHickey, Michael; King, Clive (2000). The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79401-5 – via Google Books.\nHughes, Colin (2017). \"About the Field Guides Project\". The Virtual Field Herbarium (herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk). Oxford University Herbaria. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.\n\"Plant Characteristics\". The Virtual Field Herbarium (herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk). Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017. In Hughes (2017).\nIPNI (2022). \"Rosaceae Juss., Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 334 (1789), nom. cons\". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 24 December 2022.\nJackson, Benjamin Daydon (1928). A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent. New York: Hafner Publishing Co. Inc. Retrieved 15 December 2022 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.\nJaeger, Edmund Carroll (1959). A Source-book of Biological Names and Terms. Springfield, Illinois, US: Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-06179-1 – via Internet Archive.\nKucewicz, Magdalena; Maćkiewicz, Katarzyna; Źróbek-Sokolnik, Anna (2010). \"Selected aspects of tiny vetch [Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray S.F.] seed ecology: generative reproduction and effects of seed maturity and seed storage on seed germination\". Acta Agrobotanica. 63 (1). Warsaw: Polish Botanical Society: 205–212. doi:10.5586/aa.2010.023.\nLellinger, David B. (2002). A Modern Multilingual Glossary for Taxonomic Pteridology (Pteridologia) (in English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese). Vol. 3. American Fern Society, Inc. ISBN 978-0-933500-02-0. Retrieved 15 December 2022 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.\nMeerow, Alan W.; Fay, Michael F.; Guy, Charles L.; Li, Qin-Bao; Zaman, Faridah Q.; Chase, Mark W. (September 1999). \"Systematics of Amaryllidaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid sequence data\". American Journal of Botany. 86 (9). St. Louis, Missouri: Botanical Society of America: 1325–1345. doi:10.2307/2656780. JSTOR 2656780. PMID 10487820.\nNeotropikey (2017). \"Glossary of Botanical Terms\". www.kew.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.\nNew Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (A–M). Vol. 1 (6th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2. Retrieved 17 December 2022 – via Internet Archive.\nNew Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (N–Z). Vol. 2 (6th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2. Retrieved 16 December 2022 – via Internet Archive.\nNYBG (2019). \"Glossary for Vascular Plants\". The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium, New York Botanical Garden. Retrieved 20 September 2019.\nPell, Susan K.; Angell, Bobbi (2016). A Botanist's Vocabulary: 1300 Terms Explained and Illustrated. Portland, Oregon, US: Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-604-69563-2.\nRendle, Alfred Barton (1911). \"Fruit\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 257–258.\nSchulze, Ernst-Detlef; Zwölfer, Helmut, eds. (2012). Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis, Extinction and Naturalization of Plant Species. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 9783642716300. Retrieved 16 December 2022 – via Google Books (preview only).\nShreve, Forrest; Wiggins, Ira L. (1964). Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert. Vol. 1. Stanford, California, US: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804701631. OCLC 710084 – via Internet Archive.\nSimpson, Michael G. (August 2011). Plant Systematics. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-051404-8 – via Google Books (preview only).\nSims, John (1803). Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Or, Flower-garden Displayed: In which the Most Ornamental Foreign Plants, Cultivated in the Open Ground, the Green-house, and the Stove, are Accurately Represented in Their Natural Colours ... Vol. 17. London: T. Curtis. Retrieved 15 December 2022 – via Google Books.\nStearn, William T. (1983). Botanical Latin (3rd ed.). Newton Abbot & London & North Pomfret, Vermont, US: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-8548-8. Retrieved 15 December 2015 – via Internet Archive.\nTurland, N.J.; Wiersema, J.H.; Barrie, F.R.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Kusber, W.-H.; Li, D.-Z.; Marhold, K.; May, T.W.; McNeill, J.; Monro, A.M.; Prado, J.; Price, M.J.; Smith, G.F., eds. (2018). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile. Vol. 159. Glashütten, Germany: Koeltz Botanical Books. doi:10.12705/Code.2018. ISBN 978-3-946583-16-5. OCLC 1043552267. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"In the bud, Tetradenia riparia leaves have their upper surfaces turned toward the stem and the axil. The lower surface is abaxial (\"away from the axis\"), and the upper surface is adaxial.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tetradenia_riparia_leaves_and_buds_IMG_2103c.jpg/220px-Tetradenia_riparia_leaves_and_buds_IMG_2103c.jpg"},{"image_text":"Viburnum abscission","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Viburnum_abscission.jpg/220px-Viburnum_abscission.jpg"},{"image_text":"Welwitschia mirabilis presents an example of an acaulescent growth habit unusual in so large a plant species.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Welwitschia_at_Ugab_River_basin.jpg/220px-Welwitschia_at_Ugab_River_basin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schematic diagrams of the accumbent arrangement of the cotyledons and radicle in a seed of Erysimum (formerly Cheiranthus)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Accumbent_cotyledon.jpg/220px-Accumbent_cotyledon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Achenes on the surface of the stem of the infructescence of a strawberry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Strawberry.achene.es.jpg/220px-Strawberry.achene.es.jpg"},{"image_text":"Geranium incanum flowers are actinomorphic, having five axes of symmetry, as opposed to the two axes of symmetry of the zygomorphic flowers of most species of the related genus Pelargonium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Geranium_incanum_floral_stages_IMG_2752.jpg/220px-Geranium_incanum_floral_stages_IMG_2752.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fern frond with acuminate leaflets","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ferns-_British_and_exotic.._%281856%29_%2814595221459%29.jpg/220px-Ferns-_British_and_exotic.._%281856%29_%2814595221459%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Adelphous stamens in flower of Gossypium tomentosum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Starr-091104-0742-Gossypium_tomentosum-flower-Kahanu_Gardens_NTBG_Kaeleku_Hana-Maui_%2824961202116%29.jpg/220px-Starr-091104-0742-Gossypium_tomentosum-flower-Kahanu_Gardens_NTBG_Kaeleku_Hana-Maui_%2824961202116%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Watsonia flower slit open and with one stamen bent upward to show its adnate attachment to the petal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Watsonia_flower_with_adnate_stamens_and_connate_petals_IMG_1974c.jpg/220px-Watsonia_flower_with_adnate_stamens_and_connate_petals_IMG_1974c.jpg"},{"image_text":"Diagram of a coconut fruit. The albumen (endosperm) is labelled Alb.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Contributions_from_the_New_York_Botanical_Garden_%281899-%29_%2820677430362%29.jpg/220px-Contributions_from_the_New_York_Botanical_Garden_%281899-%29_%2820677430362%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Caffeine is an alkaloid with four nitrogen atoms in its carbon skeleton.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Caffeine.png"},{"image_text":"Rothmannia leaf with extensively anastomose venation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Rothmannia_globosa%2C_blaarbearing%2C_Uniegeboutuine%2C_a.jpg/220px-Rothmannia_globosa%2C_blaarbearing%2C_Uniegeboutuine%2C_a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Androgynous flower of Sandersonia aurantiaca cut open longitudinally to show the androecium, which comprises the anthers surrounding the green central pistil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sandersonia_aurantiaca_1DS-II_2-5399.jpg/220px-Sandersonia_aurantiaca_1DS-II_2-5399.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anther of Lilium in a state of anthesis, dehiscent and releasing pollen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/2012-01-04_17-57-36-lys.jpg/220px-2012-01-04_17-57-36-lys.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Neea species, family Nyctaginaceae, presents an example of an anthocarp: the calyx and style remain around the ripening fruit.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Neea_sp.%2C_Nyctaginaceae%2C_Atlantic_forest%2C_northeastern_Bahia%2C_Brazil_%289463277249%29.jpg/220px-Neea_sp.%2C_Nyctaginaceae%2C_Atlantic_forest%2C_northeastern_Bahia%2C_Brazil_%289463277249%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aphananthous flowers of oaks such as Quercus robur, being anemophilous, have no need of being conspicuous to pollinating animals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Quercus_robur_RF.jpg/220px-Quercus_robur_RF.jpg"},{"image_text":"Apical bud of a Populus (poplar) shoot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Populus_angustifolia_%C3%97_balsamifera_%285001208139%29.jpg/220px-Populus_angustifolia_%C3%97_balsamifera_%285001208139%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The apparently separate nuts of Ochrosia borbonica actually are apocarpous carpels, two from each flower.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ochrosia_borbonica_fruit_1.JPG/220px-Ochrosia_borbonica_fruit_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Apophyses on the tips of the cone scales of Araucaria cunninghamii amount to spikes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Starr_070404-6665_Araucaria_cunninghamii.jpg/220px-Starr_070404-6665_Araucaria_cunninghamii.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hairs on the leaves of Meniocus linifolius (formerly Alyssum linifolium) are stellate and appressed to the leaf surface.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Alyssum_linifolium_leaf2_ST_%2814931806424%29.jpg/220px-Alyssum_linifolium_leaf2_ST_%2814931806424%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arachnoid leaves of an unidentified Gazania species","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Arachnoid_leaves_of_unidentified_Gazania_2012_07_05_7252s.JPG/220px-Arachnoid_leaves_of_unidentified_Gazania_2012_07_05_7252s.JPG"},{"image_text":"Spines of cactus Gymnocalycium bayrianum emerging from the areoles of the stem nodes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gymnocalycium_bayrianum_GN88_69_spines.JPG/220px-Gymnocalycium_bayrianum_GN88_69_spines.JPG"},{"image_text":"Seeds of a species of Blighia (ackee), one whole and one in longitudinal section, showing the pale aril","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/2013.11-411-169_Akee%2Cseed%26aril%28whole%2CLS%29_Bobo-Dioulasso%2CBF_thu14nov2013-0953h.jpg/220px-2013.11-411-169_Akee%2Cseed%26aril%28whole%2CLS%29_Bobo-Dioulasso%2CBF_thu14nov2013-0953h.jpg"},{"image_text":"Infructescence of wild rye, showing prominent awns","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wild_rye.jpg/220px-Wild_rye.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anatomy of an awn and bristles on a species of the Australian grass Rytidosperma longifolium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rytidosperma_longifolium33_floret19_%289412598806%29.jpg/220px-Rytidosperma_longifolium33_floret19_%289412598806%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Axillary buds in leaf","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Searsia_angustifolia_%28Rhus_angustifolia%29_axillary_and_apical_buds_5471.jpg/220px-Searsia_angustifolia_%28Rhus_angustifolia%29_axillary_and_apical_buds_5471.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baculiform desmid in genus Closterium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mikrofoto.de-Closterium_5.jpg/220px-Mikrofoto.de-Closterium_5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barbs occur on the spines of some species of cactus, as shown here, enlarged.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Spine2.jpg/220px-Spine2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Berries of Olinia ventosa, including a cross-section showing hard seeds in the pulp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Berries_of_Olinia_ventosa_IMG_12951304.jpg/290px-Berries_of_Olinia_ventosa_IMG_12951304.jpg"},{"image_text":"The bifoliate compound leaves of the mopane tree, Colophospermum mopane, suggest the common name \"butterfly tree\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mopane_%28Colophospermum_mopane%29_leaves_%2811683653383%29.jpg/220px-Mopane_%28Colophospermum_mopane%29_leaves_%2811683653383%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cross-section of a silique of Arabidopsis thaliana, showing it to be biloculate, formed of two carpels, morphologically a silique and not a pod","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Arabidopsis_thaliana_sl18.jpg/220px-Arabidopsis_thaliana_sl18.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bipinnate leaf of Gymnocladus dioicus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gymnocladus_dioicus_Berlin_Bernauer_TP03.jpg/220px-Gymnocladus_dioicus_Berlin_Bernauer_TP03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Structure of a biternate compound leaf","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Leaf_morphology_type_ternately-compound_biternate.png/220px-Leaf_morphology_type_ternately-compound_biternate.png"},{"image_text":"This African baobab, Adansonia digitata, has an enormous bole beneath a relatively modest canopy that is typical of this species.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Baobab_tree.jpg/220px-Baobab_tree.jpg"},{"image_text":"The large, colorful bracts of Bougainvillea are commonly mistaken for its petals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bougainvilea_bracts.jpg/220px-Bougainvilea_bracts.jpg"},{"image_text":"Burrs, fruits of Arctium species","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Burrdock_Seed_heads_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1131389.jpg/220px-Burrdock_Seed_heads_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1131389.jpg"},{"image_text":"Buttress root of a mature elm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/XN_buttress_root_526.jpg/220px-XN_buttress_root_526.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dianthus chinensis has a caespitose growth habit.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dianthus_chinensis_-_Raspberry_parfait_3.jpg/220px-Dianthus_chinensis_-_Raspberry_parfait_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Callus tissue of Nicotiana tabacum growing on a nutrient medium in plant tissue culture","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Callus1.jpg/220px-Callus1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Structure of flower of an orchid in genus Praecoxanthus, with the callus labelled","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Praecoxanthus_labelled.pdf/page1-220px-Praecoxanthus_labelled.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bearded callus of a floret of the grass species Chrysopogon filipes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chrysopogon_filipes_callus_%286914259711%29.jpg/220px-Chrysopogon_filipes_callus_%286914259711%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scanning electron micrograph of the carpopodium at the base of the achene-like fruit of Zyzyura mayana, Asteraceae","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Zyzyura_mayana_SEM_carpopodium.jpg/220px-Zyzyura_mayana_SEM_carpopodium.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dormant leaf buds of deciduous trees are commonly protected by imbricate cataphylls that are shed when the bud sprouts.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Leaf_bud_of_American_Sweet_gum_%28Liquidambar_styraciflua%29_showing_imbricate_cataphylls_5405.jpg/220px-Leaf_bud_of_American_Sweet_gum_%28Liquidambar_styraciflua%29_showing_imbricate_cataphylls_5405.jpg"},{"image_text":"Male catkins of Betula pendula","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Betula_pendula_male_catkins_2.jpg/220px-Betula_pendula_male_catkins_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The caudex of Dioscorea elephantipes grows largely above the soil surface. Many species that form caudices grow them underground.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dioscorea_elephantipes.JPG/220px-Dioscorea_elephantipes.JPG"},{"image_text":"Flowers growing from a branch of Syzygium moorei, an example of cauliflory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Syzygium_moorei_flowering.jpg/220px-Syzygium_moorei_flowering.jpg"},{"image_text":"Some members of the Espeletia genus exhibit a growth habit that is caulirosulate.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Frailej%C3%B3n_%28Espeletia_sp.%29_%2814285633322%29.jpg/220px-Frailej%C3%B3n_%28Espeletia_sp.%29_%2814285633322%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Moehringia growing as a chasmophyte on an overhanging cliff","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Moehringia_Vilin_razboj_2.JPG/220px-Moehringia_Vilin_razboj_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Chloroplasts within the cells of the leaves of the moss Bryum capillare","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bryum_capillare_leaf_cells.jpg/220px-Bryum_capillare_leaf_cells.jpg"},{"image_text":"Not all chloroplasts are simple in shape. Chloroplasts of Spirogyra are helical within the tubular cells of their algal filaments.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_freshwater_alga_Spirogyra.jpg/220px-The_freshwater_alga_Spirogyra.jpg"},{"image_text":"Circinate vernation of crosiers of the fern Sadleria cyatheoides","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sadleria_cyatheoides_unfurling.jpg/220px-Sadleria_cyatheoides_unfurling.jpg"},{"image_text":"The so-called \"fleshy leaves\" of cacti, such as on this Opuntia tomentosa, are actually cladodes (branches). The true leaves are the spines growing on the cladodes, which on this young cladode are still fleshy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/New_cladode_and_bud_of_Velvet_Tree_Pear%2C_Opuntia_tomentosa_%2810921285475%29.jpg/220px-New_cladode_and_bud_of_Velvet_Tree_Pear%2C_Opuntia_tomentosa_%2810921285475%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Colony of cells forming a coenobium, of an alga in the genus Pediastrum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pediastrum_minus_1.jpg/220px-Pediastrum_minus_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Asclepias syriaca seeds, showing the coma of hairs in its pappus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Asclepias_syriaca_%28fruits_and_seeds%29_D130902_closeup.jpg/220px-Asclepias_syriaca_%28fruits_and_seeds%29_D130902_closeup.jpg"},{"image_text":"Curcuma pseudomontana with red coma bracts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Curcuma_pseudomontana.JPG/220px-Curcuma_pseudomontana.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pfaffia gnaphalioides flowers with basal coma hairs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pfaffia_gnaphalioides-_Soriano%2C_Palmar%2C_Suelo_arenoso_pedregoso_al_margen_del_Lago.JPG/220px-Pfaffia_gnaphalioides-_Soriano%2C_Palmar%2C_Suelo_arenoso_pedregoso_al_margen_del_Lago.JPG"},{"image_text":"Coma atop Muscari armeniacum, bearing sterile flowers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Muscari_armeniacum_flowerhead3_ST_%2814999577633%29.jpg/220px-Muscari_armeniacum_flowerhead3_ST_%2814999577633%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The conical compound inflorescence of Aeonium arboreum is a compound panicle composed of minor panicles, some of which are compound in their turn.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aeonium_arboreum_-_Jard%C3%ADn_Bot%C3%A1nico_Canario_Viera_y_Clavijo_-_Gran_Canaria_-_03.jpg/220px-Aeonium_arboreum_-_Jard%C3%ADn_Bot%C3%A1nico_Canario_Viera_y_Clavijo_-_Gran_Canaria_-_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"California buckeye (Aesculus californica) has a compound palmate leaf, the leaflets radiating from a central point.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Aesculus_californica-12.jpg/150px-Aesculus_californica-12.jpg"},{"image_text":"The lobes of the gamopetalous corolla of Nicotiana flowers are conduplicate in the bud.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nicotiana_%C3%97_sanderae_flowers.jpg/220px-Nicotiana_%C3%97_sanderae_flowers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Casuarina equisetifolia male and female flowers and cones","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Starr-170624-0907-Casuarina_equisetifolia-male_and_female_flowers_and_cones-Abandoned_Runway_Near_Rusty_Bucket_Sand_Island-Midway_Atoll_%2836059371970%29.jpg/220px-Starr-170624-0907-Casuarina_equisetifolia-male_and_female_flowers_and_cones-Abandoned_Runway_Near_Rusty_Bucket_Sand_Island-Midway_Atoll_%2836059371970%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gamopetalous Watsonia flower split open between two petals to show the connate formation of the corolla tube; compare the adnate attachment of the stamen bases to the matching petals","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Watsonia_flower_with_adnate_stamens_and_connate_petals_IMG_1974c.jpg/220px-Watsonia_flower_with_adnate_stamens_and_connate_petals_IMG_1974c.jpg"},{"image_text":"Corms, one entire in its tunic, one partly peeled to show tunic cataphylls, and one split to show inner structure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Corms_of_Crocosmia%2C_entire%2C_partly_peeled%2C_and_split.jpg/290px-Corms_of_Crocosmia%2C_entire%2C_partly_peeled%2C_and_split.jpg"},{"image_text":"The corona of this Passiflora flower is a ring of purple filaments between the petals and the stamens.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Passiflora_kermesina3.jpg/220px-Passiflora_kermesina3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cotyledons of seedlings of Koelreuteria. One plant shows the first new leaves above its cotyledons, and the rest show various younger stages of emerging cotyledons.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Koelreuteria_paniculata_-_cotyledons_and_first_true_leaves%2C_2.jpg/220px-Koelreuteria_paniculata_-_cotyledons_and_first_true_leaves%2C_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crassula rupestris frequently grows as a cremnophyte on cliff faces in fynbos.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Crassula_rupestris_on_cliff_face_-_Cape_Town.jpg/220px-Crassula_rupestris_on_cliff_face_-_Cape_Town.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nymphoides crenata has crenate leaf margins.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nymphoides_crenata_leaf1_%2816826924328%29.jpg/220px-Nymphoides_crenata_leaf1_%2816826924328%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mimetes cucullatus, so named for the hooded, cucullate shape of its white flowers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mimetes_cucullatus_0147.jpg/220px-Mimetes_cucullatus_0147.jpg"},{"image_text":"Murraya paniculata has leaves with cuneate (wedge-shaped) bases.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Murraya_paniculata_leaves_at_Peravoor_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Murraya_paniculata_leaves_at_Peravoor_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Examples of cupules of Fagaceae:A: Quercus rubra B: Quercus trojanaC: Fagus sylvatica D: Castanea sativa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cupule_of_Fagaceae.jpg/220px-Cupule_of_Fagaceae.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cuspidate leaves of Diplacus bigelovii var. cuspidatus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Diplacus_bigelovii_%28A._Gray%29_A._Gray_var._cuspidatus_A._L._Grant_20000508_01.jpg/220px-Diplacus_bigelovii_%28A._Gray%29_A._Gray_var._cuspidatus_A._L._Grant_20000508_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Euphorbia milii is commercially grown for the aesthetic appearance of its brightly colored, bract-like structures called cyathophylls, which sit below the inflorescence.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Euphorbia_Milii_flowers.jpg/220px-Euphorbia_Milii_flowers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seasonal, healthy decortication of Eucalyptus grandis outer bark","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Eucalyptus_grandis_bark_decorticating_7th_Brigade_Park_Chermside_L1100307.jpg/220px-Eucalyptus_grandis_bark_decorticating_7th_Brigade_Park_Chermside_L1100307.jpg"},{"image_text":"A decorticating machine collecting fiber from leaves","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Descripci%C3%B3n_General-V150.jpg/220px-Descripci%C3%B3n_General-V150.jpg"},{"image_text":"Decussate phyllotaxis of Crassula rupestris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Crassula_rupestris-PICT3087.jpg/220px-Crassula_rupestris-PICT3087.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dentate leaf of elm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Princeton_leaf.JPG/220px-Princeton_leaf.JPG"},{"image_text":"Denticulate leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ziziphus_mauritiana_Lam_-_Flickr_-_lalithamba.jpg/220px-Ziziphus_mauritiana_Lam_-_Flickr_-_lalithamba.jpg"},{"image_text":"Astragalus austriacus is regarded as diadelphous because it has one stamen unattached to the main adelphia (bunch).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Astragalus_austriacus_sl18.jpg/220px-Astragalus_austriacus_sl18.jpg"},{"image_text":"The paired cotyledons of a castor bean seedling (Ricinus communis) are typical of a dicotyledon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Young_castor_bean_plant_showing_prominent_cotyledons.jpg/220px-Young_castor_bean_plant_showing_prominent_cotyledons.jpg"},{"image_text":"Discolorous leaves of Brachylaena discolor differ in color between their upper and lower surfaces.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Brachylaena_discolor_Brachylaena_uniflora_leaves_both.JPG/220px-Brachylaena_discolor_Brachylaena_uniflora_leaves_both.JPG"},{"image_text":"Disk florets opening in a capitulum of a cultivated Helianthus. They open progressively from the edge to the center of the disk.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sonnenblume_Helianthus_2.JPG/220px-Sonnenblume_Helianthus_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Dissepiment developing in tissue of carpels where they meet to form locules in the capsule of the ovary of Lilium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dissepiment_label_added_to_file_of_Jon_Houseman.jpg/220px-Dissepiment_label_added_to_file_of_Jon_Houseman.jpg"},{"image_text":"Boophone disticha has conspicuously distichous leaves.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Boophone_disticha%2C_habitus%2C_Skeerpoort%2C_a.jpg/220px-Boophone_disticha%2C_habitus%2C_Skeerpoort%2C_a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Domatia at the bases of the thorns of Vachellia drepanolobium, the whistling thorn, with visible access holes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Acacia_drepanolobium--_Whistling_Thorn_%2825396927222%29.jpg/220px-Acacia_drepanolobium--_Whistling_Thorn_%2825396927222%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dorsiventral (bilateral) leaves of Syzygium gerrardii and Triadica sebifera","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Dorsiventral_%28bilateral%29_leaves_of_Syzygium_gerrardii_and_Triadica_sebifera_IMG_1994c.jpg/220px-Dorsiventral_%28bilateral%29_leaves_of_Syzygium_gerrardii_and_Triadica_sebifera_IMG_1994c.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leaves of Epipremnum aureum (golden pothos) have a cuspidate drip tip.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Epipremnum_pinnatum_var.jpg/220px-Epipremnum_pinnatum_var.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plants of the genus Corydalis bear seeds with attached elaiosomes, which have various functions, commonly attracting ants. On some Corydalis species, elaiosomes that attract ants also repel mice.[32]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Corydalis_cheilanthifolia_pod.jpg/220px-Corydalis_cheilanthifolia_pod.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ficus lyrata is an example of a doubly-emarginate leaf with lateral and apical emargination; it also might be seen as a basally emarginate.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ficus_lyrata_as_an_example_of_a_doubly-emarginate_leaf.jpg/220px-Ficus_lyrata_as_an_example_of_a_doubly-emarginate_leaf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Petals of Heracleum sphondylium are variously emarginate at their tips. Flowers in the middle of the inflorescence have slightly emarginate petals, whereas flowers at the periphery are so deeply emarginate as to be almost cleft in two.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Heracleum_sphondylium_003.JPG/220px-Heracleum_sphondylium_003.JPG"},{"image_text":"The pale embryo emerging from the upper surface of the sprouting date seed is tiny in comparison to the endosperm, its main food supply, which comprises almost all of the rest of the seed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Date_Seed_sprouting.jpg/220px-Date_Seed_sprouting.jpg"},{"image_text":"Water lilies and reeds represent two ecological categories of emergent aquatic vegetation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Water_lilies_and_reeds%2C_Lochan_Dubh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_233467.jpg/220px-Water_lilies_and_reeds%2C_Lochan_Dubh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_233467.jpg"},{"image_text":"Iris pseudacorus has clearly ensiform leaves: narrow, straight-edged, sword-shaped.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/IrisPseudacorus_6004.JPG/220px-IrisPseudacorus_6004.JPG"},{"image_text":"The enlarged calyx and smaller epicalyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Terengganu_roselle.jpg/220px-Terengganu_roselle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shoots from epicormic buds on Eucalyptus following a bushfire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Epicormic_Shoots_from_an_Epicormic_Bud_on_Eucalyptus_following_Bushfire_2%2C_near_Anglers_Rest%2C_Vic%2C_Aust%2C_jjron_27.3.2005.jpg/220px-Epicormic_Shoots_from_an_Epicormic_Bud_on_Eucalyptus_following_Bushfire_2%2C_near_Anglers_Rest%2C_Vic%2C_Aust%2C_jjron_27.3.2005.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tillandsia recurvata growing as a harmless, non-parasitic epiphloedal epiphyte on a tree trunk that is also infested with an epiphloedal foliose lichen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tillandsia_recurvata_epiphyte_IMG_1620.jpg/220px-Tillandsia_recurvata_epiphyte_IMG_1620.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seeds or fruits are dispersed by epizoochory when they stick to the fur of animals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Epizoochoria_NRM.jpg/220px-Epizoochoria_NRM.jpg"},{"image_text":"The bases of equitant leaves enclose later leaves on the stem.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Boophane_disticha_in_Phipps_Conservatory_%26_Botanical_Gardens.jpg/220px-Boophane_disticha_in_Phipps_Conservatory_%26_Botanical_Gardens.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sections of exalbuminous seeds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cut_of_seeds_with_hypogeal_germination.jpg/220px-Cut_of_seeds_with_hypogeal_germination.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aloe marlothii flowers with stamens and stigmata of mature flowers exserted from the mouths of the floral tubes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aloe_marlothii02.jpg/220px-Aloe_marlothii02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Astragalus falcatus has conspicuously falcate pods; not many falcate anatomical structures are so markedly curved.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Astragalus_falcatus_%287441409300%29.jpg/220px-Astragalus_falcatus_%287441409300%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rhigozum obovatum bears its leaves in well-defined fascicles.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rhigozum_obovatum_8217s.jpg/220px-Rhigozum_obovatum_8217s.jpg"},{"image_text":"Trunks and branches of some species of poplars contribute to the trees' fastigiate habit.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bondues_parc_vert_bois_allee_peupliers.jpg/220px-Bondues_parc_vert_bois_allee_peupliers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Favolaschia calocera, the orange pore fungus, has conspicuously faveolate fruiting bodies.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Orange_Pore_Fungus_%28Favolaschia_calocera%29_%2833327394770%29.jpg/220px-Orange_Pore_Fungus_%28Favolaschia_calocera%29_%2833327394770%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Emerging leaves of Oldenburgia grandis are heavily felted.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_emerging_leaves_of_Oldenburgia_grandis_are_white-felted_IMG_5582.jpg/220px-The_emerging_leaves_of_Oldenburgia_grandis_are_white-felted_IMG_5582.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fenestrate leaves of Darlingtonia californica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Darlingtonia_californica_ne1_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Darlingtonia_californica_ne1_%28crop%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"In the wild, the leaves of Fenestraria commonly are covered in soil, except for the transparent fenestration; this permits photosynthesis while reducing damage from exposure to intrense sunlight and herbivores.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fenestrate_leaves_of_Fenestraria_aurantiaca_IMG_3851c.jpg/220px-Fenestrate_leaves_of_Fenestraria_aurantiaca_IMG_3851c.jpg"},{"image_text":"Digitalis ferruginea owes its specific name to its ferruginous (rust-colored) flowers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Digitalis_ferruginea-IMG_9992.jpg/220px-Digitalis_ferruginea-IMG_9992.jpg"},{"image_text":"Calochortus fimbriatus has fimbriate flowers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Calochortus_fimbriatus_open_flower.jpeg/220px-Calochortus_fimbriatus_open_flower.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Panaeolus cinctulus has gently flexuous stipes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Panaeolus_cinctulus_%28Bolton%29_Britzelm_447936.jpg/220px-Panaeolus_cinctulus_%28Bolton%29_Britzelm_447936.jpg"},{"image_text":"The pseudanthium of Zinnia elegans is typical of many Asteraceae in that it includes two types of florets, ray florets and disk florets.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Zinnia_elegans_of_Kadavoor.jpg/220px-Zinnia_elegans_of_Kadavoor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Medicago sativa (alfalfa or lucerne) is an agriculturally important forb, grown in large volumes for forage, soil improvement, and other purposes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Medicago_sativa_plant1_%2810603928013%29.jpg/220px-Medicago_sativa_plant1_%2810603928013%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Foveolate seeds of Physochlaina physaloides","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Seeds_of_Physochlaina_physaloides.jpg/220px-Seeds_of_Physochlaina_physaloides.jpg"},{"image_text":"Galbulus (berry-like, fleshy) cones on the coniferous tree Podocarpus elatus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Podocarpus_elatus_foliage_%26_cones.JPG/220px-Podocarpus_elatus_foliage_%26_cones.JPG"},{"image_text":"Gametophores (red male antheridia and brown female archegonia) borne on a gametophyte of a Chara species of green algae","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/CharaV3.jpg/220px-CharaV3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Longitudinal section of immature male pine cone, showing male gametophytes (pollen grains) developing between the cone scales","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Male_Gametophyte_Male_Gametophyte_Pinus_Staminate_Zoomed.jpg/220px-Male_Gametophyte_Male_Gametophyte_Pinus_Staminate_Zoomed.jpg"},{"image_text":"Glandular hairs on the stem of Geranium dissectum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Geranium_dissectum_sl11.jpg/220px-Geranium_dissectum_sl11.jpg"},{"image_text":"The leaves, buds, and young stalks of Eucalyptus macrocarpa are glaucous, covered with a thick waxy pruinosity.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Eucalyptus_macrocarpa_buds.jpg/220px-Eucalyptus_macrocarpa_buds.jpg"},{"image_text":"Glochids at the base of an Opuntia cactus spine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Opuntia_cactus_spine_and_glochids.jpg/220px-Opuntia_cactus_spine_and_glochids.jpg"},{"image_text":"Glumes of a grass species with a fairly large inflorescence","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Urochloa_mosambicensis_spikelet12_annotated_-_Flickr_-_Macleay_Grass_Man.jpg/220px-Urochloa_mosambicensis_spikelet12_annotated_-_Flickr_-_Macleay_Grass_Man.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scanning electron micrograph of a stoma on the leaf of Haemanthus. The two lip-shaped cells on either side of the pore are the guard cells.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Stoma.jpg/220px-Stoma.jpg"},{"image_text":"Drops of guttation fluid on the dentate points fringing the immature leaf of a grapevine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Weinblatt13-05.JPG/220px-Weinblatt13-05.JPG"},{"image_text":"Examples of gymnosperms LEFT 1-Welwitschia mirabilis 2-Cycas revoluta 3-Taxus baccata 4-Ginkgo biloba RIGHT 1-Cupressus sempervirens 2-Sequoiadendron giganteum 3-Agathis dammara 4-Araucaria heterophylla","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gymnospermae.jpg/220px-Gymnospermae.jpg"},{"image_text":"Epidermal hairs on plant leaves","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vicia_villosa_leaf_hairs1_%2814692343921%29.jpg/220px-Vicia_villosa_leaf_hairs1_%2814692343921%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Multicellular hairs on the edge of a sepal of Veronica sublobata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Veronica_sublobata_sl18.jpg/220px-Veronica_sublobata_sl18.jpg"},{"image_text":"Haplostemonous arrangement of stamens and petals","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Catunaregam_spinosa.jpg/220px-Catunaregam_spinosa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Markedly hastate leaf of Salvia canariensis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hastate_leaf_Salvia_canariensis_IMG_9038.jpg/220px-Hastate_leaf_Salvia_canariensis_IMG_9038.jpg"},{"image_text":"The swollen haustorium of Viscum capense renders the end of the branch stunted compared to the lower part of the branch.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Viscum_capense_and_haustorium_on_Searsia_sp_IMG_2203.jpg/220px-Viscum_capense_and_haustorium_on_Searsia_sp_IMG_2203.jpg"},{"image_text":"The fruit of Poncirus is a typical hesperidium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Poncirus_trifoliatus_fruit_and_seeds.jpg/220px-Poncirus_trifoliatus_fruit_and_seeds.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heteroblastic growth is common in Eucalyptus species with leaves that are isobilateral in the mature tree; they generally start life with dorsiventral leaves. Some of these saplings are in the transient stage in which they have both forms of leaves, dorsiventral on lower branches, and isobilateral above.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Eucalyptus_foliage_isobilateral_dorsiventral_IMG_0588e.JPG/220px-Eucalyptus_foliage_isobilateral_dorsiventral_IMG_0588e.JPG"},{"image_text":"The hilum contrasts conspicuously with the rest of the testa in the seeds of many species. In the case of Erythrina species, the colors may be a warning that the seeds are poisonous.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Erythrina_-_seeds_%286531865875%29.jpg/220px-Erythrina_-_seeds_%286531865875%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A hypocarpium forms below the fruits of Sassafras albidum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/AbbotV1Tab02A.jpg/220px-AbbotV1Tab02A.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flowers, fruit and propagule of a Rhizophora \"mangle\" or mangrove. The apparent root of the propagule is in fact meristematic tissue developing from the hypocotyl. The new plant develops largely from this tissue, especially if it has successfully penetrated into mud in which the new plant can establish itself.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Rhizophora_mangle.jpg/220px-Rhizophora_mangle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Imbricate protective cataphylls on dormant buds of Quercus robur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dormant_buds_on_twig_of_English_Oak_Quercus_robur_5523.jpg/220px-Dormant_buds_on_twig_of_English_Oak_Quercus_robur_5523.jpg"},{"image_text":"Petals of Mespilus germanica are imbricate before the flower opens.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mespilus_germanica_imbrication.jpg/220px-Mespilus_germanica_imbrication.jpg"},{"image_text":"Doubly imparipinnate compound leaf of Melia azedarach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Melia_azedarach_doubly_imparipinnate_compound_leaf_IMG_2096c.jpg/220px-Melia_azedarach_doubly_imparipinnate_compound_leaf_IMG_2096c.jpg"},{"image_text":"Deeply incised leaves of Pelargonium graveolens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pelargonium_graveolens-_Kirstenbosch_botanical_garden_-_2.jpg/220px-Pelargonium_graveolens-_Kirstenbosch_botanical_garden_-_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indefinite stamens of Hypericum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hypericum_garden_specimen_indefinite_stamens_IMG_9066.jpg/220px-Hypericum_garden_specimen_indefinite_stamens_IMG_9066.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indehiscent pods of Libidibia ferrea; unlike most Fabaceae species, the plant depends on the pods being crushed by large ungulates to disperse the seeds.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Indehiscent_pods_of_Libidibia_ferrea_IMG_8652.jpg/220px-Indehiscent_pods_of_Libidibia_ferrea_IMG_8652.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aloe brevifolia bears an indeterminate raceme.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Aloe_brevifolia_indeterminate_raceme_IMG_9016.jpg/220px-Aloe_brevifolia_indeterminate_raceme_IMG_9016.jpg"},{"image_text":"The leaves of Syagrus palms are 'induplicately folded, in contrast to many other palm genera with reduplicate leaves.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Starr_080117-1868_Syagrus_romanzoffiana.jpg/220px-Starr_080117-1868_Syagrus_romanzoffiana.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stamens of Calotropis gigantea are inserted at the base of the corolla.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Calotropis_gigantea_R.Br._-_Flickr_-_lalithamba.jpg/220px-Calotropis_gigantea_R.Br._-_Flickr_-_lalithamba.jpg"},{"image_text":"The intramarginal veins near the margins of this leaf are outlined in white.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Starr_070906-8739_Caladium_bicolor.jpg/220px-Starr_070906-8739_Caladium_bicolor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two of these three green Asteraceae involucres encase unopened flower heads, and the third supports the open colorful head of emerging flowers. The imbricate phyllaries around the heads of this Malacothrix coulteri suggest the keeled scales of a snake, giving the plant its common name: \"snake's head\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Malacothrixcoulteri.jpg/220px-Malacothrixcoulteri.jpg"},{"image_text":"This Begonia leaf shows unusual iridescence for a plant.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Iridescent_begonia.jpg/220px-Iridescent_begonia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vachellia karroo bipinnate leaf A. Rachilla B. Pinnule C. Jugary glands D. Juga (plural of jugum) E. Base of petiole F. Petiolary gland G. Rachis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Acacia_karroo_bipinnate_leaf_IMG_2153a.jpg/220px-Acacia_karroo_bipinnate_leaf_IMG_2153a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jugate leaf of Bauhinia glabra ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bauhinia_glabra_%2811135932776%29.jpg/220px-Bauhinia_glabra_%2811135932776%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jugate fruit of Tabernaemontana elegans","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Toad-tree_%28Tabernaemontana_elegans%29_fruit_%2811822645486%29.jpg/220px-Toad-tree_%28Tabernaemontana_elegans%29_fruit_%2811822645486%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eucalyptus camaldulensis has dorsiventral juvenile leaves.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eucalyptus_camaldulensis_has_dorsiventral_juvenile_leaves_but_isobilateral_leaves_on_mature_trees_IMG_2014a.jpg/220px-Eucalyptus_camaldulensis_has_dorsiventral_juvenile_leaves_but_isobilateral_leaves_on_mature_trees_IMG_2014a.jpg"},{"image_text":"One form of the kettle traps of a pitcher plant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tropical_pitcher_plant_-_Tanjung_Puting_National_Park_-_Indonesia_1.jpg/220px-Tropical_pitcher_plant_-_Tanjung_Puting_National_Park_-_Indonesia_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kidney-shaped leaf of Cucurbita maxima","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cucurbita_maxima_var._zapallito_-_ejemplo_de_hoja_reniforme.jpg/220px-Cucurbita_maxima_var._zapallito_-_ejemplo_de_hoja_reniforme.jpg"},{"image_text":"Typical knee at a node in a grass stem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Setaria_incrassata_node1_NWP_-_Flickr_-_Macleay_Grass_Man.jpg/220px-Setaria_incrassata_node1_NWP_-_Flickr_-_Macleay_Grass_Man.jpg"},{"image_text":"Unusually dense stand of cypress knees around the parent tree","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cypress_knee_6016.JPG/220px-Cypress_knee_6016.JPG"},{"image_text":"Labiate flowers of Prunella vulgaris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Prunella_vulgaris_003.jpg/220px-Prunella_vulgaris_003.jpg"},{"image_text":"Laciniate, deeply incised, leaves of Pelargonium crispum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pelargonium_graveolens-_Kirstenbosch_botanical_garden_-_2.jpg/220px-Pelargonium_graveolens-_Kirstenbosch_botanical_garden_-_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Most Euphorbias are laticiferous and instantly exude latex when even mildly punctured.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Euphorbia_latex_IMG_8745c.jpg/220px-Euphorbia_latex_IMG_8745c.jpg"},{"image_text":"A leaf scar on Juglans regia, showing the layer of corky protective tissue that remained after the leaf separated along the abscission zone. It also shows the leaf traces of the vascular bundles that broke off when the abscission zone failed. The axillary bud associated with the leaf shows just above the scar.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bladlitteken_van_Juglans_regia.jpg/220px-Bladlitteken_van_Juglans_regia.jpg"},{"image_text":"The dark horizontal lines on silver birch bark are lenticels.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/European_birch_bark.jpg/220px-European_birch_bark.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lignotubers of Lambertia formosa growing sprouts after a bush fire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CSIRO_ScienceImage_207_The_Mountain_Devil_Lambertia_formosa_shrub_regenerating_from_lignotubers.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_207_The_Mountain_Devil_Lambertia_formosa_shrub_regenerating_from_lignotubers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ligule between the leaf sheath and leaf of a grass","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Holcus_lanatus_ligule1_%287325929936%29.jpg/220px-Holcus_lanatus_ligule1_%287325929936%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Loculicidal dehiscence of a fruit capsule. The locule walls split at the back, and the valves separate, bearing the septa on their centers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Crepe_myrtle_1.jpg/220px-Crepe_myrtle_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The loment (or lomentum) of Hedysarum occidentale splits into single-seeded segments along the visible lines of weakness when ripe.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hedysarum_occidentale_%2828915806450%29.jpg/220px-Hedysarum_occidentale_%2828915806450%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maculate leaves","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Acaulescent_habit_of_Drimiopsis_maculata_IMG_1956.jpg/220px-Acaulescent_habit_of_Drimiopsis_maculata_IMG_1956.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eucalyptus socialis, showing its mallee habit, a single tree with several trunks growing from an underground lignotuber","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Eucalyptus_socialis_tree.jpg/220px-Eucalyptus_socialis_tree.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mast from beeches on the forest floor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Beechmast_-_Flickr_-_S._Rae.jpg/220px-Beechmast_-_Flickr_-_S._Rae.jpg"},{"image_text":"Geranium incanum schizocarp and mericarp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Geranium_incanum_schizocarp_and_mericarp_IMG_8807c.jpg/220px-Geranium_incanum_schizocarp_and_mericarp_IMG_8807c.jpg"},{"image_text":"Apical meristem in root tip:1: Meristem2: Columella    showing statocytes with statoliths3: Lateral part of the tip4: Dead cells5: Elongation zone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Root-tip-tag.png/220px-Root-tip-tag.png"},{"image_text":"Mesophyll as seen in the cross section of a dicotyledonous leafA-Lower epidermisB-Lower palisade mesophyllC-Upper epidermisD-Upper palisade mesophyllE- Spongy mesophyllF-Leaf vein","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dicot_leaf_L.jpg/220px-Dicot_leaf_L.jpg"},{"image_text":"Longitudinal section of Pinus ovuleA=GametophyteB=Egg cellC=MicropyleD=IntegumentE=Megasporangium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pinus_ovule_L.jpg/220px-Pinus_ovule_L.jpg"},{"image_text":"Strobilus of a SelaginellaA-MegasporeB-MicrosporangiumC-MegasporangiumD-MicrosporeE-Sporophyll","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Selaginella_strobulus_L.jpg/220px-Selaginella_strobulus_L.jpg"},{"image_text":"Moniliform pods on Vachellia nilotica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Acacia_nilotica-4-yercaud-salem-India.jpg/220px-Acacia_nilotica-4-yercaud-salem-India.jpg"},{"image_text":"A germinating date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, a monocotyledon, showing its single cotyledon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Germination_of_Date_Palm.jpg/220px-Germination_of_Date_Palm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mucro at the tip of the rachis of a compound leaf of Vachellia karroo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mucro_at_the_tip_of_the_rachis_of_a_compound_leaf_of_Vachellia_karoo_IMG_7977.jpg/220px-Mucro_at_the_tip_of_the_rachis_of_a_compound_leaf_of_Vachellia_karoo_IMG_7977.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fungal mycelium grown in culture dish","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/P._involutus01.JPG/220px-P._involutus01.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mycelium of mycorrhiza growing on the roots of Picea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mycorhizes-02.jpg/220px-Mycorhizes-02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hoya carnosa secretes so much nectar that it falls in drops if no pollinators remove it.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hoya_carnosa_nectar_IMG_1395c.jpg/220px-Hoya_carnosa_nectar_IMG_1395c.jpg"},{"image_text":"The small green petals of Helleborus argutifolius act as floral nectaries. The sepals function as petals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Helleborus_argutifolius_flower-5155~2016_01_03.JPG/220px-Helleborus_argutifolius_flower-5155~2016_01_03.JPG"},{"image_text":"Some Senna species have extrafloral nectaries that attract ants to defend them from pests.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nylanderia_flavipes_extrafloral_nectary.jpg/220px-Nylanderia_flavipes_extrafloral_nectary.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plant stem nodes and internodes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Plant_nodes_c.jpg/220px-Plant_nodes_c.jpg"},{"image_text":"Obconical syconium (infructescence) of Ficus carica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Starr-010330-0591-Ficus_carica-fruit-Kahului-Maui_%2824236554100%29.jpg/220px-Starr-010330-0591-Ficus_carica-fruit-Kahului-Maui_%2824236554100%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Obcordate leaflets of a ternate leaf of Oxalis pes-caprae","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Oxalis_pes-caprae_1DS-II_1-9711.jpg/220px-Oxalis_pes-caprae_1DS-II_1-9711.jpg"},{"image_text":"Obovate leaflets of a ternate leaf of Kummerowia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kummerowia_striata_leaf1_%2810355256105%29.jpg/220px-Kummerowia_striata_leaf1_%2810355256105%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Obtuse leaves of Dovyalis zeyheri","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Dovyalis_zeyheri%2C_blare%2C_Pretoria.jpg/220px-Dovyalis_zeyheri%2C_blare%2C_Pretoria.jpg"},{"image_text":" Open flower of Eucalyptus macrocarpa, next to a shed operculum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Eucalyptus_macrocarpa_flower_operculum.jpg/220px-Eucalyptus_macrocarpa_flower_operculum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Opposite arrangement (phyllotaxis) of leaves","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/HK_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94_Wan_Chai_%E5%9B%8D%E5%8C%AF_The_Avenue_Rooftop_Garden_terrace_plants_Oct_2017_IX1_opposite_green_leaves_%282%29.jpg/220px-HK_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94_Wan_Chai_%E5%9B%8D%E5%8C%AF_The_Avenue_Rooftop_Garden_terrace_plants_Oct_2017_IX1_opposite_green_leaves_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Orbicular leaves of Dombeya rotundifolia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dombeya_rotundifolia-leaves.jpg/220px-Dombeya_rotundifolia-leaves.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ovate leaflets on a ternate leaf of a Vigna species","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Vigna_parkeri_leaf2_%2810737009993%29.jpg/220px-Vigna_parkeri_leaf2_%2810737009993%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The thick trunk of Brachychiton rupestris accumulates moisture as a means of survival of droughts, and presents a marked example of a pachycaul habit.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Brachychiton_rupestris.jpg/220px-Brachychiton_rupestris.jpg"},{"image_text":"This Curio articulatus is pachycladous in that it has a disproportionately thick stem.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Senecio_articulatus_01_ies.jpg/220px-Senecio_articulatus_01_ies.jpg"},{"image_text":"A maple (Acer platanoides) leaf has palmate venation, as its veins radiate out from a central point, like fingers from the palm of a hand.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Maple_leaf_Fcb981.JPG/220px-Maple_leaf_Fcb981.JPG"},{"image_text":"The inflorescence of Agave americana is a giant panicle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Agave_July_2011-1.jpg/220px-Agave_July_2011-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Asclepias physocarpa shedding seeds, each with its silky pappus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Starr-030210-0016-Asclepias_physocarpa-seeds_and_pappus-Auwahi-Maui_%2824252209689%29.jpg/220px-Starr-030210-0016-Asclepias_physocarpa-seeds_and_pappus-Auwahi-Maui_%2824252209689%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Doubly paripinnate leaves of Delonix regia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/HK_%E4%B8%8A%E6%B0%B4_Sheung_Shui_%E5%BD%A9%E5%9C%92%E8%B7%AF_Choi_Yuen_Road_%E9%B3%B3%E5%87%B0%E6%9C%A8_Delonix_regia_green_pinnate_compound_leaves_Sept_2017_IX1_03.jpg/220px-HK_%E4%B8%8A%E6%B0%B4_Sheung_Shui_%E5%BD%A9%E5%9C%92%E8%B7%AF_Choi_Yuen_Road_%E9%B3%B3%E5%87%B0%E6%9C%A8_Delonix_regia_green_pinnate_compound_leaves_Sept_2017_IX1_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aloe ferox in flower, bearing two inflorescences on peduncles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Aloe_ferox_D2007-02-03.jpg/220px-Aloe_ferox_D2007-02-03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stephania japonica is a vine with peltate leaves.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Peltate_vine_Barrenjoey.JPG/220px-Peltate_vine_Barrenjoey.JPG"},{"image_text":"Perfoliate leaves of Smyrnium perfoliatum with stems passing through them","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Doorwaskervel_-_Smyrnium_perfoliatum_%282%29.jpg/220px-Doorwaskervel_-_Smyrnium_perfoliatum_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The leaves of Aponogeton madagascariensis are perforate.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aponogeton_madagascariensis.jpg/220px-Aponogeton_madagascariensis.jpg"},{"image_text":"The perigonium of a moss (red in this case), also called a splash-cup, surrounds the antheridia and aids in dispersal of sperm.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A_moss_-_Polytrichum_piliferum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_974857.jpg/220px-A_moss_-_Polytrichum_piliferum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_974857.jpg"},{"image_text":"Liquidambar styraciflua bud emerging from its protective brown imbricate cataphyll scales, also known as perules ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Liquidambar_styraciflua_bud_emerging_from_its_protective_imbricate_cataphyll_scales_IMG_2102.jpg/220px-Liquidambar_styraciflua_bud_emerging_from_its_protective_imbricate_cataphyll_scales_IMG_2102.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pelargonium lobatum inflorescence, with showy petals projecting from inconspicuous protective sepals","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pelargonium_lobatum.JPG/220px-Pelargonium_lobatum.JPG"},{"image_text":"Petiolary glands on the petiole of a cherry leaf","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cherry_petiole_glands.JPG/220px-Cherry_petiole_glands.JPG"},{"image_text":"Rock-splitting roots of the petricolous large-leaved rock fig, Ficus abutilifolia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Large-leaved_Rock_Fig_%28Ficus_abutilifolia%29_%2813960371426%29.jpg/220px-Large-leaved_Rock_Fig_%28Ficus_abutilifolia%29_%2813960371426%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The phaneranthous habit of the red flowering gum, Corymbia ficifolia, can attract pollinators such as the honey eater, Anthochaera chrysoptera, from a considerable distance.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Anthochaera_chrysoptera.jpg/220px-Anthochaera_chrysoptera.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seedlings of Acacia fasciculifera bear leaves that illustrate the ancestral function of their phyllodes as petioles.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Acacia_facsiculifera_seedling.jpg/220px-Acacia_facsiculifera_seedling.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pileus of the fruiting body of the fungus Pluteus admirabilis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pluteus_admirabilis_Peck_587250.jpg/220px-Pluteus_admirabilis_Peck_587250.jpg"},{"image_text":"Glandular pilose hairs on the stem of Aquilegia grata ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Aquilegia_grata_glandular_pilose_hair.jpg/220px-Aquilegia_grata_glandular_pilose_hair.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bipinnate leaf anatomy showing a pinna (or pinnule)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bipinnate_leaf_anatomy_with_alternate_labels.jpg/220px-Bipinnate_leaf_anatomy_with_alternate_labels.jpg"},{"image_text":"Simple pinnate leaf of Ekebergia capensis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Simply_pinnate_leaf_of_Ekebergia_capensis_IMG_2422.jpg/220px-Simply_pinnate_leaf_of_Ekebergia_capensis_IMG_2422.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pistillate flowers of Shepherdia canadensis.Compare staminate flower.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Shepherdia_canadensis_5459.JPG/220px-Shepherdia_canadensis_5459.JPG"},{"image_text":"Electron micrographs of sections of wood of a conifer (Picea abies) show pits in the tracheid walls.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tracheiden_Picea_abies.jpg/220px-Tracheiden_Picea_abies.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flowers in the inflorescence of Euphorbia platyphyllos open simultaneously, as a pleiochasium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Euphorbia_platyphyllos_sl18.jpg/220px-Euphorbia_platyphyllos_sl18.jpg"},{"image_text":"The corolla of Datura discolor is plicate.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Whiteflower8.jpg/220px-Whiteflower8.jpg"},{"image_text":"Longitudinal section of maize kernel (scale=1.4 mm):A=pericarp, B=aleurone, C=stalk, D=endosperm, E=coleorhiza, F=radicle, G=hypocotyl, H=plumule, I=scutellum, J=coleoptile","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Zea_Kernal_L.jpg/220px-Zea_Kernal_L.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pneumatophores on a species of mangrove","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pneumatophores_of_Avicennia_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN9864_%2813%29.jpg/220px-Pneumatophores_of_Avicennia_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN9864_%2813%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The sharp projections on the trunk of the knobthorn, Senegalia nigrescens, are prickles rather than thorns, botanically speaking.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Acacia_nigrescens%2C_knoppiesbas%2C_Steenbokpan%2C_a.jpg/220px-Acacia_nigrescens%2C_knoppiesbas%2C_Steenbokpan%2C_a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Procumbent growth habit of Sagina procumbens, growing mainly along the soil surface, but without rooting","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Starr-150330-0516-Sagina_procumbens-flowering_habit-Tarmac_Near_Fire_Station_Sand_Island-Midway_Atoll_%2825244594686%29.jpg/220px-Starr-150330-0516-Sagina_procumbens-flowering_habit-Tarmac_Near_Fire_Station_Sand_Island-Midway_Atoll_%2825244594686%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Carpobrotus and other prostrate plants growing on sand in Sicily, striking root and binding the soil as they grow","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Carpobrotus_acinaciformis_%28plants%29.jpg/220px-Carpobrotus_acinaciformis_%28plants%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Floral stages of the protandrous species: Geranium incanum. The flower at first has intensely colored petals, and both androecium and gynoecium. After a day or so in bloom, it sheds the stamens and the color of the petals becomes somewhat paler.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Floral_stages_of_Geranium_incanum.jpg/220px-Floral_stages_of_Geranium_incanum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pubescent stem and inflorescence of Gomphrena celosioides","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gomphrena_celosioides_flowerhead3_%2814646694313%29.jpg/220px-Gomphrena_celosioides_flowerhead3_%2814646694313%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Punctate glands on Artemisia nova are visible because they are not covered with epidermal hairs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Artemisia_nova_%285061071225%29.jpg/220px-Artemisia_nova_%285061071225%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Punctiform glands on the undersurface of a Plectranthus leaf","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Punctate_under-surface_of_Plectranthus_leaf_IMG_9256s.jpg/220px-Punctate_under-surface_of_Plectranthus_leaf_IMG_9256s.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pyramidal growth habit of Picea pungens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Picea_pungens_USDA1.jpg/220px-Picea_pungens_USDA1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pyriform syconium (\"fruit\") of domestic fig","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Fig.jpg/220px-Fig.jpg"},{"image_text":"Siliques of Conringia orientalis tend toward a quadrate cross section.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Conringia_austriaca_sl36.jpg/220px-Conringia_austriaca_sl36.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bulbinella latifolia racemes. The flowers are already open at the bottom; at the top, the axis is still growing and budding.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sur%C3%A1frica%2C_Namaqualand_21.jpg/220px-Sur%C3%A1frica%2C_Namaqualand_21.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rachis of Vachellia karroo bipinnate leaf, with components labelled as follows: A. Rachilla (the diminutive of rachis) B. Pinnule C. Jugary glands D. Juga (plural of jugum) E. Base of petiole F. Petiolary gland G. Rachis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Acacia_karroo_bipinnate_leaf_IMG_2153a.jpg/220px-Acacia_karroo_bipinnate_leaf_IMG_2153a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Radicles emerging from germinating seeds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Xanthoceras_radicle.jpg/220px-Xanthoceras_radicle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reniform kidney bean seeds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Reniform_kidney_bean_seeds.jpg/220px-Reniform_kidney_bean_seeds.jpg"},{"image_text":"A leaf of Ficus carica, illustrating reticulate venation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Reticulate_veins_in_leaf_of_Ficus_carica_IMG_9203s.jpg/220px-Reticulate_veins_in_leaf_of_Ficus_carica_IMG_9203s.jpg"},{"image_text":"The central leaflets of the ternate leaves of Searsia glauca are oblate and commonly retuse.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Retuse_obtuse_leaf_of_Searsia_glauca_IMG_9112.jpg/220px-Retuse_obtuse_leaf_of_Searsia_glauca_IMG_9112.jpg"},{"image_text":"Typical rhizome. This one is a specimen of Iris pseudacorus.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Iris_pseudacorus_rhizome_and_roots_IMG_9222s.jpg/220px-Iris_pseudacorus_rhizome_and_roots_IMG_9222s.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grafting kiwifruit vine scion onto rootstock below","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kiwifruit_vine_grafting_15.jpg/220px-Kiwifruit_vine_grafting_15.jpg"},{"image_text":"Unidentified Gasteria bearing leaves with a rugose surface, banded with callosities","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rugose_leaf_from_a_species_of_Gasteria_IMG_9225.jpg/220px-Rugose_leaf_from_a_species_of_Gasteria_IMG_9225.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rugose leaves of Alocasia are stiffer than flat leaves of the same size and thickness would be.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Alocasia_Portodora_0zz.jpg/220px-Alocasia_Portodora_0zz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Unidentified Crassula bearing rugulose leaves with fine wrinkles in the epidermis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rugulose_leaf_of_unidentified_Crassula_species_IMG_9233.jpg/220px-Rugulose_leaf_of_unidentified_Crassula_species_IMG_9233.jpg"},{"image_text":"The runcinate lobes of a Taraxacum officinale leaf point downward, i.e. toward the stem.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nsr-slika-431.png/220px-Nsr-slika-431.png"},{"image_text":"Sagittate leaves of an Alocasia plant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Starr-110209-0812-Alocasia_x_amazonica-leaves-Resort_Management_Group_Nursery_Kihei-Maui_%2824444063964%29.jpg/220px-Starr-110209-0812-Alocasia_x_amazonica-leaves-Resort_Management_Group_Nursery_Kihei-Maui_%2824444063964%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Salverform flowers of Plumbago auriculata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Starr-070207-4265-Plumbago_auriculata-flowers-Hookele_Rd_Kahului-Maui_%2824255038073%29.jpg/220px-Starr-070207-4265-Plumbago_auriculata-flowers-Hookele_Rd_Kahului-Maui_%2824255038073%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Trametes versicolor, the turkey tail fungus, is a saprotroph that consumes dead wood in forests. Its common name comes from the conspicuously patterned brackets, but the main body of the saprotroph consists of the largely invisible mycelium that penetrates the dead wood and digests it.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Turkey_tail_Fungus._%2841856600312%29.jpg/220px-Turkey_tail_Fungus._%2841856600312%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Strawberry plants reproduce mainly by sarments, stolons such as these, often called runners; at their nodes the sarments put up tufts of leaves and strike root if there is any good soil beneath.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pink_Panda_07_ies.jpg/220px-Pink_Panda_07_ies.jpg"},{"image_text":"Micrograph of the scabrid undersurface of the leaf of Stipa pulcherrima.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Stipa_pulcherrima_%28subsp._pulcherrima%29_sl26.jpg/220px-Stipa_pulcherrima_%28subsp._pulcherrima%29_sl26.jpg"},{"image_text":"Amaryllis belladonna in flower, an example of a leafless scape emerging directly from the underground bulb before the seasonal leaves","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Amaryllis_belladonna_in_flower%2C_showing_scape_IMG_5342.JPG/220px-Amaryllis_belladonna_in_flower%2C_showing_scape_IMG_5342.JPG"},{"image_text":"Involucral bracts of Syncarpha species are as scarious as tissue paper, but look like live petals for years, so they are known as \"Everlastings\" and valued for dried arrangements.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Cape_Snow_%28Syncarpha_vestita%29_%2845415678955%29.jpg/220px-Cape_Snow_%28Syncarpha_vestita%29_%2845415678955%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Isolated sclereid or stone cell in plant tissue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Plant_cell_type_sclerenchyma_sclereid.png/220px-Plant_cell_type_sclerenchyma_sclereid.png"},{"image_text":"Sclereids in gritty particles of pear tissue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stone_cells_in_Pyrus_pear_%2836452689990%29.jpg/220px-Stone_cells_in_Pyrus_pear_%2836452689990%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sepals on Geranium thunbergii, five separated behind the petals of an open flower, and a connected set enclosing an unopened bud","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Geranium_thunbergii_%28sepal%29.JPG/220px-Geranium_thunbergii_%28sepal%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sericeous leaves of Podalyria sericea, the silver sweet pea bush","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Podalyria_sericea_-_South_African_shrub_-_Cape_Town_2.jpg/220px-Podalyria_sericea_-_South_African_shrub_-_Cape_Town_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The fruits of Lepidium bonariense are silicles, green and circular, with a notch at the apex.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lepidium_bonariense_fruit1_%2814652857933%29.jpg/220px-Lepidium_bonariense_fruit1_%2814652857933%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silky foliage of the silvertree, Leucadendron argenteum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Leucadendron_argenteum_-_Silvertree_-_foliage_9.jpg/220px-Leucadendron_argenteum_-_Silvertree_-_foliage_9.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sori under the leaf of the fern Rumohra adiantiformis. Some are still covered by their indusia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Rumohra_adiantiformis_sori_crop01.jpg/220px-Rumohra_adiantiformis_sori_crop01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spadix of Amorphophallus maximus within its spathe. The female flowers are around the bottom of the spadix, the male flowers above, and the sterile top part is the major source of pollinator attractants.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Amorphophallus_maximus_-_inflorescence_detail_%286592569989%29.jpg/220px-Amorphophallus_maximus_-_inflorescence_detail_%286592569989%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The convolute spathe around the spadix of Zantedeschia aethiopica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zantedeschia_aethiopica_convolute_spathe_around_spadix_IMG_5884.JPG/220px-Zantedeschia_aethiopica_convolute_spathe_around_spadix_IMG_5884.JPG"},{"image_text":"Drosera spatulata leaves are markedly spathulate.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Drosera_spatulata_leaves4_%2816806065992%29.jpg/220px-Drosera_spatulata_leaves4_%2816806065992%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The flowering spike of this Salvia nemorosa differs from a raceme in that the flowers are practically sessile.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Salvia-nemorosa-flower-spike.jpg/220px-Salvia-nemorosa-flower-spike.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spines emerging from the areoles of an Echinopsis species","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Echinopsis_candicans_%283%29.jpg/220px-Echinopsis_candicans_%283%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spinescent leaves of Salsola australis: stiff, narrowed, and with lobes ending in spiny points","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Salsola_australis_stem1_-_Flickr_-_Macleay_Grass_Man.jpg/220px-Salsola_australis_stem1_-_Flickr_-_Macleay_Grass_Man.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bird nest fungi, Nidulariaceae, bear examples of splash-cups with spores that are spread by raindrops.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bird_nest_fungi._%2835408587773%29.jpg/220px-Bird_nest_fungi._%2835408587773%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sporangia of the fungus Rhizopus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Zygo1000L.jpg/220px-Zygo1000L.jpg"},{"image_text":"Staminate flowers of Shepherdia canadensis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Shepherdia_canadensis_38574.JPG/220px-Shepherdia_canadensis_38574.JPG"},{"image_text":"Manilkara hexandra flowers have both stamens with anthers and staminodes that have no anthers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Manilkara_hexandra_L._-_Flickr_-_lalithamba.jpg/220px-Manilkara_hexandra_L._-_Flickr_-_lalithamba.jpg"},{"image_text":"Subulate leaves are narrow with an elongated, tapering tip, as seen on this species of Aloe.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Subulate_leaves_on_unidentified_Aloe_IMG_1999d.jpg/220px-Subulate_leaves_on_unidentified_Aloe_IMG_1999d.jpg"},{"image_text":"The large, succulent, acaulescent, linear, cuspidate mottled leaves of a Gasteria species and the small, succulent, cordate leaves of a Crassula species contrast with the linear, herbaceous leaves of a Hypoxis species.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Acaulescent_habit_of_Hypoxis_species_and_Gasteria_species_IMG_1957.jpg/220px-Acaulescent_habit_of_Hypoxis_species_and_Gasteria_species_IMG_1957.jpg"},{"image_text":"Suckers around the trunk of Dypsis lutescens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Starr-060922-9132-Chrysalidocarpus_lutescens-trunk_and_suckers-Kahului_Airport-Maui_%2824772270571%29.jpg/220px-Starr-060922-9132-Chrysalidocarpus_lutescens-trunk_and_suckers-Kahului_Airport-Maui_%2824772270571%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sulcate (specifically polysulcate) grooves along the stem of Scorzonera cana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scorzonera_cana_sl16.jpg/220px-Scorzonera_cana_sl16.jpg"},{"image_text":"Superior ovary ovary in an Aloe species. One flower is sectioned to display the pistil and hypanthium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Superior_ovary_in_Aloe_IMG_2029d.jpg/220px-Superior_ovary_in_Aloe_IMG_2029d.jpg"},{"image_text":"The suture along the concave curve of the pod of a Crotalaria incana, along which the seeds are attached, is where the single carpel has folded shut.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Starr-130320-3453-Crotalaria_incana-fuzzy_pods_and_bluish_seeds-Mokolea_Pt_Kilauea_Pt_NWR-Kauai_%2825182906376%29.jpg/220px-Starr-130320-3453-Crotalaria_incana-fuzzy_pods_and_bluish_seeds-Mokolea_Pt_Kilauea_Pt_NWR-Kauai_%2825182906376%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"An undamaged syconium of a Ficus species, plus two more cut open longitudinally to display the fruit within","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ficus_sp-1_140304-0229_tdp.JPG/220px-Ficus_sp-1_140304-0229_tdp.JPG"},{"image_text":"Leucaena leucocephala taproot exposed in a roadcut","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Starr-070404-6562-Leucaena_leucocephala-taproot_profile_in_roadcut-Keomoku_Rd-Lanai_%2824258711924%29.jpg/220px-Starr-070404-6562-Leucaena_leucocephala-taproot_profile_in_roadcut-Keomoku_Rd-Lanai_%2824258711924%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cross sections of Brazil nut seeds, showing the tegmen and testa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Brazil_nut_Seed_Tegmen_testa.jpg/220px-Brazil_nut_Seed_Tegmen_testa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tendrils of Cucurbita pepo, some supporting the stem on the frame, some failing to find a point of attachment","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cucurbita_pepo_01_ies.jpg/220px-Cucurbita_pepo_01_ies.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nerine bowdenii, showing the lack of visible sepals, and the inferior ovaries. The sepals are incorporated into the corolla as tepals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nerine_bowdenii1.jpg/220px-Nerine_bowdenii1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Terete raceme of Kniphofia shown together with a cross section of a peduncle. A: Inflorescence; B: Terete peduncle; C: Cross section of a terete peduncle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Terete_raceme_of_Kniphofia_with_cross_section_of_peduncle_IMG_2082a.jpg/220px-Terete_raceme_of_Kniphofia_with_cross_section_of_peduncle_IMG_2082a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gymnosporia buxifolia has true thorns, that is, modified branches. In some species such branches are complete with buds and leaves.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gymnosporia_buxifolia_thorn.JPG/220px-Gymnosporia_buxifolia_thorn.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sweet potato tubers exposed, showing them to be root tubers. Morphologically, they differ from stem tubers of potatoes, for example, in that root tubers do not have nodes that bear buds. The root tubers of some species of plants, however, can produce adventitious buds for vegetative reproduction.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sweet_potatoes_exposed_-_DSCF7299.JPG/220px-Sweet_potatoes_exposed_-_DSCF7299.JPG"},{"image_text":"Oxalis tuberosa, a stem tuber","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Oca_du_P%C3%A9rou_01.jpg/220px-Oca_du_P%C3%A9rou_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Corms of Crocosmia bear typical tunics formed of cataphylls growing from the nodes of the corm. The illustration shows still-living cataphylls as white tissue, whereas the functional, hard, resistant tunic is brown.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CrocosmiaCormTunic5601s.jpg/220px-CrocosmiaCormTunic5601s.jpg"},{"image_text":"Turbinate (spinning top-shaped) roots of sugar beet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/SugarBeet.jpg/220px-SugarBeet.jpg"},{"image_text":"Haworthia lockwoodii, with its leaves turgid and green after seasonal rains, store water against the coming dry period.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Haworthia_lockwoodii_-_green_after_rains.jpg/220px-Haworthia_lockwoodii_-_green_after_rains.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tussock grasses on mountain slopes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lindis_Pass%2C_New_Zealand_%283%29.JPG/220px-Lindis_Pass%2C_New_Zealand_%283%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Umbo in the middle of the cap of Cantharellula umbonata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cantharellula_umbonata_59168.jpg/220px-Cantharellula_umbonata_59168.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thorny prickles of Senegalia mellifera subspecies detinens are unciform.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Acacia_mellifera_subsp._detinens08.jpg/220px-Acacia_mellifera_subsp._detinens08.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mammillaria bocasana has uncinate tips on its major spines.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mammillaria_bocasana_%2826413016563%29.jpg/220px-Mammillaria_bocasana_%2826413016563%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pitchers of the species Nepenthes ventricosa tend to be markedly urceolate.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Nepenthes_ventricosa.jpg/220px-Nepenthes_ventricosa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Photomicrograph of a cross section of a vascular bundle in the stem of a typical herbaceous dicotyledon A: PhloemB: CambiumC: XylemD: Fibrous sheath of vascular bundle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rumex_vascular_bundle_from_Commons%2C_adapted_copy_of_commons_file.jpg/220px-Rumex_vascular_bundle_from_Commons%2C_adapted_copy_of_commons_file.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leaf veins and velutinous hairs of Nepeta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Leaf_veins_and_velutinous_hairs_of_Nepeta_IMG_8150c.jpg/220px-Leaf_veins_and_velutinous_hairs_of_Nepeta_IMG_8150c.jpg"},{"image_text":"Velamen, the pale grey membrane covering the mature part of the root of an epiphyte","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Clinging_root_of_epiphyte.jpg/220px-Clinging_root_of_epiphyte.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flower stalks and sepal tubes of Pueraria phaseoloides are covered with velutinous (velvety) hairs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hesperiidae_on_Pueraria_phaseoloides_in_Kadavoor.jpg/220px-Hesperiidae_on_Pueraria_phaseoloides_in_Kadavoor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Verticillaster of Salvia yangii","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vercillaster.jpg/220px-Vercillaster.jpg"},{"image_text":"Verticillate leaves and emerging branchlets of a forb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Fg_verticillate.JPG/220px-Fg_verticillate.JPG"},{"image_text":"Vestigial leaf scales on stem nodes of Viscum capense","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Viscum_capense_Detail_of_branch_and_vestigial_leaf_scales_IMG_6409.JPG/220px-Viscum_capense_Detail_of_branch_and_vestigial_leaf_scales_IMG_6409.JPG"},{"image_text":"Asparagus virgatus owes its specific epithet virgatus to the twiggy appearance of its virgate shoots.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Asparagus_virgatus_IMG_8069.jpg/220px-Asparagus_virgatus_IMG_8069.jpg"},{"image_text":"Watershoots","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Watershoots.JPG/220px-Watershoots.JPG"},{"image_text":"The verticillate whorls of leaves on Brabejum stellatifolium are unusual among trees in its native region.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Brabejum_stellatifolium_tree_CapeWildAlmond_3.JPG/220px-Brabejum_stellatifolium_tree_CapeWildAlmond_3.JPG"},{"image_text":"Winged seeds of Catalpa bignonioides are nearly all wing. Tufts at the tips increase aerodynamic drag, thereby improving wind dispersal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Winged_seeds_of_Catalpa_bignonioides_IMG_2557c.jpg/220px-Winged_seeds_of_Catalpa_bignonioides_IMG_2557c.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leaves of some species of Citrus have winged petioles.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Citrus_limon_-_leaf_with_winged_petiole.jpg/220px-Citrus_limon_-_leaf_with_winged_petiole.jpg"},{"image_text":"Senecio haworthii leaves have an unusually dense wooly coat.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Senecio_haworthii_Felted_leaves_2012_07_19_7536.JPG/220px-Senecio_haworthii_Felted_leaves_2012_07_19_7536.JPG"},{"image_text":"Zonate markings on the leaves of a garden variety of Pelargonium zonale","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pelargonium_zonale_a1.jpg/220px-Pelargonium_zonale_a1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Like most of the genus Pelargonium, and unlike most members of the genus Geranium, Pelargonium quercifolium bears flowers that are bilaterally symmetrical. Accordingly, because the yoke of an ox is bilaterally symmetrical, such flowers are said to be zygomorphic, which literally means \"yoke-shaped\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pelargonium_quercifolium_habit.jpg/220px-Pelargonium_quercifolium_habit.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Glossary of biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology"},{"title":"Glossary of plant morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology"},{"title":"Glossary of leaf morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology"},{"title":"Glossary of lichen terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_lichen_terms"},{"title":"Glossary of mycology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_mycology"},{"title":"Glossary of scientific naming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_scientific_naming"},{"title":"Plant morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_morphology"},{"title":"Floral formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_formula"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg"},{"title":"Plants portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Plants"}]
[{"reference":"\"Glossary: P\". Go Botany. Native Plant Trust. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/glossary/p/","url_text":"\"Glossary: P\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230928101916/https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/glossary/p/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"tuberculate\". Dictionary of botany. Retrieved 7 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.botanydictionary.org/tuberculate.html","url_text":"\"tuberculate\""}]},{"reference":"Allaby, Michael (2012). A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960057-1 – via Google Books (preview only).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Allaby","url_text":"Allaby, Michael"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wzZGQOmcjqAC","url_text":"A Dictionary of Plant Sciences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960057-1","url_text":"978-0-19-960057-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914a). \"Tetrad\". The New Student's Reference Work. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Tetrad","url_text":"Tetrad"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work","url_text":"The New Student's Reference Work"}]},{"reference":"Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914b). \"Tetraspore\". The New Student's Reference Work. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Tetraspore","url_text":"Tetraspore"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work","url_text":"The New Student's Reference Work"}]},{"reference":"Beentje, Henk (2010). The Kew Plant Glossary, an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms. Richmond, London: Kew Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84246-422-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henk_Jaap_Beentje","url_text":"Beentje, Henk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Publishing","url_text":"Kew Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84246-422-9","url_text":"978-1-84246-422-9"}]},{"reference":"Brodie, Harold J. (May 1951). \"The splash-cup dispersal mechanism in plants\". Canadian Journal of Botany. 29 (3). Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Science Publishing: 224–234. doi:10.1139/b51-022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_J._Brodie","url_text":"Brodie, Harold J."},{"url":"https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/b51-022","url_text":"\"The splash-cup dispersal mechanism in plants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Botany","url_text":"Canadian Journal of Botany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Science_Publishing","url_text":"Canadian Science Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fb51-022","url_text":"10.1139/b51-022"}]},{"reference":"Cappers, René T.J.; Neef, Reinder (2012). Handbook of Plant Palaeoecology. Barkuis Publishing. ISBN 9789492444264 – via Google Books (preview only).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OJhLDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Handbook of Plant Palaeoecology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789492444264","url_text":"9789492444264"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Carolin, Roger C.; Tindale, Mary D. (1994). Flora of the Sydney Region (4th ed.). Chatswood, NSW: Reed. ISBN 0730104001. OCLC 32821788.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Charles_Carolin","url_text":"Carolin, Roger C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tindale","url_text":"Tindale, Mary D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0730104001","url_text":"0730104001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32821788","url_text":"32821788"}]},{"reference":"Don, George (1831). A General History of Dichlamydeous Plants...Arranged According to the Natural System. Vol. 1. London. Retrieved 15 December 2022 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Don","url_text":"Don, George"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/55546","url_text":"A General History of Dichlamydeous Plants...Arranged According to the Natural System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library","url_text":"Biodiversity Heritage Library"}]},{"reference":"Eckenwalder, James E. (2009). Conifers of the World: the Complete Reference. London: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Emory_Eckenwalder","url_text":"Eckenwalder, James E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Press","url_text":"Timber Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-974-4","url_text":"978-0-88192-974-4"}]},{"reference":"Gifford, Ernest M.; Foster, Adriance S. (1989). Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants (3rd ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-1946-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriance_S._Foster","url_text":"Foster, Adriance S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Freeman_and_Company","url_text":"W. H. Freeman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1946-5","url_text":"978-0-7167-1946-5"}]},{"reference":"Hanzawa, Frances M.; Beattie, Andrew J.; Holmes, Anne (November 1985). \"Dual function of the elaiosome of Corydalis aurea (Fumariaceae): attraction of dispersal agents and repulsion of Peromyscus maniculatus, a seed predator\". American Journal of Botany. 72 (11). St. Louis, Missouri: Botanical Society of America: 1707–1711. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1985.tb08442.x. JSTOR 2443727.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Botany","url_text":"American Journal of Botany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_America","url_text":"Botanical Society of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1537-2197.1985.tb08442.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1537-2197.1985.tb08442.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2443727","url_text":"2443727"}]},{"reference":"Harris, James G.; Harris, Melinda Woolf (2001). Plant Identification Terminology: an Illustrated Glossary (2nd ed.). Spring Lake, Utah, US: Spring Lake Publishing. ISBN 0-9640221-6-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9640221-6-8","url_text":"0-9640221-6-8"}]},{"reference":"Hickey, Michael; King, Clive (2000). The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79401-5 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0Yja1lL_pJYC","url_text":"The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79401-5","url_text":"978-0-521-79401-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Colin (2017). \"About the Field Guides Project\". The Virtual Field Herbarium (herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk). Oxford University Herbaria. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170305113254/http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/about/","url_text":"\"About the Field Guides Project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Herbaria","url_text":"Oxford University Herbaria"},{"url":"http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/about/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Plant Characteristics\". The Virtual Field Herbarium (herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk). Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170305034525/http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/image/index.php?glossary=show","url_text":"\"Plant Characteristics\""},{"url":"http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/image/index.php?glossary=show","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"IPNI (2022). \"Rosaceae Juss., Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 334 (1789), nom. cons\". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 24 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ipni.org/n/30000200-2","url_text":"\"Rosaceae Juss., Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 334 (1789), nom. cons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria","url_text":"Harvard University Herbaria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Library","url_text":"Libraries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Botanic_Gardens","url_text":"Australian National Botanic Gardens"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Benjamin Daydon (1928). A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent. New York: Hafner Publishing Co. Inc. Retrieved 15 December 2022 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Daydon_Jackson","url_text":"Jackson, Benjamin Daydon"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/glossaryofbotani1928jack","url_text":"A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library","url_text":"Biodiversity Heritage Library"}]},{"reference":"Jaeger, Edmund Carroll (1959). A Source-book of Biological Names and Terms. Springfield, Illinois, US: Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-06179-1 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Jaeger","url_text":"Jaeger, Edmund Carroll"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sourcebookofbiol0000jaeg","url_text":"A Source-book of Biological Names and Terms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-398-06179-1","url_text":"978-0-398-06179-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Kucewicz, Magdalena; Maćkiewicz, Katarzyna; Źróbek-Sokolnik, Anna (2010). \"Selected aspects of tiny vetch [Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray S.F.] seed ecology: generative reproduction and effects of seed maturity and seed storage on seed germination\". Acta Agrobotanica. 63 (1). Warsaw: Polish Botanical Society: 205–212. doi:10.5586/aa.2010.023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pbsociety.org.pl/journals/index.php/aa/article/view/aa.2010.023/1199","url_text":"\"Selected aspects of tiny vetch [Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray S.F.] seed ecology: generative reproduction and effects of seed maturity and seed storage on seed germination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5586%2Faa.2010.023","url_text":"10.5586/aa.2010.023"}]},{"reference":"Lellinger, David B. (2002). A Modern Multilingual Glossary for Taxonomic Pteridology (Pteridologia) (in English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese). Vol. 3. American Fern Society, Inc. ISBN 978-0-933500-02-0. Retrieved 15 December 2022 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Lellinger","url_text":"Lellinger, David B."},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52384173","url_text":"A Modern Multilingual Glossary for Taxonomic Pteridology (Pteridologia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Fern_Society","url_text":"American Fern Society, Inc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933500-02-0","url_text":"978-0-933500-02-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library","url_text":"Biodiversity Heritage Library"}]},{"reference":"Meerow, Alan W.; Fay, Michael F.; Guy, Charles L.; Li, Qin-Bao; Zaman, Faridah Q.; Chase, Mark W. (September 1999). \"Systematics of Amaryllidaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid sequence data\". American Journal of Botany. 86 (9). St. Louis, Missouri: Botanical Society of America: 1325–1345. doi:10.2307/2656780. JSTOR 2656780. PMID 10487820.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Meerow","url_text":"Meerow, Alan W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Francis_Fay","url_text":"Fay, Michael F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wayne_Chase","url_text":"Chase, Mark W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Botany","url_text":"American Journal of Botany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_America","url_text":"Botanical Society of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2656780","url_text":"10.2307/2656780"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2656780","url_text":"2656780"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10487820","url_text":"10487820"}]},{"reference":"Neotropikey (2017). \"Glossary of Botanical Terms\". www.kew.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170121214009/http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/glossary.htm","url_text":"\"Glossary of Botanical Terms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"},{"url":"http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/glossary.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (A–M). Vol. 1 (6th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2. Retrieved 17 December 2022 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shorteroxfordeng0001unse_b7h4/","url_text":"New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (A–M)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920687-2","url_text":"978-0-19-920687-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (N–Z). Vol. 2 (6th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2. Retrieved 16 December 2022 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shorteroxfordeng0002unse_z2f4/","url_text":"New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (N–Z)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920687-2","url_text":"978-0-19-920687-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"NYBG (2019). \"Glossary for Vascular Plants\". The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium, New York Botanical Garden. Retrieved 20 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/glossary/","url_text":"\"Glossary for Vascular Plants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Garden","url_text":"New York Botanical Garden"}]},{"reference":"Pell, Susan K.; Angell, Bobbi (2016). A Botanist's Vocabulary: 1300 Terms Explained and Illustrated. Portland, Oregon, US: Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-604-69563-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Press","url_text":"Timber Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-604-69563-2","url_text":"978-1-604-69563-2"}]},{"reference":"Rendle, Alfred Barton (1911). \"Fruit\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 257–258.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Barton_Rendle","url_text":"Rendle, Alfred Barton"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fruit","url_text":"Fruit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Schulze, Ernst-Detlef; Zwölfer, Helmut, eds. (2012). Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis, Extinction and Naturalization of Plant Species. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 9783642716300. Retrieved 16 December 2022 – via Google Books (preview only).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cqXrCAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis, Extinction and Naturalization of Plant Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Berlin_Heidelberg","url_text":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642716300","url_text":"9783642716300"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Shreve, Forrest; Wiggins, Ira L. (1964). Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert. Vol. 1. Stanford, California, US: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804701631. OCLC 710084 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Shreve","url_text":"Shreve, Forrest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Loren_Wiggins","url_text":"Wiggins, Ira L."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/vegetationflorao0001shre/","url_text":"Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press","url_text":"Stanford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804701631","url_text":"9780804701631"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/710084","url_text":"710084"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Michael G. (August 2011). Plant Systematics. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-051404-8 – via Google Books (preview only).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC","url_text":"Plant Systematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press","url_text":"Academic Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-051404-8","url_text":"978-0-08-051404-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Sims, John (1803). Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Or, Flower-garden Displayed: In which the Most Ornamental Foreign Plants, Cultivated in the Open Ground, the Green-house, and the Stove, are Accurately Represented in Their Natural Colours ... Vol. 17. London: T. Curtis. Retrieved 15 December 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sims_(taxonomist)","url_text":"Sims, John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dGdMAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Or, Flower-garden Displayed: In which the Most Ornamental Foreign Plants, Cultivated in the Open Ground, the Green-house, and the Stove, are Accurately Represented in Their Natural Colours ..."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Stearn, William T. (1983). Botanical Latin (3rd ed.). Newton Abbot & London & North Pomfret, Vermont, US: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-8548-8. Retrieved 15 December 2015 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Stearn","url_text":"Stearn, William T."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/botanicallatinhi0000stea","url_text":"Botanical Latin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_%26_Charles","url_text":"David & Charles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-8548-8","url_text":"0-7153-8548-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Turland, N.J.; Wiersema, J.H.; Barrie, F.R.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Kusber, W.-H.; Li, D.-Z.; Marhold, K.; May, T.W.; McNeill, J.; Monro, A.M.; Prado, J.; Price, M.J.; Smith, G.F., eds. (2018). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile. Vol. 159. Glashütten, Germany: Koeltz Botanical Books. doi:10.12705/Code.2018. ISBN 978-3-946583-16-5. OCLC 1043552267. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php","url_text":"International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glash%C3%BCtten_(Taunus)","url_text":"Glashütten, Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12705%2FCode.2018","url_text":"10.12705/Code.2018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-946583-16-5","url_text":"978-3-946583-16-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043552267","url_text":"1043552267"}]},{"reference":"Herman, P P J (2015). \"Botanical glossary\" (PDF). SANBI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201018153534/http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Botanical-Glossary_P_Herman_032016.pdf","url_text":"\"Botanical glossary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute","url_text":"SANBI"},{"url":"http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Botanical-Glossary_P_Herman_032016.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Glossary+of+botanical+terms%22","external_links_name":"\"Glossary of botanical terms\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Glossary+of+botanical+terms%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Glossary+of+botanical+terms%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Glossary+of+botanical+terms%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Glossary+of+botanical+terms%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Glossary+of+botanical+terms%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_18.html","external_links_name":"Article 18"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dGdMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP93","external_links_name":"[p. 93]"},{"Link":"https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/glossary/p/","external_links_name":"\"Glossary: P\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230928101916/https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/glossary/p/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.botanydictionary.org/tuberculate.html","external_links_name":"\"tuberculate\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wzZGQOmcjqAC","external_links_name":"A Dictionary of Plant Sciences"},{"Link":"https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/b51-022","external_links_name":"\"The splash-cup dispersal mechanism in plants\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fb51-022","external_links_name":"10.1139/b51-022"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OJhLDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Handbook of Plant Palaeoecology"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32821788","external_links_name":"32821788"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/55546","external_links_name":"A General History of Dichlamydeous Plants...Arranged According to the Natural System"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1537-2197.1985.tb08442.x","external_links_name":"10.1002/j.1537-2197.1985.tb08442.x"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2443727","external_links_name":"2443727"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0Yja1lL_pJYC","external_links_name":"The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170305113254/http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/about/","external_links_name":"\"About the Field Guides Project\""},{"Link":"http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/about/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170305034525/http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/image/index.php?glossary=show","external_links_name":"\"Plant Characteristics\""},{"Link":"http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/image/index.php?glossary=show","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/30000200-2","external_links_name":"\"Rosaceae Juss., Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 334 (1789), nom. cons\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/glossaryofbotani1928jack","external_links_name":"A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sourcebookofbiol0000jaeg","external_links_name":"A Source-book of Biological Names and Terms"},{"Link":"https://pbsociety.org.pl/journals/index.php/aa/article/view/aa.2010.023/1199","external_links_name":"\"Selected aspects of tiny vetch [Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray S.F.] seed ecology: generative reproduction and effects of seed maturity and seed storage on seed germination\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5586%2Faa.2010.023","external_links_name":"10.5586/aa.2010.023"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52384173","external_links_name":"A Modern Multilingual Glossary for Taxonomic Pteridology (Pteridologia)"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2656780","external_links_name":"10.2307/2656780"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2656780","external_links_name":"2656780"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10487820","external_links_name":"10487820"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170121214009/http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/glossary.htm","external_links_name":"\"Glossary of Botanical Terms\""},{"Link":"http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/glossary.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/shorteroxfordeng0001unse_b7h4/","external_links_name":"New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (A–M)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/shorteroxfordeng0002unse_z2f4/","external_links_name":"New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (N–Z)"},{"Link":"http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/glossary/","external_links_name":"\"Glossary for Vascular Plants\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cqXrCAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis, Extinction and Naturalization of Plant Species"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/vegetationflorao0001shre/","external_links_name":"Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/710084","external_links_name":"710084"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC","external_links_name":"Plant Systematics"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dGdMAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Or, Flower-garden Displayed: In which the Most Ornamental Foreign Plants, Cultivated in the Open Ground, the Green-house, and the Stove, are Accurately Represented in Their Natural Colours ..."},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/botanicallatinhi0000stea","external_links_name":"Botanical Latin"},{"Link":"https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php","external_links_name":"International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12705%2FCode.2018","external_links_name":"10.12705/Code.2018"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043552267","external_links_name":"1043552267"},{"Link":"https://en.wiktionary.org/","external_links_name":"Wiktionary"},{"Link":"http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/top/glossarya_h.html","external_links_name":"Glossary"},{"Link":"http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/welcome.html","external_links_name":"APweb"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706200346/http://ariel.minilab.bdeb.qc.ca/~fg/Glossary/glossary.shtml","external_links_name":"A glossary of botanical terms"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706200402/http://ariel.minilab.bdeb.qc.ca/~fg/intro.e.shtml","external_links_name":"in English"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706200405/http://ariel.minilab.bdeb.qc.ca/~fg/","external_links_name":"Flora, etc."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141110220911/http://glossary.gardenweb.com/glossary/","external_links_name":"Garden Web"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/glossary.aspx","external_links_name":"eFloras"},{"Link":"http://fmhibd.library.cmu.edu/HIBD-DB/FNA/findrecords.php","external_links_name":"Categorical Glossary for the Flora of North America Project"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131205103627/http://www.kew.org/Glossary/index.htm","external_links_name":"Standard glossary (archive)"},{"Link":"http://www.kew.org/sites/default/files/assets/KPPCONT_029192_Primary.pdf","external_links_name":"Stuppy, W. Glossary of Seed and Fruit Morphological Terms"},{"Link":"http://eflora.library.usyd.edu.au/glossary/","external_links_name":"University of Sydney: Eflora – Glossary"},{"Link":"https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/help/glossary","external_links_name":"Florabase (Western Australia)"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/glossaries/index.html","external_links_name":"Flora of Australia Online Glossary"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/flora/abbrevs.html","external_links_name":"Flora of Australia Abbreviations"},{"Link":"https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/114755","external_links_name":"Flora of S Australia"},{"Link":"http://plant-phytography.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Botany Word of the Day."},{"Link":"https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/help/glossary/","external_links_name":"New Zealand Plant Conservation Network"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201018153534/http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Botanical-Glossary_P_Herman_032016.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Botanical glossary\""},{"Link":"http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Botanical-Glossary_P_Herman_032016.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://posa.sanbi.org/flora/showglossary.php?taxon=genno=2099","external_links_name":"Plants of southern Africa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161017192646/http://posa.sanbi.org/flora/showglossary.php?taxon=genno=2099","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghoraniyeh
Ghoraniyeh
["1 References"]
A WWI sketch of the Jordan Valley Ruins of the burnt bridge and a pontoon bridge; Ghoraniyeh WWI bridgehead; by James McBey (1918) Ghoraniyeh or El Ghorahiyeh is a crossing (ford) by the Jordan River south of Wadi Nimrin on the left bank where it joins Wadi an Nuway'imah (Nuei'ameh, Nu'eima, etc.) on the right bank. During the Ottoman times there was a bridge, destroyed during the World War I by the retreating Ottomans. During the war it was an important bridgehead. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ghoraniyeh. ^ Power, E. “THE SITE OF THE PENTAPOLIS.” Biblica, vol. 11, no. 1, GBPress- Gregorian Biblical Press, 1930, pp. 23–62, JSTOR 42613807, p.35 ^ Trelawney Saunders, An Introduction to the Survey of Western Palestine: Its Waterways, Plains & Highlands, 1881, p. 169 (file @ Commons)
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghoraniyeh_-_the_remains_of_the_old_bridge_across_the_Jordan,_burnt_by_the_Turks_Art.IWMART1549.jpg"},{"link_name":"James McBey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McBey"},{"link_name":"ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_(crossing)"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Wadi Nimrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Nimrin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wadi an Nuway'imah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wadi_an_Nuway%27imah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ottoman times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"bridgehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehead"}],"text":"Ruins of the burnt bridge and a pontoon bridge; Ghoraniyeh WWI bridgehead; by James McBey (1918)Ghoraniyeh or El Ghorahiyeh is a crossing (ford) by the Jordan River south of Wadi Nimrin on the left bank[1] where it joins Wadi an Nuway'imah (Nuei'ameh, Nu'eima, etc.) on the right bank.[2] During the Ottoman times there was a bridge, destroyed during the World War I by the retreating Ottomans. During the war it was an important bridgehead.","title":"Ghoraniyeh"}]
[{"image_text":"A WWI sketch of the Jordan Valley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/FallsSkMap24detJordanValley.jpeg/220px-FallsSkMap24detJordanValley.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Ruins of the burnt bridge and a pontoon bridge; Ghoraniyeh WWI bridgehead; by James McBey (1918)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ghoraniyeh_-_the_remains_of_the_old_bridge_across_the_Jordan%2C_burnt_by_the_Turks_Art.IWMART1549.jpg/220px-Ghoraniyeh_-_the_remains_of_the_old_bridge_across_the_Jordan%2C_burnt_by_the_Turks_Art.IWMART1549.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42613807","external_links_name":"42613807"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9YlCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA169","external_links_name":"p. 169"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himesh_Patel
Himesh Patel
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 EastEnders","2.2 Short films","2.3 After EastEnders","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","4.3 Stage","5 Awards and nominations","6 Discography","6.1 Soundtrack albums","6.2 Other charted songs","7 References","8 External links"]
British actor (born 1990) Himesh PatelPatel in 2019BornHimesh Jitendra Patel (1990-10-13) 13 October 1990 (age 33)Sawtry, Cambridgeshire, EnglandOccupationActorYears active2007–presentChildren1 Himesh Jitendra Patel (born 13 October 1990) is a British actor. He began his career portraying Tamwar Masood in the BBC soap opera EastEnders (2007–2016). This was followed by roles in the Channel 4 sitcom Damned (2016–2018) and the films Yesterday (2019) and Tenet (2020). In 2021, Patel starred in the HBO miniseries Station Eleven, earning a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie. That same year, he also starred in Adam McKay's Netflix film Don't Look Up. Early life Patel was born on 13 October 1990 in Sawtry, Cambridgeshire. His parents are both Indian Gujaratis. His mother was born in Zambia and his father was born in Kenya. He grew up speaking Gujarati. Patel attended Prince William School in Oundle, Northamptonshire. As a child, he began impersonating his favourite characters on television and film. When he was 11, he was cast in a school play, This Is Your Life, Santa Claus, as Michael Aspel. Upon the suggestion by a teacher, his parents then signed him up for a local theatre group, the Key Youth Theatre in Peterborough. Later, he became a member of The Young Actors' Company in Cambridge, where he also took film classes. He took piano lessons and bought himself an electric guitar and taught himself to play at the age of 13. His parents ran a newsagent's shop in Cambridgeshire. Patel did a paper round until he was 21. Career EastEnders When he was 16, Patel received a call on the day of his GCSEs saying he had landed an audition for the British soap opera EastEnders through an agency in The Young Actors' Company. He finished his last exam and had his parents rush him to his audition. After his first audition a casting assistant saw him waiting outside the audition room and asked him to read for the casting director. Patel won the part of Tamwar Masood, and 1 October 2007 marked his first appearance on EastEnders. In 2011 Patel and Meryl Fernandes won the Inside Soap Award for Best Wedding. Patel has also appeared in EastEnders: E20 as Tamwar. In 2011 he co-wrote episode one of series three with co-star Charlie G. Hawkins. In 2013 he filmed an internet spin-off of EastEnders called Tamwar Tales - The Life of an Assistant Market Inspector. Four episodes were aired weekly, starting on 25 July 2013. All four episodes and one behind-the-scenes clip are available on the EastEnders official website. He played Tamwar for nine years until he left the show in 2016 to explore other opportunities. His last appearance was on 22 April 2016. Patel in 2011 Short films He has appeared in a number of short films. In 2014, he was cast as Pavan in the short film Two Dosas; the film won several awards, including Best Short Comedy at the London Short Film Festival and Best Comedy at the Aspen Film Festival. At the Shuffle festival, it won a third award, judged by Danny Boyle, who would later direct Patel in Yesterday (2019). Patel portrayed The Suit in The Fox (2017), another comedy short by Henry Scriven. He is working on a short film titled Is This Life? (2019). In 2021, he acted in the short film Enjoy. After EastEnders On 27 September 2016 he made his first appearance on TV since leaving EastEnders in the first episode of the Channel 4 sitcom Damned. He played ex-constable and social worker Nitin for 12 episodes in two six-episode series. He appeared in Rapscallions (2016), a short film by Henry Scriven. In 2017 he was cast in Don Juan in Soho as "Vagabond" with David Tennant playing the titular character. Patel played Amit in an episode of the BBC comedy Climaxed in the same year. He made a short appearance as Mr. Glencuddy in the second episode of the comedy Motherland. Patel has been credited as a voice actor in two Doctor Who audio stories. He voiced Biotech Dendry in Day of the Vashta Nerada as well as Engineer and Ayrton Valencia in The Lifeboat and the Deathboat. He is credited as a producer for the 2017 feature film My Pure Land. In 2019, he made his film debut with his breakthrough role as Jack Malik in Yesterday (2019). He sings live throughout the film, covering various songs by The Beatles. He appeared in The Aeronauts (2019) alongside Felicity Jones and Eddie Redmayne. Patel was cast as Emery Staines in The Luminaries, a mini-series based on the 2013 book by Eleanor Catton. The plot of the TV series differs from the book. Patel appears on the 2019 Children in Need album. He sang the Killers' song, "All These Things That I've Done". According to an interview, Patel is working on his first original TV script with What Larks Productions. In 2019, Patel joined the cast of HBO Max limited series Station Eleven. In 2020, Patel appeared as Jordan Hatwal in the comedy series Avenue 5, starring Hugh Laurie. In 2020, Patel appeared in the film Tenet as Mahir, a fixer who initially helps Neil and the protagonist in their plot to steal the painting from the Oslo airport. Patel appears in the 2021 Netflix film Don't Look Up, portraying Phillip Kaj, the unscrupulous journalist dating the astronomer, Jennifer Lawrence's Kate Dibiasky, who is responsible for detecting the movie's comet. For his performance and along with the ensemble he received the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture nomination. In 2022, Patel made an end credits cameo in Enola Holmes 2 as Dr. John Watson. Personal life Patel is a supporter of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. He became a father in December 2020 to a daughter. Filmography Key † Denotes films that have not yet been released Film Year Title Role Notes 2019 Yesterday Jack Malik The Aeronauts John Trew 2020 Tenet Mahir 2021 Don't Look Up Phillip Kaj 2022 Enola Holmes 2 Dr. John Watson The Amazing Maurice Keith (voice) 2023 Good Grief Thomas 2024 Greedy People † TBA Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes 2007–2016 EastEnders Tamwar Masood Main role, 566 episodes 2013 Children in Need Jazz Dancer 1 episode 2016–2018 Damned Nitin Main role, 12 episodes 2017 Motherland Mr. Glencuddy 1 episode 2020 The Luminaries Emery Staines Miniseries, 6 episodes Avenue 5 Jordan Hatwal Recurring role, 5 episodes 2021–2022 Station Eleven Jeevan Chaudhary Miniseries, 10 episodes 2022 Ten Percent Himself 1 episode 2023 Black Mirror Himself, Himself as Krish Episode: "Joan Is Awful" TBA The Franchise † Daniel Main role; upcoming series Stage Year Title Role Venue Notes 2016 Le Bossu Edinburgh Festival and Wilton's Music Hall 2017 Don Juan in Soho Vagabond Wyndham's Theatre Awards and nominations Year Award Category Work Result Notes Ref. 2011 Inside Soap Award Best Wedding EastEnders Won Shared with Meryl Fernandes 2019 Teen Choice Award Choice Summer Movie Actor Yesterday Nominated 2020 Eastern Eye's Arts Culture & Theatre Awards Eastern Eye Award for Film, TV & Drama - Best Actor Yesterday Won 2022 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Cast in a Motion Picture Don't Look Up Nominated 2022 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie Station Eleven Nominated Discography Soundtrack albums List of soundtrack albums, with selected chart positions Title Album details Peak chart positions US Yesterday Released: 21 June 2019 Labels: Universal Pictures, Universal Music, Capitol Records Format: Streaming, CD, digital download 193 Other charted songs List of other charted songs, with selected chart positions Title Year Peak chart positions Album US Rock "Yesterday" 2019 39 Yesterday References ^ "Can Himesh Patel really sing and play the guitar in the Yesterday movie?". Smooth. Retrieved 23 July 2019. ^ British Future (13 December 2012), EastEnders' Himesh Patel on his British identity, archived from the original on 12 December 2021, retrieved 23 July 2019 ^ a b "Himesh Patel masters the Beatles in 'Yesterday'". Los Angeles Times. 27 June 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019. ^ "Himesh Patel". IMDb.com. Retrieved 21 June 2019. ^ "Meet Himesh Patel, Breakout Star of Yesterday". Vogue. 17 May 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019. ^ "Talent spotted early – Peterborough's Himesh Patel in the biggest British movie of the summer, Yesterday". www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk. Retrieved 23 July 2019. ^ "Star's 'amazing' time on Beatles film". 17 June 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019. ^ Fretts, Bruce (30 June 2019). "'Yesterday' Star Himesh Patel Was Delivering Papers Not So Long Ago". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 July 2019. ^ "EastEnders: E20" Episode #3.1 (TV Episode 2011) – IMDb, retrieved 25 July 2019 ^ "EastEnders: Tamwar Masood in new online spin-off". Radio Times. Retrieved 25 July 2019. ^ "BBC One – EastEnders – Tamwar Tales". BBC. Retrieved 25 July 2019. ^ "EastEnders star Himesh Patel reveals guilt at leaving Tamwar Masood behind". Metro. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2019. ^ "London Short Film Festival, UK (2015)". IMDb. Retrieved 25 July 2019. ^ "TWO DOSAS". cinando.com. Retrieved 25 July 2019. ^ "Nikesh Shukla Wins Another Award for Two Dosas". David Higham Associates. Retrieved 25 July 2019. ^ "Danny Boyle judges cemetery film fest". BBC News. Retrieved 25 July 2019. ^ The Fox, retrieved 25 July 2019 ^ Is This Life?, retrieved 25 July 2019 ^ Enjoy, 7 July 2021, retrieved 16 September 2021 ^ a b Jeffery, Morgan (14 February 2018). "Himesh Patel on a "darker" series two of Ch4's Damned". Digital Spy. Retrieved 25 July 2019. ^ Rapscallions, retrieved 25 July 2019 ^ "Final casting announced for 'Don Juan in Soho'". The Arts Shelf. 3 February 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2019. ^ BBC Three (2 April 2017), Festival Sex | Climaxed, retrieved 25 July 2019 ^ "5. The Diary of River Song Series 05 – The Diary of River Song – Big Finish". www.bigfinish.com. Retrieved 26 July 2019. ^ "2. Doctor Who: Classic Doctors New Monsters Volume 02 – Doctor Who – Classic Series – Special Releases – Big Finish". www.bigfinish.com. Retrieved 26 July 2019. ^ My Pure Land, retrieved 25 July 2019 ^ "'Yesterday' exclusive: Himesh Patel sings The Beatles live". www.usatoday.com. Retrieved 25 July 2019. ^ The Aeronauts, retrieved 25 July 2019 ^ The Luminaries, retrieved 25 July 2019 ^ "When is The Luminaries on TV? What's it about and who stars in it?". Radio Times. Retrieved 25 July 2019. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (18 October 2019). "Mackenzie Davis & Himesh Patel To Star In 'Station Eleven' HBO Max Limited Series". ^ Gallagher, Simon (28 August 2020). "Tenet Cast Guide: Where You Recognize The Actors From". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on 29 August 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020. ^ Westenfeld, Adrienne (December 2021). "Himesh Patel Knows Disaster". Esquire. ^ "SAG Awards: 'CODA' Makes History With Best Cast Win". The Hollywood Reporter. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022. ^ "Did You Spot Dr. Watson in 'Enola Holmes 2'?". Netflix Tudum. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ "Himesh Patel – actor, rising star, Spurs fan". Tottenham Hotspur F.C. 22 July 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2021. ^ Patalay, Ajesh. "Mr Himesh Patel's Time Is Now". MrPorter.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. ^ "28th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". sagawards.org. Retrieved 14 July 2022. ^ Moreau, Jordan (12 July 2022). "Emmys 2022: Complete Nominations List". Variety. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022. ^ "Top 200 Albums: Billboard 200 (July 13, 2019)". Billboard. Retrieved 11 July 2019. ^ "Yesterday (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Himesh Patel on Apple Music". iTunes Store. Retrieved 11 July 2019. ^ "Top Rock Songs Chart (July 13, 2019)". Billboard. Retrieved 11 July 2019. External links Himesh Patel at IMDb  Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamwar Masood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamwar_Masood"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"Damned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damned_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Yesterday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Tenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenet_(film)"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Station Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_Eleven_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actor_in_a_Limited_Series_or_Movie"},{"link_name":"Adam McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_McKay"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Don't Look Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Look_Up"}],"text":"Himesh Jitendra Patel (born 13 October 1990) is a British actor. He began his career portraying Tamwar Masood in the BBC soap opera EastEnders (2007–2016). This was followed by roles in the Channel 4 sitcom Damned (2016–2018) and the films Yesterday (2019) and Tenet (2020).In 2021, Patel starred in the HBO miniseries Station Eleven, earning a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie. That same year, he also starred in Adam McKay's Netflix film Don't Look Up.","title":"Himesh Patel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sawtry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawtry"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gujaratis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_people"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gujarati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Prince William School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_School"},{"link_name":"Oundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oundle"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Patel was born on 13 October 1990 in Sawtry, Cambridgeshire.[1] His parents are both Indian Gujaratis. His mother was born in Zambia and his father was born in Kenya.[2] He grew up speaking Gujarati.[3]Patel attended Prince William School in Oundle, Northamptonshire.[4] As a child, he began impersonating his favourite characters on television and film. When he was 11, he was cast in a school play, This Is Your Life, Santa Claus, as Michael Aspel.[5] Upon the suggestion by a teacher, his parents then signed him up for a local theatre group, the Key Youth Theatre in Peterborough.[6] Later, he became a member of The Young Actors' Company in Cambridge, where he also took film classes.[7] He took piano lessons and bought himself an electric guitar and taught himself to play at the age of 13.[3]His parents ran a newsagent's shop in Cambridgeshire. Patel did a paper round until he was 21.[8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GCSEs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"Tamwar Masood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamwar_Masood"},{"link_name":"Meryl Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryl_Fernandes"},{"link_name":"Inside Soap Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Soap_Awards"},{"link_name":"EastEnders: E20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders:_E20"},{"link_name":"Charlie G. Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_G._Hawkins"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tamwar Tales - The Life of an Assistant Market Inspector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamwar_Tales_-_The_Life_of_an_Assistant_Market_Inspector"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Himesh_Patel.jpg"}],"sub_title":"EastEnders","text":"When he was 16, Patel received a call on the day of his GCSEs saying he had landed an audition for the British soap opera EastEnders through an agency in The Young Actors' Company. He finished his last exam and had his parents rush him to his audition. After his first audition a casting assistant saw him waiting outside the audition room and asked him to read for the casting director. Patel won the part of Tamwar Masood, and 1 October 2007 marked his first appearance on EastEnders. \nIn 2011 Patel and Meryl Fernandes won the Inside Soap Award for Best Wedding.Patel has also appeared in EastEnders: E20 as Tamwar. In 2011 he co-wrote episode one of series three with co-star Charlie G. Hawkins.[9] In 2013 he filmed an internet spin-off of EastEnders called Tamwar Tales - The Life of an Assistant Market Inspector. Four episodes were aired weekly, starting on 25 July 2013.[10] All four episodes and one behind-the-scenes clip are available on the EastEnders official website.[11]He played Tamwar for nine years until he left the show in 2016 to explore other opportunities. His last appearance was on 22 April 2016.[12]Patel in 2011","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Danny Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Boyle"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Short films","text":"He has appeared in a number of short films. In 2014, he was cast as Pavan in the short film Two Dosas; the film won several awards, including Best Short Comedy at the London Short Film Festival and Best Comedy at the Aspen Film Festival.[13][14] At the Shuffle festival, it won a third award, judged by Danny Boyle, who would later direct Patel in Yesterday (2019).[15][16]Patel portrayed The Suit in The Fox (2017), another comedy short by Henry Scriven.[17]He is working on a short film titled Is This Life? (2019).[18]In 2021, he acted in the short film Enjoy.[19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Damned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damned_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffery-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Don Juan in Soho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_in_Soho"},{"link_name":"David Tennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tennant"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Motherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherland_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"My Pure Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Pure_Land"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Yesterday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"The Aeronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aeronauts_(film)"},{"link_name":"Felicity Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Jones"},{"link_name":"Eddie Redmayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Redmayne"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Catton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Catton"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Children in Need","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_in_Need"},{"link_name":"the Killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Killers"},{"link_name":"All These Things That I've Done","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_These_Things_That_I%27ve_Done"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffery-20"},{"link_name":"HBO Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO_Max"},{"link_name":"Station Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_Eleven_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Avenue 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_5"},{"link_name":"Hugh Laurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Laurie"},{"link_name":"Tenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenet_(film)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallagher-Aug2020-32"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Don't Look Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Look_Up"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Cast_in_a_Motion_Picture"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Enola Holmes 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enola_Holmes_2"},{"link_name":"Dr. John Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Watson"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"After EastEnders","text":"On 27 September 2016 he made his first appearance on TV since leaving EastEnders in the first episode of the Channel 4 sitcom Damned. He played ex-constable and social worker Nitin for 12 episodes in two six-episode series.[20] He appeared in Rapscallions (2016), a short film by Henry Scriven.[21]In 2017 he was cast in Don Juan in Soho as \"Vagabond\" with David Tennant playing the titular character.[22] Patel played Amit in an episode of the BBC comedy Climaxed in the same year.[23] He made a short appearance as Mr. Glencuddy in the second episode of the comedy Motherland.Patel has been credited as a voice actor in two Doctor Who audio stories. He voiced Biotech Dendry in Day of the Vashta Nerada as well as Engineer and Ayrton Valencia in The Lifeboat and the Deathboat.[24][25]He is credited as a producer for the 2017 feature film My Pure Land.[26] In 2019, he made his film debut with his breakthrough role as Jack Malik in Yesterday (2019). He sings live throughout the film, covering various songs by The Beatles.[27]He appeared in The Aeronauts (2019) alongside Felicity Jones and Eddie Redmayne.[28]Patel was cast as Emery Staines in The Luminaries, a mini-series based on the 2013 book by Eleanor Catton.[29] The plot of the TV series differs from the book.[30] Patel appears on the 2019 Children in Need album. He sang the Killers' song, \"All These Things That I've Done\". According to an interview, Patel is working on his first original TV script with What Larks Productions.[20]In 2019, Patel joined the cast of HBO Max limited series Station Eleven.[31] In 2020, Patel appeared as Jordan Hatwal in the comedy series Avenue 5, starring Hugh Laurie.In 2020, Patel appeared in the film Tenet as Mahir, a fixer who initially helps Neil and the protagonist in their plot to steal the painting from the Oslo airport.[32] Patel appears in the 2021 Netflix film Don't Look Up, portraying Phillip Kaj, the unscrupulous journalist dating the astronomer, Jennifer Lawrence's Kate Dibiasky, who is responsible for detecting the movie's comet.[33] For his performance and along with the ensemble he received the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture nomination.[34]In 2022, Patel made an end credits cameo in Enola Holmes 2 as Dr. John Watson.[35]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Patel is a supporter of Tottenham Hotspur F.C.[36] He became a father in December 2020 to a daughter.[37]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Stage","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Soundtrack albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other charted songs","title":"Discography"}]
[{"image_text":"Patel in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Himesh_Patel.jpg/220px-Himesh_Patel.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Can Himesh Patel really sing and play the guitar in the Yesterday movie?\". Smooth. Retrieved 23 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smoothradio.com/news/entertainment/himesh-patel-singing-guitar-yesterday-movie/","url_text":"\"Can Himesh Patel really sing and play the guitar in the Yesterday movie?\""}]},{"reference":"British Future (13 December 2012), EastEnders' Himesh Patel on his British identity, archived from the original on 12 December 2021, retrieved 23 July 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VORA4bRWbg4","url_text":"EastEnders' Himesh Patel on his British identity"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/VORA4bRWbg4","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Himesh Patel masters the Beatles in 'Yesterday'\". Los Angeles Times. 27 June 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-himesh-patel-yesterday-the-beatles-20190627-story.html","url_text":"\"Himesh Patel masters the Beatles in 'Yesterday'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Himesh Patel\". IMDb.com. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2797744/","url_text":"\"Himesh Patel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Himesh Patel, Breakout Star of Yesterday\". Vogue. 17 May 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.com/article/himesh-patel-yesterday-interview-danny-boyle-june-2019-issue","url_text":"\"Meet Himesh Patel, Breakout Star of Yesterday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Talent spotted early – Peterborough's Himesh Patel in the biggest British movie of the summer, Yesterday\". www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk. Retrieved 23 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/whats-on/things-to-do/talent-spotted-early-peterborough-s-himesh-patel-in-the-biggest-british-movie-of-the-summer-yesterday-1-8987964","url_text":"\"Talent spotted early – Peterborough's Himesh Patel in the biggest British movie of the summer, Yesterday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Star's 'amazing' time on Beatles film\". 17 June 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-48667264","url_text":"\"Star's 'amazing' time on Beatles film\""}]},{"reference":"Fretts, Bruce (30 June 2019). \"'Yesterday' Star Himesh Patel Was Delivering Papers Not So Long Ago\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/30/movies/yesterday-himesh-patel.html","url_text":"\"'Yesterday' Star Himesh Patel Was Delivering Papers Not So Long Ago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"EastEnders: E20\" Episode #3.1 (TV Episode 2011) – IMDb, retrieved 25 July 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2069276/fullcredits","url_text":"\"EastEnders: E20\" Episode #3.1 (TV Episode 2011) – IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"EastEnders: Tamwar Masood in new online spin-off\". Radio Times. Retrieved 25 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2013-06-25/eastenders-tamwar-masood-in-new-online-spin-off/","url_text":"\"EastEnders: Tamwar Masood in new online spin-off\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC One – EastEnders – Tamwar Tales\". BBC. Retrieved 25 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/43wqxz99z6gSF3vJnFs6bkR/tamwar-tales","url_text":"\"BBC One – EastEnders – Tamwar Tales\""}]},{"reference":"\"EastEnders star Himesh Patel reveals guilt at leaving Tamwar Masood behind\". Metro. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.co.uk/2016/04/14/eastenders-star-himesh-patel-reveals-guilt-at-leaving-tamwar-masood-behind-5816479/","url_text":"\"EastEnders star Himesh Patel reveals guilt at leaving Tamwar Masood behind\""}]},{"reference":"\"London Short Film Festival, UK (2015)\". IMDb. Retrieved 25 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001972/2015/1/","url_text":"\"London Short Film Festival, UK (2015)\""}]},{"reference":"\"TWO DOSAS\". cinando.com. Retrieved 25 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cinando.com/en/Film/two_dosas_231355/Detail","url_text":"\"TWO DOSAS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nikesh Shukla Wins Another Award for Two Dosas\". David Higham Associates. Retrieved 25 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.davidhigham.co.uk/film-news-dh/nikesh-shukla-wins-another-award-for-two-dosas/","url_text":"\"Nikesh Shukla Wins Another Award for Two Dosas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Danny Boyle judges cemetery film fest\". BBC News. Retrieved 25 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-28438802/danny-boyle-to-judge-films-in-london-shuffle-festival","url_text":"\"Danny Boyle judges cemetery film fest\""}]},{"reference":"The Fox, retrieved 25 July 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6493420/","url_text":"The Fox"}]},{"reference":"Is This Life?, retrieved 25 July 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10004068/","url_text":"Is This Life?"}]},{"reference":"Enjoy, 7 July 2021, retrieved 16 September 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indieactivity.com/enjoy-by-saul-abraham-with-himesh-patel-on-mens-mental-health/","url_text":"Enjoy"}]},{"reference":"Jeffery, Morgan (14 February 2018). \"Himesh Patel on a \"darker\" series two of Ch4's Damned\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 25 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a849967/himesh-patel-why-left-eastenders-tamwar-masood-channel-4-damned-series-2/","url_text":"\"Himesh Patel on a \"darker\" series two of Ch4's Damned\""}]},{"reference":"Rapscallions, retrieved 25 July 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5359394/","url_text":"Rapscallions"}]},{"reference":"\"Final casting announced for 'Don Juan in Soho'\". The Arts Shelf. 3 February 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theartsshelf.com/2017/02/03/final-casting-announced-for-don-juan-in-soho/","url_text":"\"Final casting announced for 'Don Juan in Soho'\""}]},{"reference":"BBC Three (2 April 2017), Festival Sex | Climaxed, retrieved 25 July 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MogFbChAC0w","url_text":"Festival Sex | Climaxed"}]},{"reference":"\"5. The Diary of River Song Series 05 – The Diary of River Song – Big Finish\". www.bigfinish.com. Retrieved 26 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/the-diary-of-river-song-series-05-1743","url_text":"\"5. The Diary of River Song Series 05 – The Diary of River Song – Big Finish\""}]},{"reference":"\"2. Doctor Who: Classic Doctors New Monsters Volume 02 – Doctor Who – Classic Series – Special Releases – Big Finish\". www.bigfinish.com. Retrieved 26 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-classic-doctors-new-monsters-volume-02-1472","url_text":"\"2. Doctor Who: Classic Doctors New Monsters Volume 02 – Doctor Who – Classic Series – Special Releases – Big Finish\""}]},{"reference":"My Pure Land, retrieved 25 July 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4489562/","url_text":"My Pure Land"}]},{"reference":"\"'Yesterday' exclusive: Himesh Patel sings The Beatles live\". www.usatoday.com. Retrieved 25 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/videos/life/movies/2019/06/24/yesterday-exclusive-himesh-patel-sings-beatles-live/1543700001/","url_text":"\"'Yesterday' exclusive: Himesh Patel sings The Beatles live\""}]},{"reference":"The Aeronauts, retrieved 25 July 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6141246/","url_text":"The Aeronauts"}]},{"reference":"The Luminaries, retrieved 25 July 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8075008/","url_text":"The Luminaries"}]},{"reference":"\"When is The Luminaries on TV? What's it about and who stars in it?\". Radio Times. Retrieved 25 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2019-07-11/the-luminaries-bbc-trailer-airdate-plot-cast/","url_text":"\"When is The Luminaries on TV? What's it about and who stars in it?\""}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (18 October 2019). \"Mackenzie Davis & Himesh Patel To Star In 'Station Eleven' HBO Max Limited Series\".","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2019/10/mackenzie-davis-himesh-patel-to-star-in-station-eleven-limited-series-hbo-max-1202763678/","url_text":"\"Mackenzie Davis & Himesh Patel To Star In 'Station Eleven' HBO Max Limited Series\""}]},{"reference":"Gallagher, Simon (28 August 2020). \"Tenet Cast Guide: Where You Recognize The Actors From\". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on 29 August 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/tenet-movie-cast-character-guide-nolan/","url_text":"\"Tenet Cast Guide: Where You Recognize The Actors From\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20200829105200/https://screenrant.com/tenet-movie-cast-character-guide-nolan/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Westenfeld, Adrienne (December 2021). \"Himesh Patel Knows Disaster\". Esquire.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/a38515393/himesh-patel-station-eleven-dont-look-up-interview/","url_text":"\"Himesh Patel Knows Disaster\""}]},{"reference":"\"SAG Awards: 'CODA' Makes History With Best Cast Win\". The Hollywood Reporter. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/coda-wins-sag-award-best-cast-1235100710/","url_text":"\"SAG Awards: 'CODA' Makes History With Best Cast Win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"Did You Spot Dr. Watson in 'Enola Holmes 2'?\". Netflix Tudum. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/enola-holmes-2-watson-post-credits-scene","url_text":"\"Did You Spot Dr. Watson in 'Enola Holmes 2'?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Himesh Patel – actor, rising star, Spurs fan\". Tottenham Hotspur F.C. 22 July 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2020/july/himesh-patel-actor-rising-star-spurs-fan/","url_text":"\"Himesh Patel – actor, rising star, Spurs fan\""}]},{"reference":"Patalay, Ajesh. \"Mr Himesh Patel's Time Is Now\". MrPorter.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211228000938/https://www.mrporter.com/en-ae/journal/fashion/actor-himesh-patel-interview-dont-look-up-10270586","url_text":"\"Mr Himesh Patel's Time Is Now\""},{"url":"https://www.mrporter.com/en-ae/journal/fashion/actor-himesh-patel-interview-dont-look-up-10270586","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"28th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards\". sagawards.org. Retrieved 14 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/28th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards","url_text":"\"28th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards","url_text":"sagawards.org"}]},{"reference":"Moreau, Jordan (12 July 2022). \"Emmys 2022: Complete Nominations List\". Variety. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/awards/emmys-nominations-list-2022-1235313788/","url_text":"\"Emmys 2022: Complete Nominations List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220712160603/https://variety.com/2022/tv/awards/emmys-nominations-list-2022-1235313788/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 200 Albums: Billboard 200 (July 13, 2019)\". Billboard. Retrieved 11 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2019-07-13","url_text":"\"Top 200 Albums: Billboard 200 (July 13, 2019)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yesterday (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Himesh Patel on Apple Music\". iTunes Store. Retrieved 11 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/yesterday-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1463171745","url_text":"\"Yesterday (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Himesh Patel on Apple Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Rock Songs Chart (July 13, 2019)\". Billboard. Retrieved 11 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/rock-songs/2019-07-13","url_text":"\"Top Rock Songs Chart (July 13, 2019)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.smoothradio.com/news/entertainment/himesh-patel-singing-guitar-yesterday-movie/","external_links_name":"\"Can Himesh Patel really sing and play the guitar in the Yesterday movie?\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VORA4bRWbg4","external_links_name":"EastEnders' Himesh Patel on his British identity"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/VORA4bRWbg4","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-himesh-patel-yesterday-the-beatles-20190627-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Himesh Patel masters the Beatles in 'Yesterday'\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2797744/","external_links_name":"\"Himesh Patel\""},{"Link":"https://www.vogue.com/article/himesh-patel-yesterday-interview-danny-boyle-june-2019-issue","external_links_name":"\"Meet Himesh Patel, Breakout Star of Yesterday\""},{"Link":"https://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/whats-on/things-to-do/talent-spotted-early-peterborough-s-himesh-patel-in-the-biggest-british-movie-of-the-summer-yesterday-1-8987964","external_links_name":"\"Talent spotted early – Peterborough's Himesh Patel in the biggest British movie of the summer, Yesterday\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-48667264","external_links_name":"\"Star's 'amazing' time on Beatles film\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/30/movies/yesterday-himesh-patel.html","external_links_name":"\"'Yesterday' Star Himesh Patel Was Delivering Papers Not So Long Ago\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2069276/fullcredits","external_links_name":"\"EastEnders: E20\" Episode #3.1 (TV Episode 2011) – IMDb"},{"Link":"https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2013-06-25/eastenders-tamwar-masood-in-new-online-spin-off/","external_links_name":"\"EastEnders: Tamwar Masood in new online spin-off\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/43wqxz99z6gSF3vJnFs6bkR/tamwar-tales","external_links_name":"\"BBC One – EastEnders – Tamwar Tales\""},{"Link":"https://metro.co.uk/2016/04/14/eastenders-star-himesh-patel-reveals-guilt-at-leaving-tamwar-masood-behind-5816479/","external_links_name":"\"EastEnders star Himesh Patel reveals guilt at leaving Tamwar Masood behind\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001972/2015/1/","external_links_name":"\"London Short Film Festival, UK (2015)\""},{"Link":"https://cinando.com/en/Film/two_dosas_231355/Detail","external_links_name":"\"TWO DOSAS\""},{"Link":"https://www.davidhigham.co.uk/film-news-dh/nikesh-shukla-wins-another-award-for-two-dosas/","external_links_name":"\"Nikesh Shukla Wins Another Award for Two Dosas\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-28438802/danny-boyle-to-judge-films-in-london-shuffle-festival","external_links_name":"\"Danny Boyle judges cemetery film fest\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6493420/","external_links_name":"The Fox"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10004068/","external_links_name":"Is This Life?"},{"Link":"https://www.indieactivity.com/enjoy-by-saul-abraham-with-himesh-patel-on-mens-mental-health/","external_links_name":"Enjoy"},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a849967/himesh-patel-why-left-eastenders-tamwar-masood-channel-4-damned-series-2/","external_links_name":"\"Himesh Patel on a \"darker\" series two of Ch4's Damned\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5359394/","external_links_name":"Rapscallions"},{"Link":"https://www.theartsshelf.com/2017/02/03/final-casting-announced-for-don-juan-in-soho/","external_links_name":"\"Final casting announced for 'Don Juan in Soho'\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MogFbChAC0w","external_links_name":"Festival Sex | Climaxed"},{"Link":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/the-diary-of-river-song-series-05-1743","external_links_name":"\"5. The Diary of River Song Series 05 – The Diary of River Song – Big Finish\""},{"Link":"https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-classic-doctors-new-monsters-volume-02-1472","external_links_name":"\"2. Doctor Who: Classic Doctors New Monsters Volume 02 – Doctor Who – Classic Series – Special Releases – Big Finish\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4489562/","external_links_name":"My Pure Land"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/videos/life/movies/2019/06/24/yesterday-exclusive-himesh-patel-sings-beatles-live/1543700001/","external_links_name":"\"'Yesterday' exclusive: Himesh Patel sings The Beatles live\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6141246/","external_links_name":"The Aeronauts"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8075008/","external_links_name":"The Luminaries"},{"Link":"https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2019-07-11/the-luminaries-bbc-trailer-airdate-plot-cast/","external_links_name":"\"When is The Luminaries on TV? What's it about and who stars in it?\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2019/10/mackenzie-davis-himesh-patel-to-star-in-station-eleven-limited-series-hbo-max-1202763678/","external_links_name":"\"Mackenzie Davis & Himesh Patel To Star In 'Station Eleven' HBO Max Limited Series\""},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/tenet-movie-cast-character-guide-nolan/","external_links_name":"\"Tenet Cast Guide: Where You Recognize The Actors From\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200829105200/https://screenrant.com/tenet-movie-cast-character-guide-nolan/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/a38515393/himesh-patel-station-eleven-dont-look-up-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Himesh Patel Knows Disaster\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/coda-wins-sag-award-best-cast-1235100710/","external_links_name":"\"SAG Awards: 'CODA' Makes History With Best Cast Win\""},{"Link":"https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/enola-holmes-2-watson-post-credits-scene","external_links_name":"\"Did You Spot Dr. Watson in 'Enola Holmes 2'?\""},{"Link":"https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2020/july/himesh-patel-actor-rising-star-spurs-fan/","external_links_name":"\"Himesh Patel – actor, rising star, Spurs fan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211228000938/https://www.mrporter.com/en-ae/journal/fashion/actor-himesh-patel-interview-dont-look-up-10270586","external_links_name":"\"Mr Himesh Patel's Time Is Now\""},{"Link":"https://www.mrporter.com/en-ae/journal/fashion/actor-himesh-patel-interview-dont-look-up-10270586","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/28th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards","external_links_name":"\"28th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/awards/emmys-nominations-list-2022-1235313788/","external_links_name":"\"Emmys 2022: Complete Nominations List\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220712160603/https://variety.com/2022/tv/awards/emmys-nominations-list-2022-1235313788/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2019-07-13","external_links_name":"\"Top 200 Albums: Billboard 200 (July 13, 2019)\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/yesterday-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1463171745","external_links_name":"\"Yesterday (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Himesh Patel on Apple Music\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/rock-songs/2019-07-13","external_links_name":"\"Top Rock Songs Chart (July 13, 2019)\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2797744/","external_links_name":"Himesh Patel"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000479740596","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/8156988856261001075","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmP3Q8cmP3K4RrmP8bDbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1199648809","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2019140474","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0243529&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/96805554-640f-49ff-b1f8-9c1d317dd025","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/24141010X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Glacier
Axel Heiberg Glacier
["1 Discovery and name","2 Characteristics","3 Course","4 Features","4.1 Helland Hansen Shoulder","4.2 Mount Engelstad","4.3 Mount Wilhelm Christophersen","4.4 Butchers Spur","4.5 Mount Don Pedro Christophersen","4.6 Cooper Glacier","4.7 Amundsen Icefall","4.8 Sargent Glacier","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources"]
Coordinates: 85°25′S 163°0′W / 85.417°S 163.000°W / -85.417; -163.000Glacier in Antarctica Axel Heiberg GlacierAerial view of the Axel Heiberg Glacier in 1956–57Location of Axel Heiberg Glacier in AntarcticaTypeValley glacierLocationQueen Maud Mountains, AntarcticaCoordinates85°25′S 163°0′W / 85.417°S 163.000°W / -85.417; -163.000Length56 km (35 mi)ThicknessunknownTerminusRoss Ice ShelfStatusunknown The Axel Heiberg Glacier (85°25′S 163°00′W / 85.417°S 163.000°W / -85.417; -163.000) in Antarctica is a valley glacier, 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) long, descending from the high elevations of the Antarctic Plateau into the Ross Ice Shelf (nearly at sea level) between the Herbert Range and Mount Don Pedro Christophersen in the Queen Maud Mountains. Discovery and name The glacier was discovered in November 1911 by the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen, and named by him for Consul Axel Heiberg, a Norwegian businessman and patron of science who contributed to numerous Norwegian polar expeditions. Amundsen used this glacier as his route up onto the polar plateau during his successful expedition to the South Pole. Characteristics According to Sailing Directions for Antarctica (1960), "The Axel Heiberg Glacier, about 6 miles wide and 27 miles long, lies southeastward of the Fridtjof Nansen massif. It trends in a northeast.–southwest direction and is steep, reaching an elevation of 10,920 feet at the southem portal. It was discovered and traversed by Amundsen in rovember 1911, on his journey to the south pole." Unlike the big “outlet” glaciers such as the Beardmore, Shackleton and Liv, the Axel Heiberg is in effect an alpine glacier, cut off from the polar plateau by a dolerite rim and fed entirely from the uncharacteristically heavy snow falling within its own catchment. It falls over 2,700 m (9,000 ft) in 32 km (20 mi), most of it over 11 km (7 mi). Course The Axel Heiberg Glacier forms below the polar plateau below Helland Hansen Shoulder to the north, Mount Engelstad in the center and Mount Wilhelm Christopherson and Butchers Spur to the south. Mount Don Pedro Christophersen defines the eastern end of Butchers spur, and separates the Axel Heiberg Glacier from Cooper Glacier. In its upper reach the glacier descends through the Amundsen Icefall, then flows west to the south of the Herbert Range. It is joined by the Cooper Glacier from the south, and by the Sargent Glacier from the north, to the east of Bell Peak. It turns north and flows into the Ross Ice Shelf to the east of the Strom Glacier and west of the Bowman Glacier and Amundsen Glacier. Features Upper section of the glacier (center, east) Lower section of the glacier (center, west) Helland Hansen Shoulder 85°26′S 168°10′W / 85.433°S 168.167°W / -85.433; -168.167. A mainly ice-covered ridge which extends southward from the west portion of Mount Fridtjof Nansen and overlooks the northern side of the head of Axel Heiberg Glacier. Discovered in 1911 by Roald Armundsen and named by him for Prof. B. Helland Hansen, of the University of Oslo, Norway. Mount Engelstad 85°29′S 167°24′W / 85.483°S 167.400°W / -85.483; -167.400. A rounded snow-covered summit rising from the edge of the polar plateau at the head of Axel Heiberg Glacier, about midway between Helland-Hansen Shoulder and Mount Wilhelm Christophersen. Discovered in 1911 by Roald Amundsen and named by him for Captain Ole Engelstad, of the Norwegian Navy, who had been selected as second in command of the Fram to carry the expedition to Antarctica, but who was killed in a scientific experiment preceding its departure. Mount Wilhelm Christophersen 85°33′S 167°20′W / 85.550°S 167.333°W / -85.550; -167.333. A mound-shaped, ice-covered knob which rises from the edge of the polar plateau 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) south of Mount Engelstad and overlooks the south side of the head of Axel Heiberg Glacier. Discovered in 1911 by Roald Amundsen and named by him for Wilhelm Christophersen, Norwegian diplomat and Minister at Buenos Aires at that time. Butchers Spur 85°34′S 166°30′W / 85.567°S 166.500°W / -85.567; -166.500. A high ice-covered spur which descends southwestward from Mount Don Pedro Christophersen to the polar plateau. This feature on the south margin of the Queen Maud Mountains is the location of Roald Amundsen's "Butcher Shop." It was here in November 1911 that his party slaughtered their excess sledge dogs, consuming portions themselves and permitting the remaining sledge dogs a feast, prior to making the final dash to the South Pole, which was reached December 14. Mount Don Pedro Christophersen 85°32′S 165°47′W / 85.533°S 165.783°W / -85.533; -165.783. A massive, largely ice-covered, gabled mountain 3,765 metres (12,352 ft) high, surmounting the divide between the heads of Axel Heiberg and Cooper Glaciers. Discovered in 1911 by Roald Amundsen, who named it for one of the expedition's chief supporters who lived in Buenos Aires. Cooper Glacier 85°30′S 164°30′W / 85.500°S 164.500°W / -85.500; -164.500. A tributary glacier, 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) long, flowing northeast between Butchers Spur and Quarles Range to enter the south side of Axel Heiberg Glacier. Discovered by Rear Admiral Byrd on several plane flights to the Queen Maud Mountains in November 1929, and named by him for Kent Cooper, an official of the Associated Press. Amundsen Icefall 85°28′S 166°42′W / 85.467°S 166.700°W / -85.467; -166.700. A steep and turbulent icefall where the Axel Heiberg Glacier descends from the polar plateau between Mount Fridtjof Nansen and Mount Don Pedro Christophersen. Named by the Southern Party of the NZGSAE (1961-62) for Captain Roald Amundsen, who ascended Axel Heiberg Glacier enroute to the South Pole in 1911. Sargent Glacier 85°23′S 163°50′W / 85.383°S 163.833°W / -85.383; -163.833. A steep-walled tributary glacier, flowing southeast from the Herbert Range to enter Axel Heiberg Glacier just southeast of Bell Peak. Probably first seen by Roald Amundsen's polar party in 1911, the glacier was mapped by the ByrdAE, 1928-30. Named by US-ACAN for Howard H. Sargent III who made ionospheric studies at the South Pole Station in 1964. See also List of glaciers in the Antarctic Beardmore Glacier Glaciology References ^ Alberts 1995, p. 36. ^ Sailing Directions for Antarctica 1960. ^ Otway 2011. ^ Liv Glacier USGS. ^ Mount Goodale USGS. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 325. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 222. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 813. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 107. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 195. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 151. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 17. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 649. Sources Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2023-12-03  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names. Liv Glacier, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-01-04 Mount Goodale, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-01-04 Otway, Peter (21 September 2011), "Gateways to the Pole: Mapping Amundsen's and Scott's Routes through the Transantarctic Mountains Fifty Years Later" (PDF), www.antarctican.org, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2011, retrieved 9 January 2014 Sailing Directions for Antarctica: Including the Off-Lying Islands South of Latitude 60 Degrees S. (2 ed.), United States. Hydrographic Office, 1960  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Hydrographic Office.  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey. Portal: Geography vteGlaciersTypes Aufeis Cirque Ice cap Ice field Ice sheet Ice shelf Ice stream Ledoyom Outlet glacier Piedmont glacier Rock glacier Valley glacier Anatomy Ablation zone Accumulation zone Bergschrund Blue ice Crevasse Dirt cone Firn Glacier cave Glacier head Ice divide Glacier tongue Icefall Lateral moraine Medial moraine Moraine Moulin Penitente Randkluft Sérac Terminus Processes Ablation Accumulation Basal sliding Calving Creep Motion Outburst flood Overdeepening Periglaciation Plucking Retreat Starvation Surge Measurements Ice core Mass balance Volcanic relations Jökulhlaup Subglacial eruption Subglacial volcano Tuya LandformsErosional Arête Cirque Cirque stairway Crag and tail Finger lake Fjord Glacial horn Glacial lake Glacial striae Hanging valley Nunatak P-form Ribbon lake Roche moutonnée Suncup Tarn Trough lake Trough valley Tunnel valley U-valley Valley step Zungenbecken Depositional Drumlin Erratic block Moraine Moraine-dammed lake Pulju moraine Rogen moraine Sevetti moraine Terminal moraine Till plain Veiki moraine Glaciofluvial Alpentor Diluvium Esker Giant current ripples Kame Kame delta Kettle hole Outwash fan Sandur Urstromtal Glaciology Category List Template:Periglacial environment vteGlaciers in the AntarcticAlphabetic List of glaciers in the Antarctic: A–H List of glaciers in the Antarctic: I–Z By territory Adélie Land Bouvet Island Coats Land Ellsworth Land Enderby Land Graham Land Heard Island and McDonald Islands James Ross Island and Graham Land Kaiser Wilhelm II Land Kemp Land Mac. Robertson Land Marie Byrd Land Oates Land Palmer Archipelago and Graham Land Palmer Land Princess Elizabeth Land Queen Elizabeth Land Queen Mary Land Queen Maud Land Ross Dependency South Georgia South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands Trinity Peninsula and Graham Land Victoria Land Wilkes Land Miscellaneous List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands List of Antarctic ice rises List of Antarctic ice shelves List of Antarctic ice streams List of glaciers List of subantarctic glaciers vteGlaciers of the Ross Dependency This article about a glacier in the Ross Dependency is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"85°25′S 163°00′W / 85.417°S 163.000°W / -85.417; -163.000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_25_S_163_00_W_"},{"link_name":"glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Ross Ice Shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"Herbert Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Range"},{"link_name":"Queen Maud Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Maud_Mountains"}],"text":"Glacier in AntarcticaThe Axel Heiberg Glacier (85°25′S 163°00′W / 85.417°S 163.000°W / -85.417; -163.000) in Antarctica is a valley glacier, 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) long, descending from the high elevations of the Antarctic Plateau into the Ross Ice Shelf (nearly at sea level) between the Herbert Range and Mount Don Pedro Christophersen in the Queen Maud Mountains.","title":"Axel Heiberg Glacier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_people"},{"link_name":"Roald Amundsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen"},{"link_name":"Axel Heiberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Heiberg"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts199536-1"},{"link_name":"South Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole"}],"text":"The glacier was discovered in November 1911 by the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen, and named by him for Consul Axel Heiberg, a Norwegian businessman and patron of science who contributed to numerous Norwegian polar expeditions.[1]Amundsen used this glacier as his route up onto the polar plateau during his successful expedition to the South Pole.","title":"Discovery and name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fridtjof Nansen massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fridtjof_Nansen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESailing_Directions_for_Antarctica_1960-2"},{"link_name":"Beardmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beardmore_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Shackleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shackleton_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Liv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv_Glacier"},{"link_name":"polar plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_plateau"},{"link_name":"dolerite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabase"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtway2011-3"}],"text":"According to Sailing Directions for Antarctica (1960), \"The Axel Heiberg Glacier, about 6 miles wide and 27 miles long, lies southeastward of the Fridtjof Nansen massif. It trends in a northeast.–southwest direction and is steep, reaching an elevation of 10,920 feet at the southem portal. It was discovered and traversed by Amundsen in rovember 1911, on his journey to the south pole.\"[2]Unlike the big “outlet” glaciers such as the Beardmore, Shackleton and Liv, the Axel Heiberg is in effect an alpine glacier, cut off from the polar plateau by a dolerite rim and fed entirely from the uncharacteristically heavy snow falling within its own catchment.[3]\nIt falls over 2,700 m (9,000 ft) in 32 km (20 mi), most of it over 11 km (7 mi).","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herbert Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Range"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiv_Glacier_USGS-4"},{"link_name":"Bell Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Peak"},{"link_name":"Strom Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Bowman Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowman_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Amundsen Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amundsen_Glacier"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMount_Goodale_USGS-5"}],"text":"The Axel Heiberg Glacier forms below the polar plateau below Helland Hansen Shoulder to the north, Mount Engelstad in the center and Mount Wilhelm Christopherson and Butchers Spur to the south.\nMount Don Pedro Christophersen defines the eastern end of Butchers spur, and separates the Axel Heiberg Glacier from Cooper Glacier. In its upper reach the glacier descends through the Amundsen Icefall, then flows west to the south of the Herbert Range.[4] \nIt is joined by the Cooper Glacier from the south, and by the Sargent Glacier from the north, to the east of Bell Peak. It turns north and flows into the Ross Ice Shelf to the east of the Strom Glacier and west of the Bowman Glacier and Amundsen Glacier.[5]","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C85165s1_Ant.Map_Liv_Glacier.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C85150s1_Mount_Goodale.jpg"}],"text":"Upper section of the glacier (center, east)Lower section of the glacier (center, west)","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"85°26′S 168°10′W / 85.433°S 168.167°W / -85.433; -168.167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_26_S_168_10_W_"},{"link_name":"Mount Fridtjof Nansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fridtjof_Nansen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995325-6"}],"sub_title":"Helland Hansen Shoulder","text":"85°26′S 168°10′W / 85.433°S 168.167°W / -85.433; -168.167. \nA mainly ice-covered ridge which extends southward from the west portion of Mount Fridtjof Nansen and overlooks the northern side of the head of Axel Heiberg Glacier. \nDiscovered in 1911 by Roald Armundsen and named by him for Prof. B. Helland Hansen, of the University of Oslo, Norway.[6]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"85°29′S 167°24′W / 85.483°S 167.400°W / -85.483; -167.400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_29_S_167_24_W_"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995222-7"}],"sub_title":"Mount Engelstad","text":"85°29′S 167°24′W / 85.483°S 167.400°W / -85.483; -167.400. \nA rounded snow-covered summit rising from the edge of the polar plateau at the head of Axel Heiberg Glacier, about midway between Helland-Hansen Shoulder and Mount Wilhelm Christophersen. \nDiscovered in 1911 by Roald Amundsen and named by him for Captain Ole Engelstad, of the Norwegian Navy, who had been selected as second in command of the Fram to carry the expedition to Antarctica, but who was killed in a scientific experiment preceding its departure.[7]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"85°33′S 167°20′W / 85.550°S 167.333°W / -85.550; -167.333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_33_S_167_20_W_"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995813-8"}],"sub_title":"Mount Wilhelm Christophersen","text":"85°33′S 167°20′W / 85.550°S 167.333°W / -85.550; -167.333. \nA mound-shaped, ice-covered knob which rises from the edge of the polar plateau 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) south of Mount Engelstad and overlooks the south side of the head of Axel Heiberg Glacier. \nDiscovered in 1911 by Roald Amundsen and named by him for Wilhelm Christophersen, Norwegian diplomat and Minister at Buenos Aires at that time.[8]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"85°34′S 166°30′W / 85.567°S 166.500°W / -85.567; -166.500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_34_S_166_30_W_"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995107-9"}],"sub_title":"Butchers Spur","text":"85°34′S 166°30′W / 85.567°S 166.500°W / -85.567; -166.500. \nA high ice-covered spur which descends southwestward from Mount Don Pedro Christophersen to the polar plateau. \nThis feature on the south margin of the Queen Maud Mountains is the location of Roald Amundsen's \"Butcher Shop.\" \nIt was here in November 1911 that his party slaughtered their excess sledge dogs, consuming portions themselves and permitting the remaining sledge dogs a feast, prior to making the final dash to the South Pole, which was reached December 14.[9]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"85°32′S 165°47′W / 85.533°S 165.783°W / -85.533; -165.783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_32_S_165_47_W_"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995195-10"}],"sub_title":"Mount Don Pedro Christophersen","text":"85°32′S 165°47′W / 85.533°S 165.783°W / -85.533; -165.783. \nA massive, largely ice-covered, gabled mountain 3,765 metres (12,352 ft) high, surmounting the divide between the heads of Axel Heiberg and Cooper Glaciers. \nDiscovered in 1911 by Roald Amundsen, who named it for one of the expedition's chief supporters who lived in Buenos Aires.[10]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"85°30′S 164°30′W / 85.500°S 164.500°W / -85.500; -164.500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_30_S_164_30_W_"},{"link_name":"Quarles Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarles_Range"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995151-11"}],"sub_title":"Cooper Glacier","text":"85°30′S 164°30′W / 85.500°S 164.500°W / -85.500; -164.500. \nA tributary glacier, 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) long, flowing northeast between Butchers Spur and Quarles Range to enter the south side of Axel Heiberg Glacier. \nDiscovered by Rear Admiral Byrd on several plane flights to the Queen Maud Mountains in November 1929, and named by him for Kent Cooper, an official of the Associated Press.[11]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"85°28′S 166°42′W / 85.467°S 166.700°W / -85.467; -166.700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_28_S_166_42_W_"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts199517-12"}],"sub_title":"Amundsen Icefall","text":"85°28′S 166°42′W / 85.467°S 166.700°W / -85.467; -166.700. \nA steep and turbulent icefall where the Axel Heiberg Glacier descends from the polar plateau between Mount Fridtjof Nansen and Mount Don Pedro Christophersen. \nNamed by the Southern Party of the NZGSAE (1961-62) for Captain Roald Amundsen, who ascended Axel Heiberg Glacier enroute to the South Pole in 1911.[12]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"85°23′S 163°50′W / 85.383°S 163.833°W / -85.383; -163.833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_23_S_163_50_W_"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995649-13"}],"sub_title":"Sargent Glacier","text":"85°23′S 163°50′W / 85.383°S 163.833°W / -85.383; -163.833. \nA steep-walled tributary glacier, flowing southeast from the Herbert Range to enter Axel Heiberg Glacier just southeast of Bell Peak.\nProbably first seen by Roald Amundsen's polar party in 1911, the glacier was mapped by the ByrdAE, 1928-30. \nNamed by US-ACAN for Howard H. Sargent III who made ionospheric studies at the South Pole Station in 1964.[13]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geographic Names of the Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039167/report.pdf"},{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Board on Geographic Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names"},{"link_name":"Liv Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C85165s1_Ant.Map_Liv_Glacier.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Goodale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C85150s1_Mount_Goodale.jpg"},{"link_name":"\"Gateways to the Pole: Mapping Amundsen's and Scott's Routes through the Transantarctic Mountains Fifty Years Later\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111112104101/http://www.antarctican.org/antarctican_society/PDF%20Files/pack_ice/Otway_2011.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.antarctican.org/antarctican_society/PDF%20Files/pack_ice/Otway_2011.pdf"},{"link_name":"Sailing Directions for Antarctica: Including the Off-Lying Islands South of Latitude 60 Degrees S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2346/88464"},{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Hydrographic Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Hydrographic_Office"},{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Glaciers"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Glaciers"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glaciers"},{"link_name":"Glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"link_name":"Aufeis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufeis"},{"link_name":"Cirque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque"},{"link_name":"Ice cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cap"},{"link_name":"Ice field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_field"},{"link_name":"Ice sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheet"},{"link_name":"Ice shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_shelf"},{"link_name":"Ice stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_stream"},{"link_name":"Ledoyom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledoyom"},{"link_name":"Outlet glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlet_glacier"},{"link_name":"Piedmont glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_glacier"},{"link_name":"Rock glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_glacier"},{"link_name":"Valley glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_glacier"},{"link_name":"Ablation zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablation_zone"},{"link_name":"Accumulation zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulation_zone"},{"link_name":"Bergschrund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergschrund"},{"link_name":"Blue ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_ice_(glacial)"},{"link_name":"Crevasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crevasse"},{"link_name":"Dirt cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_cone"},{"link_name":"Firn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firn"},{"link_name":"Glacier cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_cave"},{"link_name":"Glacier head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_head"},{"link_name":"Ice divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_divide"},{"link_name":"Glacier tongue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_tongue"},{"link_name":"Icefall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icefall"},{"link_name":"Lateral moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_moraine"},{"link_name":"Medial moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_moraine"},{"link_name":"Moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine"},{"link_name":"Moulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulin_(geomorphology)"},{"link_name":"Penitente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitente_(snow_formation)"},{"link_name":"Randkluft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randkluft"},{"link_name":"Sérac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serac"},{"link_name":"Terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_terminus"},{"link_name":"Ablation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablation"},{"link_name":"Accumulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_ice_accumulation"},{"link_name":"Basal sliding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_sliding"},{"link_name":"Calving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_calving"},{"link_name":"Creep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creep_(deformation)"},{"link_name":"Motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_motion"},{"link_name":"Outburst flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood"},{"link_name":"Overdeepening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdeepening"},{"link_name":"Periglaciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periglaciation"},{"link_name":"Plucking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plucking_(glaciation)"},{"link_name":"Retreat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850"},{"link_name":"Starvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation_(glaciology)"},{"link_name":"Surge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surge_(glacier)"},{"link_name":"Ice core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_core"},{"link_name":"Mass balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_mass_balance"},{"link_name":"Jökulhlaup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6kulhlaup"},{"link_name":"Subglacial eruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_eruption"},{"link_name":"Subglacial volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_volcano"},{"link_name":"Tuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuya"},{"link_name":"Landforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_landform"},{"link_name":"Arête","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%AAte"},{"link_name":"Cirque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque"},{"link_name":"Cirque stairway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque_stairway"},{"link_name":"Crag and tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crag_and_tail"},{"link_name":"Finger lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_lake"},{"link_name":"Fjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjord"},{"link_name":"Glacial horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidal_peak"},{"link_name":"Glacial lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_lake"},{"link_name":"Glacial striae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_striation"},{"link_name":"Hanging valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_valley"},{"link_name":"Nunatak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunatak"},{"link_name":"P-form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-form_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Ribbon lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon_lake"},{"link_name":"Roche moutonnée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roche_moutonn%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Suncup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncup_(snow)"},{"link_name":"Tarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn_(lake)"},{"link_name":"Trough lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_lake"},{"link_name":"Trough valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trough_valley"},{"link_name":"Tunnel valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_valley"},{"link_name":"U-valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley#Glacial_valleys"},{"link_name":"Valley step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_step"},{"link_name":"Zungenbecken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zungenbecken"},{"link_name":"Drumlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumlin"},{"link_name":"Erratic block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_erratic"},{"link_name":"Moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine"},{"link_name":"Moraine-dammed lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine-dammed_lake"},{"link_name":"Pulju moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulju_moraine"},{"link_name":"Rogen moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogen_moraine"},{"link_name":"Sevetti moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevetti_moraine"},{"link_name":"Terminal moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_moraine"},{"link_name":"Till plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_plain"},{"link_name":"Veiki moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veiki_moraine"},{"link_name":"Glaciofluvial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciofluvial_deposits"},{"link_name":"Alpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpentor"},{"link_name":"Diluvium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diluvium"},{"link_name":"Esker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esker"},{"link_name":"Giant current ripples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_current_ripples"},{"link_name":"Kame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kame"},{"link_name":"Kame delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kame_delta"},{"link_name":"Kettle hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettle_(landform)"},{"link_name":"Outwash fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outwash_fan"},{"link_name":"Sandur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outwash_plain"},{"link_name":"Urstromtal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urstromtal"},{"link_name":"Glaciology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciology"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Glaciers"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers"},{"link_name":"Template:Periglacial environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Periglacial_environment"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Glaciers_in_the_Antarctic"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Glaciers_in_the_Antarctic"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glaciers_in_the_Antarctic"},{"link_name":"Glaciers in the Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic"},{"link_name":"List of glaciers in the Antarctic: A–H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic:_A%E2%80%93H"},{"link_name":"List of glaciers in the Antarctic: I–Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic:_I%E2%80%93Z"},{"link_name":"Adélie Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Ad%C3%A9lie_Land"},{"link_name":"Bouvet Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Bouvet_Island"},{"link_name":"Coats Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Coats_Land"},{"link_name":"Ellsworth Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Ellsworth_Land"},{"link_name":"Enderby Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Enderby_Land"},{"link_name":"Graham Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Graham_Land"},{"link_name":"Heard Island and McDonald Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands"},{"link_name":"James Ross Island and Graham Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_James_Ross_Island_and_Graham_Land"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Wilhelm II Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_Land"},{"link_name":"Kemp Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Kemp_Land"},{"link_name":"Mac. Robertson Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Mac._Robertson_Land"},{"link_name":"Marie Byrd Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Marie_Byrd_Land"},{"link_name":"Oates Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Oates_Land"},{"link_name":"Palmer Archipelago and Graham Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_the_Palmer_Archipelago_and_Graham_Land"},{"link_name":"Palmer Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Palmer_Land"},{"link_name":"Princess Elizabeth Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Princess_Elizabeth_Land"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Queen_Elizabeth_Land"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Queen_Mary_Land"},{"link_name":"Queen Maud Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Queen_Maud_Land"},{"link_name":"Ross Dependency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_the_Ross_Dependency"},{"link_name":"South Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_South_Georgia"},{"link_name":"South Shetland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_South_Shetland_Islands"},{"link_name":"South Orkney Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_the_South_Orkney_Islands"},{"link_name":"Trinity Peninsula and Graham Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_the_Trinity_Peninsula_and_Graham_Land"},{"link_name":"Victoria Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Victoria_Land"},{"link_name":"Wilkes Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Wilkes_Land"},{"link_name":"List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands"},{"link_name":"List of Antarctic ice rises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_rise"},{"link_name":"List of Antarctic ice shelves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves"},{"link_name":"List of Antarctic ice streams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_streams"},{"link_name":"List of glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers"},{"link_name":"List of subantarctic glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarctic#Subantarctic_glaciers"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Glaciers_of_the_Ross_Dependency"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Glaciers_of_the_Ross_Dependency"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glaciers_of_the_Ross_Dependency"},{"link_name":"Glaciers of the Ross Dependency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_the_Ross_Dependency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_Falls_2474051_e40871ef30_o.jpg"},{"link_name":"glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"link_name":"Ross Dependency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Dependency"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:RossDependency-glacier-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:RossDependency-glacier-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RossDependency-glacier-stub"}],"text":"Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2023-12-03  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names.\nLiv Glacier, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-01-04\nMount Goodale, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-01-04\nOtway, Peter (21 September 2011), \"Gateways to the Pole: Mapping Amundsen's and Scott's Routes through the Transantarctic Mountains Fifty Years Later\" (PDF), www.antarctican.org, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2011, retrieved 9 January 2014\nSailing Directions for Antarctica: Including the Off-Lying Islands South of Latitude 60 Degrees S. (2 ed.), United States. Hydrographic Office, 1960  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Hydrographic Office.This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.Portal: GeographyvteGlaciersTypes\nAufeis\nCirque\nIce cap\nIce field\nIce sheet\nIce shelf\nIce stream\nLedoyom\nOutlet glacier\nPiedmont glacier\nRock glacier\nValley glacier\nAnatomy\nAblation zone\nAccumulation zone\nBergschrund\nBlue ice\nCrevasse\nDirt cone\nFirn\nGlacier cave\nGlacier head\nIce divide\nGlacier tongue\nIcefall\nLateral moraine\nMedial moraine\nMoraine\nMoulin\nPenitente\nRandkluft\nSérac\nTerminus\nProcesses\nAblation\nAccumulation\nBasal sliding\nCalving\nCreep\nMotion\nOutburst flood\nOverdeepening\nPeriglaciation\nPlucking\nRetreat\nStarvation\nSurge\nMeasurements\nIce core\nMass balance\nVolcanic relations\nJökulhlaup\nSubglacial eruption\nSubglacial volcano\nTuya\nLandformsErosional\nArête\nCirque\nCirque stairway\nCrag and tail\nFinger lake\nFjord\nGlacial horn\nGlacial lake\nGlacial striae\nHanging valley\nNunatak\nP-form\nRibbon lake\nRoche moutonnée\nSuncup\nTarn\nTrough lake\nTrough valley\nTunnel valley\nU-valley\nValley step\nZungenbecken\nDepositional\nDrumlin\nErratic block\nMoraine\nMoraine-dammed lake\nPulju moraine\nRogen moraine\nSevetti moraine\nTerminal moraine\nTill plain\nVeiki moraine\nGlaciofluvial\nAlpentor\nDiluvium\nEsker\nGiant current ripples\nKame\nKame delta\nKettle hole\nOutwash fan\nSandur\nUrstromtal\n\nGlaciology\nCategory\nList\nTemplate:Periglacial environmentvteGlaciers in the AntarcticAlphabetic\nList of glaciers in the Antarctic: A–H\nList of glaciers in the Antarctic: I–Z\nBy territory\nAdélie Land\nBouvet Island\nCoats Land\nEllsworth Land\nEnderby Land\nGraham Land\nHeard Island and McDonald Islands\nJames Ross Island and Graham Land\nKaiser Wilhelm II Land\nKemp Land\nMac. Robertson Land\nMarie Byrd Land\nOates Land\nPalmer Archipelago and Graham Land\nPalmer Land\nPrincess Elizabeth Land\nQueen Elizabeth Land\nQueen Mary Land\nQueen Maud Land\nRoss Dependency\nSouth Georgia\nSouth Shetland Islands\nSouth Orkney Islands\nTrinity Peninsula and Graham Land\nVictoria Land\nWilkes Land\nMiscellaneous\nList of Antarctic and subantarctic islands\nList of Antarctic ice rises\nList of Antarctic ice shelves\nList of Antarctic ice streams\nList of glaciers\nList of subantarctic glaciersvteGlaciers of the Ross DependencyThis article about a glacier in the Ross Dependency is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Upper section of the glacier (center, east)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/C85165s1_Ant.Map_Liv_Glacier.jpg/220px-C85165s1_Ant.Map_Liv_Glacier.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lower section of the glacier (center, west)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/C85150s1_Mount_Goodale.jpg/220px-C85150s1_Mount_Goodale.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of glaciers in the Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic"},{"title":"Beardmore Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beardmore_Glacier"},{"title":"Glaciology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciology"}]
[{"reference":"Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2023-12-03","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039167/report.pdf","url_text":"Geographic Names of the Antarctic"}]},{"reference":"Liv Glacier, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-01-04","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C85165s1_Ant.Map_Liv_Glacier.jpg","url_text":"Liv Glacier"}]},{"reference":"Mount Goodale, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-01-04","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C85150s1_Mount_Goodale.jpg","url_text":"Mount Goodale"}]},{"reference":"Otway, Peter (21 September 2011), \"Gateways to the Pole: Mapping Amundsen's and Scott's Routes through the Transantarctic Mountains Fifty Years Later\" (PDF), www.antarctican.org, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2011, retrieved 9 January 2014","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111112104101/http://www.antarctican.org/antarctican_society/PDF%20Files/pack_ice/Otway_2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Gateways to the Pole: Mapping Amundsen's and Scott's Routes through the Transantarctic Mountains Fifty Years Later\""},{"url":"https://www.antarctican.org/antarctican_society/PDF%20Files/pack_ice/Otway_2011.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sailing Directions for Antarctica: Including the Off-Lying Islands South of Latitude 60 Degrees S. (2 ed.), United States. Hydrographic Office, 1960","urls":[{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2346/88464","url_text":"Sailing Directions for Antarctica: Including the Off-Lying Islands South of Latitude 60 Degrees S."}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_25_S_163_0_W_region:AQ_type:glacier","external_links_name":"85°25′S 163°0′W / 85.417°S 163.000°W / -85.417; -163.000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_25_S_163_0_W_region:AQ_type:glacier","external_links_name":"85°25′S 163°0′W / 85.417°S 163.000°W / -85.417; -163.000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_25_S_163_00_W_","external_links_name":"85°25′S 163°00′W / 85.417°S 163.000°W / -85.417; -163.000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_26_S_168_10_W_","external_links_name":"85°26′S 168°10′W / 85.433°S 168.167°W / -85.433; -168.167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_29_S_167_24_W_","external_links_name":"85°29′S 167°24′W / 85.483°S 167.400°W / -85.483; -167.400"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_33_S_167_20_W_","external_links_name":"85°33′S 167°20′W / 85.550°S 167.333°W / -85.550; -167.333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_34_S_166_30_W_","external_links_name":"85°34′S 166°30′W / 85.567°S 166.500°W / -85.567; -166.500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_32_S_165_47_W_","external_links_name":"85°32′S 165°47′W / 85.533°S 165.783°W / -85.533; -165.783"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_30_S_164_30_W_","external_links_name":"85°30′S 164°30′W / 85.500°S 164.500°W / -85.500; -164.500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_28_S_166_42_W_","external_links_name":"85°28′S 166°42′W / 85.467°S 166.700°W / -85.467; -166.700"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&params=85_23_S_163_50_W_","external_links_name":"85°23′S 163°50′W / 85.383°S 163.833°W / -85.383; -163.833"},{"Link":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039167/report.pdf","external_links_name":"Geographic Names of the Antarctic"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C85165s1_Ant.Map_Liv_Glacier.jpg","external_links_name":"Liv Glacier"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C85150s1_Mount_Goodale.jpg","external_links_name":"Mount Goodale"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111112104101/http://www.antarctican.org/antarctican_society/PDF%20Files/pack_ice/Otway_2011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Gateways to the Pole: Mapping Amundsen's and Scott's Routes through the Transantarctic Mountains Fifty Years Later\""},{"Link":"https://www.antarctican.org/antarctican_society/PDF%20Files/pack_ice/Otway_2011.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2346/88464","external_links_name":"Sailing Directions for Antarctica: Including the Off-Lying Islands South of Latitude 60 Degrees S."},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axel_Heiberg_Glacier&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Lattke
Wolfram Lattke
["1 External links"]
German singer You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (August 2015) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Wolfram Lattke}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Wolfram Lattke (born 1978, Pirna) is a German singer. He is a lyric tenor and began singing aged seven. He was a member of the Dresdner Kreuzchor (1987–1988) and the Thomanerchor (1988–1996), both times as a male soprano. External links Ensemble Amarcord (in German) Wolfram Lattke on Rosenthal Musikmanagement (in German) Wolfram Lattke on bach-cantatas.com Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Poland Artists MusicBrainz This article about a German singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pirna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirna"},{"link_name":"lyric tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_tenor"},{"link_name":"Dresdner Kreuzchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresdner_Kreuzchor"},{"link_name":"Thomanerchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomanerchor"}],"text":"Wolfram Lattke (born 1978, Pirna) is a German singer. He is a lyric tenor and began singing aged seven. He was a member of the Dresdner Kreuzchor (1987–1988) and the Thomanerchor (1988–1996), both times as a male soprano.","title":"Wolfram Lattke"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.amarcord.de/","external_links_name":"Ensemble Amarcord"},{"Link":"http://www.rmm-leipzig.de/kuenstler/wolfram-lattke/","external_links_name":"Wolfram Lattke on Rosenthal Musikmanagement"},{"Link":"http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Lattke-Wolfram.htm","external_links_name":"Wolfram Lattke on bach-cantatas.com"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000115213015","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/310637996","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrgFt8R3pYMw6JdFr4H4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162642781","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162642781","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/14279631X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011050559005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011174656","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810547481605606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/664c6e23-6cfa-4d7f-be74-6ee09a6976e8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_Lattke&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakala_omnogovae
Mahakala omnogovae
["1 Description","2 Classification","3 Paleoecology and paleobiology","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Extinct species of dinosaur MahakalaTemporal range: Late Cretaceous, 75 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Diagram of known elements from the holotype Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Saurischia Clade: Theropoda Family: †Dromaeosauridae Subfamily: †Halszkaraptorinae Genus: †MahakalaTurner et al., 2007 Type species †Mahakala omnogovaeTurner et al., 2007 Mahakala (IPA: from Sanskrit) is a genus of halszkaraptorine theropod dinosaur from the Campanian-age (about 80 million years ago) Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation of Ömnögovi, Mongolia. It is based on a partial skeleton found in the Gobi Desert. Mahakala was a small dromaeosaurid, and its skeleton shows features that are also found in early troodontids and avialans. Despite its late appearance, it is among the most basal dromaeosaurids. Its small size, and the small size of other basal deinonychosaurians, suggests that small size appeared before flight capability in birds. The genus is named for Mahakala, one of eight protector deities (dharmapalas) in Tibetan Buddhism. Artist's reconstruction of Mahakala as a halszkaraptorine Description 2009 skeletal reconstruction of Mahakala as a generic deinonychosaur Size compared to a human, reconstructed as a generic deinonychosaur Mahakala was a small dromaeosaurid, measuring 50–70 cm (20–28 in) long and weighing 400–700 g (14–25 oz). The holotype specimen, IGM 100/1033, consists of a partial skeleton including skull bones, vertebrae, limb bones, and portions of the pelvis and shoulder girdle. Although this individual was small, comparable in size to Archaeopteryx, Caudipteryx, and Mei, it was close to adulthood. This genus can be distinguished from other paravians (dromaeosaurids, troodontids, and birds) by details of the ulna, thighbone, ilium, and tail vertebrae. Like Archaeopteryx and derived dromaeosaurids, but unlike basal troodontids and other dromaeosaurids, the middle (third) metatarsal was not compressed, suggesting that the uncompressed version was the basal version. It had a typical dromaeosaurid form of the second toe, with an expanded claw. Classification A phylogenetic analysis performed by Turner and colleagues, who described the specimen, found Mahakala to be the most basal known dromaeosaurid. Their results, along with the small size of other theropods found at the base of paravian lineages, suggest that small size was not an innovation of early birds, but a common trait of early paravians; small size would have preceded flight and would not have been a special avian autapomorphy as the result of a size squeeze. Like birds, troodontids and dromaeosaurids were not small throughout their evolutionary history, and showed size increases among several different lineages. Mahakala has a combination of characteristics found among basal troodontids and birds, but lacks some that are present in more derived dromaeosaurids. A study in 2017 found that Mahakala was a member of the enigmatic, basal subfamily Halszkaraptorinae. The cladogram below is based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted in 2017 by Cau et al. using updated data from the Theropod Working Group in their description of Halszkaraptor. Dromaeosauridae Halszkaraptorinae Halszkaraptor Mahakala Hulsanpes Unenlagiinae Austroraptor Buitreraptor Neuquenraptor Unenlagia comahuensis Unenlagia paynemili Shanag Zhenyuanlong Microraptoria Changyuraptor NGMC 91 Graciliraptor Microraptor Sinornithosaurus Hesperonychus Eudromaeosauria Bambiraptor Tianyuraptor Dromaeosaurinae Achillobator Utahraptor Dromaeosaurus Velociraptorinae Adasaurus Deinonychus Saurornitholestes Velociraptor Tsaagan Linheraptor Paleoecology and paleobiology The paleoenvironment of the Djadokhta Formation is interpreted as having a semiarid climate, with sand dune and alluvial settings. The semiarid steppe landscape was drained by intermittent streams and was sometimes affected by dust and sandstorms, and moisture was seasonal. Animals present included terrestrial turtles and crocodilians, lizards, mammals, and a variety of dinosaurs; aquatic animals like fish were not present. The majority of the fauna was small to medium-sized. Small coelurosaurians are the most diverse dinosaurs, including fellow dromaeosaurid Velociraptor, troodontids Byronosaurus and Saurornithoides, oviraptorids Citipati, Khaan, and Oviraptor, and alvarezsaurids Kol and Shuvuuia; other dinosaurs present included ceratopsians Protoceratops and Udanoceratops, the hadrosaur Plesiohadros, and the ankylosaurid Pinacosaurus. Like other dromaeosaurids, Mahakala would have been a small active predaceous carnivore. Halszkaraptorinae are known to be strong swimmers, this suggests that Mahakala may too have been a strong swimmer like the other members of its family. See also Timeline of dromaeosaurid research References ^ a b c Turner, A.H.; Pol, D.; Clarke, J.A.; Erickson, G.M.; Norell, M.A. (2007). "A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight". Science. 317 (5843): 1378–1381. Bibcode:2007Sci...317.1378T. doi:10.1126/science.1144066. PMID 17823350. ^ Paul, Gregory S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-78684-190-2. OCLC 985402380. ^ a b Cau, A.; Beyrand, V.; Voeten, D. F. A. E.; Fernandez, V.; Tafforeau, P.; Stein, K.; Barsbold, R.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Currie, P. J.; Godefroit, P. (2017). "Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs". Nature. 552 (7685): 395–399. Bibcode:2017Natur.552..395C. doi:10.1038/nature24679. PMID 29211712. S2CID 4471941. ^ Jerzykiewicz, Tom (1997). "Djadokhta Formation". In Currie, Phillip J.; Padian, Kevin (eds.). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 188–191. ISBN 978-0-12-226810-6. ^ Weishampel, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loueff, Jean; Xu Xing; Zhao Xijin; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Elizabeth M.P.; Noto, Christopher N. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 517–606. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8. ^ Weishampel, Davi, ed. (2004). "Dromaeosauridae". The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 196–210. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8. External links HTML version of "A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight" vteDromaeosauridae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Theropoda Clade: Paraves Avemetatarsalia see Avemetatarsalia Theropoda see Theropoda Maniraptora see Maniraptora Dromaeosauridae see below↓ DromaeosauridaeDromaeosauridae Daurlong Pyroraptor Shanag? Tianyuraptor Variraptor? Zhenyuanlong Halszkaraptorinae? Halszkaraptor Hulsanpes Mahakala Natovenator Unenlagiinae? Austroraptor Buitreraptor Dakotaraptor? Diuqin Neuquenraptor Ornithodesmus? Pamparaptor Pyroraptor? Rahonavis? Unenlagia Unquillosaurus? Variraptor? Ypupiara Microraptoria? Changyuraptor Graciliraptor Hesperonychus? Microraptor Sinornithosaurus Tianyuraptor? Wulong Zhongjianosaurus Eudromaeosauria Balaur? Bambiraptor Dineobellator Tianyuraptor? Vectiraptor Zhenyuanlong? Saurornitholestinae Atrociraptor Bambiraptor? Saurornitholestes Dromaeosaurinae Achillobator Dakotaraptor? Deinonychus? Dromaeosauroides Dromaeosaurus Itemirus Saurornitholestes? Utahraptor Yurgovuchia Zapsalis Velociraptorinae Acheroraptor Adasaurus Boreonykus? Deinonychus? Kansaignathus Kuru Linheraptor Luanchuanraptor? Nuthetes? Saurornitholestes? Shri Tsaagan Velociraptor See also: Timeline Category Taxon identifiersMahakala Wikidata: Q134166 EoL: 4433596 GBIF: 4966362 Open Tree of Life: 4946053 Paleobiology Database: 133918 Portal: Dinosaurs
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[mɑːhɑːˈkɑːˈlɑː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"halszkaraptorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halszkaraptorine"},{"link_name":"theropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropod"},{"link_name":"dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"Campanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanian"},{"link_name":"Upper Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Djadokhta Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djadokhta_Formation"},{"link_name":"Ömnögovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96mn%C3%B6govi_Province"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Gobi Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_Desert"},{"link_name":"dromaeosaurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromaeosauridae"},{"link_name":"troodontids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troodontidae"},{"link_name":"avialans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avialae"},{"link_name":"deinonychosaurians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinonychosauria"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Mahakala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakala"},{"link_name":"dharmapalas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmapala"},{"link_name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahakala_omnogovae_1st_pass.png"}],"text":"Mahakala (IPA: [mɑːhɑːˈkɑːˈlɑː] from Sanskrit) is a genus of halszkaraptorine theropod dinosaur from the Campanian-age (about 80 million years ago) Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation of Ömnögovi, Mongolia. It is based on a partial skeleton found in the Gobi Desert. Mahakala was a small dromaeosaurid, and its skeleton shows features that are also found in early troodontids and avialans. Despite its late appearance, it is among the most basal dromaeosaurids. Its small size, and the small size of other basal deinonychosaurians, suggests that small size appeared before flight capability in birds. The genus is named for Mahakala, one of eight protector deities (dharmapalas) in Tibetan Buddhism.Artist's reconstruction of Mahakala as a halszkaraptorine","title":"Mahakala omnogovae"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahakala_as_generic_deinonychosaur.jpg"},{"link_name":"deinonychosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinonychosaur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahakala_omnogovae_SIZE.jpg"},{"link_name":"deinonychosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinonychosauria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHTetal07-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"IGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongolian_Institute_of_Geology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra"},{"link_name":"pelvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis"},{"link_name":"shoulder girdle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoral_girdle"},{"link_name":"Archaeopteryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx"},{"link_name":"Caudipteryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudipteryx"},{"link_name":"Mei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mei_(dinosaur)"},{"link_name":"paravians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraves"},{"link_name":"ulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna"},{"link_name":"thighbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femur"},{"link_name":"ilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilium_(bone)"},{"link_name":"metatarsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsus"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics#Definitions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHTetal07-1"}],"text":"2009 skeletal reconstruction of Mahakala as a generic deinonychosaurSize compared to a human, reconstructed as a generic deinonychosaurMahakala was a small dromaeosaurid, measuring 50–70 cm (20–28 in) long and weighing 400–700 g (14–25 oz).[1][2] The holotype specimen, IGM 100/1033, consists of a partial skeleton including skull bones, vertebrae, limb bones, and portions of the pelvis and shoulder girdle. Although this individual was small, comparable in size to Archaeopteryx, Caudipteryx, and Mei, it was close to adulthood. This genus can be distinguished from other paravians (dromaeosaurids, troodontids, and birds) by details of the ulna, thighbone, ilium, and tail vertebrae. Like Archaeopteryx and derived dromaeosaurids, but unlike basal troodontids and other dromaeosaurids, the middle (third) metatarsal was not compressed, suggesting that the uncompressed version was the basal version. It had a typical dromaeosaurid form of the second toe, with an expanded claw.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phylogenetic analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics"},{"link_name":"theropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropod"},{"link_name":"paravian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraves"},{"link_name":"autapomorphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autapomorphy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHTetal07-1"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)"},{"link_name":"subfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamily"},{"link_name":"Halszkaraptorinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halszkaraptorinae"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature-3"},{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"Halszkaraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halszkaraptor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature-3"},{"link_name":"Dromaeosauridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromaeosauridae"},{"link_name":"Halszkaraptorinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halszkaraptorinae"},{"link_name":"Halszkaraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halszkaraptor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halszkaraptor_reconstruction_by_Tom_Parker_(Flipped).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahakala_omnogovae_no_background.png"},{"link_name":"Hulsanpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulsanpes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hulsanpes_no_background.png"},{"link_name":"Unenlagiinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unenlagiinae"},{"link_name":"Austroraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroraptor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austroraptor_Restoration_(flipped).png"},{"link_name":"Buitreraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buitreraptor"},{"link_name":"Neuquenraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuquenraptor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neuquenraptor_argentinus_by_PaleoGeek.png"},{"link_name":"Unenlagia comahuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unenlagia_comahuensis"},{"link_name":"Unenlagia paynemili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unenlagia_paynemili"},{"link_name":"Shanag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanag"},{"link_name":"Zhenyuanlong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhenyuanlong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zhenyuanlong_life_restoration_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"Microraptoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microraptoria"},{"link_name":"Changyuraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changyuraptor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Changyuraptor.png"},{"link_name":"NGMC 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGMC_91"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sinornithosaurus_(flipped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Graciliraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graciliraptor"},{"link_name":"Microraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microraptor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fred_Wierum_Microraptor.png"},{"link_name":"Sinornithosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinornithosaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sinornithosaurus_(flipped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hesperonychus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperonychus"},{"link_name":"Eudromaeosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudromaeosauria"},{"link_name":"Bambiraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambiraptor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bambiraptor_reconstruction.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tianyuraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianyuraptor"},{"link_name":"Dromaeosaurinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromaeosaurinae"},{"link_name":"Achillobator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achillobator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Achillobator_reconstruction_Flipped.png"},{"link_name":"Utahraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utahraptor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Utahraptor_Restoration_(flipped).png"},{"link_name":"Dromaeosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromaeosaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fred_Wierum_Dromaeosaurus.png"},{"link_name":"Velociraptorinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velociraptorinae"},{"link_name":"Adasaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adasaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adasaurus_Restoration.jpg"},{"link_name":"Deinonychus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinonychus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fred_Wierum_Deinonychus.png"},{"link_name":"Saurornitholestes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurornitholestes"},{"link_name":"Velociraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velociraptor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fred_Wierum_Velociraptor.png"},{"link_name":"Tsaagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaagan"},{"link_name":"Linheraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linheraptor"}],"text":"A phylogenetic analysis performed by Turner and colleagues, who described the specimen, found Mahakala to be the most basal known dromaeosaurid. Their results, along with the small size of other theropods found at the base of paravian lineages, suggest that small size was not an innovation of early birds, but a common trait of early paravians; small size would have preceded flight and would not have been a special avian autapomorphy as the result of a size squeeze. Like birds, troodontids and dromaeosaurids were not small throughout their evolutionary history, and showed size increases among several different lineages. Mahakala has a combination of characteristics found among basal troodontids and birds, but lacks some that are present in more derived dromaeosaurids.[1] A study in 2017 found that Mahakala was a member of the enigmatic, basal subfamily Halszkaraptorinae.[3]The cladogram below is based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted in 2017 by Cau et al. using updated data from the Theropod Working Group in their description of Halszkaraptor.[3]Dromaeosauridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHalszkaraptorinae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHalszkaraptor\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMahakala\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHulsanpes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUnenlagiinae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAustroraptor\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBuitreraptor\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeuquenraptor\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUnenlagia comahuensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUnenlagia paynemili\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShanag\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nZhenyuanlong\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMicroraptoria\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChangyuraptor \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNGMC 91\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGraciliraptor\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMicroraptor\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSinornithosaurus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHesperonychus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEudromaeosauria\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBambiraptor\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTianyuraptor\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDromaeosaurinae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAchillobator\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUtahraptor\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDromaeosaurus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVelociraptorinae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdasaurus \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDeinonychus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSaurornitholestes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVelociraptor\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTsaagan\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLinheraptor","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"semiarid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiarid"},{"link_name":"sand dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune"},{"link_name":"alluvial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvium"},{"link_name":"steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe"},{"link_name":"intermittent streams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_stream"},{"link_name":"sandstorms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_storm"},{"link_name":"turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle"},{"link_name":"crocodilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilia"},{"link_name":"lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"aquatic animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_animal"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"fauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TJ97-4"},{"link_name":"coelurosaurians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelurosauria"},{"link_name":"Byronosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byronosaurus"},{"link_name":"Saurornithoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurornithoides"},{"link_name":"oviraptorids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptoridae"},{"link_name":"Citipati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citipati_(dinosaur)"},{"link_name":"Khaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaan"},{"link_name":"Oviraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptor"},{"link_name":"alvarezsaurids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvarezsauridae"},{"link_name":"Kol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol_(dinosaur)"},{"link_name":"Shuvuuia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuvuuia"},{"link_name":"ceratopsians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratopsia"},{"link_name":"Protoceratops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoceratops"},{"link_name":"Udanoceratops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udanoceratops"},{"link_name":"Plesiohadros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiohadros"},{"link_name":"ankylosaurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosauridae"},{"link_name":"Pinacosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinacosaurus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBWetal04-5"},{"link_name":"predaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator"},{"link_name":"carnivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dinosauria04-6"},{"link_name":"Halszkaraptorinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halszkaraptorinae"}],"text":"The paleoenvironment of the Djadokhta Formation is interpreted as having a semiarid climate, with sand dune and alluvial settings. The semiarid steppe landscape was drained by intermittent streams and was sometimes affected by dust and sandstorms, and moisture was seasonal. Animals present included terrestrial turtles and crocodilians, lizards, mammals, and a variety of dinosaurs; aquatic animals like fish were not present. The majority of the fauna was small to medium-sized.[4] Small coelurosaurians are the most diverse dinosaurs, including fellow dromaeosaurid Velociraptor, troodontids Byronosaurus and Saurornithoides, oviraptorids Citipati, Khaan, and Oviraptor, and alvarezsaurids Kol and Shuvuuia; other dinosaurs present included ceratopsians Protoceratops and Udanoceratops, the hadrosaur Plesiohadros, and the ankylosaurid Pinacosaurus.[5] Like other dromaeosaurids, Mahakala would have been a small active predaceous carnivore.[6] Halszkaraptorinae are known to be strong swimmers, this suggests that Mahakala may too have been a strong swimmer like the other members of its family.","title":"Paleoecology and paleobiology"}]
[{"image_text":"Artist's reconstruction of Mahakala as a halszkaraptorine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mahakala_omnogovae_1st_pass.png/220px-Mahakala_omnogovae_1st_pass.png"},{"image_text":"2009 skeletal reconstruction of Mahakala as a generic deinonychosaur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mahakala_as_generic_deinonychosaur.jpg/220px-Mahakala_as_generic_deinonychosaur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Size compared to a human, reconstructed as a generic deinonychosaur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mahakala_omnogovae_SIZE.jpg/220px-Mahakala_omnogovae_SIZE.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Timeline of dromaeosaurid research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_dromaeosaurid_research"}]
[{"reference":"Turner, A.H.; Pol, D.; Clarke, J.A.; Erickson, G.M.; Norell, M.A. (2007). \"A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight\". Science. 317 (5843): 1378–1381. Bibcode:2007Sci...317.1378T. doi:10.1126/science.1144066. PMID 17823350.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1144066","url_text":"\"A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...317.1378T","url_text":"2007Sci...317.1378T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1144066","url_text":"10.1126/science.1144066"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17823350","url_text":"17823350"}]},{"reference":"Paul, Gregory S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-78684-190-2. OCLC 985402380.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/985402380","url_text":"The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78684-190-2","url_text":"978-1-78684-190-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/985402380","url_text":"985402380"}]},{"reference":"Cau, A.; Beyrand, V.; Voeten, D. F. A. E.; Fernandez, V.; Tafforeau, P.; Stein, K.; Barsbold, R.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Currie, P. J.; Godefroit, P. (2017). \"Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs\". Nature. 552 (7685): 395–399. Bibcode:2017Natur.552..395C. doi:10.1038/nature24679. PMID 29211712. S2CID 4471941.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321609878","url_text":"\"Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.552..395C","url_text":"2017Natur.552..395C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature24679","url_text":"10.1038/nature24679"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29211712","url_text":"29211712"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4471941","url_text":"4471941"}]},{"reference":"Jerzykiewicz, Tom (1997). \"Djadokhta Formation\". In Currie, Phillip J.; Padian, Kevin (eds.). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 188–191. ISBN 978-0-12-226810-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediadino00curr_075","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediadino00curr_075/page/n218","url_text":"188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-226810-6","url_text":"978-0-12-226810-6"}]},{"reference":"Weishampel, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loueff, Jean; Xu Xing; Zhao Xijin; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Elizabeth M.P.; Noto, Christopher N. (2004). \"Dinosaur distribution\". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 517–606. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Weishampel","url_text":"Weishampel, David B."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dinosauriandedit00weis","url_text":"The Dinosauria"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dinosauriandedit00weis/page/n535","url_text":"517"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24209-8","url_text":"978-0-520-24209-8"}]},{"reference":"Weishampel, Davi, ed. (2004). \"Dromaeosauridae\". The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 196–210. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dinosauriandedit00weis","url_text":"The Dinosauria"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dinosauriandedit00weis/page/n214","url_text":"196"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24209-8","url_text":"978-0-520-24209-8"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1144066","external_links_name":"\"A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...317.1378T","external_links_name":"2007Sci...317.1378T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1144066","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.1144066"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17823350","external_links_name":"17823350"},{"Link":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/985402380","external_links_name":"The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/985402380","external_links_name":"985402380"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321609878","external_links_name":"\"Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.552..395C","external_links_name":"2017Natur.552..395C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature24679","external_links_name":"10.1038/nature24679"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29211712","external_links_name":"29211712"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4471941","external_links_name":"4471941"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediadino00curr_075","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediadino00curr_075/page/n218","external_links_name":"188"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dinosauriandedit00weis","external_links_name":"The Dinosauria"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dinosauriandedit00weis/page/n535","external_links_name":"517"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dinosauriandedit00weis","external_links_name":"The Dinosauria"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dinosauriandedit00weis/page/n214","external_links_name":"196"},{"Link":"http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/317/5843/1378","external_links_name":"HTML version of \"A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight\""},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/4433596","external_links_name":"4433596"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4966362","external_links_name":"4966362"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4946053","external_links_name":"4946053"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=133918","external_links_name":"133918"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_Stronger_Than_Death
Love Is Stronger Than Death
["1 Track listing","2 References"]
1993 single by The The"Love Is Stronger Than Death"Single by The Thefrom the album Dusk ReleasedJune 1993Recorded1992–1993GenreAlternative rockLength4:39LabelEpicSongwriter(s)Matt JohnsonThe The singles chronology "Slow Emotion Replay" (1993) "Love Is Stronger Than Death" (1993) "I Saw the Light" (1995) "Love Is Stronger Than Death" is a song from The The's album Dusk. It was written by Matt Johnson, the only constant member of The The. Johnson wrote this song following the death of his brother. In his depression, he found that writing this song was therapeutic for him. The title is a paraphrase of a biblical quote: "Set me as a seal upon thine heart, as a seal upon thine arm: for love is strong as death; jealousy is cruel as the grave: the coals thereof are coals of fire, which hath a most vehement flame." (Song of Solomon 8:6). The song is also featured on the soundtrack to the Gregg Araki movie Nowhere, and plays over the film's closing credits. The song went to #39 on the UK charts in 1993, and hit #14 on the Modern Rock charts. Track listing UK CD (Part 1) - Epic 659371 2 "Love Is Stronger Than Death" "The Sinking Feeling" (Live) "The Mercy Beat" (Live) "Armageddon Days Are Here (Again)" (Live) UK CD (Part 2) - Epic 659371 5 "Love Is Stronger Than Death" "Infected" (New Version) (Live) "Soul Mining" (New Version) (Live) "Armageddon Days Are Here (Again)" (New Version) (Live) References This Is The Day - Discography Discogs - The The - Love is Stronger Than Death vteThe The Matt Johnson Keith Laws Peter Ashworth Simon Fisher Turner Zeke Manyika Johnny Marr Gail Ann Dorsey Earl Harvin Eric Schermerhorn Studio albums Burning Blue Soul Soul Mining Infected Mind Bomb Dusk Hanky Panky NakedSelf Ensoulment Compilation albums Solitude 45 RPM: The Singles of The The Singles "Uncertain Smile" "This Is the Day" "Love Is Stronger Than Death" "I Saw the Light" Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 1990s British single-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The The","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_The"},{"link_name":"Dusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusk_(The_The_album)"},{"link_name":"Matt Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Johnson_(singer)"},{"link_name":"paraphrase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphrase"},{"link_name":"Gregg Araki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Araki"},{"link_name":"Nowhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowhere_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Single_Charts"},{"link_name":"Modern Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Rock_Tracks"}],"text":"\"Love Is Stronger Than Death\" is a song from The The's album Dusk. It was written by Matt Johnson, the only constant member of The The. Johnson wrote this song following the death of his brother. In his depression, he found that writing this song was therapeutic for him.The title is a paraphrase of a biblical quote: \"Set me as a seal upon thine heart, as a seal upon thine arm: for love is strong as death; jealousy is cruel as the grave: the coals thereof are coals of fire, which hath a most vehement flame.\" (Song of Solomon 8:6).The song is also featured on the soundtrack to the Gregg Araki movie Nowhere, and plays over the film's closing credits.The song went to #39 on the UK charts in 1993, and hit #14 on the Modern Rock charts.","title":"Love Is Stronger Than Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"UK CD (Part 1) - Epic 659371 2\"Love Is Stronger Than Death\"\n\"The Sinking Feeling\" (Live)\n\"The Mercy Beat\" (Live)\n\"Armageddon Days Are Here (Again)\" (Live)UK CD (Part 2) - Epic 659371 5\"Love Is Stronger Than Death\"\n\"Infected\" (New Version) (Live)\n\"Soul Mining\" (New Version) (Live)\n\"Armageddon Days Are Here (Again)\" (New Version) (Live)","title":"Track listing"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100605134428/http://www.thethe.com/sections/utilities/discography.html","external_links_name":"This Is The Day - Discography"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/The-The-Love-Is-Stronger-Than-Death/master/20963","external_links_name":"Discogs - The The - Love is Stronger Than Death"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/6a5bad08-1df0-489d-a88a-4168487853c6","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Is_Stronger_Than_Death&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Anapa
FC Spartak-UGP Anapa
["1 External links"]
Football clubFC Spartak-UGP AnapaFull nameFC Spartak-UGP AnapaFounded1986; 38 years ago (1986)Dissolved2009; 15 years ago (2009)2008Russian Second Division, Zone South, 17th FC Spartak-UGP Anapa (Russian: ФК «Спартак-УГП» Анапа) was a Russian football team from Anapa. UGP stands for their sponsor, Gazprom subsidiary, Urengoygazprom. It existed from 1986 to early 2009 and played professionally from 1988 to 1998, 2001 to 2003 and 2005 to 2008 (including a stint in the Russian First Division in 1992 and 1993). In early 2009 it was dissolved due to financial problems. It was called Dynamo Anapa (1986–1987), Gekris Anapa (1995), FC Anapa (1998–1999) and Spartak Anapa (1988–1994, 1996–1997, 2000–2003). External links (in Russian) Page at 2liga.ru This article about a Russian association football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Anapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapa"},{"link_name":"Gazprom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazprom"},{"link_name":"Urengoygazprom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urengoygazprom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Russian First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_First_Division"}],"text":"FC Spartak-UGP Anapa (Russian: ФК «Спартак-УГП» Анапа) was a Russian football team from Anapa. UGP stands for their sponsor, Gazprom subsidiary, Urengoygazprom. It existed from 1986 to early 2009 and played professionally from 1988 to 1998, 2001 to 2003 and 2005 to 2008 (including a stint in the Russian First Division in 1992 and 1993). In early 2009 it was dissolved due to financial problems. It was called Dynamo Anapa (1986–1987), Gekris Anapa (1995), FC Anapa (1998–1999) and Spartak Anapa (1988–1994, 1996–1997, 2000–2003).","title":"FC Spartak-UGP Anapa"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090228230903/http://www.2liga.ru/showthread.php?t=2742","external_links_name":"Page at 2liga.ru"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC_Spartak-UGP_Anapa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremser_SC
Kremser SC
["1 External links"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kremser SC" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Football clubKremser SCFull nameKremser SportclubNickname(s) –Founded1919GroundSepp-Doll-Stadion,Krems, AustriaCapacity10,000ChairmanFriedrich SpindelbergerManagerHannes WeberLeagueAustrian Regionalliga East (2023–24) Home colours Away colours Kremser SC is an Austrian association football club located in Krems, Austria. Its first team plays in the Austrian Regionalliga East. The team's colors are white and black. They last played at the country's highest level during the 1991–92 Austrian Football Bundesliga season. Historical chart of the club's league performance External links Official website Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany This article about an Austrian football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austrian association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"Krems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krems_an_der_Donau"},{"link_name":"Austrian Regionalliga East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Regionalliga_East"},{"link_name":"1991–92 Austrian Football Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Austrian_Football_Bundesliga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krems_Performance_Graph.png"}],"text":"Football clubKremser SC is an Austrian association football club located in Krems, Austria. Its first team plays in the Austrian Regionalliga East. The team's colors are white and black.They last played at the country's highest level during the 1991–92 Austrian Football Bundesliga season.Historical chart of the club's league performance","title":"Kremser SC"}]
[{"image_text":"Historical chart of the club's league performance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Krems_Performance_Graph.png/260px-Krems_Performance_Graph.png"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kremser+SC%22","external_links_name":"\"Kremser SC\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kremser+SC%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kremser+SC%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kremser+SC%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kremser+SC%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kremser+SC%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.kremser-sc.at/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/127511651","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/2158942-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kremser_SC&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Prize
Platform Prize
["1 Critical response","2 Films","3 References"]
Canadian film award The Platform Prize is an annual film award, presented by the Toronto International Film Festival to films of "high artistic merit that also demonstrate a strong directorial vision." Introduced in 2015, the award is presented to a film, selected by an international jury of three prominent filmmakers or actors, from among the films screened in the Platform program. The program normally screens between eight and twelve films; only one winner is selected each year, although as with TIFF's other juried awards the jurors have the discretion to give honorable mentions to other films besides the overall winner. The winner of the Platform Prize receives $25,000 from the award's current corporate sponsor, Air France. According to festival programmer Cameron Bailey, the Platform program and prize were established because "films are passing through the festival without the attention they deserve". He compared Platform's intentions to the Cannes Film Festival's Directors' Fortnight and Un Certain Regard streams rather than its Palme d'Or award, indicating that it was meant to provide a platform for distinctive or innovative films but not to supplant the People's Choice Award as the top award at the festival. The award is named after filmmaker Jia Zhang-ke's 2000 historical drama. After the award is announced, the festival offers a repeat screening of the winner at the TIFF Bell Lightbox on the final day of the festival. Critical response In some years, the film magazine Screen International has convened its own unofficial panel of film critics, who were assigned to watch all the Platform films and conduct their own independent vote on which film should win the award. Their panel in 2017 selected Warwick Thornton's Sweet Country, the same film that won the prize, but their panel in 2018 split between two films, Benjamín Naishtat's Rojo and Emir Baigazin's The River, while the festival jury awarded the prize to Ho Wi Ding's Cities of Last Things; the jury did, however, give The River an honorable mention. Other critics have questioned whether the Platform Prize has been effective at accomplishing its stated goals at all. Canadian documentary filmmaker Alan Zweig, who won the inaugural Platform Prize in 2015 for his film Hurt, noted that while it was not the least successful film of his career in general release, the prize did not appear to give the film any major boost in distribution or box office sales over his other films. The 2016 jury's choice of Pablo Larraín's Jackie has also been questioned by critics, in particular because the Platform lineup that year also included Moonlight, which went on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. Films † denotes a non-winning film which received an honorable mention from the jury. Year Jury Film Director Ref. 2015 Jia Zhang-keClaire DenisAgnieszka Holland Hurt Alan Zweig Bang Gang (A Modern Love Story) Eva Husson The Clan Pablo Trapero French Blood Diastème Full Contact David Verbeek High-Rise Ben Wheatley Land of Mine Martin Zandvliet Looking for Grace Sue Brooks Neon Bull Gabriel Mascaro The Promised Land He Ping Sky Fabienne Berthaud The White Knights Joachim Lafosse 2016 Brian de PalmaMahamat-Saleh HarounZhang Ziyi Jackie Pablo Larraín Daguerrotype (Le Secret de la chambre noire) Kiyoshi Kurosawa Goldstone Ivan Sen Heal the Living Katell Quillévéré Hema Hema: Sing Me a Song While I Wait † Khyentse Norbu Home Fien Troch Lady Macbeth William Oldroyd Layla M. Mijke de Jong Searchers Zacharias Kunuk, Natar Ungalaaq Moonlight Barry Jenkins Nocturama Bertrand Bonello Those Who Make Revolution Halfway Only Dig Their Own Graves (Ceux qui font les révolutions à moitié n'ont fait que se creuser un tombeau) Mathieu Denis, Simon Lavoie 2017 Chen KaigeMałgorzata SzumowskaWim Wenders Sweet Country Warwick Thornton Beast Michael Pearce Brad's Status Mike White Custody Xavier Legrand Dark River Clio Barnard The Death of Stalin Armando Iannucci Euphoria Lisa Langseth If You Saw His Heart (Si tu voyais son cœur) Joan Chemla Mademoiselle Paradis  Barbara Albert Razzia Nabil Ayouch The Seen and Unseen Kamila Andini What Will People Say (Hva Vil Volk Si) Iram Haq 2018 Lee Chang-dongBéla TarrMira Nair Cities of Last Things Ho Wi Ding Angelo Markus Schleinzer Destroyer Karyn Kusama Donnybrook Tim Sutton The Good Girls Alejandra Márquez Abella Her Smell Alex Ross Perry The Innocent Simon Jaquemet Jessica Forever Caroline Poggi, Jonathan Vinel Lady J (Mademoiselle de Joncquières) Emmanuel Mouret Out of Blue Carol Morley The River † Emir Baigazin Rojo Benjamín Naishtat 2019 Carlo ChatrianJessica KiangAthina Rachel Tsangari Martin Eden Pietro Marcello Anne at 13,000 Ft. † Kazik Radwanski The Moneychanger Federico Veiroj My Zoe Julie Delpy Proxima † Alice Winocour Rocks Sarah Gavron The Sleepwalkers Paula Hernández Sound of Metal Darius Marder Wet Season Anthony Chen Workforce David Zonana 2020 Award not presented, due to the reduced program in light of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. 2021 Riz AhmedClio BarnardAnthony ChenValerie ComplexKazik Radwanski Yuni Kamila Andini Arthur Rambo Laurent Cantet Drunken Birds (Les oiseaux ivres) Ivan Grbovic Earwig Lucile Hadžihalilović Good Madam (Mlungu Wam) † Jenna Cato Bass Huda's Salon Hany Abu-Assad Montana Story Scott McGehee, David Siegel Silent Land Aga Woszczyńska 2022 Patricia RozemaIram HaqChaitanya Tamhane Riceboy Sleeps Anthony Shim Charcoal (Carvão) Carolina Markowicz Emily Frances O'Connor The Gravity (La Gravité) Cédric Ido Hawa Maïmouna Doucouré How to Blow Up a Pipeline Daniel Goldhaber Subtraction (Tafrigh) Mani Haghighi Thunder (Foudre) Carmen Jaquier Tora's Husband Rima Das Viking Stéphane Lafleur 2023 Barry JenkinsNadine LabakiAnthony Shim Dear Jassi Tarsem Singh Dhandwar Dream Scenario Kristoffer Borgli Great Absence Kei Chika-ura I Told You So (Te l’avevo detto) Ginevra Elkann The King Tide Christian Sparkes Not a Word (Kein Wort) Hanna Slak The Rye Horn (O Corno) Jaione Camborda Sisterhood (HLM Pussy) Nora El Hourch Shame on Dry Land (Syndabocken) Axel Petersén Spirit of Ecstasy (La Vénus d'argent) Héléna Klotz References ^ "TIFF reveals Cannes-centric jury for 2018 Platform competition". The Globe and Mail, May 10, 2018. ^ "Air France signs with TIFF". Media in Canada, August 11, 2017. ^ a b c "At TIFF, a competition that's still not competitive". The Globe and Mail, September 14, 2017. ^ "TIFF '16 names its Platform Jury". Toronto International Film Festival. August 25, 2016. ^ "'Rojo', 'The River' top Screen's final TIFF Platform jury grid". Screen Daily, September 13, 2018. ^ "'Sweet Country' tops Screen's Toronto Platform jury grid". Screen Daily, September 20, 2017. ^ "TIFF 2018: Rojo deserves to win the Platform Prize". Now, September 15, 2018. ^ a b "TIFF 2018 Awards: ‘Green Book’ Wins the People's Choice Award, Upsetting ‘A Star Is Born’". IndieWire, September 16, 2018. ^ a b c "Will TIFF's Platform Prize ever take off?". Now, May 16, 2018. ^ Peter Howell, "Searching for global excellence at TIFF, then choosing Toronto". Toronto Star, September 20, 2015. ^ Naman Ramachandran, "High-Rise amongst 12 Platform titles at Toronto". Cineuropa, August 17, 2015. ^ Joey Nolfi (September 18, 2016). "TIFF People's Choice Award cements La La Land's place in Oscar race". Entertainment Weekly. ^ Anita Busch, "Toronto Film Festival Announces Films To Screen In Its 2nd Annual Platform Program". Deadline Hollywood, August 11, 2016. ^ Vlessing, Etan (September 17, 2017). "Toronto: 'Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri' Captures Audience Award"". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 6, 2018. ^ Jeremy Kay, "'The Death Of Stalin' to open Toronto Film Festival Platform programme". Screen Daily, August 3, 2017. ^ Norman Wilner, "TIFF 2018: Nicole Kidman, Elisabeth Moss films to compete for Platform Prize". Now, August 8, 2018. ^ Hipes, Patrick (September 12, 2019). "Toronto Film Festival Jury Winners: 'Martin Eden', 'Murmur', 'How To Build A Girl'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 12, 2019. ^ Norman Wilner (August 7, 2019). "TIFF 2019: Platform lineup includes films by Julie Delpy, Sarah Gavron". Now. ^ Steve Pond, "‘Belfast’ Wins Toronto Film Festival’s People’s Choice Award". TheWrap, September 18, 2021. ^ Pat Mullen, "TIFF Unveils Line-up for ‘Celebrating Alanis’ Retrospective". Point of View, August 11, 2021. ^ Christian Zilko, "‘The Fabelmans’ Wins TIFF 2022 People’s Choice Award". IndieWire, September 18, 2022. ^ Jeremy Kay, "Frances O’Connor’s ‘Emily’ to open TIFF Platform alongside films from Maïmouna Doucouré, Rima Das". Screen Daily, August 3, 2022. ^ Christian Zilko, "American Fiction’ Wins People’s Choice Award at 2023 TIFF (Complete Winners List)". IndieWire, September 17, 2023. ^ John Hazelton, "Toronto unveils 2023 Platform line-up; ‘Dream Scenario’ with Nicolas Cage to open". Screen Daily, August 2, 2023. vteToronto International Film FestivalBy year 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Awards People's Choice People's Choice: Documentaries People's Choice: Midnight Madness Best Canadian Film Best Canadian First Feature Film Best Canadian Short Film Amplify Voices Changemaker International Critics' (FIPRESCI) Prizes Best International Short Film NETPAC Prize Platform Prize Share Her Journey TIFF Tribute Awards Related Canada's Top Ten Canada On Screen Film Reference Library Preludes TIFF Lightbox TIFF Cinematheque TIFF Next Wave Top 10 Canadian Films of All Time
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-platform2018-1"},{"link_name":"honorable mentions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorable_mention"},{"link_name":"Air France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cameron Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Bailey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-competitive-3"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Directors' Fortnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors%27_Fortnight"},{"link_name":"Un Certain Regard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_Certain_Regard"},{"link_name":"Palme d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-competitive-3"},{"link_name":"People's Choice Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival_People%27s_Choice_Award"},{"link_name":"Jia Zhang-ke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Zhang-ke"},{"link_name":"2000 historical drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016jury-4"}],"text":"The Platform Prize is an annual film award, presented by the Toronto International Film Festival to films of \"high artistic merit that also demonstrate a strong directorial vision.\"[1] Introduced in 2015, the award is presented to a film, selected by an international jury of three prominent filmmakers or actors, from among the films screened in the Platform program. The program normally screens between eight and twelve films; only one winner is selected each year, although as with TIFF's other juried awards the jurors have the discretion to give honorable mentions to other films besides the overall winner.The winner of the Platform Prize receives $25,000 from the award's current corporate sponsor, Air France.[2]According to festival programmer Cameron Bailey, the Platform program and prize were established because \"films are passing through the festival without the attention they deserve\".[3] He compared Platform's intentions to the Cannes Film Festival's Directors' Fortnight and Un Certain Regard streams rather than its Palme d'Or award,[3] indicating that it was meant to provide a platform for distinctive or innovative films but not to supplant the People's Choice Award as the top award at the festival. The award is named after filmmaker Jia Zhang-ke's 2000 historical drama.[4]After the award is announced, the festival offers a repeat screening of the winner at the TIFF Bell Lightbox on the final day of the festival.","title":"Platform Prize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Screen International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_International"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Warwick Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Thornton"},{"link_name":"Sweet Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Country_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Benjamín Naishtat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Naishtat"},{"link_name":"Rojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojo_(film)"},{"link_name":"Emir Baigazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Baigazin"},{"link_name":"The River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_River_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ho Wi Ding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Wi_Ding"},{"link_name":"Cities of Last Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_Last_Things"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greenbook-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-competitive-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-takeoff-9"},{"link_name":"Alan Zweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Zweig"},{"link_name":"Hurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurt_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-takeoff-9"},{"link_name":"Pablo Larraín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Larra%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Jackie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"Moonlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonlight_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-takeoff-9"}],"text":"In some years, the film magazine Screen International has convened its own unofficial panel of film critics, who were assigned to watch all the Platform films and conduct their own independent vote on which film should win the award.[5] Their panel in 2017 selected Warwick Thornton's Sweet Country, the same film that won the prize,[6] but their panel in 2018 split between two films, Benjamín Naishtat's Rojo and Emir Baigazin's The River,[7] while the festival jury awarded the prize to Ho Wi Ding's Cities of Last Things;[8] the jury did, however, give The River an honorable mention.Other critics have questioned whether the Platform Prize has been effective at accomplishing its stated goals at all.[3][9] Canadian documentary filmmaker Alan Zweig, who won the inaugural Platform Prize in 2015 for his film Hurt, noted that while it was not the least successful film of his career in general release, the prize did not appear to give the film any major boost in distribution or box office sales over his other films.[9] The 2016 jury's choice of Pablo Larraín's Jackie has also been questioned by critics, in particular because the Platform lineup that year also included Moonlight, which went on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.[9]","title":"Critical response"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"† denotes a non-winning film which received an honorable mention from the jury.","title":"Films"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"TIFF '16 names its Platform Jury\". Toronto International Film Festival. August 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tiff.net/the-review/the-toronto-international-film-festival-names-its-esteemed-platform-jury","url_text":"\"TIFF '16 names its Platform Jury\""}]},{"reference":"Joey Nolfi (September 18, 2016). \"TIFF People's Choice Award cements La La Land's place in Oscar race\". Entertainment Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/article/2016/09/18/2016-TIFF-Peoples-Choice-winner","url_text":"\"TIFF People's Choice Award cements La La Land's place in Oscar race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Vlessing, Etan (September 17, 2017). \"Toronto: 'Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri' Captures Audience Award\"\". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/toronto-three-billboards-ebbing-missouri-captures-audience-award-1039727","url_text":"\"Toronto: 'Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri' Captures Audience Award\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"Hipes, Patrick (September 12, 2019). \"Toronto Film Festival Jury Winners: 'Martin Eden', 'Murmur', 'How To Build A Girl'\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2019/09/toronto-film-festival-2019-winners-martin-eden-murmur-how-to-build-a-girl-1202733120/","url_text":"\"Toronto Film Festival Jury Winners: 'Martin Eden', 'Murmur', 'How To Build A Girl'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Norman Wilner (August 7, 2019). \"TIFF 2019: Platform lineup includes films by Julie Delpy, Sarah Gavron\". Now.","urls":[{"url":"https://nowtoronto.com/movies/features/tiff-2019-platform-julie-delpy/","url_text":"\"TIFF 2019: Platform lineup includes films by Julie Delpy, Sarah Gavron\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_(newspaper)","url_text":"Now"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/article-tiff-reveals-cannes-centric-jury-for-2018-platform-competition/","external_links_name":"\"TIFF reveals Cannes-centric jury for 2018 Platform competition\""},{"Link":"http://mediaincanada.com/2017/08/11/air-france-signs-with-tiff/","external_links_name":"\"Air France signs with TIFF\""},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/awards-and-festivals/tiff/tiff-2017-festivals-platform-prize-a-competition-thats-still-notcompetitive/article36261360/","external_links_name":"\"At TIFF, a competition that's still not competitive\""},{"Link":"https://www.tiff.net/the-review/the-toronto-international-film-festival-names-its-esteemed-platform-jury","external_links_name":"\"TIFF '16 names its Platform Jury\""},{"Link":"https://www.screendaily.com/news/rojo-the-river-top-screens-final-tiff-platform-jury-grid/5132623.article","external_links_name":"\"'Rojo', 'The River' top Screen's final TIFF Platform jury grid\""},{"Link":"https://www.screendaily.com/news/sweet-country-tops-screens-toronto-platform-jury-grid/5122499.article","external_links_name":"\"'Sweet Country' tops Screen's Toronto Platform jury grid\""},{"Link":"https://nowtoronto.com/movies/features/tiff-2018-predicting-the-platform-prize/","external_links_name":"\"TIFF 2018: Rojo deserves to win the Platform Prize\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiewire.com/2018/09/tiff-2018-awards-green-book-peoples-choice-1202004060/","external_links_name":"\"TIFF 2018 Awards: ‘Green Book’ Wins the People's Choice Award, Upsetting ‘A Star Is Born’\""},{"Link":"https://nowtoronto.com/movies/features/tiff-s-platform-prize-will-it-ever-take-off/","external_links_name":"\"Will TIFF's Platform Prize ever take off?\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/searching-for-global-excellence-at-tiff-then-choosing-toronto/article_ffc38062-0780-5684-96ce-b99f7e4f9066.html","external_links_name":"\"Searching for global excellence at TIFF, then choosing Toronto\""},{"Link":"https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/297217/","external_links_name":"\"High-Rise amongst 12 Platform titles at Toronto\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/article/2016/09/18/2016-TIFF-Peoples-Choice-winner","external_links_name":"\"TIFF People's Choice Award cements La La Land's place in Oscar race\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2016/08/toronto-film-festival-2016-platform-film-line-up-1201802131/","external_links_name":"\"Toronto Film Festival Announces Films To Screen In Its 2nd Annual Platform Program\""},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/toronto-three-billboards-ebbing-missouri-captures-audience-award-1039727","external_links_name":"\"Toronto: 'Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri' Captures Audience Award\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-death-of-stalin-to-open-toronto-platform-programme/5120534.article","external_links_name":"\"'The Death Of Stalin' to open Toronto Film Festival Platform programme\""},{"Link":"https://nowtoronto.com/movies/features/tiff-2018-platform-nicole-kidman/","external_links_name":"\"TIFF 2018: Nicole Kidman, Elisabeth Moss films to compete for Platform Prize\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2019/09/toronto-film-festival-2019-winners-martin-eden-murmur-how-to-build-a-girl-1202733120/","external_links_name":"\"Toronto Film Festival Jury Winners: 'Martin Eden', 'Murmur', 'How To Build A Girl'\""},{"Link":"https://nowtoronto.com/movies/features/tiff-2019-platform-julie-delpy/","external_links_name":"\"TIFF 2019: Platform lineup includes films by Julie Delpy, Sarah Gavron\""},{"Link":"https://www.thewrap.com/belfast-wins-toronto-film-festivals-peoples-choice-award/","external_links_name":"\"‘Belfast’ Wins Toronto Film Festival’s People’s Choice Award\""},{"Link":"http://povmagazine.com/blog/view/tiff-unveils-line-up-for-celebrating-alanis-retrospective","external_links_name":"\"TIFF Unveils Line-up for ‘Celebrating Alanis’ Retrospective\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiewire.com/2022/09/tiff-2022-peoples-choice-award-winners-list-1234763848/","external_links_name":"\"‘The Fabelmans’ Wins TIFF 2022 People’s Choice Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.screendaily.com/news/frances-oconnors-emily-to-open-tiff-platform-alongside-films-from-maimouna-doucoure-rima-das/5173158.article","external_links_name":"\"Frances O’Connor’s ‘Emily’ to open TIFF Platform alongside films from Maïmouna Doucouré, Rima Das\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiewire.com/news/festivals/2023-toronto-international-film-festival-full-winners-list-1234906438/","external_links_name":"\"American Fiction’ Wins People’s Choice Award at 2023 TIFF (Complete Winners List)\""},{"Link":"https://www.screendaily.com/news/toronto-unveils-2023-platform-line-up-dream-scenario-with-nicolas-cage-to-open/5184596.article","external_links_name":"\"Toronto unveils 2023 Platform line-up; ‘Dream Scenario’ with Nicolas Cage to open\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruzagayura_famine
Ruzagayura famine
["1 References","2 Bibliography"]
Famine in Ruanda-Urundi during World War II Ruzagayura famineRuzagayuraCountryRuanda-Urundi(modern-day Rwanda and Burundi)LocationKingdom of RwandaPeriod1943–1944Total deaths36,000–50,000ConsequencesMass emigration to surrounding countries; political destabilisation History of BurundiEmblem of Burundi Urewe civilisation Hutu, Tutsi and Twa origins Kingdom of BurundiGerman East Africa1891–1919Ruanda-Urundi1922–1962 Ruzagayura famine1943–1944 Road to independenceParliamentary election1961Prince Rwagasore assassination1961Independence1962 Burundi 1962–presentArmy coup attempt1965Ndizeye coupJul 1966Micombero coupNov 1966Genocidal killings of Hutus1972Bagaza coup1976Buyoya coup, 1st1987 Burundian Civil WarArmy coup attempt1993Genocidal killings of Tutsis1993Buyoya coup, 2nd1996Titanic Express massacre2000Army coup attempt2001Itaba massacre2002 CurrentSecond Congo War1998–2003Burundian unrest2015–2018Army coup attempt2015COVID-19 pandemic2020–present Category Commons Portal Timelinevte The Ruzagayura famine (lit. 'search and find little') was a major famine which occurred in the Belgian mandate of Ruanda-Urundi (modern-day Rwanda and Burundi) during World War II. It led to numerous deaths and a huge population migration out of the territory and into the neighboring Belgian Congo and surrounding areas. The famine is considered to have begun in October 1943 and ended in December 1944. The principal cause of the famine was several prolonged periods of drought in the region in early 1943. However, the problem was exacerbated by attempts of the colonial authorities to send agricultural produce to the Belgian Congo, as part of the Allied war effort, in World War II. The colonial administration, together with Christian missionaries, began to transport food to a supply point in Usumbura (presently Bujumbura). The Rwandan king, Mutara III Rudahigwa, sent aid to the affected region. By the time the famine ended in December 1944, between 36,000 and 50,000 people (between one-fifth and one-third of the total regional population) died of hunger in the territory. Several hundred thousand people emigrated away from Ruanda-Urundi, most to the Belgian Congo but also to Uganda as well. The migration also served to create further political instability in the areas affected by the mass influx of Rwandans. References ^ a b c d Singiza, Dantès (7 September 2012). "Ruzagayura, une famine au Rwanda au cœur du Second Conflit mondial" (PDF). L'Institut d'Histoire Ouvrière, économique et Sociale. ^ Belgian 1946 estimate, cited in Singiza, Dantès (2011). La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943-1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités (PDF). Teveuren: Royal Museum of Central Africa. pp. 92–3. ^ United Nations 1948 estimate, cited in Singiza, Dantès (2011). La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943-1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités (PDF). Teveuren: Royal Museum of Central Africa. p. 94. ^ "Re-imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Twentieth Century" (PDF). School of Oriental and African Studies, University of England (Cambridge University Press). 2002-03-01. Retrieved 2006-06-05. Bibliography Singiza, Dantès (2011). La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943-1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités (PDF) (in French). Teveuren: Royal Museum of Central Africa. vteFamines in Ruanda-Urundi (1916–1962) Rumanura famine (1916–18) Gakwege famine (1924–26) Rwakayihura famine (1928–30) Ruzagayura famine (1943–44)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire"},{"link_name":"mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate"},{"link_name":"Ruanda-Urundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Belgian Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sigiza1-1"},{"link_name":"drought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sigiza1-1"},{"link_name":"Bujumbura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujumbura"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sigiza1-1"},{"link_name":"Rwandan king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Mutara III Rudahigwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutara_III_Rudahigwa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sigiza1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Ruzagayura famine (lit. 'search and find little') was a major famine which occurred in the Belgian mandate of Ruanda-Urundi (modern-day Rwanda and Burundi) during World War II. It led to numerous deaths and a huge population migration out of the territory and into the neighboring Belgian Congo and surrounding areas. The famine is considered to have begun in October 1943 and ended in December 1944.[1]The principal cause of the famine was several prolonged periods of drought in the region in early 1943. However, the problem was exacerbated by attempts of the colonial authorities to send agricultural produce to the Belgian Congo, as part of the Allied war effort, in World War II.[1]The colonial administration, together with Christian missionaries, began to transport food to a supply point in Usumbura (presently Bujumbura).[1] The Rwandan king, Mutara III Rudahigwa, sent aid to the affected region.[1]By the time the famine ended in December 1944, between 36,000[2] and 50,000[3] people (between one-fifth and one-third of the total regional population) died of hunger in the territory.Several hundred thousand people emigrated away from Ruanda-Urundi, most to the Belgian Congo but also to Uganda as well. The migration also served to create further political instability in the areas affected by the mass influx of Rwandans.[4]","title":"Ruzagayura famine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943-1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.africamuseum.be/museum/research/publications/rmca/online/famineruzagayura_singa.pdf"},{"link_name":"Royal Museum of Central Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_Central_Africa"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ruanda-Urundi_famines"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ruanda-Urundi_famines"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ruanda-Urundi_famines"},{"link_name":"Famines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine"},{"link_name":"Ruanda-Urundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi"},{"link_name":"Rumanura famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumanura_famine"},{"link_name":"Gakwege famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gakwege_famine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rwakayihura famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwakayihura_famine"},{"link_name":"Ruzagayura famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"}],"text":"Singiza, Dantès (2011). La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943-1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités (PDF) (in French). Teveuren: Royal Museum of Central Africa.vteFamines in Ruanda-Urundi (1916–1962)\nRumanura famine (1916–18)\nGakwege famine (1924–26)\nRwakayihura famine (1928–30)\nRuzagayura famine (1943–44)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Emblem of Burundi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Insigne_Burundiae.svg/75px-Insigne_Burundiae.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Singiza, Dantès (7 September 2012). \"Ruzagayura, une famine au Rwanda au cœur du Second Conflit mondial\" (PDF). L'Institut d'Histoire Ouvrière, économique et Sociale.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ihoes.be/PDF/Analyse97DSingiza.pdf","url_text":"\"Ruzagayura, une famine au Rwanda au cœur du Second Conflit mondial\""}]},{"reference":"Singiza, Dantès (2011). La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943-1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités (PDF). Teveuren: Royal Museum of Central Africa. pp. 92–3.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.africamuseum.be/museum/research/publications/rmca/online/famineruzagayura_singa.pdf","url_text":"La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943-1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_Central_Africa","url_text":"Royal Museum of Central Africa"}]},{"reference":"Singiza, Dantès (2011). La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943-1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités (PDF). Teveuren: Royal Museum of Central Africa. p. 94.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.africamuseum.be/museum/research/publications/rmca/online/famineruzagayura_singa.pdf","url_text":"La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943-1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_Central_Africa","url_text":"Royal Museum of Central Africa"}]},{"reference":"\"Re-imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Twentieth Century\" (PDF). School of Oriental and African Studies, University of England (Cambridge University Press). 2002-03-01. Retrieved 2006-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/13662/sample/9780521813662ws.pdf","url_text":"\"Re-imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Twentieth Century\""}]},{"reference":"Singiza, Dantès (2011). La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943-1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités (PDF) (in French). Teveuren: Royal Museum of Central Africa.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.africamuseum.be/museum/research/publications/rmca/online/famineruzagayura_singa.pdf","url_text":"La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943-1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_Central_Africa","url_text":"Royal Museum of Central Africa"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.ihoes.be/PDF/Analyse97DSingiza.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ruzagayura, une famine au Rwanda au cœur du Second Conflit mondial\""},{"Link":"http://www.africamuseum.be/museum/research/publications/rmca/online/famineruzagayura_singa.pdf","external_links_name":"La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943-1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités"},{"Link":"http://www.africamuseum.be/museum/research/publications/rmca/online/famineruzagayura_singa.pdf","external_links_name":"La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943-1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités"},{"Link":"http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/13662/sample/9780521813662ws.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Re-imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Twentieth Century\""},{"Link":"http://www.africamuseum.be/museum/research/publications/rmca/online/famineruzagayura_singa.pdf","external_links_name":"La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943-1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Failaka
Battle of Failaka
["1 Aftermath","2 References","3 See also"]
Coordinates: 29°23′12.96″N 47°59′50.57″E / 29.3869333°N 47.9973806°E / 29.3869333; 47.9973806Part of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait Battle of FailakaPart of the Gulf WarDate3 August 1990LocationFailaka Island, Kuwait29°23′12.96″N 47°59′50.57″E / 29.3869333°N 47.9973806°E / 29.3869333; 47.9973806Result Iraqi victory Expulsion of Failaka's population to the mainlandBelligerents  Iraq  KuwaitUnits involved Iraqi Special Forces BattalionMarine BattalionHelicopter Support Infantry CompanyCompany of Border GuardsvteGulf WarInvasion of Kuwait Kuwaiti Bridges Dasman Palace Failaka British Airways Flight 149 Coalition intervention Khafji Wadi al-Batin Naval operations Ad-Dawrah Qurah Maradim Bubiyan Air campaign Air to Air combat Dhahran & Riyadh "Package Q" Air Strike Ras Tanura Samurra Amiriyah Liberation of Kuwait Order of battle 73 Easting Al Busayyah Phase Line Bullet Medina Ridge Highway of Death Jalibah Norfolk Kuwait International Airport Post-ceasefire Rumaila Safwan The Battle of Failaka broke out between the Kuwaiti garrison of Failaka Island and attacking Iraqi forces during the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait, on 2 August 1990. The Kuwaiti garrison consisted of an infantry company and a company of border guards, in addition to air defense company armed with Hawk SAMs. Iraqi forces consisted of a special forces battalion transported by helicopters reinforced with a battalion of marines. Aftermath After the successful takeover by the Iraqi army, the island of Failaka was depopulated, with its 2,000 residents expelled to the mainland. The island was retaken by US forces in 1991, using tools of psychological warfare, making the Iraqi contingent of 1,400 surrender without a single shot. References ^ "War scars on Failaka island visible after 20 years". News.xinhuanet.com. 31 August 2011. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2015. ^ North, Andrew (17 March 2003). "Middle East | US psy-ops play it loud". BBC News. Retrieved 11 November 2015. See also The Battle of the Bridges vteGulf War Conflict timeline Disarmament timeline Participants Australia Women Background Iran–Iraq War Operation Simoom Ba'athist Iraq Petroleum industry in Iraq Invasion of Kuwait Battle of Dasman Palace Battle of the Bridges Battle of Failaka U.N. Resolution 660 Coalition intervention U.N. Resolution 661 Coalition Iraq–United States relations Carter Doctrine Military equipment Battles Khafji Wadi al-Batin Al Busayyah 67 Easting 73 Easting Phase Line Bullet Medina Ridge 2nd Kuwait Highway of Death Jalibah Norfolk Rumaila Safwan Air campaign Air engagements "Package Q" air strike Operation Instant Thunder Operation Senior Surprise Amiriyah shelter bombing Samurra Impact on Israel Iraq–Israel relations Iraqi rocket attacks on Israel Aftermath Operation Southern Watch Iraq sanctions Kuwaiti oil fires 1991 uprisings Draining of the marshes Gulf War oil spill Depleted uranium Gulf War syndrome Awards Operation Provide Comfort Iraq–Kuwait barrier Memorials London Military technology History of the M1 Abrams Lion of Babylon (tank)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"Failaka Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failaka_Island"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"29°23′12.96″N 47°59′50.57″E / 29.3869333°N 47.9973806°E / 29.3869333; 47.9973806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Failaka&params=29_23_12.96_N_47_59_50.57_E_"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Kuwaiti Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Dasman Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dasman_Palace"},{"link_name":"Failaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"British Airways Flight 149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways_Flight_149"},{"link_name":"Coalition intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"Khafji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khafji"},{"link_name":"Wadi al-Batin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Batin"},{"link_name":"Ad-Dawrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ad-Dawrah"},{"link_name":"Qurah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Qurah_and_Umm_al_Maradim"},{"link_name":"Maradim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Qurah_and_Umm_al_Maradim"},{"link_name":"Bubiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bubiyan"},{"link_name":"Air campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War_air_campaign"},{"link_name":"Air to Air combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_engagements_of_the_Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"Dhahran & Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_rocket_attacks_on_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"\"Package Q\" Air Strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_Q_Strike"},{"link_name":"Ras Tanura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Ras_Tanura"},{"link_name":"Samurra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurra_Air_Battle"},{"link_name":"Amiriyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiriyah_shelter_bombing"},{"link_name":"Liberation of Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Kuwait_campaign"},{"link_name":"Order of battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Gulf_War_ground_campaign"},{"link_name":"73 Easting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_73_Easting"},{"link_name":"Al Busayyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Busayyah"},{"link_name":"Phase Line Bullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Phase_Line_Bullet"},{"link_name":"Medina Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Highway of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_of_Death"},{"link_name":"Jalibah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Jalibah_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Kuwait International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kuwait_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Rumaila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rumaila"},{"link_name":"Safwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safwan_Airfield_standoff"},{"link_name":"Failaka Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failaka_Island"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hawk SAMs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk"}],"text":"Part of the Iraqi invasion of KuwaitBattle of FailakaPart of the Gulf WarDate3 August 1990LocationFailaka Island, Kuwait29°23′12.96″N 47°59′50.57″E / 29.3869333°N 47.9973806°E / 29.3869333; 47.9973806Result\nIraqi victory\n\nExpulsion of Failaka's population to the mainlandBelligerents\n Iraq\n KuwaitUnits involved\nIraqi Special Forces BattalionMarine BattalionHelicopter Support\nInfantry CompanyCompany of Border GuardsvteGulf WarInvasion of Kuwait\nKuwaiti Bridges\nDasman Palace\nFailaka\nBritish Airways Flight 149\nCoalition intervention\n\nKhafji\nWadi al-Batin\nNaval operations\n\nAd-Dawrah\nQurah\nMaradim\nBubiyan\nAir campaign\n\nAir to Air combat\nDhahran & Riyadh\n\"Package Q\" Air Strike\nRas Tanura\nSamurra\nAmiriyah\nLiberation of Kuwait\n\nOrder of battle\n73 Easting\nAl Busayyah\nPhase Line Bullet\nMedina Ridge\nHighway of Death\nJalibah\nNorfolk\nKuwait International Airport\nPost-ceasefire\n\nRumaila\nSafwanThe Battle of Failaka broke out between the Kuwaiti garrison of Failaka Island and attacking Iraqi forces during the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait, on 2 August 1990.[citation needed] The Kuwaiti garrison consisted of an infantry company and a company of border guards, in addition to air defense company armed with Hawk SAMs. Iraqi forces consisted of a special forces battalion transported by helicopters reinforced with a battalion of marines.","title":"Battle of Failaka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xinhuanet3108-1"},{"link_name":"psychological warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"After the successful takeover by the Iraqi army, the island of Failaka was depopulated, with its 2,000 residents expelled to the mainland.[1] The island was retaken by US forces in 1991, using tools of psychological warfare, making the Iraqi contingent of 1,400 surrender without a single shot.[2]","title":"Aftermath"}]
[]
[{"title":"The Battle of the Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Bridges"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gulf_War"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gulf_War"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf_War"},{"title":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"title":"Conflict timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Gulf_War_(1990%E2%80%931991)"},{"title":"Disarmament timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_timeline_1990%E2%80%932003"},{"title":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_1991_Gulf_War"},{"title":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_Gulf_War"},{"title":"Iran–Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War"},{"title":"Operation Simoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Simoom"},{"title":"Ba'athist Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq"},{"title":"Petroleum industry in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq"},{"title":"Invasion of Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait"},{"title":"Battle of Dasman Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dasman_Palace"},{"title":"Battle of the Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bridges"},{"title":"Battle of Failaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"U.N. Resolution 660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_660"},{"title":"U.N. Resolution 661","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_661"},{"title":"Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War"},{"title":"Iraq–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"Carter Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Doctrine"},{"title":"Military equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gulf_War_military_equipment"},{"title":"Khafji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khafji"},{"title":"Wadi al-Batin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Batin"},{"title":"Al Busayyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Busayyah"},{"title":"67 Easting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_73_Easting"},{"title":"73 Easting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_73_Easting"},{"title":"Phase Line Bullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Phase_Line_Bullet"},{"title":"Medina Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_Ridge"},{"title":"2nd Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Kuwait_campaign"},{"title":"Highway of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_of_Death"},{"title":"Jalibah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Jalibah_Airfield"},{"title":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Norfolk"},{"title":"Rumaila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rumaila"},{"title":"Safwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safwan_Airfield_standoff"},{"title":"Air campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War_air_campaign"},{"title":"Air engagements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_engagements_of_the_Gulf_War"},{"title":"\"Package Q\" air strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_Q_Strike"},{"title":"Operation Instant Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Instant_Thunder"},{"title":"Operation Senior Surprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Senior_Surprise"},{"title":"Amiriyah shelter bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiriyah_shelter_bombing"},{"title":"Samurra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurra_Air_Battle"},{"title":"Iraq–Israel relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Israel_relations"},{"title":"Iraqi rocket attacks on Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_rocket_attacks_on_Israel"},{"title":"Operation Southern Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch"},{"title":"Iraq sanctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq"},{"title":"Kuwaiti oil fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fires"},{"title":"1991 uprisings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings"},{"title":"Draining of the marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes"},{"title":"Gulf War oil spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War_oil_spill"},{"title":"Depleted uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depleted_uranium"},{"title":"Gulf War syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War_syndrome"},{"title":"Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_the_Gulf_War"},{"title":"Operation Provide Comfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Provide_Comfort"},{"title":"Iraq–Kuwait barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_barrier"},{"title":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_and_Afghanistan_Memorial"},{"title":"History of the M1 Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_M1_Abrams"},{"title":"Lion of Babylon (tank)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_of_Babylon_(tank)"}]
[{"reference":"\"War scars on Failaka island visible after 20 years\". News.xinhuanet.com. 31 August 2011. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121108151635/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/indepth/2011-08/31/c_131087142.htm","url_text":"\"War scars on Failaka island visible after 20 years\""},{"url":"http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/indepth/2011-08/31/c_131087142.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"North, Andrew (17 March 2003). \"Middle East | US psy-ops play it loud\". BBC News. Retrieved 11 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2855269.stm","url_text":"\"Middle East | US psy-ops play it loud\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Failaka&params=29_23_12.96_N_47_59_50.57_E_","external_links_name":"29°23′12.96″N 47°59′50.57″E / 29.3869333°N 47.9973806°E / 29.3869333; 47.9973806"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Failaka&params=29_23_12.96_N_47_59_50.57_E_","external_links_name":"29°23′12.96″N 47°59′50.57″E / 29.3869333°N 47.9973806°E / 29.3869333; 47.9973806"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121108151635/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/indepth/2011-08/31/c_131087142.htm","external_links_name":"\"War scars on Failaka island visible after 20 years\""},{"Link":"http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/indepth/2011-08/31/c_131087142.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2855269.stm","external_links_name":"\"Middle East | US psy-ops play it loud\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Montgomery_Steppe
Monica Montgomery Steppe
["1 Life and career","2 San Diego City Council","3 References","4 External links"]
American politician Monica Montgomery SteppeMontgomery Steppe in December 2023Member of the San Diego County Board of Supervisors from District 4IncumbentAssumed office December 5, 2023Preceded byNathan FletcherMember of the San Diego City Council from the 4th districtIn officeDecember 10, 2018 – December 5, 2023Preceded byMyrtle ColeSucceeded byHenry Foster III Personal detailsBorn1978 (age 45–46)San Diego, CaliforniaPolitical partyDemocraticSpouse Steven Steppe ​(m. 2020)​Alma materSpelman College (BA)California Western School of Law (JD)ProfessionAttorneyWebsiteSan Diego County District 4 website Monica Montgomery Steppe (born 1978) is an American politician in San Diego, California. She currently serves as a member of the San Diego County Board of Supervisors representing District 4 after winning a special election to succeed Nathan Fletcher. Previously, she served on the San Diego City Council representing Council District 4. She is a Democrat, although county board positions are officially nonpartisan per California state law. She serves on the board of the California Reparations Task Force. Life and career Monica Montgomery was born in San Diego in 1978 to Clifford and Patricia Montgomery. She attended Bonita Vista High School. While in high school, she fought with school officials over a ban on wearing bandannas that she felt unfairly targeted the three percent of students who were black. She earned a Bachelor of Science from Spelman College and a Juris Doctor degree from California Western School of Law. Montgomery worked as a San Diego City Hall staffer for Councilmember Todd Gloria during his term as interim mayor, Mayor Kevin Faulconer, and Councilmember Myrtle Cole. She resigned from her position in Cole's office the day after Cole made remarks arguing police officers were justified in racially profiling black residents. After leaving the City, Montgomery joined the ACLU of San Diego & Imperial Counties as a criminal justice advocate. She married Steven Steppe on August 22, 2020. In April 2023, Steppe began running to replace Nathan Fletcher in a special election for District 4 of the San Diego County Supervisors. She had a plurality of votes on August 15, but since she did not surpass 50%, there will be a runoff election in November. San Diego City Council In 2013, Montgomery was a candidate in the special election to represent District 4 of the San Diego City Council following Tony Young's resignation to lead the local Red Cross Chapter. District 4 includes the neighborhoods of Alta Vista, Broadway Heights, Chollas View, Emerald Hills, Encanto, Greater Skyline Hills, Jamacha, Lincoln Park, Lomita Village, North Bay Terrace, Oak Park, O'Farrell, Paradise Hills, Redwood Village, Rolando Park, South Bay Terrace, Valencia Park, and Webster. Montgomery was eliminated in the primary, coming in last in a field of nine candidates with three percent of the vote. Montgomery ran again to represent District 4 in the 2018 San Diego City Council election, challenging her former boss Myrtle Cole. Montgomery cited wanting to guide policy around development in District 4 as well as Cole's previous comments on racial profiling as the two primary factors that led to her decision to run again. Montgomery came in a surprise first place in the June primary, six votes ahead of the incumbent Cole. Montgomery went on to win election to the City Council in the November 2018 runoff. This marked the first time that an incumbent had failed to be reelected to the City Council since 1992. In 2023, she voted against a housing initiative to encourage construction of low-income housing in various San Diego neighborhoods, including those near UC San Diego college campuses. References ^ a b Garrick, David (December 7, 2018). "Montgomery will bring 'no-excuses' attitude, policy expertise to San Diego City Hall". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved January 6, 2019. ^ a b "About Monica". Monica Montgomery for City Council, District 4. Archived from the original on 2018-12-26. Retrieved January 6, 2019. ^ a b San Diego Union-Tribune Editorial Board (September 20, 2018). "Q&A with City Council candidate Monica Montgomery". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved January 6, 2019. ^ "Monica Montgomery Steppe". City of San Diego Official Website. 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2023-08-22. ^ "Monica Montgomery Steppe Looking to Replace Fletcher on County Board of Supervisors". NBC 7 San Diego. Retrieved 2023-07-15. ^ Weil, Madison (2023-04-27). "Councilmember Montgomery Steppe discusses historic run for Fletcher's supervisor seat". ABC 10 News San Diego KGTV. Retrieved 2023-07-15. ^ Candelieri, Dominick (2023-04-25). "San Diego councilmember seeks Fletcher's District Four seat". FOX 5 San Diego. Retrieved 2023-07-15. ^ "Montgomery Steppe and Reichert headed to runoff in District 4 election". KPBS Public Media. August 17, 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-18. ^ Mueller, Pat (2023-08-17). "San Diego County District 4 Supervisor race will go to runoff election". ABC 10 News San Diego KGTV. Retrieved 2023-08-18. ^ "Council District 4 Communities". City of San Diego. Retrieved 21 August 2013. ^ "Election History - Council District 4" (PDF). City of San Diego. Retrieved March 17, 2018. ^ Keatts, Andrew (July 10, 2018). "One Group That Wasn't Shocked by the Primary Upset in D4: D4 Residents". Voice of San Diego. Retrieved January 6, 2019. ^ Garrick, David (November 7, 2018). "Cole, Zapf lose re-election bids in two rare instances of San Diego council incumbents being rejected". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved January 6, 2018. ^ "At odds over where low-income homes must be built, City Council rejects sweeping package of housing incentives". San Diego Union-Tribune. 2023-11-14. External links City of San Diego: Monica Montgomery website Montgomery for City Council website vteMembers of the San Diego City CouncilPresident: Sean Elo-Rivera, President Pro Tempore: Joe LaCava    District 1 Joe LaCavaDistrict 6 Kent Lee District 2 Jennifer CampbellDistrict 7 Raul Campillo District 3 Stephen WhitburnDistrict 8 Vivian Moreno District 4 Henry Foster IIIDistrict 9 Sean Elo-Rivera District 5 Marni von Wilpert
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"San Diego County Board of Supervisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County_Board_of_Supervisors"},{"link_name":"Nathan Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"San Diego City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"California Reparations Task Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Reparations_Task_Force"}],"text":"Monica Montgomery Steppe (born 1978) is an American politician in San Diego, California. She currently serves as a member of the San Diego County Board of Supervisors representing District 4 after winning a special election to succeed Nathan Fletcher. Previously, she served on the San Diego City Council representing Council District 4. She is a Democrat, although county board positions are officially nonpartisan per California state law. She serves on the board of the California Reparations Task Force.","title":"Monica Montgomery Steppe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Bonita Vista High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonita_Vista_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garrick-1"},{"link_name":"Spelman College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelman_College"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"California Western School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Western_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Todd Gloria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Gloria"},{"link_name":"Kevin Faulconer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Faulconer"},{"link_name":"Myrtle Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtle_Cole"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garrick-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Q&A-3"},{"link_name":"ACLU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACLU"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nathan Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"San Diego County Supervisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County_Board_of_Supervisors"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"runoff election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runoff_election"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Monica Montgomery was born in San Diego in 1978 to Clifford and Patricia Montgomery. She attended Bonita Vista High School. While in high school, she fought with school officials over a ban on wearing bandannas that she felt unfairly targeted the three percent of students who were black.[1] She earned a Bachelor of Science from Spelman College and a Juris Doctor degree from California Western School of Law.[2]Montgomery worked as a San Diego City Hall staffer for Councilmember Todd Gloria during his term as interim mayor, Mayor Kevin Faulconer, and Councilmember Myrtle Cole.[1] She resigned from her position in Cole's office the day after Cole made remarks arguing police officers were justified in racially profiling black residents.[3] After leaving the City, Montgomery joined the ACLU of San Diego & Imperial Counties as a criminal justice advocate.[2]She married Steven Steppe on August 22, 2020.[4]In April 2023, Steppe began running to replace Nathan Fletcher in a special election for District 4 of the San Diego County Supervisors.[5][6][7] She had a plurality of votes on August 15, but since she did not surpass 50%, there will be a runoff election in November.[8][9]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_San_Diego_City_Council#2013_District_4_special_election"},{"link_name":"San Diego City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Tony Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Young_(politician)"},{"link_name":"neighborhoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communities_and_neighborhoods_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Alta Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Vista,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Broadway Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_Heights,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Chollas View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chollas_View,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Emerald Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Hills,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Encanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encanto,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Jamacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamacha,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Park,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Lomita Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomita,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"North Bay Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Terraces,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Oak Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Park,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Paradise Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Hills,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Redwood Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_Village,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Rolando Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolando_Park,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"South Bay Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Terraces,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Valencia Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_Park,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD4results-11"},{"link_name":"2018 San Diego City Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_San_Diego_City_Council_election"},{"link_name":"Myrtle Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtle_Cole"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Q&A-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 2013, Montgomery was a candidate in the special election to represent District 4 of the San Diego City Council following Tony Young's resignation to lead the local Red Cross Chapter. District 4 includes the neighborhoods of Alta Vista, Broadway Heights, Chollas View, Emerald Hills, Encanto, Greater Skyline Hills, Jamacha, Lincoln Park, Lomita Village, North Bay Terrace, Oak Park, O'Farrell, Paradise Hills, Redwood Village, Rolando Park, South Bay Terrace, Valencia Park, and Webster.[10] Montgomery was eliminated in the primary, coming in last in a field of nine candidates with three percent of the vote.[11]Montgomery ran again to represent District 4 in the 2018 San Diego City Council election, challenging her former boss Myrtle Cole. Montgomery cited wanting to guide policy around development in District 4 as well as Cole's previous comments on racial profiling as the two primary factors that led to her decision to run again.[3] Montgomery came in a surprise first place in the June primary, six votes ahead of the incumbent Cole.[12] Montgomery went on to win election to the City Council in the November 2018 runoff. This marked the first time that an incumbent had failed to be reelected to the City Council since 1992.[13]In 2023, she voted against a housing initiative to encourage construction of low-income housing in various San Diego neighborhoods, including those near UC San Diego college campuses.[14]","title":"San Diego City Council"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Garrick, David (December 7, 2018). \"Montgomery will bring 'no-excuses' attitude, policy expertise to San Diego City Hall\". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved January 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/communities/san-diego/sd-me-monica-montgomery-20181207-story.html","url_text":"\"Montgomery will bring 'no-excuses' attitude, policy expertise to San Diego City Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Monica\". Monica Montgomery for City Council, District 4. Archived from the original on 2018-12-26. Retrieved January 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226040225/https://www.voteformonica.org/about/","url_text":"\"About Monica\""},{"url":"https://www.voteformonica.org/about","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"San Diego Union-Tribune Editorial Board (September 20, 2018). \"Q&A with City Council candidate Monica Montgomery\". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved January 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/commentary/sd-utbg-council-candidate-montgomery-20180920-htmlstory.html","url_text":"\"Q&A with City Council candidate Monica Montgomery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monica Montgomery Steppe\". City of San Diego Official Website. 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2023-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiego.gov/citycouncil/cd4/staff/montgomery","url_text":"\"Monica Montgomery Steppe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monica Montgomery Steppe Looking to Replace Fletcher on County Board of Supervisors\". NBC 7 San Diego. Retrieved 2023-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcsandiego.com/videos/monica-montgomery-steppe-looking-to-replace-fletcher-on-county-board-of-supervisors/3216588/","url_text":"\"Monica Montgomery Steppe Looking to Replace Fletcher on County Board of Supervisors\""}]},{"reference":"Weil, Madison (2023-04-27). \"Councilmember Montgomery Steppe discusses historic run for Fletcher's supervisor seat\". ABC 10 News San Diego KGTV. Retrieved 2023-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/councilmember-montgomery-steppe-discusses-historic-run-for-fletchers-supervisor-seat","url_text":"\"Councilmember Montgomery Steppe discusses historic run for Fletcher's supervisor seat\""}]},{"reference":"Candelieri, Dominick (2023-04-25). \"San Diego councilmember seeks Fletcher's District Four seat\". FOX 5 San Diego. Retrieved 2023-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://fox5sandiego.com/news/politics/san-diego-councilmember-seeks-fletchers-district-four-seat/","url_text":"\"San Diego councilmember seeks Fletcher's District Four seat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Montgomery Steppe and Reichert headed to runoff in District 4 election\". KPBS Public Media. August 17, 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kpbs.org/news/local/2023/08/17/montgomery-steppe-and-reichert-headed-to-runoff-in-district-4-election","url_text":"\"Montgomery Steppe and Reichert headed to runoff in District 4 election\""}]},{"reference":"Mueller, Pat (2023-08-17). \"San Diego County District 4 Supervisor race will go to runoff election\". ABC 10 News San Diego KGTV. Retrieved 2023-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/san-diego-news/san-diego-county-district-4-supervisor-race-will-go-to-runoff-election","url_text":"\"San Diego County District 4 Supervisor race will go to runoff election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Council District 4 Communities\". City of San Diego. Retrieved 21 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiego.gov/citycouncil/cd4/communities/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Council District 4 Communities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election History - Council District 4\" (PDF). City of San Diego. Retrieved March 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiego.gov/city-clerk/pdf/cd4results.pdf","url_text":"\"Election History - Council District 4\""}]},{"reference":"Keatts, Andrew (July 10, 2018). \"One Group That Wasn't Shocked by the Primary Upset in D4: D4 Residents\". Voice of San Diego. Retrieved January 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/politics/one-group-that-wasnt-shocked-by-the-primary-upset-in-d4-d4-residents/","url_text":"\"One Group That Wasn't Shocked by the Primary Upset in D4: D4 Residents\""}]},{"reference":"Garrick, David (November 7, 2018). \"Cole, Zapf lose re-election bids in two rare instances of San Diego council incumbents being rejected\". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved January 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/politics/sd-me-san-diego-council-20181106-story.html","url_text":"\"Cole, Zapf lose re-election bids in two rare instances of San Diego council incumbents being rejected\""}]},{"reference":"\"At odds over where low-income homes must be built, City Council rejects sweeping package of housing incentives\". San Diego Union-Tribune. 2023-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/politics/story/2023-11-13/at-odds-over-where-low-income-housing-must-be-built-city-council-rejects-sweeping-package-of-housing-incentives","url_text":"\"At odds over where low-income homes must be built, City Council rejects sweeping package of housing incentives\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/district4/","external_links_name":"San Diego County District 4 website"},{"Link":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/communities/san-diego/sd-me-monica-montgomery-20181207-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Montgomery will bring 'no-excuses' attitude, policy expertise to San Diego City Hall\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226040225/https://www.voteformonica.org/about/","external_links_name":"\"About Monica\""},{"Link":"https://www.voteformonica.org/about","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/commentary/sd-utbg-council-candidate-montgomery-20180920-htmlstory.html","external_links_name":"\"Q&A with City Council candidate Monica Montgomery\""},{"Link":"https://www.sandiego.gov/citycouncil/cd4/staff/montgomery","external_links_name":"\"Monica Montgomery Steppe\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcsandiego.com/videos/monica-montgomery-steppe-looking-to-replace-fletcher-on-county-board-of-supervisors/3216588/","external_links_name":"\"Monica Montgomery Steppe Looking to Replace Fletcher on County Board of Supervisors\""},{"Link":"https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/councilmember-montgomery-steppe-discusses-historic-run-for-fletchers-supervisor-seat","external_links_name":"\"Councilmember Montgomery Steppe discusses historic run for Fletcher's supervisor seat\""},{"Link":"https://fox5sandiego.com/news/politics/san-diego-councilmember-seeks-fletchers-district-four-seat/","external_links_name":"\"San Diego councilmember seeks Fletcher's District Four seat\""},{"Link":"https://www.kpbs.org/news/local/2023/08/17/montgomery-steppe-and-reichert-headed-to-runoff-in-district-4-election","external_links_name":"\"Montgomery Steppe and Reichert headed to runoff in District 4 election\""},{"Link":"https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/san-diego-news/san-diego-county-district-4-supervisor-race-will-go-to-runoff-election","external_links_name":"\"San Diego County District 4 Supervisor race will go to runoff election\""},{"Link":"http://www.sandiego.gov/citycouncil/cd4/communities/index.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Council District 4 Communities\""},{"Link":"http://www.sandiego.gov/city-clerk/pdf/cd4results.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Election History - Council District 4\""},{"Link":"https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/politics/one-group-that-wasnt-shocked-by-the-primary-upset-in-d4-d4-residents/","external_links_name":"\"One Group That Wasn't Shocked by the Primary Upset in D4: D4 Residents\""},{"Link":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/politics/sd-me-san-diego-council-20181106-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Cole, Zapf lose re-election bids in two rare instances of San Diego council incumbents being rejected\""},{"Link":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/politics/story/2023-11-13/at-odds-over-where-low-income-housing-must-be-built-city-council-rejects-sweeping-package-of-housing-incentives","external_links_name":"\"At odds over where low-income homes must be built, City Council rejects sweeping package of housing incentives\""},{"Link":"https://www.sandiego.gov/citycouncil/cd4","external_links_name":"City of San Diego: Monica Montgomery website"},{"Link":"https://www.voteformonica.org/about/","external_links_name":"Montgomery for City Council website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Express
Trans World Express
["1 History","2 Fleet","3 Destinations at closure","3.1 Canada","3.2 United States","4 Previous destinations","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Trans World Express" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Trans World Express (TWE) was the fully owned and certificated, regional carrier for Trans World Airlines (TWA) and an airline trademark name for TWA's corporation. Trans World Express - The formerly independent regional airline known as Ransome Airlines previously owned by Pan Am (PA) before its purchase by the Trans World Corporation for TWA. TWE - the outsourced carriers flying as Trans World Express: Air Midwest Alpha Air Trans States Airlines Metro Air Northeast When American Airlines bought TWA, the regional airlines functioning under the Trans World Express "banner" became affiliated with American Airlines under the name and new banner air carrier branding AmericanConnection. Trans World Express service at that time was being provided by Trans States Airlines, Chautauqua Airlines, and Corporate Airlines (later RegionsAir). History Until November 6, 1995, TWE, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of TWA, operated flights under the Trans World Express banner. This fully certificated airline, previously named and certificated as Ransome Airlines - Pan Am Express, was headquartered at Philadelphia Northeast Airport far from TWA's (John F. Kennedy International Airport and (STL) St Louis hubs. After that date, November 6, 1995, TWA outsourced all TWE operations to third-party "banner" airlines. Other airlines previously operating under the name and TWE "banner" included Resort Air and Metro Air Northeast. Most flights were from the Eastern Seaboard to New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport or from the South and Midwest to Lambert-Saint Louis International Airport. In 1993, Alpha Air was operating Trans World Express service with Beechcraft 1900C turboprops from a hub at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) with service to Burbank (BUR), Grand Canyon (GCN), Lake Tahoe (TVL), Mammoth Lakes (MMH), Palm Springs (PSP), Phoenix (PHX) and Santa Ana/Orange County Airport (SNA, now John Wayne Airport). Fleet Trans World Express Embraer ERJ-145 The following aircraft were contracted and operating in the TWExpress system at the time of TWA's merger with American Airlines and the TWExpress brand was discontinued: Embraer ERJ-145 ATR-72 ATR-42 Jetstream 41 Jetstream 31/32 Trans World Express Saab 340 Other aircraft that appeared in TWE colors included: Beechcraft 1900C Saab 340 de Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7 de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter Fairchild Metro II/III CASA C-212 Aviocar EMB-120 Brasilia Destinations at closure Trans World Express, via flights operated by Trans States Airlines, Corporate Airlines and Chautauqua Airlines, was serving the following destinations when the Trans World Express code share service was halted: Canada Ontario Toronto (Lester B. Pearson International Airport) United States Arkansas Bentonville/Fayetteville (Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport) Illinois Bloomington/Normal (Central Illinois Regional Airport) Champaign/Urbana (University of Illinois Willard Airport) Decatur (Decatur Airport) Marion (Williamson County Regional Airport) Moline (Quad City International Airport) Peoria (Greater Peoria Regional Airport) Quincy (Quincy Regional Airport) Springfield (Abraham Lincoln Capital Airport) Indiana Evansville (Evansville Regional Airport) Fort Wayne (Fort Wayne International Airport) Indianapolis (Indianapolis International Airport) South Bend (South Bend Regional Airport) Iowa Burlington (Southeast Iowa Regional Airport) Cedar Rapids (The Eastern Iowa Airport) Sioux City (Sioux Gateway Airport) Waterloo (Waterloo Regional Airport) Kentucky Cincinnati, Ohio area (Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky International Airport) Lexington (Blue Grass Regional Airport) Owensboro (Owensboro-Daviess County Regional Airport) Paducah (Barkley Regional Airport) Louisiana Shreveport (Shreveport Regional Airport) Michigan Grand Rapids (Gerald R. Ford International Airport) Minnesota Rochester (Rochester International Airport) Mississippi Jackson (Jackson-Evers International Airport) Missouri Cape Girardeau (Cape Girardeau Regional Airport) Columbia (Columbia Regional Airport) Fort Leonard Wood (Waynesville Regional Airport at Forney Field) Joplin (Joplin Regional Airport) Kirksville (Kirksville Regional Airport) Springfield/Branson (Springfield-Branson National Airport) St. Louis (Lambert-St. Louis International Airport) Hub Nebraska Lincoln (Lincoln Airport) Ohio (for Cincinnati, see Kentucky) Dayton (Dayton International Airport) South Carolina Charleston (Charleston International Airport) Greenville-Spartanburg (Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport) Tennessee Jackson (McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport) Knoxville (McGhee Tyson Airport) Memphis (Memphis International Airport) Nashville (Nashville International Airport) Wisconsin Madison (Dane County Regional Airport) Previous destinations United States Alabama Birmingham (Birmingham International Airport) Arizona Grand Canyon (Grand Canyon National Park Airport) Phoenix (Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport) Arkansas Fort Smith (Fort Smith Regional Airport) Harrison (Boone County Regional Airport) Little Rock (Clinton National Airport) California Burbank (now Hollywood-Burbank Airport) Inyokern (Inyokern Airport) Lake Tahoe (Lake Tahoe Airport) Los Angeles (Los Angeles International Airport) - Hub (at the time of the acquisition of Trans World Airlines by American Airlines in 2001, both TWA and Trans World Connection operated by American Eagle were serving Los Angeles. Alpha Air earlier served LAX as Trans World Express.) Mammoth Lakes (Mammoth Yosemite Airport) Oxnard (Oxnard Airport) Palm Springs (Palm Springs International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 Trans World Connection served Palm Springs ) Palmdale (LA/Palmdale Regional Airport) Santa Ana/Orange County Airport (now John Wayne Airport) (at the time of TWA's end in 2001 both the mainline airline and Trans World Connection operated by American Eagle served Orange County. Alpha Air earlier served Orange County Airport as Trans World Express.) Connecticut Hartford (Bradley International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 both the mainline airline and Trans World Connection served Hartford ) Illinois Chicago (Midway Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 the mainline airline served nearby O'Hare International Airport in Chicago ) Kentucky Louisville (Standiford Field) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 the mainline airline served Louisville ) Maine Portland (Portland International Jetport) Maryland Baltimore (Baltimore-Washington International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 both the mainline airline and Trans World Connection served Baltimore ) Massachusetts Boston (Logan International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 both the mainline airline and Trans World Connection served Boston ) Missouri Lake of the Ozarks (Lee C. Fine Memorial Airport) New Hampshire Manchester (Manchester-Boston Regional Airport) New York Albany (Albany International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 Trans World Connection served Albany ) Binghamton (Greater Binghamton Airport) Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 Trans World Connection served Buffalo ) Ithaca (Ithaca Tompkins Regional Airport) New York City (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 both the mainline airline and Trans World Connection served New York City ) John F. Kennedy International Airport - Hub LaGuardia Airport - Hub Newburgh (Stewart International Airport) Rochester (Greater Rochester International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 Trans World Connection served Rochester ) Syracuse (Syracuse Hancock International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 Trans World Connection served Syracuse ) Pennsylvania Harrisburg (Harrisburg International Airport) Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 both the mainline airline and Trans World Connection served Pittsburgh ) Wilkes-Barre/Scranton (Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport) Rhode Island Providence (T. F. Green Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 Trans World Connection served Providence ) Virginia Norfolk/Virginia Beach/Williamsburg (Norfolk International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 the mainline airline served Norfolk ) Richmond (Richmond International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 the mainline airline served Richmond ) Washington, DC area (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 both the mainline airline and Trans World Connection served Washington, DC ) See also List of defunct airlines of the United States References ^ http://www.departedflights.com, Dec. 15, 1993 Alpha Air/Trans World Express route map ^ http://www.departedflights.com, Dec. 15, 1993 Alpha Air/Trans World Express route map ^ "Photos: Beech 1900C-1 Aircraft Pictures". Airliners.net. 2002-10-10. Retrieved 2012-08-12. ^ "Photos: Embraer EMB-120RT Brasilia Aircraft Pictures". Airliners.net. 2008-12-21. Retrieved 2012-08-12. ^ "TWA North America Destinations ^ "TWExpress," Trans World Airlines ^ Midwest in 1998, Trans World Airlines ^ "Timetable Archived 2008-05-27 at the Wayback Machine" of August 1, 1993 ^ "Timetable" of 1987, Trans World Airlines ^ http://www.departedflights.com, Dec. 15, 1993 Alpha Air/Trans World Express route map ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "TWA North America Destinations," Trans World Airlines ^ a b "TWConnection West Coast Routes," Trans World Airlines ^ http://www.departedflights.com, Dec. 15, 1993 Alpha Air/Trans World Express route map ^ http://www.departedflights.com, Dec. 15, 1993 Alpha Air/Trans World Express route map ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "TWConnection East Coast Routes Archived 2009-02-27 at the Wayback Machine," Trans World Airlines ^ "Terminal 2 Airlines" in 2001, O'Hare International Airport ^ "Trans World Express service begins in Rochester; Ribbon cutting ceremony will commemorate launch of new service.," M2 Presswire External links Media related to Trans World Express at Wikimedia Commons Portals: Companies Aviation vteAmerican Eagle CarriersCurrentAmerican Airlines Group Envoy Air Piedmont Airlines PSA Airlines Contractors Air Wisconsin Republic Airways SkyWest Airlines Former Business Express Airlines Chautauqua Airlines Compass Airlines Executive Airlines ExpressJet Mesa Airlines RegionsAir Trans States Airlines vteTrans World AirlinesHistoryAccidents and incidents 1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash Flight 6 (1935) Flight 1 (1936) Flight 15A (1937) 1938 Yosemite TWA crash Flight 3 (1942) Flight 277 (1944) Flight 513 (1946) Flight 6963 (1946) Flight 903 (1950) 1955 Cincinnati mid-air collision Flight 260 (1955) Flight 400 (1956) 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision Flight 891 (1959) 1960 New York mid-air collision Flight 529 (1961) Flight 800 (1964) 1965 Carmel mid-air collision Flight 553 (1967) Flight 159 (1967) Flight 128 (1967) TWA Flight 840 hijacking (1969) Dawson's Field hijackings (1970) Flight 742 (1973) Flight 841 (1974) Flight 514 (1974) Flight 355 (1976) Flight 541 (1978) TWA Flight 841 (1979) Flight 847 (1985) Flight 840 bombing (1986) Flight 843 (1992) Flight 427 (1994) Flight 800 (1996) Services Destinations Corporate affairs Trans World Connection Trans World Express This list is incomplete vteAirlines of the United StatesMainline Alaska Airlines Allegiant Air American Airlines Avelo Airlines Breeze Airways Delta Air Lines Frontier Airlines Hawaiian Airlines JetBlue Southwest Airlines Spirit Airlines Sun Country Airlines United Airlines RegionalAffiliated Air Wisconsin CommuteAir Endeavor Air Envoy Air GoJet Airlines Horizon Air Mesa Airlines Piedmont Airlines PSA Airlines Republic Airways SkyWest Airlines Independent Advanced Air Air Flamenco Aleutian Airways Bering Air Boutique Air Cape Air Contour Airlines Denver Air Connection Everts Air Grand Canyon Airlines Grant Aviation Island Airways JSX Kenmore Air Mokulele Airlines New England Airlines Penobscot Island Air Reliant Air Salmon Air San Juan Airlines Seaborne Airlines Silver Airways Southern Airways Express Star Marianas Air Surf Air Taquan Air Tradewind Aviation Tropic Ocean Airways Ultimate Jet Vieques Air Link Warbelow's Air Ventures Wright Air Service Cargo ABX Air Air Cargo Carriers Air Transport International AirNet Express Alaska Central Express Aloha Air Cargo Alpine Air Express Amazon Air Ameriflight Amerijet International Ameristar Jet Charter Asia Pacific Airlines Atlas Air Baron Aviation Services Bemidji Airlines Castle Aviation Corporate Air CSA Air Empire Airlines Everts Air Cargo FedEx Express Freight Runners Express Kalitta Air Kalitta Charters II Lynden Air Cargo Martinaire Merlin Airways Mountain Air Cargo National Airlines Northern Air Cargo Polar Air Cargo Royal Air Freight Ryan Air Services Sky Lease Cargo Transair UPS Airlines USA Jet Airlines West Air Western Global Airlines Wiggins Airways Charter Air Charter Bahamas Airstream Jets Alerion Aviation Berry Aviation Bighorn Airways Choice Airways Contour Aviation Eastern Airlines ExcelAire Gryphon Airlines Hillwood Airways IBC Airways KaiserAir L-3 Flight International Aviation NetJets New Pacific Airlines Omni Air International Pacific Coast Jet Pentastar Aviation Phoenix Air PlaneSense Presidential Airways Regional Sky Sierra Pacific Airlines Skymax Superior Air Charter Superior Aviation Tailwind Air Talkeetna Air Taxi Wheels Up World Atlantic Airlines XOJET Air taxi and tours Gem Air Grand Canyon Scenic Airlines Griffing Flying Service Utah Airways Air ambulance Air Evac Lifeteam AirMed International Air Methods Boston MedFlight Critical Air Medicine Life Flight Network Lifestar Petroleum Helicopters International Government Comco Janet JPATS Patriot Express List of airline holding companies List of airline mergers and acquisitions List of defunct airlines of the United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regional carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_airline"},{"link_name":"Trans World Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines"},{"link_name":"TWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"regional airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_airline"},{"link_name":"Ransome Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransome_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Pan Am (PA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am"},{"link_name":"Trans World Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Corporation"},{"link_name":"outsourced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsourcing"},{"link_name":"Air Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Midwest"},{"link_name":"Alpha Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Air"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Trans States Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_States_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Metro Air Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockway_Air"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"regional airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_airline"},{"link_name":"banner air carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banner_carrier_(Commercial_Aviation)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AmericanConnection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmericanConnection"},{"link_name":"Trans States Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_States_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Chautauqua Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chautauqua_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Corporate Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Airlines"},{"link_name":"RegionsAir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RegionsAir"}],"text":"Trans World Express (TWE) was the fully owned and certificated, regional carrier for Trans World Airlines (TWA) and an airline trademark name for TWA's corporation.Trans World Express - The formerly independent regional airline known as Ransome Airlines previously owned by Pan Am (PA) before its purchase by the Trans World Corporation for TWA.\nTWE - the outsourced carriers flying as Trans World Express:\nAir Midwest\nAlpha Air[1]\nTrans States Airlines\nMetro Air NortheastWhen American Airlines bought TWA, the regional airlines functioning under the Trans World Express \"banner\" became affiliated with American Airlines under the name and new banner air carrier branding AmericanConnection. Trans World Express service at that time was being provided by Trans States Airlines, Chautauqua Airlines, and Corporate Airlines (later RegionsAir).","title":"Trans World Express"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"certificated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_certificate"},{"link_name":"Ransome Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransome_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Pan Am Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Express"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Northeast Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Northeast_Airport"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"STL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert%E2%80%93St._Louis_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"hubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_hub"},{"link_name":"outsourced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsource"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Lambert-Saint Louis International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert-Saint_Louis_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft 1900C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_1900C"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Burbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Lake Tahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tahoe"},{"link_name":"Mammoth Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California"},{"link_name":"Orange County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Airport"},{"link_name":"John Wayne Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne_Airport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Until November 6, 1995, TWE, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of TWA, operated flights under the Trans World Express banner. This fully certificated airline, previously named and certificated as Ransome Airlines - Pan Am Express, was headquartered at Philadelphia Northeast Airport far from TWA's (John F. Kennedy International Airport and (STL) St Louis hubs.After that date, November 6, 1995, TWA outsourced all TWE operations to third-party \"banner\" airlines. Other airlines previously operating under the name and TWE \"banner\" included Resort Air and Metro Air Northeast.Most flights were from the Eastern Seaboard to New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport or from the South and Midwest to Lambert-Saint Louis International Airport.In 1993, Alpha Air was operating Trans World Express service with Beechcraft 1900C turboprops from a hub at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) with service to Burbank (BUR), Grand Canyon (GCN), Lake Tahoe (TVL), Mammoth Lakes (MMH), Palm Springs (PSP), Phoenix (PHX) and Santa Ana/Orange County Airport (SNA, now John Wayne Airport).[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embraer_EMB-145LR_(ERJ-145LR),_Trans_World_Express_(Chautauqua_Airlines)_AN0641431.jpg"},{"link_name":"Embraer ERJ-145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_ERJ-145"},{"link_name":"Embraer ERJ-145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_ERJ-145"},{"link_name":"ATR-72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATR-72"},{"link_name":"ATR-42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATR-42"},{"link_name":"Jetstream 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetstream_41"},{"link_name":"Jetstream 31/32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Jetstream"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saab-Fairchild_SF-340A,_Trans_World_Express_(Chautauqua_Airlines)_AN0963612.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saab 340","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_340"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft 1900C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_1900C"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Saab 340","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_340"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-7_Dash_7"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-6_Twin_Otter"},{"link_name":"Fairchild Metro II/III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Swearingen_Metroliner"},{"link_name":"CASA C-212 Aviocar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASA_C-212_Aviocar"},{"link_name":"EMB-120 Brasilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMB-120_Brasilia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Trans World Express Embraer ERJ-145The following aircraft were contracted and operating in the TWExpress system at the time of TWA's merger with American Airlines and the TWExpress brand was discontinued:Embraer ERJ-145\nATR-72\nATR-42\nJetstream 41\nJetstream 31/32Trans World Express Saab 340Other aircraft that appeared in TWE colors included:Beechcraft 1900C[3]\nSaab 340\nde Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7\nde Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter\nFairchild Metro II/III\nCASA C-212 Aviocar\nEMB-120 Brasilia[4]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trans States Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_States_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Corporate Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Chautauqua Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chautauqua_Airlines"},{"link_name":"code share","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_share"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Trans World Express, via flights operated by Trans States Airlines, Corporate Airlines and Chautauqua Airlines, was serving the following destinations when the Trans World Express code share service was halted:[5][6]","title":"Destinations at closure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Lester B. Pearson International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson_International_Airport"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"OntarioToronto (Lester B. Pearson International Airport)","title":"Destinations at closure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Bentonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentonville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Fayetteville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Arkansas_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Bloomington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Normal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Central Illinois Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Illinois_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Urbana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbana,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois Willard Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Willard_Airport"},{"link_name":"Decatur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decatur,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Decatur Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decatur_Airport"},{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Williamson County Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_County_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Moline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moline,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Quad City International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_City_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Peoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Greater Peoria Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Peoria_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Quincy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Quincy Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln Capital Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Capital_Airport"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Evansville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Evansville Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"South Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"South Bend Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Southeast Iowa Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Iowa_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Cedar Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"The Eastern Iowa Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eastern_Iowa_Airport"},{"link_name":"Sioux City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_City,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Sioux Gateway Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Gateway_Airport"},{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Waterloo Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati-Northern_Kentucky_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Blue Grass Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Grass_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Owensboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owensboro,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Owensboro-Daviess County Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owensboro-Daviess_County_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Paducah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paducah,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Barkley Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkley_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Shreveport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Shreveport Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Grand Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Gerald R. Ford International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Rochester International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Jackson-Evers International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson-Evers_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Cape Girardeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Girardeau,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Cape Girardeau Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Girardeau_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Columbia Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Fort Leonard Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Leonard_Wood,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Waynesville Regional Airport at Forney Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waynesville_Regional_Airport_at_Forney_Field"},{"link_name":"Joplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Joplin Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joplin_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kirksville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Kirksville Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirksville_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Branson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branson,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Springfield-Branson National Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield-Branson_National_Airport"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Lambert-St. Louis International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert-St._Louis_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Airport_(Nebraska)"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Dayton International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Charleston International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Spartanburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartanburg,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville-Spartanburg_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKellar-Sipes_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"McGhee Tyson Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGhee_Tyson_Airport"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Memphis International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Nashville International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Dane County Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_County_Regional_Airport"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"ArkansasBentonville/Fayetteville (Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport)IllinoisBloomington/Normal (Central Illinois Regional Airport)\nChampaign/Urbana (University of Illinois Willard Airport)\nDecatur (Decatur Airport)\nMarion (Williamson County Regional Airport)\nMoline (Quad City International Airport)\nPeoria (Greater Peoria Regional Airport)\nQuincy (Quincy Regional Airport)\nSpringfield (Abraham Lincoln Capital Airport)IndianaEvansville (Evansville Regional Airport)\nFort Wayne (Fort Wayne International Airport)\nIndianapolis (Indianapolis International Airport)\nSouth Bend (South Bend Regional Airport)IowaBurlington (Southeast Iowa Regional Airport)\nCedar Rapids (The Eastern Iowa Airport)\nSioux City (Sioux Gateway Airport)\nWaterloo (Waterloo Regional Airport)KentuckyCincinnati, Ohio area (Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky International Airport)\nLexington (Blue Grass Regional Airport)\nOwensboro (Owensboro-Daviess County Regional Airport)\nPaducah (Barkley Regional Airport)LouisianaShreveport (Shreveport Regional Airport)MichiganGrand Rapids (Gerald R. Ford International Airport)MinnesotaRochester (Rochester International Airport)MississippiJackson (Jackson-Evers International Airport)MissouriCape Girardeau (Cape Girardeau Regional Airport)\nColumbia (Columbia Regional Airport)\nFort Leonard Wood (Waynesville Regional Airport at Forney Field)\nJoplin (Joplin Regional Airport)\nKirksville (Kirksville Regional Airport)\nSpringfield/Branson (Springfield-Branson National Airport)\nSt. Louis (Lambert-St. Louis International Airport) HubNebraskaLincoln (Lincoln Airport)Ohio (for Cincinnati, see Kentucky)Dayton (Dayton International Airport)South CarolinaCharleston (Charleston International Airport)\nGreenville-Spartanburg (Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport)TennesseeJackson (McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport)\nKnoxville (McGhee Tyson Airport)\nMemphis (Memphis International Airport)\nNashville (Nashville International Airport)WisconsinMadison (Dane County Regional Airport)","title":"Destinations at closure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Birmingham International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham-Shuttlesworth_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon National Park Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park_Airport"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Sky_Harbor_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Fort Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Fort Smith Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Boone County Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boone_County_Airport_(Arkansas)"},{"link_name":"Little Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Clinton National Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_National_Airport"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Burbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"Hollywood-Burbank Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood-Burbank_Airport"},{"link_name":"Inyokern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyokern,_California"},{"link_name":"Inyokern Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyokern_Airport"},{"link_name":"Lake Tahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tahoe"},{"link_name":"Lake Tahoe Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tahoe_Airport"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trans World Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Connection"},{"link_name":"American Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Eagle_(airline_brand)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MainlineNorthAmericaDest-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWConnectionW-12"},{"link_name":"LAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Mammoth Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Mammoth Yosemite Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Yosemite_Airport"},{"link_name":"Oxnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxnard,_California"},{"link_name":"Oxnard Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxnard_Airport"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trans World Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Connection"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWConnectionW-12"},{"link_name":"Palmdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmdale,_California"},{"link_name":"LA/Palmdale Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA/Palmdale_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California"},{"link_name":"Orange County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"John Wayne Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trans World Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Connection"},{"link_name":"American Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Eagle_(airline_brand)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MainlineNorthAmericaDest-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Bradley International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trans World Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Connection"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MainlineNorthAmericaDest-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWConnectionE-15"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Midway Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Airport"},{"link_name":"O'Hare International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MainlineNorthAmericaDest-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Standiford Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MainlineNorthAmericaDest-11"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Portland International Jetport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_International_Jetport"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Baltimore-Washington International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore-Washington_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trans World Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Connection"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MainlineNorthAmericaDest-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWConnectionE-15"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Logan International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trans World Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Connection"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MainlineNorthAmericaDest-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWConnectionE-15"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Lake of the Ozarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_of_the_Ozarks_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Lee C. Fine Memorial Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_C._Fine_Memorial_Airport"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Manchester-Boston Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester-Boston_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Albany International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trans World Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Connection"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWConnectionE-15"},{"link_name":"Binghamton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Greater Binghamton Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Binghamton_Airport"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Niagara International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Niagara_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trans World Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Connection"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWConnectionE-15"},{"link_name":"Ithaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ithaca Tompkins Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca_Tompkins_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Trans World Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Connection"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MainlineNorthAmericaDest-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWConnectionE-15"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"LaGuardia Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport"},{"link_name":"Newburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburgh_(city),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Stewart International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Greater Rochester International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Rochester_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Trans World Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Connection"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWConnectionE-15"},{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Syracuse Hancock International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Hancock_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trans World Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Connection"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWConnectionE-15"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trans World Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Connection"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MainlineNorthAmericaDest-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWConnectionE-15"},{"link_name":"Wilkes-Barre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Scranton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes-Barre/Scranton_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"T. F. Green Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._F._Green_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trans World Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Connection"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWConnectionE-15"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Norfolk International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MainlineNorthAmericaDest-11"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Richmond International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MainlineNorthAmericaDest-11"},{"link_name":"Washington, DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC"},{"link_name":"Trans World Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Connection"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MainlineNorthAmericaDest-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWConnectionE-15"}],"text":"[7][8][9][10]United StatesAlabamaBirmingham (Birmingham International Airport)ArizonaGrand Canyon (Grand Canyon National Park Airport)\nPhoenix (Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport)ArkansasFort Smith (Fort Smith Regional Airport)\nHarrison (Boone County Regional Airport)\nLittle Rock (Clinton National Airport)CaliforniaBurbank (now Hollywood-Burbank Airport)\nInyokern (Inyokern Airport)\nLake Tahoe (Lake Tahoe Airport)\nLos Angeles (Los Angeles International Airport) - Hub (at the time of the acquisition of Trans World Airlines by American Airlines in 2001, both TWA and Trans World Connection operated by American Eagle were serving Los Angeles. [11][12] Alpha Air earlier served LAX as Trans World Express.)[13]\nMammoth Lakes (Mammoth Yosemite Airport)\nOxnard (Oxnard Airport)\nPalm Springs (Palm Springs International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 Trans World Connection served Palm Springs [12])\nPalmdale (LA/Palmdale Regional Airport)\nSanta Ana/Orange County Airport (now John Wayne Airport) (at the time of TWA's end in 2001 both the mainline airline and Trans World Connection operated by American Eagle served Orange County. [11] Alpha Air earlier served Orange County Airport as Trans World Express.)[14]ConnecticutHartford (Bradley International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 both the mainline airline and Trans World Connection served Hartford [11][15])IllinoisChicago (Midway Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 the mainline airline served nearby O'Hare International Airport in Chicago [11][16])KentuckyLouisville (Standiford Field) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 the mainline airline served Louisville [11])MainePortland (Portland International Jetport)MarylandBaltimore (Baltimore-Washington International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 both the mainline airline and Trans World Connection served Baltimore [11][15])MassachusettsBoston (Logan International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 both the mainline airline and Trans World Connection served Boston [11][15])MissouriLake of the Ozarks (Lee C. Fine Memorial Airport)New HampshireManchester (Manchester-Boston Regional Airport)New YorkAlbany (Albany International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 Trans World Connection served Albany [15])\nBinghamton (Greater Binghamton Airport)\nBuffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 Trans World Connection served Buffalo [15])\nIthaca (Ithaca Tompkins Regional Airport)\nNew York City (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 both the mainline airline and Trans World Connection served New York City [11][15])\nJohn F. Kennedy International Airport - Hub\nLaGuardia Airport - Hub\nNewburgh (Stewart International Airport)\nRochester (Greater Rochester International Airport) [17] (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 Trans World Connection served Rochester [15])\nSyracuse (Syracuse Hancock International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 Trans World Connection served Syracuse [15])PennsylvaniaHarrisburg (Harrisburg International Airport)\nPittsburgh (Pittsburgh International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 both the mainline airline and Trans World Connection served Pittsburgh [11][15])\nWilkes-Barre/Scranton (Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport)Rhode IslandProvidence (T. F. Green Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 Trans World Connection served Providence [15])VirginiaNorfolk/Virginia Beach/Williamsburg (Norfolk International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 the mainline airline served Norfolk [11])\nRichmond (Richmond International Airport) (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 the mainline airline served Richmond [11])\nWashington, DC area (At the time of TWA's end in 2001 both the mainline airline and Trans World Connection served Washington, DC [11][15])","title":"Previous destinations"}]
[{"image_text":"Trans World Express Embraer ERJ-145","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Embraer_EMB-145LR_%28ERJ-145LR%29%2C_Trans_World_Express_%28Chautauqua_Airlines%29_AN0641431.jpg/220px-Embraer_EMB-145LR_%28ERJ-145LR%29%2C_Trans_World_Express_%28Chautauqua_Airlines%29_AN0641431.jpg"},{"image_text":"Trans World Express Saab 340","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Saab-Fairchild_SF-340A%2C_Trans_World_Express_%28Chautauqua_Airlines%29_AN0963612.jpg/220px-Saab-Fairchild_SF-340A%2C_Trans_World_Express_%28Chautauqua_Airlines%29_AN0963612.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of defunct airlines of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_the_United_States"}]
[{"reference":"\"Photos: Beech 1900C-1 Aircraft Pictures\". Airliners.net. 2002-10-10. Retrieved 2012-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airliners.net/photo/Trans-World-Express/Beech-1900C-1/0282284/&sid=9b9a4efbc27431db558a5ceb1163b9e9","url_text":"\"Photos: Beech 1900C-1 Aircraft Pictures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Photos: Embraer EMB-120RT Brasilia Aircraft Pictures\". Airliners.net. 2008-12-21. Retrieved 2012-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airliners.net/photo/Trans-World-Express/Embraer-EMB-120RT-Brasilia/1451819/&sid=2f3c4783a478743ae3844b97675c688f","url_text":"\"Photos: Embraer EMB-120RT Brasilia Aircraft Pictures\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Trans+World+Express%22","external_links_name":"\"Trans World Express\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Trans+World+Express%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Trans+World+Express%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Trans+World+Express%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Trans+World+Express%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Trans+World+Express%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.departedflights.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.departedflights.com"},{"Link":"http://www.departedflights.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.departedflights.com"},{"Link":"http://www.airliners.net/photo/Trans-World-Express/Beech-1900C-1/0282284/&sid=9b9a4efbc27431db558a5ceb1163b9e9","external_links_name":"\"Photos: Beech 1900C-1 Aircraft Pictures\""},{"Link":"http://www.airliners.net/photo/Trans-World-Express/Embraer-EMB-120RT-Brasilia/1451819/&sid=2f3c4783a478743ae3844b97675c688f","external_links_name":"\"Photos: Embraer EMB-120RT Brasilia Aircraft Pictures\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011125013443/http://www.twa.com/travel/route_maps/north_america.pdf","external_links_name":"TWA North America Destinations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011107145043/http://www.twa.com/travel/route_maps/twe.pdf","external_links_name":"TWExpress"},{"Link":"http://www.earthian.info/earthian/aviation/RouteMaps/images/maps/NorthAmerica/TWA.1998.Midwest.gif","external_links_name":"Midwest in 1998"},{"Link":"http://www.airchive.com/Timetables%20and%20Maps/TWA%20Compressed/TWmap9308.jpg","external_links_name":"Timetable"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080527200123/http://www.airchive.com/Timetables%20and%20Maps/TWA%20Compressed/TWmap9308.jpg","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.airchive.com/Timetables%20and%20Maps/TWA%20Compressed/TWmap8701.jpg","external_links_name":"Timetable"},{"Link":"http://www.departedflights.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.departedflights.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011125013443/http://www.twa.com/travel/route_maps/north_america.pdf","external_links_name":"TWA North America Destinations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011107043247/http://www.twa.com/travel/route_maps/twc_lax.pdf","external_links_name":"TWConnection West Coast Routes"},{"Link":"http://www.departedflights.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.departedflights.com"},{"Link":"http://www.departedflights.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.departedflights.com"},{"Link":"http://www.earthian.info/earthian/aviation/RouteMaps/images/maps/NorthAmerica/TWC.2001.NewYork.gif","external_links_name":"TWConnection East Coast Routes"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090227194941/http://www.earthian.info/earthian/aviation/RouteMaps/images/maps/NorthAmerica/TWC.2001.NewYork.gif","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010302145731/http://www.ohare.com/ohare/airlines/airlines_term2.shtm","external_links_name":"Terminal 2 Airlines"},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5243/is_200101/ai_n20495133","external_links_name":"Trans World Express service begins in Rochester; Ribbon cutting ceremony will commemorate launch of new service."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Olympic_Committee
Syrian Olympic Committee
["1 History","2 List of presidents","3 IOC Members","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
National Olympic Committee Syrian Olympic CommitteeCountry/Region SyriaCodeSYRCreated1948Recognized1948ContinentalAssociationOCAHeadquartersDamascus, SyriaWebsitesyroc.sy The Syrian Olympic Committee (Arabic: اللجنة الأولمبية السورية) is the National Olympic Committee in Syria for the Olympic Games movement. It is a non-profit organization led by the Syrian Arab Republic that selects players and teams to represent the nation, and raises funds to send to Olympic events organized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). History The Syrian Olympic Committee was established in 1948 and in the same year he was admitted to International Olympic Committee. Mowaffak Joumaa served as President of the Syrian Olympic Committee and the General Sports Federation from 2010 to 2020, then he became an honorary president, and was succeeded by Feras Mouala who served as Secretary General from 2010 to 2019. A parallel unrecognized committee, named the Syrian National Olympic Committee, was created in 2016 during the Syrian civil war by the Syrian opposition claiming the legitimacy of Syria's representation at the Olympics. List of presidents The following is a list of presidents of the Syrian Olympic Committee and the General Sports Federation since 1982. President Term Samih Moudallal 1982–1995 Nouri Barakat 1995–2002 Kamal Taha 2003–2005 Fayssal Al Bassri 2005–2009 Farouk Bouzo 2009 (Acting) Mowaffak Joumaa 2010–2020 Feras Mouala 2020–present IOC Members See also Syria at the Olympics References ^ "معلومات عن اللجنة الأولمبي". viaf.org. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. ^ "SYRIAN NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE (SYR)". ocasia.org. Retrieved 2017-09-28. ^ "Syria". olympic.org. Retrieved 2017-09-28. ^ تاريخ اللجنة الأولمبية. syroc.sy. (in Arabic) ^ أعضاء مجلس الإدارة. syroc.sy. (in Arabic) ^ "Syrian Olympic Committee". 4 May 2020. External links Official Website at the Wayback Machine (archived 2023-12-01) vte Olympic Council of Asia (OCA)Asian GamesZone 1(West Asia) Bahrain Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Zone 2(Central Asia) Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Zone 3(South Asia) Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Zone 4(East Asia) China PR Hong Kong, China Japan DPR Korea Republic of Korea Macau, China Mongolia Chinese Taipei Zone 5(Southeast Asia) Brunei Darussalam Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam vteSports governing bodies in Syria (SYR)Summer Olympic Sports Aquatics Diving Swimming Synchronized Swimming Water Polo Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Equestrian Fencing Field Hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern Pentathlon Rugby 7's Rowing Sailing Shooting Table Tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball inc. Beach Volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Winter Olympic Sports Biathlon Bobsleigh Curling Skating (Figure, Speed & Short Track) Ice Hockey Luge Skeleton Skiing (Alpine, Cross Country, Nordic Combined, Freestyle & Jumping) Snowboarding Other IOC Recognised Sports Air sports Auto racing Bandy Baseball Billiard Sports Boules Bowling Bridge Chess Cricket Dance sport Floorball Karate Korfball Lifesaving Motorcycle racing Mountaineering and Climbing Netball Orienteering Pelota Vasca Polo Powerboating Racquetball Roller sports Rugby Softball Sport climbing Squash Sumo Surfing Tug of war Underwater sports Water Ski Wushu Paralympics and Disabled Sports Others Sports Rugby League Rugby Union Esports Syrian Olympic Committee / Syrian Olympic Committee (Syrian National Coalition) Authority control databases VIAF This Syrian sports-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Olympics-related organization article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"National Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit"},{"link_name":"Syrian Arab Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Syrian Olympic Committee (Arabic: اللجنة الأولمبية السورية) is the National Olympic Committee in Syria for the Olympic Games movement. It is a non-profit organization led by the Syrian Arab Republic that selects players and teams to represent the nation, and raises funds to send to Olympic events organized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).[1]","title":"Syrian Olympic Committee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-olympic-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Syrian civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Syrian opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_opposition"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Syrian Olympic Committee was established in 1948[2] and in the same year he was admitted to International Olympic Committee.[3][4]Mowaffak Joumaa served as President of the Syrian Olympic Committee and the General Sports Federation from 2010 to 2020, then he became an honorary president, and was succeeded by Feras Mouala who served as Secretary General from 2010 to 2019.[5]A parallel unrecognized committee, named the Syrian National Olympic Committee, was created in 2016 during the Syrian civil war by the Syrian opposition claiming the legitimacy of Syria's representation at the Olympics.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following is a list of presidents of the Syrian Olympic Committee and the General Sports Federation since 1982.","title":"List of presidents"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"IOC Members"}]
[]
[{"title":"Syria at the Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_at_the_Olympics"}]
[{"reference":"\"معلومات عن اللجنة الأولمبي\". viaf.org. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200715214443/https://viaf.org/viaf/158855151/","url_text":"\"معلومات عن اللجنة الأولمبي\""},{"url":"https://viaf.org/viaf/158855151","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SYRIAN NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE (SYR)\". ocasia.org. Retrieved 2017-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ocasia.org/NOCS/NocsContact.aspx?iExK6qsiU4qwB8OMog5iDg==","url_text":"\"SYRIAN NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE (SYR)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Syria\". olympic.org. Retrieved 2017-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympic.org/syria","url_text":"\"Syria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Syrian Olympic Committee\". 4 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.etilaf.org/soc-institutions/syrian-olympic-committee","url_text":"\"Syrian Olympic Committee\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://syroc.sy/","external_links_name":"syroc.sy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://web.archive.org/web/20231201090417/http://syroc.sy","external_links_name":"dead link"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200715214443/https://viaf.org/viaf/158855151/","external_links_name":"\"معلومات عن اللجنة الأولمبي\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/158855151","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ocasia.org/NOCS/NocsContact.aspx?iExK6qsiU4qwB8OMog5iDg==","external_links_name":"\"SYRIAN NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE (SYR)\""},{"Link":"https://www.olympic.org/syria","external_links_name":"\"Syria\""},{"Link":"http://syroc.sy/%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%a9/","external_links_name":"تاريخ اللجنة الأولمبية"},{"Link":"http://syroc.sy/%d8%a3%d8%b9%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%85%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9/","external_links_name":"أعضاء مجلس الإدارة"},{"Link":"https://en.etilaf.org/soc-institutions/syrian-olympic-committee","external_links_name":"\"Syrian Olympic Committee\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231201090417/http://syroc.sy/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/158855151","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Olympic_Committee&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Olympic_Committee&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villarrubio
Villarrubio
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 39°58′N 2°53′W / 39.967°N 2.883°W / 39.967; -2.883Place in Castile-La Mancha, SpainVillarrubio, SpainParish Church of Villarrubio FlagSealVillarrubio, SpainShow map of SpainVillarrubio, SpainShow map of Castilla-La ManchaCoordinates: 39°58′N 2°53′W / 39.967°N 2.883°W / 39.967; -2.883CountrySpainAutonomous communityCastile-La ManchaProvinceCuencaMunicipalityVillarrubioArea • Total28 km2 (11 sq mi)Population (2018) • Total112 • Density4.0/km2 (10/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Villarrubio is a municipality located in the province of Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 254 inhabitants. References ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute. vteMunicipalities in the province of Cuenca Abia de la Obispalía Alarcón Albaladejo del Cuende Albalate de las Nogueras Albendea Alcalá de la Vega Alcantud Alcohujate Alconchel de la Estrella Alcázar del Rey Algarra Aliaguilla Almendros Almodóvar del Pinar Almonacid del Marquesado Altarejos Arandilla del Arroyo Arcas Arcos de la Sierra Arguisuelas Arrancacepas Atalaya del Cañavate Barajas de Melo Barchín del Hoyo Bascuñana de San Pedro Beamud Belinchón Belmonte Belmontejo Beteta Boniches Buciegas Buenache de Alarcón Buenache de la Sierra Buendía Campillo de Altobuey Campillos-Paravientos Campillos-Sierra Campos del Paraíso Cañada Juncosa Cañada del Hoyo Canalejas del Arroyo Cañamares Cañaveras Cañaveruelas Cañete Cañizares Carboneras de Guadazaón Cardenete Carrascosa Carrascosa de Haro Casas de Benítez Casas de Fernando Alonso Casas de Garcimolina Casas de Guijarro Casas de Haro Casas de los Pinos Casasimarro Castejón Castillejo de Iniesta Castillejo-Sierra Castillo de Garcimuñoz Castillo-Albaráñez Cervera del Llano Chillarón de Cuenca Chumillas Cuenca Cueva del Hierro El Acebrón El Cañavate El Herrumblar El Hito El Pedernoso El Peral El Picazo El Pozuelo El Provencio El Valle de Altomira Enguídanos Fresneda de Altarejos Fresneda de la Sierra Fuente de Pedro Naharro Fuentelespino de Haro Fuentelespino de Moya Fuentenava de Jábaga Fuentes Fuertescusa Gabaldón Garaballa Gascueña Graja de Campalbo Graja de Iniesta Henarejos Honrubia Hontanaya Hontecillas Horcajo de Santiago Huelves Huerta de la Obispalía Huerta del Marquesado Huete Huélamo Huérguina Iniesta La Alberca de Záncara La Almarcha La Cierva La Frontera La Hinojosa La Parra de las Vegas La Peraleja La Pesquera Laguna del Marquesado Lagunaseca Landete Las Majadas Las Mesas Las Pedroñeras Las Valeras Ledaña Leganiel Los Hinojosos Los Valdecolmenas Mariana Masegosa Minglanilla Mira Monreal del Llano Montalbanejo Montalbo Monteagudo de las Salinas Mota de Altarejos Mota del Cuervo Motilla del Palancar Moya Narboneta Olivares de Júcar Olmeda de la Cuesta Olmeda del Rey Olmedilla de Alarcón Olmedilla de Eliz Osa de la Vega Pajaroncillo Pajarón Palomares del Campo Palomera Paracuellos Paredes Pinarejo Pineda de Gigüela Piqueras del Castillo Portalrubio de Guadamejud Portilla Poyatos Pozoamargo Pozorrubielos de la Mancha Pozorrubio Priego Puebla de Almenara Puebla del Salvador Quintanar del Rey Rada de Haro Reíllo Rozalén del Monte Saceda-Trasierra Saelices Salinas del Manzano Salmeroncillos Salvacañete San Clemente San Lorenzo de la Parrilla San Martín de Boniches San Pedro Palmiches Santa Cruz de Moya Santa María de los Llanos Santa María del Campo Rus Santa María del Val Sisante Solera de Gabaldón Sotorribas Talayuelas Tarancón Tébar Tejadillos Tinajas Torralba Torrejoncillo del Rey Torrubia del Campo Torrubia del Castillo Tragacete Tresjuncos Tribaldos Uclés Uña Valdemeca Valdemorillo de la Sierra Valdemoro-Sierra Valdeolivas Valdetórtola Valhermoso de la Fuente Valsalobre Valverde de Júcar Valverdejo Vara de Rey Vega del Codorno Vellisca Villaconejos de Trabaque Villaescusa de Haro Villagarcía del Llano Villalba de la Sierra Villalba del Rey Villalgordo del Marquesado Villalpardo Villamayor de Santiago Villanueva de Guadamejud Villanueva de la Jara Villar de Cañas Villar de Domingo García Villar de Olalla Villar de la Encina Villar del Humo Villar del Infantado Villar y Velasco Villarejo de Fuentes Villarejo de la Peñuela Villarejo-Periesteban Villares del Saz Villarrubio Villarta Villas de la Ventosa Villaverde y Pasaconsol Vindel Víllora Yémeda Zafra de Záncara Zafrilla Zarza de Tajo Zarzuela Authority control databases International VIAF Geographic MusicBrainz area This article about a location in the Province of Cuenca in Spain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"province of Cuenca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Cuenca"},{"link_name":"Castile-La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile-La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"INE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)"}],"text":"Place in Castile-La Mancha, SpainVillarrubio is a municipality located in the province of Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 254 inhabitants.","title":"Villarrubio"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Villarrubio&params=39_58_N_2_53_W_region:ES_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"39°58′N 2°53′W / 39.967°N 2.883°W / 39.967; -2.883"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Villarrubio&params=39_58_N_2_53_W_region:ES_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"39°58′N 2°53′W / 39.967°N 2.883°W / 39.967; -2.883"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316735429","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/0b132210-ddf9-444b-b1d3-d475cc1fe7f1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villarrubio&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarantula_Hill
Tarantula Hill
["1 Sources"]
Coordinates: 34°11′46″N 118°53′16″W / 34.1962°N 118.8879°W / 34.1962; -118.8879Peak in California Tarantula HillHighest pointElevation1,057 ft (322 m)Coordinates34°11′46″N 118°53′16″W / 34.1962°N 118.8879°W / 34.1962; -118.8879GeographyTarantula HillTarantula HillShow map of CaliforniaTarantula HillTarantula Hill (the United States)Show map of the United States LocationThousand Oaks, California, U.S. Tarantula Hill, also known as Dawn’s Peak, is a 1,057-foot-high (322 m) peak in Thousand Oaks, California. It is located on a 45-acre (18 ha) open space and is operated by the Conejo Open Space Conservation Agency (COSCA). Climbing Tarantula Hill is a steep 0.5-mile (0.80 km) trail; the trailhead is located at 287 West Gainsborough Road, across the road from the main entrance to Conejo Valley Botanic Garden. Atop the mountain there is a 360-degree panoramic view of the Conejo Valley, the Simi Hills and the Santa Monica Mountains. There is also a fenced-in water reservoir located on top. It was once a popular hang-gliding site. It was once a volcanic mound but went dormant 16 million years ago. The hill is located near the center of the Conejo Valley. Sources ^ McKinney, John (2013). HIKE Ventura County: Best Day Hikes around Ventura, Ojai and the Simi Hills. The Trailmaster, Inc. Page 83. ^ Philipp, Cathy (1997). On the Trail - Malibu to Santa Barbara. Cathy Philip Pub. Page 107. ISBN 9780965584807. ^ "Thousand Oaks Acorn | Thousand Oaks, CA News". ^ Stone, Robert (2011). Day Hikes Around Ventura County. Day Hike Books. Pages 202-203. ISBN 9781573420624. ^ McKinney, John (2013). HIKE Ventura County: Best Day Hikes around Ventura, Ojai and the Simi Hills. The Trailmaster, Inc. Pages 82-83. ^ Philipp, Cathy (1997). On the Trail - Malibu to Santa Barbara. Cathy Philip Pub. Page 107. ISBN 9780965584807. ^ "Story of the Conejo Valley written in peaks, bluffs and ridges | VenturaCountyTrails.org News". www.venturacountytrails.org. Retrieved 2020-12-06. ^ Sprankling, Miriam (2002). Discovering the Story of The Conejo Valley. Newbury Park, CA: Conejo Valley Historical Society. Page 75. ISBN 0-9725233-0-8. vteThousand Oaks, CaliforniaSchools Conejo Valley Unified School District Thousand Oaks High School Newbury Park High School Westlake High School Conejo Valley Adult School La Reina High School Other education California Lutheran University Grant R. Brimhall Library Landmarks American Radio Archive California Museum of Art Conejo Valley Botanic Garden Chumash Indian Museum Gardens of the World Janss Marketplace Joel McCrea Ranch Jungleland Site Lake Eleanor Pederson House and Water Tower Satwiwa Sherwood Country Club Stagecoach Inn Tarantula Hill The Oaks Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Plaza Thousand Oaks Community Gallery Timber School Wildwood Regional Park Areas Newbury Park Other Mass shooting This list is incomplete.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thousand Oaks, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Oaks,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Conejo Valley Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conejo_Valley_Botanic_Garden"},{"link_name":"Conejo Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conejo_Valley"},{"link_name":"Simi Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_Hills"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Conejo Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conejo_Valley"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Peak in CaliforniaTarantula Hill, also known as Dawn’s Peak, is a 1,057-foot-high (322 m) peak in Thousand Oaks, California.[1][2][3] It is located on a 45-acre (18 ha) open space and is operated by the Conejo Open Space Conservation Agency (COSCA). Climbing Tarantula Hill is a steep 0.5-mile (0.80 km) trail;[4] the trailhead is located at 287 West Gainsborough Road, across the road from the main entrance to Conejo Valley Botanic Garden. Atop the mountain there is a 360-degree panoramic view of the Conejo Valley, the Simi Hills and the Santa Monica Mountains. There is also a fenced-in water reservoir located on top.[5] It was once a popular hang-gliding site.[6] It was once a volcanic mound but went dormant 16 million years ago.[7]The hill is located near the center of the Conejo Valley.[8]","title":"Tarantula Hill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780965584807","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780965584807"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Thousand Oaks Acorn | Thousand Oaks, CA News\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.toacorn.com/news/2016-08-11/Community/Popular_trail_now_easier_on_the_feet.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781573420624","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573420624"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780965584807","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780965584807"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Story of the Conejo Valley written in peaks, bluffs and ridges | VenturaCountyTrails.org News\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.venturacountytrails.org/WP/2017/06/22/story-of-the-conejo-valley-written-in-peaks-bluffs-and-ridges/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9725233-0-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9725233-0-8"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Thousand_Oaks,_California"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Thousand_Oaks,_California"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thousand_Oaks,_California"},{"link_name":"Thousand Oaks, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Oaks,_California"},{"link_name":"Conejo Valley Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conejo_Valley_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"Thousand Oaks High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Oaks_High_School"},{"link_name":"Newbury Park High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury_Park_High_School"},{"link_name":"Westlake High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlake_High_School_(California)"},{"link_name":"Conejo Valley Adult School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conejo_Valley_Adult_School"},{"link_name":"La Reina High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Reina_High_School"},{"link_name":"California Lutheran University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Lutheran_University"},{"link_name":"Grant R. Brimhall Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_R._Brimhall_Library"},{"link_name":"American Radio Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Radio_Archive"},{"link_name":"California Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Museum_of_Art&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Conejo Valley Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conejo_Valley_Botanic_Garden"},{"link_name":"Chumash Indian Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumash_Indian_Museum"},{"link_name":"Gardens of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"Janss Marketplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janss_Marketplace"},{"link_name":"Joel McCrea Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_McCrea_Ranch"},{"link_name":"Jungleland Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungleland_USA"},{"link_name":"Lake Eleanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banning_Dam"},{"link_name":"Pederson House and Water Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederson_House_and_Water_Tower"},{"link_name":"Satwiwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satwiwa"},{"link_name":"Sherwood Country Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Country_Club"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_Inn_(California)"},{"link_name":"Tarantula Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"The Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oaks_(Thousand_Oaks,_California)"},{"link_name":"Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Oaks_Civic_Arts_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Thousand Oaks Community Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Oaks_Community_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Timber School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_School"},{"link_name":"Wildwood Regional Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildwood_Regional_Park"},{"link_name":"Newbury Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury_Park,_California"},{"link_name":"Mass shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Oaks_shooting"}],"text":"^ McKinney, John (2013). HIKE Ventura County: Best Day Hikes around Ventura, Ojai and the Simi Hills. The Trailmaster, Inc. Page 83.\n\n^ Philipp, Cathy (1997). On the Trail - Malibu to Santa Barbara. Cathy Philip Pub. Page 107. ISBN 9780965584807.\n\n^ \"Thousand Oaks Acorn | Thousand Oaks, CA News\".\n\n^ Stone, Robert (2011). Day Hikes Around Ventura County. Day Hike Books. Pages 202-203. ISBN 9781573420624.\n\n^ McKinney, John (2013). HIKE Ventura County: Best Day Hikes around Ventura, Ojai and the Simi Hills. The Trailmaster, Inc. Pages 82-83.\n\n^ Philipp, Cathy (1997). On the Trail - Malibu to Santa Barbara. Cathy Philip Pub. Page 107. ISBN 9780965584807.\n\n^ \"Story of the Conejo Valley written in peaks, bluffs and ridges | VenturaCountyTrails.org News\". www.venturacountytrails.org. Retrieved 2020-12-06.\n\n^ Sprankling, Miriam (2002). Discovering the Story of The Conejo Valley. Newbury Park, CA: Conejo Valley Historical Society. Page 75. ISBN 0-9725233-0-8.vteThousand Oaks, CaliforniaSchools\nConejo Valley Unified School District\nThousand Oaks High School\nNewbury Park High School\nWestlake High School\nConejo Valley Adult School\nLa Reina High School\nOther education\nCalifornia Lutheran University\nGrant R. Brimhall Library\nLandmarks\nAmerican Radio Archive\nCalifornia Museum of Art\nConejo Valley Botanic Garden\nChumash Indian Museum\nGardens of the World\nJanss Marketplace\nJoel McCrea Ranch\nJungleland Site\nLake Eleanor\nPederson House and Water Tower\nSatwiwa\nSherwood Country Club\nStagecoach Inn\nTarantula Hill\nThe Oaks\nThousand Oaks Civic Arts Plaza\nThousand Oaks Community Gallery\nTimber School\nWildwood Regional Park\nAreas\nNewbury Park\nOther\nMass shooting\nThis list is incomplete.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Thousand Oaks Acorn | Thousand Oaks, CA News\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toacorn.com/news/2016-08-11/Community/Popular_trail_now_easier_on_the_feet.html","url_text":"\"Thousand Oaks Acorn | Thousand Oaks, CA News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Story of the Conejo Valley written in peaks, bluffs and ridges | VenturaCountyTrails.org News\". www.venturacountytrails.org. Retrieved 2020-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.venturacountytrails.org/WP/2017/06/22/story-of-the-conejo-valley-written-in-peaks-bluffs-and-ridges/","url_text":"\"Story of the Conejo Valley written in peaks, bluffs and ridges | VenturaCountyTrails.org News\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tarantula_Hill&params=34.1962_N_118.8879_W_type:mountain_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"34°11′46″N 118°53′16″W / 34.1962°N 118.8879°W / 34.1962; -118.8879"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tarantula_Hill&params=34.1962_N_118.8879_W_type:mountain_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"34°11′46″N 118°53′16″W / 34.1962°N 118.8879°W / 34.1962; -118.8879"},{"Link":"http://www.toacorn.com/news/2016-08-11/Community/Popular_trail_now_easier_on_the_feet.html","external_links_name":"\"Thousand Oaks Acorn | Thousand Oaks, CA News\""},{"Link":"https://www.venturacountytrails.org/WP/2017/06/22/story-of-the-conejo-valley-written-in-peaks-bluffs-and-ridges/","external_links_name":"\"Story of the Conejo Valley written in peaks, bluffs and ridges | VenturaCountyTrails.org News\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Caste_Act
Half-Caste Act
["1 Victoria","2 Western Australia","3 Aboriginal Protection Boards","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Online resources","5.2 Further reading"]
1890s Australian laws removing mixed-race Aboriginal children from their families Images of Aboriginal people from a 1914 student textbook. Half-Caste Act was the common name given to Acts of Parliament passed in Victoria (Aboriginal Protection Act 1886) and Western Australia (Aborigines Protection Act 1886) in 1886. They became the model for legislation to control Aboriginal people throughout Australia - Queensland's Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897, NSW/ACT's Aboriginal Protection Act 1909, the Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910, South Australia's Aborigines Act 1911, and Tasmania's Cape Barren Island Reserve Act 1912. The various related Acts allowed the seizure of "half-caste" children (i.e., mixed race children) and their forcible removal from their parents. This was theoretically to provide them with better homes than those afforded by typical Aboriginal people, where they could grow up to work as domestic servants, and also for social engineering. "Half-caste" people were distinguished from "full-blood" Aboriginal people. The removed children are now known as the Stolen Generations. These Acts were a major impetus for a 1967 referendum question. Some of the controls first created by the Acts remained in place until the early 1970s. Victoria The Victorian Half-Caste Act 1886 (in full, an Act to amend an Act entitled "An Act to Provide for the Protection and Management of the Aboriginal Natives of Victoria") was an extension and expansion of the Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 which gave extensive powers over the lives of Aboriginal people in the colony of Victoria to the Board for the Protection of Aborigines, including regulation of residence, employment, custody of children and marriage. The 1886 Act enabled the expulsion of Aboriginal people of mixed descent ("half-castes") aged from eight to 34 from the Aboriginal reserves. This was intended to incorporate them into mainstream European society. These expulsions separated families and communities, causing distress and leading to protests. The expulsions and other policies led to a decline in the population of the reserves, and for much of their land to be sold or leased to European settlers. By 1926 all Victorian Aboriginal reserves had been closed except for Lake Tyers in Gippsland which had a population of about 250. Western Australia Gov. Broome (seated center) and the last Executive Council before the responsible government in Western Australia, c.1890. The Western Australian Aboriginal Protection Board was established in 1886, with five members and a secretary, all of whom were nominated by the Governor, by the Aborigines Protection Act 1886 (WA), or Half-Caste Act. The 1886 Act was enacted following the furor over the Fairbairn Report of 1882, which revealed slavery conditions among Aboriginal farm workers, and the work of Rev. John Gribble. The 1886 Act introduced employment contracts between employers and Aboriginal workers over the age of 14. There was no provision in the 1886 Act for contracts to include wages, but employees were to be provided with "substantial, good and sufficient rations", clothing, and blankets. The 1886 Act provided a resident magistrate with the power to indenture 'half-caste' and Aboriginal children from a suitable age until they turned 21. An Aboriginal Protection Board was also established to prevent the abuses reported earlier, but rather than protect Aborigines, it succeeded mainly in putting them under tighter government control. It was intended to enforce contracts, employment of prisoners, and apprenticeships, but there was not sufficient power to enforce clauses in the north, and they were openly flouted. The Act defined "Aboriginal" as "every Aboriginal native of Australia, every Aboriginal half-caste, or child of a half-caste". Governor Frederick Broome insisted that the act contains within it a clause permitting traditional owners to continue hunting on their tribal lands. The effect of the Act was to give increasing power to the Board over Aboriginal people, rather than setting up a system to punish whites for wrongdoing in relation to Aboriginal people. An Aboriginal Department was set up under the office of the Chief Protector of Aborigines. Nearly half of the Legislative Council voted to amend the Act for contract labor as low as 10, but it was defeated. McKenzie Grant, the member for The North, claimed that child labor of 6 or 7 was a necessary commonplace, as "in this way they gradually become domesticated". The Attorney General Septimus Burt, in the debate on the second-reading speech, claimed that contracts were being issued not for current work but to hold Aboriginal people as slaves on stations for potential future work to prevent them from being free to leave. Aboriginal Protection Boards Main article: Aboriginal Protection Board Protectors of Aborigines were appointed by the Board under the conditions laid down in the various Acts. In theory, Protectors were empowered to undertake legal proceedings on behalf of Aboriginal people, dictate where Aboriginal people could live or work, and keep all wages earned by employed Aboriginal people. As the Boards had limited funds, Protectors received very limited remuneration and so a range of people were appointed as local Protectors, including resident magistrates, jail wardens, Justices of the Peace and in some cases ministers of religion, but most were local police inspectors. The minutes of the Board show that they dealt with mostly matters of requests from religious bodies for financial relief and reports from Resident or Police Magistrates pertaining to trials and convictions of Aboriginal people under their jurisdiction. Aboriginal Protection Boards also issued permits to allow Aboriginal people the right to leave their respective missions and enter mainstream society for a set period of time. See also Aboriginal history of Western Australia History of Indigenous Australians History of Western Australia Indian Act (Canada) Stolen Generations Detraditionalization Detribalization References ^ "Glossary". abc.net.au. Retrieved 1 September 2009. ^ Kenneth Liberman. The Decline of the Kuwarra People of Australia's Western Desert: A Case Study of Legally Secured Domination. Ethnohistory, Vol. 27, No. 2. (Spring, 1980), pp. 119-133. See page 121 in particular. ^ Memidex/WordNet ^ "Aboriginal timeline (1900 - 1969)". Creative Spirits NGO. Archived from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2019. ^ Robert van Krieken (June 1999). "The barbarism of civilization: cultural genocide and the 'stolen generations'". The British Journal of Sociology. 50 (2): 297–315. doi:10.1080/000713199358752. PMID 15260027. ^ John Hutnyk (2005). "Hybridity" (PDF). Ethnic and Racial Studies. 28 (1): 79–102. doi:10.1080/0141987042000280021. S2CID 217537998. ^ "A White Australia". Australians Together. Retrieved 12 June 2020. ^ "Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 (Vic)". Documenting a Democracy. Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 13 February 2020. ^ "Aboriginal people and the law". Acts and regulations Victoria. Retrieved 8 June 2022. ^ Broome, Richard (2019). Aboriginal Australians (5th ed.). Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin. pp. 94–98. ISBN 9781760528218. Online resources "Ngankat-Kalo: Aboriginal Education 1901-2001". Victorian Aboriginal Education Association Inc. (VAEAI). Mission Voices: The Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Koorie Heritage Trust Inc. Further reading A. Grenfell Price. "Australian Native Policy: A Review". Geographical Review, Vol. 34, No. 3. (July 1944), pp. 476–478. Reviewing: Edmund J. B. Foxcroft. Australian Native Policy: Its History, Especially in Victoria Paul Hasluck. Black Australians: A Survey of Native Policy in Western Australia, 1829–1897 Norman B. Tindale. Survey of the Half-Caste Problem in South Australia (The Results of the Harvard-Adelaide Universities Anthropological Expedition, 1938–9) vteAboriginal VictoriansPeoples Barababaraba Bidawal Brabiralung Braiakaulung Brataualung Bungandidj Boonwurrung Dadi Dadi Dhudhuroa Djab Wurrung Dja Dja Wurrung Djargurd Wurrung Djilamatang Gadubanud Girai wurrung Gulidjan Gunnai/Kurnai Gunditjmara Jardwadjali Jari Jari Jupagalk Krauatungalang Koori Kulin Kurung Kwatkwat Ladji Ladji Mardidjali Minyambuta Ngooraialum Ngurelban Pallanganmiddang Pangerang Tatungalung Taungurung Wadawurrung Warkawarka Wemba Wemba Wergaia Woiwurrung Wotjobaluk Wurundjeri Yalukit Yorta Yorta Communities Coranderrk Deen Maar Indigenous Protected Area Ebenezer Mission Framlingham Lake Boga mission Registered Aboriginal Parties / Land councils Barengi Gadjin Bunurong Wathaurung Wurundjeri Sites Bend Road Box Gulley Carisbrook stone arrangement Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park Cloggs Cave Grampians National Park Keilor Kow Swamp Lake Bolac stone arrangement Mount William stone axe quarry New Guinea II cave Sunbury earth rings Tarragal Caves Wurdi Youang See also Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register Victoria Archaeological Survey State organisations Heritage Victoria Minister for Aboriginal Affairs Legislation Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 Half-Caste Act Laws concerning Indigenous Australians Cases: Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria History Batman's Treaty Battle of Yering Blood Hole massacre Campaspe Plains massacre Convincing Ground massacre Coranderrk Gippsland massacres Mudgegonga rock shelter Munangabum Murdering Gully massacre By state or territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia vteAboriginal and Torres Strait IslandersPeoples Aboriginal Australians Communities Aboriginal groups Tasmanians Torres Strait Islanders Victorians Western Australians Individuals Activists Musicians People from politics and public service Performing artists Sportspeople Visual artists Writers Culture Astronomy Bora Corroboree Deadly Awards Deities The Dreaming Enumeration Elders Flags Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander Kinship Kurdaitcha Literature of Indigenous Australians Marn Grook Message stick NAIDOC Week National Indigenous Human Rights Awards Outstation movement Religion and mythology Riji Seasons Sacred sites Smoking ceremony Songlines Traditional custodianship Tjurunga Torres Strait Islands Language(s) Avoidance speech Australian Aboriginal English Macro-Gunwinyguan languages Australian Creole Language groups Loanwords into English Palawa Pama–Nyungan languages Placenames Sign languages Taboo on the dead Torres Strait English Torres Strait Island languages Organisations ATSIC Aboriginal Medical Service Aborigines Advancement League Aborigines Progressive Association AIATSIS Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association Australian Aborigines' League Mass media National Congress of Australia's First Peoples National Indigenous Council Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations Politics Registered Aboriginal Party Reconciliation Australia National Reconciliation Week Sorry Day TSRA Land councils Central Land Council Kimberley Land Council Maralinga Tjarutja Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council NSW Aboriginal Land Council Northern Land Council South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council Tiwi Land Council Bushcraft Boomerang Buka Bush bread Bush tucker Bush medicine Coolamon Dugout canoe Fibrecraft Fire-stick farming Food groups Humpy Possum-skin cloak Scarred tree Soaks Spinifex resin Sweet foods Waddy Woomera Arts Artefacts Bark painting Contemporary visual art Dance Didgeridoo Dreaming Music Music groups Rock NATSIA Award Papunya Tula Sandpainting Vibe Visual art Yininmadyemi History Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 Australian Frontier Wars Bathurst War Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars Caledon Bay crisis Cummeragunja walk-off Day of Mourning Gurindji Strike Historical figures History Prehistory Australian history wars King plates Massacres Black War Missions Native police Native Title Act 1993 Pilbara strike Pintupi Nine Stolen Generations Apology Tent embassy Western Australia Issues 1967 Referendum Constitutional recognition Crime Health Land rights Native title Protected Area Media portrayal Northern Territory National Emergency Response Self-determination Reconciliation Stolen Generations Half-Caste Act Uluru Statement from the Heart Treaty Truth Voice Voting rights
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NSRW_Australian_Types.png"},{"link_name":"Acts of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginals_Protection_and_Restriction_of_the_Sale_of_Opium_Act_1897"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"NSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"ACT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory_Aboriginals_Act_1910"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"half-caste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-caste"},{"link_name":"mixed race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"social engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutnyk-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Stolen Generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_Generations"},{"link_name":"1967 referendum question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Australian_referendum_(Aboriginals)"}],"text":"Images of Aboriginal people from a 1914 student textbook.Half-Caste Act was the common name given to Acts of Parliament passed in Victoria (Aboriginal Protection Act 1886) and Western Australia (Aborigines Protection Act 1886) in 1886.[1] They became the model for legislation to control Aboriginal people throughout Australia - Queensland's Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897,[2] NSW/ACT's Aboriginal Protection Act 1909, the Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910, South Australia's Aborigines Act 1911, and Tasmania's Cape Barren Island Reserve Act 1912.The various related Acts allowed the seizure of \"half-caste\" children (i.e., mixed race children[3]) and their forcible removal from their parents. This was theoretically to provide them with better homes than those afforded by typical Aboriginal people, where they could grow up to work as domestic servants, and also for social engineering.[4][5][6] \"Half-caste\" people were distinguished from \"full-blood\" Aboriginal people.[7]The removed children are now known as the Stolen Generations.These Acts were a major impetus for a 1967 referendum question. Some of the controls first created by the Acts remained in place until the early 1970s.","title":"Half-Caste Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aboriginal Protection Act 1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Protection_Act_1869"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal people in the colony of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Victorians"},{"link_name":"Board for the Protection of Aborigines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Protection_Board"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dd-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"half-castes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-caste"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_reserve"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Victorian Half-Caste Act 1886 (in full, an Act to amend an Act entitled \"An Act to Provide for the Protection and Management of the Aboriginal Natives of Victoria\") was an extension and expansion of the Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 which gave extensive powers over the lives of Aboriginal people in the colony of Victoria to the Board for the Protection of Aborigines, including regulation of residence, employment, custody of children and marriage.[8][9]The 1886 Act enabled the expulsion of Aboriginal people of mixed descent (\"half-castes\") aged from eight to 34 from the Aboriginal reserves. This was intended to incorporate them into mainstream European society. These expulsions separated families and communities, causing distress and leading to protests. The expulsions and other policies led to a decline in the population of the reserves, and for much of their land to be sold or leased to European settlers. By 1926 all Victorian Aboriginal reserves had been closed except for Lake Tyers in Gippsland which had a population of about 250.[10]","title":"Victoria"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_Executive_Council_WA.jpg"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"John Gribble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gribble"},{"link_name":"resident magistrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_magistrate"},{"link_name":"Frederick Broome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Broome"},{"link_name":"traditional owners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_owners"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aboriginal_Department&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chief Protector of Aborigines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protector_of_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"McKenzie Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKenzie_Grant"},{"link_name":"The North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_the_North"},{"link_name":"Septimus Burt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimus_Burt"}],"text":"Gov. Broome (seated center) and the last Executive Council before the responsible government in Western Australia, c.1890.The Western Australian Aboriginal Protection Board was established in 1886, with five members and a secretary, all of whom were nominated by the Governor, by the Aborigines Protection Act 1886 (WA), or Half-Caste Act.The 1886 Act was enacted following the furor over the Fairbairn Report of 1882, which revealed slavery conditions among Aboriginal farm workers, and the work of Rev. John Gribble. The 1886 Act introduced employment contracts between employers and Aboriginal workers over the age of 14. There was no provision in the 1886 Act for contracts to include wages, but employees were to be provided with \"substantial, good and sufficient rations\", clothing, and blankets. The 1886 Act provided a resident magistrate with the power to indenture 'half-caste' and Aboriginal children from a suitable age until they turned 21. An Aboriginal Protection Board was also established to prevent the abuses reported earlier, but rather than protect Aborigines, it succeeded mainly in putting them under tighter government control. It was intended to enforce contracts, employment of prisoners, and apprenticeships, but there was not sufficient power to enforce clauses in the north, and they were openly flouted. The Act defined \"Aboriginal\" as \"every Aboriginal native of Australia, every Aboriginal half-caste, or child of a half-caste\". Governor Frederick Broome insisted that the act contains within it a clause permitting traditional owners to continue hunting on their tribal lands.The effect of the Act was to give increasing power to the Board over Aboriginal people, rather than setting up a system to punish whites for wrongdoing in relation to Aboriginal people. An Aboriginal Department was set up under the office of the Chief Protector of Aborigines. Nearly half of the Legislative Council voted to amend the Act for contract labor as low as 10, but it was defeated. McKenzie Grant, the member for The North, claimed that child labor of 6 or 7 was a necessary commonplace, as \"in this way they gradually become domesticated\". The Attorney General Septimus Burt, in the debate on the second-reading speech, claimed that contracts were being issued not for current work but to hold Aboriginal people as slaves on stations for potential future work to prevent them from being free to leave.","title":"Western Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Protectors of Aborigines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectors_of_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_(station)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Protectors of Aborigines were appointed by the Board under the conditions laid down in the various Acts. In theory, Protectors were empowered to undertake legal proceedings on behalf of Aboriginal people, dictate where Aboriginal people could live or work, and keep all wages earned by employed Aboriginal people.[citation needed]As the Boards had limited funds, Protectors received very limited remuneration and so a range of people were appointed as local Protectors, including resident magistrates, jail wardens, Justices of the Peace and in some cases ministers of religion, but most were local police inspectors. The minutes of the Board show that they dealt with mostly matters of requests from religious bodies for financial relief and reports from Resident or Police Magistrates pertaining to trials and convictions of Aboriginal people under their jurisdiction.[citation needed]Aboriginal Protection Boards also issued permits to allow Aboriginal people the right to leave their respective missions and enter mainstream society for a set period of time.[citation needed]","title":"Aboriginal Protection Boards"}]
[{"image_text":"Images of Aboriginal people from a 1914 student textbook.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NSRW_Australian_Types.png/300px-NSRW_Australian_Types.png"},{"image_text":"Gov. Broome (seated center) and the last Executive Council before the responsible government in Western Australia, c.1890.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Last_Executive_Council_WA.jpg/300px-Last_Executive_Council_WA.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Aboriginal history of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_history_of_Western_Australia"},{"title":"History of Indigenous Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians"},{"title":"History of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_Australia"},{"title":"Indian Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Act"},{"title":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"title":"Stolen Generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_Generations"},{"title":"Detraditionalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detraditionalization"},{"title":"Detribalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detribalization"}]
[{"reference":"\"Glossary\". abc.net.au. Retrieved 1 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/missionvoices/help_and_resources/glossary/default.htm","url_text":"\"Glossary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aboriginal timeline (1900 - 1969)\". Creative Spirits NGO. Archived from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120814140823/http://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/aboriginal-history-timeline-early-20th.html","url_text":"\"Aboriginal timeline (1900 - 1969)\""},{"url":"http://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/aboriginal-history-timeline-early-20th.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Robert van Krieken (June 1999). \"The barbarism of civilization: cultural genocide and the 'stolen generations'\". The British Journal of Sociology. 50 (2): 297–315. doi:10.1080/000713199358752. PMID 15260027.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F000713199358752","url_text":"10.1080/000713199358752"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15260027","url_text":"15260027"}]},{"reference":"John Hutnyk (2005). \"Hybridity\" (PDF). Ethnic and Racial Studies. 28 (1): 79–102. doi:10.1080/0141987042000280021. S2CID 217537998.","urls":[{"url":"http://hutnyk.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/ershybrid280104.pdf","url_text":"\"Hybridity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0141987042000280021","url_text":"10.1080/0141987042000280021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:217537998","url_text":"217537998"}]},{"reference":"\"A White Australia\". Australians Together. Retrieved 12 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://australianstogether.org.au/discover/australian-history/a-white-australia/","url_text":"\"A White Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 (Vic)\". Documenting a Democracy. Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 13 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-sdid-22.html","url_text":"\"Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 (Vic)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aboriginal people and the law\". Acts and regulations Victoria. Retrieved 8 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/law/acts","url_text":"\"Aboriginal people and the law\""}]},{"reference":"Broome, Richard (2019). Aboriginal Australians (5th ed.). Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin. pp. 94–98. ISBN 9781760528218.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781760528218","url_text":"9781760528218"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/missionvoices/help_and_resources/glossary/default.htm","external_links_name":"\"Glossary\""},{"Link":"https://www.memidex.com/half-caste","external_links_name":"Memidex/WordNet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120814140823/http://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/aboriginal-history-timeline-early-20th.html","external_links_name":"\"Aboriginal timeline (1900 - 1969)\""},{"Link":"http://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/aboriginal-history-timeline-early-20th.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F000713199358752","external_links_name":"10.1080/000713199358752"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15260027","external_links_name":"15260027"},{"Link":"http://hutnyk.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/ershybrid280104.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Hybridity\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0141987042000280021","external_links_name":"10.1080/0141987042000280021"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:217537998","external_links_name":"217537998"},{"Link":"https://australianstogether.org.au/discover/australian-history/a-white-australia/","external_links_name":"\"A White Australia\""},{"Link":"https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-sdid-22.html","external_links_name":"\"Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 (Vic)\""},{"Link":"https://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/law/acts","external_links_name":"\"Aboriginal people and the law\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070913055540/http://www.vaeai.org.au/timeline/1823.html","external_links_name":"\"Ngankat-Kalo: Aboriginal Education 1901-2001\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/missionvoices/help_and_resources/glossary/default.htm#term921","external_links_name":"Mission Voices:"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Floristic_Region
Rocky Mountain Floristic Region
["1 Geography","2 Flora","3 References"]
Coordinates: 53°45′N 126°07′W / 53.75°N 126.12°W / 53.75; -126.12This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rocky Mountain Floristic Region" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sidalcea oregana var. calvaForest of Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. menziesii in WashingtonDarlingtonia californica The Rocky Mountain Floristic Region is a floristic region within the Holarctic Kingdom in western North America (Canada and the United States) delineated by Armen Takhtajan. The region extends from Kodiak Island in Alaska to the San Francisco Bay Area and Sierra Nevada in California. It consists of two provinces, the Vancouverian, which comprises the coastal part of the region for its entire length, including the Pacific Coast Ranges, and the Rocky Mountain, which includes the Rocky Mountains and associated ranges. There are no endemic plant families in the region but many endemic genera and species. Geography The region spans from Kodiak Island of Alaska approximately to the San Francisco Bay Area and Sierra Nevada of California, running between the shore of the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Great Plains on the east, along the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Coast Ranges. It is bordered by the Canadian Province of the Circumboreal Region in the north, by the North American Prairies Province of the North American Atlantic Region in the east and by the Californian Province of the Madrean Region in the south. The borders with the Canadian and Californian Provinces are vague. Flora Although the Rocky Mountain Region has no endemic vascular plant families and only one endemic Marchantiophyta family (Gyrothyraceae), it has many endemic genera (such as Sidalcea, Luetkea, Whipplea, Vancouveria, Lithophragma, Tellima, Tolmiea, Luina) and numerous endemic species. The genera Arnica, Castilleja, Erigeron, and Lomatium have their major center of diversity here. The region possesses the greatest diversity of conifers in the New World. The remaining wildland of the province is covered mostly by temperate coniferous forests (such as Northern California coastal forests, Maritime Coast Range Ponderosa Pine forests, Klamath-Siskiyou forests, British Columbia mainland coastal forests, Fraser Plateau and Basin complex, Northern Pacific coastal forests) dominated by Pinus ponderosa, Pinus contorta and Pseudotsuga menziesii, as well as the alpine tundra above timberline. The region is subdivided further into the Vancouverian Province and Rocky Mountain Province. The Vancouverian Province comprises the coastal part of the region for its entire length, including the Pacific Coast Ranges. Such plant species and genera as Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Darlingtonia californica, Vancouveria and Whipplea are endemic to it. The boundary with the Californian Province is not well-defined. The Rocky Mountain Province includes the Rocky Mountains and associated ranges. Due to more heavy glaciation during the Pleistocene, its flora, especially in the north, has a far lower degree of endemism than that of the Vancouverian Province. Much of it is shared with the Canadian Province and the Circumboreal Region in general. vteFloristic regions of the worldHolarctic Kingdom Circumboreal Eastern Asiatic North American Atlantic Rocky Mountain Macaronesian Mediterranean Saharo-Arabian Irano-Turanian Madrean Paleotropical Kingdom Guineo-Congolian Usambara-Zululand Sudano-Zambezian Karoo-Namib St. Helena and Ascension Madagascan Indian Indochinese Malesian Papuasian Fijian Polynesian Hawaiian Neocaledonian Neotropical Kingdom Caribbean Guayana Highlands Amazonian Brazilian Andean South African Kingdom Cape Australian Kingdom Northeast Southwest Central Australian or Eremaean Antarctic Kingdom Fernandezian Chile-Patagonian South Subantarctic Islands Neozeylandic vteFlora of the United StatesStates Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal districtWashington, D.C.Territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands TopicsGeneral * Flora of North America List of ecoregions in the United States (EPA) List of invasive species in North America § Plants List of endangered plants of North America List of Northern American nectar sources for honey bees Floristic regions and provinces Circumboreal Region North American Atlantic Region Rocky Mountain Floristic Region Madrean Region Caribbean bioregion Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Province Appalachian Province Laurentian Mixed Forest Province Great Basin Floristic Province California Floristic Province Ethnobotany Native American Cherokee Iroquois Navajo Zuni List of medicinal plants of the American West Categories Flora of the United States Ecoregions Plant communities Grasslands Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests PlacesEast of the Mississippi River Wildflowers of New England Wildflowers of the Great Smoky Mountains Flora of Door County, Wisconsin List of lichens of Maryland Soldiers Delight: Graminoids, Wildflowers, Woody plants, Ferns and fern allies, Lichens Missouri River valley List of species described by the Lewis and Clark Expedition § Plants Colorado Flora of the Colorado Plateau and Canyonlands region Puerto Rico List of endemic flora of Puerto Rico List of grasses of Puerto Rico Arizona and New Mexico Flora of the Sonoran Desert (by common name) List of Sonoran Desert wildflowers Flora of the Arizona Upland California List of plants endemic to Hells Canyon List of California native plants List of species endemic to Mendocino County, California List of species endemic to the San Francisco Bay Area § Flora List of Little Picacho Wilderness flora List of plants on the Modoc National Forest List of San Francisco Bay Area wildflowers List of flora of the Santa Monica Mountains Lichens of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) Flora of the Sierra Nevada alpine zone Flora of the Colorado Desert List of plants of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) Pacific islands Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands § Plants List of Samoan plant common names 53°45′N 126°07′W / 53.75°N 126.12°W / 53.75; -126.12 References ^ McLaughlin, Steven P. (1989). "Natural Floristic Areas of the Western United States". Journal of Biogeography. 16 (3): 239–248. doi:10.2307/2845260. ISSN 0305-0270. Retrieved 29 May 2024. ^ Thorne, Robert F. Phytogeography of North America North of Mexico Archived 2004-03-17 at the Wayback Machine. Flora of North America, Vol. 1, Ch. 6. vteState of UtahSalt Lake City (capital)Topics Outline Climate change Congressional districts Earthquakes Flag Geography Government Governors Healthcare People Society Abortion Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gun laws Homelessness LGBT rights Politics Regions Cache Valley Colorado Plateau Dixie Great Basin Great Salt Lake Desert Mojave Desert Monument Valley San Rafael Swell Uinta Basin Uinta Mountains Wasatch Back Wasatch Front Wasatch Range Largest cities American Fork Bountiful Cedar City Clearfield Cottonwood Heights Draper Holladay Kaysville Layton Lehi Logan Midvale Millcreek Murray Ogden Orem Pleasant Grove Provo Riverton Roy St. George Salt Lake City Sandy South Jordan South Salt Lake Spanish Fork Springville Taylorsville Tooele West Jordan West Valley City Counties Beaver Box Elder Cache Carbon Daggett Davis Duchesne Emery Garfield Grand Iron Juab Kane Millard Morgan Piute Rich Salt Lake San Juan Sanpete Sevier Summit Tooele Uintah Utah Wasatch Washington Wayne Weber Important sitesNational monuments Bears Ears National Monument Cedar Breaks National Monument Dinosaur National Monument Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument Hovenweep National Monument Natural Bridges National Monument Rainbow Bridge National Monument Timpanogos Cave National Monument National parks Arches National Park Bryce Canyon National Park Canyonlands National Park Capitol Reef National Park Zion National Park National recreation areas Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Ski resorts Alta Ski Area Beaver Mountain Brian Head Ski Resort Brighton Ski Resort Cherry Peak Resort Deer Valley Park City Mountain Resort Powder Mountain Snowbasin Snowbird Ski Resort Solitude Mountain Resort Sundance Resort Wolf Mountain Other Bonneville Salt Flats Golden Spike National Historical Park Great Salt Lake Lagoon (amusement park) Temple Square History African American Black Hawk War (1865–1872) Mormon Trail Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley Runaway Officials of 1851 Salt Lake City Slavery State of Deseret Territorial evolution Tintic War Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Utah Territory Utah Territory in the American Civil War Utah War Wakara's War World War II Women's suffrage 2002 Winter Olympics Flora and fauna Fauna Arachnids Birds Butterflies and moths Mammals Mollusks Flora Colorado Plateau and Canyonlands region Wasatch and Uinta montane forests Rocky Mountain Floristic Region Pando Jardine Juniper Culture America's Freedom Festival at Provo Mormon foodways Pioneer Day Utah...This Is the Place Utah Shakespeare Festival State fair Symbols Moab Jeep Safari Utah portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wenatchee_Mountain_Checker-mallow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sidalcea oregana var. calva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidalcea_oregana_var._calva"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Fork_Skykomish_Trail_0211.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. menziesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Douglas-fir"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darlingtonia_californica_ne1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Darlingtonia californica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlingtonia_californica"},{"link_name":"floristic region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floristic_region"},{"link_name":"Holarctic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holarctic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Armen Takhtajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen_Takhtajan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kodiak Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Island"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"}],"text":"Sidalcea oregana var. calvaForest of Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. menziesii in WashingtonDarlingtonia californicaThe Rocky Mountain Floristic Region is a floristic region within the Holarctic Kingdom in western North America (Canada and the United States) delineated by Armen Takhtajan.[1] The region extends from Kodiak Island in Alaska to the San Francisco Bay Area and Sierra Nevada in California. It consists of two provinces, the Vancouverian, which comprises the coastal part of the region for its entire length, including the Pacific Coast Ranges, and the Rocky Mountain, which includes the Rocky Mountains and associated ranges. There are no endemic plant families in the region but many endemic genera and species.","title":"Rocky Mountain Floristic Region"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kodiak Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Island"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Great Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Circumboreal Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumboreal_Region"},{"link_name":"North American Atlantic Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Atlantic_Region"},{"link_name":"Californian Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Floristic_Province"},{"link_name":"Madrean Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrean_Region"}],"text":"The region spans from Kodiak Island of Alaska approximately to the San Francisco Bay Area and Sierra Nevada of California, running between the shore of the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Great Plains on the east, along the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Coast Ranges. It is bordered by the Canadian Province of the Circumboreal Region in the north, by the North American Prairies Province of the North American Atlantic Region in the east and by the Californian Province of the Madrean Region in the south. The borders with the Canadian and Californian Provinces are vague.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"vascular plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Marchantiophyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchantiophyta"},{"link_name":"Gyrothyraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrothyraceae"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Sidalcea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidalcea"},{"link_name":"Luetkea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luetkea"},{"link_name":"Whipplea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipplea"},{"link_name":"Vancouveria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouveria"},{"link_name":"Lithophragma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithophragma"},{"link_name":"Tellima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellima"},{"link_name":"Tolmiea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolmiea"},{"link_name":"Luina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luina"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"Arnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnica"},{"link_name":"Castilleja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilleja"},{"link_name":"Erigeron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erigeron"},{"link_name":"Lomatium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomatium"},{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"temperate coniferous forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forests"},{"link_name":"Northern California coastal forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_California_coastal_forests"},{"link_name":"Maritime Coast Range Ponderosa Pine forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Coast_Range_Ponderosa_Pine_forests"},{"link_name":"Klamath-Siskiyou forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath-Siskiyou_forests"},{"link_name":"British Columbia mainland coastal forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_mainland_coastal_forests"},{"link_name":"Fraser Plateau and Basin complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Plateau_and_Basin_complex"},{"link_name":"Northern Pacific coastal forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_coastal_forests"},{"link_name":"Pinus ponderosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_ponderosa"},{"link_name":"Pinus contorta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_contorta"},{"link_name":"Pseudotsuga menziesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii"},{"link_name":"alpine tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_tundra"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Sequoia sempervirens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens"},{"link_name":"Sequoiadendron giganteum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum"},{"link_name":"Darlingtonia californica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlingtonia_californica"},{"link_name":"Vancouveria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouveria"},{"link_name":"Whipplea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipplea"},{"link_name":"glaciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciation"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Floristic_regions"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Floristic_regions"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Floristic_regions"},{"link_name":"Floristic regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochorion"},{"link_name":"world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World"},{"link_name":"Holarctic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Circumboreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumboreal_Region"},{"link_name":"Eastern Asiatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Asiatic_Region"},{"link_name":"North American Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Atlantic_Region"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Macaronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaronesia"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin"},{"link_name":"Saharo-Arabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharo-Arabian_Region"},{"link_name":"Irano-Turanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochorion#VIII._Irano-Turanian_Region"},{"link_name":"Madrean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrean_Region"},{"link_name":"Paleotropical Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleotropical_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Guineo-Congolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineo-Congolian_Region"},{"link_name":"Usambara-Zululand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usambara-Zululand_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sudano-Zambezian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudano-Zambezian_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karoo-Namib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karoo-Namib_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Helena and Ascension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Helena_and_Ascension_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Madagascan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregions_of_Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Region"},{"link_name":"Indochinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochinese_Region"},{"link_name":"Malesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesia"},{"link_name":"Papuasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuasia"},{"link_name":"Fijian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fijian_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neocaledonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neocaledonian_region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neotropical Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotropical_realm"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Floristic_Region"},{"link_name":"Guayana Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_of_the_Guayana_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Amazonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonian_Region"},{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andean_Floristic_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South African Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region"},{"link_name":"Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region"},{"link_name":"Australian Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Australian_region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Australian_region"},{"link_name":"Central Australian or Eremaean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremaean_province"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Floristic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Fernandezian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernandezian_Region"},{"link_name":"Chile-Patagonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chile-Patagonian_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Subantarctic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Region_of_the_South_Subantarctic_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neozeylandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neozeylandic_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Flora_of_the_United_States_by_political_division"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Flora_of_the_United_States_by_political_division"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Flora_of_the_United_States_by_political_division"},{"link_name":"Flora of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Arizona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Colorado&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Delaware&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Florida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Iowa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Maine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Michigan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Minnesota&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Missouri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Nevada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_New_Hampshire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_New_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_North_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_South_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Tennessee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_West_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Wisconsin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Wyoming&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Federal district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_district"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Washington,_D.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Northern Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"U.S. Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Flora of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"List of ecoregions in the United States (EPA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_the_United_States_(EPA)"},{"link_name":"List of invasive species in North America § Plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_invasive_species_in_North_America#Plants"},{"link_name":"List of endangered plants of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endangered_plants_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"List of Northern American nectar sources for honey bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Northern_American_nectar_sources_for_honey_bees"},{"link_name":"Circumboreal Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumboreal_Region"},{"link_name":"North American Atlantic Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Atlantic_Region"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain Floristic Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Madrean Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrean_Region"},{"link_name":"Caribbean bioregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_and_Gulf_Coastal_Plain_Province"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Province"},{"link_name":"Laurentian Mixed Forest Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentian_Mixed_Forest_Province"},{"link_name":"Great Basin Floristic Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Basin_Floristic_Province"},{"link_name":"California Floristic Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Floristic_Province"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_ethnobotany"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_ethnobotany"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_ethnobotany"},{"link_name":"Navajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_ethnobotany"},{"link_name":"Zuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuni_ethnobotany"},{"link_name":"List of medicinal plants of the American West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medicinal_plants_of_the_American_West"},{"link_name":"Flora of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ecoregions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ecoregions_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Plant communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Plant_communities_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Grasslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Wildflowers of New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildflowers_of_New_England"},{"link_name":"Wildflowers of the Great Smoky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildflowers_of_the_Great_Smoky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Flora of Door County, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Door_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"List of lichens of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lichens_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Graminoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_graminoids_of_Soldiers_Delight"},{"link_name":"Wildflowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wildflowers_of_Soldiers_Delight"},{"link_name":"Woody plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_woody_plants_of_Soldiers_Delight"},{"link_name":"Ferns and fern allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ferns_and_fern_allies_of_Soldiers_Delight"},{"link_name":"Lichens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lichens_of_Soldiers_Delight"},{"link_name":"List of species described by the Lewis and Clark Expedition § Plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_species_described_by_the_Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition#Plants"},{"link_name":"Flora of the Colorado Plateau and Canyonlands region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_the_Colorado_Plateau_and_Canyonlands_region"},{"link_name":"List of endemic flora of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endemic_flora_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"List of grasses of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grasses_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Flora of the Sonoran Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_the_Sonoran_Desert"},{"link_name":"by common name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flora_of_the_Sonoran_Desert_Region_by_common_name"},{"link_name":"List of Sonoran Desert wildflowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sonoran_Desert_wildflowers"},{"link_name":"Flora of the Arizona Upland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_the_Arizona_Upland"},{"link_name":"List of plants endemic to Hells Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_endemic_to_Hells_Canyon"},{"link_name":"List of California native plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_native_plants"},{"link_name":"List of species endemic to Mendocino County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_species_endemic_to_Mendocino_County,_California"},{"link_name":"List of species endemic to the San Francisco Bay Area § Flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_species_endemic_to_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area#Flora"},{"link_name":"List of Little Picacho Wilderness flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Little_Picacho_Wilderness_flora"},{"link_name":"List of plants on the Modoc National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_on_the_Modoc_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"List of San Francisco Bay Area wildflowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_San_Francisco_Bay_Area_wildflowers"},{"link_name":"List of flora of the Santa Monica Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flora_of_the_Santa_Monica_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Lichens of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichens_of_the_Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Flora of the Sierra Nevada alpine zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_the_Sierra_Nevada_alpine_zone"},{"link_name":"Flora of the Colorado Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_the_Colorado_Desert"},{"link_name":"List of plants of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_of_the_Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands § Plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism_in_the_Hawaiian_Islands#Plants"},{"link_name":"List of Samoan plant common names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Samoan_plant_common_names"},{"link_name":"53°45′N 126°07′W / 53.75°N 126.12°W / 53.75; -126.12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rocky_Mountain_Floristic_Region&params=53.75_N_126.12_W_dim:2500000"}],"text":"Although the Rocky Mountain Region has no endemic vascular plant families and only one endemic Marchantiophyta family (Gyrothyraceae), it has many endemic genera (such as Sidalcea, Luetkea, Whipplea, Vancouveria, Lithophragma, Tellima, Tolmiea, Luina) and numerous endemic species. The genera Arnica, Castilleja, Erigeron, and Lomatium have their major center of diversity here. The region possesses the greatest diversity of conifers in the New World. The remaining wildland of the province is covered mostly by temperate coniferous forests (such as Northern California coastal forests, Maritime Coast Range Ponderosa Pine forests, Klamath-Siskiyou forests, British Columbia mainland coastal forests, Fraser Plateau and Basin complex, Northern Pacific coastal forests) dominated by Pinus ponderosa, Pinus contorta and Pseudotsuga menziesii, as well as the alpine tundra above timberline. The region is subdivided further into the Vancouverian Province and Rocky Mountain Province.The Vancouverian Province comprises the coastal part of the region for its entire length, including the Pacific Coast Ranges. Such plant species and genera as Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Darlingtonia californica, Vancouveria and Whipplea are endemic to it. The boundary with the Californian Province is not well-defined.The Rocky Mountain Province includes the Rocky Mountains and associated ranges. Due to more heavy glaciation during the Pleistocene, its flora, especially in the north, has a far lower degree of endemism than that of the Vancouverian Province. Much of it is shared with the Canadian Province and the Circumboreal Region in general.[2]vteFloristic regions of the worldHolarctic Kingdom\nCircumboreal\nEastern Asiatic\nNorth American Atlantic\nRocky Mountain\nMacaronesian\nMediterranean\nSaharo-Arabian\nIrano-Turanian\nMadrean\nPaleotropical Kingdom\nGuineo-Congolian\nUsambara-Zululand\nSudano-Zambezian\nKaroo-Namib\nSt. Helena and Ascension\nMadagascan\nIndian\nIndochinese\nMalesian\nPapuasian\nFijian\nPolynesian\nHawaiian\nNeocaledonian\nNeotropical Kingdom\nCaribbean\nGuayana Highlands\nAmazonian\nBrazilian\nAndean\nSouth African Kingdom\nCape\nAustralian Kingdom\nNortheast\nSouthwest\nCentral Australian or Eremaean\nAntarctic Kingdom\nFernandezian\nChile-Patagonian\nSouth Subantarctic Islands\nNeozeylandicvteFlora of the United StatesStates\nAlabama\nAlaska\nArizona\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming\nFederal districtWashington, D.C.Territories\nAmerican Samoa\nGuam\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nPuerto Rico \nU.S. Virgin Islands\nTopicsGeneral\n* Flora of North America\nList of ecoregions in the United States (EPA)\nList of invasive species in North America § Plants\nList of endangered plants of North America\nList of Northern American nectar sources for honey bees\n\nFloristic regions and provinces\nCircumboreal Region\nNorth American Atlantic Region\nRocky Mountain Floristic Region\nMadrean Region\nCaribbean bioregion\nAtlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Province\nAppalachian Province\nLaurentian Mixed Forest Province\nGreat Basin Floristic Province\nCalifornia Floristic Province\n\nEthnobotany\nNative American\nCherokee\nIroquois\nNavajo\nZuni\nList of medicinal plants of the American West\n\nCategories\nFlora of the United States\nEcoregions\nPlant communities\nGrasslands\nTemperate broadleaf and mixed forests\nPlacesEast of the Mississippi River\nWildflowers of New England\nWildflowers of the Great Smoky Mountains\nFlora of Door County, Wisconsin\nList of lichens of Maryland\nSoldiers Delight: Graminoids, Wildflowers, Woody plants, Ferns and fern allies, Lichens\n\nMissouri River valley\nList of species described by the Lewis and Clark Expedition § Plants\n\nColorado\nFlora of the Colorado Plateau and Canyonlands region\n\nPuerto Rico\nList of endemic flora of Puerto Rico\nList of grasses of Puerto Rico\n\nArizona and New Mexico\nFlora of the Sonoran Desert (by common name)\nList of Sonoran Desert wildflowers\nFlora of the Arizona Upland\n\nCalifornia\nList of plants endemic to Hells Canyon\nList of California native plants\nList of species endemic to Mendocino County, California\nList of species endemic to the San Francisco Bay Area § Flora\nList of Little Picacho Wilderness flora\nList of plants on the Modoc National Forest\nList of San Francisco Bay Area wildflowers\nList of flora of the Santa Monica Mountains\nLichens of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)\nFlora of the Sierra Nevada alpine zone\nFlora of the Colorado Desert\nList of plants of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)\n\nPacific islands\nEndemism in the Hawaiian Islands § Plants\nList of Samoan plant common names53°45′N 126°07′W / 53.75°N 126.12°W / 53.75; -126.12","title":"Flora"}]
[{"image_text":"Sidalcea oregana var. calva","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wenatchee_Mountain_Checker-mallow.jpg/220px-Wenatchee_Mountain_Checker-mallow.jpg"},{"image_text":"Forest of Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. menziesii in Washington","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/North_Fork_Skykomish_Trail_0211.jpg/220px-North_Fork_Skykomish_Trail_0211.jpg"},{"image_text":"Darlingtonia californica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Darlingtonia_californica_ne1.JPG/220px-Darlingtonia_californica_ne1.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"McLaughlin, Steven P. (1989). \"Natural Floristic Areas of the Western United States\". Journal of Biogeography. 16 (3): 239–248. doi:10.2307/2845260. ISSN 0305-0270. Retrieved 29 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2845260","url_text":"\"Natural Floristic Areas of the Western United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2845260","url_text":"10.2307/2845260"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0305-0270","url_text":"0305-0270"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rocky_Mountain_Floristic_Region&params=53.75_N_126.12_W_dim:2500000","external_links_name":"53°45′N 126°07′W / 53.75°N 126.12°W / 53.75; -126.12"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rocky+Mountain+Floristic+Region%22","external_links_name":"\"Rocky Mountain Floristic Region\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rocky+Mountain+Floristic+Region%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rocky+Mountain+Floristic+Region%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rocky+Mountain+Floristic+Region%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rocky+Mountain+Floristic+Region%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rocky+Mountain+Floristic+Region%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rocky_Mountain_Floristic_Region&params=53.75_N_126.12_W_dim:2500000","external_links_name":"53°45′N 126°07′W / 53.75°N 126.12°W / 53.75; -126.12"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2845260","external_links_name":"\"Natural Floristic Areas of the Western United States\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2845260","external_links_name":"10.2307/2845260"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0305-0270","external_links_name":"0305-0270"},{"Link":"http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/FNA/Volume/V01/Chapter06.shtml","external_links_name":"Phytogeography of North America North of Mexico"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040317091646/http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/FNA/Volume/V01/Chapter06.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghelubhai_Nayak
Ghelubhai Nayak
["1 Life","2 Awards","3 References"]
Ghelubhai Naik (1924 – 16 January 2015), popularly called Ghelukaka, was an activist and Gandhian from Gujarat, India. Life Ghelubhai Naik was born in 1924 to Laxmiben in Kolva village near Gandevi, Valsad district, Gujarat. He first met Mahatma Gandhi at Rentiyashala of Amalsad when he was eleven. He studied Master of Social Welfare at Tata Institute of Social Science, Mumbai. He and his brother Chhotubhai Naik, were mentored by Jugatram Dave. In 1948, both brothers went to tribal Dang district when Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel asked them. As a Sarvodaya worker, he co-founded Dang Swaraj Ashram with his brother and Chunilal Vaidya at Ahwa to promote education and social reforms in tribals. He helped in establishment of the first Ashram Shala (residential school for tribal children) at Kalibel in 1949. Later, more than hundred Ashram Shala were opened in tribal areas. He also organized a health and cleanliness awareness programme called Gam chalyu nahva (village goes to bath). During Mahagujarat Movement, he helped in prevention accession of Dang district with Maharashtra. He also opposed Christian Missionaries converting tribals in Dang to Christianity. He died on 16 January 2015 at Ahwa, Gujarat. Awards He received Gramseva Award of the Gujarat Vidyapith in 1999. References ^ a b c Thomas, Melvyn Reggie (16 January 2015). "Veteran freedom fighter from Dangs, Ghelubhai Naik passes away". The Times of India Mobile Site. Retrieved 18 January 2015. ^ a b c DeshGujarat (16 January 2015). "Father figure of tribal Dang region of Gujarat Ghelubhai Nayak passes away". DeshGujarat. Retrieved 18 January 2015. ^ DeshGujarat (16 January 2015). "How Ghelubhai Nayak and brother Chhotubhai convinced Jawaharlal on Dang's merger with Gujarat". DeshGujarat. Retrieved 18 January 2015. ^ Lavakare, Arvind (19 January 1999). "A Gandhian Speaks Out From Dangs". Rediff.com. Retrieved 18 January 2015. ^ a b DeshGujarat (16 January 2015). "Ghelubhai Nayak gave protection cover to Gujarat against false propaganda campaign in 1999". DeshGujarat. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gandhian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhian"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"}],"text":"Ghelubhai Naik (1924 – 16 January 2015), popularly called Ghelukaka, was an activist and Gandhian from Gujarat, India.","title":"Ghelubhai Nayak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gandevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandevi"},{"link_name":"Valsad district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsad_district"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Amalsad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalsad"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Jugatram Dave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugatram_Dave"},{"link_name":"Dang district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dang_District,_India"},{"link_name":"Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel"},{"link_name":"Sarvodaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvodaya"},{"link_name":"Chunilal Vaidya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunilal_Vaidya"},{"link_name":"Ahwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahwa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toi15-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DG1-2"},{"link_name":"Mahagujarat Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahagujarat_Movement"},{"link_name":"Dang district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dang_District,_India"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toi15-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DG1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DG2-3"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rediff1999-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DG3-5"},{"link_name":"Ahwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahwa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toi15-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DG1-2"}],"text":"Ghelubhai Naik was born in 1924 to Laxmiben in Kolva village near Gandevi, Valsad district, Gujarat. He first met Mahatma Gandhi at Rentiyashala of Amalsad when he was eleven. He studied Master of Social Welfare at Tata Institute of Social Science, Mumbai. He and his brother Chhotubhai Naik, were mentored by Jugatram Dave. In 1948, both brothers went to tribal Dang district when Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel asked them. As a Sarvodaya worker, he co-founded Dang Swaraj Ashram with his brother and Chunilal Vaidya at Ahwa to promote education and social reforms in tribals. He helped in establishment of the first Ashram Shala (residential school for tribal children) at Kalibel in 1949. Later, more than hundred Ashram Shala were opened in tribal areas. He also organized a health and cleanliness awareness programme called Gam chalyu nahva (village goes to bath).[1][2]During Mahagujarat Movement, he helped in prevention accession of Dang district with Maharashtra.[1][2][3] He also opposed Christian Missionaries converting tribals in Dang to Christianity.[4][5]He died on 16 January 2015 at Ahwa, Gujarat.[1][2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gujarat Vidyapith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Vidyapith"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DG3-5"}],"text":"He received Gramseva Award of the Gujarat Vidyapith in 1999.[5]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Thomas, Melvyn Reggie (16 January 2015). \"Veteran freedom fighter from Dangs, Ghelubhai Naik passes away\". The Times of India Mobile Site. Retrieved 18 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Surat/Veteran-freedom-fighter-from-Dangs-Ghelubhai-Naik-passes-away/articleshow/45909255.cms","url_text":"\"Veteran freedom fighter from Dangs, Ghelubhai Naik passes away\""}]},{"reference":"DeshGujarat (16 January 2015). \"Father figure of tribal Dang region of Gujarat Ghelubhai Nayak passes away\". DeshGujarat. Retrieved 18 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://deshgujarat.com/2015/01/16/father-figure-of-tribal-dang-region-of-gujarat-ghelubhai-nayak-passes-away/","url_text":"\"Father figure of tribal Dang region of Gujarat Ghelubhai Nayak passes away\""}]},{"reference":"DeshGujarat (16 January 2015). \"How Ghelubhai Nayak and brother Chhotubhai convinced Jawaharlal on Dang's merger with Gujarat\". DeshGujarat. Retrieved 18 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://deshgujarat.com/2015/01/16/how-ghelubhai-nayak-and-brother-chhotubhai-convinced-jawaharlal-on-dangs-merger-with-gujarat/","url_text":"\"How Ghelubhai Nayak and brother Chhotubhai convinced Jawaharlal on Dang's merger with Gujarat\""}]},{"reference":"Lavakare, Arvind (19 January 1999). \"A Gandhian Speaks Out From Dangs\". Rediff.com. Retrieved 18 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.rediff.com/news/1999/jan/19arvind.htm","url_text":"\"A Gandhian Speaks Out From Dangs\""}]},{"reference":"DeshGujarat (16 January 2015). \"Ghelubhai Nayak gave protection cover to Gujarat against false propaganda campaign in 1999\". DeshGujarat. Retrieved 18 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://deshgujarat.com/2015/01/16/ghelubhai-nayak-gave-protection-cover-to-gujarat-against-false-propoganda-in-1999/","url_text":"\"Ghelubhai Nayak gave protection cover to Gujarat against false propaganda campaign in 1999\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Surat/Veteran-freedom-fighter-from-Dangs-Ghelubhai-Naik-passes-away/articleshow/45909255.cms","external_links_name":"\"Veteran freedom fighter from Dangs, Ghelubhai Naik passes away\""},{"Link":"http://deshgujarat.com/2015/01/16/father-figure-of-tribal-dang-region-of-gujarat-ghelubhai-nayak-passes-away/","external_links_name":"\"Father figure of tribal Dang region of Gujarat Ghelubhai Nayak passes away\""},{"Link":"http://deshgujarat.com/2015/01/16/how-ghelubhai-nayak-and-brother-chhotubhai-convinced-jawaharlal-on-dangs-merger-with-gujarat/","external_links_name":"\"How Ghelubhai Nayak and brother Chhotubhai convinced Jawaharlal on Dang's merger with Gujarat\""},{"Link":"http://m.rediff.com/news/1999/jan/19arvind.htm","external_links_name":"\"A Gandhian Speaks Out From Dangs\""},{"Link":"http://deshgujarat.com/2015/01/16/ghelubhai-nayak-gave-protection-cover-to-gujarat-against-false-propoganda-in-1999/","external_links_name":"\"Ghelubhai Nayak gave protection cover to Gujarat against false propaganda campaign in 1999\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Daggubati
Rana Daggubati
["1 Early life and family","2 Acting career","2.1 2010–2012: Debut","2.2 2013–2017: Baahubali and beyond","2.3 2018–present: Experimental roles","3 Production","4 Business ventures and other works","5 Personal life and public image","6 Awards and nominations","7 References","8 External links"]
Indian actor Rana DaggubatiBornRamanaidu Daggubati (1984-12-14) 14 December 1984 (age 39)Madras (now Chennai), Tamil Nadu, IndiaOccupationsActorfilm producerentrepreneurYears active2005–presentOrganization(s)Suresh Productions Amar Chitra KathaSpouse Miheeka Bajaj ​(m. 2020)​ParentD. Suresh Babu (father)RelativesD. Ramanaidu (grandfather) Daggubati Venkatesh (uncle) Naga Chaitanya (cousin)FamilyAkkineni–Daggubati family Ramanaidu Daggubati (pronounced ; born 14 December 1984) known mononymously as Rana, is an Indian actor, producer and a television personality who primarily works in Telugu cinema, in addition to Tamil and Hindi films. The recipient of several accolades including National Film Award and Nandi Award. He made his acting debut with Leader (2010), for which he won the Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South. He later starred in the Hindi film Dum Maaro Dum (2011), alongside Bipasha Basu, where he received positive reviews for his performance and won the Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut. In 2012, Rana gained prominence by starring in the hit Telugu film Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum. In 2015, he played a notable supporting role in the successful Hindi film Baby (2015). He later starred as Bhallaladeva, the main antagonist in the Telugu film Baahubali: The Beginning (2015), which recorded the second highest gross opening for an Indian film. He then featured in a supporting role in the Tamil film Bangalore Naatkal (2016). In 2017, Rana later reprised his role as Bhallaladeva in Baahubali 2: The Conclusion, which became the highest grossing Indian film of all time. He has also simultaneously starred in successful films such as Rudramadevi (2015), Ghazi (2017), and Nene Raju Nene Mantri (2017). As a visual effects producer, Rana won the State Nandi Award for Best Special Effects in 2006 for the Telugu film Sainikudu. In 2006, he received the National Film Award for co-producing Bommalata. Rana is also an established television personality, hosting award shows such as the 2nd IIFA Utsavam, the South Indian International Movie Awards. He also hosts his own celebrity talk show, No. 1 Yaari. Alongside building a career in cinema, Rana is invested in businesses ranging from a business accelerator programme for technology startups, to an entertainment agency and a comic book company. Daggubati became the board member of Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image. Rana is described as one of the few actors in India who were able to achieve pan-Indian appeal, having taken up a variety of roles, from leading roles to supporting characters, in different languages. Early life and family Ramanaidu Daggubati was born on 14 December 1984 in a Telugu family to film producer D. Suresh Babu in Madras (present-day Chennai), Tamil Nadu. He was named after his paternal grandfather and movie mogul D. Ramanaidu. A member of the Daggubati–Akkineni family, his paternal uncle Venkatesh and his cousin Naga Chaitanya are also actors. Rana revealed in 2016 that he is blind in his right eye, and his left eye is a transplanted one. The surgery was done in L. V. Prasad Hospital, Hyderabad. Another surgery was done on his right eye when he was 14, but was unsuccessful. Rana did his early schooling in Chennai at Chettinad Vidyashram. He later shifted to Hyderabad, Telangana, where he studied at Nalanda Vidya Bhavan High School and The Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet. At Hyderabad Public School, he was classmates with Ram Charan, Sharwanand, Nikhil Siddharth, and Nag Ashwin. His collegiate studies were at St. Mary's College, Hyderabad. Rana holds a degree in Industrial photography. He lives with his family in Film Nagar Hyderabad. He also owns a flat in Mumbai. Acting career Further information: Rana Daggubati filmography 2010–2012: Debut Rana's debut film as an actor in Telugu was Leader (2010), directed by Shekhar Kammula. It remains one of his highest grossers. In it, he plays the role of an aspiring Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh. It opened to rave reviews from critics with his performance got much praise. A critic from The Times of India stated that "Another lineage star RaNa takes his first bow at the BO with an inspiring political saga, a far cry from the formula-ridden films that his ilk usually begin with including his uncle and star Venkatesh." His performance in the film fetched him two awards – Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South and CineMAA Award for Best Male Debut. Rana made his Hindi debut with the film Dum Maaro Dum, which released on 22 April 2011. alongside Bipasha Basu and Abhishek Bachchan where he received positive reviews for his performance and won the Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut.The Times of India called it a "dashing debut". Taran Adarsh commented that "Much of the joy comes from watching Rana Daggubati infuse believability into his character. He's easy on the eyes and is a complete natural when it comes to acting." He won the Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut for his performance in the film. Daggubati at a promotional event for Department in 2012, along with Amitabh Bachchan, Sanjay Dutt and Ram Gopal Varma In his next Telugu film, Nenu Naa Rakshasi (2011), he played a professional killer Abhimanyu alongside Ileana D'Cruz, under Puri Jagannadh's direction It was a box-office bomb. A reviewer of NDTV wrote that "Rana's attempt to prove himself as a commercial hero has not taken off and he should wait for another break." Rana had three releases in 2012. His first release of the year was the romantic action film Naa Ishtam. News 18 credited it as Rana's first "full-length commercial film." Radhika Rajamani of Rediff.com, in her review of the film, praised Rana' performance but criticised the screenplay. His next film was Department, directed by Ram Gopal Varma, alongside Amitabh Bachchan and Sanjay Dutt. The film received mixed response from critics and was declared as a box-office bomb. His last release of the year was Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum, directed by Krish, which became a box office success, also receiving critical acclaim. he plays the role of a theatre artist who later meets Devika (Nayanthara). an informer of the CBI, and takes revenge on Redappa/Chakravarthy (Murali Sharma/Milind Gunaji). A critic noted his performance as "brilliant" and "commendable". Karthik Pasupulate of The Times of India felt that, his performance in the film is his best one to date and is a few notches above everything else he's done to date. In July 2012, Rana signed do a "special appearance" in the film Arrambam, which his Tamil cinema debut. 2013–2017: Baahubali and beyond The year 2013 was one of the busiest in his career. Rana made cameo appearances in three films – Sundar C.'s Something Something, Ayan Mukerji's Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani and Vishnuvardhan's Arrambam, with the latter being his Tamil debut. The same year, he joined two big-budget productions, Gunasekhar's Rudhramadevi and S. S. Rajamouli's Baahubali: The Beginning, in which he is the lead antagonist. Both the films were released in 2015. Rana didn't have a single release in 2014. In 2015, he starred in the Hindi film Baby, alongside Akshay Kumar and Taapsee Pannu. Rana played Bhallaladeva, the cousin of Baahubali (Prabhas), in the 2015 film Baahubali: The Beginning, which is part of Baahubali franchise. His character became widely popular and received unprecedented appreciation from critics. Rana was inspired by Daniel Day-Lewis to play the character. He described the film as "career-defining" for him. Baahubali: The Beginning was released worldwide in July 2015 and was the highest-grossing film in India at the time of its release. Made on a production budget of ₹ 180 crore, the film collected a worldwide gross of ₹650 crore at the box office. The film gave him several awards, including the Nandi Award for Best Villain and SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu). The film started a new film movement named Pan-India films. He next appeared in the film Rudhramadevi. It is a 3D biographical action film based on the life of Rudrama Devi, in which he played the role of Chalukya Veerabhadra. Although, the film didn't performed well at the box-office, it received mixed reviews from the critics. Pranita Jonnalagedda felt that his character in the film is "underused". The same year, he appeared as himself in a cameo role in Dongaata (Telugu), Size Zero (Telugu) and Inji Iduppazhagi (Tamil). Daggubati, along with Anushka Shetty, at the trailer launch of Baahubali: The Beginning The following year, he was a part of the ensemble cast of the Tamil film Bangalore Naatkal, a remake of the 2014 Malayalam film Bangalore Days. In 2017, he starred in India's first submarine based Telugu-Hindi bilingual film, Ghazi. The film's plot is based on the mysterious sinking of PNS Ghazi during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, in which he played Lieutenant Commander Arjun Varma. He shot for 18 days in a specially constructed underwater set. Hindustan Times's Gautaman Bhaskaran wrote that "Daggubati is wonderfully restrained – a complete changeover from the kind of parts he has been playing so far". Several other critics also praised his performance in the film. Rana reprised his role in the second part of the film series of Baahubali franchise, Baahubali 2: The Conclusion. The film started the 1000 Crore Club in Indian cinema. It is currently the second highest-grossing Indian film and the 39th highest-grossing film of 2017 with a gross of ₹1,810 crore. He spent a total of 250 days shooting both the films of the series over five years. His performance as Bhallaladeva was well praised, with critics calling it "terrific", "scheming villain". A critic of News18 stated that he has "made an indelible impact on the viewers." He won two major awards, Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu and SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu). He next did a Telugu film Nene Raju Nene Mantri in which he plays a politician with grey shades, alongside Kajal Aggarwal. In an interview to Gulf News, director Teja said that "I wanted Joginder to dress like M. G. Ramachandran and have included some traits of MGR in Joginder's life". This film received some mixed reviews but Rana's acting and screen presence were praised. Hemanth Kumar, writing for Firstpost, called his performance "terrific" and added that "it is a performance that we won't forget anytime soon." Rana next began shooting for the Telugu-Tamil bilingual film 1945. However, in September 2019, he called it an "unfinished film," while also adding that: "producer defaulted on money." He also signed the mythological film Hiranyakashyapa directed by Gunasekhar, in 2017. Estimated to be made on a production budget of ₹180 crore, the film features Rana in the titular role of Hiranyakashipu. Although as of October 2020, the film stood temporarily shelved owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. He announced his next film Kaadan (in Tamil; Aranya in Telugu; Haathi Mere Saathi in Hindi) on 14 December 2017, directed by Prabhu Solomon. 2018–present: Experimental roles Rana Daggubati at the 2023 San Diego Comic-Con In 2018, he made a cameo appearance in the Hindi comedy film Welcome to New York. In March 2018, he joined the production of two-part N. T. Rama Rao biographical film series. He played the role of ex-chief minister of Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu in two films – NTR: Kathanayakudu and NTR: Mahanayakudu, which were released in January 2019 and February 2019. Both the films were commercial failures and received mixed reviews from the critics. He next appeared in a dual role in the Hindi film Housefull 4 and made a cameo appearance in the song "Naan Pizhaippeno" of the Tamil film Enai Noki Paayum Thota. Rana's much awaited film, Kaadan (in Tamil; Aranya in Telugu) released in March 2021, after twice rescheduling its release date. Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic in India, the release of Hindi version Haathi Mere Saathi too was postponed. Tamil and Telugu versions however released as scheduled. Rana shed 30 kilograms to look lean for his role in the film. Haricharan Pudipeddi of Hindustan Times appreciated Rana's performance, calling it "one of his best till date." The Hans India called his performance "exceptional". Rana had two film releases in 2022, the action thriller Bheemla Nayak and period action drama Virata Parvam. He began filming for the Bheemla Nayak, co-starring Pawan Kalyan in January 2021. Rana was most recently seen co starring in the Netflix series Rana Naidu alongside his uncle Venkatesh. It is an official adaptation of the American crime drama series Ray Donovan. Production Before his debut as an actor in 2010, he started his own production company, Spirit Media, which made the National Film Award winning animation film, Bommalata (2004). He is also a partner in his family's production house, Ramanaidu Studios. He is also invested in many other ventures as well. Business ventures and other works Five years before becoming an actor, in 2005, Rana entered the visual effects business with Spirit Media. The company specialised in animation and VFX, and worked on over 70 films. Along with films, he also starred in a web series called Social. Since 2017, Rana is the host of the Telugu Television talk-show No. 1 Yaari. The show has completed four seasons over a span of five years, hosting celebrities such as Vijay Deverakonda, S.S. Rajamouli, Nani, Kajal Aggarwal, Naga Chaitanya, Tamannaah, Rakul Preet Singh, Ram Pothineni, Navdeep, Nikhil Siddharth, and others. He also dubbed for the character Thanos in the Telugu dubbed version of Avengers: Infinity War. In 2018, he entered into a joint venture with Kwan Entertainment and Marketing Solutions. Set up as a studio style agency, Kwan South's divisions include talent management, casting, live performances and appearances, film packaging, production support- TV and Commercials, brand associations- endorsements, digital and film partnerships. It was expanded with an office in Chennai. Following the business venture, in the same year, he tied up with Anthill Ventures, an investment and scaling platform for early growth stage start-ups, to launch Anthill Studio. Anthill Studio is a business accelerator program focused on technology startups in Media & Entertainment. The studio supports and mentors disruptive startups in leading-edge technologies such as Artificial intelligence (AI), augmented reality and virtual reality (AR/VR), blockchain, visual effects (VFX), cloud rendering, machine learning (ML), internet of things (IoT) and big data and analytics. In 2019, he bought a stake in the one of India's leading comic book companies, Amar Chitra Katha and became director of the company, backed by Future Group. In March 2019, he opened a learning centre for art and design, life skills, performing arts and vedic science and ethics in Hyderabad. The same year, he acquired the co-ownership of Hyderabad FC, a professional football club based in Hyderabad. The club competes in the Indian Super League. After acquiring ownership, Rana stated "Hyderabad has a great legacy with the sport. This team, therefore, is a chance to rekindle that legacy." Rana has launched his own YouTube channel SouthBay.Live on 15 November 2020. Reportedly, the channel streams various content including podcasts, fiction and non-fictions unscripted shows, live chat shows, music, animation, etc. In 2022, Rana launched a men's grooming platform named DCRAF in association with Roposo. DCRAF is a part of Roposo's Glance digital initiative. Personal life and public image Daggubati in IIJW 2013 Rana got engaged to his girlfriend, Miheeka Bajaj, founder of Dew Drop Design Studio, on 20 May 2020 at Ramanaidu Studios. They married on 8 August 2020 at Ramanaidu Studios. He is a non-vegetarian. Rana has appeared in Forbes India's Celebrity 100 list in 2017 at the 36th position. He was ranked twentieth on the Times' 50 Most Desirable Men for the year 2011, tenth in 2012, thirteenth in 2013, seventeenth in 2014, eleventh in 2015, twenty-fourth in 2016, seventh in 2017, nineteenth in 2018, thirteenth in 2019, and twenty-eighth in 2020. For the year 2011, he was voted "The Most Promising Newcomer of 2011" for the same poll. He was ranked twenty-ninth in Eastern Eye's "Sexiest Asian Men", in 2015. In 2011, he was featured in GQ India's Best Dressed Men list. He was the eleventh most searched celebrity in 2017, on Google Search. Rana have signed endorsement deal with Ubon in 2020 and with CEAT in 2021. In addition, he has been the brand ambassador of Telugu Titans in the Pro Kabaddi League. On 1 June 2021, Sony Pictures Networks India have launched the sports channel Sony Ten 4, for which Rana was signed as the brand ambassador and promoter. Awards and nominations This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Rana Daggubati" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) National Film Awards National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu – Co-producer (Spirit Media) – Bommalata (2006) Filmfare Awards South Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South – Leader (2010) Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu – Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2018) Nandi Awards Nandi Award for Best Special Effects (Spirit Media) – Sainikudu (2006) Nandi Award for Best Villain – Baahubali: The Beginning (2015), Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2017) Zee Cine Awards Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut – Dum Maro Dum (2011) SIIMA Awards SIIMA Award Youth Icon of South Indian Cinema (2011) SIIMA Award for Best Actor (Critics) – Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum (2012) SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu) – Baahubali: The Beginning (2016) SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu) – Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2018) Entertainer of the Year: Rana Daggubati – Baahubali 2: The Conclusion / Ghazi / Nene Raju Nene Mantri IIFA Awards IIFA Award for Best Actor (Negative role) – Baahubali: The Beginning (2015) Asiavision Movie Awards AsiaVison Movie Award for Best Actor (From south) – Baahubali: The Beginning (2015) CineMAA Awards CineMAA Award for Best Male Debut – Leader (2010) CineMAA Award for Best Villain – Baahubali: The Beginning (2015) Santosham Film Awards Santosham Best Villain Award – Baahubali: The Beginning (2015) References ^ Basu, Nilanjana. "Future Group to sell 18.6% stake in Amar Chitra Katha for ₹13.62 crore". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 May 2022. ^ "Happy Birthday Rana Daggubati: From Leader to Baahubali, Rana's blockbuster journey". The Indian Express. 14 December 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2021. ^ Vamsi, Krishna (16 December 2016). "Baahubali 2: Rana Daggubati's first look as Bhallaladeva is out and he looks vicious, see pic". The Indian Express. Retrieved 12 August 2018. ^ "From 'Baahubali' to 'Ghazi', Rana Daggubati has come a long way". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 May 2017. ^ "Content is king for Rana Daggubati as Ghazi, Baahubali 2 win National Awards". 13 April 2018. ^ Jha, Lata (4 February 2019). "Rana Daggubati: The entrepreneur". Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ Prakasan, Chethana (14 December 2016). "Happy birthday Rana Daggubati: 8 times the Baahubali actor inspired us to workout". India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News | India.com. Retrieved 22 May 2020. ^ Mike McCahill (12 July 2015). "Baahubali: The Beginning review – fantastic bang for your buck in most expensive Indian movie ever made". The Guardian. ^ Sangeetha Devi Dundoo (10 July 2015). "Baahubali review: A little more, a little less". The Hindu. ^ Nanisetti, Serish (12 July 2015). "Baahubali Smashes Box Office Records, Rakes in Rs 68 Crore". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. ^ a b "The Double Life Of Rana Daggubati". 5 January 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ "Mumbai Academy of Moving Image - Trustees Site". www.mumbaifilmfestival.com. ^ Nichenametla, Prasad (1 May 2017). "What Caused Bhallaladeva, Aka Rana Daggubati, To Go Blind In One Eye?". Outlook India. Retrieved 28 May 2017. ^ "The new entrants in Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2011". The Times of India. 4 February 2012. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. ^ "Rana Daggubati's a family man". The Times of India. 19 June 2011. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. ^ Gupta, Priya (25 January 2015). "Rana Daggubati: I love my grandfather the most in the world". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 April 2021. ^ Nichenametla, Prasad (1 May 2017). "What Caused Bhallaladeva, Aka Rana Daggubati, To Go Blind In One Eye?". Outlook India. Retrieved 28 May 2017. ^ "Daggubati admitted -is-blind-in-one-eye-bahubali-2-villain-bhallala-deva-admits-of-getting-a-donated-eye-in-viral-video-2085164/". Retrieved 4 January 2020. ^ "Baahubali 2: The Conclusion actor Rana Daggubati makes stunning revelation, says he is blind in one eye". Financial Express. 30 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2023. ^ "Alumni". www.stmaryscollege.in. ^ Dias, Author: Salomi (29 January 2022). "Did You Know? Baahubali Fame Rana Daggubati Holds A Degree In Industrial Photography". IWMBuzz. Retrieved 25 April 2023. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help) ^ Khandelwal, Shireen (9 January 2021). "18 pictures and videos that take you inside Rana Daggubati and Miheeka Bajaj's expansive home in Hyderabad". Vogue India. Retrieved 19 March 2021. ^ "Prabhas wants a new address in Mumbai". Mid-Day. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021. ^ "Leader (2010) – Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date – BookMyShow". in.bookmyshow.com. Retrieved 25 July 2021. ^ "Leader film review – Telugu cinema Review – RaNa Daggubati, Richa Gangopadhyay & Priya Anand". www.idlebrain.com. Retrieved 25 July 2021. ^ "Movie Review : Leader". Sify. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014. ^ "Review: Leader comes at the right time – Rediff.com Movies". Movies.rediff.com. 19 February 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2014. ^ "Leader movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India". The Times of India. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 25 January 2014. ^ "Dum Maaro Dum-Gripping thriller". The Times of India. 21 April 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2012. ^ "Movie Reviews". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2011. ^ Narasimham, M. L. (25 December 2010). "Nenu Naa Rakshasi: Romancing the killer". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 25 July 2021. ^ "Rana Daggubati turns professional killer". Rediff. 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2013. ^ "Allu Arjun rejects Ileana". IndiaGlitz. 21 June 2011. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2013. ^ "'Leader' to 'Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum': Why hasn't Rana Daggubati found a foothold yet?|South Cinema Photos". CNN IBN. 27 November 2012. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2013. ^ "Review: Nenu Naa Rakshasi". NDTV.com. Retrieved 25 July 2021. ^ Dundoo, Sangeetha Devi (24 March 2012). "Naa Ishtam: I, me, myself". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 25 July 2021. ^ "Telugu Review: 'Naa Ishtam' works for Genelia". News18. 25 March 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2021. ^ Rajamani, Radhika. "Naa Ishtam has a stereotypical plot". Rediff. Retrieved 25 July 2021. ^ "Department". The Times of India. 10 April 2012. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. ^ "NDTVMovies.com : Bollywood News, Reviews, Celebrity News, Hollywood news, Entertainment News, Videos & Photos". movies.ndtv.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012. ^ "The filmmaker criticised Sanjay's interference after 'Department's poor show at the BO". Masala.com. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012. ^ Kanth, K. Rajani (3 December 2012). "Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum heads towards Rs 45-cr collections". Business Standard. Retrieved 5 May 2013. ^ Shekhar (3 December 2012). "Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum strikes gold at Box Office". OneIndia. Retrieved 5 May 2013. ^ "Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum review – Telugu cinema – Rana Daggubati & Nayantara". www.idlebrain.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ Bhandaram, Vishnupriya (30 November 2012). "Myth recreates reality". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Movie Review: Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum". NDTV.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ Pasupulate, Karthik, "Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum by Times of India", The Times of India, retrieved 26 July 2021 ^ "Rana confirms cameo in Ajith film!". Sify. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012. ^ "Rana's cameo in Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani | Hindi Movies News". Bollywood Hungama. 21 May 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2013. ^ Sangeetha, P (17 August 2012). "Rana shoots with Ajith". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013. ^ "Rana as Chalukya in Anushka's Rudrama Devi". The Times of India. 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013. ^ "Director Rajamouli in location hunt for Bahubali". The Times of India. 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013. ^ "Baahubali Nostalgia! Rana Daggubati shares story picture of beginning of the Bahubali series". Free Press Journal. 28 June 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ Tsering, Lisa (13 July 2015). "'Bahubali': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Baahubali 2: How Rana Daggubati was inspired by Daniel Day-Lewis to play Bhallaladeva". 19 April 2017. ^ "Baahubali has increased my market value". The Hindu. Thehindu.com. 29 April 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017. ^ Hunter2015-07-20T11:19:00+01:00, Allan. "'Baahubali: The Beginning': Review". Screen. Retrieved 26 July 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Has SS Rajamouli's Baahubali 2 earned Rs 500 cr even before release?". India Today. 1 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Baahubali rights snapped up by Netflix for Rs 25.5 crore; The Conclusion completes 100 days in theatres". Firstpost. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Rana Daggubati wraps up shooting for Rudramadevi". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ Balachandran, Logesh (9 October 2020). "Anushka Shetty celebrates 5 years of Rudhramadevi: This journey is very special for me". India Today. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "First look of Rana Daggubati in Rudramadevi". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Rudramadevi Review Out: UK Film Critic Gives 4 Star Rating – The Hans India". thehansindia.com. 9 October 2015. ^ "Rudramadevi (Rudhramadevi) Movie Review and Rating: 3.5/5 , Allu Arjun, Anushka". BLR Eagle. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. ^ Jonnalagedda, Pranita, "Rudhramadevi Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Rudhramadevi by Times of India", The Times of India, retrieved 26 July 2021 ^ "Lakshmi Manchu, Satisfied with Dongata". newindianexpress. 8 May 2015. ^ "Anushka, Arya team up again — Puducherry". The Hindu. 28 February 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015. ^ "'Size Zero' shooting completed". IndiaGlitz. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015. ^ Rao, Subha J. (2 February 2016). "Rana, the time traveller". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Rana Daggubati on His Role in Bangalore Days Remake". NDTV.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Rana Daggubati regrets doing 'Bangalore Days' remake". OnManorama. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "The Ghazi Attack: The Moment When Rana Daggubati Felt "Immensely Patriotic"". NDTV.com. 6 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ Groves, Don. "Rana Daggubati And Kay Kay Menon Go To War In 'The Ghazi Attack'". Forbes. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ Dundoo, Sangeetha Devi (21 January 2017). "Meet the 'war lord'". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "The Ghazi Attack: Rana Daggubati said he missed sunlight during shoot". The Indian Express. 7 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "The Ghazi Attack movie review: Nothing shrill about Rana Daggubati's patriotism". Hindustan Times. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ Davis, Maggie (16 February 2017). "Rana Daggubati and Kay Kay Menon's war drama is a must watch, say critics". India News, Breaking News | India.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Baahubali 2: Rana Daggubati's first look as Bhallaladeva is out and he looks vicious, see pic". The Indian Express. 16 December 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Baahubali 2: Rana Daggubati shares candid behind-the-scenes pics". Hindustan Times. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Baahubali creates history by entering the 1,000 crore club". The Times of India. 8 May 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017. ^ "Top All Time India Grossers All Formats – 2.0 Second". ^ "Bahubali 2 Is The Biggest Hindi Blockbuster This Century". ^ Groves, Don. "The 'Baahubali 2' Phenomenon: Rana Daggubati Interview". Forbes. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Baahubali 2 Movie Review: SS Rajamouli's epic drama will be hard to forget anytime soon". Firstpost. 28 April 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ Jagannath, J. (29 April 2017). "Movie review: Baahubali 2 – The Conclusion is a colossal bore". Business Standard India. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Baahubali 2: Prabhas, Rana's Powerful Performances Make It The Film of 2017". News18. 4 May 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ Goud, Nagaraj (20 April 2016). "Rajamouli nod awaited for Rana, Kajal coup". The Hans India. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017. ^ "A chat 'Nene Raju Nene Mantri' director Teja". gulfnews.com. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ Rajendran, Sowmya (11 August 2017). "'Nene Raju Nene Mantri' Review: A half-baked political thriller which tries too hard". The News Minute. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017. ^ Kumar, K Naresh (12 August 2017). "A patchy effort". The Hans India. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017. ^ "Nene Raju Nene Mantri movie review: Rana Daggubati, Kajal shine in this riveting political drama". Firstpost. 11 August 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Rana Daggubati tells fans to be vary of 1945 poster released on Diwali: 'This is unfinished film, producer defaulted on money'". Hindustan Times. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2021. ^ "Two years after announcing Hiranyakashyap, Rana Daggubati reveals why the film has been taking time". Bollywood Hungama. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2021. ^ "Rana Daggubati's magnum opus 'Hiranyakashyap' temporarily shelved because of pandemic". The News Minute. 9 October 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2021. ^ @ranadaggubati (13 December 2017). "My next is on its way!! #HaathiMereSaathi first look on January 1st 2018!!" (Tweet). Retrieved 26 July 2021 – via Twitter. ^ ANI (9 February 2018). "Rana Daggubati to show his comic side in 'Welcome To New York'". Business Standard India. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Rana Daggubati to show his comic side in 'Welcome To New York'". Free Press Journal. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ Singh, Shalu (10 February 2018). "Here's what Welcome To New York director has to say about Rana Daggubati's comic side". www.indiatvnews.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Rana's first look from NTR biopic revealed". The News Minute. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "NTR biopic: Balakrishna, Rana Daggubati, Vidya Balan on working under Krish's direction". Firstpost. 22 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Kathanayakudu: NTR biopic gets title and release date". India Today. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "NTR biopic confirmed to release in two parts". 123telugu.com. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018. ^ "NTR Biopic, Now Called Kathanayakudu, Gets A Release Date". NDTV.com. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "NTR Mahanayakudu Turns Out to be Biggest Failure of Nandamuri Balakrishna's Career: Report". News18. 27 February 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ Hooli, Shekhar H. (27 February 2019). "NTR: Mahanayakudu box office collection: It is the biggest failure of Nandamuri Balakrishna's career". www.ibtimes.co.in. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ kavirayani, suresh (24 February 2019). "NTR Mahanayakudu movie review: Lacking in emotions". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "NTR Mahanayakudu movie review: Nandamuri Balakrishna film is high on drama, isn't a riveting political thriller". Hindustan Times. 23 February 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "'Housefull 4': Did you spot Rana Daggubati in the crazy trailer?". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Rana Daggubati on Housefull 4: The story is so funny that I wanted to be a part of it". India Today. 4 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Akshay Kumar reveals Rana Daggubati's look in Housefull 4". The Indian Express. 20 October 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Confirmed: Rana Daggubati plays a cameo in Dhanush's ENPT". India Today. 20 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Rana Daggubati Joins Dhanush's Enai Noki Paayum Thota". Scooptimes. 15 March 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Rana Daggubati and Vishnu Vishal's 'Kaadan' to release on 26 March". The Times of India. 6 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021. ^ "Makers of Kaadan announces the film's postponement". The Times of India. ^ "Vishnu Vishal-Rana-starrer Kaadan slated for a Pongal release in theatres". The Times of India. 21 October 2020. ^ "Rana Daggubati's Haathi Mere Saathi theatrical release postponed due to rise in COVID-19 cases". The Indian Express. 23 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021. ^ K., Janani (2 March 2020). "Rana Daggubati: I had to lose 30 kg to go from Bhallaladeva in Baahubali to Kaadan". India Today. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "'Sir are you okay?': When Rana Daggubati's drastic weight loss left netizens concerned". www.zoomtventertainment.com. 14 December 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Rana Daggubati Loses 30 Kilos For Haathi Mere Saathi". News18. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Kaadan movie review: Rana Daggubati's film does a disservice to noble story". Hindustan Times. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ hansindia (26 March 2021). "Aranya Movie Review & Rating {2.75/5}". www.thehansindia.com (in Telugu). Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Rana Daggubati Upcoming Movies 2021, Release Date, Trailer and Budget". India Today. 20 January 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021. ^ "Pawan Kalyan-Rana Daggubati's film: Makers unveil BTS video". The Times of India. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021. ^ "Venkatesh, Rana Daggubati to star in Netflix web series 'Rana Naidu'". The Hindu. 22 September 2021. ^ a b "53rd National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. pp. 93–94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2012. ^ a b "Anthill Ventures and Suresh Productions launch Anthill Studio". The Economic Times. 19 July 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2023. ^ B, Satya (10 September 2020). "Ramanaidu Studios: Over To Rana Daggubati?". Gulte. Retrieved 25 April 2023. ^ "Rana Daggubati - Articles & Biography". Entrepreneur. Retrieved 25 April 2023. ^ Daggubati, Rana (14 May 2011). "Spirit media P. Limited was the company I owned and worked for 5yrs before being an actor". @ranadaggubati. Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ "Acting came naturally to me: Rana". Deccan Herald. 17 November 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ "AWN's Animation Industry Database". www.aidb.com. Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ V. Kurmanath, K. (15 March 2023). "Rana Daggubati-backed Spirit Media gets funding". www.thehindubusinessline.com. Retrieved 26 April 2023. ^ "Rana Daggubati on his new web series Social, and why venturing into the digital space is so exciting". Firstpost. 9 September 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ "No. 1 Yaari with Rana season 3 to premiere on March 15". The Times of India. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020. ^ "Avengers: Infinity War Telugu dubbed version to feature Rana Daggubati's voice as supervillain Thanos". Firstpost. 26 March 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2020. ^ K. V., Kurmanath (16 January 2018). "Kwan ties up with Rana Daggubati". The Hindu BusinessLine. Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ a b Bureau, Adgully (18 July 2018). "Kwan South aims to herald a new era for Entertainment". www.adgully.com. Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ Rode, Alan K. (17 November 2017), "A Stirred-up Anthill", Michael Curtiz, University Press of Kentucky, doi:10.5810/kentucky/9780813173917.003.0005, ISBN 978-0-8131-7391-7 ^ "Accelerator Program for Media and Entertainment Startups". Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ "Anthill Ventures, Suresh Productions invite applications for second cohort of Anthill Studio". The Economic Times. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ "Rana Daggubati On Giving Amar Chitra Katha A Tech Revamp". Film Companion. 6 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ Dundoo, Sangeetha Devi (30 March 2019). "ACK Alive: Space for all things creative". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ "Rana Daggubati joins Hyderabad FC as co-owner". The Times of India. 24 October 2019. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021. ^ "Rana Daggubati launches his YouTube channel called South Bay: Very exciting time to be content producer". India TV News. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ "Rana Daggubati launches his YouTube channel South Bay". The Indian Express. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ Ranipeta, Shilpa (8 April 2022). "Live commerce platform Roposo partners with actor Rana Daggubati to launch co-created men's grooming brand 'DCRAF'". CNBC TV18. Retrieved 24 April 2022. ^ "Baahubali actor Rana Daggubati gets engaged to entrepreneur Miheeka Bajaj". Business Today. 12 May 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2021. ^ "Rana Daggubati gets engaged to Miheeka Bajaj at Ramanaidu Studios in Hyderabad". The Hindu. 21 May 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 6 August 2021. ^ Raghuvanshi, Aakanksha (10 August 2020). "Inside Pics From Miheeka Bajaj And Rana Daggubati's Wedding". NDTV. Retrieved 6 August 2021. ^ "Rana Daggubati on Project K, S.S Rajamouli, Entrepreneurship & Why 80% movies flop? | RawTalks EP-50". YouTube. Raw Talks With VK. 4 May 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024. time stamp 7:44 - "I was always non-vegetarian" ^ Gona, Sai Durga (23 December 2017). "Check Out The List Of Telugu Actors In Forbes India Celebrity 100 – Wirally". Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ "Times Most Desirable Men of 2011: Rana Daggubati – No. 20 – Video". The Times of India. ^ "Bipasha is like family: Rana Daggubati". The Times of India. 16 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. ^ "Times top 50 Most Desirable Men of 2012". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ Gupta, Priya. "Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2014". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ "Rana Daggubati is on No. 11 on Times Most Desirable Men 2015 list!". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ "Here are the other winners of The Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2017". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ "Top 50 Desirable Man Of 2018, As Per Times Of India – Wirally". 17 May 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ "Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2019: Vijay Deverakonda Beats Ram Charan and Rana Daggubati". Sakshi Post. 22 August 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ Madhu, Vignesh (5 June 2021). "5 South Indian actors in the Times Most Desirable Man of 2020; Here's the full list". onlookersmedia. Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ "The Most Promising Newcomer of 2011 – Male". The Times of India. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2013. ^ "Meet the Sexiest Asian Men!". Rediff. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2024. ^ "IMAGES: Best-dressed Indian men of 2011!". Rediff. 13 June 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2024. ^ "Google's most searched celebrities of 2017 revealed: Bigg Boss 11 contestants dominate the list". The Indian Express. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2021. ^ "Ubon ropes in Rana Daggubati as brand ambassador". The Financial Express. 6 October 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2021. ^ "'CEAT' Ropes In Rana Daggubati As Brand Ambassador For New Range Of Bike Tyres". Outlook. 13 February 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021. ^ a b Adivi, Sashidhar (19 July 2021). "My madness is now more organised: Rana Daggubati". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ Writer, Oneindia Staff (8 August 2017). "Pro Kabaddi signs actor Rana Daggubati as brand ambassador". www.mykhel.com. Retrieved 26 April 2023. ^ "SPNI to launch two new sports channels TEN 4 & TEN 4 HD – Exchange4media". Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media. Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ Mohan, Megha (17 June 2021). "Sony Pictures Sports Network's strings to Rana Daggubati as "face of SONY TEN 4"". Passionate In Marketing. Retrieved 6 August 2021. ^ The multifaceted 'leader'. The Hindu (12 February 2012). Retrieved 23 April 2016. External links Rana Daggubati at IMDb Rana Daggubati on Facebook vteRana Daggubati Filmography Films produced Bommalata (2004) Virata Parvam (2022) Television No. 1 Yaari with Rana Maya Bazaar For Sale Related Daggubati–Akkineni family Suresh Productions Hyderabad FC Amar Chitra Katha Bhallaladeva vteZee Cine Award for Best Male Debut Akshaye Khanna (1998) Mukesh Tiwari (1999) Aftab Shivdasani (2000) Hrithik Roshan (2001) Tusshar Kapoor (2002) Vivek Oberoi (2003) Shahid Kapoor (2004) No Award (2005) Shiney Ahuja (2006) Upen Patel (2007) Ranbir Kapoor (2008) No Award (2009) No Award (2010) Ranveer Singh (2011) Rana Daggubati (2012) Arjun Kapoor & Ayushmann Khurana (2013) Dhanush (2014) No Award (2015) Vicky Kaushal (2016) Jim Sarbh (2017) Matin Rey Tangu (2018) Ishaan Khattar (2019) Siddhant Chaturvedi & Vishal Jethwa (2020) vteSIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu2011–2020 Lakshmi Manchu (2011) Sudeepa (2012) Sampath Raj (2013) Jagapathi Babu (2014) Rana Daggubati (2015) Jagapathi Babu (2016) Rana Daggubati (2017) R. Sarathkumar (2018) Kartikeya Gummakonda (2019) Samuthirakani (2020) 2021–present Srikanth (2021) vteFilmfare Award for Best Telugu Supporting Actor2002–2018 Prakash Raj (2002) Prakash Raj (2003) Srikanth (2004) Srihari (2005) Sai Kumar (2006) Jagapathi Babu (2007) Allari Naresh (2008) Sonu Sood (2009) Sai Kumar (2010) M. S. Narayana (2011) Sudeep (2012) Sunil (2013) Jagapathi Babu (2014) Allu Arjun (2015) Jagapathi Babu (2016) Rana Daggubati (2017) Jagapathi Babu (2018) 2020–present Murali Sharma (2020–2021) Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈɾaː.naː daɡːu.baː.ʈi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Telugu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birthday-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Telugu cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_cinema"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_cinema"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_cinema"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"several accolades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Karan_Johar"},{"link_name":"National Film Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Telugu"},{"link_name":"Nandi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Awards"},{"link_name":"Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Male_Debut_%E2%80%93_South"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dum Maaro Dum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Maaro_Dum_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bipasha Basu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipasha_Basu"},{"link_name":"Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Cine_Award_for_Best_Male_Debut"},{"link_name":"Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnam_Vande_Jagadgurum"},{"link_name":"Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_(2015_Hindi_film)"},{"link_name":"Bhallaladeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhallaladeva"},{"link_name":"Baahubali: The Beginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali:_The_Beginning"},{"link_name":"Indian film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_film"},{"link_name":"Bangalore Naatkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_Naatkal"},{"link_name":"Bhallaladeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhallaladeva"},{"link_name":"Baahubali 2: The Conclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali_2:_The_Conclusion"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rudramadevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudramadevi_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghazi_Attack"},{"link_name":"Nene Raju Nene Mantri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nene_Raju_Nene_Mantri"},{"link_name":"visual effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_effects"},{"link_name":"Nandi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Special Effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Award_for_Best_Special_Effects"},{"link_name":"Sainikudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainikudu"},{"link_name":"National Film Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Telugu"},{"link_name":"Bommalata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bommalata"},{"link_name":"2nd IIFA Utsavam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_IIFA_Utsavam"},{"link_name":"South Indian International Movie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_South_Indian_International_Movie_Awards"},{"link_name":"No. 1 Yaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1_Yaari"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Academy_of_the_Moving_Image"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Ramanaidu Daggubati (pronounced [ˈɾaː.naː daɡːu.baː.ʈi]; born 14 December 1984)[2][3] known mononymously as Rana, is an Indian actor, producer and a television personality who primarily works in Telugu cinema, in addition to Tamil and Hindi films.[4][5][6] The recipient of several accolades including National Film Award and Nandi Award.He made his acting debut with Leader (2010), for which he won the Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South.[7] He later starred in the Hindi film Dum Maaro Dum (2011), alongside Bipasha Basu, where he received positive reviews for his performance and won the Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut. In 2012, Rana gained prominence by starring in the hit Telugu film Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum. In 2015, he played a notable supporting role in the successful Hindi film Baby (2015). He later starred as Bhallaladeva, the main antagonist in the Telugu film Baahubali: The Beginning (2015), which recorded the second highest gross opening for an Indian film. He then featured in a supporting role in the Tamil film Bangalore Naatkal (2016). In 2017, Rana later reprised his role as Bhallaladeva in Baahubali 2: The Conclusion, which became the highest grossing Indian film of all time.[8][9][10] He has also simultaneously starred in successful films such as Rudramadevi (2015), Ghazi (2017), and Nene Raju Nene Mantri (2017).As a visual effects producer, Rana won the State Nandi Award for Best Special Effects in 2006 for the Telugu film Sainikudu. In 2006, he received the National Film Award for co-producing Bommalata. Rana is also an established television personality, hosting award shows such as the 2nd IIFA Utsavam, the South Indian International Movie Awards. He also hosts his own celebrity talk show, No. 1 Yaari. Alongside building a career in cinema, Rana is invested in businesses ranging from a business accelerator programme for technology startups, to an entertainment agency and a comic book company.[11]Daggubati became the board member of Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image.[12] Rana is described as one of the few actors in India who were able to achieve pan-Indian appeal, having taken up a variety of roles, from leading roles to supporting characters, in different languages.","title":"Rana Daggubati"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name2-13"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_people"},{"link_name":"D. Suresh Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Suresh_Babu"},{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"D. Ramanaidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Ramanaidu"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-17"},{"link_name":"Daggubati–Akkineni family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daggubati%E2%80%93Akkineni_family"},{"link_name":"Venkatesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venkatesh_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Naga Chaitanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_Chaitanya"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Chettinad Vidyashram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chettinad_Vidyashram"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad, Telangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_Telangana"},{"link_name":"The Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hyderabad_Public_School,_Begumpet"},{"link_name":"Ram Charan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Charan"},{"link_name":"Sharwanand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharwanand"},{"link_name":"Nikhil Siddharth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikhil_Siddharth"},{"link_name":"Nag Ashwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nag_Ashwin"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's College, Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_College,_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Film Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Nagar"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Ramanaidu Daggubati[13] was born on 14 December 1984 in a Telugu family to film producer D. Suresh Babu in Madras (present-day Chennai), Tamil Nadu.[14][15][16] He was named after his paternal grandfather and movie mogul D. Ramanaidu.[17] A member of the Daggubati–Akkineni family, his paternal uncle Venkatesh and his cousin Naga Chaitanya are also actors. Rana revealed in 2016 that he is blind in his right eye, and his left eye is a transplanted one. The surgery was done in L. V. Prasad Hospital, Hyderabad. Another surgery was done on his right eye when he was 14, but was unsuccessful.[18][19]Rana did his early schooling in Chennai at Chettinad Vidyashram. He later shifted to Hyderabad, Telangana, where he studied at Nalanda Vidya Bhavan High School and The Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet. At Hyderabad Public School, he was classmates with Ram Charan, Sharwanand, Nikhil Siddharth, and Nag Ashwin. His collegiate studies were at St. Mary's College, Hyderabad.[20] Rana holds a degree in Industrial photography.[21] He lives with his family in Film Nagar[22] Hyderabad. He also owns a flat in Mumbai.[23]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rana Daggubati filmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Daggubati_filmography"}],"text":"Further information: Rana Daggubati filmography","title":"Acting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Shekhar Kammula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekhar_Kammula"},{"link_name":"Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_minister_of_Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Male_Debut_%E2%80%93_South"},{"link_name":"CineMAA Award for Best Male Debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CineMAA_Awards"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_cinema"},{"link_name":"Dum Maaro Dum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Maaro_Dum_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bipasha Basu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipasha_Basu"},{"link_name":"Abhishek Bachchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhishek_Bachchan"},{"link_name":"Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Cine_Award_for_Best_Male_Debut"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Taran Adarsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taran_Adarsh"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Cine_Award_for_Best_Male_Debut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amitabh_Bachchan,_Rana_Daggubati,_Sanjay_Dutt,_Ram_Gopal_Varma_at_Press_conference_of_%27Department%27_(10).jpg"},{"link_name":"Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_(film)"},{"link_name":"Amitabh Bachchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan"},{"link_name":"Sanjay Dutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Dutt"},{"link_name":"Ram Gopal Varma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma"},{"link_name":"Nenu Naa Rakshasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenu_Naa_Rakshasi"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"professional killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_killer"},{"link_name":"Ileana D'Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileana_D%27Cruz"},{"link_name":"Puri Jagannadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri_Jagannadh"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"box-office bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_office_bomb"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"NDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV_24x7"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"romantic action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_action_film"},{"link_name":"Naa Ishtam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naa_Ishtam"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"News 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_18"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Rediff.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ram Gopal Varma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma"},{"link_name":"Amitabh Bachchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan"},{"link_name":"Sanjay Dutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Dutt"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"box-office bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_office_bomb"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnam_Vande_Jagadgurum"},{"link_name":"Krish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krish_(director)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"theatre artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"},{"link_name":"Nayanthara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayanthara"},{"link_name":"CBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Murali Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murali_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Milind Gunaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milind_Gunaji"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Arrambam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrambam"},{"link_name":"Tamil cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_cinema"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"2010–2012: Debut","text":"Rana's debut film as an actor in Telugu was Leader (2010), directed by Shekhar Kammula. It remains one of his highest grossers. In it, he plays the role of an aspiring Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh.[24] It opened to rave reviews from critics with his performance got much praise.[25][26][27] A critic from The Times of India stated that \"Another lineage star RaNa takes his first bow at the BO with an inspiring political saga, a far cry from the formula-ridden films that his ilk usually begin with including his uncle and star Venkatesh.\"[28] His performance in the film fetched him two awards – Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South and CineMAA Award for Best Male Debut. Rana made his Hindi debut with the film Dum Maaro Dum, which released on 22 April 2011. alongside Bipasha Basu and Abhishek Bachchan where he received positive reviews for his performance and won the Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut.The Times of India called it a \"dashing debut\".[29] Taran Adarsh commented that \"Much of the joy comes from watching Rana Daggubati infuse believability into his character. He's easy on the eyes and is a complete natural when it comes to acting.\"[30] He won the Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut for his performance in the film.Daggubati at a promotional event for Department in 2012, along with Amitabh Bachchan, Sanjay Dutt and Ram Gopal VarmaIn his next Telugu film, Nenu Naa Rakshasi (2011),[31] he played a professional killer Abhimanyu alongside Ileana D'Cruz, under Puri Jagannadh's direction[32] It was a box-office bomb.[33][34] A reviewer of NDTV wrote that \"Rana's attempt to prove himself as a commercial hero has not taken off and he should wait for another break.\"[35]Rana had three releases in 2012. His first release of the year was the romantic action film Naa Ishtam.[36] News 18 credited it as Rana's first \"full-length commercial film.\"[37] Radhika Rajamani of Rediff.com, in her review of the film, praised Rana' performance but criticised the screenplay.[38] His next film was Department, directed by Ram Gopal Varma, alongside Amitabh Bachchan and Sanjay Dutt.[39] The film received mixed response from critics and was declared as a box-office bomb.[40][41] His last release of the year was Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum, directed by Krish, which became a box office success, also receiving critical acclaim.[42][43] he plays the role of a theatre artist who later meets Devika (Nayanthara). an informer of the CBI, and takes revenge on Redappa/Chakravarthy (Murali Sharma/Milind Gunaji).[44][45] A critic noted his performance as \"brilliant\" and \"commendable\".[46] Karthik Pasupulate of The Times of India felt that, his performance in the film is his best one to date and is a few notches above everything else he's done to date.[47] In July 2012, Rana signed do a \"special appearance\" in the film Arrambam, which his Tamil cinema debut.[48]","title":"Acting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cameo appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"link_name":"Sundar C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_C."},{"link_name":"Something Something","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Something_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Ayan Mukerji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayan_Mukerji"},{"link_name":"Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeh_Jawaani_Hai_Deewani"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Vishnuvardhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuvardhan_(director)"},{"link_name":"Arrambam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrambam"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_cinema"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Gunasekhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunasekhar"},{"link_name":"Rudhramadevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudhramadevi_(film)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"S. S. Rajamouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._S._Rajamouli"},{"link_name":"Baahubali: The Beginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali:_The_Beginning"},{"link_name":"lead antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhallaladeva_(character)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_(2015_Hindi_film)"},{"link_name":"Akshay Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshay_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Taapsee Pannu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taapsee_Pannu"},{"link_name":"Bhallaladeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhallaladeva"},{"link_name":"Prabhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhas"},{"link_name":"Baahubali: The Beginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali:_The_Beginning"},{"link_name":"Baahubali franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Baahubali: The Beginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali:_The_Beginning"},{"link_name":"highest-grossing film in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_India"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"box office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_office"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Nandi Award for Best Villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Award_for_Best_Villain"},{"link_name":"SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIIMA_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Negative_Role_(Telugu)"},{"link_name":"Pan-India films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-India_films"},{"link_name":"Rudhramadevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudhramadevi_(film)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_film"},{"link_name":"biographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_film"},{"link_name":"action film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"Rudrama Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudrama_Devi"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Chalukya Veerabhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"cameo role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_role"},{"link_name":"Dongaata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongaata_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Size Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Size_Zero"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rana_and_Anushka_at_Bahubali_Trailer_Launch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anushka Shetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushka_Shetty"},{"link_name":"Baahubali: The Beginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali:_The_Beginning"},{"link_name":"ensemble cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"},{"link_name":"Bangalore Naatkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_Naatkal"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_cinema"},{"link_name":"Bangalore Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_Days"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"bilingual film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingual_film"},{"link_name":"Ghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazi_(film)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"PNS Ghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNS_Ghazi"},{"link_name":"Indo-Pakistani War of 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Hindustan Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Baahubali franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Baahubali 2: The Conclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali_2:_The_Conclusion"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"1000 Crore Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_Crore_Club"},{"link_name":"Indian cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cinema"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-80"},{"link_name":"second highest-grossing Indian film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films"},{"link_name":"39th highest-grossing film of 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_film"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2.0second-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"News18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News18"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_%E2%80%93_Telugu"},{"link_name":"SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIIMA_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Negative_Role_(Telugu)"},{"link_name":"Nene Raju Nene Mantri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nene_Raju_Nene_Mantri"},{"link_name":"Kajal Aggarwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajal_Aggarwal"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB2_sets-87"},{"link_name":"Gulf News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_News"},{"link_name":"Teja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teja_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"M. G. Ramachandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_(2022_film)"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Gunasekhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunasekhar"},{"link_name":"Hiranyakashipu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyakashipu"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Kaadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaadan"},{"link_name":"Prabhu Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhu_Solomon"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"2013–2017: Baahubali and beyond","text":"The year 2013 was one of the busiest in his career. Rana made cameo appearances in three films – Sundar C.'s Something Something, Ayan Mukerji's Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani[49] and Vishnuvardhan's Arrambam, with the latter being his Tamil debut.[50] The same year, he joined two big-budget productions, Gunasekhar's Rudhramadevi[51] and S. S. Rajamouli's Baahubali: The Beginning, in which he is the lead antagonist.[52] Both the films were released in 2015. Rana didn't have a single release in 2014.In 2015, he starred in the Hindi film Baby, alongside Akshay Kumar and Taapsee Pannu. Rana played Bhallaladeva, the cousin of Baahubali (Prabhas), in the 2015 film Baahubali: The Beginning, which is part of Baahubali franchise. His character became widely popular[53] and received unprecedented appreciation from critics.[54] Rana was inspired by Daniel Day-Lewis to play the character.[55] He described the film as \"career-defining\" for him.[56] Baahubali: The Beginning was released worldwide in July 2015 and was the highest-grossing film in India at the time of its release.[57] Made on a production budget of ₹ 180 crore,[58] the film collected a worldwide gross of ₹650 crore at the box office.[59] The film gave him several awards, including the Nandi Award for Best Villain and SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu). The film started a new film movement named Pan-India films. He next appeared in the film Rudhramadevi.[60] It is a 3D biographical action film based on the life of Rudrama Devi,[61] in which he played the role of Chalukya Veerabhadra.[62] Although, the film didn't performed well at the box-office, it received mixed reviews from the critics.[63][64] Pranita Jonnalagedda felt that his character in the film is \"underused\".[65] The same year, he appeared as himself in a cameo role in Dongaata (Telugu),[66] Size Zero (Telugu)[67] and Inji Iduppazhagi (Tamil).[68]Daggubati, along with Anushka Shetty, at the trailer launch of Baahubali: The BeginningThe following year, he was a part of the ensemble cast of the Tamil film Bangalore Naatkal,[69] a remake of the 2014 Malayalam film Bangalore Days.[70][71] In 2017, he starred in India's first submarine based Telugu-Hindi bilingual film, Ghazi.[72][73] The film's plot is based on the mysterious sinking of PNS Ghazi during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, in which he played Lieutenant Commander Arjun Varma.[74] He shot for 18 days in a specially constructed underwater set.[75] Hindustan Times's Gautaman Bhaskaran wrote that \"Daggubati is wonderfully restrained – a complete changeover from the kind of parts he has been playing so far\".[76] Several other critics also praised his performance in the film.[77]Rana reprised his role in the second part of the film series of Baahubali franchise, Baahubali 2: The Conclusion.[78][79] The film started the 1000 Crore Club in Indian cinema.[80] It is currently the second highest-grossing Indian film and the 39th highest-grossing film of 2017 with a gross of ₹1,810 crore.[81][82] He spent a total of 250 days shooting both the films of the series over five years.[83] His performance as Bhallaladeva was well praised, with critics calling it \"terrific\",[84] \"scheming villain\".[85] A critic of News18 stated that he has \"made an indelible impact on the viewers.\"[86] He won two major awards, Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu and SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu). He next did a Telugu film Nene Raju Nene Mantri in which he plays a politician with grey shades, alongside Kajal Aggarwal.[87] In an interview to Gulf News, director Teja said that \"I wanted Joginder to dress like M. G. Ramachandran and have included some traits of MGR in Joginder's life\".[88] This film received some mixed reviews but Rana's acting and screen presence were praised.[89][90] Hemanth Kumar, writing for Firstpost, called his performance \"terrific\" and added that \"it is a performance that we won't forget anytime soon.\"[91]Rana next began shooting for the Telugu-Tamil bilingual film 1945. However, in September 2019, he called it an \"unfinished film,\" while also adding that: \"producer defaulted on money.\"[92] He also signed the mythological film Hiranyakashyapa directed by Gunasekhar, in 2017. Estimated to be made on a production budget of ₹180 crore, the film features Rana in the titular role of Hiranyakashipu.[93] Although as of October 2020, the film stood temporarily shelved owing to the COVID-19 pandemic.[94] He announced his next film Kaadan (in Tamil; Aranya in Telugu; Haathi Mere Saathi in Hindi) on 14 December 2017, directed by Prabhu Solomon.[95]","title":"Acting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2023_San_Diego_Comic-Con_International_by_Gage_Skidmore,_050.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Diego Comic-Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con"},{"link_name":"cameo appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Welcome to New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_New_York_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"N. T. Rama Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao"},{"link_name":"biographical film series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_film"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"chief minister of Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_minister_of_Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"N. Chandrababu Naidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Chandrababu_Naidu"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"NTR: Kathanayakudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTR:_Kathanayakudu"},{"link_name":"NTR: Mahanayakudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTR:_Mahanayakudu"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"dual role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_role"},{"link_name":"Housefull 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housefull_4"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Enai Noki Paayum Thota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enai_Noki_Paayum_Thota"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Kaadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaadan"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toi:reld-115"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Hindustan Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"The Hans India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hans_India"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Bheemla Nayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bheemla_Nayak"},{"link_name":"Virata Parvam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virata_Parvam"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Pawan Kalyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Kalyan"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-123"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Rana Naidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Naidu"},{"link_name":"Venkatesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venkatesh_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ray Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Donovan"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"}],"sub_title":"2018–present: Experimental roles","text":"Rana Daggubati at the 2023 San Diego Comic-ConIn 2018, he made a cameo appearance in the Hindi comedy film Welcome to New York.[96][97][98] In March 2018, he joined the production of two-part N. T. Rama Rao biographical film series.[99][100] He played the role of ex-chief minister of Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu[101] in two films – NTR: Kathanayakudu and NTR: Mahanayakudu, which were released in January 2019 and February 2019.[102][103] Both the films were commercial failures[104][105] and received mixed reviews from the critics.[106][107] He next appeared in a dual role in the Hindi film Housefull 4[108][109][110] and made a cameo appearance in the song \"Naan Pizhaippeno\" of the Tamil film Enai Noki Paayum Thota.[111][112]Rana's much awaited film, Kaadan (in Tamil; Aranya in Telugu) released in March 2021,[113] after twice rescheduling its release date.[114][115] Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic in India, the release of Hindi version Haathi Mere Saathi too was postponed. Tamil and Telugu versions however released as scheduled.[116] Rana shed 30 kilograms to look lean for his role in the film.[117][118][119] Haricharan Pudipeddi of Hindustan Times appreciated Rana's performance, calling it \"one of his best till date.\"[120] The Hans India called his performance \"exceptional\".[121]Rana had two film releases in 2022, the action thriller Bheemla Nayak and period action drama Virata Parvam.[122] He began filming for the Bheemla Nayak, co-starring Pawan Kalyan in January 2021.[123] Rana was most recently seen co starring in the Netflix series Rana Naidu alongside his uncle Venkatesh. It is an official adaptation of the American crime drama series Ray Donovan.[124]","title":"Acting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Film Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Bommalata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bommalata"},{"link_name":"Ramanaidu Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanaidu_Studios"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53rdawardPDF-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rana_Daggubati_%E2%80%93_Anthill_Studio-126"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"}],"text":"Before his debut as an actor in 2010, he started his own production company, Spirit Media, which made the National Film Award winning animation film, Bommalata (2004). He is also a partner in his family's production house, Ramanaidu Studios.[125][126][11][127] He is also invested in many other ventures as well.[128]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rana_Daggubati_%E2%80%93_Anthill_Studio-126"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"No. 1 Yaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1_Yaari"},{"link_name":"Vijay Deverakonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Deverakonda"},{"link_name":"S.S. Rajamouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Rajamouli"},{"link_name":"Nani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nani_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Kajal Aggarwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajal_Aggarwal"},{"link_name":"Naga Chaitanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_Chaitanya"},{"link_name":"Tamannaah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamannaah"},{"link_name":"Rakul Preet Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakul_Preet_Singh"},{"link_name":"Ram Pothineni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Pothineni"},{"link_name":"Navdeep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navdeep"},{"link_name":"Nikhil Siddharth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikhil_Siddharth"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Thanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanos"},{"link_name":"Avengers: Infinity War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers:_Infinity_War"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-137"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"Artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"augmented reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality"},{"link_name":"virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"blockchain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain"},{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"internet of things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Amar Chitra Katha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Chitra_Katha"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_FC"},{"link_name":"Indian Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Super_League"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rana-143"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Roposo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roposo"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"}],"text":"Five years before becoming an actor,[129] in 2005, Rana entered the visual effects business with Spirit Media.[126][130] The company specialised in animation and VFX,[131] and worked on over 70 films.[132]Along with films, he also starred in a web series called Social.[133] Since 2017, Rana is the host of the Telugu Television talk-show No. 1 Yaari. The show has completed four seasons over a span of five years, hosting celebrities such as Vijay Deverakonda, S.S. Rajamouli, Nani, Kajal Aggarwal, Naga Chaitanya, Tamannaah, Rakul Preet Singh, Ram Pothineni, Navdeep, Nikhil Siddharth, and others.[134] He also dubbed for the character Thanos in the Telugu dubbed version of Avengers: Infinity War.[135]In 2018, he entered into a joint venture with Kwan Entertainment and Marketing Solutions.[136] Set up as a studio style agency, Kwan South's divisions include talent management, casting, live performances and appearances, film packaging, production support- TV and Commercials, brand associations- endorsements, digital and film partnerships.[137] It was expanded with an office in Chennai.[137]Following the business venture, in the same year, he tied up with Anthill Ventures, an investment and scaling platform for early growth stage start-ups, to launch Anthill Studio.[138] Anthill Studio is a business accelerator program focused on technology startups in Media & Entertainment.[139][non-primary source needed] The studio supports and mentors disruptive startups in leading-edge technologies such as Artificial intelligence (AI), augmented reality and virtual reality (AR/VR), blockchain, visual effects (VFX), cloud rendering, machine learning (ML), internet of things (IoT) and big data and analytics.[140]In 2019, he bought a stake in the one of India's leading comic book companies, Amar Chitra Katha and became director of the company, backed by Future Group.[141] In March 2019, he opened a learning centre for art and design, life skills, performing arts and vedic science and ethics in Hyderabad.[142] The same year, he acquired the co-ownership of Hyderabad FC, a professional football club based in Hyderabad. The club competes in the Indian Super League. After acquiring ownership, Rana stated \"Hyderabad has a great legacy with the sport. This team, therefore, is a chance to rekindle that legacy.\"[143]Rana has launched his own YouTube channel SouthBay.Live on 15 November 2020.[144] Reportedly, the channel streams various content including podcasts, fiction and non-fictions unscripted shows, live chat shows, music, animation, etc.[145]In 2022, Rana launched a men's grooming platform named DCRAF in association with Roposo. DCRAF is a part of Roposo's Glance digital initiative.[146]","title":"Business ventures and other works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rana-Daggubati.jpg"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Forbes India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_India"},{"link_name":"Celebrity 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Celebrity_100"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Times' 50 Most Desirable Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Eastern Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Eye"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ_(Indian_edition)"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Google Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"CEAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEAT_(company)"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Telugu Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_Titans"},{"link_name":"Pro Kabaddi League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Kabaddi_League"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Networks India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Networks_India"},{"link_name":"Sony Ten 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ten"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-167"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"Daggubati in IIJW 2013Rana got engaged to his girlfriend, Miheeka Bajaj, founder of Dew Drop Design Studio, on 20 May 2020 at Ramanaidu Studios.[147][148] They married on 8 August 2020 at Ramanaidu Studios.[149] He is a non-vegetarian.[150]Rana has appeared in Forbes India's Celebrity 100 list in 2017 at the 36th position.[151] He was ranked twentieth on the Times' 50 Most Desirable Men for the year 2011,[152][153] tenth in 2012,[154] thirteenth in 2013, seventeenth in 2014,[155] eleventh in 2015,[156] twenty-fourth in 2016, seventh in 2017,[157] nineteenth in 2018,[158] thirteenth in 2019,[159] and twenty-eighth in 2020.[160] For the year 2011, he was voted \"The Most Promising Newcomer of 2011\" for the same poll.[161] He was ranked twenty-ninth in Eastern Eye's \"Sexiest Asian Men\", in 2015.[162] In 2011, he was featured in GQ India's Best Dressed Men list.[163] He was the eleventh most searched celebrity in 2017, on Google Search.[164]Rana have signed endorsement deal with Ubon in 2020[165] and with CEAT in 2021.[166] In addition, he has been the brand ambassador of Telugu Titans in the Pro Kabaddi League.[167][168] On 1 June 2021, Sony Pictures Networks India have launched the sports channel Sony Ten 4,[169] for which Rana was signed as the brand ambassador and promoter.[167][170][better source needed]","title":"Personal life and public image"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Telugu"},{"link_name":"Bommalata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bommalata"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53rdawardPDF-125"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Awards South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Awards_South"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Male_Debut_%E2%80%93_South"},{"link_name":"Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_%E2%80%93_Telugu"},{"link_name":"Baahubali 2: The Conclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali_2:_The_Conclusion"},{"link_name":"Nandi Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Awards"},{"link_name":"Nandi Award for Best Special Effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Award_for_Best_Special_Effects"},{"link_name":"Sainikudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainikudu"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Nandi Award for Best Villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Award_for_Best_Villain"},{"link_name":"Baahubali: The Beginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali:_The_Beginning"},{"link_name":"Baahubali 2: The Conclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali_2:_The_Conclusion"},{"link_name":"Zee Cine Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Cine_Awards"},{"link_name":"Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Cine_Award_for_Best_Male_Debut"},{"link_name":"Dum Maro Dum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Maaro_Dum_(film)"},{"link_name":"SIIMA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Indian_International_Movie_Awards"},{"link_name":"SIIMA Award Youth Icon of South Indian Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_South_Indian_International_Movie_Awards"},{"link_name":"SIIMA Award for Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIIMA_Award_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnam_Vande_Jagadgurum"},{"link_name":"SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIIMA_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Negative_Role_(Telugu)"},{"link_name":"Baahubali: The Beginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali:_The_Beginning"},{"link_name":"SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIIMA_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Negative_Role_(Telugu)"},{"link_name":"Baahubali 2: The Conclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali_2:_The_Conclusion"},{"link_name":"IIFA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Indian_Film_Academy"},{"link_name":"IIFA Award for Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIFA_Award_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"Baahubali: The Beginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali:_The_Beginning"},{"link_name":"Asiavision Movie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiavision_Awards"},{"link_name":"Baahubali: The Beginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali:_The_Beginning"},{"link_name":"CineMAA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CineMAA_Awards"},{"link_name":"CineMAA Award for Best Male Debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CineMAA_Awards"},{"link_name":"Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"CineMAA Award for Best Villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CineMAA_Awards"},{"link_name":"Baahubali: The Beginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali:_The_Beginning"},{"link_name":"Santosham Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santosham_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Santosham Best Villain Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santosham_Best_Villain_Award"},{"link_name":"Baahubali: The Beginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baahubali:_The_Beginning"}],"text":"National Film AwardsNational Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu – Co-producer (Spirit Media) – Bommalata (2006)[125]Filmfare Awards SouthFilmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South – Leader (2010)\nFilmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu – Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2018)Nandi AwardsNandi Award for Best Special Effects (Spirit Media) – Sainikudu (2006)[171]\nNandi Award for Best Villain – Baahubali: The Beginning (2015), Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2017)Zee Cine AwardsZee Cine Award for Best Male Debut – Dum Maro Dum (2011)SIIMA AwardsSIIMA Award Youth Icon of South Indian Cinema (2011)\nSIIMA Award for Best Actor (Critics) – Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum (2012)\nSIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu) – Baahubali: The Beginning (2016)\nSIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu) – Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2018)\nEntertainer of the Year: Rana Daggubati – Baahubali 2: The Conclusion / Ghazi / Nene Raju Nene MantriIIFA AwardsIIFA Award for Best Actor (Negative role) – Baahubali: The Beginning (2015)Asiavision Movie AwardsAsiaVison Movie Award for Best Actor (From south) – Baahubali: The Beginning (2015)CineMAA AwardsCineMAA Award for Best Male Debut – Leader (2010)\nCineMAA Award for Best Villain – Baahubali: The Beginning (2015)Santosham Film AwardsSantosham Best Villain Award – Baahubali: The Beginning (2015)","title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[{"image_text":"Daggubati at a promotional event for Department in 2012, along with Amitabh Bachchan, Sanjay Dutt and Ram Gopal Varma","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Amitabh_Bachchan%2C_Rana_Daggubati%2C_Sanjay_Dutt%2C_Ram_Gopal_Varma_at_Press_conference_of_%27Department%27_%2810%29.jpg/280px-Amitabh_Bachchan%2C_Rana_Daggubati%2C_Sanjay_Dutt%2C_Ram_Gopal_Varma_at_Press_conference_of_%27Department%27_%2810%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Daggubati, along with Anushka Shetty, at the trailer launch of Baahubali: The Beginning","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rana_and_Anushka_at_Bahubali_Trailer_Launch.jpg/280px-Rana_and_Anushka_at_Bahubali_Trailer_Launch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rana Daggubati at the 2023 San Diego Comic-Con","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2023_San_Diego_Comic-Con_International_by_Gage_Skidmore%2C_050.jpg/296px-2023_San_Diego_Comic-Con_International_by_Gage_Skidmore%2C_050.jpg"},{"image_text":"Daggubati in IIJW 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rana-Daggubati.jpg/220px-Rana-Daggubati.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Basu, Nilanjana. \"Future Group to sell 18.6% stake in Amar Chitra Katha for ₹13.62 crore\". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/business/future-group-to-sell-186-stake-in-amar-chitra-katha-for-1362-crore/article65389636.ece","url_text":"\"Future Group to sell 18.6% stake in Amar Chitra Katha for ₹13.62 crore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"\"Happy Birthday Rana Daggubati: From Leader to Baahubali, Rana's blockbuster journey\". The Indian Express. 14 December 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-rana-daggubati-from-leader-to-baahubali-ranas-blockbuster-journey-4426733/","url_text":"\"Happy Birthday Rana Daggubati: From Leader to Baahubali, Rana's blockbuster journey\""}]},{"reference":"Vamsi, Krishna (16 December 2016). \"Baahubali 2: Rana Daggubati's first look as Bhallaladeva is out and he looks vicious, see pic\". The Indian Express. Retrieved 12 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-2-rana-dagubattis-first-look-as-bhalladeva-is-out-and-he-looks-vicious-see-pic-4426517/","url_text":"\"Baahubali 2: Rana Daggubati's first look as Bhallaladeva is out and he looks vicious, see pic\""}]},{"reference":"\"From 'Baahubali' to 'Ghazi', Rana Daggubati has come a long way\". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/from-baahubali-to-ghazi-rana-has-come-a-long-way/articleshow/56808105.cms","url_text":"\"From 'Baahubali' to 'Ghazi', Rana Daggubati has come a long way\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Content is king for Rana Daggubati as Ghazi, Baahubali 2 win National Awards\". 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/content-is-king-for-rana-daggubati-as-ghazi-baahubali-2-win-national-awards/story-PSsVEbwIA8AMU6L7bxxaAJ.html","url_text":"\"Content is king for Rana Daggubati as Ghazi, Baahubali 2 win National Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Jha, Lata (4 February 2019). \"Rana Daggubati: The entrepreneur\". Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/rana-daggubati-the-entrepreneur-1549260714703.html","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati: The entrepreneur\""}]},{"reference":"Prakasan, Chethana (14 December 2016). \"Happy birthday Rana Daggubati: 8 times the Baahubali actor inspired us to workout\". India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News | India.com. Retrieved 22 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.india.com/lifestyle/happy-birthday-rana-daggubati-8-times-the-baahubali-actor-inspired-us-to-workout-1705400/","url_text":"\"Happy birthday Rana Daggubati: 8 times the Baahubali actor inspired us to workout\""}]},{"reference":"Mike McCahill (12 July 2015). \"Baahubali: The Beginning review – fantastic bang for your buck in most expensive Indian movie ever made\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jul/12/baahubali-the-beginning-review-fantastic-bang-for-your-buck-in-most-expensive-indian-movie-ever-made","url_text":"\"Baahubali: The Beginning review – fantastic bang for your buck in most expensive Indian movie ever made\""}]},{"reference":"Sangeetha Devi Dundoo (10 July 2015). \"Baahubali review: A little more, a little less\". The Hindu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/baahubali-review-a-little-more-a-little-less/article7407650.ece","url_text":"\"Baahubali review: A little more, a little less\""}]},{"reference":"Nanisetti, Serish (12 July 2015). \"Baahubali Smashes Box Office Records, Rakes in Rs 68 Crore\". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150712181050/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Baahubali-Smashes-Box-Office-Records-Rakes-in-Rs-68-Crore/2015/07/12/article2915510.ece","url_text":"\"Baahubali Smashes Box Office Records, Rakes in Rs 68 Crore\""},{"url":"http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Baahubali-Smashes-Box-Office-Records-Rakes-in-Rs-68-Crore/2015/07/12/article2915510.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Double Life Of Rana Daggubati\". 5 January 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mansworldindia.com/covers/double-life-rana-daggubati/","url_text":"\"The Double Life Of Rana Daggubati\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mumbai Academy of Moving Image - Trustees Site\". www.mumbaifilmfestival.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/festival/trustees","url_text":"\"Mumbai Academy of Moving Image - Trustees Site\""}]},{"reference":"Nichenametla, Prasad (1 May 2017). \"What Caused Bhallaladeva, Aka Rana Daggubati, To Go Blind In One Eye?\". Outlook India. Retrieved 28 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/what-caused-bhallaladeva-aka-rana-daggubati-to-go-blind-in-one-eye/298703","url_text":"\"What Caused Bhallaladeva, Aka Rana Daggubati, To Go Blind In One Eye?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The new entrants in Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2011\". The Times of India. 4 February 2012. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120210104406/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-04/news-interviews/31024699_1_telugu-film-hindi-films-tamil-film","url_text":"\"The new entrants in Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-04/news-interviews/31024699_1_telugu-film-hindi-films-tamil-film","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati's a family man\". The Times of India. 19 June 2011. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131104053437/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-19/news-interviews/29674523_1_family-man-genelia-rana-daggubati","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati's a family man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-19/news-interviews/29674523_1_family-man-genelia-rana-daggubati","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gupta, Priya (25 January 2015). \"Rana Daggubati: I love my grandfather the most in the world\". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rana-Daggubati-I-love-my-grandfather-the-most-in-the-world/articleshow/46002922.cms","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati: I love my grandfather the most in the world\""}]},{"reference":"Nichenametla, Prasad (1 May 2017). \"What Caused Bhallaladeva, Aka Rana Daggubati, To Go Blind In One Eye?\". Outlook India. Retrieved 28 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/what-caused-bhallaladeva-aka-rana-daggubati-to-go-blind-in-one-eye/298703","url_text":"\"What Caused Bhallaladeva, Aka Rana Daggubati, To Go Blind In One Eye?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daggubati admitted -is-blind-in-one-eye-bahubali-2-villain-bhallala-deva-admits-of-getting-a-donated-eye-in-viral-video-2085164/\". Retrieved 4 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.india.com/buzz/rana-daggubatiRana","url_text":"\"Daggubati admitted -is-blind-in-one-eye-bahubali-2-villain-bhallala-deva-admits-of-getting-a-donated-eye-in-viral-video-2085164/\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baahubali 2: The Conclusion actor Rana Daggubati makes stunning revelation, says he is blind in one eye\". Financial Express. 30 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-actor-rana-daggubati-makes-stunning-revelation-says-he-is-blind-in-one-eye/647927/","url_text":"\"Baahubali 2: The Conclusion actor Rana Daggubati makes stunning revelation, says he is blind in one eye\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alumni\". www.stmaryscollege.in.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stmaryscollege.in/the-college/alumni/","url_text":"\"Alumni\""}]},{"reference":"Dias, Author: Salomi (29 January 2022). \"Did You Know? Baahubali Fame Rana Daggubati Holds A Degree In Industrial Photography\". IWMBuzz. Retrieved 25 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/celebrities-movies/did-you-know-baahubali-fame-rana-daggubati-holds-a-degree-in-industrial-photography/2022/01/29","url_text":"\"Did You Know? Baahubali Fame Rana Daggubati Holds A Degree In Industrial Photography\""}]},{"reference":"Khandelwal, Shireen (9 January 2021). \"18 pictures and videos that take you inside Rana Daggubati and Miheeka Bajaj's expansive home in Hyderabad\". Vogue India. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/rana-daggubati-miheeka-bajaj-hyderabad-home-inside-pictures-videos","url_text":"\"18 pictures and videos that take you inside Rana Daggubati and Miheeka Bajaj's expansive home in Hyderabad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prabhas wants a new address in Mumbai\". Mid-Day. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/prabhas-wants-a-new-address-in-mumbai-23162726","url_text":"\"Prabhas wants a new address in Mumbai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Day","url_text":"Mid-Day"}]},{"reference":"\"Leader (2010) – Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date – BookMyShow\". in.bookmyshow.com. Retrieved 25 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/leader/ET00004301","url_text":"\"Leader (2010) – Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date – BookMyShow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leader film review – Telugu cinema Review – RaNa Daggubati, Richa Gangopadhyay & Priya Anand\". www.idlebrain.com. Retrieved 25 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-leader.html","url_text":"\"Leader film review – Telugu cinema Review – RaNa Daggubati, Richa Gangopadhyay & Priya Anand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Movie Review : Leader\". Sify. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140325045621/http://www.sify.com/movies/leader-review-telugu-14932151.html","url_text":"\"Movie Review : Leader\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify","url_text":"Sify"},{"url":"http://www.sify.com/movies/leader-review-telugu-14932151.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Leader comes at the right time – Rediff.com Movies\". Movies.rediff.com. 19 February 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/19/south-telugu-movie-review-leader.htm","url_text":"\"Review: Leader comes at the right time – Rediff.com Movies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leader movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India\". The Times of India. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 25 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/movie-reviews/Leader/movie-review/5596902.cms","url_text":"\"Leader movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dum Maaro Dum-Gripping thriller\". The Times of India. 21 April 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Dum-Maaro-Dum/movie-review/8046811.cms","url_text":"\"Dum Maaro Dum-Gripping thriller\""}]},{"reference":"\"Movie Reviews\". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101027091247/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14263/index.html","url_text":"\"Movie Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"},{"url":"http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14263/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Narasimham, M. L. (25 December 2010). \"Nenu Naa Rakshasi: Romancing the killer\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 25 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Nenu-Naa-Rakshasi-Romancing-the-killer/article15608209.ece","url_text":"\"Nenu Naa Rakshasi: Romancing the killer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati turns professional killer\". Rediff. 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-rana-daggubati/20110427.htm","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati turns professional killer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allu Arjun rejects Ileana\". IndiaGlitz. 21 June 2011. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110623105715/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/67903.html","url_text":"\"Allu Arjun rejects Ileana\""},{"url":"http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/67903.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Leader' to 'Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum': Why hasn't Rana Daggubati found a foothold yet?|South Cinema Photos\". CNN IBN. 27 November 2012. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121130040012/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/7950-7.html","url_text":"\"'Leader' to 'Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum': Why hasn't Rana Daggubati found a foothold yet?|South Cinema Photos\""},{"url":"http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/7950-7.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Nenu Naa Rakshasi\". NDTV.com. Retrieved 25 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/review-nenu-naa-rakshasi-10282","url_text":"\"Review: Nenu Naa Rakshasi\""}]},{"reference":"Dundoo, Sangeetha Devi (24 March 2012). \"Naa Ishtam: I, me, myself\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 25 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/naa-ishtam-i-me-myself/article3219771.ece","url_text":"\"Naa Ishtam: I, me, myself\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"Telugu Review: 'Naa Ishtam' works for Genelia\". News18. 25 March 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news18.com/news/india/telugu-review-naa-ishtam-works-for-genelia-458945.html","url_text":"\"Telugu Review: 'Naa Ishtam' works for Genelia\""}]},{"reference":"Rajamani, Radhika. \"Naa Ishtam has a stereotypical plot\". Rediff. Retrieved 25 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-naa-ishtam-has-a-stereotypical-plot/20120323.htm","url_text":"\"Naa Ishtam has a stereotypical plot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Department\". The Times of India. 10 April 2012. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120708221714/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-10/bollywood/31318457_1_sanjay-dutt-amitabh-bachchan-sarjeroa","url_text":"\"Department\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-10/bollywood/31318457_1_sanjay-dutt-amitabh-bachchan-sarjeroa","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NDTVMovies.com : Bollywood News, Reviews, Celebrity News, Hollywood news, Entertainment News, Videos & Photos\". movies.ndtv.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120523002511/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=710","url_text":"\"NDTVMovies.com : Bollywood News, Reviews, Celebrity News, Hollywood news, Entertainment News, Videos & Photos\""},{"url":"http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=710","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The filmmaker criticised Sanjay's interference after 'Department's poor show at the BO\". Masala.com. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.masala.com/35636-rgv-and-sanjay-dutt-in-a-verbal-spat","url_text":"\"The filmmaker criticised Sanjay's interference after 'Department's poor show at the BO\""}]},{"reference":"Kanth, K. Rajani (3 December 2012). \"Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum heads towards Rs 45-cr collections\". Business Standard. Retrieved 5 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-heads-towards-rs-45-cr-collections-112120300045_1.html","url_text":"\"Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum heads towards Rs 45-cr collections\""}]},{"reference":"Shekhar (3 December 2012). \"Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum strikes gold at Box Office\". OneIndia. Retrieved 5 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2012/krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-strikes-gold-box-office-101632.html","url_text":"\"Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum strikes gold at Box Office\""}]},{"reference":"\"Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum review – Telugu cinema – Rana Daggubati & Nayantara\". www.idlebrain.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kvj.html","url_text":"\"Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum review – Telugu cinema – Rana Daggubati & Nayantara\""}]},{"reference":"Bhandaram, Vishnupriya (30 November 2012). \"Myth recreates reality\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Myth-recreates-reality/article15616878.ece","url_text":"\"Myth recreates reality\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"Movie Review: Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum\". NDTV.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/movie-review-krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-630101","url_text":"\"Movie Review: Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum\""}]},{"reference":"Pasupulate, Karthik, \"Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum by Times of India\", The Times of India, retrieved 26 July 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/krishnam-vande-jagadgurum/movie-review/17429764.cms","url_text":"\"Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum by Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana confirms cameo in Ajith film!\". Sify. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120729182945/http://www.sify.com/movies/rana-confirms-cameo-in-ajith-film-news-tamil-mh2rv5fdhfh.html","url_text":"\"Rana confirms cameo in Ajith film!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify","url_text":"Sify"},{"url":"http://www.sify.com/movies/rana-confirms-cameo-in-ajith-film-news-tamil-mh2rv5fdhfh.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rana's cameo in Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani | Hindi Movies News\". Bollywood Hungama. 21 May 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140424201521/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1439610/Ranas-cameo-in-Yeh-Jawani-Hai-Deewani","url_text":"\"Rana's cameo in Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani | Hindi Movies News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"},{"url":"http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1439610/Ranas-cameo-in-Yeh-Jawani-Hai-Deewani","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sangeetha, P (17 August 2012). \"Rana shoots with Ajith\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130629121411/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-17/tamil/33248293_1_krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-rana-daggubati-ajith","url_text":"\"Rana shoots with Ajith\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-17/tamil/33248293_1_krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-rana-daggubati-ajith","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rana as Chalukya in Anushka's Rudrama Devi\". The Times of India. 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130222072403/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-11/news-interviews/37039886_1_rana-daggubati-anushka-shetty-period-film","url_text":"\"Rana as Chalukya in Anushka's Rudrama Devi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-11/news-interviews/37039886_1_rana-daggubati-anushka-shetty-period-film","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Director Rajamouli in location hunt for Bahubali\". The Times of India. 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130421094056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-11/news-interviews/37038287_1_prasad-devineni-rana-daggubati-director-rajamouli","url_text":"\"Director Rajamouli in location hunt for Bahubali\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-11/news-interviews/37038287_1_prasad-devineni-rana-daggubati-director-rajamouli","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Baahubali Nostalgia! Rana Daggubati shares story picture of beginning of the Bahubali series\". Free Press Journal. 28 June 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/baahubali-nostalgia-rana-daggubati-shares-story-picture-of-beginning-of-the-bahubali-series","url_text":"\"Baahubali Nostalgia! Rana Daggubati shares story picture of beginning of the Bahubali series\""}]},{"reference":"Tsering, Lisa (13 July 2015). \"'Bahubali': Film Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/baahubali-film-review-808168/","url_text":"\"'Bahubali': Film Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baahubali 2: How Rana Daggubati was inspired by Daniel Day-Lewis to play Bhallaladeva\". 19 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-how-rana-daggubati-was-inspired-by-daniel-day-lewis-to-play-bhallaladeva-3392908.html","url_text":"\"Baahubali 2: How Rana Daggubati was inspired by Daniel Day-Lewis to play Bhallaladeva\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baahubali has increased my market value\". The Hindu. Thehindu.com. 29 April 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/baahubali-has-increased-my-market-value-rana-daggubati/article18305521.ece/amp/","url_text":"\"Baahubali has increased my market value\""}]},{"reference":"Hunter2015-07-20T11:19:00+01:00, Allan. \"'Baahubali: The Beginning': Review\". Screen. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/baahubali-the-beginning-review/5090691.article","url_text":"\"'Baahubali: The Beginning': Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Has SS Rajamouli's Baahubali 2 earned Rs 500 cr even before release?\". India Today. 1 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-2-box-office-collection-rajamouli-prabhas-rana-958308-2017-02-01","url_text":"\"Has SS Rajamouli's Baahubali 2 earned Rs 500 cr even before release?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baahubali rights snapped up by Netflix for Rs 25.5 crore; The Conclusion completes 100 days in theatres\". Firstpost. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bahubali-2-baahubali-rights-snapped-up-by-netflix-for-rs-25-5-crore-the-conclusion-completes-100-days-in-theatres-3914757.html","url_text":"\"Baahubali rights snapped up by Netflix for Rs 25.5 crore; The Conclusion completes 100 days in theatres\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati wraps up shooting for Rudramadevi\". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rana-daggubati-wraps-up-shooting-for-rudramadevi/articleshow/41000696.cms","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati wraps up shooting for Rudramadevi\""}]},{"reference":"Balachandran, Logesh (9 October 2020). \"Anushka Shetty celebrates 5 years of Rudhramadevi: This journey is very special for me\". India Today. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anushka-shetty-celebrates-5-years-of-rudhramadevi-this-journey-is-very-special-for-me-1730079-2020-10-09","url_text":"\"Anushka Shetty celebrates 5 years of Rudhramadevi: This journey is very special for me\""}]},{"reference":"\"First look of Rana Daggubati in Rudramadevi\". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/first-look-of-rana-daggubati-in-rudramadevi/articleshow/27299344.cms","url_text":"\"First look of Rana Daggubati in Rudramadevi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rudramadevi Review Out: UK Film Critic Gives 4 Star Rating – The Hans India\". thehansindia.com. 9 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-10-08/Rudramadevi-review-out-UK-film-critic-gives-4-star-rating-179891","url_text":"\"Rudramadevi Review Out: UK Film Critic Gives 4 Star Rating – The Hans India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rudramadevi (Rudhramadevi) Movie Review and Rating: 3.5/5 , Allu Arjun, Anushka\". BLR Eagle. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151009221537/http://www.belvoireagle.com/entertainment/rudhramadevi-aka-rudramadevi-movie-review-rating-twitter-response-ft-anushka-shetty-allu-arjun-398.html","url_text":"\"Rudramadevi (Rudhramadevi) Movie Review and Rating: 3.5/5 , Allu Arjun, Anushka\""},{"url":"http://www.belvoireagle.com/entertainment/rudhramadevi-aka-rudramadevi-movie-review-rating-twitter-response-ft-anushka-shetty-allu-arjun-398.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jonnalagedda, Pranita, \"Rudhramadevi Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Rudhramadevi by Times of India\", The Times of India, retrieved 26 July 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/rudhramadevi/movie-review/49289505.cms","url_text":"\"Rudhramadevi Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Rudhramadevi by Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lakshmi Manchu, Satisfied with Dongata\". newindianexpress. 8 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2015/may/08/lakshmi-manchu-satisfied-with-dongata-757646.html","url_text":"\"Lakshmi Manchu, Satisfied with Dongata\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anushka, Arya team up again — Puducherry\". The Hindu. 28 February 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/anushka-arya-team-up-again/article6942670.ece","url_text":"\"Anushka, Arya team up again — Puducherry\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Size Zero' shooting completed\". IndiaGlitz. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiaglitz.com/size-zero-shooting-completed-telugu-news-137825.html","url_text":"\"'Size Zero' shooting completed\""}]},{"reference":"Rao, Subha J. (2 February 2016). \"Rana, the time traveller\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/rana-daggubati-on-bangalore-naatkal-and-baahubali/article8183982.ece","url_text":"\"Rana, the time traveller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati on His Role in Bangalore Days Remake\". NDTV.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rana-daggubati-on-his-role-in-bangalore-days-remake-1274156","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati on His Role in Bangalore Days Remake\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati regrets doing 'Bangalore Days' remake\". OnManorama. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/09/24/rana-daggubati-on-doing-bangalore-days-remake.html","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati regrets doing 'Bangalore Days' remake\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ghazi Attack: The Moment When Rana Daggubati Felt \"Immensely Patriotic\"\". NDTV.com. 6 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-ghazi-attack-the-moment-when-rana-daggubatis-felt-immensely-patriotic-1658407","url_text":"\"The Ghazi Attack: The Moment When Rana Daggubati Felt \"Immensely Patriotic\"\""}]},{"reference":"Groves, Don. \"Rana Daggubati And Kay Kay Menon Go To War In 'The Ghazi Attack'\". Forbes. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2017/02/15/rana-daggubati-and-kay-kay-menon-go-to-war-in-the-ghazi-attack/","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati And Kay Kay Menon Go To War In 'The Ghazi Attack'\""}]},{"reference":"Dundoo, Sangeetha Devi (21 January 2017). \"Meet the 'war lord'\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Meet-the-%E2%80%98war-lord%E2%80%99/article17073581.ece","url_text":"\"Meet the 'war lord'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ghazi Attack: Rana Daggubati said he missed sunlight during shoot\". The Indian Express. 7 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/the-ghazi-attack-rana-daggubati-said-he-missed-sunlight-while-its-shooting-4512906/","url_text":"\"The Ghazi Attack: Rana Daggubati said he missed sunlight during shoot\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ghazi Attack movie review: Nothing shrill about Rana Daggubati's patriotism\". Hindustan Times. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/the-ghazi-attack-movie-review-a-fine-war-film-with-some-brilliant-performances/story-MmopXhhpwlZVd0VXmiQwgN.html","url_text":"\"The Ghazi Attack movie review: Nothing shrill about Rana Daggubati's patriotism\""}]},{"reference":"Davis, Maggie (16 February 2017). \"Rana Daggubati and Kay Kay Menon's war drama is a must watch, say critics\". India News, Breaking News | India.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.india.com/entertainment/the-ghazi-attack-honest-review-rana-daggubati-and-kay-kay-menons-war-drama-is-a-must-watch-say-critics-1843889/","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati and Kay Kay Menon's war drama is a must watch, say critics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baahubali 2: Rana Daggubati's first look as Bhallaladeva is out and he looks vicious, see pic\". The Indian Express. 16 December 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-2-rana-dagubattis-first-look-as-bhalladeva-is-out-and-he-looks-vicious-see-pic-4426517/","url_text":"\"Baahubali 2: Rana Daggubati's first look as Bhallaladeva is out and he looks vicious, see pic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baahubali 2: Rana Daggubati shares candid behind-the-scenes pics\". Hindustan Times. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-2-rana-daggubati-shares-candid-behind-the-scene-pics/story-8ouqcuWvp5EfwbZ5bKyP1L.html","url_text":"\"Baahubali 2: Rana Daggubati shares candid behind-the-scenes pics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baahubali creates history by entering the 1,000 crore club\". The Times of India. 8 May 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/baahubali-creates-history-by-entering-the-1000-crore-club/articleshow/58560660.cms","url_text":"\"Baahubali creates history by entering the 1,000 crore club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top All Time India Grossers All Formats – 2.0 Second\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4535","url_text":"\"Top All Time India Grossers All Formats – 2.0 Second\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bahubali 2 Is The Biggest Hindi Blockbuster This Century\".","urls":[{"url":"https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2988","url_text":"\"Bahubali 2 Is The Biggest Hindi Blockbuster This Century\""}]},{"reference":"Groves, Don. \"The 'Baahubali 2' Phenomenon: Rana Daggubati Interview\". Forbes. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2017/05/02/the-baahubali-2-phenomenon-rana-daggubati-interview/","url_text":"\"The 'Baahubali 2' Phenomenon: Rana Daggubati Interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baahubali 2 Movie Review: SS Rajamouli's epic drama will be hard to forget anytime soon\". Firstpost. 28 April 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-movie-review-ss-rajamouli-bahubali-2-is-unforgettable-3409542.html","url_text":"\"Baahubali 2 Movie Review: SS Rajamouli's epic drama will be hard to forget anytime soon\""}]},{"reference":"Jagannath, J. (29 April 2017). \"Movie review: Baahubali 2 – The Conclusion is a colossal bore\". Business Standard India. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/movie-review-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-is-a-colossal-bore-117042800353_1.html","url_text":"\"Movie review: Baahubali 2 – The Conclusion is a colossal bore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baahubali 2: Prabhas, Rana's Powerful Performances Make It The Film of 2017\". News18. 4 May 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news18.com/news/movies/baahubali-2-movie-review-prabhas-rana-daggubatis-powerful-performances-make-it-the-film-of-2017-1386105.html","url_text":"\"Baahubali 2: Prabhas, Rana's Powerful Performances Make It The Film of 2017\""}]},{"reference":"Goud, Nagaraj (20 April 2016). \"Rajamouli nod awaited for Rana, Kajal coup\". The Hans India. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20170822152003/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2016-04-20/Rajamouli-nod-awaited-for-Rana-Kajal-coup/222765","url_text":"\"Rajamouli nod awaited for Rana, Kajal coup\""},{"url":"http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2016-04-20/Rajamouli-nod-awaited-for-Rana-Kajal-coup/222765","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A chat 'Nene Raju Nene Mantri' director Teja\". gulfnews.com. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/a-chat-nene-raju-nene-mantri-director-teja-1.2071209","url_text":"\"A chat 'Nene Raju Nene Mantri' director Teja\""}]},{"reference":"Rajendran, Sowmya (11 August 2017). \"'Nene Raju Nene Mantri' Review: A half-baked political thriller which tries too hard\". The News Minute. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20170902110210/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nene-raju-nene-mantri-review-half-baked-political-thriller-which-tries-too-hard-66638","url_text":"\"'Nene Raju Nene Mantri' Review: A half-baked political thriller which tries too hard\""},{"url":"http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nene-raju-nene-mantri-review-half-baked-political-thriller-which-tries-too-hard-66638","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kumar, K Naresh (12 August 2017). \"A patchy effort\". The Hans India. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20170902105703/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-08-12/A-patchy-effort-/318462","url_text":"\"A patchy effort\""},{"url":"http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-08-12/A-patchy-effort-/318462","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nene Raju Nene Mantri movie review: Rana Daggubati, Kajal shine in this riveting political drama\". Firstpost. 11 August 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nene-raju-nene-mantri-movie-review-rana-daggubati-kajal-shine-in-this-riveting-political-drama-3919591.html","url_text":"\"Nene Raju Nene Mantri movie review: Rana Daggubati, Kajal shine in this riveting political drama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati tells fans to be vary of 1945 poster released on Diwali: 'This is unfinished film, producer defaulted on money'\". Hindustan Times. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rana-daggubati-tells-fans-to-be-vary-of-1945-poster-released-on-diwali-this-is-unfinished-film-producer-defaulted-on-money/story-Arzzf4R3DmwfFg9UgBumFL.html","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati tells fans to be vary of 1945 poster released on Diwali: 'This is unfinished film, producer defaulted on money'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two years after announcing Hiranyakashyap, Rana Daggubati reveals why the film has been taking time\". Bollywood Hungama. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/two-years-announcing-hiranyakashyap-rana-daggubati-reveals-film-taking-time/","url_text":"\"Two years after announcing Hiranyakashyap, Rana Daggubati reveals why the film has been taking time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati's magnum opus 'Hiranyakashyap' temporarily shelved because of pandemic\". The News Minute. 9 October 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rana-daggubati-s-magnum-opus-hiranyakashyap-temporarily-shelved-because-pandemic-134990","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati's magnum opus 'Hiranyakashyap' temporarily shelved because of pandemic\""}]},{"reference":"@ranadaggubati (13 December 2017). \"My next is on its way!! #HaathiMereSaathi first look on January 1st 2018!!\" (Tweet). Retrieved 26 July 2021 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/ranadaggubati/status/941017563856646144","url_text":"\"My next is on its way!! #HaathiMereSaathi first look on January 1st 2018!!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"ANI (9 February 2018). \"Rana Daggubati to show his comic side in 'Welcome To New York'\". Business Standard India. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/rana-daggubati-to-show-his-comic-side-in-welcome-to-new-york-118020900651_1.html#:~:text=%27Baahubali%27%20star%20Rana%20Daggubati,,a%20better%20life%20for%20themselves.","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati to show his comic side in 'Welcome To New York'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati to show his comic side in 'Welcome To New York'\". Free Press Journal. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/rana-daggubati-to-show-his-comic-side-in-welcome-to-new-york","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati to show his comic side in 'Welcome To New York'\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Shalu (10 February 2018). \"Here's what Welcome To New York director has to say about Rana Daggubati's comic side\". www.indiatvnews.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-here-s-what-welcome-to-new-york-director-has-to-say-about-rana-daggubati-s-comic-side-427007","url_text":"\"Here's what Welcome To New York director has to say about Rana Daggubati's comic side\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana's first look from NTR biopic revealed\". The News Minute. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ranas-first-look-ntr-biopic-revealed-93357","url_text":"\"Rana's first look from NTR biopic revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"NTR biopic: Balakrishna, Rana Daggubati, Vidya Balan on working under Krish's direction\". Firstpost. 22 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ntr-biopic-balakrishna-rana-daggubati-vidya-balan-on-working-under-krishs-direction-5774881.html","url_text":"\"NTR biopic: Balakrishna, Rana Daggubati, Vidya Balan on working under Krish's direction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kathanayakudu: NTR biopic gets title and release date\". India Today. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ntr-biopic-titled-kathanayakudu-release-on-january-9-1355359-2018-10-04","url_text":"\"Kathanayakudu: NTR biopic gets title and release date\""}]},{"reference":"\"NTR biopic confirmed to release in two parts\". 123telugu.com. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ntr-biopic-confirmed-to-release-in-two-parts.html","url_text":"\"NTR biopic confirmed to release in two parts\""}]},{"reference":"\"NTR Biopic, Now Called Kathanayakudu, Gets A Release Date\". NDTV.com. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ntr-biopic-now-called-kathanayakudu-gets-a-release-date-1926767","url_text":"\"NTR Biopic, Now Called Kathanayakudu, Gets A Release Date\""}]},{"reference":"\"NTR Mahanayakudu Turns Out to be Biggest Failure of Nandamuri Balakrishna's Career: Report\". News18. 27 February 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ntr-mahanayakudu-turns-out-to-be-biggest-failure-of-nandamuri-balakrishnas-career-report-2049759.html","url_text":"\"NTR Mahanayakudu Turns Out to be Biggest Failure of Nandamuri Balakrishna's Career: Report\""}]},{"reference":"Hooli, Shekhar H. (27 February 2019). \"NTR: Mahanayakudu box office collection: It is the biggest failure of Nandamuri Balakrishna's career\". www.ibtimes.co.in. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ntr-mahanayakudu-box-office-collection-it-biggest-failure-nandamuri-balakrishnas-career-792733","url_text":"\"NTR: Mahanayakudu box office collection: It is the biggest failure of Nandamuri Balakrishna's career\""}]},{"reference":"kavirayani, suresh (24 February 2019). \"NTR Mahanayakudu movie review: Lacking in emotions\". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/240219/ntr-mahanayakudu-movie-review-lacking-in-emotions.html","url_text":"\"NTR Mahanayakudu movie review: Lacking in emotions\""}]},{"reference":"\"NTR Mahanayakudu movie review: Nandamuri Balakrishna film is high on drama, isn't a riveting political thriller\". Hindustan Times. 23 February 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ntr-mahanayakudu-movie-review-nandamuri-balakrishna-film-is-high-on-drama-isn-t-a-riveting-political-thriller/story-SbwgIiT394gu4dXjDz8hTI.html","url_text":"\"NTR Mahanayakudu movie review: Nandamuri Balakrishna film is high on drama, isn't a riveting political thriller\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Housefull 4': Did you spot Rana Daggubati in the crazy trailer?\". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/housefull-4-did-you-spot-rana-daggubati-in-the-crazy-trailer/articleshow/71330941.cms","url_text":"\"'Housefull 4': Did you spot Rana Daggubati in the crazy trailer?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati on Housefull 4: The story is so funny that I wanted to be a part of it\". India Today. 4 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/rana-daggubati-on-housefull-4-the-story-is-so-funny-that-i-wanted-to-be-a-part-of-it-1561827-2019-07-04","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati on Housefull 4: The story is so funny that I wanted to be a part of it\""}]},{"reference":"\"Akshay Kumar reveals Rana Daggubati's look in Housefull 4\". The Indian Express. 20 October 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rana-daggubati-akshay-kumar-housefull-4-6078599/","url_text":"\"Akshay Kumar reveals Rana Daggubati's look in Housefull 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"Confirmed: Rana Daggubati plays a cameo in Dhanush's ENPT\". India Today. 20 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/enai-noki-paayum-thota-rana-daggubati-dhanush-961590-2017-02-20","url_text":"\"Confirmed: Rana Daggubati plays a cameo in Dhanush's ENPT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati Joins Dhanush's Enai Noki Paayum Thota\". Scooptimes. 15 March 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scooptimes.com/news/rana-daggubati-joins-dhanushs-enai-noki-paayum-thota/2786","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati Joins Dhanush's Enai Noki Paayum Thota\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati and Vishnu Vishal's 'Kaadan' to release on 26 March\". The Times of India. 6 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rana-daggubati-and-vishnu-vishals-kaadan-to-release-on-march-26/articleshow/80130776.cms","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati and Vishnu Vishal's 'Kaadan' to release on 26 March\""}]},{"reference":"\"Makers of Kaadan announces the film's postponement\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/makers-of-kaadan-announces-the-films-postponement/articleshow/74653172.cms","url_text":"\"Makers of Kaadan announces the film's postponement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vishnu Vishal-Rana-starrer Kaadan slated for a Pongal release in theatres\". The Times of India. 21 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-rana-starrer-kaadan-slated-for-a-pongal-release-in-theatres/articleshow/78783873.cms","url_text":"\"Vishnu Vishal-Rana-starrer Kaadan slated for a Pongal release in theatres\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati's Haathi Mere Saathi theatrical release postponed due to rise in COVID-19 cases\". The Indian Express. 23 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rana-daggubatis-haathi-mere-saathi-theatrical-release-deferred-due-to-rise-in-covid-19-cases-7241489/","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati's Haathi Mere Saathi theatrical release postponed due to rise in COVID-19 cases\""}]},{"reference":"K., Janani (2 March 2020). \"Rana Daggubati: I had to lose 30 kg to go from Bhallaladeva in Baahubali to Kaadan\". India Today. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rana-daggubati-i-had-to-lose-30kg-to-go-from-bhallaladeva-in-baahubali-to-kaadan-1651655-2020-03-02","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati: I had to lose 30 kg to go from Bhallaladeva in Baahubali to Kaadan\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Sir are you okay?': When Rana Daggubati's drastic weight loss left netizens concerned\". www.zoomtventertainment.com. 14 December 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/article/sir-are-you-okay-when-rana-daggubatis-drastic-weight-loss-left-netizens-concerned/694166","url_text":"\"'Sir are you okay?': When Rana Daggubati's drastic weight loss left netizens concerned\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati Loses 30 Kilos For Haathi Mere Saathi\". News18. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rana-daggubati-loses-30-kilos-for-haathi-mere-saathi-2516607.html","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati Loses 30 Kilos For Haathi Mere Saathi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kaadan movie review: Rana Daggubati's film does a disservice to noble story\". Hindustan Times. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kaadan-movie-review-rana-daggubati-s-film-does-a-disservice-to-noble-story-101616759223556.html","url_text":"\"Kaadan movie review: Rana Daggubati's film does a disservice to noble story\""}]},{"reference":"hansindia (26 March 2021). \"Aranya Movie Review & Rating {2.75/5}\". www.thehansindia.com (in Telugu). Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/aranya-movie-review-rating-2755-78257","url_text":"\"Aranya Movie Review & Rating {2.75/5}\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati Upcoming Movies 2021, Release Date, Trailer and Budget\". India Today. 20 January 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/rana-daggubati-upcoming-movies-2021-release-date-trailer-and-budget-1761009-2021-01-20","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati Upcoming Movies 2021, Release Date, Trailer and Budget\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pawan Kalyan-Rana Daggubati's film: Makers unveil BTS video\". The Times of India. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyan-rana-daggubatis-film-makers-unveil-bts-video/articleshow/80463238.cms","url_text":"\"Pawan Kalyan-Rana Daggubati's film: Makers unveil BTS video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Venkatesh, Rana Daggubati to star in Netflix web series 'Rana Naidu'\". The Hindu. 22 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/venkatesh-and-rana-daggubati-in-netflix-web-series-rana-naidu-adaptation-of-american-crime-drama-ray-donovan/article36603034.ece","url_text":"\"Venkatesh, Rana Daggubati to star in Netflix web series 'Rana Naidu'\""}]},{"reference":"\"53rd National Film Awards\" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. pp. 93–94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171215103958/http://dff.nic.in:80/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf","url_text":"\"53rd National Film Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Film_Festivals","url_text":"Directorate of Film Festivals"},{"url":"http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Anthill Ventures and Suresh Productions launch Anthill Studio\". The Economic Times. 19 July 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/anthill-ventures-and-suresh-productions-launch-anthill-studio/articleshow/65053439.cms","url_text":"\"Anthill Ventures and Suresh Productions launch Anthill Studio\""}]},{"reference":"B, Satya (10 September 2020). \"Ramanaidu Studios: Over To Rana Daggubati?\". Gulte. Retrieved 25 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gulte.com/movienews/23673/ramanaidu-studios-over-to-rana-daggubati","url_text":"\"Ramanaidu Studios: Over To Rana Daggubati?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati - Articles & Biography\". Entrepreneur. Retrieved 25 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/topic/rana-daggubati","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati - Articles & Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Daggubati, Rana (14 May 2011). \"Spirit media P. Limited was the company I owned and worked for 5yrs before being an actor\". @ranadaggubati. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/ranadaggubati/status/69432448022360064?lang=en","url_text":"\"Spirit media P. Limited was the company I owned and worked for 5yrs before being an actor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Acting came naturally to me: Rana\". Deccan Herald. 17 November 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanherald.com/content/36358/acting-came-naturally-me-rana.html","url_text":"\"Acting came naturally to me: Rana\""}]},{"reference":"\"AWN's Animation Industry Database\". www.aidb.com. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aidb.com/?ltype=list&cat=btype&btype=012&loc2=India&offset=0&order=&company_no=21403","url_text":"\"AWN's Animation Industry Database\""}]},{"reference":"V. Kurmanath, K. (15 March 2023). \"Rana Daggubati-backed Spirit Media gets funding\". www.thehindubusinessline.com. Retrieved 26 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/rana-daggubati-backed-spirit-media-gets-funding/article66622603.ece","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati-backed Spirit Media gets funding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati on his new web series Social, and why venturing into the digital space is so exciting\". Firstpost. 9 September 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rana-daggubati-on-his-new-web-series-social-and-why-venturing-into-the-digital-space-is-so-exciting-4025015.html","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati on his new web series Social, and why venturing into the digital space is so exciting\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1 Yaari with Rana season 3 to premiere on March 15\". The Times of India. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/no-1-yaari-with-rana-season-3-to-premiere-on-march-15/articleshow/74555010.cms","url_text":"\"No. 1 Yaari with Rana season 3 to premiere on March 15\""}]},{"reference":"\"Avengers: Infinity War Telugu dubbed version to feature Rana Daggubati's voice as supervillain Thanos\". Firstpost. 26 March 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/avengers-infinity-war-telugu-dubbed-version-to-feature-rana-daggubatis-voice-as-supervillain-thanos-4405387.html","url_text":"\"Avengers: Infinity War Telugu dubbed version to feature Rana Daggubati's voice as supervillain Thanos\""}]},{"reference":"K. V., Kurmanath (16 January 2018). \"Kwan ties up with Rana Daggubati\". The Hindu BusinessLine. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/kwan-ties-up-with-rana-daggubati/article9202445.ece","url_text":"\"Kwan ties up with Rana Daggubati\""}]},{"reference":"Bureau, Adgully (18 July 2018). \"Kwan South aims to herald a new era for Entertainment\". www.adgully.com. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adgully.com/kwan-south-aims-to-herald-a-new-era-for-entertainment-79331.html","url_text":"\"Kwan South aims to herald a new era for Entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"Rode, Alan K. (17 November 2017), \"A Stirred-up Anthill\", Michael Curtiz, University Press of Kentucky, doi:10.5810/kentucky/9780813173917.003.0005, ISBN 978-0-8131-7391-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5810%2Fkentucky%2F9780813173917.003.0005","url_text":"10.5810/kentucky/9780813173917.003.0005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-7391-7","url_text":"978-0-8131-7391-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Accelerator Program for Media and Entertainment Startups\". Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://anthillstudio.co/","url_text":"\"Accelerator Program for Media and Entertainment Startups\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anthill Ventures, Suresh Productions invite applications for second cohort of Anthill Studio\". The Economic Times. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/anthill-ventures-suresh-productions-invite-applications-for-second-cohort-of-anthill-studio/articleshow/67896879.cms","url_text":"\"Anthill Ventures, Suresh Productions invite applications for second cohort of Anthill Studio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati On Giving Amar Chitra Katha A Tech Revamp\". Film Companion. 6 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/rana-daggubati-on-giving-amar-chitra-katha-a-tech-revamp-and-learning-from-the-baahubali-success-story","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati On Giving Amar Chitra Katha A Tech Revamp\""}]},{"reference":"Dundoo, Sangeetha Devi (30 March 2019). \"ACK Alive: Space for all things creative\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/amar-chitra-katha-sets-up-its-first-creative-learning-centre-in-hyderabad-bolstered-by-support-from-rana-daggubati/article26687258.ece","url_text":"\"ACK Alive: Space for all things creative\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati joins Hyderabad FC as co-owner\". The Times of India. 24 October 2019. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/rana-daggubati-joins-hyderabad-fc-as-co-owner/articleshow/71745491.cms","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati joins Hyderabad FC as co-owner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210518105755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/rana-daggubati-joins-hyderabad-fc-as-co-owner/articleshow/71745491.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati launches his YouTube channel called South Bay: Very exciting time to be content producer\". India TV News. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/rana-daggubati-launches-his-youtube-channel-called-south-bay-very-exciting-time-to-be-content-producer-663674","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati launches his YouTube channel called South Bay: Very exciting time to be content producer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati launches his YouTube channel South Bay\". The Indian Express. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rana-daggubati-launches-youtube-channel-south-bay-7025388/","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati launches his YouTube channel South Bay\""}]},{"reference":"Ranipeta, Shilpa (8 April 2022). \"Live commerce platform Roposo partners with actor Rana Daggubati to launch co-created men's grooming brand 'DCRAF'\". CNBC TV18. Retrieved 24 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/live-commerce-platform-roposo-partners-with-actor-rana-daggubati-to-launch-co-created-mens-grooming-brand-dcraf-13094542.htm","url_text":"\"Live commerce platform Roposo partners with actor Rana Daggubati to launch co-created men's grooming brand 'DCRAF'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baahubali actor Rana Daggubati gets engaged to entrepreneur Miheeka Bajaj\". Business Today. 12 May 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/baahubali-actor-rana-daggubati-gets-engaged-to-entrepreneur-miheeka-bajaj-257948-2020-05-12","url_text":"\"Baahubali actor Rana Daggubati gets engaged to entrepreneur Miheeka Bajaj\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati gets engaged to Miheeka Bajaj at Ramanaidu Studios in Hyderabad\". The Hindu. 21 May 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 6 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rana-daggubati-gets-engaged-to-miheeka-bajaj-at-ramanaidu-studios-in-hyderabad/article31639123.ece","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati gets engaged to Miheeka Bajaj at Ramanaidu Studios in Hyderabad\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"Raghuvanshi, Aakanksha (10 August 2020). \"Inside Pics From Miheeka Bajaj And Rana Daggubati's Wedding\". NDTV. Retrieved 6 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/inside-pics-from-miheeka-bajaj-and-rana-daggubatis-wedding-2276476","url_text":"\"Inside Pics From Miheeka Bajaj And Rana Daggubati's Wedding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati on Project K, S.S Rajamouli, Entrepreneurship & Why 80% movies flop? | RawTalks EP-50\". YouTube. Raw Talks With VK. 4 May 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024. time stamp 7:44 - \"I was always non-vegetarian\"","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDzfs62WnD8","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati on Project K, S.S Rajamouli, Entrepreneurship & Why 80% movies flop? | RawTalks EP-50\""}]},{"reference":"Gona, Sai Durga (23 December 2017). \"Check Out The List Of Telugu Actors In Forbes India Celebrity 100 – Wirally\". Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wirally.com/check-out-the-list-of-telugu-actors-in-forbes-india-celebrity-100/","url_text":"\"Check Out The List Of Telugu Actors In Forbes India Celebrity 100 – Wirally\""}]},{"reference":"\"Times Most Desirable Men of 2011: Rana Daggubati – No. 20 – Video\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/lifestyle/Times-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-Rana-Daggubati--No-20/videoshow/11759965.cms","url_text":"\"Times Most Desirable Men of 2011: Rana Daggubati – No. 20 – Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bipasha is like family: Rana Daggubati\". The Times of India. 16 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131207053812/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-16/news-interviews/30524477_1_rana-daggubati-naa-ishtam-bipasha-basu","url_text":"\"Bipasha is like family: Rana Daggubati\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-16/news-interviews/30524477_1_rana-daggubati-naa-ishtam-bipasha-basu","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Times top 50 Most Desirable Men of 2012\". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/times-top-50-most-desirable-men-of-2012/articleshow/19895114.cms","url_text":"\"Times top 50 Most Desirable Men of 2012\""}]},{"reference":"Gupta, Priya. \"Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2014\". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/times-50-most-desirable-men-2014/articleshow/47071834.cms","url_text":"\"Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rana Daggubati is on No. 11 on Times Most Desirable Men 2015 list!\". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rana-daggubati/articleshow/52163604.cms","url_text":"\"Rana Daggubati is on No. 11 on Times Most Desirable Men 2015 list!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here are the other winners of The Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2017\". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/here-are-the-other-winners-of-the-times-50-most-desirable-men-2017/articleshow/64017683.cms","url_text":"\"Here are the other winners of The Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 50 Desirable Man Of 2018, As Per Times Of India – Wirally\". 17 May 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wirally.com/top-50-desirable-man-of-2018/","url_text":"\"Top 50 Desirable Man Of 2018, As Per Times Of India – Wirally\""}]},{"reference":"\"Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2019: Vijay Deverakonda Beats Ram Charan and Rana Daggubati\". Sakshi Post. 22 August 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/vijay-deverakonda-beats-ram-charan-and-rana-daggubati-123143","url_text":"\"Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2019: Vijay Deverakonda Beats Ram Charan and Rana Daggubati\""}]},{"reference":"Madhu, Vignesh (5 June 2021). \"5 South Indian actors in the Times Most Desirable Man of 2020; Here's the full list\". onlookersmedia. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/5-south-indian-actors-times-most-desirable-man-of-2020-heres-full-list/","url_text":"\"5 South Indian actors in the Times Most Desirable Man of 2020; Here's the full list\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Most Promising Newcomer of 2011 – Male\". The Times of India. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-Most-Promising-Newcomer-of-2011--Male/articleshow/12402801.cms","url_text":"\"The Most Promising Newcomer of 2011 – Male\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the Sexiest Asian Men!\". Rediff. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-the-sexiest-asian-men/20151217.htm","url_text":"\"Meet the Sexiest Asian Men!\""}]},{"reference":"\"IMAGES: Best-dressed Indian men of 2011!\". Rediff. 13 June 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-best-dressed-indian-men-of-2011/20110613.htm","url_text":"\"IMAGES: Best-dressed Indian men of 2011!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google's most searched celebrities of 2017 revealed: Bigg Boss 11 contestants dominate the list\". The Indian Express. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/sunny-leone-arshi-khan-shilpa-shinde-disha-patani-4982525/","url_text":"\"Google's most searched celebrities of 2017 revealed: Bigg Boss 11 contestants dominate the list\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ubon ropes in Rana Daggubati as brand ambassador\". The Financial Express. 6 October 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/ubon-ropes-in-rana-daggubati-as-brand-ambassador/2099364/","url_text":"\"Ubon ropes in Rana Daggubati as brand ambassador\""}]},{"reference":"\"'CEAT' Ropes In Rana Daggubati As Brand Ambassador For New Range Of Bike Tyres\". Outlook. 13 February 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/business-news-ceat-ropes-in-rana-daggubati-as-brand-ambassador-for-new-range-of-bike-tyres/374143","url_text":"\"'CEAT' Ropes In Rana Daggubati As Brand Ambassador For New Range Of Bike Tyres\""}]},{"reference":"Adivi, Sashidhar (19 July 2021). \"My madness is now more organised: Rana Daggubati\". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/190721/my-madness-is-now-more-organised-rana-daggubati.html","url_text":"\"My madness is now more organised: Rana Daggubati\""}]},{"reference":"Writer, Oneindia Staff (8 August 2017). \"Pro Kabaddi signs actor Rana Daggubati as brand ambassador\". www.mykhel.com. Retrieved 26 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mykhel.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-signs-actor-rana-daggubati-as-brand-ambassador-018352.html","url_text":"\"Pro Kabaddi signs actor Rana Daggubati as brand ambassador\""}]},{"reference":"\"SPNI to launch two new sports channels TEN 4 & TEN 4 HD – Exchange4media\". Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/spni-to-launch-two-new-sports-channels-ten-4-ten-4-hd-113062.html","url_text":"\"SPNI to launch two new sports channels TEN 4 & TEN 4 HD – Exchange4media\""}]},{"reference":"Mohan, Megha (17 June 2021). \"Sony Pictures Sports Network's strings to Rana Daggubati as \"face of SONY TEN 4\"\". Passionate In Marketing. Retrieved 6 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.passionateinmarketing.com/sony-pictures-sports-networks-strings-to-rana-daggubati-as-face-of-sony-ten-4/","url_text":"\"Sony Pictures Sports Network's strings to Rana Daggubati as \"face of SONY TEN 4\"\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rana+Daggubati%22","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rana+Daggubati%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rana+Daggubati%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rana+Daggubati%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rana+Daggubati%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rana+Daggubati%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/business/future-group-to-sell-186-stake-in-amar-chitra-katha-for-1362-crore/article65389636.ece","external_links_name":"\"Future Group to sell 18.6% stake in Amar Chitra Katha for ₹13.62 crore\""},{"Link":"http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-rana-daggubati-from-leader-to-baahubali-ranas-blockbuster-journey-4426733/","external_links_name":"\"Happy Birthday Rana Daggubati: From Leader to Baahubali, Rana's blockbuster journey\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-2-rana-dagubattis-first-look-as-bhalladeva-is-out-and-he-looks-vicious-see-pic-4426517/","external_links_name":"\"Baahubali 2: Rana Daggubati's first look as Bhallaladeva is out and he looks vicious, see pic\""},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/from-baahubali-to-ghazi-rana-has-come-a-long-way/articleshow/56808105.cms","external_links_name":"\"From 'Baahubali' to 'Ghazi', Rana Daggubati has come a long way\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/content-is-king-for-rana-daggubati-as-ghazi-baahubali-2-win-national-awards/story-PSsVEbwIA8AMU6L7bxxaAJ.html","external_links_name":"\"Content is king for Rana Daggubati as Ghazi, Baahubali 2 win National Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/rana-daggubati-the-entrepreneur-1549260714703.html","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati: The entrepreneur\""},{"Link":"https://www.india.com/lifestyle/happy-birthday-rana-daggubati-8-times-the-baahubali-actor-inspired-us-to-workout-1705400/","external_links_name":"\"Happy birthday Rana Daggubati: 8 times the Baahubali actor inspired us to workout\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jul/12/baahubali-the-beginning-review-fantastic-bang-for-your-buck-in-most-expensive-indian-movie-ever-made","external_links_name":"\"Baahubali: The Beginning review – fantastic bang for your buck in most expensive Indian movie ever made\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/baahubali-review-a-little-more-a-little-less/article7407650.ece","external_links_name":"\"Baahubali review: A little more, a little less\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150712181050/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Baahubali-Smashes-Box-Office-Records-Rakes-in-Rs-68-Crore/2015/07/12/article2915510.ece","external_links_name":"\"Baahubali Smashes Box Office Records, Rakes in Rs 68 Crore\""},{"Link":"http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Baahubali-Smashes-Box-Office-Records-Rakes-in-Rs-68-Crore/2015/07/12/article2915510.ece","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.mansworldindia.com/covers/double-life-rana-daggubati/","external_links_name":"\"The Double Life Of Rana Daggubati\""},{"Link":"https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/festival/trustees","external_links_name":"\"Mumbai Academy of Moving Image - Trustees Site\""},{"Link":"http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/what-caused-bhallaladeva-aka-rana-daggubati-to-go-blind-in-one-eye/298703","external_links_name":"\"What Caused Bhallaladeva, Aka Rana Daggubati, To Go Blind In One Eye?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120210104406/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-04/news-interviews/31024699_1_telugu-film-hindi-films-tamil-film","external_links_name":"\"The new entrants in Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2011\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-04/news-interviews/31024699_1_telugu-film-hindi-films-tamil-film","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131104053437/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-19/news-interviews/29674523_1_family-man-genelia-rana-daggubati","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati's a family man\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-19/news-interviews/29674523_1_family-man-genelia-rana-daggubati","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rana-Daggubati-I-love-my-grandfather-the-most-in-the-world/articleshow/46002922.cms","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati: I love my grandfather the most in the world\""},{"Link":"http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/what-caused-bhallaladeva-aka-rana-daggubati-to-go-blind-in-one-eye/298703","external_links_name":"\"What Caused Bhallaladeva, Aka Rana Daggubati, To Go Blind In One Eye?\""},{"Link":"http://www.india.com/buzz/rana-daggubatiRana","external_links_name":"\"Daggubati admitted -is-blind-in-one-eye-bahubali-2-villain-bhallala-deva-admits-of-getting-a-donated-eye-in-viral-video-2085164/\""},{"Link":"https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-actor-rana-daggubati-makes-stunning-revelation-says-he-is-blind-in-one-eye/647927/","external_links_name":"\"Baahubali 2: The Conclusion actor Rana Daggubati makes stunning revelation, says he is blind in one eye\""},{"Link":"https://www.stmaryscollege.in/the-college/alumni/","external_links_name":"\"Alumni\""},{"Link":"https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/celebrities-movies/did-you-know-baahubali-fame-rana-daggubati-holds-a-degree-in-industrial-photography/2022/01/29","external_links_name":"\"Did You Know? Baahubali Fame Rana Daggubati Holds A Degree In Industrial Photography\""},{"Link":"https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/rana-daggubati-miheeka-bajaj-hyderabad-home-inside-pictures-videos","external_links_name":"\"18 pictures and videos that take you inside Rana Daggubati and Miheeka Bajaj's expansive home in Hyderabad\""},{"Link":"https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/prabhas-wants-a-new-address-in-mumbai-23162726","external_links_name":"\"Prabhas wants a new address in Mumbai\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/leader/ET00004301","external_links_name":"\"Leader (2010) – Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date – BookMyShow\""},{"Link":"http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-leader.html","external_links_name":"\"Leader film review – Telugu cinema Review – RaNa Daggubati, Richa Gangopadhyay & Priya Anand\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140325045621/http://www.sify.com/movies/leader-review-telugu-14932151.html","external_links_name":"\"Movie Review : Leader\""},{"Link":"http://www.sify.com/movies/leader-review-telugu-14932151.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/19/south-telugu-movie-review-leader.htm","external_links_name":"\"Review: Leader comes at the right time – Rediff.com Movies\""},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/movie-reviews/Leader/movie-review/5596902.cms","external_links_name":"\"Leader movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India\""},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Dum-Maaro-Dum/movie-review/8046811.cms","external_links_name":"\"Dum Maaro Dum-Gripping thriller\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101027091247/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14263/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Movie Reviews\""},{"Link":"http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14263/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Nenu-Naa-Rakshasi-Romancing-the-killer/article15608209.ece","external_links_name":"\"Nenu Naa Rakshasi: Romancing the killer\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-rana-daggubati/20110427.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati turns professional killer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110623105715/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/67903.html","external_links_name":"\"Allu Arjun rejects Ileana\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/67903.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121130040012/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/7950-7.html","external_links_name":"\"'Leader' to 'Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum': Why hasn't Rana Daggubati found a foothold yet?|South Cinema Photos\""},{"Link":"http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/7950-7.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/review-nenu-naa-rakshasi-10282","external_links_name":"\"Review: Nenu Naa Rakshasi\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/naa-ishtam-i-me-myself/article3219771.ece","external_links_name":"\"Naa Ishtam: I, me, myself\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://www.news18.com/news/india/telugu-review-naa-ishtam-works-for-genelia-458945.html","external_links_name":"\"Telugu Review: 'Naa Ishtam' works for Genelia\""},{"Link":"https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-naa-ishtam-has-a-stereotypical-plot/20120323.htm","external_links_name":"\"Naa Ishtam has a stereotypical plot\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120708221714/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-10/bollywood/31318457_1_sanjay-dutt-amitabh-bachchan-sarjeroa","external_links_name":"\"Department\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-10/bollywood/31318457_1_sanjay-dutt-amitabh-bachchan-sarjeroa","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120523002511/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=710","external_links_name":"\"NDTVMovies.com : Bollywood News, Reviews, Celebrity News, Hollywood news, Entertainment News, Videos & Photos\""},{"Link":"http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=710","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.masala.com/35636-rgv-and-sanjay-dutt-in-a-verbal-spat","external_links_name":"\"The filmmaker criticised Sanjay's interference after 'Department's poor show at the BO\""},{"Link":"http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-heads-towards-rs-45-cr-collections-112120300045_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum heads towards Rs 45-cr collections\""},{"Link":"http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2012/krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-strikes-gold-box-office-101632.html","external_links_name":"\"Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum strikes gold at Box Office\""},{"Link":"http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kvj.html","external_links_name":"\"Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum review – Telugu cinema – Rana Daggubati & Nayantara\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Myth-recreates-reality/article15616878.ece","external_links_name":"\"Myth recreates reality\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/movie-review-krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-630101","external_links_name":"\"Movie Review: Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/krishnam-vande-jagadgurum/movie-review/17429764.cms","external_links_name":"\"Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum by Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120729182945/http://www.sify.com/movies/rana-confirms-cameo-in-ajith-film-news-tamil-mh2rv5fdhfh.html","external_links_name":"\"Rana confirms cameo in Ajith film!\""},{"Link":"http://www.sify.com/movies/rana-confirms-cameo-in-ajith-film-news-tamil-mh2rv5fdhfh.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140424201521/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1439610/Ranas-cameo-in-Yeh-Jawani-Hai-Deewani","external_links_name":"\"Rana's cameo in Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani | Hindi Movies News\""},{"Link":"http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1439610/Ranas-cameo-in-Yeh-Jawani-Hai-Deewani","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130629121411/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-17/tamil/33248293_1_krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-rana-daggubati-ajith","external_links_name":"\"Rana shoots with Ajith\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-17/tamil/33248293_1_krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-rana-daggubati-ajith","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130222072403/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-11/news-interviews/37039886_1_rana-daggubati-anushka-shetty-period-film","external_links_name":"\"Rana as Chalukya in Anushka's Rudrama Devi\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-11/news-interviews/37039886_1_rana-daggubati-anushka-shetty-period-film","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130421094056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-11/news-interviews/37038287_1_prasad-devineni-rana-daggubati-director-rajamouli","external_links_name":"\"Director Rajamouli in location hunt for Bahubali\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-11/news-interviews/37038287_1_prasad-devineni-rana-daggubati-director-rajamouli","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/baahubali-nostalgia-rana-daggubati-shares-story-picture-of-beginning-of-the-bahubali-series","external_links_name":"\"Baahubali Nostalgia! Rana Daggubati shares story picture of beginning of the Bahubali series\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/baahubali-film-review-808168/","external_links_name":"\"'Bahubali': Film Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-how-rana-daggubati-was-inspired-by-daniel-day-lewis-to-play-bhallaladeva-3392908.html","external_links_name":"\"Baahubali 2: How Rana Daggubati was inspired by Daniel Day-Lewis to play Bhallaladeva\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/baahubali-has-increased-my-market-value-rana-daggubati/article18305521.ece/amp/","external_links_name":"\"Baahubali has increased my market value\""},{"Link":"https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/baahubali-the-beginning-review/5090691.article","external_links_name":"\"'Baahubali: The Beginning': Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-2-box-office-collection-rajamouli-prabhas-rana-958308-2017-02-01","external_links_name":"\"Has SS Rajamouli's Baahubali 2 earned Rs 500 cr even before release?\""},{"Link":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bahubali-2-baahubali-rights-snapped-up-by-netflix-for-rs-25-5-crore-the-conclusion-completes-100-days-in-theatres-3914757.html","external_links_name":"\"Baahubali rights snapped up by Netflix for Rs 25.5 crore; The Conclusion completes 100 days in theatres\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rana-daggubati-wraps-up-shooting-for-rudramadevi/articleshow/41000696.cms","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati wraps up shooting for Rudramadevi\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anushka-shetty-celebrates-5-years-of-rudhramadevi-this-journey-is-very-special-for-me-1730079-2020-10-09","external_links_name":"\"Anushka Shetty celebrates 5 years of Rudhramadevi: This journey is very special for me\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/first-look-of-rana-daggubati-in-rudramadevi/articleshow/27299344.cms","external_links_name":"\"First look of Rana Daggubati in Rudramadevi\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-10-08/Rudramadevi-review-out-UK-film-critic-gives-4-star-rating-179891","external_links_name":"\"Rudramadevi Review Out: UK Film Critic Gives 4 Star Rating – The Hans India\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151009221537/http://www.belvoireagle.com/entertainment/rudhramadevi-aka-rudramadevi-movie-review-rating-twitter-response-ft-anushka-shetty-allu-arjun-398.html","external_links_name":"\"Rudramadevi (Rudhramadevi) Movie Review and Rating: 3.5/5 , Allu Arjun, Anushka\""},{"Link":"http://www.belvoireagle.com/entertainment/rudhramadevi-aka-rudramadevi-movie-review-rating-twitter-response-ft-anushka-shetty-allu-arjun-398.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/rudhramadevi/movie-review/49289505.cms","external_links_name":"\"Rudhramadevi Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Rudhramadevi by Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2015/may/08/lakshmi-manchu-satisfied-with-dongata-757646.html","external_links_name":"\"Lakshmi Manchu, Satisfied with Dongata\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/anushka-arya-team-up-again/article6942670.ece","external_links_name":"\"Anushka, Arya team up again — Puducherry\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiaglitz.com/size-zero-shooting-completed-telugu-news-137825.html","external_links_name":"\"'Size Zero' shooting completed\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/rana-daggubati-on-bangalore-naatkal-and-baahubali/article8183982.ece","external_links_name":"\"Rana, the time traveller\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rana-daggubati-on-his-role-in-bangalore-days-remake-1274156","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati on His Role in Bangalore Days Remake\""},{"Link":"https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/09/24/rana-daggubati-on-doing-bangalore-days-remake.html","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati regrets doing 'Bangalore Days' remake\""},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-ghazi-attack-the-moment-when-rana-daggubatis-felt-immensely-patriotic-1658407","external_links_name":"\"The Ghazi Attack: The Moment When Rana Daggubati Felt \"Immensely Patriotic\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2017/02/15/rana-daggubati-and-kay-kay-menon-go-to-war-in-the-ghazi-attack/","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati And Kay Kay Menon Go To War In 'The Ghazi Attack'\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Meet-the-%E2%80%98war-lord%E2%80%99/article17073581.ece","external_links_name":"\"Meet the 'war lord'\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/the-ghazi-attack-rana-daggubati-said-he-missed-sunlight-while-its-shooting-4512906/","external_links_name":"\"The Ghazi Attack: Rana Daggubati said he missed sunlight during shoot\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/the-ghazi-attack-movie-review-a-fine-war-film-with-some-brilliant-performances/story-MmopXhhpwlZVd0VXmiQwgN.html","external_links_name":"\"The Ghazi Attack movie review: Nothing shrill about Rana Daggubati's patriotism\""},{"Link":"https://www.india.com/entertainment/the-ghazi-attack-honest-review-rana-daggubati-and-kay-kay-menons-war-drama-is-a-must-watch-say-critics-1843889/","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati and Kay Kay Menon's war drama is a must watch, say critics\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-2-rana-dagubattis-first-look-as-bhalladeva-is-out-and-he-looks-vicious-see-pic-4426517/","external_links_name":"\"Baahubali 2: Rana Daggubati's first look as Bhallaladeva is out and he looks vicious, see pic\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-2-rana-daggubati-shares-candid-behind-the-scene-pics/story-8ouqcuWvp5EfwbZ5bKyP1L.html","external_links_name":"\"Baahubali 2: Rana Daggubati shares candid behind-the-scenes pics\""},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/baahubali-creates-history-by-entering-the-1000-crore-club/articleshow/58560660.cms","external_links_name":"\"Baahubali creates history by entering the 1,000 crore club\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4535","external_links_name":"\"Top All Time India Grossers All Formats – 2.0 Second\""},{"Link":"https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2988","external_links_name":"\"Bahubali 2 Is The Biggest Hindi Blockbuster This Century\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2017/05/02/the-baahubali-2-phenomenon-rana-daggubati-interview/","external_links_name":"\"The 'Baahubali 2' Phenomenon: Rana Daggubati Interview\""},{"Link":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-movie-review-ss-rajamouli-bahubali-2-is-unforgettable-3409542.html","external_links_name":"\"Baahubali 2 Movie Review: SS Rajamouli's epic drama will be hard to forget anytime soon\""},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/movie-review-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-is-a-colossal-bore-117042800353_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Movie review: Baahubali 2 – The Conclusion is a colossal bore\""},{"Link":"https://www.news18.com/news/movies/baahubali-2-movie-review-prabhas-rana-daggubatis-powerful-performances-make-it-the-film-of-2017-1386105.html","external_links_name":"\"Baahubali 2: Prabhas, Rana's Powerful Performances Make It The Film of 2017\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20170822152003/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2016-04-20/Rajamouli-nod-awaited-for-Rana-Kajal-coup/222765","external_links_name":"\"Rajamouli nod awaited for Rana, Kajal coup\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2016-04-20/Rajamouli-nod-awaited-for-Rana-Kajal-coup/222765","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/a-chat-nene-raju-nene-mantri-director-teja-1.2071209","external_links_name":"\"A chat 'Nene Raju Nene Mantri' director Teja\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20170902110210/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nene-raju-nene-mantri-review-half-baked-political-thriller-which-tries-too-hard-66638","external_links_name":"\"'Nene Raju Nene Mantri' Review: A half-baked political thriller which tries too hard\""},{"Link":"http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nene-raju-nene-mantri-review-half-baked-political-thriller-which-tries-too-hard-66638","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20170902105703/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-08-12/A-patchy-effort-/318462","external_links_name":"\"A patchy effort\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-08-12/A-patchy-effort-/318462","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nene-raju-nene-mantri-movie-review-rana-daggubati-kajal-shine-in-this-riveting-political-drama-3919591.html","external_links_name":"\"Nene Raju Nene Mantri movie review: Rana Daggubati, Kajal shine in this riveting political drama\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rana-daggubati-tells-fans-to-be-vary-of-1945-poster-released-on-diwali-this-is-unfinished-film-producer-defaulted-on-money/story-Arzzf4R3DmwfFg9UgBumFL.html","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati tells fans to be vary of 1945 poster released on Diwali: 'This is unfinished film, producer defaulted on money'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/two-years-announcing-hiranyakashyap-rana-daggubati-reveals-film-taking-time/","external_links_name":"\"Two years after announcing Hiranyakashyap, Rana Daggubati reveals why the film has been taking time\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rana-daggubati-s-magnum-opus-hiranyakashyap-temporarily-shelved-because-pandemic-134990","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati's magnum opus 'Hiranyakashyap' temporarily shelved because of pandemic\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/ranadaggubati/status/941017563856646144","external_links_name":"\"My next is on its way!! #HaathiMereSaathi first look on January 1st 2018!!\""},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/rana-daggubati-to-show-his-comic-side-in-welcome-to-new-york-118020900651_1.html#:~:text=%27Baahubali%27%20star%20Rana%20Daggubati,,a%20better%20life%20for%20themselves.","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati to show his comic side in 'Welcome To New York'\""},{"Link":"https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/rana-daggubati-to-show-his-comic-side-in-welcome-to-new-york","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati to show his comic side in 'Welcome To New York'\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-here-s-what-welcome-to-new-york-director-has-to-say-about-rana-daggubati-s-comic-side-427007","external_links_name":"\"Here's what Welcome To New York director has to say about Rana Daggubati's comic side\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ranas-first-look-ntr-biopic-revealed-93357","external_links_name":"\"Rana's first look from NTR biopic revealed\""},{"Link":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ntr-biopic-balakrishna-rana-daggubati-vidya-balan-on-working-under-krishs-direction-5774881.html","external_links_name":"\"NTR biopic: Balakrishna, Rana Daggubati, Vidya Balan on working under Krish's direction\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ntr-biopic-titled-kathanayakudu-release-on-january-9-1355359-2018-10-04","external_links_name":"\"Kathanayakudu: NTR biopic gets title and release date\""},{"Link":"https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ntr-biopic-confirmed-to-release-in-two-parts.html","external_links_name":"\"NTR biopic confirmed to release in two parts\""},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ntr-biopic-now-called-kathanayakudu-gets-a-release-date-1926767","external_links_name":"\"NTR Biopic, Now Called Kathanayakudu, Gets A Release Date\""},{"Link":"https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ntr-mahanayakudu-turns-out-to-be-biggest-failure-of-nandamuri-balakrishnas-career-report-2049759.html","external_links_name":"\"NTR Mahanayakudu Turns Out to be Biggest Failure of Nandamuri Balakrishna's Career: Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ntr-mahanayakudu-box-office-collection-it-biggest-failure-nandamuri-balakrishnas-career-792733","external_links_name":"\"NTR: Mahanayakudu box office collection: It is the biggest failure of Nandamuri Balakrishna's career\""},{"Link":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/240219/ntr-mahanayakudu-movie-review-lacking-in-emotions.html","external_links_name":"\"NTR Mahanayakudu movie review: Lacking in emotions\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ntr-mahanayakudu-movie-review-nandamuri-balakrishna-film-is-high-on-drama-isn-t-a-riveting-political-thriller/story-SbwgIiT394gu4dXjDz8hTI.html","external_links_name":"\"NTR Mahanayakudu movie review: Nandamuri Balakrishna film is high on drama, isn't a riveting political thriller\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/housefull-4-did-you-spot-rana-daggubati-in-the-crazy-trailer/articleshow/71330941.cms","external_links_name":"\"'Housefull 4': Did you spot Rana Daggubati in the crazy trailer?\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/rana-daggubati-on-housefull-4-the-story-is-so-funny-that-i-wanted-to-be-a-part-of-it-1561827-2019-07-04","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati on Housefull 4: The story is so funny that I wanted to be a part of it\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rana-daggubati-akshay-kumar-housefull-4-6078599/","external_links_name":"\"Akshay Kumar reveals Rana Daggubati's look in Housefull 4\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/enai-noki-paayum-thota-rana-daggubati-dhanush-961590-2017-02-20","external_links_name":"\"Confirmed: Rana Daggubati plays a cameo in Dhanush's ENPT\""},{"Link":"https://www.scooptimes.com/news/rana-daggubati-joins-dhanushs-enai-noki-paayum-thota/2786","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati Joins Dhanush's Enai Noki Paayum Thota\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rana-daggubati-and-vishnu-vishals-kaadan-to-release-on-march-26/articleshow/80130776.cms","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati and Vishnu Vishal's 'Kaadan' to release on 26 March\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/makers-of-kaadan-announces-the-films-postponement/articleshow/74653172.cms","external_links_name":"\"Makers of Kaadan announces the film's postponement\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-rana-starrer-kaadan-slated-for-a-pongal-release-in-theatres/articleshow/78783873.cms","external_links_name":"\"Vishnu Vishal-Rana-starrer Kaadan slated for a Pongal release in theatres\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rana-daggubatis-haathi-mere-saathi-theatrical-release-deferred-due-to-rise-in-covid-19-cases-7241489/","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati's Haathi Mere Saathi theatrical release postponed due to rise in COVID-19 cases\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rana-daggubati-i-had-to-lose-30kg-to-go-from-bhallaladeva-in-baahubali-to-kaadan-1651655-2020-03-02","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati: I had to lose 30 kg to go from Bhallaladeva in Baahubali to Kaadan\""},{"Link":"https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/article/sir-are-you-okay-when-rana-daggubatis-drastic-weight-loss-left-netizens-concerned/694166","external_links_name":"\"'Sir are you okay?': When Rana Daggubati's drastic weight loss left netizens concerned\""},{"Link":"https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rana-daggubati-loses-30-kilos-for-haathi-mere-saathi-2516607.html","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati Loses 30 Kilos For Haathi Mere Saathi\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kaadan-movie-review-rana-daggubati-s-film-does-a-disservice-to-noble-story-101616759223556.html","external_links_name":"\"Kaadan movie review: Rana Daggubati's film does a disservice to noble story\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/aranya-movie-review-rating-2755-78257","external_links_name":"\"Aranya Movie Review & Rating {2.75/5}\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/rana-daggubati-upcoming-movies-2021-release-date-trailer-and-budget-1761009-2021-01-20","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati Upcoming Movies 2021, Release Date, Trailer and Budget\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyan-rana-daggubatis-film-makers-unveil-bts-video/articleshow/80463238.cms","external_links_name":"\"Pawan Kalyan-Rana Daggubati's film: Makers unveil BTS video\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/venkatesh-and-rana-daggubati-in-netflix-web-series-rana-naidu-adaptation-of-american-crime-drama-ray-donovan/article36603034.ece","external_links_name":"\"Venkatesh, Rana Daggubati to star in Netflix web series 'Rana Naidu'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171215103958/http://dff.nic.in:80/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf","external_links_name":"\"53rd National Film Awards\""},{"Link":"http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/anthill-ventures-and-suresh-productions-launch-anthill-studio/articleshow/65053439.cms","external_links_name":"\"Anthill Ventures and Suresh Productions launch Anthill Studio\""},{"Link":"https://www.gulte.com/movienews/23673/ramanaidu-studios-over-to-rana-daggubati","external_links_name":"\"Ramanaidu Studios: Over To Rana Daggubati?\""},{"Link":"https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/topic/rana-daggubati","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati - Articles & Biography\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/ranadaggubati/status/69432448022360064?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Spirit media P. Limited was the company I owned and worked for 5yrs before being an actor\""},{"Link":"https://www.deccanherald.com/content/36358/acting-came-naturally-me-rana.html","external_links_name":"\"Acting came naturally to me: Rana\""},{"Link":"http://www.aidb.com/?ltype=list&cat=btype&btype=012&loc2=India&offset=0&order=&company_no=21403","external_links_name":"\"AWN's Animation Industry Database\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/rana-daggubati-backed-spirit-media-gets-funding/article66622603.ece","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati-backed Spirit Media gets funding\""},{"Link":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rana-daggubati-on-his-new-web-series-social-and-why-venturing-into-the-digital-space-is-so-exciting-4025015.html","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati on his new web series Social, and why venturing into the digital space is so exciting\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/no-1-yaari-with-rana-season-3-to-premiere-on-march-15/articleshow/74555010.cms","external_links_name":"\"No. 1 Yaari with Rana season 3 to premiere on March 15\""},{"Link":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/avengers-infinity-war-telugu-dubbed-version-to-feature-rana-daggubatis-voice-as-supervillain-thanos-4405387.html","external_links_name":"\"Avengers: Infinity War Telugu dubbed version to feature Rana Daggubati's voice as supervillain Thanos\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/kwan-ties-up-with-rana-daggubati/article9202445.ece","external_links_name":"\"Kwan ties up with Rana Daggubati\""},{"Link":"https://www.adgully.com/kwan-south-aims-to-herald-a-new-era-for-entertainment-79331.html","external_links_name":"\"Kwan South aims to herald a new era for Entertainment\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5810%2Fkentucky%2F9780813173917.003.0005","external_links_name":"10.5810/kentucky/9780813173917.003.0005"},{"Link":"https://anthillstudio.co/","external_links_name":"\"Accelerator Program for Media and Entertainment Startups\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/anthill-ventures-suresh-productions-invite-applications-for-second-cohort-of-anthill-studio/articleshow/67896879.cms","external_links_name":"\"Anthill Ventures, Suresh Productions invite applications for second cohort of Anthill Studio\""},{"Link":"https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/rana-daggubati-on-giving-amar-chitra-katha-a-tech-revamp-and-learning-from-the-baahubali-success-story","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati On Giving Amar Chitra Katha A Tech Revamp\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/amar-chitra-katha-sets-up-its-first-creative-learning-centre-in-hyderabad-bolstered-by-support-from-rana-daggubati/article26687258.ece","external_links_name":"\"ACK Alive: Space for all things creative\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/rana-daggubati-joins-hyderabad-fc-as-co-owner/articleshow/71745491.cms","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati joins Hyderabad FC as co-owner\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210518105755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/rana-daggubati-joins-hyderabad-fc-as-co-owner/articleshow/71745491.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/rana-daggubati-launches-his-youtube-channel-called-south-bay-very-exciting-time-to-be-content-producer-663674","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati launches his YouTube channel called South Bay: Very exciting time to be content producer\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rana-daggubati-launches-youtube-channel-south-bay-7025388/","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati launches his YouTube channel South Bay\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/live-commerce-platform-roposo-partners-with-actor-rana-daggubati-to-launch-co-created-mens-grooming-brand-dcraf-13094542.htm","external_links_name":"\"Live commerce platform Roposo partners with actor Rana Daggubati to launch co-created men's grooming brand 'DCRAF'\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/baahubali-actor-rana-daggubati-gets-engaged-to-entrepreneur-miheeka-bajaj-257948-2020-05-12","external_links_name":"\"Baahubali actor Rana Daggubati gets engaged to entrepreneur Miheeka Bajaj\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rana-daggubati-gets-engaged-to-miheeka-bajaj-at-ramanaidu-studios-in-hyderabad/article31639123.ece","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati gets engaged to Miheeka Bajaj at Ramanaidu Studios in Hyderabad\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/inside-pics-from-miheeka-bajaj-and-rana-daggubatis-wedding-2276476","external_links_name":"\"Inside Pics From Miheeka Bajaj And Rana Daggubati's Wedding\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDzfs62WnD8","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati on Project K, S.S Rajamouli, Entrepreneurship & Why 80% movies flop? | RawTalks EP-50\""},{"Link":"https://wirally.com/check-out-the-list-of-telugu-actors-in-forbes-india-celebrity-100/","external_links_name":"\"Check Out The List Of Telugu Actors In Forbes India Celebrity 100 – Wirally\""},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/lifestyle/Times-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-Rana-Daggubati--No-20/videoshow/11759965.cms","external_links_name":"\"Times Most Desirable Men of 2011: Rana Daggubati – No. 20 – Video\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131207053812/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-16/news-interviews/30524477_1_rana-daggubati-naa-ishtam-bipasha-basu","external_links_name":"\"Bipasha is like family: Rana Daggubati\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-16/news-interviews/30524477_1_rana-daggubati-naa-ishtam-bipasha-basu","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/times-top-50-most-desirable-men-of-2012/articleshow/19895114.cms","external_links_name":"\"Times top 50 Most Desirable Men of 2012\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/times-50-most-desirable-men-2014/articleshow/47071834.cms","external_links_name":"\"Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2014\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rana-daggubati/articleshow/52163604.cms","external_links_name":"\"Rana Daggubati is on No. 11 on Times Most Desirable Men 2015 list!\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/here-are-the-other-winners-of-the-times-50-most-desirable-men-2017/articleshow/64017683.cms","external_links_name":"\"Here are the other winners of The Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2017\""},{"Link":"https://wirally.com/top-50-desirable-man-of-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Top 50 Desirable Man Of 2018, As Per Times Of India – Wirally\""},{"Link":"https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/vijay-deverakonda-beats-ram-charan-and-rana-daggubati-123143","external_links_name":"\"Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2019: Vijay Deverakonda Beats Ram Charan and Rana Daggubati\""},{"Link":"http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/5-south-indian-actors-times-most-desirable-man-of-2020-heres-full-list/","external_links_name":"\"5 South Indian actors in the Times Most Desirable Man of 2020; Here's the full list\""},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-Most-Promising-Newcomer-of-2011--Male/articleshow/12402801.cms","external_links_name":"\"The Most Promising Newcomer of 2011 – Male\""},{"Link":"https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-the-sexiest-asian-men/20151217.htm","external_links_name":"\"Meet the Sexiest Asian Men!\""},{"Link":"https://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-best-dressed-indian-men-of-2011/20110613.htm","external_links_name":"\"IMAGES: Best-dressed Indian men of 2011!\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/sunny-leone-arshi-khan-shilpa-shinde-disha-patani-4982525/","external_links_name":"\"Google's most searched celebrities of 2017 revealed: Bigg Boss 11 contestants dominate the list\""},{"Link":"https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/ubon-ropes-in-rana-daggubati-as-brand-ambassador/2099364/","external_links_name":"\"Ubon ropes in Rana Daggubati as brand ambassador\""},{"Link":"https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/business-news-ceat-ropes-in-rana-daggubati-as-brand-ambassador-for-new-range-of-bike-tyres/374143","external_links_name":"\"'CEAT' Ropes In Rana Daggubati As Brand Ambassador For New Range Of Bike Tyres\""},{"Link":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/190721/my-madness-is-now-more-organised-rana-daggubati.html","external_links_name":"\"My madness is now more organised: Rana Daggubati\""},{"Link":"https://www.mykhel.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-signs-actor-rana-daggubati-as-brand-ambassador-018352.html","external_links_name":"\"Pro Kabaddi signs actor Rana Daggubati as brand ambassador\""},{"Link":"https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/spni-to-launch-two-new-sports-channels-ten-4-ten-4-hd-113062.html","external_links_name":"\"SPNI to launch two new sports channels TEN 4 & TEN 4 HD – Exchange4media\""},{"Link":"https://www.passionateinmarketing.com/sony-pictures-sports-networks-strings-to-rana-daggubati-as-face-of-sony-ten-4/","external_links_name":"\"Sony Pictures Sports Network's strings to Rana Daggubati as \"face of SONY TEN 4\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/the-multifaceted-leader/article2884906.ece","external_links_name":"The multifaceted 'leader'"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2281292/","external_links_name":"Rana Daggubati"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/RanaDaggubati","external_links_name":"Rana Daggubati"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/870145857926423020395","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1090929250","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5b37a76e-2892-4eb3-bf5f-15c0a55115af","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_Science
Agricultural science
["1 History","2 Prominent agricultural scientists","3 Fields or related disciplines","4 Scope","5 Soil forming factors and soil degradation","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Academic field within biology "Crop Science" redirects here. For the journal, see Crop Science (journal). For the company, see Bayer CropScience. It has been suggested that this article be merged with Agronomy. (Discuss) Proposed since May 2024. Agriculture History Prehistory Neolithic Revolution Agriculture in Mesoamerica Austronesian expansion Ancient history Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Post-classical Agriculture in the Middle Ages Arab Agricultural Revolution Columbian exchange Modern history British Agricultural Revolution Green Revolution Organic Monoculture On land Agrivoltaic Animal husbandry cattle pigs poultry sheep Dairy Dryland Extensive Fertilizer Free-range Grazing Convertible husbandry Rotational grazing Hobby Intensive animals pigs crops Natural Monoculture Orchard Organic Paddy field Ranching Sharecropping Colonia Slash-and-burn Smallholding Terrace Steam sterilization Hydroculture Aquaculture Aquaponics Hydroponics Aeroponics Related Agribusiness Agricultural cooperative Agricultural supplies Agricultural science Agricultural engineering Agricultural technology Digital Biotechnology Agroforestry Agronomy Animal husbandry Animal-free agriculture Cellular agriculture Contract farming Extensive farming Farm Farmhouse Feed ratio Free range Horticulture Intensive farming animals pigs crops Mechanised agriculture Organic farming Paludiculture Permaculture Polyculture Rice-duck farming Rice-fish system Sustainable agriculture Sustainable food system Universities and colleges Urban agriculture Lists Agriculturist profession Agricultural machinery Government ministries Universities and colleges Categories Agricultural machinery Agriculture by country Agriculture companies Biotechnology History of agriculture Livestock Meat industry Poultry farming Agriculture and the environment Agriculture portalvte Agricultural science (or agriscience for short) is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. Professionals of the agricultural science are called agricultural scientists or agriculturists. History Main article: History of agricultural science In the 18th century, Johann Friedrich Mayer conducted experiments on the use of gypsum (hydrated calcium sulphate) as a fertilizer. In 1843, John Bennet Lawes and Joseph Henry Gilbert began a set of long-term field experiments at Rothamsted Research in England, some of which are still running as of 2018. In the United States, a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the Hatch Act of 1887, which used the term "agricultural science". The Hatch Act was driven by farmers' interest in knowing the constituents of early artificial fertilizer. The Smith–Hughes Act of 1917 shifted agricultural education back to its vocational roots, but the scientific foundation had been built. For the next 44 years after 1906, federal expenditures on agricultural research in the United States outpaced private expenditures.: xxi  Prominent agricultural scientists Norman Borlaug, father of the Green Revolution. Wilbur Olin Atwater Robert Bakewell Norman Borlaug Luther Burbank George Washington Carver Carl Henry Clerk George C. Clerk René Dumont Sir Albert Howard Kailas Nath Kaul Thomas Lecky Justus von Liebig Jay Laurence Lush Gregor Mendel Louis Pasteur M. S. Swaminathan Jethro Tull Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Sewall Wright Fields or related disciplines Agricultural biotechnology Agricultural chemistry Agricultural diversification Agricultural education Agricultural economics Agricultural engineering Agricultural geography Agricultural philosophy Agricultural marketing Agricultural soil science Agroecology Agrophysics Animal science Animal breeding Animal husbandry Animal nutrition Farm management Agronomy Botany Theoretical production ecology Horticulture Plant breeding Plant fertilization Fisheries science Fisheries Marine fisheries Aquaculture Biological engineering Genetic engineering Nematology Microbiology Plant pathology Range management Environmental science Entomology Food science Human nutrition Irrigation and water management Soil science Agrology Waste management Weed science Scope Agriculture, agricultural science, and agronomy are closely related. However, they cover different concepts: Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of animals and plants for human use. Agriculture concerns techniques, including the application of agronomic research. Agronomy is research and development related to studying and improving plant-based crops. Soil forming factors and soil degradation Agricultural sciences include research and development on: Improving agricultural productivity in terms of quantity and quality (e.g., selection of drought-resistant crops and animals, development of new pesticides, yield-sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro cell culture techniques) Minimizing the effects of pests (weeds, insects, pathogens, mollusks, nematodes) on crop or animal production systems. Transformation of primary products into end-consumer products (e.g., production, preservation, and packaging of dairy products) Prevention and correction of adverse environmental effects (e.g., soil degradation, waste management, bioremediation) Theoretical production ecology, relating to crop production modeling Traditional agricultural systems, sometimes termed subsistence agriculture, which feed most of the poorest people in the world. These systems are of interest as they sometimes retain a level of integration with natural ecological systems greater than that of industrial agriculture, which may be more sustainable than some modern agricultural systems. Food production and demand on a global basis, with special attention paid to the major producers, such as China, India, Brazil, the US and the EU. Various sciences relating to agricultural resources and the environment (e.g. soil science, agroclimatology); biology of agricultural crops and animals (e.g. crop science, animal science and their included sciences, e.g. ruminant nutrition, farm animal welfare); such fields as agricultural economics and rural sociology; various disciplines encompassed in agricultural engineering. See also Agricultural Research Council Agricultural sciences basic topics Agriculture ministry Agroecology American Society of Agronomy Genomics of domestication History of agricultural science Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development International Food Policy Research Institute, IFPRI List of agriculture topics National FFA Organization Research Institute of Crop Production (RICP) (in the Czech Republic) University of Agricultural Sciences References ^ "Agriscience | Meaning & Definition for UK English". Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford University Press via Lexico. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022. ^ John Armstrong, Jesse Buel. A Treatise on Agriculture, The Present Condition of the Art Abroad and at Home, and the Theory and Practice of Husbandry. To which is Added, a Dissertation on the Kitchen and Garden. 1840. p. 45. ^ "The Long Term Experiments". Rothamsted Research. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018. ^ "Fertilizer History: The Haber-Bosch Process". tfi.org. 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2022. ^ "Lawes and Gilbert: an unlikely Victorian agricultural partnership". Harpenden History. Retrieved 14 December 2022. ^ "The Hatch Act of 1887". National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Retrieved 14 December 2022. ^ "Hatch Act of 1887". College of Life Sciences and Agriculture. 23 November 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2022. ^ Hillison J. (1996). The Origins of Agriscience: Or Where Did All That Scientific Agriculture Come From? Archived 2 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Agricultural Education. ^ Huffman WE, Evenson RE. (2006). Science for Agriculture. Blackwell Publishing. ^ Bosso, Thelma (2015). Agricultural Science. Callisto Reference. ISBN 978-1-63239-058-5. ^ Boucher, Jude (2018). Agricultural Science and Management. Callisto Reference. ISBN 978-1-63239-965-6. Further reading Agricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty: Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries Edited by Michelle Adato and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (2007), Johns Hopkins University Press Food Policy Report Claude Bourguignon, Regenerating the Soil: From Agronomy to Agrology, Other India Press, 2005 Pimentel David, Pimentel Marcia, Computer les kilocalories, Cérès, n. 59, sept-oct. 1977 Russell E. Walter, Soil conditions and plant growth, Longman group, London, New York 1973 Salamini, Francesco; Özkan, Hakan; Brandolini, Andrea; Schäfer-Pregl, Ralf; Martin, William (2002). "Genetics and geography of wild cereal domestication in the near east". Nature Reviews Genetics. 3 (6): 429–441. doi:10.1038/nrg817. PMID 12042770. S2CID 25166879. Saltini Antonio, Storia delle scienze agrarie, 4 vols, Bologna 1984–89, ISBN 88-206-2412-5, ISBN 88-206-2413-3, ISBN 88-206-2414-1, ISBN 88-206-2415-X Vavilov Nicolai I. (Starr Chester K. editor), The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants. Selected Writings, in Chronica botanica, 13: 1–6, Waltham, Mass., 1949–50 Vavilov Nicolai I., World Resources of Cereals, Leguminous Seed Crops and Flax, Academy of Sciences of Urss, National Science Foundation, Washington, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 1960 Winogradsky Serge, Microbiologie du sol. Problèmes et methodes. Cinquante ans de recherches, Masson & c.ie, Paris 1949 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agricultural science. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Agricultural Research Service Indian Council of Agricultural Research International Institute of Tropical Agriculture International Livestock Research Institute The National Agricultural Library (NAL) – The most comprehensive agricultural library in the world. Crop Science Society of America American Society of Agronomy Soil Science Society of America Agricultural Science Researchers, Jobs and Discussions Information System for Agriculture and Food Research NMSU Department of Entomology Plant Pathology and Weed Science vteAgriculture Outline History Index Occupations Agriculturist Agricultural Engineer Farmer Farm worker Herder General Agribusiness Agricultural cooperative Agricultural supplies Agricultural science Agricultural engineering Agricultural technology Digital Biotechnology Agroforestry Agronomy Animal husbandry Animal-free agriculture Cellular agriculture Contract farming Extensive farming Farm Farmhouse Feed ratio Free range Horticulture Intensive farming animals pigs crops Mechanised agriculture Organic farming Paludiculture Permaculture Polyculture Rice-duck farming Rice-fish system Sustainable agriculture Sustainable food system Universities and colleges Urban agricultureHistory Prehistory Neolithic Revolution Agriculture in Mesoamerica Austronesian expansion Ancient history Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Post-classical Agriculture in the Middle Ages Arab Agricultural Revolution Columbian exchange Modern history British Agricultural Revolution Green Revolution Organic Monoculture Farming Types Agrivoltaic Aquaculture Cattle Dairy farming Fur farming Goat farming Grazing Convertible husbandry Rotational grazing Hydroponics Insect farming Livestock Pasture Mixed Paddy field Pastoral Bocage Pig farming Poultry farming Ranch Orchards Sheep farming Terrace Wildlife farming Environmentalimpact Agricultural expansion Agricultural pollution Agricultural wastewater Overgrazing Environmental impact of irrigation Overdrafting Climate change and agriculture Categories Agricultural machinery Agriculture by country Agriculture companies Biotechnology History of agriculture Livestock Meat industry Poultry farming Agriculture and the environmentLists Agriculturist profession Agricultural machinery Government ministries Universities and colleges Category Portal Commons Wikiproject Authority control databases International FAST National Germany United States Czech Republic Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland ^ Agricultural research, livelihoods, and poverty | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Archived 26 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crop Science (journal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_Science_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Bayer CropScience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_CropScience"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"social sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"agriculturists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturists"}],"text":"\"Crop Science\" redirects here. For the journal, see Crop Science (journal). For the company, see Bayer CropScience.Agricultural science (or agriscience for short[1]) is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. Professionals of the agricultural science are called agricultural scientists or agriculturists.","title":"Agricultural science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Mayer_(agriculturist)"},{"link_name":"gypsum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum"},{"link_name":"calcium sulphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_sulphate"},{"link_name":"fertilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JB_1840-2"},{"link_name":"John Bennet Lawes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawes"},{"link_name":"Joseph Henry Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Rothamsted Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothamsted_Research_Station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hatch Act of 1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1887"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Smith–Hughes Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Hughes_Act"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScienceForAg-9"}],"text":"In the 18th century, Johann Friedrich Mayer conducted experiments on the use of gypsum (hydrated calcium sulphate) as a fertilizer.[2]In 1843, John Bennet Lawes and Joseph Henry Gilbert began a set of long-term field experiments at Rothamsted Research in England, some of which are still running as of 2018.[3][4][5]In the United States, a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the Hatch Act of 1887, which used the term \"agricultural science\".[6][7] The Hatch Act was driven by farmers' interest in knowing the constituents of early artificial fertilizer. The Smith–Hughes Act of 1917 shifted agricultural education back to its vocational roots, but the scientific foundation had been built.[8] For the next 44 years after 1906, federal expenditures on agricultural research in the United States outpaced private expenditures.[9]: xxi","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norman_Borlaug.jpg"},{"link_name":"Green Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Wilbur Olin Atwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Olin_Atwater"},{"link_name":"Robert Bakewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bakewell_(farmer)"},{"link_name":"Norman Borlaug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Borlaug"},{"link_name":"Luther Burbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank"},{"link_name":"George Washington Carver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Carver"},{"link_name":"Carl Henry Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Henry_Clerk"},{"link_name":"George C. Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Clerk"},{"link_name":"René Dumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dumont"},{"link_name":"Sir Albert Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Albert_Howard"},{"link_name":"Kailas Nath Kaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailas_Nath_Kaul"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lecky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lecky"},{"link_name":"Justus von Liebig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig"},{"link_name":"Jay Laurence Lush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Lush"},{"link_name":"Gregor Mendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel"},{"link_name":"Louis Pasteur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur"},{"link_name":"M. S. Swaminathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan"},{"link_name":"Jethro Tull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(agriculturist)"},{"link_name":"Artturi Ilmari Virtanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen"},{"link_name":"Sewall Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewall_Wright"}],"text":"Norman Borlaug, father of the Green Revolution.Wilbur Olin Atwater\nRobert Bakewell\nNorman Borlaug\nLuther Burbank\nGeorge Washington Carver\nCarl Henry Clerk\nGeorge C. Clerk\nRené Dumont\nSir Albert Howard\nKailas Nath Kaul\nThomas Lecky\nJustus von Liebig\nJay Laurence Lush\nGregor Mendel\nLouis Pasteur\nM. S. Swaminathan\nJethro Tull\nArtturi Ilmari Virtanen\nSewall Wright","title":"Prominent agricultural scientists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agricultural biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology"},{"link_name":"Agricultural chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Agricultural diversification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_diversification"},{"link_name":"Agricultural education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_education"},{"link_name":"Agricultural economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_economics"},{"link_name":"Agricultural engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_engineering"},{"link_name":"Agricultural geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_geography"},{"link_name":"Agricultural philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Agricultural marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_marketing"},{"link_name":"Agricultural soil science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_soil_science"},{"link_name":"Agroecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecology"},{"link_name":"Agrophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrophysics"},{"link_name":"Animal science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_science"},{"link_name":"Animal breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_breeding"},{"link_name":"Animal husbandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry"},{"link_name":"Animal nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_nutrition"},{"link_name":"Agronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy"},{"link_name":"Botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"Theoretical production ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_production_ecology"},{"link_name":"Horticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture"},{"link_name":"Plant breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding"},{"link_name":"Plant fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer"},{"link_name":"Fisheries science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_science"},{"link_name":"Fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries"},{"link_name":"Marine fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_fisheries"},{"link_name":"Aquaculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture"},{"link_name":"Biological engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_engineering"},{"link_name":"Genetic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering"},{"link_name":"Nematology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematology"},{"link_name":"Microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology"},{"link_name":"Plant pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_pathology"},{"link_name":"Range management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_management"},{"link_name":"Environmental science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_science"},{"link_name":"Entomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomology"},{"link_name":"Food science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_science"},{"link_name":"Human nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nutrition"},{"link_name":"Irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"water management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_management"},{"link_name":"Soil science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_science"},{"link_name":"Agrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrology"},{"link_name":"Waste management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management"},{"link_name":"Weed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed"}],"text":"Agricultural biotechnology\nAgricultural chemistry\nAgricultural diversification\nAgricultural education\nAgricultural economics\nAgricultural engineering\nAgricultural geography\nAgricultural philosophy\nAgricultural marketing\nAgricultural soil science\nAgroecology\nAgrophysics\nAnimal science\nAnimal breeding\nAnimal husbandry\nAnimal nutrition\nFarm management\nAgronomy\nBotany\nTheoretical production ecology\nHorticulture\nPlant breeding\nPlant fertilization\nFisheries science\nFisheries\nMarine fisheries\nAquaculture\nBiological engineering\nGenetic engineering\nNematology\nMicrobiology\nPlant pathology\nRange management\nEnvironmental science\nEntomology\nFood science\nHuman nutrition\nIrrigation and water management\nSoil science\nAgrology\nWaste management\nWeed science","title":"Fields or related disciplines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy"},{"link_name":"research and development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development"}],"text":"Agriculture, agricultural science, and agronomy are closely related. However, they cover different concepts:Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of animals and plants for human use. Agriculture concerns techniques, including the application of agronomic research.\nAgronomy is research and development related to studying and improving plant-based crops.","title":"Scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bosso_2015-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boucher_2018-11"},{"link_name":"agricultural productivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_productivity"},{"link_name":"drought-resistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought_tolerance"},{"link_name":"pesticides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide"},{"link_name":"cell culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture"},{"link_name":"weeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"pathogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen"},{"link_name":"mollusks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"nematodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode"},{"link_name":"dairy products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_product"},{"link_name":"soil degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_retrogression_and_degradation"},{"link_name":"waste management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management"},{"link_name":"bioremediation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation"},{"link_name":"Theoretical production ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_production_ecology"},{"link_name":"subsistence agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture"},{"link_name":"industrial agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_agriculture"},{"link_name":"agricultural engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_engineering"}],"text":"Agricultural sciences include research and development on:[10][11]Improving agricultural productivity in terms of quantity and quality (e.g., selection of drought-resistant crops and animals, development of new pesticides, yield-sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro cell culture techniques)\nMinimizing the effects of pests (weeds, insects, pathogens, mollusks, nematodes) on crop or animal production systems.\nTransformation of primary products into end-consumer products (e.g., production, preservation, and packaging of dairy products)\nPrevention and correction of adverse environmental effects (e.g., soil degradation, waste management, bioremediation)\nTheoretical production ecology, relating to crop production modeling\nTraditional agricultural systems, sometimes termed subsistence agriculture, which feed most of the poorest people in the world. These systems are of interest as they sometimes retain a level of integration with natural ecological systems greater than that of industrial agriculture, which may be more sustainable than some modern agricultural systems.\nFood production and demand on a global basis, with special attention paid to the major producers, such as China, India, Brazil, the US and the EU.\nVarious sciences relating to agricultural resources and the environment (e.g. soil science, agroclimatology); biology of agricultural crops and animals (e.g. crop science, animal science and their included sciences, e.g. ruminant nutrition, farm animal welfare); such fields as agricultural economics and rural sociology; various disciplines encompassed in agricultural engineering.","title":"Soil forming factors and soil degradation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty: Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080829120156/http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/9358.html"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brief-12"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nrg817","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg817"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12042770","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12042770"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25166879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25166879"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"88-206-2412-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-206-2412-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"88-206-2413-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-206-2413-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"88-206-2414-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-206-2414-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"88-206-2415-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-206-2415-X"}],"text":"Agricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty: Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries Edited by Michelle Adato and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (2007), Johns Hopkins University Press Food Policy Report[1]\nClaude Bourguignon, Regenerating the Soil: From Agronomy to Agrology, Other India Press, 2005\nPimentel David, Pimentel Marcia, Computer les kilocalories, Cérès, n. 59, sept-oct. 1977\nRussell E. Walter, Soil conditions and plant growth, Longman group, London, New York 1973\nSalamini, Francesco; Özkan, Hakan; Brandolini, Andrea; Schäfer-Pregl, Ralf; Martin, William (2002). \"Genetics and geography of wild cereal domestication in the near east\". Nature Reviews Genetics. 3 (6): 429–441. doi:10.1038/nrg817. PMID 12042770. S2CID 25166879.\nSaltini Antonio, Storia delle scienze agrarie, 4 vols, Bologna 1984–89, ISBN 88-206-2412-5, ISBN 88-206-2413-3, ISBN 88-206-2414-1, ISBN 88-206-2415-X\nVavilov Nicolai I. (Starr Chester K. editor), The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants. Selected Writings, in Chronica botanica, 13: 1–6, Waltham, Mass., 1949–50\nVavilov Nicolai I., World Resources of Cereals, Leguminous Seed Crops and Flax, Academy of Sciences of Urss, National Science Foundation, Washington, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 1960\nWinogradsky Serge, Microbiologie du sol. Problèmes et methodes. Cinquante ans de recherches, Masson & c.ie, Paris 1949","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Norman Borlaug, father of the Green Revolution.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Norman_Borlaug.jpg/200px-Norman_Borlaug.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Agricultural Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Council"},{"title":"Agricultural sciences basic topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_sciences_basic_topics"},{"title":"Agriculture ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_ministry"},{"title":"Agroecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecology"},{"title":"American Society of Agronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Agronomy"},{"title":"Genomics of domestication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics_of_domestication"},{"title":"History of agricultural science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science"},{"title":"Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Food_and_Agricultural_Sciences"},{"title":"International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Assessment_of_Agricultural_Science_and_Technology_for_Development"},{"title":"International Food Policy Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute"},{"title":"List of agriculture topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agriculture_topics"},{"title":"National FFA Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_FFA_Organization"},{"title":"Research Institute of Crop Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Institute_of_Crop_Production"},{"title":"University of Agricultural Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Agricultural_Sciences_(disambiguation)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Agriscience | Meaning & Definition for UK English\". Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford University Press via Lexico. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220220064428/https://www.lexico.com/definition/agriscience","url_text":"\"Agriscience | Meaning & Definition for UK English\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_English","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexico","url_text":"Lexico"},{"url":"https://www.lexico.com/definition/agriscience","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Long Term Experiments\". Rothamsted Research. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments","url_text":"\"The Long Term Experiments\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084207/https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fertilizer History: The Haber-Bosch Process\". tfi.org. 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200801233037/https://www.tfi.org/the-feed/fertilizer-history-haber-bosch-process","url_text":"\"Fertilizer History: The Haber-Bosch Process\""},{"url":"https://www.tfi.org/the-feed/fertilizer-history-haber-bosch-process","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lawes and Gilbert: an unlikely Victorian agricultural partnership\". Harpenden History. Retrieved 14 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harpenden-history.org.uk/harpenden-history/topics-cms/farms-and-farming/lawes_and_gilbert_an_unlikely_victorian_agricultural_partnership","url_text":"\"Lawes and Gilbert: an unlikely Victorian agricultural partnership\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hatch Act of 1887\". National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Retrieved 14 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nifa.usda.gov/grants/programs/capacity-grants/hatch-act-1887","url_text":"\"The Hatch Act of 1887\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hatch Act of 1887\". College of Life Sciences and Agriculture. 23 November 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://colsa.unh.edu/nhaes/hatch-act-1887","url_text":"\"Hatch Act of 1887\""}]},{"reference":"Bosso, Thelma (2015). Agricultural Science. Callisto Reference. ISBN 978-1-63239-058-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63239-058-5","url_text":"978-1-63239-058-5"}]},{"reference":"Boucher, Jude (2018). Agricultural Science and Management. Callisto Reference. ISBN 978-1-63239-965-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63239-965-6","url_text":"978-1-63239-965-6"}]},{"reference":"Salamini, Francesco; Özkan, Hakan; Brandolini, Andrea; Schäfer-Pregl, Ralf; Martin, William (2002). \"Genetics and geography of wild cereal domestication in the near east\". Nature Reviews Genetics. 3 (6): 429–441. doi:10.1038/nrg817. PMID 12042770. S2CID 25166879.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg817","url_text":"10.1038/nrg817"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12042770","url_text":"12042770"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25166879","url_text":"25166879"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220220064428/https://www.lexico.com/definition/agriscience","external_links_name":"\"Agriscience | Meaning & Definition for UK English\""},{"Link":"https://www.lexico.com/definition/agriscience","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments","external_links_name":"\"The Long Term Experiments\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084207/https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200801233037/https://www.tfi.org/the-feed/fertilizer-history-haber-bosch-process","external_links_name":"\"Fertilizer History: The Haber-Bosch Process\""},{"Link":"https://www.tfi.org/the-feed/fertilizer-history-haber-bosch-process","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.harpenden-history.org.uk/harpenden-history/topics-cms/farms-and-farming/lawes_and_gilbert_an_unlikely_victorian_agricultural_partnership","external_links_name":"\"Lawes and Gilbert: an unlikely Victorian agricultural partnership\""},{"Link":"https://www.nifa.usda.gov/grants/programs/capacity-grants/hatch-act-1887","external_links_name":"\"The Hatch Act of 1887\""},{"Link":"https://colsa.unh.edu/nhaes/hatch-act-1887","external_links_name":"\"Hatch Act of 1887\""},{"Link":"http://pubs.aged.tamu.edu/jae/pdf/vol37/37-04-08.pdf","external_links_name":"The Origins of Agriscience: Or Where Did All That Scientific Agriculture Come From?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081002140821/http://pubs.aged.tamu.edu/jae/pdf/vol37/37-04-08.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWcolrGftT0C","external_links_name":"Science for Agriculture"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080829120156/http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/9358.html","external_links_name":"Agricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty: Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg817","external_links_name":"10.1038/nrg817"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12042770","external_links_name":"12042770"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25166879","external_links_name":"25166879"},{"Link":"https://www.cgiar.org/","external_links_name":"Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)"},{"Link":"https://www.ars.usda.gov/","external_links_name":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"Link":"http://www.icar.org.in/","external_links_name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research"},{"Link":"http://www.iita.org/","external_links_name":"International Institute of Tropical Agriculture"},{"Link":"http://www.ilri.org/","external_links_name":"International Livestock Research Institute"},{"Link":"https://nal.usda.gov/","external_links_name":"The National Agricultural Library (NAL)"},{"Link":"https://www.crops.org/","external_links_name":"Crop Science Society of America"},{"Link":"https://www.agronomy.org/","external_links_name":"American Society of Agronomy"},{"Link":"https://www.soils.org/","external_links_name":"Soil Science Society of America"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/science/748_Agricultural_science","external_links_name":"Agricultural Science Researchers, Jobs and Discussions"},{"Link":"http://www.fisaonline.de/index.php?act=home&lang=en","external_links_name":"Information System for Agriculture and Food Research"},{"Link":"http://eppws.nmsu.edu/","external_links_name":"NMSU Department of Entomology Plant Pathology and Weed Science"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/801593/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4068473-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85002415","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127627&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008250","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"},{"Link":"http://www.ifpri.org/publication/agricultural-research-livelihoods-and-poverty","external_links_name":"Agricultural research, livelihoods, and poverty | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100626071001/http://www.ifpri.org/publication/agricultural-research-livelihoods-and-poverty","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ragusa_(1814)
Siege of Ragusa (1814)
["1 Background","2 Siege","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References"]
Siege of RagusaSiege of Dubrovnik(1814)Part of the Adriatic Campaign of the Napoleonic WarsPresent day Dubrovnik (Ragusa) and Lokrum island from atop Srđ hill near the Imperial fortress where Hoste hoisted his artillery to bombard the town.Date19–27 January 1814LocationRagusa, Illyrian Provinces43°05′21″N 16°10′18″E / 43.08917°N 16.17167°E / 43.08917; 16.17167Result Anglo-Austrian victoryBelligerents United Kingdom Austria Ragusa FranceCommanders and leaders William Hoste Todor Milutinović Biagio Caboga, Đivo Natali Joseph de MontrichardStrength 400 1 frigate 1 brig 600 Casualties and losses 40 killed or wounded 70 killed or wounded530 capturedvteAdriatic campaign of 1807–1814 Santa Maura Lissa 29 November 1811 Pirano Lippa Zara Cattaro Ragusa Timeline of the Adriatic campaign vteWar of the Sixth Coalition German campaign Danzig Möckern Lützen Bautzen Haynau Luckau Großbeeren Katzbach 1st Dresden Hagelberg Kulm Dennewitz Göhrde 2nd Kulm Altenburg Rosslau Wartenburg 2nd Dresden Leipzig Torgau Hanau Mainz Bornhöved Sehested Hamburg Campaign in north-east France Metz 1st Bar-sur-Aube Brienne La Rothière Lesmont Six Days' Campaign Champaubert Montmirail Château-Thierry Vauchamps Mormant Montereau 2nd Bar-sur-Aube Gué-à-Tresmes Saint-Julien Laubressel Craonne Laon Mâcon Reims Limonest Arcis-sur-Aube Fère-Champenoise Saint-Dizier Paris Campaign in south-west France Bidassoa Nivelle Nive Garris Orthez Toulouse Bayonne Illyrian campaign Lippa Zara Cattaro Ragusa Italian campaign Feistritz Caldiero Mincio Genoa Low Countries campaign Delfzijl Naarden Woerden Arnhem Breda Hoogstraten Antwerp Maastricht Bergen-op-Zoom Courtrai The siege of Ragusa or siege of Dubrovnik was fought between local Ragusan insurgents, as well as Austrian Croat troops and the British Royal Navy under Captain William Hoste against a French garrison under Joseph de Montrichard between 19 and 27 January 1814 during the Adriatic campaign of the Napoleonic Wars. The siege was fought on the coast of the Adriatic Sea for possession of the strategically important fortified town of Ragusa. Background Further information: Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 Republic of Ragusa before 1808 On 27 May 1806, the forces of the Empire of France occupied the neutral Republic of Ragusa. Upon entering Ragusan territory without permission and approaching the capital, the French General Jacques Lauriston demanded that his troops be allowed to rest and be provided with food and drink in the city before continuing on to take possession of their holdings in the Bay of Kotor. However, this was a deception because as soon as they entered the city, they proceeded to occupy it in the name of Napoleon. Almost immediately after the beginning of the French occupation, Russian and Montenegrin troops entered Ragusan territory and began fighting the French army, raiding and pillaging everything along the way and culminating in a siege of the occupied city (during which 3,000 cannonballs fell on the city). In 1808 Marshal Marmont issued a proclamation abolishing the Republic of Ragusa and amalgamating its territory into the French Empire's client state, the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. Marmont himself claimed the newly created title of "Duke of Ragusa" (Duc de Raguse) and in 1810 Ragusa, together with Istria and Dalmatia, went to the newly created French Illyrian Provinces. After seven years of French occupation, encouraged by the desertion of French soldiers after the failed invasion of Russia and the reentry of Austria in the war in August 1813, all the social classes of the Ragusan people rose up in a general insurrection, led by the patricians, against the Napoleonic invaders. On 18 June 1813, together with British forces they forced the surrender of the French garrison of the island of Šipan, soon also the heavily fortified town of Ston and the island of Lopud, after which the insurrection spread throughout the mainland, starting with Konavle. They laid siege to the occupied city, helped by the British Royal Navy, who had enjoyed unopposed domination over the Adriatic sea, under the command of Captain William Hoste, with his ships HMS Bacchante and HMS Saracen. Working in conjunction with the Austrian armies now invading the Illyrian Provinces and Northern Italy, Rear Admiral Thomas Fremantle's ships were able to rapidly transport British and Austrian troops from one point to another, forcing the surrender of the strategic ports one after another December. Captain William Hoste with his ship HMS Bacchante (38 guns) had already captured the mountain fortress of Kotor with the help of Montenegrin forces in early January. After this victory Hoste along with HMS Saracen an 18 gun brig, immediately sailed to Ragusa. Soon the population inside the city joined the insurrection. The Austrian Empire sent a force under General Todor Milutinović offering to help their Ragusan allies. However, as was soon shown, their intention was to in fact replace the French occupation of Ragusa with their own. Seducing one of the temporary governors of the Republic, Biagio Bernardo Caboga, with promises of power and influence (which were later cut short and who died in ignominy, branded as a traitor by his people), they managed to convince him that the gate to the east was to be kept closed to the Ragusan forces and to let the Austrian forces enter the City from the west, without any Ragusan soldiers, once the French garrison of 500 troops under General Joseph de Montrichard had surrendered. The French under command of Joseph de Montrichard had less than 600 men left in the entire region after losing over a third of his men who had defected since the war with Austria began.: 141  Siege When Bacchante arrived at Ragusa on 19 January Hoste landed and visited Milutinovitch to see the situation. He had with him two Croat battalions of 400 men but they were without artillery, so Hoste improvised. On the morning of the 22nd Hoste immediately went into action and four mortars and two guns were landed and opened fire on San Lorenzo fort and the defences of the town. The French answered with a heavy fire from all batteries and Hoste soon knew that Ragusa would not be easy to take. Hoping to use the same successful tactics that won him Kotor, Hoste set about the task of seeking strategic positions. He soon eyed the forts and positions on the hill of Srđ overlooking the town and the nearby Lokrum island east of the town. By taking these positions he knew Ragusa would not last long under siege; Milutinović agreed with him.: 139  Captain William Hoste To secure the approaches to the town on 24 January a third of Bacchante's crew (around 100 men) under Lieutenant Milbourne and his men rounded Srđ hill at the back of Ragusa with two eighteen-pounder guns, a distance of some 6 miles. They soon bombarded the small French garrison on Lokrum, Royal Marines landed and then took the island after a small fight which yielded eleven guns. On the road to Brgat the Royal Marines cut off the French water supply and also took the Monastery of St. Jacob east of the City.: 139  At the same time Hoste asked Milutinović to attack the Imperial Fortress on top of the hill of Srđ, Milutinović agreed as long as Hoste supported him with artillery fire. This was agreed and by the end of the day, and despite some losses, the Croats were on top of Srđ forcing the seventy French gunners either to surrender or flee; this yielded twenty one guns. Hoste then ordered artillery to be ferried ashore and from the northern part of Gruž then taken up to the slopes of Srđ. Hoste, who had refused to supply cannon to the Ragusans on earlier occasions, did so now by supplying Milutinovitch with one large and two smaller cannons, and permitted them to stand by the batteries under British command.: 139  Now the full complement of the siege guns were brought to bear: two mortars, two 16-pounders, and six 18-pounders as well as the guns on Bacchante and Saracaen and the captured French guns both on top of Srd and on Lokrum island. Hoste ordered the bombardment which continued on to next day without ceasing. He targeted the main towers of the Ragusa fortress; the Minčeta Tower, Fort Bokar and the Revelin Fortress. Then on the 2nd day being the 26th the Royal navy ships opened up a bombardment from the sea concentrating their fire on the ports St. John Fortress. This was all too much for Montrichard: cut off for four months, losing many of his troops though defection, suffering a revolt in the surrounding region three months earlier and riots inside the town having flared up, he decided the only option was to surrender. He sent out a truce on the morning of the 27th and to request the British batteries to cease fire. Hoste agreed and the siege of Ragusa had ended.: 140  Aftermath The Walls of Dubrovnik with the Minčeta Tower On 27 January, the French capitulation was signed in Gruž and ratified the same day. It was then that one of the temporary governors of the Ragusan Republic, Biagio Bernardo Caboga, openly sided with the Austrians, dismissing the part of the rebel army which was from Konavle. Meanwhile, another leader of the insurrection, Đivo Natali, was still waiting with his men outside the Ploče Gates. After almost eight years of occupation the French troops marched out of Dubrovnik; 138 guns and 500 men were lost. On the afternoon of 28 January 1814 the Austrian troops and 100 British marines made their way into the city through the Pile Gates. With Caboga's support, General Milutinović ignored the agreement he had made with the Ragusan nobility in Gruž and proceeded to occupy the city. British losses were no more than one killed and 10 wounded.: 141–142  The Austrians had suffered a little more with around thirty casualties with most of these coming from the assault on Fort Imperial on Srd hill. There were reinforcements of British troops of the 35th regiment of foot from HMS Elizabeth which had arrived with Edward Leveson-Gower on the 29th, but he declined to take part in the negotiations seeing that Hoste had everything under control. The Ragusan Flag of Saint Blaise, hoisted by the populace participating in the insurrection against the French occupation of the Ragusan Republic, was flown alongside the Austrian and British colours for only two days because on 30 January General Milutinović ordered the mayor to lower it. Overwhelmed by a feeling of deep patriotic pride, Giorgi, the last Rector of the Republic, refused to do so "for the masses had hoisted it". Subsequent events proved that Austria took every possible opportunity to take over the entire coast of the eastern Adriatic, from Venice to Kotor. The Austrians did everything in their power to eliminate the Ragusa issue at the subsequent Vienna Congress of 1815. The Ragusa representative, Miho Bona, was denied participation in the Congress, while the Austrian General Milutinović, prior to the final agreement of the allies, assumed complete control of the city.: 141–142  Regardless of the fact that the government of the Ragusan Republic never signed any capitulation nor relinquished its sovereignty, which according to the rules of Klemens von Metternich that Austria adopted for the Vienna Congress should have meant that the Republic would be restored, the Austrian Empire managed to convince the other allies to allow it to keep the territory of the Republic. While many smaller and less significant cities and former countries were permitted an audience, that right was refused to the representative of the Ragusan Republic. All of this was in blatant contradiction to the solemn treaties that the Austrian Emperors signed with the Republic: the first on 20 August 1684, in which Leopold I promises and guarantees inviolate liberty ("inviolatam libertatem") to the Republic, and the second in 1772, in which the Empress Maria Theresa promises protection and respect of the inviolability of the freedom and territory of the Republic. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Ragusa was made a part of the crown land of the Kingdom of Dalmatia, ruled by Austria-Hungary, which it remained a part of until 1918. After the surrender Bachannte took a detachment of the 35th foot to Trieste and, on 22 March, she went to the town of Parga on the coast of Greece after the inhabitants had requested assistance against the French garrison of 170 men commanded by a colonel. The French flag was hauled down as soon as the frigate arrived and Hoste took possession of the town. See also Siege of Cattaro Siege of Dubrovnik Walls of Dubrovnik References Citations ^ a b c d e Bjelovucic pg 153–156 ^ Vojnović 2009, p. 187-189. ^ Vojnović 2009, p. 240-241,247. ^ Vojnović 2009, p. 147. ^ Vojnović 2009, p. 150-154. ^ James, Vol. 6, p. 257 ^ Vojnović 2009, p. 191. ^ Vojnović 2009, p. 172-173. ^ Vojnović 2009, p. 194. ^ a b c d e f g Ćosić, Stjepan (2000). "Dubrovnik Under French Rule (1810–1814)" (PDF). Dubrovnik Annals (4): 103–142. Retrieved 11 September 2009. ^ a b Urban pg 602 The Gentleman's Magazine: AND Historical Chronicle. From January to June, 1814. VOLUME LXXXIV ^ a b c d Bentley p.330-331 ^ Vojnović 2009, p. 208-210. ^ Vojnović 2009, p. 270-272. ^ Vojnović 2009, p. 217-218. Bibliography Bentley, R. (1833). Memoirs and Letters of Capt. Sir William Hoste, Bart, Volume 2. Bjelovucic, Harriet (1970). The Ragusan Republic;: Victim of Napoleon and its own conservatism. Brill. ASIN 1-B0006D1YHY. Chandler, David (1999) . Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars. Wordsworth Military Library. ISBN 1-84022-203-4. Clowes, William Laird (1997) . The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V. Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-014-0. James, William (2002) . The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 5, 1808–1811. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-909-3. Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-276-9. Vojnović, Lujo (2009). Pad Dubrovnika (1797.-1806.). Fortuna. ISBN 978-953-95981-9-6. External links British involvement in Dubrovnik – Sir William Hoste Age of Nelson – Ships of the Old Navy by Michael Phillips
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adriatic Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_1807%E2%80%931814"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walls_of_Dubrovnik_seen_from_hill.jpg"},{"link_name":"Srđ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C4%91"},{"link_name":"Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"Illyrian Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces"},{"link_name":"43°05′21″N 16°10′18″E / 43.08917°N 16.17167°E / 43.08917; 16.17167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Ragusa_(1814)&params=43_05_21_N_16_10_18_E_type:event"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"William Hoste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hoste"},{"link_name":"Biagio Caboga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biagio_Bernardo_Caboga"},{"link_name":"Đivo Natali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ivo_Natali"},{"link_name":"Joseph de Montrichard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H%C3%A9lie_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Perruquet_de_Montrichard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Adriatic_campaign_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Adriatic_campaign_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Adriatic_campaign_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_1807%E2%80%931814"},{"link_name":"Santa Maura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Santa_Maura_(1810)"},{"link_name":"Lissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lissa_(1811)"},{"link_name":"29 November 1811","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_29_November_1811"},{"link_name":"Pirano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pirano"},{"link_name":"Lippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lippa"},{"link_name":"Zara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Zara_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Cattaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Cattaro"},{"link_name":"Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Timeline of the Adriatic campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Adriatic_campaign_of_1807%E2%80%931814"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Sixth_Coalition"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Sixth_Coalition"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Sixth_Coalition"},{"link_name":"War of the Sixth Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition"},{"link_name":"German campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_campaign_of_1813"},{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Möckern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%B6ckern"},{"link_name":"Lützen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Bautzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Haynau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Haynau"},{"link_name":"Luckau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Luckau"},{"link_name":"Großbeeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren"},{"link_name":"Katzbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach"},{"link_name":"1st Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden"},{"link_name":"Hagelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hagelberg"},{"link_name":"Kulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm"},{"link_name":"Dennewitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz"},{"link_name":"Göhrde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_G%C3%B6hrde"},{"link_name":"2nd Kulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kulm"},{"link_name":"Altenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Altenburg"},{"link_name":"Rosslau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_of_Rosslau"},{"link_name":"Wartenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wartenburg"},{"link_name":"2nd Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dresden_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Torgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Torgau"},{"link_name":"Hanau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Bornhöved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Sehested","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Campaign in north-east France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_in_north-east_France_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Metz_(1814)"},{"link_name":"1st Bar-sur-Aube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube"},{"link_name":"Brienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"La Rothière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Lesmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lesmont"},{"link_name":"Six Days' Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Days%27_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Champaubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Champaubert"},{"link_name":"Montmirail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail"},{"link_name":"Château-Thierry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Vauchamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps"},{"link_name":"Mormant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mormant"},{"link_name":"Montereau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau"},{"link_name":"2nd Bar-sur-Aube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube"},{"link_name":"Gué-à-Tresmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gu%C3%A9-%C3%A0-Tresmes"},{"link_name":"Saint-Julien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Julien_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Laubressel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Laubressel"},{"link_name":"Craonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne"},{"link_name":"Laon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Laon"},{"link_name":"Mâcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A2con_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Limonest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Limonest"},{"link_name":"Arcis-sur-Aube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube"},{"link_name":"Fère-Champenoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise"},{"link_name":"Saint-Dizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Dizier"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Campaign in south-west France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_in_south-west_France_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Bidassoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa"},{"link_name":"Nivelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle"},{"link_name":"Nive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nive"},{"link_name":"Garris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Garris"},{"link_name":"Orthez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Bayonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne"},{"link_name":"Lippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lippa"},{"link_name":"Zara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Zara_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Cattaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Cattaro"},{"link_name":"Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Italian campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1813-1814"},{"link_name":"Feistritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Feistritz"},{"link_name":"Caldiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Mincio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Genoa_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Delfzijl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Delfzijl_(1813%E2%80%931814)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Naarden_(1813%E2%80%931814)"},{"link_name":"Woerden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Woerden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arnhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Breda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Hoogstraten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hoogstraten"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_Maastricht_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Bergen-op-Zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Courtrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Courtrai_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Ragusan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa"},{"link_name":"Joseph de Montrichard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H%C3%A9lie_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Perruquet_de_Montrichard"},{"link_name":"Adriatic campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_1807%E2%80%931814"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"}],"text":"Siege of RagusaSiege of Dubrovnik(1814)Part of the Adriatic Campaign of the Napoleonic WarsPresent day Dubrovnik (Ragusa) and Lokrum island from atop Srđ hill near the Imperial fortress where Hoste hoisted his artillery to bombard the town.Date19–27 January 1814LocationRagusa, Illyrian Provinces43°05′21″N 16°10′18″E / 43.08917°N 16.17167°E / 43.08917; 16.17167Result\nAnglo-Austrian victoryBelligerents\n United Kingdom Austria Ragusa\n FranceCommanders and leaders\n William Hoste Todor Milutinović Biagio Caboga, Đivo Natali\n Joseph de MontrichardStrength\n400 1 frigate 1 brig\n600 Casualties and losses\n40 killed or wounded\n70 killed or wounded530 captured[1]vteAdriatic campaign of 1807–1814\nSanta Maura\nLissa\n29 November 1811\nPirano\nLippa\nZara\nCattaro\nRagusa\n\nTimeline of the Adriatic campaign\n vteWar of the Sixth Coalition\nGerman campaign\nDanzig\nMöckern\nLützen\nBautzen\nHaynau\nLuckau\nGroßbeeren\nKatzbach\n1st Dresden\nHagelberg\nKulm\nDennewitz\nGöhrde\n2nd Kulm\nAltenburg\nRosslau\nWartenburg\n2nd Dresden\nLeipzig\nTorgau\nHanau\nMainz\nBornhöved\nSehested\nHamburg\nCampaign in north-east France\nMetz\n1st Bar-sur-Aube\nBrienne\nLa Rothière\nLesmont\nSix Days' Campaign\nChampaubert\nMontmirail\n Château-Thierry\nVauchamps\nMormant\nMontereau\n2nd Bar-sur-Aube\nGué-à-Tresmes\nSaint-Julien\nLaubressel\nCraonne\nLaon\nMâcon\nReims\nLimonest\nArcis-sur-Aube\nFère-Champenoise\nSaint-Dizier\nParis\nCampaign in south-west France\nBidassoa\nNivelle\nNive\nGarris\nOrthez\nToulouse\nBayonne\nIllyrian campaign\nLippa\nZara\nCattaro\nRagusa\nItalian campaign\nFeistritz\nCaldiero\nMincio\nGenoa\nLow Countries campaign\nDelfzijl\nNaarden\nWoerden\nArnhem\nBreda\nHoogstraten\nAntwerp\nMaastricht\nBergen-op-Zoom\nCourtraiThe siege of Ragusa or siege of Dubrovnik was fought between local Ragusan insurgents, as well as Austrian Croat troops and the British Royal Navy under Captain William Hoste against a French garrison under Joseph de Montrichard between 19 and 27 January 1814 during the Adriatic campaign of the Napoleonic Wars. The siege was fought on the coast of the Adriatic Sea for possession of the strategically important fortified town of Ragusa.","title":"Siege of Ragusa (1814)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_1807%E2%80%931814"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dubrovacka_republika.png"},{"link_name":"Empire of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa"},{"link_name":"Jacques Lauriston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lauriston"},{"link_name":"Bay of Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVojnovi%C4%872009187-189-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVojnovi%C4%872009240-241,247-3"},{"link_name":"Marshal Marmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Louis_Viesse_de_Marmont"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)"},{"link_name":"Istria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istria"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Illyrian Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces"},{"link_name":"invasion of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVojnovi%C4%872009147-4"},{"link_name":"Šipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ipan"},{"link_name":"Ston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ston"},{"link_name":"Lopud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopud"},{"link_name":"Konavle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konavle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVojnovi%C4%872009150-154-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"unopposed domination over the Adriatic sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_1807%E2%80%931814"},{"link_name":"William Hoste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hoste"},{"link_name":"HMS Saracen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Saracen_(1812)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Fremantle's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fremantle_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WJ6:257-6"},{"link_name":"William Hoste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hoste"},{"link_name":"HMS Bacchante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Bacchante_(1811)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"captured the mountain fortress of Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Cattaro"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVojnovi%C4%872009191-7"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVojnovi%C4%872009172-173-8"},{"link_name":"Biagio Bernardo Caboga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biagio_Bernardo_Caboga"},{"link_name":"Joseph de Montrichard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H%C3%A9lie_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Perruquet_de_Montrichard"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVojnovi%C4%872009194-9"},{"link_name":"Joseph de Montrichard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H%C3%A9lie_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Perruquet_de_Montrichard"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosic2000-10"}],"text":"Further information: Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814Republic of Ragusa before 1808On 27 May 1806, the forces of the Empire of France occupied the neutral Republic of Ragusa. Upon entering Ragusan territory without permission and approaching the capital, the French General Jacques Lauriston demanded that his troops be allowed to rest and be provided with food and drink in the city before continuing on to take possession of their holdings in the Bay of Kotor. However, this was a deception because as soon as they entered the city, they proceeded to occupy it in the name of Napoleon.[2] Almost immediately after the beginning of the French occupation, Russian and Montenegrin troops entered Ragusan territory and began fighting the French army, raiding and pillaging everything along the way and culminating in a siege of the occupied city (during which 3,000 cannonballs fell on the city).[3] In 1808 Marshal Marmont issued a proclamation abolishing the Republic of Ragusa and amalgamating its territory into the French Empire's client state, the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. Marmont himself claimed the newly created title of \"Duke of Ragusa\" (Duc de Raguse) and in 1810 Ragusa, together with Istria and Dalmatia, went to the newly created French Illyrian Provinces.After seven years of French occupation, encouraged by the desertion of French soldiers after the failed invasion of Russia and the reentry of Austria in the war in August 1813, all the social classes of the Ragusan people rose up in a general insurrection, led by the patricians, against the Napoleonic invaders.[4] On 18 June 1813, together with British forces they forced the surrender of the French garrison of the island of Šipan, soon also the heavily fortified town of Ston and the island of Lopud, after which the insurrection spread throughout the mainland, starting with Konavle.[5] They laid siege to the occupied city, helped by the British Royal Navy, who had enjoyed unopposed domination over the Adriatic sea, under the command of Captain William Hoste, with his ships HMS Bacchante and HMS Saracen. Working in conjunction with the Austrian armies now invading the Illyrian Provinces and Northern Italy, Rear Admiral Thomas Fremantle's ships were able to rapidly transport British and Austrian troops from one point to another, forcing the surrender of the strategic ports one after another December.[6] Captain William Hoste with his ship HMS Bacchante (38 guns) had already captured the mountain fortress of Kotor with the help of Montenegrin forces in early January. After this victory Hoste along with HMS Saracen an 18 gun brig, immediately sailed to Ragusa.\nSoon the population inside the city joined the insurrection.[7] The Austrian Empire sent a force under General Todor Milutinović offering to help their Ragusan allies.[8] However, as was soon shown, their intention was to in fact replace the French occupation of Ragusa with their own. Seducing one of the temporary governors of the Republic, Biagio Bernardo Caboga, with promises of power and influence (which were later cut short and who died in ignominy, branded as a traitor by his people), they managed to convince him that the gate to the east was to be kept closed to the Ragusan forces and to let the Austrian forces enter the City from the west, without any Ragusan soldiers, once the French garrison of 500 troops under General Joseph de Montrichard had surrendered.[9]The French under command of Joseph de Montrichard had less than 600 men left in the entire region after losing over a third of his men who had defected since the war with Austria began.[10]: 141","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-11"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovrijenac"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-12"},{"link_name":"Srđ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C4%91"},{"link_name":"Lokrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokrum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosic2000-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Captain_Hoste_of_HMS_Amphion_by_Henry_Edridge_(London_1768-1821).jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-12"},{"link_name":"Royal Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines"},{"link_name":"Brgat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gornji_Brgat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosic2000-10"},{"link_name":"Imperial Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Dubrovnik#Imperial_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Gruž","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gru%C5%BE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosic2000-10"},{"link_name":"Minčeta Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Dubrovnik#Min%C4%8Deta_Tower"},{"link_name":"Fort Bokar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Dubrovnik#Fort_Bokar"},{"link_name":"Revelin Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Dubrovnik#Revelin_Fortress"},{"link_name":"St. John Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Dubrovnik#St._John_Fortress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosic2000-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-12"}],"text":"When Bacchante arrived at Ragusa on 19 January Hoste landed and visited Milutinovitch to see the situation. He had with him two Croat battalions of 400 men but they were without artillery, so Hoste improvised.[11] On the morning of the 22nd Hoste immediately went into action and four mortars and two guns were landed and opened fire on San Lorenzo fort and the defences of the town. The French answered with a heavy fire from all batteries and Hoste soon knew that Ragusa would not be easy to take.[12] Hoping to use the same successful tactics that won him Kotor, Hoste set about the task of seeking strategic positions. He soon eyed the forts and positions on the hill of Srđ overlooking the town and the nearby Lokrum island east of the town. By taking these positions he knew Ragusa would not last long under siege; Milutinović agreed with him.[10]: 139Captain William HosteTo secure the approaches to the town on 24 January a third of Bacchante's crew (around 100 men) under Lieutenant Milbourne and his men rounded Srđ hill at the back of Ragusa with two eighteen-pounder guns, a distance of some 6 miles.[12] They soon bombarded the small French garrison on Lokrum, Royal Marines landed and then took the island after a small fight which yielded eleven guns. On the road to Brgat the Royal Marines cut off the French water supply and also took the Monastery of St. Jacob east of the City.[1][10]: 139At the same time Hoste asked Milutinović to attack the Imperial Fortress on top of the hill of Srđ, Milutinović agreed as long as Hoste supported him with artillery fire. This was agreed and by the end of the day, and despite some losses, the Croats were on top of Srđ forcing the seventy French gunners either to surrender or flee; this yielded twenty one guns. Hoste then ordered artillery to be ferried ashore and from the northern part of Gruž then taken up to the slopes of Srđ.[1] Hoste, who had refused to supply cannon to the Ragusans on earlier occasions, did so now by supplying Milutinovitch with one large and two smaller cannons, and permitted them to stand by the batteries under British command.[10]: 139Now the full complement of the siege guns were brought to bear: two mortars, two 16-pounders, and six 18-pounders as well as the guns on Bacchante and Saracaen and the captured French guns both on top of Srd and on Lokrum island. Hoste ordered the bombardment which continued on to next day without ceasing. He targeted the main towers of the Ragusa fortress; the Minčeta Tower, Fort Bokar and the Revelin Fortress. Then on the 2nd day being the 26th the Royal navy ships opened up a bombardment from the sea concentrating their fire on the ports St. John Fortress.[1]This was all too much for Montrichard: cut off for four months, losing many of his troops though defection, suffering a revolt in the surrounding region three months earlier and riots inside the town having flared up, he decided the only option was to surrender. He sent out a truce on the morning of the 27th and to request the British batteries to cease fire. Hoste agreed and the siege of Ragusa had ended.[10]: 140 [12]","title":"Siege"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forteresse_de_Dubrovnik.jpg"},{"link_name":"Biagio Bernardo Caboga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biagio_Bernardo_Caboga"},{"link_name":"Konavle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konavle"},{"link_name":"Đivo Natali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ivo_Natali"},{"link_name":"Ploče Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plo%C4%8De_Gates"},{"link_name":"Pile Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Dubrovnik#Gate_of_Pile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosic2000-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-12"},{"link_name":"35th regiment of foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_(Royal_Sussex)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"HMS Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Elizabeth_(1807)"},{"link_name":"Edward Leveson-Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Leveson-Gower"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-11"},{"link_name":"Saint Blaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Blaise"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattaro"},{"link_name":"Vienna Congress of 1815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Congress_of_1815"},{"link_name":"Miho Bona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bona"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosic2000-10"},{"link_name":"Klemens von Metternich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVojnovi%C4%872009208-210-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVojnovi%C4%872009270-272-14"},{"link_name":"Leopold I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVojnovi%C4%872009217-218-15"},{"link_name":"crown land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_land"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"Parga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parga"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"}],"text":"The Walls of Dubrovnik with the Minčeta TowerOn 27 January, the French capitulation was signed in Gruž and ratified the same day. It was then that one of the temporary governors of the Ragusan Republic, Biagio Bernardo Caboga, openly sided with the Austrians, dismissing the part of the rebel army which was from Konavle. Meanwhile, another leader of the insurrection, Đivo Natali, was still waiting with his men outside the Ploče Gates. After almost eight years of occupation the French troops marched out of Dubrovnik; 138 guns and 500 men were lost. On the afternoon of 28 January 1814 the Austrian troops and 100 British marines made their way into the city through the Pile Gates. With Caboga's support, General Milutinović ignored the agreement he had made with the Ragusan nobility in Gruž and proceeded to occupy the city.[1] British losses were no more than one killed and 10 wounded.[10]: 141–142 [12] The Austrians had suffered a little more with around thirty casualties with most of these coming from the assault on Fort Imperial on Srd hill. There were reinforcements of British troops of the 35th regiment of foot from HMS Elizabeth which had arrived with Edward Leveson-Gower on the 29th, but he declined to take part in the negotiations seeing that Hoste had everything under control.[11]The Ragusan Flag of Saint Blaise, hoisted by the populace participating in the insurrection against the French occupation of the Ragusan Republic, was flown alongside the Austrian and British colours for only two days because on 30 January General Milutinović ordered the mayor to lower it. Overwhelmed by a feeling of deep patriotic pride, Giorgi, the last Rector of the Republic, refused to do so \"for the masses had hoisted it\". Subsequent events proved that Austria took every possible opportunity to take over the entire coast of the eastern Adriatic, from Venice to Kotor. The Austrians did everything in their power to eliminate the Ragusa issue at the subsequent Vienna Congress of 1815. The Ragusa representative, Miho Bona, was denied participation in the Congress, while the Austrian General Milutinović, prior to the final agreement of the allies, assumed complete control of the city.[10]: 141–142Regardless of the fact that the government of the Ragusan Republic never signed any capitulation nor relinquished its sovereignty, which according to the rules of Klemens von Metternich that Austria adopted for the Vienna Congress should have meant that the Republic would be restored, the Austrian Empire managed to convince the other allies to allow it to keep the territory of the Republic.[13] While many smaller and less significant cities and former countries were permitted an audience, that right was refused to the representative of the Ragusan Republic.[14] All of this was in blatant contradiction to the solemn treaties that the Austrian Emperors signed with the Republic: the first on 20 August 1684, in which Leopold I promises and guarantees inviolate liberty (\"inviolatam libertatem\") to the Republic, and the second in 1772, in which the Empress Maria Theresa promises protection and respect of the inviolability of the freedom and territory of the Republic.[15]At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Ragusa was made a part of the crown land of the Kingdom of Dalmatia, ruled by Austria-Hungary, which it remained a part of until 1918.After the surrender Bachannte took a detachment of the 35th foot to Trieste and, on 22 March, she went to the town of Parga on the coast of Greece after the inhabitants had requested assistance against the French garrison of 170 men commanded by a colonel. The French flag was hauled down as soon as the frigate arrived and Hoste took possession of the town.","title":"Aftermath"}]
[{"image_text":"Republic of Ragusa before 1808","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dubrovacka_republika.png/200px-Dubrovacka_republika.png"},{"image_text":"Captain William Hoste","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Captain_Hoste_of_HMS_Amphion_by_Henry_Edridge_%28London_1768-1821%29.jpg/155px-Captain_Hoste_of_HMS_Amphion_by_Henry_Edridge_%28London_1768-1821%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Walls of Dubrovnik with the Minčeta Tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Forteresse_de_Dubrovnik.jpg/300px-Forteresse_de_Dubrovnik.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Siege of Cattaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Cattaro"},{"title":"Siege of Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik"},{"title":"Walls of Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Dubrovnik"}]
[{"reference":"Ćosić, Stjepan (2000). \"Dubrovnik Under French Rule (1810–1814)\" (PDF). Dubrovnik Annals (4): 103–142. Retrieved 11 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/12648","url_text":"\"Dubrovnik Under French Rule (1810–1814)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik_Annals","url_text":"Dubrovnik Annals"}]},{"reference":"Bentley, R. (1833). Memoirs and Letters of Capt. Sir William Hoste, Bart, Volume 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bjelovucic, Harriet (1970). The Ragusan Republic;: Victim of Napoleon and its own conservatism. Brill. ASIN 1-B0006D1YHY.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chandler, David (1999) [1993]. Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars. Wordsworth Military Library. ISBN 1-84022-203-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Chandler","url_text":"Chandler, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84022-203-4","url_text":"1-84022-203-4"}]},{"reference":"Clowes, William Laird (1997) [1900]. The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V. Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-014-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Laird_Clowes","url_text":"Clowes, William Laird"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86176-014-0","url_text":"1-86176-014-0"}]},{"reference":"James, William (2002) [1827]. The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 5, 1808–1811. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-909-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_(naval_historian)","url_text":"James, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-909-3","url_text":"0-85177-909-3"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-276-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-276-9","url_text":"1-85367-276-9"}]},{"reference":"Vojnović, Lujo (2009). Pad Dubrovnika (1797.-1806.). Fortuna. ISBN 978-953-95981-9-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YhlJAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Pad Dubrovnika (1797.-1806.)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-95981-9-6","url_text":"978-953-95981-9-6"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Ragusa_(1814)&params=43_05_21_N_16_10_18_E_type:event","external_links_name":"43°05′21″N 16°10′18″E / 43.08917°N 16.17167°E / 43.08917; 16.17167"},{"Link":"http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/12648","external_links_name":"\"Dubrovnik Under French Rule (1810–1814)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q68UAAAAQAAJ&dq=hms+elizabeth+ragusa&pg=PA602","external_links_name":"The Gentleman's Magazine: AND Historical Chronicle. From January to June, 1814. VOLUME LXXXIV"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YhlJAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Pad Dubrovnika (1797.-1806.)"},{"Link":"http://www.englishmanindubrovnik.com/british-involvement-dubrovnik-sir-william-hoste/","external_links_name":"British involvement in Dubrovnik – Sir William Hoste"},{"Link":"http://www.ageofnelson.org/MichaelPhillips/info.php?ref=0265","external_links_name":"Age of Nelson – Ships of the Old Navy by Michael Phillips"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever
Saturday Night Fever
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 Source material","5 Development","6 Production","6.1 Casting","6.2 Filming","7 Release","7.1 Theatrical","7.2 Home media","7.3 Television broadcast","8 Reception","8.1 Box office","8.2 Critical response","8.3 Accolades","9 In popular culture","10 References","11 External links"]
1977 American dance drama film by John Badham This article is about the film. For the stage musical, see Saturday Night Fever (musical). For the soundtrack album, see Saturday Night Fever (soundtrack). Saturday Night FeverTheatrical release posterDirected byJohn BadhamScreenplay byNorman WexlerBased on"Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night"by Nik CohnProduced byRobert StigwoodStarring John Travolta Karen Gorney CinematographyRalf D. BodeEdited byDavid RawlinsMusic by Bee Gees David Shire ProductioncompanyRobert Stigwood OrganizationDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date December 16, 1977 (1977-12-16) () Running time119 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$3.5 millionBox office$237.1 million Saturday Night Fever is a 1977 American dance drama film directed by John Badham and produced by Robert Stigwood. It stars John Travolta as Tony Manero, a young Italian-American man who spends his weekends dancing and drinking at a local discothèque while dealing with social tensions and disillusionment in his working class ethnic neighborhood in Brooklyn. The story is based on "Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night", a mostly fictional 1976 article by music writer Nik Cohn. A major critical and commercial success, Saturday Night Fever had a tremendous impact on the popular culture of the late 1970s. It helped popularize disco around the world and initiated a series of collaborations between film studios and record labels. It made Travolta, already well known from his role in the popular TV sitcom Welcome Back, Kotter, a household name. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, at the time becoming the fourth-youngest nominee in the category. The film showcases aspects of the music, dancing, and subculture surrounding the disco era, including symphony-orchestrated melodies, haute couture styles of clothing, pre-AIDS sexual promiscuity, and graceful choreography. The Saturday Night Fever soundtrack, featuring songs by the Bee Gees, is one of the best-selling soundtrack albums worldwide. Travolta reprised his role of Tony Manero in Staying Alive in 1983, which was panned by critics despite being successful at the box office. In 2010, Saturday Night Fever was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Adjusted for inflation, it is one of the highest-grossing R-rated films released in the U.S. in the 1970s, with a total box office gross of $673,899,098 in 2024. Plot This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tony Manero is a 19-year-old Italian-American from the Bay Ridge neighborhood of Brooklyn, living in his family's house and working in a small paint store. To escape his day-to-day life, Tony goes to 2001 Odyssey, a local discotheque, where he is king of the dance floor and receives the admiration and respect he craves. Tony has four close Italian-American friends from the neighborhood: Joey, Double J, Gus and Bobby C. A fringe member of his group of friends is Annette, a neighborhood girl who is infatuated with Tony; however, he is not attracted to her. Tony and his friends ritually stop on the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge to clown around. The bridge has special significance for Tony as a symbol of escape to a better life. Tony agrees to be Annette's partner in an upcoming dance contest, but her happiness is short-lived when Tony is mesmerized by another woman at the club, Stephanie Mangano, whose dancing skills exceed Annette's. Although Stephanie rejects Tony's advances, she eventually agrees to be his partner in the dance competition, provided that their partnership remains professional. Frank Jr, Tony's older brother and the pride of the family as a Roman Catholic priest, brings despair to their parents and grandmother when he tells them he has quit the priesthood. Tony shares a warm relationship with Frank Jr, but Tony feels pleased that he is no longer the black sheep of the family. Frank Jr tells Tony that he never wanted to be a priest and only did it to make their parents happy. He also encourages Tony to do something with his dancing. While on his way home from the grocery store, Gus is attacked by a gang and hospitalized. He tells Tony and his friends that his attackers were the Barracudas, a Puerto Rican gang. Meanwhile, Bobby C has been trying to get out of his relationship with his devout Catholic girlfriend, Pauline, who is pregnant with his child. Facing pressure from his family and others to marry her, Bobby asks Frank Jr if the Pope would grant him dispensation for an abortion. When Frank tells him such a thing would be highly unlikely, Bobby's feelings of desperation increase. Eventually, the group gets their revenge on the Barracudas and crash Bobby C's car into their hangout. When the group visits Gus in the hospital, they are angry when he tells them that he may have identified the wrong gang. Later, Tony and Stephanie dance at the competition, sharing a kiss at the end of their performance and end up winning first prize. However, Tony believes that a Puerto Rican couple performed better and that the judges' decision was ethnically motivated. He gives the Puerto Rican couple his trophy and award money and leaves with Stephanie. Once inside Bobby's car, Stephanie mocks Tony and tells him she was using him. Tony tries to have sex with her, but she resists and runs from him. Tony's friends come to the car along with an intoxicated Annette. Joey says she has agreed to have sex with everyone. Tony tries to lead her away but is subdued by Double J and Joey and sullenly leaves with the group in the car. Annette has sex with Joey in the back seat of the car. After Joey finishes with Annette, he switches places with Double J who then proceeds to brutally rape Annette as she cries, with Tony clearly uncomfortable in the front seat. Bobby C pulls the car over on the Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge for their usual cable-climbing antics. After the other three guys get out of the car, Tony insults Annette, who is clearly distraught over being raped and implies that she was asking for it. Instead of abstaining as usual, Bobby performs stunts more recklessly than the rest of the gang. Realizing that he is acting recklessly, Tony tries to get him to come down. Bobby's strong sense of despair, the situation with Pauline and Tony's broken promise to call him earlier that day, all lead to a suicidal tirade about Tony's lack of caring, before Bobby slips and falls to his death. Disgusted and disillusioned by his friends, his family and his life, Tony angrily storms off, leaving Double J, Joey and Annette behind. He spends the rest of the night riding the graffiti-riddled subway into Manhattan. Morning has dawned by the time he appears at Stephanie's apartment. He apologizes for his bad behavior, telling her that he plans to relocate from Brooklyn to Manhattan to try to start a new life. Stephanie forgives Tony and tells him that she was wrong to say she was using him and that she danced with him because he gave her respect and moral support. Tony and Stephanie salvage their relationship and agree to be friends. Cast John Travolta as Anthony "Tony" Manero Karen Lynn Gorney as Stephanie Mangano Barry Miller as Bobby C. Joseph Cali as Joey Paul Pape as Double J. Donna Pescow as Annette Bruce Ornstein as Gus Val Bisoglio as Frank Manero Sr. Julie Bovasso as Flo Manero Martin Shakar as Frank Manero Jr. Lisa Peluso as Linda Manero Nina Hansen as Grandmother Sam Coppola as Dan Fusco Denny Dillon as Doreen Bert Michaels as Pete Fran Drescher as Connie Monti Rock III as the DJ Robert Weil as Becker Shelly Batt as Girl in Disco Donald Gantry as Jay Langhart Ellen March as Bartender William Andrews as Detective Robert Costanzo as paint store customer Helen Travolta (John's mother) as paint store customer Ann Travolta (John's sister) as pizza girl Soundtrack Main article: Saturday Night Fever (soundtrack) Saturday Night FeverSoundtrack album by Bee Gees and various artistsReleasedNovember 15, 1977 (1977-11-15)Recorded1975–1977StudioChâteau d'Hérouville (France); Criteria Studios (Miami)GenreDiscoLength75:54LabelRSOProducerBill Oakes (music supervisor)Bee Gees chronology Here at Last... Bee Gees... Live(1977) Saturday Night Fever(1977) Spirits Having Flown(1979) Singles from Saturday Night Fever "How Deep Is Your Love"Released: September 24, 1977 "More Than a Woman"Released: November 19, 1977 "Stayin' Alive"Released: December 15, 1977 "If I Can't Have You"Released: January 1978 "Night Fever"Released: January 1978 "Boogie Shoes"Released: February 1978 "More Than a Woman"Released: April 8, 1978 "Manhattan Skyline"Released: June 17, 1978 The soundtrack was released on November 15, 1977. Prior to the release of Thriller by Michael Jackson, Saturday Night Fever was the best-selling album in music history, and still ranks among the best-selling soundtrack albums worldwide, with sales figures of over 40 million copies. In the United States, the album was certified 16× Platinum for shipments of at least 16 million units. The album stayed atop the charts for 24 straight weeks from January to July 1978 and stayed on Billboard's album charts for 120 weeks until March 1980. Three singles from the album contributed by the Bee Gees—"How Deep Is Your Love", "Stayin' Alive" and "Night Fever"—along with Yvonne Elliman's "If I Can't Have You", all reached No. 1 in the US. In the UK, the album spent 18 consecutive weeks at No. 1. The album epitomized the disco phenomenon on both sides of the Atlantic and was an international sensation. The album has been added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress in 2014 for being culturally significant. "Stayin' Alive" performed by the Bee Gees – 4:45 "How Deep Is Your Love" performed by Bee Gees – 4:05 "Night Fever" performed by Bee Gees – 3:33 "More Than a Woman" performed by Bee Gees – 3:17 "If I Can't Have You" performed by Yvonne Elliman – 3:00 "A Fifth of Beethoven" performed by Walter Murphy – 3:03 "More Than a Woman" performed by Tavares – 3:17 "Manhattan Skyline" performed by David Shire – 4:44 "Calypso Breakdown" performed by Ralph MacDonald – 7:50 "Night on Disco Mountain" performed by David Shire – 5:12 "Open Sesame" performed by Kool & the Gang – 4:01 "Jive Talkin'" performed by Bee Gees – 3:43 (*) "You Should Be Dancing" performed by Bee Gees – 4:14 "Boogie Shoes" performed by KC and the Sunshine Band – 2:17 "Salsation" performed by David Shire – 3:50 "K-Jee" performed by MFSB – 4:13 "Disco Inferno" performed by The Trammps – 10:51 With the exception of (*) track 12 "Jive Talkin", all of the songs are played in the film. The novelty songs "Dr. Disco" and "Disco Duck", both performed by Rick Dees, are played in the film but not included on the album. According to the DVD commentary for Saturday Night Fever, the producers intended to use the song "Lowdown" by Boz Scaggs in the rehearsal scene between Tony and Annette in the dance studio, and choreographed their dance moves to the song. However, representatives for Scaggs' label Columbia Records refused to grant legal clearance for it, as they wanted to pursue another disco movie project, which never materialized. Composer David Shire, who scored the film, had to in turn write a song to match the dance steps demonstrated in the scene and eliminate the need for future legal hassles. However, this track does not appear on the movie's soundtrack. The song "K-Jee" was used during the dance contest with the Puerto Rican couple that competed against Tony and Stephanie. Some VHS cassettes used a more traditional Latin-style song instead. The DVD restores the original recording. The album, like its parent film, has been added to the Library of Congress via the National Recording Registry. Source material Norman Wexler's screenplay was adapted from a 1976 New York magazine article by British writer Nik Cohn, "Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night". The article centers on working class Italian-Americans in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, and on the lives of young men who work dead-end jobs but live for their nights dancing at the local discotheque, in particular. Cohn later wrote that "the craze had started in black gay clubs, then progressed to straight blacks and gay whites and from there to mass consumption—Latinos in the Bronx, West Indians on Staten Island, and, yes, Italians in Brooklyn." Although presented as an account of factual reporting, Cohn acknowledged in the mid-1990s that he fabricated most of the article. A newcomer to the United States and a stranger to the disco lifestyle, Cohn was unable to make any sense of the subculture he had been assigned to write about; instead, the character who became Tony Manero was based on an English mod acquaintance of Cohn. Development Shortly after Cohn's article was published, British music impresario Robert Stigwood purchased the film rights and hired Cohn to adapt his own article to screen. After finishing a single screenplay draft, Cohn was replaced by Norman Wexler, who'd previously picked up Oscar nominations for Joe (1970) and Serpico (1973). Among the elements Wexler added to the story was Tony's younger sister, as well as older brother Frank who disappoints his parents by leaving the priesthood. "I think what Norman did so well was to create a family situation that had real truth, an accurate look at how men related to women in that moment, in ways that you would never get away with now," said producer Kevin McCormick. John G. Avildsen was originally hired as the film's director, but was replaced one month before principal photography by John Badham over "conceptual disagreements." Badham was a lesser-known director who, like his star, had mostly worked in television. His sole prior film credit, The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars & Motor Kings, was released while Saturday Night Fever was already well into production. The film went through several different titles, including Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night and Saturday Night. After the Bee Gees wrote "Night Fever" and submitted it for the soundtrack, they told Stigwood they disliked Saturday Night for the film's title, and the film's final title of Saturday Night Fever was decided upon. Production Casting The film's relatively low budget ($3.5 million) meant that most of the actors were relative unknowns, many of whom were recruited from New York's theatre scene. For more than 40% of the actors it was their film debut. The only actor in the cast who was already an established name was John Travolta, thanks to his role on the sitcom Welcome Back, Kotter. Travolta, who had previously auditioned for Stigwood's film version of Jesus Christ Superstar, was remembered by the producer and signed to a three-movie contract with his company in 1976. Stigwood wanted Travolta to first star in a movie version of Grease, but because a film adaptation of Grease was not permitted to begin filming until 1978 when its stage run had completed, they made this film first. Travolta's performance as Tony Manero brought him critical acclaim and helped launch him into international stardom. Travolta researched the part by visiting the real 2001 Odyssey discotheque, and claimed he adopted many of the character's swaggering mannerisms from the male patrons. Travolta said when he would get recognized, " girlfriends would come up, and they'd say, 'Hey, stay away from him, don't bug Travolta,' and they’d actually push the girls away. Tony Manero's whole male-chauvinist thing I got from watching those guys in the discos." He insisted on performing his character's own dance sequences after producers suggested he be substituted by a body double, rehearsing his choreography with Lester Wilson and Deney Terrio for three hours every day, losing 20 pounds in the process. Wilson is credited for providing the look of the dance scenes and "breathing life" into the film. Said Travolta, "He taught me what he called his 'hang time.' He would smoke a cigarette to greet the day, and he infused my dancing with African-American rhythm. I'm the kind of dancer who needs thought and construction—an idea—before I dance. I need an internal story. Lester would put on some music and he would say, 'Move with me, motherfucker—move with me!'" Karen Lynn Gorney was nine years older than Travolta when she was cast as his love interest Stephanie. Although Gorney had dance experience before she was cast, she found it difficult to keep up with her co-star due to injuries sustained in a motorcycle accident some years before. After the success of Saturday Night Fever, Gorney took a break from film acting to work as a dance instructor at a performing arts academy in Brooklyn. Jessica Lange, Kathleen Quinlan, Carrie Fisher, and Amy Irving were all considered for the part before Gorney was cast. Donna Pescow was considered almost "too pretty" by Paramount heads Michael Eisner and Jeffrey Katzenberg for the role of Annette. She corrected this matter by putting on weight. She also had to relearn her native Brooklyn accent, which she had overcome while studying drama at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. Filming The film was shot entirely on-location in Brooklyn, New York. The 2001 Odyssey Disco was a real club located at 802 64th Street, which has since been demolished. The interior was modified for the film, including the addition of a $15,000 lighted floor, which was inspired by a Birmingham, Alabama establishment Badham had visited. A similar effect was achieved on the club's walls using tinfoil and Christmas lights. Since the Bee Gees were not involved in the production until after principal photography wrapped, the "Night Fever", "You Should Be Dancin'", and "More Than a Woman" sequences were shot with Stevie Wonder tracks that were later overdubbed in the sound mix. During filming, the production was harassed by local gangs over use of the location, and was even firebombed. The dance studio was Phillips Dance Studio in Bensonhurst, the Manero home was a house in Bay Ridge, the paint store was Pearson Paint & Hardware, also in Bay Ridge. Other locations included the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, John J. Carty Park, and the Bay Ridge Promenade. To try to throw off Travolta's fans who might disrupt filming, Badham and his team took to shooting exterior scenes as early in the morning as possible before people caught on – often at the crack of dawn. They would also generate fake call sheets. The tactics worked well enough that Badham was usually able to get the scenes done before significant crowds had time to gather. Release Theatrical Movie poster of the PG version of Saturday Night Fever Two theatrical versions of the film were released: the original R-rated version and an edited PG-rated version in 1979. The R-rated version released in 1977 represented the movie's first run, and totaled 119 minutes. After the success of the first run, the film's content was re-edited into a 112-minute, toned down, PG-rated version, not only to attract a wider audience, but also to capitalize on attracting the target audience of the teenagers who were not old enough to see the film by themselves, but who made the film's soundtrack album a monster hit. The R-rated version's profanity, nudity, fight sequence, and a gang rape scene in a car, were all de-emphasized or removed from the PG version. Numerous profanity-filled scenes were replaced with alternate takes of the same scenes, substituting milder language initially intended for the network television cut. Paramount initially intended to release the PG-rated version of the film in 1978, as it was already being screened on airlines. However, due to the regulations set by the MPAA at the time, it was not permissible to have two versions of a film with different ratings shown concurrently in American theaters. Consequently, Paramount had to remove the film from exhibition for a period of 90 days before they could showcase the alternate rated version, thereby causing a delay in their release plans. Eventually, in 1979, the PG-rated version was made available to the public. Paramount later decided to present it as a double feature along with their other successful John Travolta film, Grease. In the Biography documentary Inside Story: Saturday Night Fever, producer Robert Stigwood criticized the PG-rated version, stating that it undermined the film's impact and lacked the power of the original R-rated edition. In 2017, the director's cut (running 122 minutes) premiered at the TCM Classic Film Festival at TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Fathom Events hosted special screenings of this version in 2017. Home media Both theatrical versions were released on VHS. The PG-rated version never had a home video release on Laserdisc. It was first released to DVD by Paramount on October 8, 2002, as an R-rated special-edition, which included most of the deleted scenes present on the PG version, as well as a director's commentary and "Behind the Music" featurettes. On May 5, 2009, Paramount released Saturday Night Fever on Blu-ray Disc in 1.78:1 aspect ratio. This release retains the R-rated version of the film, and included bonus features from the 2002 release as well as new extras. The 4K director's cut (122 minutes) was released on Blu-ray on May 2, 2017. This disc includes both the director's cut and the original theatrical version, as well as the bulk of the bonus features from the prior release. On November 8, 2022, Paramount released the film as a special edition 4K HD Blu-ray. Television broadcast When HBO acquired the pay television rights to Saturday Night Fever in 1980, both versions of the film were aired by the network: the PG version during the day, and the R version during the evening (HBO, which had primarily operated on a late afternoon-to-early overnight schedule at the time, had maintained a programming policy restricting the showing of R-rated films to the nighttime hours, a rule that continued long after it switched to a 24-hour schedule full-time in December 1981). The R-rated theatrical version premiered on the network at midnight Eastern Time on January 1, 1980. For the film's network television premiere, airing on ABC on November 16, 1980, a new milder version was created to conform with network broadcast standards. The network television version was a slightly shortened cut of the PG-rated version. In order to maintain runtime, a few additional scenes deleted from both theatrical releases were added to make up for the lost/cut material, making the ABC version among the longest cuts of the film. These added scenes included Tony dancing with Doreen to "Disco Duck", Tony running his finger along the cables of the Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge, and Tony's father getting his job back. The last two deleted scenes were included in the 2017 director's cut. Starting in the late 1990s, VH1, TBS and TNT began showing the original R-rated version with a TV-14 rating, although with nudity removed/censored, and the stronger profanity either being edited or (on recent airings) silenced. However, this version of the TV cut included some innuendo included in the original theatrical release that was edited or removed from the PG version. Turner Classic Movies has aired the film in both versions: the original R-rated version (rated TV-MA on the network) is the cut commonly broadcast, although the PG cut has been presented as part of TCM's family-oriented "Funday Night at the Movies" and "Essentials Jr." film showcases. Reception Box office The film grossed $25.9 million in its first 24 days of release and grossed an average of $600,000 a day throughout January to March going on to gross $94.2 million in the United States and Canada and $237.1 million worldwide. Adjusted for inflation, it is the highest-grossing R-rated film released in the U.S. in the 1970s, with a total box office gross of $673,899,098 in 2024. Critical response Saturday Night Fever received positive reviews and is regarded by many critics as one of the best films of 1977. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 82% of 55 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The website's consensus reads: "Boasting a smart, poignant story, a classic soundtrack, and a starmaking performance from John Travolta, Saturday Night Fever ranks among the finest dramas of the 1970s." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 77 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. It was added to The New York Times "Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made", which was published in 2004. In 2010, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Film critic Gene Siskel, who would later list this as his favorite movie, praised the film: "One minute into Saturday Night Fever you know this picture is onto something, that it knows what it's talking about." He also praised John Travolta's energetic performance: "Travolta on the dance floor is like a peacock on amphetamines. He struts like crazy." Siskel even bought Travolta's famous white suit from the film at a charity auction. Film critic Pauline Kael wrote a gushing review of the film in The New Yorker: "The way Saturday Night Fever has been directed and shot, we feel the languorous pull of the discotheque, and the gaudiness is transformed. These are among the most hypnotically beautiful pop dance scenes ever filmed ... Travolta gets so far inside the role he seems incapable of a false note; even the Brooklyn accent sounds unerring ... At its best, though, Saturday Night Fever gets at something deeply romantic: the need to move, to dance, and the need to be who you'd like to be. Nirvana is the dance; when the music stops, you return to being ordinary." Historians of disco have criticized the film as a whitewashed representation of disco. Katherine Karlin wrote: "The film is wrongly credited with sparking the disco culture; it’s more accurate to say that it marks the moment when disco—up to that moment a megaphone for voices that were queer, black, or female—became accessible to straight white men, and thus the moment marking its decline." Music historians Bill Brewster and Frank Broughton wrote in their book Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: "The Bee Gees did for disco what Elvis Presley did for rhythm and blues, what Diana Ross did for soul, what Dave Brubeck did for jazz; they made it safe for white, straight, middle-class people, hauling it out of its subcultural ghetto and into the headlight glare of the mainstream. Here was something middle America could move its uptight ass to." Accolades Award Category Nominee(s) Result Ref. Academy Awards Best Actor John Travolta Nominated British Academy Film Awards Anthony Asquith Award for Original Film Music Bee Gees Nominated Best Soundtrack Michael Colgan, Les Lazarowitz, John Wilkinson, Robert W. Glass Jr., and John T. Reitz Nominated DVD Exclusive Awards Best Audio Commentary, Library Release John Badham (for the 25th Anniversary Edition) Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Nominated Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy John Travolta Nominated Best Original Score – Motion Picture Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, Robin Gibb, and David Shire Nominated Best Original Song – Motion Picture "How Deep Is Your Love" Music and Lyrics by Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Robin Gibb Nominated Golden Screen Awards Won Grammy Awards (1977) Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Group "How Deep Is Your Love" – Bee Gees Won Producer of the Year Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, Robin Gibb, Albhy Galuten, and Karl Richardson Nominated Grammy Awards (1978) Album of the Year Saturday Night Fever – Bee Gees, Broadway Eddie, Richard Finch, Albhy Galuten, K.G. Productions, Ron Kersey, Arif Mardin, Bobby Martin, Bill Oakes, Freddie Perren, Karl Richardson, William Salter, Thomas J. Valentino, Ralph MacDonald, David Shire, Don Renaldo, Yvonne Elliman, K.C. and the Sunshine Band, Kool & the Gang, Walter Murphy, Tavares, and Trammps Won Record of the Year "Stayin' Alive" – Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, Robin Gibb, Albhy Galuten, and Karl Richardson Nominated Song of the Year "Stayin' Alive" – Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Robin Gibb Nominated Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo, Group or Chorus Saturday Night Fever – Bee Gees Won Best Arrangement for Voices "Stayin' Alive" – Bee Gees Won Producer of the Year Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, Robin Gibb, Albhy Galuten, and Karl Richardson Won Grammy Awards (2004) Grammy Hall of Fame Saturday Night Fever – Various Artists Inducted National Board of Review Awards Top Ten Films 7th Place Best Actor John Travolta Won National Film Preservation Board National Film Registry Inducted National Society of Film Critics Awards Best Actor John Travolta 3rd Place New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actor Runner-up Best Supporting Actress Donna Pescow Runner-up Writers Guild of America Awards Best Drama – Written Directly for the Screen Norman Wexler Nominated American Film Institute Lists AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Songs: Stayin' Alive – #9 In popular culture The 1980 comedy Airplane! by directors David & Jerry Zucker and Jim Abrahams, included a flashback scene that directly parodied the dance competition scene at the disco in Saturday Night Fever. In 2008, director Pablo Larraín made a film, Tony Manero, about a Chilean dancer obsessed by the main character in Saturday Night Fever who tries to win a Tony Manero look-alike contest. On April 17, 2012, Fox aired series Glee's episode 16, "Saturday Night Glee-ver", which pays tribute to the film and features various songs from its soundtrack (especially the songs performed by the Bee Gees), covered by the series' cast. The Red Hot Chili Peppers 2016 music video for their song "Go Robot" is heavily inspired by the film and recreates the opening scene and classic characters from the film who are portrayed by each band member. The 2018 film Ready Player One features a dance scene that references Saturday Night Fever, particularly the red, yellow, and blue dance floor from the 2001 Odyssey night club in the film. In November, 2023, Capital One began airing a holiday-themed commercial titled "Holiday Night Fever" which recreated the opening scene of the movie. In the sixty second version, as the Bee Gees' "Stayin' Alive" plays over the scene, Santa Claus (a heavily made-up John Travolta) struts down a street that has been mostly cleared of snow after a winter storm. He carries a can of "magical glitter paint"; buys two cookies (instead of pizza slices) at a walk-up window and asks "what happened to three?" (he was offered three slices in the movie); eats them stacked; then pauses at a shoe store window and compares his shoes to a pair of elven boots with a jingle bell on them; he flirts with a store clerk (Donna Pescow); buys a disco ball Christmas ornament for his sleigh; throws some of the glitter paint onto a Christmas tree that is set up on the sidewalk; then goes to a disco where he asks how his hair looks and dances on the illuminated floor. References ^ a b c d e f Saturday Night Fever at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films ^ ""Saturday Night Fever" premieres in LA". History.com. ^ "Saturday Night Fever (1977)". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved September 5, 2017. ^ Loftis, Ryan (December 12, 2012), Saturday Night Fever Turns 35. Suite101. Retrieved April 1, 2013. ^ a b "Saturday Night Fever". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 26, 2014. ^ a b "All Time Domestic Inflation Adjusted Box Office". www.the-numbers.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–2001. Record Research. p. 30. ISBN 0-89820-149-7. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2014). Cash Box Looking Ahead Pop Hits 101-150. Sheridan Books, Inc. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-89820-211-3. ^ Byrne, Katie (May 20, 2012). "Bee Gees' Robin Gibb Dead At 62". MTV. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013. ^ "Maurice Gibb, 53, of disco's Bee Gees: 'Saturday Night Fever' album defined era". The Seattle Times. The Associated Press. January 12, 2013. Archived from the original on May 25, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013. ^ "Gold & Platinum – November 30, 2009". RIAA. Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved November 30, 2009. ^ Sullivan, James (January 14, 2003). "APPRECIATION / Contributor to a sound that went beyond disco". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 30, 2009. ^ a b Richards, Chris (March 20, 2013). "Library of Congress adds 'Saturday Night Fever,' Simon and Garfunkel, Pink Floyd to audio archive". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2014. ^ Badham, John (2002). Saturday Night Fever: Audio commentary (DVD). Paramount. ^ "Saturday Night Fever 1979 VHS, Latin Dancers/"K-Jee" by MSFB (Paramount Home Video)". YouTube. June 30, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Kashner, Sam (August 15, 2013). "Fever Pitch". Vanity Fair. Retrieved September 26, 2023. ^ a b Leduff, Charlie (June 9, 1996). "Saturday Night Fever: The Life". The New York Times. Retrieved May 23, 2010. ^ Bronson, Fred (2003). "Night Fever". The Billboard Book of Number One Hits. Billboard Books. p. 480. ISBN 978-0823076772. Retrieved September 26, 2023. ^ Sanburn, Josh (December 2, 2010). "On the Floor in Saturday Night Fever". Time. Retrieved September 26, 2023. ^ Van Gelder, Lawrence (January 6, 1978). "New race: Donna Pescow". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 9, 2020. ^ a b "Saturday Night Fever (1977)". nycinfilm.com. March 9, 2023. Retrieved September 26, 2023. ^ Ramsey, James (December 14, 2017). "Wednesday Night Fever: The One-Night Return of the 2001 Odyssey Disco". WNYC. Retrieved September 26, 2023. ^ Brooks, Tanner (November 18, 2021). "'Saturday Night Fever' director John Badham hasn't forgotten his Alabama roots". CBS 42. Retrieved September 26, 2023. ^ "Bay Ridge Still Has Saturday Night Fever, 35 Years Later". brooklynbased.com. December 14, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2021. ^ "Saturday Night Fever version comparison (R and PG-rated)". movie-censorship.com. Retrieved September 18, 2023. ^ "Saturday Night Fever version comparison (theatrical and director's cut)". movie-censorship.com. Retrieved September 18, 2023. ^ a b c d e f g Harmetz, Aljean (January 11, 1979). "Fever' Redone for PG Rating". The New York Times. Retrieved September 18, 2023. ^ Segers, Frank (May 31, 1978). "Par Asks, Then Drops, Request MPAA Give Two Ratings Of Pic, With No 90-Day Withdrawal". Variety. p. 3. ^ Inside Story: Saturday Night Fever (Television production). Biography. March 17, 2010. ^ Di Nunzio, Miriam (April 28, 2017). "Director: 'Saturday Night Fever' stayin' relevant after 40 years". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved September 18, 2023. ^ "Celebrate the 40th Anniversary of the Seminal Classic Saturday Night Fever". Fathom Events. March 30, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2023. ^ "Saturday Night Fever - Releases". AllMovie. Retrieved September 26, 2023. ^ Terrence, Sir (May 8, 2009). "Saturday Night Fever Blu-ray Review". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved November 25, 2013. ^ "Saturday Night Fever Blu-ray (4K Director's cut)". blu-ray.com. Retrieved September 18, 2023. ^ Salmons, Tim (November 28, 2022). "Saturday Night Fever: 45-Year Anniversary (4K UHD Review)". The Digital Bits. Retrieved September 18, 2023. ^ "ABC promo Saturday Night Fever 1980". YouTube. March 28, 2012. Retrieved September 26, 2023. ^ "'Sat. Nite Fever' At $87,749,000". Variety. May 10, 1978. p. 4. ^ "Gene Siskel's Top Ten Lists 1969–1998". Alumnus.caltech.edu. February 20, 1999. Retrieved April 11, 2011. ^ "Greatest Films of 1977: "melodramatic, out-dated blockbuster"". Filmsite.org. Retrieved April 11, 2011. ^ Johanson, MaryAnn (May 25, 2007). "The 10 Best Movies of 1977 – Movies". Film.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2011. ^ "The Best Movies of 1977 by Rank". Films101.com. Retrieved April 11, 2011. ^ "Saturday Night Fever". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved October 26, 2023. ^ "Saturday Night Fever". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved October 26, 2023. ^ "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made". The New York Times. April 29, 2003. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2010. ^ Siskel, Gene (December 16, 1977). "Energy, reality make 'Fever' dance". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 20, 2022. ^ Ebert, Roger (March 7, 1999). "Saturday Night Fever (1977)". Chicago Sun-Times. ^ "Critics' Corner – Saturday Night Fever". TCM.com. Retrieved June 6, 2013. ^ Kael, Pauline (December 26, 1977). "Nirvana". The New Yorker. pp. 59–60. ^ Karlin, Katherine (June 12, 2019). "What We Don't Remember About Saturday Night Fever". Bright Wall/Dark Room. Retrieved March 16, 2021. ^ Brewster, Bill; Broughton, Frank (December 2007). Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey. New York: Grove Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-55584-611-4. ^ "The 50th Academy Awards (1978) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved October 5, 2011. ^ "BAFTA Awards: Film in 1979". British Academy Film Awards. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "DVD Premiere Awards 2002 Nominations & Winners". DVD Exclusive Magazine. Archived from the original on January 14, 2005. ^ "Saturday Night Fever". Golden Globe Awards. Retrieved July 5, 2021. ^ "20th Annual GRAMMY Awards". Grammy Awards. Retrieved May 1, 2011. ^ "21st Annual GRAMMY Awards". Grammy Awards. Retrieved May 1, 2011. ^ "GRAMMY Hall of Fame". Grammy Awards. Retrieved May 1, 2011. ^ "1977 Award Winners". National Board of Review. Retrieved July 5, 2021. ^ "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress. Retrieved December 16, 2015. ^ "Past Awards". National Society of Film Critics. December 19, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2021. ^ "1977 New York Film Critics Circle Awards". New York Film Critics Circle. Retrieved July 5, 2021. ^ "Awards Winners". Writers Guild of America Awards. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2010. ^ "AFI's 100 Years…100 Songs". American Film Institute. Retrieved September 26, 2023. ^ Sherlock, Ben (August 22, 2021). "9 Classic Movies Referenced In Airplane!". ScreenRant. Retrieved September 26, 2023. ^ Rohter, Larry (July 2, 2009). "The Dictator and the Disco King". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ Harnick, Chris (April 13, 2012). "WATCH: 'Glee' Goes Disco". The Huffington Post. ^ "'Glee,' 'Saturday Night Glee-ver' Songs: Season 3, Episode 16 Includes Tribute to the Bee Gees". AOL. April 17, 2012. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. ^ Ivie, Devon (September 9, 2016). "Anthony Kiedis Makes a White-Painted Saturday Night Fever Homage in the Red Hot Chili Peppers' 'Go Robot' Video". Vulture. ^ Warner, Kara (April 4, 2018). "'Ready Player One' 's Tye Sheridan, Olivia Cooke Spent 3 Weeks Learning That Disco Dance Number". People. Retrieved September 18, 2023. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Saturday Night Fever. Saturday Night Fever at IMDb Saturday Night Fever at the TCM Movie Database Saturday Night Fever at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films Saturday Night Fever at Paramount Pictures vteSaturday Night FeverFilms Saturday Night Fever Staying Alive Music Saturday Night Fever soundtrack Staying Alive soundtrack "Far from Over" Related topics Stage adaptation "Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night" "Saturday Night Glee-ver" Tony Manero vteFilms directed by John BadhamFeature films The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars & Motor Kings (1976) Saturday Night Fever (1977) Dracula (1979) Whose Life Is It Anyway? (1981) Blue Thunder (1983) WarGames (1983) American Flyers (1985) Short Circuit (1986) Stakeout (1987) Bird on a Wire (1990) The Hard Way (1991) Point of No Return (1993) Another Stakeout (1993) Drop Zone (1994) Nick of Time (1995) Incognito (1997) Television films Isn't It Shocking? (1973) The Law (1974) The Gun (1974) Reflections of Murder (1974) The Jack Bull (1999) The Last Debate (2000) Brother's Keeper (2002) Footsteps (2003) Evel Knievel (2004) Portals: Film United States Authority control databases International VIAF National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saturday Night Fever (musical)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Fever (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"John Badham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Badham"},{"link_name":"Robert Stigwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stigwood"},{"link_name":"John Travolta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Travolta"},{"link_name":"Italian-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Americans"},{"link_name":"discothèque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"},{"link_name":"working class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_Rites_of_the_New_Saturday_Night"},{"link_name":"Nik Cohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik_Cohn"},{"link_name":"popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"Welcome Back, Kotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_Back,_Kotter"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"fourth-youngest nominee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_and_youngest_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees#Best_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role"},{"link_name":"subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture"},{"link_name":"haute couture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_couture"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Fever soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Bee Gees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Gees"},{"link_name":"Staying Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staying_Alive_(1983_film)"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"National Film Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Registry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FeverBoxOffice-6"}],"text":"This article is about the film. For the stage musical, see Saturday Night Fever (musical). For the soundtrack album, see Saturday Night Fever (soundtrack).Saturday Night Fever is a 1977 American dance drama film directed by John Badham and produced by Robert Stigwood. It stars John Travolta as Tony Manero, a young Italian-American man who spends his weekends dancing and drinking at a local discothèque while dealing with social tensions and disillusionment in his working class ethnic neighborhood in Brooklyn. The story is based on \"Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night\", a mostly fictional 1976 article by music writer Nik Cohn.A major critical and commercial success, Saturday Night Fever had a tremendous impact on the popular culture of the late 1970s. It helped popularize disco around the world and initiated a series of collaborations between film studios and record labels. It made Travolta, already well known from his role in the popular TV sitcom Welcome Back, Kotter, a household name. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, at the time becoming the fourth-youngest nominee in the category. The film showcases aspects of the music, dancing, and subculture surrounding the disco era, including symphony-orchestrated melodies, haute couture styles of clothing, pre-AIDS sexual promiscuity, and graceful choreography. The Saturday Night Fever soundtrack, featuring songs by the Bee Gees, is one of the best-selling soundtrack albums worldwide. Travolta reprised his role of Tony Manero in Staying Alive in 1983, which was panned by critics despite being successful at the box office.In 2010, Saturday Night Fever was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.Adjusted for inflation, it is one of the highest-grossing R-rated films released in the U.S. in the 1970s, with a total box office gross of $673,899,098 in 2024.[6]","title":"Saturday Night Fever"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Americans"},{"link_name":"Bay Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Ridge,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"discotheque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"},{"link_name":"Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrazzano-Narrows_Bridge"},{"link_name":"black sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_sheep"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"dispensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensation_(Catholic_canon_law)"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"}],"text":"Tony Manero is a 19-year-old Italian-American from the Bay Ridge neighborhood of Brooklyn, living in his family's house and working in a small paint store. To escape his day-to-day life, Tony goes to 2001 Odyssey, a local discotheque, where he is king of the dance floor and receives the admiration and respect he craves. Tony has four close Italian-American friends from the neighborhood: Joey, Double J, Gus and Bobby C. A fringe member of his group of friends is Annette, a neighborhood girl who is infatuated with Tony; however, he is not attracted to her.Tony and his friends ritually stop on the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge to clown around. The bridge has special significance for Tony as a symbol of escape to a better life.Tony agrees to be Annette's partner in an upcoming dance contest, but her happiness is short-lived when Tony is mesmerized by another woman at the club, Stephanie Mangano, whose dancing skills exceed Annette's. Although Stephanie rejects Tony's advances, she eventually agrees to be his partner in the dance competition, provided that their partnership remains professional.Frank Jr, Tony's older brother and the pride of the family as a Roman Catholic priest, brings despair to their parents and grandmother when he tells them he has quit the priesthood. Tony shares a warm relationship with Frank Jr, but Tony feels pleased that he is no longer the black sheep of the family. Frank Jr tells Tony that he never wanted to be a priest and only did it to make their parents happy. He also encourages Tony to do something with his dancing.While on his way home from the grocery store, Gus is attacked by a gang and hospitalized. He tells Tony and his friends that his attackers were the Barracudas, a Puerto Rican gang. Meanwhile, Bobby C has been trying to get out of his relationship with his devout Catholic girlfriend, Pauline, who is pregnant with his child. Facing pressure from his family and others to marry her, Bobby asks Frank Jr if the Pope would grant him dispensation for an abortion. When Frank tells him such a thing would be highly unlikely, Bobby's feelings of desperation increase.Eventually, the group gets their revenge on the Barracudas and crash Bobby C's car into their hangout. When the group visits Gus in the hospital, they are angry when he tells them that he may have identified the wrong gang. Later, Tony and Stephanie dance at the competition, sharing a kiss at the end of their performance and end up winning first prize. However, Tony believes that a Puerto Rican couple performed better and that the judges' decision was ethnically motivated. He gives the Puerto Rican couple his trophy and award money and leaves with Stephanie. Once inside Bobby's car, Stephanie mocks Tony and tells him she was using him. Tony tries to have sex with her, but she resists and runs from him.Tony's friends come to the car along with an intoxicated Annette. Joey says she has agreed to have sex with everyone. Tony tries to lead her away but is subdued by Double J and Joey and sullenly leaves with the group in the car. Annette has sex with Joey in the back seat of the car. After Joey finishes with Annette, he switches places with Double J who then proceeds to brutally rape Annette as she cries, with Tony clearly uncomfortable in the front seat. Bobby C pulls the car over on the Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge for their usual cable-climbing antics. After the other three guys get out of the car, Tony insults Annette, who is clearly distraught over being raped and implies that she was asking for it.Instead of abstaining as usual, Bobby performs stunts more recklessly than the rest of the gang. Realizing that he is acting recklessly, Tony tries to get him to come down. Bobby's strong sense of despair, the situation with Pauline and Tony's broken promise to call him earlier that day, all lead to a suicidal tirade about Tony's lack of caring, before Bobby slips and falls to his death.Disgusted and disillusioned by his friends, his family and his life, Tony angrily storms off, leaving Double J, Joey and Annette behind. He spends the rest of the night riding the graffiti-riddled subway into Manhattan. Morning has dawned by the time he appears at Stephanie's apartment. He apologizes for his bad behavior, telling her that he plans to relocate from Brooklyn to Manhattan to try to start a new life. Stephanie forgives Tony and tells him that she was wrong to say she was using him and that she danced with him because he gave her respect and moral support. Tony and Stephanie salvage their relationship and agree to be friends.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Travolta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Travolta"},{"link_name":"Karen Lynn Gorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Lynn_Gorney"},{"link_name":"Barry Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Miller_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Cali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cali"},{"link_name":"Paul Pape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pape"},{"link_name":"Donna Pescow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Pescow"},{"link_name":"Bruce Ornstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Ornstein"},{"link_name":"Val Bisoglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Bisoglio"},{"link_name":"Julie Bovasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Bovasso"},{"link_name":"Martin Shakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Shakar"},{"link_name":"Lisa Peluso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Peluso"},{"link_name":"Sam Coppola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Coppola"},{"link_name":"Denny Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Dillon"},{"link_name":"Fran Drescher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Drescher"},{"link_name":"Monti Rock III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monti_Rock"},{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"Robert Costanzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Costanzo"}],"text":"John Travolta as Anthony \"Tony\" Manero\nKaren Lynn Gorney as Stephanie Mangano\nBarry Miller as Bobby C.\nJoseph Cali as Joey\nPaul Pape as Double J.\nDonna Pescow as Annette\nBruce Ornstein as Gus\nVal Bisoglio as Frank Manero Sr.\nJulie Bovasso as Flo Manero\nMartin Shakar as Frank Manero Jr.\nLisa Peluso as Linda Manero\nNina Hansen as Grandmother\nSam Coppola as Dan Fusco\nDenny Dillon as Doreen\nBert Michaels as Pete\nFran Drescher as Connie\nMonti Rock III as the DJ\nRobert Weil as Becker\nShelly Batt as Girl in Disco\nDonald Gantry as Jay Langhart\nEllen March as Bartender\nWilliam Andrews as Detective\nRobert Costanzo as paint store customer\nHelen Travolta (John's mother) as paint store customer\nAnn Travolta (John's sister) as pizza girl","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(album)"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"best-selling album in music history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_certification"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Bee Gees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Gees"},{"link_name":"How Deep Is Your Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Deep_Is_Your_Love_(Bee_Gees_song)"},{"link_name":"Stayin' Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stayin%27_Alive"},{"link_name":"Night Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Fever"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Elliman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Elliman"},{"link_name":"If I Can't Have You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Can%27t_Have_You_(Bee_Gees_song)"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"National Recording Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Recording_Registry"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merc-13"},{"link_name":"Stayin' Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stayin%27_Alive"},{"link_name":"Bee Gees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Gees"},{"link_name":"How Deep Is Your Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Deep_Is_Your_Love_(Bee_Gees_song)"},{"link_name":"Night Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Fever"},{"link_name":"More Than a Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Than_a_Woman_(Bee_Gees_song)"},{"link_name":"If I Can't Have You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Can%27t_Have_You_(Bee_Gees_song)"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Elliman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Elliman"},{"link_name":"A Fifth of Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Fifth_of_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Walter Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Murphy"},{"link_name":"More Than a Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Than_a_Woman_(Bee_Gees_song)"},{"link_name":"Tavares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavares_(group)"},{"link_name":"David Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shire"},{"link_name":"Ralph MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Night on Disco Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_on_Bald_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Kool & the Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kool_%26_the_Gang"},{"link_name":"Jive Talkin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jive_Talkin%27"},{"link_name":"You Should Be Dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Should_Be_Dancing"},{"link_name":"Boogie Shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Shoes"},{"link_name":"KC and the Sunshine Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC_and_the_Sunshine_Band"},{"link_name":"K-Jee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Jee"},{"link_name":"MFSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFSB"},{"link_name":"Disco Inferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_Inferno"},{"link_name":"The Trammps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trammps"},{"link_name":"Disco Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_Duck"},{"link_name":"Boz Scaggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boz_Scaggs"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVD-14"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"David Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shire"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"National Recording Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Recording_Registry"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merc-13"}],"text":"The soundtrack was released on November 15, 1977. Prior to the release of Thriller by Michael Jackson, Saturday Night Fever was the best-selling album in music history, and still ranks among the best-selling soundtrack albums worldwide, with sales figures of over 40 million copies.[9][10]In the United States, the album was certified 16× Platinum for shipments of at least 16 million units.[11] The album stayed atop the charts for 24 straight weeks from January to July 1978 and stayed on Billboard's album charts for 120 weeks until March 1980. Three singles from the album contributed by the Bee Gees—\"How Deep Is Your Love\", \"Stayin' Alive\" and \"Night Fever\"—along with Yvonne Elliman's \"If I Can't Have You\", all reached No. 1 in the US. In the UK, the album spent 18 consecutive weeks at No. 1. The album epitomized the disco phenomenon on both sides of the Atlantic and was an international sensation.[12] The album has been added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress in 2014 for being culturally significant.[13]\"Stayin' Alive\" performed by the Bee Gees – 4:45\n\"How Deep Is Your Love\" performed by Bee Gees – 4:05\n\"Night Fever\" performed by Bee Gees – 3:33\n\"More Than a Woman\" performed by Bee Gees – 3:17\n\"If I Can't Have You\" performed by Yvonne Elliman – 3:00\n\"A Fifth of Beethoven\" performed by Walter Murphy – 3:03\n\"More Than a Woman\" performed by Tavares – 3:17\n\"Manhattan Skyline\" performed by David Shire – 4:44\n\"Calypso Breakdown\" performed by Ralph MacDonald – 7:50\n\"Night on Disco Mountain\" performed by David Shire – 5:12\n\"Open Sesame\" performed by Kool & the Gang – 4:01\n\"Jive Talkin'\" performed by Bee Gees – 3:43 (*)\n\"You Should Be Dancing\" performed by Bee Gees – 4:14\n\"Boogie Shoes\" performed by KC and the Sunshine Band – 2:17\n\"Salsation\" performed by David Shire – 3:50\n\"K-Jee\" performed by MFSB – 4:13\n\"Disco Inferno\" performed by The Trammps – 10:51With the exception of (*) track 12 \"Jive Talkin\", all of the songs are played in the film.\nThe novelty songs \"Dr. Disco\" and \"Disco Duck\", both performed by Rick Dees, are played in the film but not included on the album.According to the DVD commentary for Saturday Night Fever, the producers intended to use the song \"Lowdown\" by Boz Scaggs in the rehearsal scene between Tony and Annette in the dance studio, and choreographed their dance moves to the song.[14] However, representatives for Scaggs' label Columbia Records refused to grant legal clearance for it, as they wanted to pursue another disco movie project, which never materialized. Composer David Shire, who scored the film, had to in turn write a song to match the dance steps demonstrated in the scene and eliminate the need for future legal hassles. However, this track does not appear on the movie's soundtrack.The song \"K-Jee\" was used during the dance contest with the Puerto Rican couple that competed against Tony and Stephanie. Some VHS cassettes used a more traditional Latin-style song instead.[15] The DVD restores the original recording.The album, like its parent film, has been added to the Library of Congress via the National Recording Registry.[13]","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman Wexler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Wexler"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Nik Cohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik_Cohn"},{"link_name":"Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_Rites_of_the_New_Saturday_Night"},{"link_name":"working class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class"},{"link_name":"Italian-Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Americans"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes_SNF-17"},{"link_name":"mod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_(subculture)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes_SNF-17"}],"text":"Norman Wexler's screenplay was adapted from a 1976 New York magazine article by British writer Nik Cohn, \"Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night\". The article centers on working class Italian-Americans in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, and on the lives of young men who work dead-end jobs but live for their nights dancing at the local discotheque, in particular. Cohn later wrote that \"the [disco] craze had started in black gay clubs, then progressed to straight blacks and gay whites and from there to mass consumption—Latinos in the Bronx, West Indians on Staten Island, and, yes, Italians in Brooklyn.\"[16]Although presented as an account of factual reporting, Cohn acknowledged in the mid-1990s that he fabricated most of the article.[17] A newcomer to the United States and a stranger to the disco lifestyle, Cohn was unable to make any sense of the subculture he had been assigned to write about; instead, the character who became Tony Manero was based on an English mod acquaintance of Cohn.[17]","title":"Source material"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Stigwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stigwood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-1"},{"link_name":"Norman Wexler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Wexler"},{"link_name":"Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"Serpico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpico"},{"link_name":"Kevin McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McCormick_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"John G. Avildsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Avildsen"},{"link_name":"John Badham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Badham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars & Motor Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bingo_Long_Traveling_All-Stars_%26_Motor_Kings"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"Night Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Fever"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bronson-18"}],"text":"Shortly after Cohn's article was published, British music impresario Robert Stigwood purchased the film rights and hired Cohn to adapt his own article to screen.[1] After finishing a single screenplay draft, Cohn was replaced by Norman Wexler, who'd previously picked up Oscar nominations for Joe (1970) and Serpico (1973). Among the elements Wexler added to the story was Tony's younger sister, as well as older brother Frank who disappoints his parents by leaving the priesthood. \"I think what Norman did so well was to create a family situation that had real truth, an accurate look at how men related to women in that moment, in ways that you would never get away with now,\" said producer Kevin McCormick.[16]John G. Avildsen was originally hired as the film's director, but was replaced one month before principal photography by John Badham over \"conceptual disagreements.\"[1][16] Badham was a lesser-known director who, like his star, had mostly worked in television. His sole prior film credit, The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars & Motor Kings, was released while Saturday Night Fever was already well into production.[16]The film went through several different titles, including Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night and Saturday Night. After the Bee Gees wrote \"Night Fever\" and submitted it for the soundtrack, they told Stigwood they disliked Saturday Night for the film's title, and the film's final title of Saturday Night Fever was decided upon.[18]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"John Travolta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Travolta"},{"link_name":"Welcome Back, Kotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_Back,_Kotter"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ Superstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar_(film)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"Grease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"male-chauvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinism#male_chauvinism"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"body double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_double"},{"link_name":"Lester Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Deney Terrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deney_Terrio"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"Karen Lynn Gorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Lynn_Gorney"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Jessica Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Lange"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Quinlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Quinlan"},{"link_name":"Carrie Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Amy Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Irving"},{"link_name":"Donna Pescow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Pescow"},{"link_name":"Michael Eisner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Eisner"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Katzenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Dramatic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Dramatic_Arts"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"The film's relatively low budget ($3.5 million) meant that most of the actors were relative unknowns, many of whom were recruited from New York's theatre scene.[16] For more than 40% of the actors it was their film debut. The only actor in the cast who was already an established name was John Travolta, thanks to his role on the sitcom Welcome Back, Kotter.[16] Travolta, who had previously auditioned for Stigwood's film version of Jesus Christ Superstar, was remembered by the producer and signed to a three-movie contract with his company in 1976.[16] Stigwood wanted Travolta to first star in a movie version of Grease, but because a film adaptation of Grease was not permitted to begin filming until 1978 when its stage run had completed, they made this film first.[16] Travolta's performance as Tony Manero brought him critical acclaim and helped launch him into international stardom.Travolta researched the part by visiting the real 2001 Odyssey discotheque, and claimed he adopted many of the character's swaggering mannerisms from the male patrons.[16] Travolta said when he would get recognized, \"[Guys'] girlfriends would come up, and they'd say, 'Hey, stay away from him, don't bug Travolta,' and they’d actually push the girls away. Tony Manero's whole male-chauvinist thing I got from watching those guys in the discos.\"[16] He insisted on performing his character's own dance sequences after producers suggested he be substituted by a body double, rehearsing his choreography with Lester Wilson and Deney Terrio for three hours every day, losing 20 pounds in the process.[16][19] Wilson is credited for providing the look of the dance scenes and \"breathing life\" into the film. Said Travolta, \"He taught me what he called his 'hang time.' He would smoke a cigarette to greet the day, and he infused my dancing with African-American rhythm. I'm the kind of dancer who needs thought and construction—an idea—before I dance. I need an internal story. Lester would put on some music and he would say, 'Move with me, motherfucker—move with me!'\"[16]Karen Lynn Gorney was nine years older than Travolta when she was cast as his love interest Stephanie. Although Gorney had dance experience before she was cast, she found it difficult to keep up with her co-star due to injuries sustained in a motorcycle accident some years before.[16] After the success of Saturday Night Fever, Gorney took a break from film acting to work as a dance instructor at a performing arts academy in Brooklyn. Jessica Lange, Kathleen Quinlan, Carrie Fisher, and Amy Irving were all considered for the part before Gorney was cast.Donna Pescow was considered almost \"too pretty\" by Paramount heads Michael Eisner and Jeffrey Katzenberg for the role of Annette. She corrected this matter by putting on weight. She also had to relearn her native Brooklyn accent, which she had overcome while studying drama at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.[20]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nycfilm-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"Birmingham, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS42-23"},{"link_name":"tinfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_foil"},{"link_name":"Christmas lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_lights"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"Bensonhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensonhurst,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Bay Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Ridge,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrazzano-Narrows_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"},{"link_name":"John J. Carty Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Carty_Park"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nycfilm-21"},{"link_name":"call sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_call_sheet"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-16"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"The film was shot entirely on-location in Brooklyn, New York.[16][21] The 2001 Odyssey Disco was a real club located at 802 64th Street, which has since been demolished.[22] The interior was modified for the film, including the addition of a $15,000 lighted floor,[16] which was inspired by a Birmingham, Alabama establishment Badham had visited.[23] A similar effect was achieved on the club's walls using tinfoil and Christmas lights. Since the Bee Gees were not involved in the production until after principal photography wrapped, the \"Night Fever\", \"You Should Be Dancin'\", and \"More Than a Woman\" sequences were shot with Stevie Wonder tracks that were later overdubbed in the sound mix.[16] During filming, the production was harassed by local gangs over use of the location, and was even firebombed.[16]The dance studio was Phillips Dance Studio in Bensonhurst, the Manero home was a house in Bay Ridge,[24] the paint store was Pearson Paint & Hardware, also in Bay Ridge. Other locations included the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge,[16] John J. Carty Park, and the Bay Ridge Promenade.[21]To try to throw off Travolta's fans who might disrupt filming, Badham and his team took to shooting exterior scenes as early in the morning as possible before people caught on – often at the crack of dawn. They would also generate fake call sheets. The tactics worked well enough that Badham was usually able to get the scenes done before significant crowds had time to gather.[16]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saturday_night_fever_pg_version_movie_poster.jpg"},{"link_name":"R-rated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_film_rating_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PGversion-25"},{"link_name":"first run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_run_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCversion-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harmetz79-27"},{"link_name":"gang rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_rape"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harmetz79-27"},{"link_name":"takes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take#Film"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harmetz79-27"},{"link_name":"screened on airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-flight_entertainment"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harmetz79-27"},{"link_name":"MPAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harmetz79-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harmetz79-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harmetz79-27"},{"link_name":"double feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_feature"},{"link_name":"Grease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(film)"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biography_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"director's cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director%27s_cut"},{"link_name":"TCL Chinese Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grauman%27s_Chinese_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DiNunzio-30"},{"link_name":"Fathom Events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathom_Events"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Theatrical","text":"Movie poster of the PG version of Saturday Night FeverTwo theatrical versions of the film were released: the original R-rated version and an edited PG-rated version in 1979.[1][25]The R-rated version released in 1977 represented the movie's first run, and totaled 119 minutes.[26] After the success of the first run, the film's content was re-edited into a 112-minute, toned down, PG-rated version, not only to attract a wider audience, but also to capitalize on attracting the target audience of the teenagers who were not old enough to see the film by themselves, but who made the film's soundtrack album a monster hit.[27] The R-rated version's profanity, nudity, fight sequence, and a gang rape scene in a car, were all de-emphasized or removed from the PG version.[27] Numerous profanity-filled scenes were replaced with alternate takes of the same scenes, substituting milder language initially intended for the network television cut.[27]Paramount initially intended to release the PG-rated version of the film in 1978, as it was already being screened on airlines.[27] However, due to the regulations set by the MPAA at the time, it was not permissible to have two versions of a film with different ratings shown concurrently in American theaters.[27] Consequently, Paramount had to remove the film from exhibition for a period of 90 days before they could showcase the alternate rated version, thereby causing a delay in their release plans.[28][27] Eventually, in 1979, the PG-rated version was made available to the public.[27] Paramount later decided to present it as a double feature along with their other successful John Travolta film, Grease. In the Biography documentary Inside Story: Saturday Night Fever, producer Robert Stigwood criticized the PG-rated version, stating that it undermined the film's impact and lacked the power of the original R-rated edition.[29]In 2017, the director's cut (running 122 minutes) premiered at the TCM Classic Film Festival at TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood.[30] Fathom Events hosted special screenings of this version in 2017.[31]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"home video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video"},{"link_name":"Laserdisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserdisc"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMovie-32"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray Disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"1.78:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9_aspect_ratio"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"4K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4K_resolution"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4K-34"},{"link_name":"HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salmons-35"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"Both theatrical versions were released on VHS. The PG-rated version never had a home video release on Laserdisc. It was first released to DVD by Paramount on October 8, 2002, as an R-rated special-edition, which included most of the deleted scenes present on the PG version, as well as a director's commentary and \"Behind the Music\" featurettes.[32]On May 5, 2009, Paramount released Saturday Night Fever on Blu-ray Disc in 1.78:1 aspect ratio. This release retains the R-rated version of the film, and included bonus features from the 2002 release as well as new extras.[33]The 4K director's cut (122 minutes) was released on Blu-ray on May 2, 2017.[34] This disc includes both the director's cut and the original theatrical version, as well as the bulk of the bonus features from the prior release.On November 8, 2022, Paramount released the film as a special edition 4K HD Blu-ray.[35]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"pay television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_television"},{"link_name":"Eastern Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Disco Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_Duck"},{"link_name":"Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrazzano%E2%80%93Narrows_Bridge"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"TBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBS_(American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_(American_TV_network)"},{"link_name":"TV-14 rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Parental_Guidelines"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Turner Classic Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies"},{"link_name":"TV-MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Parental_Guidelines"}],"sub_title":"Television broadcast","text":"When HBO acquired the pay television rights to Saturday Night Fever in 1980, both versions of the film were aired by the network: the PG version during the day, and the R version during the evening (HBO, which had primarily operated on a late afternoon-to-early overnight schedule at the time, had maintained a programming policy restricting the showing of R-rated films to the nighttime hours, a rule that continued long after it switched to a 24-hour schedule full-time in December 1981). The R-rated theatrical version premiered on the network at midnight Eastern Time on January 1, 1980.[citation needed]For the film's network television premiere, airing on ABC on November 16, 1980, a new milder version was created to conform with network broadcast standards.[36] The network television version was a slightly shortened cut of the PG-rated version. In order to maintain runtime, a few additional scenes deleted from both theatrical releases were added to make up for the lost/cut material, making the ABC version among the longest cuts of the film.[citation needed] These added scenes included Tony dancing with Doreen to \"Disco Duck\", Tony running his finger along the cables of the Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge, and Tony's father getting his job back. The last two deleted scenes were included in the 2017 director's cut.Starting in the late 1990s, VH1, TBS and TNT began showing the original R-rated version with a TV-14 rating, although with nudity removed/censored, and the stronger profanity either being edited or (on recent airings) silenced.[citation needed] However, this version of the TV cut included some innuendo included in the original theatrical release that was edited or removed from the PG version. Turner Classic Movies has aired the film in both versions: the original R-rated version (rated TV-MA on the network) is the cut commonly broadcast, although the PG cut has been presented as part of TCM's family-oriented \"Funday Night at the Movies\" and \"Essentials Jr.\" film showcases.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojo-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FeverBoxOffice-6"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"The film grossed $25.9 million in its first 24 days of release and grossed an average of $600,000 a day throughout January to March[37] going on to gross $94.2 million in the United States and Canada and $237.1 million worldwide.[5] Adjusted for inflation, it is the highest-grossing R-rated film released in the U.S. in the 1970s, with a total box office gross of $673,899,098 in 2024.[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rotten_Tomatoes-42"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_average"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metacritic-43"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"National Film Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Registry"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"Gene Siskel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Siskel"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Pauline Kael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Kael"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"rhythm and blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"Dave Brubeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Brubeck"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Saturday Night Fever received positive reviews and is regarded by many critics as one of the best films of 1977.[38][39][40][41] On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 82% of 55 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The website's consensus reads: \"Boasting a smart, poignant story, a classic soundtrack, and a starmaking performance from John Travolta, Saturday Night Fever ranks among the finest dramas of the 1970s.\"[42] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 77 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating \"generally favorable\" reviews.[43] It was added to The New York Times \"Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made\", which was published in 2004.[44] In 2010, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".Film critic Gene Siskel, who would later list this as his favorite movie, praised the film: \"One minute into Saturday Night Fever you know this picture is onto something, that it knows what it's talking about.\" He also praised John Travolta's energetic performance: \"Travolta on the dance floor is like a peacock on amphetamines. He struts like crazy.\"[45] Siskel even bought Travolta's famous white suit from the film at a charity auction.[46]Film critic Pauline Kael wrote a gushing review of the film in The New Yorker: \"The way Saturday Night Fever has been directed and shot, we feel the languorous pull of the discotheque, and the gaudiness is transformed. These are among the most hypnotically beautiful pop dance scenes ever filmed ... Travolta gets so far inside the role he seems incapable of a false note; even the Brooklyn accent sounds unerring ... At its best, though, Saturday Night Fever gets at something deeply romantic: the need to move, to dance, and the need to be who you'd like to be. Nirvana is the dance; when the music stops, you return to being ordinary.\"[47][48]Historians of disco have criticized the film as a whitewashed representation of disco. Katherine Karlin wrote: \"The film is wrongly credited with sparking the disco culture; it’s more accurate to say that it marks the moment when disco—up to that moment a megaphone for voices that were queer, black, or female—became accessible to straight white men, and thus the moment marking its decline.\"[49] Music historians Bill Brewster and Frank Broughton wrote in their book Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: \"The Bee Gees did for disco what Elvis Presley did for rhythm and blues, what Diana Ross did for soul, what Dave Brubeck did for jazz; they made it safe for white, straight, middle-class people, hauling it out of its subcultural ghetto and into the headlight glare of the mainstream. Here was something middle America could move its uptight ass to.\"[50]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years_..._100_Songs"},{"link_name":"Stayin' Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stayin%27_Alive"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"American Film Institute ListsAFI's 100 Years ... 100 Songs:\nStayin' Alive – #9[63]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Airplane!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane!"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Zucker"},{"link_name":"Jerry Zucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Zucker"},{"link_name":"Jim Abrahams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Abrahams"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Pablo Larraín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Larra%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Tony Manero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Manero_(film)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Glee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glee_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Glee-ver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Glee-ver"},{"link_name":"Bee Gees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Gees"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Red Hot Chili Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers"},{"link_name":"Go Robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Robot"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Ready Player One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready_Player_One_(film)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warner-69"},{"link_name":"Capital One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_One"},{"link_name":"Santa Claus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus"},{"link_name":"Christmas ornament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_ornament"},{"link_name":"sleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleigh"},{"link_name":"Christmas tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree"}],"text":"The 1980 comedy Airplane! by directors David & Jerry Zucker and Jim Abrahams, included a flashback scene that directly parodied the dance competition scene at the disco in Saturday Night Fever.[64]In 2008, director Pablo Larraín made a film, Tony Manero, about a Chilean dancer obsessed by the main character in Saturday Night Fever who tries to win a Tony Manero look-alike contest.[65]On April 17, 2012, Fox aired series Glee's episode 16, \"Saturday Night Glee-ver\", which pays tribute to the film and features various songs from its soundtrack (especially the songs performed by the Bee Gees), covered by the series' cast.[66][67]The Red Hot Chili Peppers 2016 music video for their song \"Go Robot\" is heavily inspired by the film and recreates the opening scene and classic characters from the film who are portrayed by each band member.[68]The 2018 film Ready Player One features a dance scene that references Saturday Night Fever, particularly the red, yellow, and blue dance floor from the 2001 Odyssey night club in the film.[69]In November, 2023, Capital One began airing a holiday-themed commercial titled \"Holiday Night Fever\" which recreated the opening scene of the movie. In the sixty second version, as the Bee Gees' \"Stayin' Alive\" plays over the scene, Santa Claus (a heavily made-up John Travolta) struts down a street that has been mostly cleared of snow after a winter storm. He carries a can of \"magical glitter paint\"; buys two cookies (instead of pizza slices) at a walk-up window and asks \"what happened to three?\" (he was offered three slices in the movie); eats them stacked; then pauses at a shoe store window and compares his shoes to a pair of elven boots with a jingle bell on them; he flirts with a store clerk (Donna Pescow); buys a disco ball Christmas ornament for his sleigh; throws some of the glitter paint onto a Christmas tree that is set up on the sidewalk; then goes to a disco where he asks how his hair looks and dances on the illuminated floor.","title":"In popular culture"}]
[{"image_text":"Movie poster of the PG version of Saturday Night Fever","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Saturday_night_fever_pg_version_movie_poster.jpg/220px-Saturday_night_fever_pg_version_movie_poster.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"\"Saturday Night Fever\" premieres in LA\". History.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/saturday-night-fever-gets-its-world-premiere-and-launches-a-musical-juggernaut","url_text":"\"\"Saturday Night Fever\" premieres in LA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday Night Fever (1977)\". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved September 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/KVF023094","url_text":"\"Saturday Night Fever (1977)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday Night Fever\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=saturdaynightfever.htm","url_text":"\"Saturday Night Fever\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"All Time Domestic Inflation Adjusted Box Office\". www.the-numbers.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/domestic/all-movies/cumulative/all-time-inflation-adjusted","url_text":"\"All Time Domestic Inflation Adjusted Box Office\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240409114335/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/domestic/all-movies/cumulative/all-time-inflation-adjusted","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–2001. Record Research. p. 30. ISBN 0-89820-149-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Adult_Contemporary","url_text":"Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–2001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89820-149-7","url_text":"0-89820-149-7"}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2014). Cash Box Looking Ahead Pop Hits 101-150. Sheridan Books, Inc. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-89820-211-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)","url_text":"Cash Box Looking Ahead Pop Hits 101-150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89820-211-3","url_text":"978-0-89820-211-3"}]},{"reference":"Byrne, Katie (May 20, 2012). \"Bee Gees' Robin Gibb Dead At 62\". MTV. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130419164046/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1685455/bee-gees-robin-gibb-dead-died-62.jhtml","url_text":"\"Bee Gees' Robin Gibb Dead At 62\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"},{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1685455/bee-gees-robin-gibb-dead-died-62.jhtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maurice Gibb, 53, of disco's Bee Gees: 'Saturday Night Fever' album defined era\". The Seattle Times. The Associated Press. January 12, 2013. Archived from the original on May 25, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20030112&slug=gibb12","url_text":"\"Maurice Gibb, 53, of disco's Bee Gees: 'Saturday Night Fever' album defined era\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times","url_text":"The Seattle Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525013728/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20030112&slug=gibb12","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold & Platinum – November 30, 2009\". RIAA. Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved November 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100820142502/http://riaa.org/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS","url_text":"\"Gold & Platinum – November 30, 2009\""},{"url":"http://riaa.org/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, James (January 14, 2003). \"APPRECIATION / Contributor to a sound that went beyond disco\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/appreciation-contributor-to-a-sound-that-went-2679565.php","url_text":"\"APPRECIATION / Contributor to a sound that went beyond disco\""}]},{"reference":"Richards, Chris (March 20, 2013). \"Library of Congress adds 'Saturday Night Fever,' Simon and Garfunkel, Pink Floyd to audio archive\". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140408214035/https://www.mercurynews.com/entertainment/ci_22840673/library-congress-adds-saturday-night-fever-simon-and","url_text":"\"Library of Congress adds 'Saturday Night Fever,' Simon and Garfunkel, Pink Floyd to audio archive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Mercury_News","url_text":"San Jose Mercury News"},{"url":"http://www.mercurynews.com/entertainment/ci_22840673/library-congress-adds-saturday-night-fever-simon-and","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday Night Fever 1979 VHS, Latin Dancers/\"K-Jee\" by MSFB (Paramount Home Video)\". YouTube. June 30, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFfIK5-HvAU","url_text":"\"Saturday Night Fever 1979 VHS, Latin Dancers/\"K-Jee\" by MSFB (Paramount Home Video)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Kashner, Sam (August 15, 2013). \"Fever Pitch\". Vanity Fair. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2007/12/saturday-night-fever","url_text":"\"Fever Pitch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)","url_text":"Vanity Fair"}]},{"reference":"Leduff, Charlie (June 9, 1996). \"Saturday Night Fever: The Life\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/09/nyregion/saturday-night-fever-the-life.html","url_text":"\"Saturday Night Fever: The Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Bronson, Fred (2003). \"Night Fever\". The Billboard Book of Number One Hits. Billboard Books. p. 480. ISBN 978-0823076772. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PgGqNrqfrsoC&pg=480","url_text":"\"Night Fever\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823076772","url_text":"978-0823076772"}]},{"reference":"Sanburn, Josh (December 2, 2010). \"On the Floor in Saturday Night Fever\". Time. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertainment.time.com/2010/12/03/top-10-movie-dance-scenes/slide/on-the-floor-in-saturday-night-fever/","url_text":"\"On the Floor in Saturday Night Fever\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"Van Gelder, Lawrence (January 6, 1978). \"New race: Donna Pescow\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Van_Gelder","url_text":"Van Gelder, Lawrence"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1978/01/06/archives/new-race-donna-pescow-elocution-lessons-in-brooklynese-a-solution-a.html","url_text":"\"New race: Donna Pescow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday Night Fever (1977)\". nycinfilm.com. March 9, 2023. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nycinfilm.com/2023/03/09/saturday-night-fever-1977/","url_text":"\"Saturday Night Fever (1977)\""}]},{"reference":"Ramsey, James (December 14, 2017). \"Wednesday Night Fever: The One-Night Return of the 2001 Odyssey Disco\". WNYC. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wnyc.org/story/wednesday-night-fever-one-night-return-2001-odyssey-disco/","url_text":"\"Wednesday Night Fever: The One-Night Return of the 2001 Odyssey Disco\""}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Tanner (November 18, 2021). \"'Saturday Night Fever' director John Badham hasn't forgotten his Alabama roots\". CBS 42. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbs42.com/news/local/saturday-night-fever-director-john-badham-hasnt-forgotten-his-alabama-roots/","url_text":"\"'Saturday Night Fever' director John Badham hasn't forgotten his Alabama roots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIAT","url_text":"CBS 42"}]},{"reference":"\"Bay Ridge Still Has Saturday Night Fever, 35 Years Later\". brooklynbased.com. December 14, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://brooklynbased.com/2012/12/14/bay-ridge-still-has-saturday-night-fever-35-years-later/","url_text":"\"Bay Ridge Still Has Saturday Night Fever, 35 Years Later\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday Night Fever version comparison (R and PG-rated)\". movie-censorship.com. Retrieved September 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.movie-censorship.com/report.php?ID=811400","url_text":"\"Saturday Night Fever version comparison (R and PG-rated)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday Night Fever version comparison (theatrical and director's cut)\". movie-censorship.com. Retrieved September 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.movie-censorship.com/report.php?ID=543815","url_text":"\"Saturday Night Fever version comparison (theatrical and director's cut)\""}]},{"reference":"Harmetz, Aljean (January 11, 1979). \"Fever' Redone for PG Rating\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1979/01/11/archives/fever-redone-for-pg-rating-version-for-television.html","url_text":"\"Fever' Redone for PG Rating\""}]},{"reference":"Segers, Frank (May 31, 1978). \"Par Asks, Then Drops, Request MPAA Give Two Ratings Of Pic, With No 90-Day Withdrawal\". Variety. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Inside Story: Saturday Night Fever (Television production). Biography. March 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biography_(TV_program)","url_text":"Biography"}]},{"reference":"Di Nunzio, Miriam (April 28, 2017). \"Director: 'Saturday Night Fever' stayin' relevant after 40 years\". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved September 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://chicago.suntimes.com/2017/4/28/18364056/director-saturday-night-fever-stayin-relevant-after-40-years","url_text":"\"Director: 'Saturday Night Fever' stayin' relevant after 40 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrate the 40th Anniversary of the Seminal Classic Saturday Night Fever\". Fathom Events. March 30, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fathomevents.com/news/press-release/celebrate-the-40th-anniversary-of-the-seminal-classic-saturday-night-fever-dancing-back-into-cinemas-for-two-nights-only-may-7-and-10","url_text":"\"Celebrate the 40th Anniversary of the Seminal Classic Saturday Night Fever\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday Night Fever - Releases\". AllMovie. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/saturday-night-fever-vm466411/releases","url_text":"\"Saturday Night Fever - Releases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMovie","url_text":"AllMovie"}]},{"reference":"Terrence, Sir (May 8, 2009). \"Saturday Night Fever Blu-ray Review\". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved November 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Saturday-Night-Fever-Blu-ray/478/#Review","url_text":"\"Saturday Night Fever Blu-ray Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday Night Fever Blu-ray (4K Director's cut)\". blu-ray.com. Retrieved September 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Saturday-Night-Fever-Blu-ray/174755/","url_text":"\"Saturday Night Fever Blu-ray (4K Director's cut)\""}]},{"reference":"Salmons, Tim (November 28, 2022). \"Saturday Night Fever: 45-Year Anniversary (4K UHD Review)\". The Digital Bits. Retrieved September 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thedigitalbits.com/item/saturday-night-fever-2022-uhd","url_text":"\"Saturday Night Fever: 45-Year Anniversary (4K UHD Review)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABC promo Saturday Night Fever 1980\". YouTube. March 28, 2012. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2JVxGFXGfo","url_text":"\"ABC promo Saturday Night Fever 1980\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Sat. Nite Fever' At $87,749,000\". Variety. May 10, 1978. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Gene Siskel's Top Ten Lists 1969–1998\". Alumnus.caltech.edu. February 20, 1999. Retrieved April 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/critics/siskel.html","url_text":"\"Gene Siskel's Top Ten Lists 1969–1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greatest Films of 1977: \"melodramatic, out-dated blockbuster\"\". Filmsite.org. Retrieved April 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmsite.org/1977.html","url_text":"\"Greatest Films of 1977: \"melodramatic, out-dated blockbuster\"\""}]},{"reference":"Johanson, MaryAnn (May 25, 2007). \"The 10 Best Movies of 1977 – Movies\". Film.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100620184640/http://www.film.com/features/story/10-best-movies-of-1977/14896015","url_text":"\"The 10 Best Movies of 1977 – Movies\""},{"url":"http://www.film.com/features/story/10-best-movies-of-1977/14896015","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Best Movies of 1977 by Rank\". Films101.com. Retrieved April 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.films101.com/y1977r.htm","url_text":"\"The Best Movies of 1977 by Rank\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday Night Fever\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved October 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/saturday_night_fever","url_text":"\"Saturday Night Fever\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday Night Fever\". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved October 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/saturday-night-fever","url_text":"\"Saturday Night Fever\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandom,_Inc.","url_text":"Fandom, Inc."}]},{"reference":"\"The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made\". The New York Times. April 29, 2003. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211043539/http://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html","url_text":"\"The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made\""},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Siskel, Gene (December 16, 1977). \"Energy, reality make 'Fever' dance\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34591299/snf-review-energy-reality-make/","url_text":"\"Energy, reality make 'Fever' dance\""}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (March 7, 1999). \"Saturday Night Fever (1977)\". Chicago Sun-Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-saturday-night-fever-1977","url_text":"\"Saturday Night Fever (1977)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Critics' Corner – Saturday Night Fever\". TCM.com. Retrieved June 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/4110/saturday-night-fever/#articles-reviews","url_text":"\"Critics' Corner – Saturday Night Fever\""}]},{"reference":"Kael, Pauline (December 26, 1977). \"Nirvana\". The New Yorker. pp. 59–60.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Kael","url_text":"Kael, Pauline"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"Karlin, Katherine (June 12, 2019). \"What We Don't Remember About Saturday Night Fever\". Bright Wall/Dark Room. Retrieved March 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brightwalldarkroom.com/2019/06/12/what-we-dont-remember-about-saturday-night-fever/","url_text":"\"What We Don't Remember About Saturday Night Fever\""}]},{"reference":"Brewster, Bill; Broughton, Frank (December 2007). Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey. New York: Grove Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-55584-611-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55584-611-4","url_text":"978-1-55584-611-4"}]},{"reference":"\"The 50th Academy Awards (1978) Nominees and Winners\". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved October 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1978","url_text":"\"The 50th Academy Awards (1978) Nominees and Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences"}]},{"reference":"\"BAFTA Awards: Film in 1979\". British Academy Film Awards. Retrieved June 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://awards.bafta.org/award/1979/film","url_text":"\"BAFTA Awards: Film in 1979\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards","url_text":"British Academy Film Awards"}]},{"reference":"\"DVD Premiere Awards 2002 Nominations & Winners\". DVD Exclusive Magazine. Archived from the original on January 14, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050114192121/http://www.dvdexclusive.com/article.asp?articleID=1841&categoryID=22","url_text":"\"DVD Premiere Awards 2002 Nominations & Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.dvdexclusive.com/article.asp?articleID=1841&categoryID=22","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday Night Fever\". Golden Globe Awards. Retrieved July 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenglobes.com/film/saturday-night-fever","url_text":"\"Saturday Night Fever\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards","url_text":"Golden Globe Awards"}]},{"reference":"\"20th Annual GRAMMY Awards\". Grammy Awards. Retrieved May 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/awards/20th-annual-grammy-awards","url_text":"\"20th Annual GRAMMY Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards","url_text":"Grammy Awards"}]},{"reference":"\"21st Annual GRAMMY Awards\". Grammy Awards. Retrieved May 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/awards/21st-annual-grammy-awards","url_text":"\"21st Annual GRAMMY Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards","url_text":"Grammy Awards"}]},{"reference":"\"GRAMMY Hall of Fame\". Grammy Awards. Retrieved May 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/awards/hall-of-fame-award","url_text":"\"GRAMMY Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards","url_text":"Grammy Awards"}]},{"reference":"\"1977 Award Winners\". National Board of Review. Retrieved July 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalboardofreview.org/award-years/1977/","url_text":"\"1977 Award Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Board_of_Review","url_text":"National Board of Review"}]},{"reference":"\"Complete National Film Registry Listing\". Library of Congress. Retrieved December 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/","url_text":"\"Complete National Film Registry Listing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"Past Awards\". National Society of Film Critics. December 19, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalsocietyoffilmcritics.com/about-2/","url_text":"\"Past Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Society_of_Film_Critics","url_text":"National Society of Film Critics"}]},{"reference":"\"1977 New York Film Critics Circle Awards\". New York Film Critics Circle. Retrieved July 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nyfcc.com/awards/?awardyear=1977","url_text":"\"1977 New York Film Critics Circle Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Film_Critics_Circle","url_text":"New York Film Critics Circle"}]},{"reference":"\"Awards Winners\". Writers Guild of America Awards. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121205095022/http://www.wga.org/awards/awardssub.aspx?id=1551","url_text":"\"Awards Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards","url_text":"Writers Guild of America Awards"},{"url":"http://www.wga.org/awards/awardssub.aspx?id=1551","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AFI's 100 Years…100 Songs\". American Film Institute. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afi.com/afis-100-years-100-songs/","url_text":"\"AFI's 100 Years…100 Songs\""}]},{"reference":"Sherlock, Ben (August 22, 2021). \"9 Classic Movies Referenced In Airplane!\". ScreenRant. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/nine-classic-movies-referenced-airplane/","url_text":"\"9 Classic Movies Referenced In Airplane!\""}]},{"reference":"Rohter, Larry (July 2, 2009). \"The Dictator and the Disco King\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/05/movies/05roht.html","url_text":"\"The Dictator and the Disco King\""}]},{"reference":"Harnick, Chris (April 13, 2012). \"WATCH: 'Glee' Goes Disco\". The Huffington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/13/glee-bee-gees-disco-songs_n_1423821.html","url_text":"\"WATCH: 'Glee' Goes Disco\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Glee,' 'Saturday Night Glee-ver' Songs: Season 3, Episode 16 Includes Tribute to the Bee Gees\". AOL. April 17, 2012. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120629105940/http://blog.music.aol.com/2012/04/17/glee-saturday-night-glee-ver-songs-bee-gees/","url_text":"\"'Glee,' 'Saturday Night Glee-ver' Songs: Season 3, Episode 16 Includes Tribute to the Bee Gees\""},{"url":"http://blog.music.aol.com/2012/04/17/glee-saturday-night-glee-ver-songs-bee-gees/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ivie, Devon (September 9, 2016). \"Anthony Kiedis Makes a White-Painted Saturday Night Fever Homage in the Red Hot Chili Peppers' 'Go Robot' Video\". Vulture.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2016/09/watch-the-new-red-hot-chili-peppers-music-video-go-robot.html","url_text":"\"Anthony Kiedis Makes a White-Painted Saturday Night Fever Homage in the Red Hot Chili Peppers' 'Go Robot' Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(website)","url_text":"Vulture"}]},{"reference":"Warner, Kara (April 4, 2018). \"'Ready Player One' 's Tye Sheridan, Olivia Cooke Spent 3 Weeks Learning That Disco Dance Number\". People. Retrieved September 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/movies/ready-player-ones-tye-sheridan-olivia-cooke-spent-3-weeks-learning-that-disco-dance-number/","url_text":"\"'Ready Player One' 's Tye Sheridan, Olivia Cooke Spent 3 Weeks Learning That Disco Dance Number\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturday_Night_Fever&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/55921","external_links_name":"Saturday Night Fever"},{"Link":"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/saturday-night-fever-gets-its-world-premiere-and-launches-a-musical-juggernaut","external_links_name":"\"\"Saturday Night Fever\" premieres in LA\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/KVF023094","external_links_name":"\"Saturday Night Fever (1977)\""},{"Link":"https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=saturdaynightfever.htm","external_links_name":"\"Saturday Night Fever\""},{"Link":"https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/domestic/all-movies/cumulative/all-time-inflation-adjusted","external_links_name":"\"All Time Domestic Inflation Adjusted Box Office\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240409114335/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/domestic/all-movies/cumulative/all-time-inflation-adjusted","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130419164046/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1685455/bee-gees-robin-gibb-dead-died-62.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"Bee Gees' Robin Gibb Dead At 62\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1685455/bee-gees-robin-gibb-dead-died-62.jhtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20030112&slug=gibb12","external_links_name":"\"Maurice Gibb, 53, of disco's Bee Gees: 'Saturday Night Fever' album defined era\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525013728/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20030112&slug=gibb12","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100820142502/http://riaa.org/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS","external_links_name":"\"Gold & Platinum – November 30, 2009\""},{"Link":"http://riaa.org/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/appreciation-contributor-to-a-sound-that-went-2679565.php","external_links_name":"\"APPRECIATION / Contributor to a sound that went beyond disco\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140408214035/https://www.mercurynews.com/entertainment/ci_22840673/library-congress-adds-saturday-night-fever-simon-and","external_links_name":"\"Library of Congress adds 'Saturday Night Fever,' Simon and Garfunkel, Pink Floyd to audio archive\""},{"Link":"http://www.mercurynews.com/entertainment/ci_22840673/library-congress-adds-saturday-night-fever-simon-and","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFfIK5-HvAU","external_links_name":"\"Saturday Night Fever 1979 VHS, Latin Dancers/\"K-Jee\" by MSFB (Paramount Home Video)\""},{"Link":"https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2007/12/saturday-night-fever","external_links_name":"\"Fever Pitch\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/09/nyregion/saturday-night-fever-the-life.html","external_links_name":"\"Saturday Night Fever: The Life\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PgGqNrqfrsoC&pg=480","external_links_name":"\"Night Fever\""},{"Link":"https://entertainment.time.com/2010/12/03/top-10-movie-dance-scenes/slide/on-the-floor-in-saturday-night-fever/","external_links_name":"\"On the Floor in Saturday Night Fever\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1978/01/06/archives/new-race-donna-pescow-elocution-lessons-in-brooklynese-a-solution-a.html","external_links_name":"\"New race: Donna Pescow\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://nycinfilm.com/2023/03/09/saturday-night-fever-1977/","external_links_name":"\"Saturday Night Fever (1977)\""},{"Link":"https://www.wnyc.org/story/wednesday-night-fever-one-night-return-2001-odyssey-disco/","external_links_name":"\"Wednesday Night Fever: The One-Night Return of the 2001 Odyssey Disco\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbs42.com/news/local/saturday-night-fever-director-john-badham-hasnt-forgotten-his-alabama-roots/","external_links_name":"\"'Saturday Night Fever' director John Badham hasn't forgotten his Alabama roots\""},{"Link":"https://brooklynbased.com/2012/12/14/bay-ridge-still-has-saturday-night-fever-35-years-later/","external_links_name":"\"Bay Ridge Still Has Saturday Night Fever, 35 Years Later\""},{"Link":"https://www.movie-censorship.com/report.php?ID=811400","external_links_name":"\"Saturday Night Fever version comparison (R and PG-rated)\""},{"Link":"https://www.movie-censorship.com/report.php?ID=543815","external_links_name":"\"Saturday Night Fever version comparison (theatrical and director's cut)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1979/01/11/archives/fever-redone-for-pg-rating-version-for-television.html","external_links_name":"\"Fever' Redone for PG Rating\""},{"Link":"https://chicago.suntimes.com/2017/4/28/18364056/director-saturday-night-fever-stayin-relevant-after-40-years","external_links_name":"\"Director: 'Saturday Night Fever' stayin' relevant after 40 years\""},{"Link":"https://www.fathomevents.com/news/press-release/celebrate-the-40th-anniversary-of-the-seminal-classic-saturday-night-fever-dancing-back-into-cinemas-for-two-nights-only-may-7-and-10","external_links_name":"\"Celebrate the 40th Anniversary of the Seminal Classic Saturday Night Fever\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/saturday-night-fever-vm466411/releases","external_links_name":"\"Saturday Night Fever - Releases\""},{"Link":"http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Saturday-Night-Fever-Blu-ray/478/#Review","external_links_name":"\"Saturday Night Fever Blu-ray Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Saturday-Night-Fever-Blu-ray/174755/","external_links_name":"\"Saturday Night Fever Blu-ray (4K Director's cut)\""},{"Link":"https://thedigitalbits.com/item/saturday-night-fever-2022-uhd","external_links_name":"\"Saturday Night Fever: 45-Year Anniversary (4K UHD Review)\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2JVxGFXGfo","external_links_name":"\"ABC promo Saturday Night Fever 1980\""},{"Link":"http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/critics/siskel.html","external_links_name":"\"Gene Siskel's Top Ten Lists 1969–1998\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmsite.org/1977.html","external_links_name":"\"Greatest Films of 1977: \"melodramatic, out-dated blockbuster\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100620184640/http://www.film.com/features/story/10-best-movies-of-1977/14896015","external_links_name":"\"The 10 Best Movies of 1977 – Movies\""},{"Link":"http://www.film.com/features/story/10-best-movies-of-1977/14896015","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.films101.com/y1977r.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Best Movies of 1977 by Rank\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/saturday_night_fever","external_links_name":"\"Saturday Night Fever\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/saturday-night-fever","external_links_name":"\"Saturday Night Fever\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211043539/http://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html","external_links_name":"\"The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34591299/snf-review-energy-reality-make/","external_links_name":"\"Energy, reality make 'Fever' dance\""},{"Link":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-saturday-night-fever-1977","external_links_name":"\"Saturday Night Fever (1977)\""},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/4110/saturday-night-fever/#articles-reviews","external_links_name":"\"Critics' Corner – Saturday Night Fever\""},{"Link":"https://www.brightwalldarkroom.com/2019/06/12/what-we-dont-remember-about-saturday-night-fever/","external_links_name":"\"What We Don't Remember About Saturday Night Fever\""},{"Link":"http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1978","external_links_name":"\"The 50th Academy Awards (1978) Nominees and Winners\""},{"Link":"http://awards.bafta.org/award/1979/film","external_links_name":"\"BAFTA Awards: Film in 1979\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050114192121/http://www.dvdexclusive.com/article.asp?articleID=1841&categoryID=22","external_links_name":"\"DVD Premiere Awards 2002 Nominations & Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.dvdexclusive.com/article.asp?articleID=1841&categoryID=22","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.goldenglobes.com/film/saturday-night-fever","external_links_name":"\"Saturday Night Fever\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/awards/20th-annual-grammy-awards","external_links_name":"\"20th Annual GRAMMY Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/awards/21st-annual-grammy-awards","external_links_name":"\"21st Annual GRAMMY Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/awards/hall-of-fame-award","external_links_name":"\"GRAMMY Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"https://nationalboardofreview.org/award-years/1977/","external_links_name":"\"1977 Award Winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/","external_links_name":"\"Complete National Film Registry Listing\""},{"Link":"https://nationalsocietyoffilmcritics.com/about-2/","external_links_name":"\"Past Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.nyfcc.com/awards/?awardyear=1977","external_links_name":"\"1977 New York Film Critics Circle Awards\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121205095022/http://www.wga.org/awards/awardssub.aspx?id=1551","external_links_name":"\"Awards Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.wga.org/awards/awardssub.aspx?id=1551","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.afi.com/afis-100-years-100-songs/","external_links_name":"\"AFI's 100 Years…100 Songs\""},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/nine-classic-movies-referenced-airplane/","external_links_name":"\"9 Classic Movies Referenced In Airplane!\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/05/movies/05roht.html","external_links_name":"\"The Dictator and the Disco King\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/13/glee-bee-gees-disco-songs_n_1423821.html","external_links_name":"\"WATCH: 'Glee' Goes Disco\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120629105940/http://blog.music.aol.com/2012/04/17/glee-saturday-night-glee-ver-songs-bee-gees/","external_links_name":"\"'Glee,' 'Saturday Night Glee-ver' Songs: Season 3, Episode 16 Includes Tribute to the Bee Gees\""},{"Link":"http://blog.music.aol.com/2012/04/17/glee-saturday-night-glee-ver-songs-bee-gees/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.vulture.com/2016/09/watch-the-new-red-hot-chili-peppers-music-video-go-robot.html","external_links_name":"\"Anthony Kiedis Makes a White-Painted Saturday Night Fever Homage in the Red Hot Chili Peppers' 'Go Robot' Video\""},{"Link":"https://people.com/movies/ready-player-ones-tye-sheridan-olivia-cooke-spent-3-weeks-learning-that-disco-dance-number/","external_links_name":"\"'Ready Player One' 's Tye Sheridan, Olivia Cooke Spent 3 Weeks Learning That Disco Dance Number\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076666/","external_links_name":"Saturday Night Fever"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/4110/enwp","external_links_name":"Saturday Night Fever"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/55921","external_links_name":"Saturday Night Fever"},{"Link":"https://www.paramountmovies.com/movies/saturday-night-fever","external_links_name":"Saturday Night Fever"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/187263973","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/12033841","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb164586667","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb164586667","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515804006706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7656149-5","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronos_Racing
Kronos Racing
["1 History","1.1 WRC Results","1.2 IRC results","2 References","3 External links"]
Rallying team competing in international rallies Kronos RacingFull nameKronos RacingBase Naninne, BelgiumTechnical directorMarc Van Dalen (CEO)World Rally Championship historyDebut2004Manufacturers' Championships0Drivers' Championships1 (2006)Rally wins8 Sébastien Loeb driving for Kronos Racing at the 2006 Rally Japan. Kris Meeke during the 2010 Ypres Rally. Kronos Racing is a Belgian auto racing and rally team. History Kronos Racing was set up in 1994, and ran circuit racing and rallying programmes on behalf of Peugeot Belgium/Luxembourg. The team's Peugeot 306 GTIs won the Spa 24 Hours in 1999 and 2000, the last two years that the event was run as a touring car race. In 2003 Bruno Thiry won the European Rally Championship in a Peugeot 206 WRC run by the team. In 2004, Citroën Sport chose Kronos to run their programme in the Junior World Rally Championship, extending their partnership with the PSA Group. Dani Sordo won the JWRC in 2005 while driving for the team, while Manfred Stohl scored overall two podium finishes driving a Kronos-run Citroën Xsara WRC. In 2006 Citroën took a year out of the WRC to develop the C4 WRC, and therefore used Kronos to enter Xsara WRCs under the Kronos Total Citroën World Rally Team banner. Sébastien Loeb took his third Drivers' title for Citroën thanks to Kronos, beating the Ford World Rally Team and driver Marcus Grönholm. Kronos also ran Xavier Pons and Sordo, while Colin McRae drove on one event as a stand-in for the injured Loeb. In 2007 Kronos continued to run Xsaras in the WRC, mainly for Stohl. In addition, Kronos began competing in the Intercontinental Rally Challenge with Peugeot, winning the title in 2008 with Nicolas Vouilloz. In 2009, Kris Meeke won the title for Peugeot UK, his car run by Kronos. WRC Results Year Car No Driver 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 WDC Points TC Points 2004 Citroën Xsara WRC 15 Juuso Pykälistö MON SWE MEX NZL CYP GRE TUR ARG FINRet GER JPN GBR ITARet FRA ESP AUS - 0 - - 2005 Citroën Xsara WRC 16 Manfred Stohl MON6 SWE MEX NZL9 ITA9 CYP2 TUR GRE20 ARG8 FINRet GERRet GBR5 JPN FRA ESP AUS3 9th 22 - - 17 Xavier Pons MON SWE MEX NZL ITA CYP TUR GRE10 ARG10 FIN12 GER9 GBR11 JPN FRA7 ESP4 AUSRet 15th 7 21 Juuso Pykälistö MON SWE MEX NZL ITA8 CYP TUR GRE ARG FIN GER GBR JPN FRA ESP AUS 27th 1 2006 Citroën Xsara WRC 1 Sébastien Loeb MON2 SWE2 MEX1 ESP1 FRA1 ARG1 ITA1 GRE2 DEU1 FIN2 JPN1 CYP1 1st 112 2nd 166 Colin McRae TURRet - 0 Xavier Pons AUS4 NZL4 GBR5 7th 32 2 MON9 SWE7 MEXRet ESPRet FRA6 ARG17 ITA4 GRE8 Dani Sordo DEU2 FINRet JPNDSQ CYPRet TUR7 AUS23 NZL5 GBR7 5th 49 14 MON8 SWE16 MEX4 ESP2 FRA3 ARG5 ITA3 GRE6 Xavier Pons DEU14 FINRet JPNDNS CYP7 TUR4 7th 32 2007 Citroën Xsara WRC 5 Manfred Stohl MON10 SWE7 NOR12 MEX6 POR9 ARG8 ITA7 GRE8 FINRet GERRet NZL12 ESPRet FRA14 JPN6 IRERet GBR8 9th 13 5th 45 6 Daniel Carlsson MON SWE5 NOR7 MEX POR6 ARG ITARet GRE FIN 14th 9 François Duval GER2 NZL ESP5 FRARet JPN IRE GBR 10th 12 IRC results Year Car Entrant Driver 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 WDC Points 2007 Peugeot 207 S2000 Peugeot Sport España Enrique García Ojeda KEN TUR3 BEL2 RUS2 POR4 CZE2 ITA6 SWI2 CHI 1st 47 Nicolas Vouilloz KEN TUR1 BELRet RUS3 POR9 CZE1 ITA3 SWI1 CHI 2nd 42 Peugeot Team Belux Bernd Casier KEN TUR BEL4 RUS POR5 CZE5 ITA14 SWIRet CHI 8th 13 2008 Peugeot 207 S2000 Peugeot Team Bel-Lux Nicolas Vouilloz TUR2 POR3 BEL2 RUS5 POR1 CZE2 ESP2 ITA2 SWI2 CHI 1st 68 Freddy Loix IST8 PORRet YPR1 RUS4 MAD6 ZLI1 AST3 SAN5 VAL1 CHN 2nd 48 BF Goodrich Drivers Team Miguel Campos IST PORRet - 0 Patrick Snijers YPR5 RUS MAD 18th 4 Pavel Valoušek ZLI4 15th 5 Sergio Vallejo AST7 28th 2 Andrea Torlasco SAN9 VAL CHN - 0 2009 Peugeot 207 S2000 Peugeot UK Kris Meeke MONRet CUR1 KEN AZO1 BEL1 RUS POR5 CZE2 ESP2 ITA1 SCODSQ 1st 66 Peugeot Team Belux Freddy Loix MON2 CUR4 KEN AZO4 YPR3 RUS MAD6 ZLIRet AST6 ITA4 SCO 3rd 37 Nicolas Vouilloz MONRet CUR2 KEN AZO3 BELRet RUS POR4 CZERet ESP3 ITA3 SCO 4th 31 Pieter Tsjoen MON CUR KEN AZO YPR4 RUS MAD ZLI AST ITA SCO 19th 5 BF Goodrich Drivers Team Sébastien Ogier MON1 CUR KEN AZO 8th 10 Thierry Neuville BELRet RUS POR - 0 Martin Prokop CZE5 ESP 24th 4 Luca Cantamessa ITA7 37th 2 Adam Gould SCORet - 0 2010 Peugeot 207 S2000 Peugeot UK Kris Meeke MONRet BRA1 ARGRet CAN4 ITARet BELRet AZO2 MADRet CZE4 ITA4 SCO3 CYP 3rd 39 Peugeot Team Bel-Lux Thierry Neuville MON BRA ARG CANRet ITA4 BEL3 AZO MAD CZERet ITA8 SCORet CYP 9th 12 2011 Peugeot 207 S2000 Peugeot Team Bel-Lux Thierry Neuville MONRet CAN3 COR 1 YAL6 YPRRet AZO ZLI4 MEC2 SAN 1 SCO 6 CYP Ret 5th 115 Peugeot UK Guy Wilks MON3 CAN5 CORRet YAL5 YPR4 AZORet ZLIRet MECRet SANRet SCORet CYP 7th 47 References ^ iwcweb. "préparateur de référence en circuit et rallye". Kronos Racing. Retrieved 2011-11-27. ^ "Kronos - Season 2006". Juwra.com. 2011-11-16. Retrieved 2011-11-27. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kronos Racing. Official website
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Citro%C3%ABn_Xsara_WRC05.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Loeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Loeb"},{"link_name":"2006 Rally Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Rally_Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meeke_207_Ypres_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kris Meeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Meeke"},{"link_name":"2010 Ypres Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Ypres_Rally"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"auto racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing"},{"link_name":"rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallying"}],"text":"Sébastien Loeb driving for Kronos Racing at the 2006 Rally Japan.Kris Meeke during the 2010 Ypres Rally.Kronos Racing is a Belgian auto racing and rally team.","title":"Kronos Racing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peugeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot"},{"link_name":"Peugeot 306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_306"},{"link_name":"Spa 24 Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_24_Hours"},{"link_name":"touring car race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touring_car_racing"},{"link_name":"Bruno Thiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Thiry"},{"link_name":"European Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"Peugeot 206 WRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_206_WRC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Citroën Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_World_Rally_Team"},{"link_name":"Junior World Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_World_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"PSA Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Peugeot_Citro%C3%ABn"},{"link_name":"Dani Sordo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_Sordo"},{"link_name":"Manfred Stohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Stohl"},{"link_name":"Citroën Xsara WRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Xsara#Xsara_WRC"},{"link_name":"Kronos Total Citroën World Rally Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronos_Citro%C3%ABn_World_Rally_Team"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Loeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Loeb"},{"link_name":"Ford World Rally Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_World_Rally_Team"},{"link_name":"Marcus Grönholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Gr%C3%B6nholm"},{"link_name":"Xavier Pons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Pons"},{"link_name":"Colin McRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_McRae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Rally Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Rally_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Vouilloz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Vouilloz"},{"link_name":"Kris Meeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Meeke"},{"link_name":"Peugeot UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Peugeot_Citro%C3%ABn"}],"text":"Kronos Racing was set up in 1994, and ran circuit racing and rallying programmes on behalf of Peugeot Belgium/Luxembourg. The team's Peugeot 306 GTIs won the Spa 24 Hours in 1999 and 2000, the last two years that the event was run as a touring car race. In 2003 Bruno Thiry won the European Rally Championship in a Peugeot 206 WRC run by the team.[1] In 2004, Citroën Sport chose Kronos to run their programme in the Junior World Rally Championship, extending their partnership with the PSA Group. Dani Sordo won the JWRC in 2005 while driving for the team, while Manfred Stohl scored overall two podium finishes driving a Kronos-run Citroën Xsara WRC.In 2006 Citroën took a year out of the WRC to develop the C4 WRC, and therefore used Kronos to enter Xsara WRCs under the Kronos Total Citroën World Rally Team banner. Sébastien Loeb took his third Drivers' title for Citroën thanks to Kronos, beating the Ford World Rally Team and driver Marcus Grönholm. Kronos also ran Xavier Pons and Sordo, while Colin McRae drove on one event as a stand-in for the injured Loeb.[2]In 2007 Kronos continued to run Xsaras in the WRC, mainly for Stohl. In addition, Kronos began competing in the Intercontinental Rally Challenge with Peugeot, winning the title in 2008 with Nicolas Vouilloz. In 2009, Kris Meeke won the title for Peugeot UK, his car run by Kronos.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WRC Results","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"IRC results","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"Sébastien Loeb driving for Kronos Racing at the 2006 Rally Japan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Citro%C3%ABn_Xsara_WRC05.JPG/220px-Citro%C3%ABn_Xsara_WRC05.JPG"},{"image_text":"Kris Meeke during the 2010 Ypres Rally.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Meeke_207_Ypres_2010.jpg/220px-Meeke_207_Ypres_2010.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"iwcweb. \"préparateur de référence en circuit et rallye\". Kronos Racing. Retrieved 2011-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kronosracing.com/mypage.php?id_ssmenu=12","url_text":"\"préparateur de référence en circuit et rallye\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kronos - Season 2006\". Juwra.com. 2011-11-16. Retrieved 2011-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.juwra.com/kronos_season_2006.html","url_text":"\"Kronos - Season 2006\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.kronosracing.com/mypage.php?id_ssmenu=12","external_links_name":"\"préparateur de référence en circuit et rallye\""},{"Link":"http://www.juwra.com/kronos_season_2006.html","external_links_name":"\"Kronos - Season 2006\""},{"Link":"http://www.kronosracing.com/index.php","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Caruso_(chemical_engineer)
Frank Caruso (chemical engineer)
["1 Education","2 Career and research","3 References"]
Australian chemical engineer (born 1968) For Chicago mobster, see Frank T. Caruso. For Soccer player, see Francesco Caruso. Frank CarusoFRS FAAFrank Caruso at the Royal Society admissions day in London, July 2018BornFrancesco Caruso (1968-01-01) 1 January 1968 (age 56)Alma materUniversity of Melbourne (PhD)Awards Eureka Prize (2013) Australian Laureate Fellowship (2012) Leverhulme Medal (Royal Society) (2019) Scientific careerFieldsMaterials scienceBioengineeringNanotechnologyPolymer scienceInstitutionsUniversity of MelbourneMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesThesisLateral diffusion of amphiphiles in air-water monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett films (1993)Doctoral advisorFranz GrieserPeter ThistlethwaiteOther academic advisorsHelmuth Möhwald Websitechemical.eng.unimelb.edu.au/people/staff.php?person_ID=16579 Francesco Caruso FRS FAA (born 1 January 1968) is Melbourne Laureate Professor and National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellow in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Caruso is deputy director of the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nanoscience and Technology. Education Caruso received his PhD in 1994 from the University of Melbourne for research on lateral diffusion of amphiphiles in air-water monolayers and Langmuir–Blodgett films. Career and research Caruso conducted postdoctoral research at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Division of Chemicals and Polymers. From 1997 to 2002, he was an Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Research Fellow with Helmuth Möhwald and group leader at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Berlin. Since 2003, he has been a professor at the University of Melbourne and has held ARC Federation and ARC Australian Laureate Fellowships. He was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (FAA) in 2009 and was awarded the Eureka Prize for Leadership in Science by CSIRO in 2013. Caruso has published over 400 peer-reviewed papers and was on Thomson Reuters’ 2014 list of World's Most Influential Scientific Minds. He is an executive editor of American Chemical Society (ACS) Chemistry of Materials and is on the editorial advisory board of ten other scientific journals. References ^ a b "Frank Caruso: Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne". chemical.eng.unimelb.edu.au. Retrieved 23 June 2018. ^ a b c d e Anon (2013). "Frank Caruso". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 52 (2): 496. doi:10.1002/anie.201205933. ISSN 1433-7851. ^ a b c d e f g h i Anon (2018). "Professor Francesco Caruso FRS". London: Royal Society. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: “All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.” --"Terms, conditions and policies | Royal Society". Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ a b Frank Caruso publications indexed by Google Scholar ^ Caruso, Frank (1998). "Nanoengineering of Inorganic and Hybrid Hollow Spheres by Colloidal Templating". Science. 282 (5391): 1111–1114. Bibcode:1998Sci...282.1111C. doi:10.1126/science.282.5391.1111. PMID 9804547. ^ Caruso, Frank (1994). Lateral diffusion of amphiphiles in air-water monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett films. trove.nla.gov.au (PhD thesis). University of Melbourne. OCLC 222053670. ^ Caruso, Frank (2001). "Nanoengineering of Particle Surfaces". Advanced Materials. 13 (1): 11–22. doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200101)13:1<11::AID-ADMA11>3.0.CO;2-N. ISSN 0935-9648.  This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license. vteFellows of the Royal Society elected in 2018Fellows Jim Al-Khalili Polly Arnold Jillian Banfield Margaret Brimble Neil Brockdorff Frank Caruso Vincenzo Cerundolo Kevin Costello Robert Crabtree Philip Dawid Peter Dayan Richard Dixon Gregory Edgecombe Wenfei Fan Roger Goody Robin Grimes Gregory Hannon Demis Hassabis Judy Hirst Graeme Jameson Harren Jhoti Sophien Kamoun Andrew King Dimitri Kullmann Dominic Kwiatkowski Richard Marais Cathie Martin Elon Musk Peter O'Hearn Vassilis Pachnis Tracy Palmer Colin Prentice Lalita Ramakrishnan Nancy Reid Graham Richards David Richardson Sheila Rowan Ingrid Scheffer Michelle Simmons John Smol Timothy Softley John Speakman Graeme Stephens Angela Strank Charles Swanton Peter Visscher Guy Wilkinson Geordie Williamson Daniel Wise Nikolay Zheludev Honorary David Willetts (Baron Willetts of Havant) Foreign Carolyn Bertozzi Martin Chalfie Sebsebe Demissew Jeffrey Friedman Fabiola Gianotti Albrecht Hofmann Butler Lampson Tullio Pozzan Joachim Sauer Adi Shamir Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Academics CiNii Google Scholar Mathematics Genealogy Project ORCID Publons ResearcherID Scopus Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank T. Caruso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_T._Caruso"},{"link_name":"Francesco Caruso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Caruso"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-3"},{"link_name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_and_Medical_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"Research Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Fellow"},{"link_name":"Biomolecular Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_Engineering"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-melb-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gs-4"},{"link_name":"Australian Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"Nanoscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoscience"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caruso1998-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-2"}],"text":"For Chicago mobster, see Frank T. Caruso. For Soccer player, see Francesco Caruso.Francesco Caruso FRS FAA[3] (born 1 January 1968) is Melbourne Laureate Professor and National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellow in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Melbourne, Australia.[1][4] Caruso is deputy director of the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nanoscience and Technology.[3][5][2]","title":"Frank Caruso (chemical engineer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"amphiphiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiphile"},{"link_name":"monolayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolayer"},{"link_name":"Langmuir–Blodgett films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langmuir%E2%80%93Blodgett_film"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phd-6"}],"text":"Caruso received his PhD in 1994 from the University of Melbourne for research on lateral diffusion of amphiphiles in air-water monolayers and Langmuir–Blodgett films.[6]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"postdoctoral research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoctoral_research"},{"link_name":"CSIRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSIRO"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-3"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Humboldt Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Helmuth Möhwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_M%C3%B6hwald"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-2"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Colloids_and_Interfaces"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caruso2001-7"},{"link_name":"Australian Laureate Fellowships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Laureate_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-3"},{"link_name":"Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"Australian Academy of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-3"},{"link_name":"Eureka Prize for Leadership in Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_Prizes"},{"link_name":"CSIRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSIRO"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-3"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-review"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gs-4"},{"link_name":"Thomson Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Reuters"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-3"},{"link_name":"American Chemical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chemical_Society"},{"link_name":"Chemistry of Materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry_of_Materials"},{"link_name":"scientific journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-3"}],"text":"Caruso conducted postdoctoral research at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Division of Chemicals and Polymers.[3] From 1997 to 2002, he was an Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Research Fellow with Helmuth Möhwald[2] and group leader at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Berlin.[3][7] Since 2003, he has been a professor at the University of Melbourne and has held ARC Federation and ARC Australian Laureate Fellowships.[3] He was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (FAA) in 2009[3] and was awarded the Eureka Prize for Leadership in Science by CSIRO in 2013.[3]Caruso has published over 400 peer-reviewed papers[4] and was on Thomson Reuters’ 2014 list of World's Most Influential Scientific Minds.[3] He is an executive editor of American Chemical Society (ACS) Chemistry of Materials and is on the editorial advisory board of ten other scientific journals.[3]","title":"Career and research"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Frank Caruso: Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne\". chemical.eng.unimelb.edu.au. Retrieved 23 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://chemical.eng.unimelb.edu.au/people/staff.php?person_ID=16579","url_text":"\"Frank Caruso: Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne\""}]},{"reference":"Anon (2013). \"Frank Caruso\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 52 (2): 496. doi:10.1002/anie.201205933. ISSN 1433-7851.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201205933","url_text":"10.1002/anie.201205933"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1433-7851","url_text":"1433-7851"}]},{"reference":"Anon (2018). \"Professor Francesco Caruso FRS\". London: Royal Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalsociety.org/people/francesco-caruso-13801/","url_text":"\"Professor Francesco Caruso FRS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society","url_text":"Royal Society"}]},{"reference":"\"Terms, conditions and policies | Royal Society\". Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161111170346/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/","url_text":"\"Terms, conditions and policies | Royal Society\""}]},{"reference":"Caruso, Frank (1998). \"Nanoengineering of Inorganic and Hybrid Hollow Spheres by Colloidal Templating\". Science. 282 (5391): 1111–1114. Bibcode:1998Sci...282.1111C. doi:10.1126/science.282.5391.1111. PMID 9804547.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)","url_text":"Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...282.1111C","url_text":"1998Sci...282.1111C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5391.1111","url_text":"10.1126/science.282.5391.1111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9804547","url_text":"9804547"}]},{"reference":"Caruso, Frank (1994). Lateral diffusion of amphiphiles in air-water monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett films. trove.nla.gov.au (PhD thesis). University of Melbourne. OCLC 222053670.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/36556288","url_text":"Lateral diffusion of amphiphiles in air-water monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett films"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/222053670","url_text":"222053670"}]},{"reference":"Caruso, Frank (2001). \"Nanoengineering of Particle Surfaces\". Advanced Materials. 13 (1): 11–22. doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200101)13:1<11::AID-ADMA11>3.0.CO;2-N. ISSN 0935-9648.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Materials","url_text":"Advanced Materials"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1521-4095%28200101%2913%3A1%3C11%3A%3AAID-ADMA11%3E3.0.CO%3B2-N","url_text":"10.1002/1521-4095(200101)13:1<11::AID-ADMA11>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0935-9648","url_text":"0935-9648"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/36556288","external_links_name":"Lateral diffusion of amphiphiles in air-water monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett films"},{"Link":"https://chemical.eng.unimelb.edu.au/people/staff.php?person_ID=16579","external_links_name":"chemical.eng.unimelb.edu.au/people/staff.php?person_ID=16579"},{"Link":"https://chemical.eng.unimelb.edu.au/people/staff.php?person_ID=16579","external_links_name":"\"Frank Caruso: Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201205933","external_links_name":"10.1002/anie.201205933"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1433-7851","external_links_name":"1433-7851"},{"Link":"https://royalsociety.org/people/francesco-caruso-13801/","external_links_name":"\"Professor Francesco Caruso FRS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161111170346/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/","external_links_name":"\"Terms, conditions and policies | Royal Society\""},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ohJGGT8AAAAJ","external_links_name":"Frank Caruso"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...282.1111C","external_links_name":"1998Sci...282.1111C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5391.1111","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.282.5391.1111"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9804547","external_links_name":"9804547"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/36556288","external_links_name":"Lateral diffusion of amphiphiles in air-water monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett films"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/222053670","external_links_name":"222053670"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1521-4095%28200101%2913%3A1%3C11%3A%3AAID-ADMA11%3E3.0.CO%3B2-N","external_links_name":"10.1002/1521-4095(200101)13:1<11::AID-ADMA11>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0935-9648","external_links_name":"0935-9648"},{"Link":"https://royalsociety.org/people/francesco-caruso-13801/","external_links_name":"text"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000116490655","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/56848686","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqbgjD6WjbYhjHqP79FKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/5018642","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14541929v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14541929v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1261064364","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007317111805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2004015536","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2012715762&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36588717","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2022B9463","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p32921652X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA14490451?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ohJGGT8AAAAJ","external_links_name":"Google Scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=240634","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"},{"Link":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0197-497X","external_links_name":"ORCID"},{"Link":"https://publons.com/author/2813169/","external_links_name":"Publons"},{"Link":"https://www.researcherid.com/rid/A-9587-2011","external_links_name":"ResearcherID"},{"Link":"https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7102575743","external_links_name":"Scopus"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/078759986","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_Medical_School_in_the_Caribbean
Offshore medical school
["1 Education","2 Student body","3 Accreditation and recognition","4 Admissions","5 History","6 Local impact","7 Impact of offshore medical school on the United States of America","8 See also","9 References"]
An offshore medical school is a medical school that caters "primarily to foreign (American and Canadian citizens) students, wishing to practice medicine in the US and Canada" according to the World Bank, compared to local schools that focus on their home nation. Such schools are chiefly located in the Caribbean basin, but also includes schools in other locations, such as Mexico (Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara School of Medicine) and Australia (University of Queensland Ochsner program), which run programs that target American students. Education Offshore medical schools often specialize in the Medical Doctor degree, while US and Canadian medical schools are often departments of universities that offer several degrees. The curriculum of offshore medical schools in the Caribbean follows the one in US, as they usually only offer two years of basic science study and use teaching hospitals or clinics in US or Canada, sometimes in UK for clinical training. The teachings often focus on the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) and the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) certification process, and the measurement of performance is the passing rate of students in the exams. In most schools, passing of the USMLE Step 2 exam is required to graduate and get a M.D. degree. In most schools, the academic calendar is divided into 3 academic terms per year, with semesters starting in January, May and September. The lack of a summer break offers students a potentially faster route than US medical schools to a degree with a compressed curriculum. Student body Caribbean offshore medical schools have less than 5% local students; the rest are mainly from North America. Students are also relatively older than their North America counterparts. As of 2004, the average ages in schools are 27–30 years old, and half of them are nurses, paramedics, physician assistants, etc. on their second career. Whether a school has state board accreditation or is recognized by loan programs appear to have great influence on the number of applicants, and the effect is seen in the size of student body. Between 1993 and 2007, the mean age of first time ECFMG certification exam applicants from Caribbean offshore medical schools was 29.5 years, and 38% of the applicants were female. The passing rate were 57.4% for the USMLE Step 1 but results varies wildly by country. Accreditation and recognition There is no central authority for accreditation as rules and regulations in many Caribbean countries differ greatly. CAAM-HP is a local accreditation body, while ACCM, based in Ireland, is invited by some countries to accredit on their behalf. The Medical Board of California recognizes only four offshore medical schools in the Caribbean as providing medical education that is equivalent to American schools: St. George's University School of Medicine, Ross University School of Medicine, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Saba University School of Medicine. The California list of recognized schools is used by boards of medicine from several U.S. states (e.g. Colorado, Oregon, Indiana and Tennessee). The New York Department of Education maintains a list of the schools that have been approved to allow students to complete more than 12 weeks of clinical clerkships in New York State. As of 2021, it included: American University of Antigua, Antigua (June 2006) American University of the Caribbean, Cupecoy, Sint Maarten (March 2003) The Autonomous University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (March 2000) English Language Program, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Medical School, Debrecen, Hungary (December 2005) English Language Program, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (September 1999) English Language Program, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland (June 2000) Fatima College of Medicine, Manila, Philippines (June 1988) International Health and Medicine Program, Ben Gurion University of the Negrev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (February 2002) Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India (April 2005) Medical University of the Americas/Nevis, Nevis, West Indies (March 2006) Ross University School of Medicine, Bridgetown, Barbados (October 1999) Saba University School of Medicine, The Bottom, Saba (August 2005) St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, Grenada (January 1987) St. Matthew's University School of Medicine, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands (April 2004) Technion Israel Institute of Technology - Technion American Medical Students Program (TEAMS), Haifa, Israel (July 2014) The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (March, 2017) Xavier University School of Medicine, Oranjestad, Aruba (July, 2020) Admissions While admission to American medical schools is highly competitive, standards are generally lower for offshore medical schools. Thus, more American graduates with less than stellar resumes are accepted. The challenge for most of these students is graduating and matching into residency programs in the United States. History In the 1970s, American entrepreneurs, noticing high demand for medical education not being met by US schools, started the business of training North American students in offshore universities in the Caribbean. Caribbean countries were selected to locate these medical schools due to the less demanding regulatory environment compared to the United States or Canada. In the late 1970s, three schools were started: St. George's University School of Medicine (Grenada, 1976), Ross University School of Medicine (Dominica, 1978, later moved to Barbados), American University of the Caribbean (Montserrat, 1978, later moved to Sint Maarten). Since then, there has been a steep increase in the amount of offshore medical universities (see table below). The increasing number of schools has both positive and negative effects. On one hand, low initial cost in establishment increased competition, that in turn increases the quality of service. On the other hand, this created a big demand in clinical rotations that even the large states have problem accommodating, let alone their home country, and draw attention from US and Canada auditors who are concerned over public loan use. New Offshore Caribbean Medical Schools by Decade 1970s-2010s Year Number of New Schools (still operational) Countries 1970s 3 Barbados, Dominica, Montserrat 1980s 3 Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Saint Lucia 1990s 9 Anguilla (UK), Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Guyana, Saba (NL), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2000s 19 Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba (NL), Belize, Cayman Islands (UK), Curacao (NL), Dominica, Guyana, Montserrat (UK), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2010s 23 Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba (NL), Barbados, Curacao (NL), Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat (UK), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Local impact Nonetheless, the local economies often benefit from the academic and economic influence from those schools. Instead of getting research grants and local government funds, offshore schools often depend on wealthy students from out of country. The spending by foreign students and faculty, as well as increased local employment is a significant factor in the local economy. When schools grow, they often do construction on campus, which increase demand for material and instruments. The local healthcare industry also receive financial and educational help from offshore schools in exchange of clinical experience of students. Impact of offshore medical school on the United States of America As an example of the significance of offshore medical schools, in 2007, two such schools—St. George's University School of Medicine and Ross University— had more graduates (1,644 and 1,591, respectively) in Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accredited residency programs than any American medical school. Five offshore Caribbean medical schools combined for 73% of the total number of international students entering family medicine residencies in the United States of America according to the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine: Ross University School of Medicine, St. George’s University School of Medicine, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, American University of Antigua College of Medicine, and Saba University School of Medicine. A study conducted in 2019, indicated that international medical graduates account for 23.8% of the family medicine workforce, of those one third attended medical school in the Caribbean, and more than 25% attended off-shore Caribbean medical schools. Moreover, these medical schools have been credited to produce a significant portion of the primary care specialists who work in medically underserved and low income areas. See also List of medical schools in the Caribbean References ^ a b c d e "Offshore Education in the OECS, By Swedish Development Advisers AB, The World Bank" (PDF). September 2004. ^ a b c d Sheldon Mclean (January 2018). "A global value chain analysis of offshore medical universities in the Caribbean". Studies and Perspectives. United Nations. ISSN 1728-5445. Retrieved 15 May 2021. ^ a b Parolini, Antonella; Platek, Cindy (June 2010). "Offshore Medical Schools in the Caribbean". Credential Evaluators, World Education Services. 23 (5). ^ a b c d e N. Lynn Eckhert (April 2010). "Perspective: Private Schools of the Caribbean: Outsourcing Medical Education". Academic Medicine. 85 (4): 622–630. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181d2aee1. PMID 20354377. ^ Eckhert, N. Lynn (2010). "Perspective: Private Schools of the Caribbean: Outsourcing Medical Education". Academic Medicine. 85 (4): 622–630. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181d2aee1. PMID 20354377. ^ "Clinical Schools". Retrieved 15 May 2021. The offshore clinical school of Ochsner... ^ "Offshore Medical Schools Presentation and Panel Discussion — Hunter College". ^ a b "Overview – Caribbean Accreditation Authority for Education in Medicine and Other Health Professions". ^ van Zanten Marta; Boulet John R (2008). "Medical Education in the Caribbean: Variability in Medical School Programs and Performance of Students". Academic Medicine. 83 (10): S33–S36. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e318183e649. PMID 18820496. ^ "Agencies with Recognition Status - World Federation for Medical Education". 9 February 2017. ^ "Accreditation Commission on Colleges of Medicine". ^ Stephen M. Boreman (16 January 2017). "Accreditation of Foreign Medical Schools in California". Retrieved 7 May 2021. ^ "NYS Medicine:Application Forms". www.op.nysed.gov. Retrieved 9 May 2021. ^ "Find the Best Medical Schools". ^ "'It's Tough to Get Out': How Caribbean Medical Schools Fail Their Students". The New York Times. 29 June 2021. ^ van Zanten Marta; Boulet John R (2011). "Medical Education in the Caribbean: A Longitudinal Study of United States Medical Licensing Examination Performance, 2000–2009". Academic Medicine. 86 (2): 231–238. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182045efe. PMID 21169783. ^ Students From Caribbean Med Schools Head for New York, Angering Some Local Programs, By Katherine Mangan, The Chronicle of Higher Education, December 12, 2010, http://chronicle.com/article/Students-From-Caribbean-Med/125681/ ^ U.S. Government Accountability Office. Foreign Medical Schools: Education Should Improve Monitoring of Schools That Participate in the Federal Student Loan Program. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d10412.pdf. Accessed March 11, 2013. ^ Korcok M (1997). "After rejection in Canada, more Canadians pursuing career dreams at offshore medical schools". CMAJ. 156 (6): 865–7, 870. PMC 1227058. PMID 9084396. ^ Stanley M. Kozakowski; Alexandra Travis; Ashley Bentley; Gerald Fetter Jr. "Entry of US Medical School Graduates Into Family Medicine Residencies: 2015–2016". stfm.org. Society of Teachers of Family Medicine. Retrieved 11 April 2021. ^ Duvivier, Robbert J.; Wiley, Elizabeth; Boulet, John R. (2019). "Supply, distribution and characteristics of international medical graduates in family medicine in the United States: a cross-sectional study". BMC Family Practice. 20 (1): 47. doi:10.1186/s12875-019-0933-8. PMC 6441164. PMID 30927914. ^ Duvivier, R. J.; Wiley, E.; Boulet, J. R. (2019). "Table 4 Medical School Attended for Practicing IMGs in Family Medicine (top 15)". BMC Family Practice. 20 (1): 47. doi:10.1186/s12875-019-0933-8. PMC 6441164. PMID 30927914. ^ Amy Keller (7 April 2022). "Filling the doctor gap will require a range of responses". floridatrend.com. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Offshore medical school"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medical Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Doctor"},{"link_name":"one in US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAAM-HP_Overview-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMjournal-4"},{"link_name":"United States Medical Licensing Examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Medical_Licensing_Examination"},{"link_name":"Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_Commission_for_Foreign_Medical_Graduates"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WorldBank200409-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAAM-HP_Overview-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMjournal-4"}],"text":"Offshore medical schools often specialize in the Medical Doctor degree, while US and Canadian medical schools are often departments of universities that offer several degrees. The curriculum of offshore medical schools in the Caribbean follows the one in US, as they usually only offer two years of basic science study and use teaching hospitals or clinics in US or Canada, sometimes in UK for clinical training.[8][4]The teachings often focus on the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) and the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) certification process, and the measurement of performance is the passing rate of students in the exams. In most schools, passing of the USMLE Step 2 exam is required to graduate and get a M.D. degree.[1]In most schools, the academic calendar is divided into 3 academic terms per year, with semesters starting in January, May and September.[8][4] The lack of a summer break offers students a potentially faster route than US medical schools to a degree with a compressed curriculum.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nurses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse"},{"link_name":"paramedics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramedic"},{"link_name":"physician assistants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician_assistant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WorldBank200409-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMVariability-9"}],"text":"Caribbean offshore medical schools have less than 5% local students; the rest are mainly from North America. Students are also relatively older than their North America counterparts. As of 2004, the average ages in schools are 27–30 years old, and half of them are nurses, paramedics, physician assistants, etc. on their second career. Whether a school has state board accreditation or is recognized by loan programs appear to have great influence on the number of applicants, and the effect is seen in the size of student body.[1] Between 1993 and 2007, the mean age of first time ECFMG certification exam applicants from Caribbean offshore medical schools was 29.5 years, and 38% of the applicants were female. The passing rate were 57.4% for the USMLE Step 1 but results varies wildly by country.[9]","title":"Student body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CAAM-HP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Accreditation_Authority_for_Education_in_Medicine_and_other_Health_Professions"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMjournal-4"},{"link_name":"ACCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accreditation_Commission_of_Colleges_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Medical Board of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Board_of_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WES201006-3"},{"link_name":"St. George's University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Ross University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_the_Caribbean_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Saba University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"New York Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Education_Department"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYSED1-13"},{"link_name":"American University of Antigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Antigua"},{"link_name":"American University of the Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_the_Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Medical University of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_University_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Technion Israel Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technion_Israel_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Xavier University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_University_School_of_Medicine"}],"text":"There is no central authority for accreditation as rules and regulations in many Caribbean countries differ greatly. CAAM-HP[4] is a local accreditation body, while ACCM, based in Ireland, is invited by some countries to accredit on their behalf.[10][11]The Medical Board of California recognizes only four offshore medical schools in the Caribbean as providing medical education that is equivalent to American schools:[3] St. George's University School of Medicine, Ross University School of Medicine, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Saba University School of Medicine. The California list of recognized schools is used by boards of medicine from several U.S. states (e.g. Colorado, Oregon, Indiana and Tennessee).[12]The New York Department of Education maintains a list of the schools that have been approved to allow students to complete more than 12 weeks of clinical clerkships in New York State. As of 2021, it included:[13]American University of Antigua, Antigua (June 2006)\nAmerican University of the Caribbean, Cupecoy, Sint Maarten (March 2003)\nThe Autonomous University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico (March 2000)\nEnglish Language Program, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Medical School, Debrecen, Hungary (December 2005)\nEnglish Language Program, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (September 1999)\nEnglish Language Program, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland (June 2000)\nFatima College of Medicine, Manila, Philippines (June 1988)\nInternational Health and Medicine Program, Ben Gurion University of the Negrev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (February 2002)\nKasturba Medical College, Manipal, India (April 2005)\nMedical University of the Americas/Nevis, Nevis, West Indies (March 2006)\nRoss University School of Medicine, Bridgetown, Barbados (October 1999)\nSaba University School of Medicine, The Bottom, Saba (August 2005)\nSt. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, Grenada (January 1987)\nSt. Matthew's University School of Medicine, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands (April 2004)\nTechnion Israel Institute of Technology - Technion American Medical Students Program (TEAMS), Haifa, Israel (July 2014)\nThe University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (March, 2017)\nXavier University School of Medicine, Oranjestad, Aruba (July, 2020)","title":"Accreditation and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"While admission to American medical schools is highly competitive,[14] standards are generally lower for offshore medical schools. Thus, more American graduates with less than stellar resumes are accepted. The challenge for most of these students is graduating and matching into residency programs in the United States.[15]","title":"Admissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mclean-2"},{"link_name":"St. George's University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Ross University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"American University of the Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_the_Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat"},{"link_name":"Sint Maarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mclean-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMUSMLE-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In the 1970s, American entrepreneurs, noticing high demand for medical education not being met by US schools, started the business of training North American students in offshore universities in the Caribbean.[2] Caribbean countries were selected to locate these medical schools due \nto the less demanding regulatory environment compared to the United States or Canada. In the late 1970s, three schools were started: St. George's University School of Medicine (Grenada, 1976), Ross University School of Medicine (Dominica, 1978, later moved to Barbados), American University of the Caribbean\n(Montserrat, 1978, later moved to Sint Maarten).[2] Since then, there has been a steep increase in the amount of offshore medical universities (see table below).[16]The increasing number of schools has both positive and negative effects. On one hand, low initial cost in establishment increased competition, that in turn increases the quality of service. On the other hand, this created a big demand in clinical rotations that even the large states have problem accommodating,[17] let alone their home country, and draw attention from US and Canada auditors who are concerned over public loan use.[18][19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WorldBank200409-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WorldBank200409-1"}],"text":"Nonetheless, the local economies often benefit from the academic and economic influence from those schools.[1] Instead of getting research grants and local government funds, offshore schools often depend on wealthy students from out of country. The spending by foreign students and faculty, as well as increased local employment is a significant factor in the local economy.[1] When schools grow, they often do construction on campus, which increase demand for material and instruments. The local healthcare industry also receive financial and educational help from offshore schools in exchange of clinical experience of students.","title":"Local impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. George's University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Ross University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Graduate_Medical_Education"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMjournal-4"},{"link_name":"United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"As an example of the significance of offshore medical schools, in 2007, two such schools—St. George's University School of Medicine and Ross University— had more graduates (1,644 and 1,591, respectively) in Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accredited residency programs than any American medical school.[4] Five offshore Caribbean medical schools combined for 73% of the total number of international students entering family medicine residencies in the United States of America according to the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine: Ross University School of Medicine, St. George’s University School of Medicine, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, American University of Antigua College of Medicine, and Saba University School of Medicine.[20] A study conducted in 2019, indicated that international medical graduates account for 23.8% of the family medicine workforce, of those one third attended medical school in the Caribbean,[21] and more than 25% attended off-shore Caribbean medical schools.[22] Moreover, these medical schools have been credited to produce a significant portion of the primary care specialists who work in medically underserved and low income areas.[23]","title":"Impact of offshore medical school on the United States of America"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of medical schools in the Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_the_Caribbean"}]
[{"reference":"\"Offshore Education in the OECS, By Swedish Development Advisers AB, The World Bank\" (PDF). September 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAC/Resources/Chap5_background_Offshore_Educ.pdf","url_text":"\"Offshore Education in the OECS, By Swedish Development Advisers AB, The World Bank\""}]},{"reference":"Sheldon Mclean (January 2018). \"A global value chain analysis of offshore medical universities in the Caribbean\". Studies and Perspectives. United Nations. ISSN 1728-5445. Retrieved 15 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340134924","url_text":"\"A global value chain analysis of offshore medical universities in the Caribbean\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1728-5445","url_text":"1728-5445"}]},{"reference":"Parolini, Antonella; Platek, Cindy (June 2010). \"Offshore Medical Schools in the Caribbean\". Credential Evaluators, World Education Services. 23 (5).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wes.org/ewenr/10june/feature.htm","url_text":"\"Offshore Medical Schools in the Caribbean\""}]},{"reference":"N. Lynn Eckhert (April 2010). \"Perspective: Private Schools of the Caribbean: Outsourcing Medical Education\". Academic Medicine. 85 (4): 622–630. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181d2aee1. PMID 20354377.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0b013e3181d2aee1","url_text":"\"Perspective: Private Schools of the Caribbean: Outsourcing Medical Education\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0b013e3181d2aee1","url_text":"10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181d2aee1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20354377","url_text":"20354377"}]},{"reference":"Eckhert, N. Lynn (2010). \"Perspective: Private Schools of the Caribbean: Outsourcing Medical Education\". Academic Medicine. 85 (4): 622–630. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181d2aee1. PMID 20354377.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0b013e3181d2aee1","url_text":"\"Perspective: Private Schools of the Caribbean: Outsourcing Medical Education\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0b013e3181d2aee1","url_text":"10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181d2aee1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20354377","url_text":"20354377"}]},{"reference":"\"Clinical Schools\". Retrieved 15 May 2021. The offshore clinical school of Ochsner...","urls":[{"url":"https://medicine.uq.edu.au/clinical-schools","url_text":"\"Clinical Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"Offshore Medical Schools Presentation and Panel Discussion — Hunter College\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/prehealth/pressroom/seminars/st.-georges-university-visits-hunter-college","url_text":"\"Offshore Medical Schools Presentation and Panel Discussion — Hunter College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Overview – Caribbean Accreditation Authority for Education in Medicine and Other Health Professions\".","urls":[{"url":"https://caam-hp.org/overview","url_text":"\"Overview – Caribbean Accreditation Authority for Education in Medicine and Other Health Professions\""}]},{"reference":"van Zanten Marta; Boulet John R (2008). \"Medical Education in the Caribbean: Variability in Medical School Programs and Performance of Students\". Academic Medicine. 83 (10): S33–S36. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e318183e649. PMID 18820496.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0b013e318183e649","url_text":"\"Medical Education in the Caribbean: Variability in Medical School Programs and Performance of Students\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0b013e318183e649","url_text":"10.1097/ACM.0b013e318183e649"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18820496","url_text":"18820496"}]},{"reference":"\"Agencies with Recognition Status - World Federation for Medical Education\". 9 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://wfme.org/accreditation/accrediting-agencies-status/","url_text":"\"Agencies with Recognition Status - World Federation for Medical Education\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accreditation Commission on Colleges of Medicine\".","urls":[{"url":"https://accredmed.org/about-us/","url_text":"\"Accreditation Commission on Colleges of Medicine\""}]},{"reference":"Stephen M. Boreman (16 January 2017). \"Accreditation of Foreign Medical Schools in California\". Retrieved 7 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slotelaw.com/practice-areas/administrative-law/articles/accreditation-foreign-medical-schools-california","url_text":"\"Accreditation of Foreign Medical Schools in California\""}]},{"reference":"\"NYS Medicine:Application Forms\". www.op.nysed.gov. Retrieved 9 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/med/medlic.htm#cclist","url_text":"\"NYS Medicine:Application Forms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Find the Best Medical Schools\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools","url_text":"\"Find the Best Medical Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"'It's Tough to Get Out': How Caribbean Medical Schools Fail Their Students\". The New York Times. 29 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/29/health/caribbean-medical-school.html","url_text":"\"'It's Tough to Get Out': How Caribbean Medical Schools Fail Their Students\""}]},{"reference":"van Zanten Marta; Boulet John R (2011). \"Medical Education in the Caribbean: A Longitudinal Study of United States Medical Licensing Examination Performance, 2000–2009\". Academic Medicine. 86 (2): 231–238. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182045efe. PMID 21169783.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0b013e3182045efe","url_text":"\"Medical Education in the Caribbean: A Longitudinal Study of United States Medical Licensing Examination Performance, 2000–2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0b013e3182045efe","url_text":"10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182045efe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21169783","url_text":"21169783"}]},{"reference":"Korcok M (1997). \"After rejection in Canada, more Canadians pursuing career dreams at offshore medical schools\". CMAJ. 156 (6): 865–7, 870. PMC 1227058. PMID 9084396.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1227058","url_text":"\"After rejection in Canada, more Canadians pursuing career dreams at offshore medical schools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1227058","url_text":"1227058"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9084396","url_text":"9084396"}]},{"reference":"Stanley M. Kozakowski; Alexandra Travis; Ashley Bentley; Gerald Fetter Jr. \"Entry of US Medical School Graduates Into Family Medicine Residencies: 2015–2016\". stfm.org. Society of Teachers of Family Medicine. Retrieved 11 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stfm.org/FamilyMedicine/Vol48Issue9/Kozakowski688","url_text":"\"Entry of US Medical School Graduates Into Family Medicine Residencies: 2015–2016\""}]},{"reference":"Duvivier, Robbert J.; Wiley, Elizabeth; Boulet, John R. (2019). \"Supply, distribution and characteristics of international medical graduates in family medicine in the United States: a cross-sectional study\". BMC Family Practice. 20 (1): 47. doi:10.1186/s12875-019-0933-8. PMC 6441164. PMID 30927914.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6441164","url_text":"\"Supply, distribution and characteristics of international medical graduates in family medicine in the United States: a cross-sectional study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12875-019-0933-8","url_text":"10.1186/s12875-019-0933-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6441164","url_text":"6441164"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30927914","url_text":"30927914"}]},{"reference":"Duvivier, R. J.; Wiley, E.; Boulet, J. R. (2019). \"Table 4 Medical School Attended for Practicing IMGs in Family Medicine (top 15)\". BMC Family Practice. 20 (1): 47. doi:10.1186/s12875-019-0933-8. PMC 6441164. PMID 30927914.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6441164","url_text":"\"Table 4 Medical School Attended for Practicing IMGs in Family Medicine (top 15)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12875-019-0933-8","url_text":"10.1186/s12875-019-0933-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6441164","url_text":"6441164"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30927914","url_text":"30927914"}]},{"reference":"Amy Keller (7 April 2022). \"Filling the doctor gap will require a range of responses\". floridatrend.com. Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.floridatrend.com/article/33404/filling-the-doctor-gap-will-require-a-range-of-responses","url_text":"\"Filling the doctor gap will require a range of responses\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAC/Resources/Chap5_background_Offshore_Educ.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Offshore Education in the OECS, By Swedish Development Advisers AB, The World Bank\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340134924","external_links_name":"\"A global value chain analysis of offshore medical universities in the Caribbean\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1728-5445","external_links_name":"1728-5445"},{"Link":"http://www.wes.org/ewenr/10june/feature.htm","external_links_name":"\"Offshore Medical Schools in the Caribbean\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0b013e3181d2aee1","external_links_name":"\"Perspective: Private Schools of the Caribbean: Outsourcing Medical Education\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0b013e3181d2aee1","external_links_name":"10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181d2aee1"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20354377","external_links_name":"20354377"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0b013e3181d2aee1","external_links_name":"\"Perspective: Private Schools of the Caribbean: Outsourcing Medical Education\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0b013e3181d2aee1","external_links_name":"10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181d2aee1"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20354377","external_links_name":"20354377"},{"Link":"https://medicine.uq.edu.au/clinical-schools","external_links_name":"\"Clinical Schools\""},{"Link":"http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/prehealth/pressroom/seminars/st.-georges-university-visits-hunter-college","external_links_name":"\"Offshore Medical Schools Presentation and Panel Discussion — Hunter College\""},{"Link":"https://caam-hp.org/overview","external_links_name":"\"Overview – Caribbean Accreditation Authority for Education in Medicine and Other Health Professions\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0b013e318183e649","external_links_name":"\"Medical Education in the Caribbean: Variability in Medical School Programs and Performance of Students\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0b013e318183e649","external_links_name":"10.1097/ACM.0b013e318183e649"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18820496","external_links_name":"18820496"},{"Link":"https://wfme.org/accreditation/accrediting-agencies-status/","external_links_name":"\"Agencies with Recognition Status - World Federation for Medical Education\""},{"Link":"https://accredmed.org/about-us/","external_links_name":"\"Accreditation Commission on Colleges of Medicine\""},{"Link":"https://www.slotelaw.com/practice-areas/administrative-law/articles/accreditation-foreign-medical-schools-california","external_links_name":"\"Accreditation of Foreign Medical Schools in California\""},{"Link":"http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/med/medlic.htm#cclist","external_links_name":"\"NYS Medicine:Application Forms\""},{"Link":"https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools","external_links_name":"\"Find the Best Medical Schools\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/29/health/caribbean-medical-school.html","external_links_name":"\"'It's Tough to Get Out': How Caribbean Medical Schools Fail Their Students\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0b013e3182045efe","external_links_name":"\"Medical Education in the Caribbean: A Longitudinal Study of United States Medical Licensing Examination Performance, 2000–2009\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0b013e3182045efe","external_links_name":"10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182045efe"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21169783","external_links_name":"21169783"},{"Link":"http://chronicle.com/article/Students-From-Caribbean-Med/125681/","external_links_name":"http://chronicle.com/article/Students-From-Caribbean-Med/125681/"},{"Link":"http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d10412.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d10412.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1227058","external_links_name":"\"After rejection in Canada, more Canadians pursuing career dreams at offshore medical schools\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1227058","external_links_name":"1227058"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9084396","external_links_name":"9084396"},{"Link":"https://www.stfm.org/FamilyMedicine/Vol48Issue9/Kozakowski688","external_links_name":"\"Entry of US Medical School Graduates Into Family Medicine Residencies: 2015–2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6441164","external_links_name":"\"Supply, distribution and characteristics of international medical graduates in family medicine in the United States: a cross-sectional study\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12875-019-0933-8","external_links_name":"10.1186/s12875-019-0933-8"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6441164","external_links_name":"6441164"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30927914","external_links_name":"30927914"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6441164","external_links_name":"\"Table 4 Medical School Attended for Practicing IMGs in Family Medicine (top 15)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12875-019-0933-8","external_links_name":"10.1186/s12875-019-0933-8"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6441164","external_links_name":"6441164"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30927914","external_links_name":"30927914"},{"Link":"https://www.floridatrend.com/article/33404/filling-the-doctor-gap-will-require-a-range-of-responses","external_links_name":"\"Filling the doctor gap will require a range of responses\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan_Council
Vale of Glamorgan Council
["1 History","2 Political control","2.1 Leadership","2.2 Composition","3 Elections","4 Premises","5 Electoral divisions","6 In the news","7 References","8 External links"]
Local government of Vale of Glamorgan, Wales Vale of Glamorgan Council Cyngor Bro MorgannwgTypeTypeCounty Borough HistoryFounded1 April 1996Preceded byVale of Glamorgan Borough CouncilSouth Glamorgan County CouncilLeadershipMayorJulie Aviet, Labour since 10 May 2023 LeaderLis Burnett, Labour since 23 May 2022 Chief ExecutiveRob Thomas since 1 May 2015 StructureSeats54 councillorsPolitical groups Administration (30)   Labour (25)   Llantwit First (4)   Independent (1) Other Parties (24)   Conservative (13)   Plaid Cymru (8)   Independent (3) Length of term5 yearsElectionsVoting systemFirst past the postFirst election4 May 1995Last election5 May 2022Next election6 May 2027Meeting placeCivic Offices, Holton Road, Barry, CF63 4RUWebsitewww.valeofglamorgan.gov.uk The Vale of Glamorgan Council is the governing body for the Vale of Glamorgan, one of the Principal Areas of Wales. History The new Vale of Glamorgan Council unitary authority came into effect on 1 April 1996, following the dissolution of South Glamorgan. It replaced the Vale of Glamorgan Borough Council, which had been created in 1974 as a second-tier authority to South Glamorgan County Council. Political control The council has been under no overall control since 2012. Since the 2022 election the council has been run by a coalition of Labour, the Llantwit First Independents, and one of the independent councillors. The first election to the reconstituted council was held in 1995, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 1 April 1996. Political control of the council since 1996 has been as follows: Party in control Years Labour 1996–1999 No overall control 1999–2008 Conservative 2008–2012 No overall control 2012–present Leadership The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Vale of Glamorgan, with political leadership provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 1999 have been: Councillor Party From To Jeff James Conservative May 1999 6 Dec 2006 Margaret Alexander Labour 6 Dec 2006 May 2008 Gordon Kemp Conservative May 2008 May 2012 Neil Moore Labour May 2012 24 May 2017 John Thomas Conservative 24 May 2017 20 May 2019 Neil Moore Labour 20 May 2019 8 May 2022 Lis Burnett Labour 23 May 2022 Composition Following the 2022 election the composition of the council was: Party Councillors Labour 25 Conservative 13 Plaid Cymru 8 Llantwit First Independent 4 Independent 4 Total 54 The next election is due in 2027. Elections Since 2012, elections have taken place every five years. The last election was 5 May 2022. Year Seats Labour Conservative Plaid Cymru Independent Liberal Democrats UKIP Notes 1995 47 36 6 5 0 0 0 Labour majority controlled 1999 47 18 22 6 0 1 0 2004 47 16 20 8 3 0 0 2008 47 13 25 6 3 0 0 2012 47 22 11 6 7 0 1 2017 47 14 23 4 6 0 0 2022 54 25 13 8 8 0 0 Party with the most elected councillors in bold. Coalition agreements in notes column. Premises The council is based at the Civic Offices on Holton Road in Barry, which were built in 1981 for the old Vale of Glamorgan Borough Council. Electoral divisions Electoral ward boundaries in the Vale of Glamorgan from 2022 Pre-2022 electoral ward boundaries in the Vale of Glamorgan Until 2022 the county borough was divided into 23 electoral wards returning 47 councillors. Some of these wards are coterminous with communities (parishes) of the same name. Other wards may encompass several communities and in some cases communities can encompass more than one ward. The following table lists council wards, communities and associated geographical areas prior to the 2022 boundary changes. Communities with a community council are indicated with a '*': Ward Communities (Parishes) Other geographic areas Baruc Barry Town* (Baruc ward) The Knap, Garden Suburb, Barry Island Buttrills Barry Town* (Buttrills ward) Cadoc Barry Town* (Cadoc ward) Cadoxton, Palmerstown Castleland Barry Town* (Castleland ward) Bendricks Cornerswell Penarth Town* (Cornerswell ward) Cogan Court Barry Town* (Court ward) Cowbridge Cowbridge with Llanblethian Town* Llanfair* Penllyn* Aberthin, City, Craig Penllyn, Llanblethian, Llandough, Llansannor, Penllyn, Pentre Meyrick, St Mary Church, St. Hillary, Trehyngyll, Ystradowen Dinas Powys Dinas Powys* Michaelston* Eastbrook, Leckwith, Michaelston le Pit, Murch, St Andrew's Major, Westra Dyfan Barry Town* (Dyfan ward) Colcot, Highlight Park Gibbonsdown Barry Town* (Gibbonsdown ward) Merthyr Dyfan Illtyd Barry Town* (Illtyd ward) Cwm Talwg Llandough Llandough* Llandow/Ewenny Colwinston* Ewenny* Llandow* Llangan* Colwinston, Corntown, Llysworney, Ruthin, St. Mary Hill, Sigingstone, Troes, Llantwit Major Llan-maes* Llantwit Major Town* St. Donats* Boverton, Llanmaes, Monknash Peterston-super-Ely Pendoylan* Peterston-super-Ely* St. Georges-super-Ely* Welsh St. Donats* Clawdd Coch, Downs, Drope, Gwern y Steeple, Hensol, Pendoylan, St. Brides-super-Ely, St. George's Plymouth Penarth Town* (Plymouth ward) Lower Penarth, Cosmeston Rhoose Llancarfan* Rhoose East Aberthaw, Fonmon, Font-y-gari, Llanbethery, Llancadle, Llancarfan, Llantrithyd, Moulton, Penmark, Porthkerry, Tredogan, Walerston, St Athan St Athan* Flemingston, Gileston, West Aberthaw, East Camp, Eglwys Brewis St Augustine's Penarth Town* (St. Augustine ward) Headlands, Penarth Marina, St. Bride's Major St. Bride's Major* Wick* Boughton, Ogmore, Ogmore-by-Sea, Southerndown Stanwell Penarth Town* (Stanwell ward) Sully Sully and Lavernock* Cog, Cosmeston, Swanbridge Wenvoe St Nicholas and Bonvilston Wenvoe* Dyffryn, St. Lythans In the news In 2010 it was revealed that the chief executive of the Vale of Glamorgan Council was the fourth highest paid in Wales, at £160,000 and £170,000 per annum. This was more than the salary of the Prime Minister of The United Kingdom and the First Minister of Wales. The Vale of Glamorgan Council released in a press statement that, "The salary is on a par with other council chief executives". References ^ "Council minutes, 10 May 2023" (PDF). Vale of Glamorgan Council. Retrieved 12 July 2023. ^ "Council minutes, 23 May 2022" (PDF). Vale of Glamorgan Council. Retrieved 25 October 2022. ^ Paine, David (28 April 2015). "Workforce: People news and moves". Local Government Chronicle. Retrieved 12 July 2023. ^ "Open Council Data UK - compositions councillors parties wards elections". opencouncildata.co.uk. Retrieved 10 July 2020. ^ "Labour councillor leaves party over 'toxic and bullying environment'". 30 April 2021. ^ Peskett, Ted (24 May 2022). "Labour announce coalition partners at first post-election Vale of Glamorgan Council meeting". Wales Online. Retrieved 12 July 2023. ^ a b "Compositions calculator". The Elections Centre. Retrieved 25 October 2022. ^ "Council minutes". Vale of Glamorgan Council. Retrieved 25 October 2022. ^ a b "Jeff James reflects on 38 years' service for Rhoose and Vale". Bridgend and Portcawl Gem. 26 January 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ^ "Council leader Jeff James ousted". Barry and District News. 7 December 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ^ "Election 2012: Tories ousted in the Vale but Labour falls short of a majority". Wales Online. 4 May 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ^ Seabrook, Alex (29 April 2022). "Vale of Glamorgan council leader retires after more than three decades as councillor". Wales Online. Retrieved 25 October 2022. ^ Discombe, Matt (15 May 2019). "Tory rebels pledge support to Labour in shock council twist". walesonline. Retrieved 2 June 2019. ^ "Vale of Glamorgan Council Election Results 1995-2012" (PDF). The Elections Centre. ^ "Vale Of Glamorgan council". BBC. 11 June 2004. Retrieved 14 May 2019. ^ "Vale of Glamorgan Council elections 2012: Results", Penarth Times, 4 May 2012 ^ "Vale of Glamorgan Council". BBC. BBC News. Retrieved 19 June 2017. ^ a b "Vale of Glamorgan result - Local Elections 2022". BBC News. Retrieved 7 May 2022. ^ "Council chief executives earn more than first minister", BBC News, 25 February 2010. External links Vale of Glamorgan council vteLocal authorities of WalesPrincipal authorities Anglesey Blaenau Gwent Bridgend Caerphilly Cardiff Carmarthenshire Ceredigion Conwy Denbighshire Flintshire Gwynedd Merthyr Tydfil Monmouthshire Neath Port Talbot Newport Pembrokeshire Powys Rhondda Cynon Taf Swansea Torfaen Vale of Glamorgan Wrexham Corporate Joint Committees Mid Wales North Wales South East Wales South West Wales Politics portal Wales portal vte Council elections in the preserved county of South GlamorganCardiff Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2004 2008 2012 2017 2022 Vale of Glamorgan Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2004 2008 2012 2017 2022 South Glamorgan County Council 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 Abolished Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"Principal Areas of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Wales"}],"text":"The Vale of Glamorgan Council is the governing body for the Vale of Glamorgan, one of the Principal Areas of Wales.","title":"Vale of Glamorgan Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"South Glamorgan County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Glamorgan_County_Council"}],"text":"The new Vale of Glamorgan Council unitary authority came into effect on 1 April 1996, following the dissolution of South Glamorgan. It replaced the Vale of Glamorgan Borough Council, which had been created in 1974 as a second-tier authority to South Glamorgan County Council.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"no overall control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_overall_control"},{"link_name":"2022 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Vale_of_Glamorgan_Council_election"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electionscentre-7"}],"text":"The council has been under no overall control since 2012. Since the 2022 election the council has been run by a coalition of Labour, the Llantwit First Independents, and one of the independent councillors.[6]The first election to the reconstituted council was held in 1995, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 1 April 1996. Political control of the council since 1996 has been as follows:[7]","title":"Political control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leader of the council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_council"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Leadership","text":"The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Vale of Glamorgan, with political leadership provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 1999 have been:[8]","title":"Political control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Vale_of_Glamorgan_Council_election"}],"sub_title":"Composition","text":"Following the 2022 election the composition of the council was:The next election is due in 2027.","title":"Political control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electionscentre-7"}],"text":"Since 2012, elections have taken place every five years. The last election was 5 May 2022.[7]Party with the most elected councillors in bold. Coalition agreements in notes column.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James-9"}],"text":"The council is based at the Civic Offices on Holton Road in Barry, which were built in 1981 for the old Vale of Glamorgan Borough Council.[9]","title":"Premises"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vale_of_Glamorgan_UK_ward_map_2022_(blank).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vale_of_Glamorgan_UK_ward_map_(blank).svg"},{"link_name":"electoral wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(politics)"},{"link_name":"communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_(Wales)"},{"link_name":"community council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_council"}],"text":"Electoral ward boundaries in the Vale of Glamorgan from 2022Pre-2022 electoral ward boundaries in the Vale of GlamorganUntil 2022 the county borough was divided into 23 electoral wards returning 47 councillors. Some of these wards are coterminous with communities (parishes) of the same name. Other wards may encompass several communities and in some cases communities can encompass more than one ward. The following table lists council wards, communities and associated geographical areas prior to the 2022 boundary changes. Communities with a community council are indicated with a '*':","title":"Electoral divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prime Minister of The United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"First Minister of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In 2010 it was revealed that the chief executive of the Vale of Glamorgan Council was the fourth highest paid in Wales, at £160,000 and £170,000 per annum. This was more than the salary of the Prime Minister of The United Kingdom and the First Minister of Wales. The Vale of Glamorgan Council released in a press statement that, \"The salary is on a par with other council chief executives\".[19]","title":"In the news"}]
[{"image_text":"Electoral ward boundaries in the Vale of Glamorgan from 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vale_of_Glamorgan_UK_ward_map_2022_%28blank%29.svg/260px-Vale_of_Glamorgan_UK_ward_map_2022_%28blank%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Pre-2022 electoral ward boundaries in the Vale of Glamorgan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vale_of_Glamorgan_UK_ward_map_%28blank%29.svg/260px-Vale_of_Glamorgan_UK_ward_map_%28blank%29.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Council minutes, 10 May 2023\" (PDF). Vale of Glamorgan Council. Retrieved 12 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.valeofglamorgan.gov.uk/Documents/_Committee%20Reports/Annual%20Meeting/2023/Minutes.pdf","url_text":"\"Council minutes, 10 May 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Council minutes, 23 May 2022\" (PDF). Vale of Glamorgan Council. Retrieved 25 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.valeofglamorgan.gov.uk/Documents/_Committee%20Reports/Annual%20Meeting/2022/Minutes.pdf","url_text":"\"Council minutes, 23 May 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Paine, David (28 April 2015). \"Workforce: People news and moves\". Local Government Chronicle. Retrieved 12 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lgcplus.com/politics/workforce/workforce-people-news-and-moves-15-28-04-2015/","url_text":"\"Workforce: People news and moves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Open Council Data UK - compositions councillors parties wards elections\". opencouncildata.co.uk. Retrieved 10 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://opencouncildata.co.uk/councils.php?model=W&y=0","url_text":"\"Open Council Data UK - compositions councillors parties wards elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Labour councillor leaves party over 'toxic and bullying environment'\". 30 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nation.cymru/news/labour-councillor-leaves-party-over-toxic-and-bullying-environment/","url_text":"\"Labour councillor leaves party over 'toxic and bullying environment'\""}]},{"reference":"Peskett, Ted (24 May 2022). \"Labour announce coalition partners at first post-election Vale of Glamorgan Council meeting\". Wales Online. Retrieved 12 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/uk-news/labour-announce-coalition-partners-first-24048608","url_text":"\"Labour announce coalition partners at first post-election Vale of Glamorgan Council meeting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Compositions calculator\". The Elections Centre. Retrieved 25 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electionscentre.co.uk/?page_id=3825","url_text":"\"Compositions calculator\""}]},{"reference":"\"Council minutes\". Vale of Glamorgan Council. Retrieved 25 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.valeofglamorgan.gov.uk/en/our_council/Council-Structure/minutes,_agendas_and_reports/minutes,_agendas_and_reports.aspx","url_text":"\"Council minutes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeff James reflects on 38 years' service for Rhoose and Vale\". Bridgend and Portcawl Gem. 26 January 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bridgend-today.co.uk/article.cfm?id=111738&headline=Jeff%20James%20reflects%20on%2038%20years%E2%80%99%20service%20for%20Rhoose%20and%20Vale&sectionIs=news&searchyear=2017","url_text":"\"Jeff James reflects on 38 years' service for Rhoose and Vale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Council leader Jeff James ousted\". Barry and District News. 7 December 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.barryanddistrictnews.co.uk/news/1061901.council-leader-jeff-james-ousted/","url_text":"\"Council leader Jeff James ousted\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election 2012: Tories ousted in the Vale but Labour falls short of a majority\". Wales Online. 4 May 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/election-2012-tories-ousted-vale-2030249.amp","url_text":"\"Election 2012: Tories ousted in the Vale but Labour falls short of a majority\""}]},{"reference":"Seabrook, Alex (29 April 2022). \"Vale of Glamorgan council leader retires after more than three decades as councillor\". Wales Online. Retrieved 25 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/vale-glamorgan-council-leader-retires-23807934","url_text":"\"Vale of Glamorgan council leader retires after more than three decades as councillor\""}]},{"reference":"Discombe, Matt (15 May 2019). \"Tory rebels pledge support to Labour in shock council twist\". walesonline. Retrieved 2 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/vale-glamorgan-council-labour-conservatives-16276195","url_text":"\"Tory rebels pledge support to Labour in shock council twist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vale of Glamorgan Council Election Results 1995-2012\" (PDF). The Elections Centre.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionscentre.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Vale-of-Glamorgan-1995-2012.pdf","url_text":"\"Vale of Glamorgan Council Election Results 1995-2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vale Of Glamorgan council\". BBC. 11 June 2004. Retrieved 14 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/vote2004/locals/html/4150.stm","url_text":"\"Vale Of Glamorgan council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vale of Glamorgan Council\". BBC. BBC News. Retrieved 19 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/71657861-32d1-4c21-95fb-7ca567fed393/vale-of-glamorgan-council","url_text":"\"Vale of Glamorgan Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vale of Glamorgan result - Local Elections 2022\". BBC News. Retrieved 7 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/election/2022/wales/councils/W06000014","url_text":"\"Vale of Glamorgan result - Local Elections 2022\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.valeofglamorgan.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"www.valeofglamorgan.gov.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.valeofglamorgan.gov.uk/Documents/_Committee%20Reports/Annual%20Meeting/2023/Minutes.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Council minutes, 10 May 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.valeofglamorgan.gov.uk/Documents/_Committee%20Reports/Annual%20Meeting/2022/Minutes.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Council minutes, 23 May 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.lgcplus.com/politics/workforce/workforce-people-news-and-moves-15-28-04-2015/","external_links_name":"\"Workforce: People news and moves\""},{"Link":"http://opencouncildata.co.uk/councils.php?model=W&y=0","external_links_name":"\"Open Council Data UK - compositions councillors parties wards elections\""},{"Link":"https://nation.cymru/news/labour-councillor-leaves-party-over-toxic-and-bullying-environment/","external_links_name":"\"Labour councillor leaves party over 'toxic and bullying environment'\""},{"Link":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/uk-news/labour-announce-coalition-partners-first-24048608","external_links_name":"\"Labour announce coalition partners at first post-election Vale of Glamorgan Council meeting\""},{"Link":"https://www.electionscentre.co.uk/?page_id=3825","external_links_name":"\"Compositions calculator\""},{"Link":"https://www.valeofglamorgan.gov.uk/en/our_council/Council-Structure/minutes,_agendas_and_reports/minutes,_agendas_and_reports.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Council minutes\""},{"Link":"http://www.bridgend-today.co.uk/article.cfm?id=111738&headline=Jeff%20James%20reflects%20on%2038%20years%E2%80%99%20service%20for%20Rhoose%20and%20Vale&sectionIs=news&searchyear=2017","external_links_name":"\"Jeff James reflects on 38 years' service for Rhoose and Vale\""},{"Link":"https://www.barryanddistrictnews.co.uk/news/1061901.council-leader-jeff-james-ousted/","external_links_name":"\"Council leader Jeff James ousted\""},{"Link":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/election-2012-tories-ousted-vale-2030249.amp","external_links_name":"\"Election 2012: Tories ousted in the Vale but Labour falls short of a majority\""},{"Link":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/vale-glamorgan-council-leader-retires-23807934","external_links_name":"\"Vale of Glamorgan council leader retires after more than three decades as councillor\""},{"Link":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/vale-glamorgan-council-labour-conservatives-16276195","external_links_name":"\"Tory rebels pledge support to Labour in shock council twist\""},{"Link":"http://www.electionscentre.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Vale-of-Glamorgan-1995-2012.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Vale of Glamorgan Council Election Results 1995-2012\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/vote2004/locals/html/4150.stm","external_links_name":"\"Vale Of Glamorgan council\""},{"Link":"http://www.penarthtimes.co.uk/news/9689257.Vale_of_Glamorgan_Council_elections_2012__Results/","external_links_name":"\"Vale of Glamorgan Council elections 2012: Results\", Penarth Times, 4 May 2012"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/71657861-32d1-4c21-95fb-7ca567fed393/vale-of-glamorgan-council","external_links_name":"\"Vale of Glamorgan Council\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/election/2022/wales/councils/W06000014","external_links_name":"\"Vale of Glamorgan result - Local Elections 2022\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8536743.stm","external_links_name":"\"Council chief executives earn more than first minister\""},{"Link":"http://www.valeofglamorgan.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"Vale of Glamorgan council"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000096332229","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/142245323","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2004062617","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalvarija_(hill)
Kalvarija (hill)
["1 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°34′8.9″N 15°38′23.32″E / 46.569139°N 15.6398111°E / 46.569139; 15.6398111View of the city from the hill Kalvarija is a hill overlooking the city of Maribor in Slovenia. It has an elevation of 375 meters (1,230 ft). External links Media related to Kalvarija (hill) at Wikimedia Commons vteUrban Municipality of MariborSubdivisionsCity districts Brezje–Dogoše–Zrkovci Center Ivan Cankar Koroška Vrata Magdalena Nova Vas Pobrežje Radvanje Studenci Tabor Tezno Local communities Bresternica–Gaj Kamnica Limbuš Malečnik–Ruperče Pekre Razvanje MariborLandmarks Angels (statues) Carinthia Street Cathedral Peak Drava Hutter Colony Kalvarija Hill Liberation Monument Main Square Maribor Island Maribor Park Market Hall Plague Column Pyramid Old Bridge (List of bridges in Maribor) Railway Station Revolution Square Strossmayer Street Trieste Street University of Maribor Zamorc Hotel Castles, palaces, fortresses Betnava Mansion Jewish Tower Judgement Tower Orešje Castle Račji Dvor Mansion Town Castle Town Hall Upper Maribor Castle Vetrinje Mansion Water Tower Places of worship Basilica of Our Mother of Mercy Capuchin Church Cathedral Synagogue Settlements Administrative seat: Maribor Bresternica Celestrina Dogoše Gaj nad Mariborom Grušova Hrastje Hrenca Jelovec Kamnica Laznica Limbuš Malečnik Meljski Hrib Metava Nebova Pekel Pekre Počehova Razvanje Ribniško Selo Rošpoh Ruperče Šober Srednje Trčova Vinarje Vodole Vrhov Dol Za Kalvarijo Zgornji Slemen Zrkovci Former settlements Dobrava Košaki Ledine Marija Brezje Nova Vas Spodnje Radvanje Za Gradom Zgornje Radvanje Sports AKK Branik Maribor AVK Branik Maribor HDK Maribor Ljudski vrt Maribor Generals NK Maribor OK Maribor OK Nova KBM Branik RK Maribor Branik Tabor Hall ŽNK MB Tabor Culture Academic Choir Aquarium Carmina Slovenica Lent Festival Maribor Slovene National Theatre Obzorja Publishing House Philharmonic Orchestra Račji Dvor Open-Air Museum Radio City Slava Klavora Theatre Healthcare Maribor University Medical Centre Notable people List of people from Maribor 46°34′8.9″N 15°38′23.32″E / 46.569139°N 15.6398111°E / 46.569139; 15.6398111 This Slovenian geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maribor_from_Kalvarija_hill.jpg"},{"link_name":"hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill"},{"link_name":"Maribor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maribor"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"}],"text":"View of the city from the hillKalvarija is a hill overlooking the city of Maribor in Slovenia. It has an elevation of 375 meters (1,230 ft).","title":"Kalvarija (hill)"}]
[{"image_text":"View of the city from the hill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maribor_from_Kalvarija_hill.jpg/360px-Maribor_from_Kalvarija_hill.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maribor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Maribor_09.JPG/150px-Maribor_09.JPG"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalvarija_(hill)&params=46_34_8.9_N_15_38_23.32_E_type:mountain_region:SI","external_links_name":"46°34′8.9″N 15°38′23.32″E / 46.569139°N 15.6398111°E / 46.569139; 15.6398111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalvarija_(hill)&params=46_34_8.9_N_15_38_23.32_E_type:mountain_region:SI","external_links_name":"46°34′8.9″N 15°38′23.32″E / 46.569139°N 15.6398111°E / 46.569139; 15.6398111"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalvarija_(hill)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_335
Dornier Do 335
["1 Design and development","2 Flight tests","3 Operational History","4 Proposed developments","4.1 Do 635","4.2 P 256","5 Variants","6 Surviving aircraft","7 Specifications (Do 335 A-1)","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Notes","9.2 Bibliography","10 External links"]
Fighter aircraft family by Dornier Do 335 Pfeil Role Fighter-bomberType of aircraft National origin Nazi Germany Manufacturer Dornier Flugzeugwerke First flight 26 October 1943 Introduction 1944 Retired 1945 Status Retired Primary user Luftwaffe Produced 1944–1945 Number built 37 The Dornier Do 335 Pfeil (Arrow) is a heavy fighter built by Dornier for Germany during World War II. The Pfeil's performance was predicted to be better than other twin-engine designs due to its unique push-pull configuration and the lower aerodynamic drag of the in-line alignment of the two engines. It was Nazi Germany's fastest piston-engined aircraft of World War II. The Luftwaffe was desperate to get the design into operational use, but delays in engine deliveries meant that only a handful were delivered before the war ended. What made the Do 335 unique was due to its initial planning of a Schnellbomber, it had two engines. These engines were the Daimler-Benz DB 605 at the front, and its counterpart DB 605 QA at the back. This design allowed the Pfeil to reach high speeds of almost 500 mph sometimes in level flight, and outrun most of the military aircraft in service at the time, with only first generation jet fighters being faster. Design and development The origins of the Do 335 trace back to World War I when Claude Dornier designed a number of flying boats featuring remotely driven propellers and later, due to problems with the drive shafts, tandem engines. Tandem engines were used on most of the multi-engine Dornier flying boats that followed, including the highly successful Do J Wal and the gigantic Do X. The remote propeller drive, intended to eliminate parasitic drag from the engine entirely, was tried in the innovative but unsuccessful Do 14, and elongated, tubular drive shafts as later used in the Do 335 saw use in the rear engines of the four-engined, twinned tandem-layout Do 26 flying boat. There are many advantages to this design over the more traditional system of placing one engine on each wing, the most important being power from two engines with the frontal area (and thus drag) of a single-engine design, allowing for higher performance. It also keeps the weight of the twin powerplants near, or on, the aircraft centerline, increasing the roll rate compared to a traditional twin. In addition, a single engine failure does not lead to asymmetric thrust, and in normal flight there is no net torque, so the plane is easy to handle. The four-surface set of cruciform tail surfaces in the Do 335's rear fuselage design included a ventral vertical fin–rudder assembly that projected downwards from the extreme rear of the fuselage, to protect the rear propeller from an accidental ground strike on takeoff. The presence of the rear pusher propeller also mandated the provision for an ejection seat for safe escape from a damaged aircraft, and designing the rear propeller and dorsal fin mounts to use explosive bolts to jettison them before an ejection was attempted – as well as twin canopy jettison levers, one per side located to either side of the forward cockpit interior just below the sills of the five-panel windscreen's sides, to jettison the canopy from atop the cockpit before ejection. In 1939, Dornier, reviving a principle he patented in 1937, was busy working on the P.59 high-speed bomber project, which featured the tandem engine layout. In 1940, he commissioned a test aircraft, closely modeled on the airframe of the early versions of the Dornier Do 17 bomber but only 40% of the size of the larger bomber, with no aerodynamic bodies of any sort on the wing panels (the original Do 17 had twin engine nacelles on its wings) and fitted with a retractable tricycle landing gear to validate his concept for turning the rear pusher propeller with an engine located far away from it, through the use of a long tubular driveshaft. This aircraft, the Göppingen Gö 9 (D-EBYW), showed no unforeseen difficulties with this arrangement, but work on the P.59 was stopped in early 1940 when Hermann Göring ordered the cancellation of all projects that would not be completed within a year or so. In May 1942, Dornier submitted an updated version with a 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) bombload as the P.231, in response to a requirement for a single seat, Schnellbomber-like high-speed bomber/intruder. The P.231 proposal was selected as the winner after beating rival designs from Arado, Junkers, and Blohm & Voss. A development contract was awarded, by the RLM issuing the Dornier firm the airframe approval number 8-335, for what would become known as the Do 335. In autumn 1942, Dornier was told that the Do 335 was no longer required, and instead a multi-role fighter based on the same general layout would be accepted. This delayed the prototype delivery as it was modified for the new role. A Do 335 prototype in flight Do-335s on the apron at Oberpfaffenhofen at the war's end, including unfinished two-seat versions The use of a nose-mount annular radiator for the forward engine (much like a Jumo 211-powered Ju 88, or Jumo 213-powered Focke-Wulf Fw 190D-9) and a ventral-fuselage mount airscooped radiator installation for cooling the rear engine made the aircraft look distinctive. When fitted with DB 603A engines delivering 1,750 PS (1,290 kW; 1,730 hp) it had a pair of the largest inverted V12 aircraft engines mass-produced during the Third Reich's existence. The Do 335 V1 first prototype, bearing the Stammkennzeichen (factory radio code) of CP+UA, flew on 26 October 1943 under the control of Flugkapitän Hans Dieterle, a regular Heinkel test pilot and later primary Dornier test pilot. However, several problems during the initial flight of the Do 335 would continue to plague the aircraft through most of its short history. Issues were found with the weak landing gear and with the main gear's wheel well doors, resulting in them being removed for the remainder of the V1's test flights. The Do 335 V1 made 27 flights, flown by three different pilots. During these test flights the second prototype, V2 (Werk Nr 230002) CP+UB, was completed and made its first flight on 31 December 1943, again under the control of Dieterle. New to the V2 were upgraded DB 603A-2 engines, and several refinements learned from the test flights of the V1 as well as further windtunnel testing. On 20 January 1944, the Do 335 V3 (W.Nr. 230004), CP+UC was completed and flown for its first time by Werner Altrogge. The V3 was powered by the new pre-production DB 603G-0 engines which could produce 1,900 PS (1,400 kW) at take-off and featured a slightly redesigned canopy which included twin rear-view mirrors in blisters, one in each of two matching side panels of the well-framed, eleven-panel main canopy's openable section. Following the flights of the V3, in mid January 1944, RLM ordered five more prototypes (V21–V25), to be built as night fighters. By this time, more than 60 hours of flight time had been put on the Do 335 and reports showed it to be a good handling, but more importantly, very fast aircraft, described by Generalfeldmarschall Erhard Milch himself as "...holding its own in speed and altitude with the P-38 and it does not suffer from engine reliability issues". The Do 335 was scheduled to begin mass construction, with the initial order of 120 preproduction aircraft to be manufactured by Dornier-Werke Friedrichshafen (DWF) to be completed no later than March 1946. This number included a number of bombers, destroyers (heavy fighters), and several yet to be developed variants. At the same time, Dornier-Werke München (DWM) was scheduled to build over 2,000 Do 335s in various models, due for delivery in March 1946 as well. One of the prototypes under tow, date unknown On 23 May 1944, Hitler, as part of the developing Jägernotprogramm (Emergency Fighter Program) directive, which took effect on 3 July, ordered maximum priority to be given to Do 335 production. The main production line was intended to be at Manzell, but a bombing raid in March destroyed the tooling and forced Dornier to set up a new line at Oberpfaffenhofen. The decision was made, along with the rapid shut-down of many other military aircraft development programs, to cancel the Heinkel He 219 night fighter, which also used the DB 603 engines (in well-unitized installations), and use its production facilities for the Do 335 as well. However, Ernst Heinkel managed to delay, and eventually ignore, its implementation, continuing to produce examples of the He 219A. At least 16 prototype Do 335s were known to have flown (V1–V12, W.Nr 230001-230012 and Muster-series prototypes M13–M17, W.Nr 230013–230017) on a number of DB603 engine subtypes including the DB 603A, A-2, G-0, E and E-1. The first preproduction Do 335 (A-0s) starting with W.Nr 240101, Stammkennzeichen VG+PG, were delivered in July 1944. Approximately 22 preproduction aircraft were thought to have been completed and flown before the end of the war, including approximately 11 A-0s converted to A-11s for training purposes. One such aircraft was transferred to the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough, and later, after a rear-engine fire burnt through the elevator controls during a flight, crashed onto a local school. Flight tests Do 335 tested in the US, and today the only surviving example The first 10 Do 335 A-0s were delivered for testing in May 1944. Do 335 V3, (T9+ZH), W.Nr. 230003 was delivered to the Luftwaffe's experimental reconnaissance unit, 1./Versuchsverband OKL, in late May. However, it suffered constant problems and was returned to Dornier in September. By late 1944, the Do 335 A-1 was on the production line. It was similar to the A-0 but with the uprated DB 603E-1 engines of some 1,324 kW (1,776 hp) take-off power rating apiece on 87 octane "B4" lignite-derived synthetic fuel, and two underwing hardpoints for additional bombs, drop tanks or guns. It had a maximum speed of 763 km/h (474 mph) at 6,500 m (21,300 ft) with MW 50 boost, or 686 km/h (426 mph) without boost, and climbed to 8,000 m (26,000 ft) in under 15 minutes. Even with one engine out, it reached about 563 km/h (350 mph). Operational History Delivery commenced in January 1945. When the United States Army overran the Oberpfaffenhofen factory in late April 1945, only 11 Do 335 A-1 single-seat fighter-bombers and two Do 335 A-12 trainers had been completed. The two-seater trainer version was called Ameisenbär ("anteater"). French ace Pierre Clostermann claimed the first Allied combat encounter with a Pfeil in April 1945. He described leading a flight of four Hawker Tempests from No. 3 Squadron RAF over northern Germany when they came across an unknown aircraft whose description matched the Do 335's, flying at maximum speed at treetop level. Detecting the British aircraft, the German pilot reversed course to evade. Two pilots fired on the Dornier but Clostermann, despite the Tempests' considerable low altitude speed, decided not to attempt to chase it as it was obviously much faster. On 26 April 1945, the Do 335 V9, which was still at Rechlin, was test-flown by Oberleutnant Heinrich Schild. Later that day he escorted Hanna Reitsch and Genral der Flieger Robert von Greim's Junkers Ju 188 flight to Berlin-Gatow. After arriving at Gatow, Reitsch and von Greim comandeered a Fieseler Fi 156 Storch and flew to Hitler's bunker. Also on 26 April, Fliegerstabsing. Heinz Fischer attempted to fly Do 335 V9 from Rechlin to Switzerland. Due to a compass failure, he strayed over France and ran out of fuel. Both the ejector seat and the tail jettison mechanism failed and he had to bail out over the Vosges mountains. Proposed developments Do 635 In 1944, Junkers helped Dornier with work on the Do 335 Zwilling or Dornier Do 635. A meeting was arranged between Junkers and Heinkel engineers, and after the meeting, they began work on the project, named 1075 01–21. The designer, Professor Heinrich Hertel, planned a test flight in late 1945. At the end of 1944, the Germans reviewed aircraft designs with the Japanese military. Among other projects, the Do 635 impressed the Japanese military with its capabilities and design. This design consisted of two Do 335 fuselages, joined by a common centre wing section, with two Rb 50 cameras in the port fuselage for aerial photography. Armament was confined to provision for five 60 kg (130 lb) photo-flash bombs. The mainwheels were common with Ju 352 wheels. It was also intended that two monopropellant Walter Starthilfe RATOG units would be fitted. In early 1945, a wind-tunnel model was tested, and a cockpit mockup was constructed. Following an order from the Rüstungsstab on the 15 March, it was decided that Junkers continue with the project, but only by using the simplest production solutions. However, none were completed by wars end. P 256 The P 256 was to meet a Luftwaffe requirement issued 27 February 1945. It was designed to carry a crew of three (pilot, radar operator, and navigator), with pilot and radar operator together under the canopy, while the navigator was in the fuselage, an idea copied from Arado. Departing from centerline thrust, it was to have two Heinkel HeS 011 engines of 12.7 kN (2,900 lbf) each, podded under the wings in the fashion of the Me 262. The low-mounted wing was unswept, and had an aspect ratio of 5.8:1. Designed armament was four 30 mm (1.2 in) MK 108 cannon in the nose. A field conversion kit was to retrofit two MK 108s in a Schräge Musik configuration. A fighter-bomber variant would have carried two 500 kg (1,100 lb) bombs. Its loaded weight would have included 3,750 kg (8,270 lb) of fuel, giving a wing loading of 276 kg/m2 (57 lb/sq ft). Maximum speed was achieved at 8,000 m (26,000 ft), maximum range at 6,000 m (20,000 ft). Endurance with 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) fuel was calculated as 2.6 hours. Its electronics would have included FuG 24SE with ZVG 24, FuG 29, FuG 25a or c, and FuG 244 Bremen with Gnome weapon triggers. Criticized for having poor cross-sectional area and unduly large tail surfaces, it was not adopted. Variants Dornier Do 335 240 102 on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia Built Do 335 A-0 : 10 pre-production aircraft. Do 335 A-1 : Single-seat fighter-bomber aircraft. Proposed Do 335 A-2: single-seat fighter-bomber aircraft with new weapon sights, later proposed longer wing and updated 1,471 kW (1,973 hp) DB603L engines. Do 335 A-3: single-seat reconnaissance aircraft built from A-1 aircraft, later proposed with longer wing. Do 335 A-4: single-seat reconnaissance aircraft with smaller cameras than the A-3 Do 335 A-5: single-seat night fighter aircraft, later night and bad weather fighter with enlarged wing and DB603L engines. Do 335 A-6: two-seat night fighter aircraft, with completely separate second cockpit located above and behind the original. Do 335 A-7: A-6 with longer wing. Do 335 A-8: A-4 fitted with longer wing. Do 335 A-9: A-4 fitted with longer wing, DB603L engines and pressurized cockpit. Do 335 A-10: two seat trainer Do 335 A-12: two seat trainer Do 335 B-1: abandoned in development. Do 335 B-2: single-seat destroyer aircraft. Fitted with 2 additional MK 103 in the wings and provision to carry two standard Luftwaffe 300 litre (80 US gal) drop tanks. Only two prototypes competed and were known as the Do 335 M13 and M14 Do 335 B-3: updated B-1 but with longer wing. Do 335 B-4: update of the B-1 with longer wing, DB603L engine. Do 335 B-6: night fighter. Do 335 B-12: dual-seat trainer version for the B-series aircraft. Do 435: a Do 335 with the redesigned, longer wing. Allied intelligence reports from early May 1945 mention spotting a Do 435 at the Dornier factory airfield at Lowenthal. Do 535: actually the He 535, once the Dornier P254 design was handed over to Heinkel in October 1944; fitted with jet engine in place of rear piston engine Do 635: twin-fuselaged long-range reconnaissance version. Also called Junkers Ju 8-635 or Do 335Z. Mock up only. P 256: turbojet nightfighter version, with two podded HeS 011 turbojet engines, based on Do 335 airframe. Surviving aircraft Only one Do 335 survives, the second preproduction Do 335 A-0, designated A-02, with construction number (Werknummer) 240 102, and factory radio code registration, or Stammkennzeichen, of VG+PH. The aircraft was assembled at the Dornier plant in Oberpfaffenhofen, Bavaria on 16 April 1945. It was captured by Allied forces at the plant on 22 April. VG+PH was one of two Do 335s to be shipped to the United States aboard the Royal Navy escort carrier HMS Reaper, along with other captured German aircraft, to be used for testing and evaluation under a USAAF program called "Operation Lusty". One Do 335 (registration FE-1012) went to the USAAF and was tested in early 1946 at Freeman Field, Indiana, USA. Its fate is not recorded. VG+PH went to the Navy for evaluation and was sent to the Test and Evaluation Center, Patuxent River Naval Air Station, Maryland, USA. Following testing from 1945 to 1948, the aircraft languished in outside storage at Naval Air Station Norfolk. In 1961, it was donated to the Smithsonian's National Air Museum, though it remained in deteriorating condition at Norfolk for several more years before being moved to the National Air and Space Museum's storage facility in Suitland, Maryland. In October 1974, VG+PH was returned to the Dornier plant in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany (then building the Alpha Jet) for a complete restoration. In 1975, the aircraft was restored by Dornier employees, many of whom had worked on the airplane originally. They were surprised that the explosive charges built into the aircraft to blow off the dorsal fin and rear propeller prior to pilot ejection were still intact. Following restoration the completed Do 335 was displayed at the Hannover, Germany Airshow from 1 May to 9 May 1976. After the air show, the aircraft was loaned to the Deutsches Museum in Munich, where it was on display until 1988, when it was shipped back to Silver Hill, Maryland. VG+PH can be seen today in the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum alongside other unique late-war German aircraft that accompanied the Do 335 aboard Reaper nearly eight decades earlier, such as the only known example of the Arado Ar 234 B-2 Blitz jet reconnaissance-bomber, and the fully restored fuselage and tail surfaces of the only complete surviving Heinkel He 219A Uhu (Eagle-Owl) night fighter (the wings and engines/nacelles are still undergoing restoration). Specifications (Do 335 A-1) Drawing Data from Aircraft of the Third Reich Volume one, Century of Flight : Dornier Do 335 PfeilGeneral characteristics Crew: 1 Length: 13.85 m (45 ft 5 in) Wingspan: 13.8 m (45 ft 3 in) Height: 5 m (16 ft 5 in) Wing area: 38.5 m2 (414 sq ft) Airfoil: root: NACA 23018-630; tip: NACA 23012-635 Empty weight: 7,260 kg (16,006 lb) Gross weight: 9,600 kg (21,164 lb) A-6 10,085 kg (22,234 lb) Fuel capacity: 1,230 L (320 US gal; 270 imp gal) main fuel tank (single-seat) with various extra tankage in the weapons bay and wings, depending on variant Powerplant: 2 × Daimler-Benz DB 603E-1 V-12 inverted liquid-cooled piston engines, 1,342 kW (1,800 hp) each for take-off 1,417 kW (1,900 hp) at 1,800 m (5,900 ft) Propellers: 3-bladed VDM, 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in) diameter constant-speed tractor and pusher propellers Performance Maximum speed: 763 km/h (474 mph, 412 kn) at 6,500 m (21,300 ft) A-6 690 km/h (430 mph; 370 kn) at 5,300 m (17,400 ft) Cruise speed: 685 km/h (426 mph, 370 kn) at 7,200 m (23,600 ft) Economical cruise speed: 452 km/h (281 mph; 244 kn) at 6,000 m (20,000 ft) Range: 1,395 km (867 mi, 753 nmi) on full internal fuel at max. continuous power 2,060 km (1,280 mi; 1,110 nmi) at economical cruise power Service ceiling: 11,400 m (37,400 ft) Time to altitude: 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in 55 seconds ; 8,000 m (26,000 ft) in 14 minutes 30 seconds Armament Guns: 1 × engine mounted 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 103 cannon with 70 rounds plus 2 × 20 mm (0.79 in) MG 151/20 cowl-mount, synchronized autocannon with 200 rpg Bombs: 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb in internal weapons bay and 2 x 250 kg (550 lb) bombs under the wings See also Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era De Havilland Hornet Fokker D.XXIII Grumman F7F Tigercat Kyushu J7W Shinden Mansyū Ki-98 Messerschmitt Me 410 Hornisse Tachikawa Ki-94 Related lists List of aircraft of World War II List of military aircraft of Germany List of fighter aircraft References Notes ^ Wilson 1998, p. 56. ^ Smith, J. Richard. Dornier Do 335: The Luftwaffe's Fastest Piston-Engine Fighter (Classic Publications, 2007). ^ "NASM's restored Do 335A's cockpit, displaying the starboard-side example of the twin canopy jettison levers". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2014-03-25. ^ "Century of Flight - German Aircraft of World War Two - Dornier Do 335 Pfeil". www.century-of-flight.net. Century of Flight. Archived from the original on 2007-11-11. Retrieved 2014-03-25. ^ a b c d Munson 1978, p. 47. ^ Creek & Smith 2018, p. 46. ^ Smith, Joshua. "Farnborough Air Sciences Trust Museum uncovers secrets behind a plane which crashed on Cove school". GetHampshire. Aldershot News & Mail Series. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2016. ^ Creek & Smith 2018, p. 162. ^ Archived Fischer-Tropsch.org pdf file (extract) pp.119–120. Retrieved:27 March 2019. ^ Clostermann, Pierre, The Big Show, pp. 273–74 ^ Creek & Smith 2018, p. 168. ^ Creek & Smith 2018, p. 95. ^ Creek & Smith 2018, p. 178. ^ a b c d e f Schick, Walter; Meyer, Ingolf (1997). Luftwaffe secret projects : fighters 1939–1945. Hinckley, England: Midland Pub. p. 123. ISBN 1857800524. ^ Creek & Smith 2018, p. 129. ^ Creek & Smith 2018, p. 136. ^ Christopher, John. The Race for Hitler's X-Planes (The Mill, Gloucestershire: History Press, 2013), p.179. ^ Schick, Walter; Meyer, Ingolf (1997), Luftwaffe Secret Projects: Fighters, 1939–45, Leicester: Midland, p. 123. ^ Forsyth, Robert (2018). "6 - Assessment and Legacy". Dornier Do 335 (X-Planes). Osprey. p. 104. ISBN 978-1472828897. ^ "Dornier Do 335 A-0 Pfeil (Arrow)". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016. ^ Lerche, Hans-Werner (May 1976). "Der letzte Flug der Do 335". Luftfahrttechnisches Museum Rechlin (in German). Retrieved 21 November 2016. ^ Green, William (2010). Aircraft of the Third Reich Volume one. London: Crecy. pp. 288–298. ISBN 9781900732062. ^ "Dornier Do 335 Pfeil". Century of Flight. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2016. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019. Bibliography Angelucci, Enzo. The Rand McNally Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft, 1914–1980. San Diego, California: The Military Press, 1983. ISBN 0-517-41021-4. Munson, Kenneth (1978). German Aircraft Of World War 2 in colour. Poole, Dorset, UK: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-0860-3. Prins, François (Winter 1993). "Double-Headed Arrow". Air Enthusiast. No. 52. pp. 54–59. ISSN 0143-5450. Receveau, Roger (June 1970). "J'ai piloté le Dornier 335" . Le Album de Fanatique de l'Aviation (in French) (12): 24–25. ISSN 0757-4169. Creek, Eddie; Smith, J. (2018). Dornier Do 335 Pfeil/Arrow. Crecy Publishing. p. 288. ISBN 9781906537500. Wilson, Stewart. Aircraft of WWII. Fyshwick, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd., 1998. ISBN 1-875671-35-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dornier Do 335. YouTube video of Do 335, containing much WW II-vintage footage of prototype testing YouTube video with additional, original WW II video of the Do 335 in flight/on ground German-narrated video retrospective of the Do 335, & Smithsonian's restored Do 335 example coming to the USA German-language video of the Do 335A vteDornier and Zeppelin-Lindau aircraftZeppelin-Lindau1914-1919 Rs.I Rs.II Rs.III Rs.IV CL.I CL.II CS.I D.I Gs.I Gs.II V 1 Dornier designations1919-1933 Do A Do B Do C Do D Do E Do F Do G (project) Do H Do J Do K Do L Do N Do O Do P Do Q Do R Do S Do T Do U Do V Do X Do Y Delphin Falke Komet Libelle Merkur Spatz Wal RLM designations1933-1945 Do 10 Do 11 Do 12 Do 13 Do 14 Do 15 Do 16 Do 17 (Operational history) Do 18 Do 19 Do 20 Do 22 Do 23 Do 24 Do 25 Do 26 Do 29 Do 212 Do 214 Do 215 Do 216 Do 217 Do 317 Do 318 Do 335 Do 417 Do 435 Do 635 P.59 P.85 P.174 P.184 P.192 P.231 P.232 P.238 P.247 P.252 P.254 P.256 P.273 P.1075 Dornier designationspost-1945 Do 24 Do 25 Do 27 Do 28 Do 29 Do 31 Do 32 Do 32K Do 34 128 Do 131 Do 132 228 Do 231 328 328JET 428 528 728JET 928JET Aerodyne Alpha Jet Projekt 621 Seastar S-Ray 007 See also Claude Dornier and Dornier Museum Friedrichshafen vteReich Air Ministry (RLM) aircraft designations (list)1 to 100 8-11 Fi 2 8-31 8-41 Fi 5 DFS 6 8-71 Gö 8 Gö 9 Do 10 Do 11/Wn 11 8-124/Do 12 Do 13 Do 14 Do 15 Do 16/Wn 16 Do 17 Do 18 Do 19 Do 20 8-211 Do 22 Do 23 Do 24 Do 253/Kl 25 Do 26/Kl 26 8-27/Do 273/Kl 275 8-281 8-29/Do 29 Fw 30 Kl 31 Kl 32 Ju 33 Ju 34 Kl 35 Kl 36 He 373 He 38/Ju 38 DFS 39 BV 40/DFS 40 He 413 Fw 42/He 42 Fw 43 Fw 44 He 45 He 46/Ju 46 Fw 47/He 47 Ju 48 He 49/Ju 49 He 50/Ju 50 He 51 He 52/Ju 52 Ju 53 DFS 54/NR 54 Fw 55/NR 55 Fw 56 8-574/Fw 57 Fw 58/He 58 He 59 He 60/Ju 60 Fa 61/Fw 61/He 61 Fw 62/He 62 8-634/He 63 Ar 64/He 64 Ar 65/He 65 Ar 66/He 66 Ar 67 Ar 68 Ar 69 He 70 8-714/He 71 He 72 He 733 He 74 Al 75 Ar 76/FZG 766 Ar 77 Ar 783 Ar 79 Ar 80 Ar 81 8-824 8-831 Al 84 Ju 85 Ju 86 Ju 87 Ju 88 Ju 89 Ju 90 Ju 913 Ju 92 Ju 933 Ju 943 Ar 95 Ar 96 Fi 97 Fi 98 Fi 99 Fi 1003/He 100 101 to 200 Al 101 Al 102 Al 103/Fi 103 R Fh 104 Kl 105 Kl 106 Kl 107 Bf 108 Bf 109/Bf 109R6 Bf 110 He 111/He 111U6 He 112 He 1136 He 114 He 115 He 116 He 1173/Hs 117 He 118 He 119 He 120 Hs 121 Hs 122 Hs 123 Hs 124 Hs 125 Hs 126 Hs 127 Hs 128 Hs 129 Hs 130 Bü 131 Bü 1323/Hs 132 Bü 133 Bü 134 Ha 135 Ha 136/Hü 136 Ha 137 BV 138 Ha 139 Ha 140 BV 141 BV 142 BV 143 BV 144 Go 145 Go 146 Go 147/Ju 147 Go 1483 Go 149 Go 150 Kl 151 Kl 152/Ta 152 Kl 1533/Ta 153 Kl 1543/Ta 154 BV 155/Kl 1553/Me 155 Fi 156 Fi 157 Fi 158 Fw 159 Ju 160 Bf 161 Bf 162/He 162 Bf 163/Li 163/Me 163 Me 164/MeC 164 Bf 165 Fi 166/FK 166 Fi 167 Fi 168 Fi 1693 He 170 He 1713 He 172 He 1733 He 1743 8-1754 He 176 He 177 He 178 He 1795 Bü 180/He 180 Bü 181 Bü 182 Bü 1833/Ta 183 Fl 184 Fl 185 Fw 186/Ju 186 Fw 187/Ju 1872 Fw 1883/Ju 188 Fw 189 Fw 190 Fw 191 Ao 192 Ao 1933/DFS 193 DFS 194/Me 194 Ar 195 Ar 196 Ar 197 Ar 198 Ar 199 Do 2004,6/Fw 200 201 to 300 Si 201 Si 202 DFS 203 Si 204 8-2051 Fw 206 8-2071 Me 208 Me 209 (I)/Me 209 (II) Me 210 Hü 211 8-2124/Do 212 8-2131 Do 214 Do 215 Do 216 Do 217/Hs 217 Do 2183 He 219 He 220 Do 2213 BV 222 Fa 223 Fa 224 Ao 225/Fa 225 BV 226/Ho 226 FGP 227 DFS 228 Go 229/Ho 229 8-230/DFS 230 Ar 231 Ar 232 Ar 233 Ar 234 Do 2355 Fa 2363 BV 237 BV 238 8-2391 Ar 240 Go 241 Go 242 Me 2433 Go 244 Go 2453 BV 246 8-2471 Ju 248 BV 250/Ho 250 Ho 251 Ho 252 Ju 252 Fi 253/Ho 253 Ho 254/Ta 254 8-2551 Fi 256 SK 257 8-2581 Fw 259 8-2601 Me 261/Me 261w Me 262 Me 263 (1941)/Me 263 (1942)/Me 263 (1945) Me 264 Fl 265/Me 265 Fa 266/Go 2663 Ho 267 Ju 268 Fa 269 He 270 We 271 He 2723 He 2733 He 274 He 2755 He 2763 He 277 He 278 He 2793 He 280 He 2813 Fl 282 Fa 283 Fa 284 Fl 285 Ju 286 Ju 287 Do 2884,6/Ju 288 Ju 2893 Ju 290 Hs 291 As 292/Hs 2923 Hs 293 Hs 294 Hs 295 Ar 296/Hs 296 Hs 297 Hs 298 Ju 2993 Fw 300 301 to 349 DFS 301 8-3021 8-3031 8-3041 8-3051 8-3061 8-3071 8-3081 Me 309 Zwilling Me 310 8-3111 8-3121 8-3134 8-3141 Hs 315 8-3161 Do 317 Do 318 He 319 Me 3203 Me 321 Ju 322 Me 323/ZMe 323 8-3241 Fa 325/Fw 3253 8-3261 Me 327 Me 328 Me 329 Fa 330 DFS 331 DFS 332 Fi 333 Ar 3343/Me 334 Do 335 Fa 336 Ju 3373 8-3381 Fl 339 Ar 340 8-341 WNF 342 He 343 Rk 344/So 3445 Go 345 DFS 346 Rk 347 8-3481 Ba 349 Post-349 (non-sequential) Ju 352 Fi 356/Ju 356 Me 362 Me 3642 Me 3683 Ju 388 Ju 390 Fw 391 Ar 3933 Ar 396 Ta 400 Me 409 Me 410 Do 417 He 419 ZMe 423 Ar 430/Ka 430 Ar 432 Do 435 Ar 440 8-4454 DFS 446 Ju 452 Me 4622 DFS 468 Ju 488 Fw 491 He 500 Me 509 Me 510 He 519 8-5204 ZSO 523 Ar 532 8-5344 Do 535/He 535 Me 6002 Me 609 Ar 632 Do 635/He 635/Ju 635 1 Not assigned 2 Unofficial/proposed 3 Assigned, but not used before RLM was dissolved 4 Assigned to captured aircraft 5 Unconfirmed 6 Propaganda/cover designation Note: Official RLM designations had the prefix "8-", but this was usually dropped and replaced with the manufacturer's prefix. Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_fighter"},{"link_name":"Dornier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Flugzeugwerke"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"push-pull configuration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-pull_configuration"},{"link_name":"aerodynamic drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic_drag"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Schnellbomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnellbomber"}],"text":"The Dornier Do 335 Pfeil (Arrow) is a heavy fighter built by Dornier for Germany during World War II. The Pfeil's performance was predicted to be better than other twin-engine designs due to its unique push-pull configuration and the lower aerodynamic drag of the in-line alignment of the two engines. It was Nazi Germany's fastest piston-engined aircraft of World War II.[2][page needed] The Luftwaffe was desperate to get the design into operational use, but delays in engine deliveries meant that only a handful were delivered before the war ended.What made the Do 335 unique was due to its initial planning of a Schnellbomber, it had two engines. These engines were the Daimler-Benz DB 605 at the front, and its counterpart DB 605 QA at the back.This design allowed the Pfeil to reach high speeds of almost 500 mph sometimes in level flight, and outrun most of the military aircraft in service at the time, with only first generation jet fighters being faster.","title":"Dornier Do 335"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Claude Dornier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Dornier"},{"link_name":"flying boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_boat"},{"link_name":"Do J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_J"},{"link_name":"Do X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_X"},{"link_name":"parasitic drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_drag"},{"link_name":"Do 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_14"},{"link_name":"Do 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_26"},{"link_name":"roll rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaw,_pitch,_and_roll"},{"link_name":"asymmetric thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_thrust"},{"link_name":"cruciform tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciform_tail"},{"link_name":"fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer"},{"link_name":"rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"fuselage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselage"},{"link_name":"an accidental ground strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailstrike"},{"link_name":"ejection seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejection_seat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunson197847-5"},{"link_name":"bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber"},{"link_name":"Dornier Do 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_17"},{"link_name":"tricycle landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear"},{"link_name":"pusher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusher_configuration"},{"link_name":"Göppingen Gö 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ppingen_G%C3%B6_9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreekSmith201846-6"},{"link_name":"Hermann Göring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Schnellbomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnellbomber"},{"link_name":"Arado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado_Flugzeugwerke"},{"link_name":"Junkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers"},{"link_name":"Blohm & Voss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss_BV_155"},{"link_name":"8-335","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RLM_aircraft_designations#301-400"},{"link_name":"fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dornier_Do_335_(1944),_prototype_(Dia_240-226).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oberpfaffenhofen_Do-335s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oberpfaffenhofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberpfaffenhofen"},{"link_name":"Jumo 211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumo_211"},{"link_name":"Ju 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88"},{"link_name":"Jumo 213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumo_213"},{"link_name":"Focke-Wulf Fw 190D-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_variants#Fw_190D"},{"link_name":"DB 603A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_603"},{"link_name":"Stammkennzeichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stammkennzeichen"},{"link_name":"Flugkapitän","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugkapit%C3%A4n"},{"link_name":"Heinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel"},{"link_name":"landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"Generalfeldmarschall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall"},{"link_name":"Erhard Milch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Milch"},{"link_name":"P-38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning"},{"link_name":"Friedrichshafen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen"},{"link_name":"München","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dornier_Do_335_(1944),_prototype_(Dia_240-225).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Jägernotprogramm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Fighter_Program"},{"link_name":"Manzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzell"},{"link_name":"Oberpfaffenhofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberpfaffenhofen"},{"link_name":"Heinkel He 219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_219"},{"link_name":"night fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_fighter"},{"link_name":"unitized installations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftei"},{"link_name":"Ernst Heinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Heinkel"},{"link_name":"Royal Aircraft Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Farnborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnborough_Airport"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The origins of the Do 335 trace back to World War I when Claude Dornier designed a number of flying boats featuring remotely driven propellers and later, due to problems with the drive shafts, tandem engines. Tandem engines were used on most of the multi-engine Dornier flying boats that followed, including the highly successful Do J Wal and the gigantic Do X. The remote propeller drive, intended to eliminate parasitic drag from the engine entirely, was tried in the innovative but unsuccessful Do 14, and elongated, tubular drive shafts as later used in the Do 335 saw use in the rear engines of the four-engined, twinned tandem-layout Do 26 flying boat.There are many advantages to this design over the more traditional system of placing one engine on each wing, the most important being power from two engines with the frontal area (and thus drag) of a single-engine design, allowing for higher performance. It also keeps the weight of the twin powerplants near, or on, the aircraft centerline, increasing the roll rate compared to a traditional twin. In addition, a single engine failure does not lead to asymmetric thrust, and in normal flight there is no net torque, so the plane is easy to handle. The four-surface set of cruciform tail surfaces in the Do 335's rear fuselage design included a ventral vertical fin–rudder assembly that projected downwards from the extreme rear of the fuselage, to protect the rear propeller from an accidental ground strike on takeoff. The presence of the rear pusher propeller also mandated the provision for an ejection seat for safe escape from a damaged aircraft, and designing the rear propeller and dorsal fin mounts to use explosive bolts to jettison them before an ejection was attempted – as well as twin canopy jettison levers, one per side[3] located to either side of the forward cockpit interior just below the sills of the five-panel windscreen's sides, to jettison the canopy from atop the cockpit before ejection.[4]In 1939, Dornier, reviving a principle he patented in 1937,[5] was busy working on the P.59 high-speed bomber project, which featured the tandem engine layout. In 1940, he commissioned a test aircraft, closely modeled on the airframe of the early versions of the Dornier Do 17 bomber but only 40% of the size of the larger bomber, with no aerodynamic bodies of any sort on the wing panels (the original Do 17 had twin engine nacelles on its wings) and fitted with a retractable tricycle landing gear to validate his concept for turning the rear pusher propeller with an engine located far away from it, through the use of a long tubular driveshaft. This aircraft, the Göppingen Gö 9 (D-EBYW),[6] showed no unforeseen difficulties with this arrangement, but work on the P.59 was stopped in early 1940 when Hermann Göring[citation needed] ordered the cancellation of all projects that would not be completed within a year or so.In May 1942, Dornier submitted an updated version with a 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) bombload as the P.231, in response to a requirement for a single seat, Schnellbomber-like high-speed bomber/intruder. The P.231 proposal was selected as the winner after beating rival designs from Arado, Junkers, and Blohm & Voss. A development contract was awarded, by the RLM issuing the Dornier firm the airframe approval number 8-335, for what would become known as the Do 335. In autumn 1942, Dornier was told that the Do 335 was no longer required, and instead a multi-role fighter based on the same general layout would be accepted. This delayed the prototype delivery as it was modified for the new role.A Do 335 prototype in flightDo-335s on the apron at Oberpfaffenhofen at the war's end, including unfinished two-seat versionsThe use of a nose-mount annular radiator for the forward engine (much like a Jumo 211-powered Ju 88, or Jumo 213-powered Focke-Wulf Fw 190D-9) and a ventral-fuselage mount airscooped radiator installation for cooling the rear engine made the aircraft look distinctive. When fitted with DB 603A engines delivering 1,750 PS (1,290 kW; 1,730 hp) it had a pair of the largest inverted V12 aircraft engines mass-produced during the Third Reich's existence. The Do 335 V1 first prototype, bearing the Stammkennzeichen (factory radio code) of CP+UA, flew on 26 October 1943 under the control of Flugkapitän Hans Dieterle, a regular Heinkel test pilot and later primary Dornier test pilot. However, several problems during the initial flight of the Do 335 would continue to plague the aircraft through most of its short history. Issues were found with the weak landing gear and with the main gear's wheel well doors, resulting in them being removed for the remainder of the V1's test flights. The Do 335 V1 made 27 flights, flown by three different pilots. During these test flights the second prototype, V2 (Werk Nr 230002) CP+UB, was completed and made its first flight on 31 December 1943, again under the control of Dieterle. New to the V2 were upgraded DB 603A-2 engines, and several refinements learned from the test flights of the V1 as well as further windtunnel testing. On 20 January 1944, the Do 335 V3 (W.Nr. 230004), CP+UC was completed and flown for its first time by Werner Altrogge. The V3 was powered by the new pre-production DB 603G-0 engines which could produce 1,900 PS (1,400 kW) at take-off and featured a slightly redesigned canopy which included twin rear-view mirrors in blisters, one in each of two matching side panels of the well-framed, eleven-panel main canopy's openable section. Following the flights of the V3, in mid January 1944, RLM ordered five more prototypes (V21–V25), to be built as night fighters. By this time, more than 60 hours of flight time had been put on the Do 335 and reports showed it to be a good handling, but more importantly, very fast aircraft, described by Generalfeldmarschall Erhard Milch himself as \"...holding its own in speed and altitude with the P-38 and it does not suffer from engine reliability issues\". The Do 335 was scheduled to begin mass construction, with the initial order of 120 preproduction aircraft to be manufactured by Dornier-Werke Friedrichshafen (DWF) to be completed no later than March 1946. This number included a number of bombers, destroyers (heavy fighters), and several yet to be developed variants. At the same time, Dornier-Werke München (DWM) was scheduled to build over 2,000 Do 335s in various models, due for delivery in March 1946 as well.One of the prototypes under tow, date unknownOn 23 May 1944, Hitler, as part of the developing Jägernotprogramm (Emergency Fighter Program) directive, which took effect on 3 July, ordered maximum priority to be given to Do 335 production. The main production line was intended to be at Manzell, but a bombing raid in March destroyed the tooling and forced Dornier to set up a new line at Oberpfaffenhofen. The decision was made, along with the rapid shut-down of many other military aircraft development programs, to cancel the Heinkel He 219 night fighter, which also used the DB 603 engines (in well-unitized installations), and use its production facilities for the Do 335 as well. However, Ernst Heinkel managed to delay, and eventually ignore, its implementation, continuing to produce examples of the He 219A.At least 16 prototype Do 335s were known to have flown (V1–V12, W.Nr 230001-230012 and Muster-series prototypes M13–M17, W.Nr 230013–230017) on a number of DB603 engine subtypes including the DB 603A, A-2, G-0, E and E-1. The first preproduction Do 335 (A-0s) starting with W.Nr 240101, Stammkennzeichen VG+PG, were delivered in July 1944. Approximately 22 preproduction aircraft were thought to have been completed and flown before the end of the war, including approximately 11 A-0s converted to A-11s for training purposes. One such aircraft was transferred to the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough, and later, after a rear-engine fire burnt through the elevator controls during a flight, crashed onto a local school.[7]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dornier_Do_335_A_(15083492358).jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreekSmith2018162-8"},{"link_name":"lignite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignite"},{"link_name":"synthetic fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_fuel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"hardpoints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardpoint"},{"link_name":"bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb"},{"link_name":"drop tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_tank"},{"link_name":"MW 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MW_50"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Do 335 tested in the US, and today the only surviving exampleThe first 10 Do 335 A-0s were delivered for testing in May 1944. Do 335 V3, (T9+ZH), W.Nr. 230003 was delivered to the Luftwaffe's experimental reconnaissance unit, 1./Versuchsverband OKL, in late May. However, it suffered constant problems and was returned to Dornier in September.[8] By late 1944, the Do 335 A-1 was on the production line. It was similar to the A-0 but with the uprated DB 603E-1 engines of some 1,324 kW (1,776 hp) take-off power rating apiece on 87 octane \"B4\" lignite-derived synthetic fuel,[9] and two underwing hardpoints for additional bombs, drop tanks or guns. It had a maximum speed of 763 km/h (474 mph) at 6,500 m (21,300 ft) with MW 50 boost, or 686 km/h (426 mph) without boost, and climbed to 8,000 m (26,000 ft) in under 15 minutes. Even with one engine out, it reached about 563 km/h (350 mph).[citation needed]","title":"Flight tests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"fighter-bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter-bomber"},{"link_name":"trainers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"Pierre Clostermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Clostermann"},{"link_name":"Hawker Tempests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Tempest"},{"link_name":"No. 3 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._3_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rechlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechlin"},{"link_name":"Oberleutnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberleutnant"},{"link_name":"Hanna Reitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch"},{"link_name":"Robert von Greim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_von_Greim"},{"link_name":"Junkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers"},{"link_name":"Ju 188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju_188"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Gatow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Gatow"},{"link_name":"Fieseler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieseler"},{"link_name":"Fi 156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi_156"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreekSmith2018168-11"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Vosges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosges"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreekSmith201895-12"}],"text":"Delivery commenced in January 1945. When the United States Army overran the Oberpfaffenhofen factory in late April 1945, only 11 Do 335 A-1 single-seat fighter-bombers and two Do 335 A-12 trainers had been completed. The two-seater trainer version was called Ameisenbär (\"anteater\").French ace Pierre Clostermann claimed the first Allied combat encounter with a Pfeil in April 1945. He described leading a flight of four Hawker Tempests from No. 3 Squadron RAF over northern Germany when they came across an unknown aircraft whose description matched the Do 335's, flying at maximum speed at treetop level. Detecting the British aircraft, the German pilot reversed course to evade. Two pilots fired on the Dornier but Clostermann, despite the Tempests' considerable low altitude speed, decided not to attempt to chase it as it was obviously much faster.[10]On 26 April 1945, the Do 335 V9, which was still at Rechlin, was test-flown by Oberleutnant Heinrich Schild. Later that day he escorted Hanna Reitsch and Genral der Flieger Robert von Greim's Junkers Ju 188 flight to Berlin-Gatow. After arriving at Gatow, Reitsch and von Greim comandeered a Fieseler Fi 156 Storch and flew to Hitler's bunker.[11] Also on 26 April, Fliegerstabsing. Heinz Fischer attempted to fly Do 335 V9 from Rechlin to Switzerland. Due to a compass failure, he strayed over France and ran out of fuel. Both the ejector seat and the tail jettison mechanism failed and he had to bail out over the Vosges mountains.[12]","title":"Operational History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Proposed developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Junkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers"},{"link_name":"Heinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Hertel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertel"},{"link_name":"Ju 352","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_352"},{"link_name":"Walter Starthilfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_HWK_109-500"},{"link_name":"RATOG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RATOG"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreekSmith2018178-13"}],"sub_title":"Do 635","text":"In 1944, Junkers helped Dornier with work on the Do 335 Zwilling or Dornier Do 635. A meeting was arranged between Junkers and Heinkel engineers, and after the meeting, they began work on the project, named 1075 01–21. The designer, Professor Heinrich Hertel, planned a test flight in late 1945. At the end of 1944, the Germans reviewed aircraft designs with the Japanese military. Among other projects, the Do 635 impressed the Japanese military with its capabilities and design. This design consisted of two Do 335 fuselages, joined by a common centre wing section, with two Rb 50 cameras in the port fuselage for aerial photography. Armament was confined to provision for five 60 kg (130 lb) photo-flash bombs. The mainwheels were common with Ju 352 wheels. It was also intended that two monopropellant Walter Starthilfe RATOG units would be fitted. In early 1945, a wind-tunnel model was tested, and a cockpit mockup was constructed. Following an order from the Rüstungsstab on the 15 March, it was decided that Junkers continue with the project, but only by using the simplest production solutions. However, none were completed by wars end.[13]","title":"Proposed developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado_Flugzeugwerke"},{"link_name":"Heinkel HeS 011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_HeS_011"},{"link_name":"Me 262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262"},{"link_name":"aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schick-14"},{"link_name":"MK 108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK_108_cannon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schick-14"},{"link_name":"Schräge Musik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%A4ge_Musik"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schick-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schick-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schick-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schick-14"}],"sub_title":"P 256","text":"The P 256 was to meet a Luftwaffe requirement issued 27 February 1945. It was designed to carry a crew of three (pilot, radar operator, and navigator), with pilot and radar operator together under the canopy, while the navigator was in the fuselage, an idea copied from Arado. Departing from centerline thrust, it was to have two Heinkel HeS 011 engines of 12.7 kN (2,900 lbf) each, podded under the wings in the fashion of the Me 262. The low-mounted wing was unswept, and had an aspect ratio of 5.8:1.[14] Designed armament was four 30 mm (1.2 in) MK 108 cannon in the nose.[14] A field conversion kit was to retrofit two MK 108s in a Schräge Musik configuration.[14] A fighter-bomber variant would have carried two 500 kg (1,100 lb) bombs. Its loaded weight would have included 3,750 kg (8,270 lb) of fuel, giving a wing loading of 276 kg/m2 (57 lb/sq ft). Maximum speed was achieved at 8,000 m (26,000 ft), maximum range at 6,000 m (20,000 ft). Endurance with 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) fuel was calculated as 2.6 hours.[14] Its electronics would have included FuG 24SE with ZVG 24, FuG 29, FuG 25a or c, and FuG 244 Bremen with Gnome weapon triggers.[14] Criticized for having poor cross-sectional area and unduly large tail surfaces, it was not adopted.[14]","title":"Proposed developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pfeiludvarsummer2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center"},{"link_name":"Chantilly, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantilly,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunson197847-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunson197847-5"},{"link_name":"drop tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_tank"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreekSmith2018129-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreekSmith2018136-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunson197847-5"},{"link_name":"HeS 011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_HeS_011"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Dornier Do 335 240 102 on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, VirginiaBuiltDo 335 A-0 : 10 pre-production aircraft.\nDo 335 A-1 : Single-seat fighter-bomber aircraft.ProposedDo 335 A-2: single-seat fighter-bomber aircraft with new weapon sights, later proposed longer wing and updated 1,471 kW (1,973 hp) DB603L engines.\nDo 335 A-3: single-seat reconnaissance aircraft built from A-1 aircraft, later proposed with longer wing.\nDo 335 A-4: single-seat reconnaissance aircraft with smaller cameras than the A-3\nDo 335 A-5: single-seat night fighter aircraft, later night and bad weather fighter with enlarged wing and DB603L engines.\nDo 335 A-6: two-seat night fighter aircraft, with completely separate second cockpit located above and behind the original.\nDo 335 A-7: A-6 with longer wing.\nDo 335 A-8: A-4 fitted with longer wing.\nDo 335 A-9: A-4 fitted with longer wing, DB603L engines and pressurized cockpit.\nDo 335 A-10: two seat trainer[5]\nDo 335 A-12: two seat trainer[5]\nDo 335 B-1: abandoned in development.\nDo 335 B-2: single-seat destroyer aircraft. Fitted with 2 additional MK 103 in the wings and provision to carry two standard Luftwaffe 300 litre (80 US gal) drop tanks. Only two prototypes competed[15] and were known as the Do 335 M13 and M14[16]\nDo 335 B-3: updated B-1 but with longer wing.\nDo 335 B-4: update of the B-1 with longer wing, DB603L engine.\nDo 335 B-6: night fighter.\nDo 335 B-12: dual-seat trainer version for the B-series aircraft.\nDo 435: a Do 335 with the redesigned, longer wing. Allied intelligence reports from early May 1945 mention spotting a Do 435 at the Dornier factory airfield at Lowenthal.\nDo 535: actually the He 535, once the Dornier P254 design was handed over to Heinkel in October 1944; fitted with jet engine in place of rear piston engine[17]\nDo 635: twin-fuselaged long-range reconnaissance version. Also called Junkers Ju 8-635[5] or Do 335Z. Mock up only.\nP 256: turbojet nightfighter version, with two podded HeS 011 turbojet engines,[18] based on Do 335 airframe.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oberpfaffenhofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberpfaffenhofen"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"escort carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_carrier"},{"link_name":"HMS Reaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Reaper_(D82)"},{"link_name":"Operation Lusty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lusty"},{"link_name":"Freeman Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Field"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Patuxent River Naval Air Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patuxent_River_Naval_Air_Station"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"National Air and Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"storage facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garber_Restoration_Facility"},{"link_name":"Suitland, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suitland,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Alpha Jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault-Breguet/Dornier_Alpha_Jet"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Hannover, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Museum"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center"},{"link_name":"National Air and Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"Arado Ar 234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado_Ar_234"},{"link_name":"Heinkel He 219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_219"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Only one Do 335 survives, the second preproduction Do 335 A-0, designated A-02, with construction number (Werknummer) 240 102, and factory radio code registration, or Stammkennzeichen, of VG+PH. The aircraft was assembled at the Dornier plant in Oberpfaffenhofen, Bavaria on 16 April 1945. It was captured by Allied forces at the plant on 22 April. VG+PH was one of two Do 335s to be shipped to the United States aboard the Royal Navy escort carrier HMS Reaper, along with other captured German aircraft, to be used for testing and evaluation under a USAAF program called \"Operation Lusty\". One Do 335 (registration FE-1012) went to the USAAF and was tested in early 1946 at Freeman Field, Indiana, USA. Its fate is not recorded.VG+PH went to the Navy for evaluation and was sent to the Test and Evaluation Center, Patuxent River Naval Air Station, Maryland, USA. Following testing from 1945 to 1948, the aircraft languished in outside storage at Naval Air Station Norfolk. In 1961, it was donated to the Smithsonian's National Air Museum, though it remained in deteriorating condition at Norfolk for several more years before being moved to the National Air and Space Museum's storage facility in Suitland, Maryland. In October 1974, VG+PH was returned to the Dornier plant in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany (then building the Alpha Jet) for a complete restoration. In 1975, the aircraft was restored by Dornier employees, many of whom had worked on the airplane originally. They were surprised that the explosive charges built into the aircraft to blow off the dorsal fin and rear propeller prior to pilot ejection were still intact.[19]Following restoration the completed Do 335 was displayed at the Hannover, Germany Airshow from 1 May to 9 May 1976. After the air show, the aircraft was loaned to the Deutsches Museum in Munich, where it was on display until 1988, when it was shipped back to Silver Hill, Maryland. VG+PH can be seen today in the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum alongside other unique late-war German aircraft that accompanied the Do 335 aboard Reaper nearly eight decades earlier, such as the only known example of the Arado Ar 234 B-2 Blitz jet reconnaissance-bomber, and the fully restored fuselage and tail surfaces of the only complete surviving Heinkel He 219A Uhu (Eagle-Owl) night fighter (the wings and engines/nacelles are still undergoing restoration).[20][21]","title":"Surviving aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dornier_Do_335.svg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cof-23"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 23018-630","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 23012-635","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selig-24"},{"link_name":"Daimler-Benz DB 603E-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_603E-1"},{"link_name":"constant-speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-pitch_propeller_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"MK 103 cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK_103_cannon"},{"link_name":"MG 151/20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_151/20"},{"link_name":"autocannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocannon"}],"text":"DrawingData from Aircraft of the Third Reich Volume one,[22] Century of Flight : Dornier Do 335 Pfeil[23]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nLength: 13.85 m (45 ft 5 in)\nWingspan: 13.8 m (45 ft 3 in)\nHeight: 5 m (16 ft 5 in)\nWing area: 38.5 m2 (414 sq ft)\nAirfoil: root: NACA 23018-630; tip: NACA 23012-635[24]\nEmpty weight: 7,260 kg (16,006 lb)\nGross weight: 9,600 kg (21,164 lb)A-6 10,085 kg (22,234 lb)Fuel capacity: 1,230 L (320 US gal; 270 imp gal) main fuel tank (single-seat) with various extra tankage in the weapons bay and wings, depending on variant\nPowerplant: 2 × Daimler-Benz DB 603E-1 V-12 inverted liquid-cooled piston engines, 1,342 kW (1,800 hp) each for take-off1,417 kW (1,900 hp) at 1,800 m (5,900 ft)Propellers: 3-bladed VDM, 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in) diameter constant-speed tractor and pusher propellersPerformanceMaximum speed: 763 km/h (474 mph, 412 kn) at 6,500 m (21,300 ft)A-6 690 km/h (430 mph; 370 kn) at 5,300 m (17,400 ft)Cruise speed: 685 km/h (426 mph, 370 kn) at 7,200 m (23,600 ft)\nEconomical cruise speed: 452 km/h (281 mph; 244 kn) at 6,000 m (20,000 ft)\nRange: 1,395 km (867 mi, 753 nmi) on full internal fuel at max. continuous power2,060 km (1,280 mi; 1,110 nmi) at economical cruise powerService ceiling: 11,400 m (37,400 ft)\nTime to altitude: 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in 55 seconds ; 8,000 m (26,000 ft) in 14 minutes 30 secondsArmamentGuns: 1 × engine mounted 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 103 cannon with 70 rounds plus 2 × 20 mm (0.79 in) MG 151/20 cowl-mount, synchronized autocannon with 200 rpg\nBombs: 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb in internal weapons bay and 2 x 250 kg (550 lb) bombs under the wings","title":"Specifications (Do 335 A-1)"}]
[{"image_text":"A Do 335 prototype in flight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dornier_Do_335_%281944%29%2C_prototype_%28Dia_240-226%29.jpg/220px-Dornier_Do_335_%281944%29%2C_prototype_%28Dia_240-226%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Do-335s on the apron at Oberpfaffenhofen at the war's end, including unfinished two-seat versions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Oberpfaffenhofen_Do-335s.jpg/220px-Oberpfaffenhofen_Do-335s.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the prototypes under tow, date unknown","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dornier_Do_335_%281944%29%2C_prototype_%28Dia_240-225%29.jpg/220px-Dornier_Do_335_%281944%29%2C_prototype_%28Dia_240-225%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Do 335 tested in the US, and today the only surviving example","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dornier_Do_335_A_%2815083492358%29.jpg/220px-Dornier_Do_335_A_%2815083492358%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dornier Do 335 240 102 on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pfeiludvarsummer2013.jpg/220px-Pfeiludvarsummer2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"Drawing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dornier_Do_335.svg/220px-Dornier_Do_335.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"De Havilland Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Hornet"},{"title":"Fokker D.XXIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_D.XXIII"},{"title":"Grumman F7F Tigercat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F7F_Tigercat"},{"title":"Kyushu J7W Shinden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu_J7W_Shinden"},{"title":"Mansyū Ki-98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansy%C5%AB_Ki-98"},{"title":"Messerschmitt Me 410 Hornisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_410_Hornisse"},{"title":"Tachikawa Ki-94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-94"},{"title":"List of aircraft of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II"},{"title":"List of military aircraft of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Germany"},{"title":"List of fighter aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fighter_aircraft"}]
[{"reference":"\"NASM's restored Do 335A's cockpit, displaying the starboard-side example of the twin canopy jettison levers\". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2014-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202043/http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/photo_albums/images13/16.jpg","url_text":"\"NASM's restored Do 335A's cockpit, displaying the starboard-side example of the twin canopy jettison levers\""},{"url":"http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/photo_albums/images13/16.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Century of Flight - German Aircraft of World War Two - Dornier Do 335 Pfeil\". www.century-of-flight.net. Century of Flight. Archived from the original on 2007-11-11. Retrieved 2014-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071111141212/http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/photo_albums/timeline/ww2/Dornier%20Do%20335%20Pfeil.htm","url_text":"\"Century of Flight - German Aircraft of World War Two - Dornier Do 335 Pfeil\""},{"url":"http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/photo_albums/timeline/ww2/Dornier%20Do%20335%20Pfeil.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Joshua. \"Farnborough Air Sciences Trust Museum uncovers secrets behind a plane which crashed on Cove school\". GetHampshire. Aldershot News & Mail Series. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160201094738/http://www.gethampshire.co.uk/news/local-news/farnborough-air-sciences-trust-museum-10804711","url_text":"\"Farnborough Air Sciences Trust Museum uncovers secrets behind a plane which crashed on Cove school\""},{"url":"http://www.gethampshire.co.uk/news/local-news/farnborough-air-sciences-trust-museum-10804711","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clostermann, Pierre, The Big Show, pp. 273–74","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Clostermann","url_text":"Clostermann, Pierre"}]},{"reference":"Schick, Walter; Meyer, Ingolf (1997). Luftwaffe secret projects : fighters 1939–1945. Hinckley, England: Midland Pub. p. 123. ISBN 1857800524.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857800524","url_text":"1857800524"}]},{"reference":"Schick, Walter; Meyer, Ingolf (1997), Luftwaffe Secret Projects: Fighters, 1939–45, Leicester: Midland, p. 123","urls":[]},{"reference":"Forsyth, Robert (2018). \"6 - Assessment and Legacy\". Dornier Do 335 (X-Planes). Osprey. p. 104. ISBN 978-1472828897.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472828897","url_text":"978-1472828897"}]},{"reference":"\"Dornier Do 335 A-0 Pfeil (Arrow)\". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161121172155/https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/dornier-do-335-0-pfeil-arrow","url_text":"\"Dornier Do 335 A-0 Pfeil (Arrow)\""},{"url":"http://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/dornier-do-335-0-pfeil-arrow","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lerche, Hans-Werner (May 1976). \"Der letzte Flug der Do 335\". Luftfahrttechnisches Museum Rechlin (in German). Retrieved 21 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.luftfahrttechnisches-museum-rechlin.de/archiv/details-zu/der_letzte_flug_der_do335.html","url_text":"\"Der letzte Flug der Do 335\""}]},{"reference":"Green, William (2010). Aircraft of the Third Reich Volume one. London: Crecy. pp. 288–298. ISBN 9781900732062.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781900732062","url_text":"9781900732062"}]},{"reference":"\"Dornier Do 335 Pfeil\". Century of Flight. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071111141212/http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/photo_albums/timeline/ww2/Dornier%20Do%20335%20Pfeil.htm","url_text":"\"Dornier Do 335 Pfeil\""},{"url":"http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/photo_albums/timeline/ww2/Dornier%20Do%20335%20Pfeil.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lednicer, David. \"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","url_text":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""}]},{"reference":"Munson, Kenneth (1978). German Aircraft Of World War 2 in colour. Poole, Dorset, UK: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-0860-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-0860-3","url_text":"0-7137-0860-3"}]},{"reference":"Prins, François (Winter 1993). \"Double-Headed Arrow\". Air Enthusiast. No. 52. pp. 54–59. ISSN 0143-5450.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Enthusiast","url_text":"Air Enthusiast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450","url_text":"0143-5450"}]},{"reference":"Receveau, Roger (June 1970). \"J'ai piloté le Dornier 335\" [I Flew the Dornier 335]. Le Album de Fanatique de l'Aviation (in French) (12): 24–25. ISSN 0757-4169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169","url_text":"0757-4169"}]},{"reference":"Creek, Eddie; Smith, J. (2018). Dornier Do 335 Pfeil/Arrow. Crecy Publishing. p. 288. ISBN 9781906537500.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906537500","url_text":"9781906537500"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202043/http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/photo_albums/images13/16.jpg","external_links_name":"\"NASM's restored Do 335A's cockpit, displaying the starboard-side example of the twin canopy jettison levers\""},{"Link":"http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/photo_albums/images13/16.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071111141212/http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/photo_albums/timeline/ww2/Dornier%20Do%20335%20Pfeil.htm","external_links_name":"\"Century of Flight - German Aircraft of World War Two - Dornier Do 335 Pfeil\""},{"Link":"http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/photo_albums/timeline/ww2/Dornier%20Do%20335%20Pfeil.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160201094738/http://www.gethampshire.co.uk/news/local-news/farnborough-air-sciences-trust-museum-10804711","external_links_name":"\"Farnborough Air Sciences Trust Museum uncovers secrets behind a plane which crashed on Cove school\""},{"Link":"http://www.gethampshire.co.uk/news/local-news/farnborough-air-sciences-trust-museum-10804711","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161022011756/http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/primary_documents/gvt_reports/MofFP/ger_syn_ind/mof-secth.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived Fischer-Tropsch.org pdf file (extract) pp.119–120."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161121172155/https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/dornier-do-335-0-pfeil-arrow","external_links_name":"\"Dornier Do 335 A-0 Pfeil (Arrow)\""},{"Link":"http://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/dornier-do-335-0-pfeil-arrow","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.luftfahrttechnisches-museum-rechlin.de/archiv/details-zu/der_letzte_flug_der_do335.html","external_links_name":"\"Der letzte Flug der Do 335\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071111141212/http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/photo_albums/timeline/ww2/Dornier%20Do%20335%20Pfeil.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dornier Do 335 Pfeil\""},{"Link":"http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/photo_albums/timeline/ww2/Dornier%20Do%20335%20Pfeil.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","external_links_name":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450","external_links_name":"0143-5450"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169","external_links_name":"0757-4169"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jK8ydLY5QHQ","external_links_name":"YouTube video of Do 335, containing much WW II-vintage footage of prototype testing"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIjBGyhVcCU","external_links_name":"YouTube video with additional, original WW II video of the Do 335 in flight/on ground"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pC5sZ7qk5_M","external_links_name":"German-narrated video retrospective of the Do 335, & Smithsonian's restored Do 335 example coming to the USA"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6ROSTqm2KQ","external_links_name":"German-language video of the Do 335A"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4150356-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538714805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85100525","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Gabrielli
Domenico Gabrielli
["1 Works, editions and recordings","2 External links","3 References"]
Italian composer (1651–1690) Domenico Gabrielli (15 April 1651 or 19 October 1659 – 10 July 1690) was an Italian Baroque composer and one of the earliest known virtuoso cello players, as well as a pioneer of cello music writing. Born in Bologna, he worked in the orchestra of the church of San Petronio and was also a member and for some time president (principe) of the Accademia Filarmonica of Bologna. During the 1680s he also worked as a musician at the court of Duke Francesco II d'Este of Modena. Gabrielli wrote several operas as well as instrumental and vocal church works. He is especially notable as the composer of some of the earliest attested works for solo cello (two sonatas for cello and basso continuo, a group of seven ricercari for unaccompanied cello, and a canon for two cellos). Among his contemporaries, his own virtuoso performances on this instrument earned him the nickname Mingain (or Minghino) dal viulunzeel, a dialect form meaning "Dominic of the cello." Works, editions and recordings Rodoaldo, re d' Italia − opera in 3 acts. Venice 1685 - manuscript in Modena. Recordings Domenico Gabrielli - S. Sigismondo re di Borgogna - Oratorio per 5 voci con strumenti - Ensemble Les Nations, Maria Luisa Baldassari, direzione. Tactus, 2008 Ricercars for solo cello - recordings (i) Roel Dieltens (ii) Hidemi Suzuki 2005 (iii) Richard Tunnicliffe 2007 (iv) Bruno Cocset, 2012 Domenico Gabrielli. Cantate. Emanuela Galli, soprano, with ensemble Sistite Sidera. Stradivarius STR 33878 (1 CD, June 2012). External links Free scores by Domenico Gabrielli at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) S. Durante: Gabrielli, in: The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. S. Sadie. London 1992. Vol 2, p. 322. W. Matteuzzi: Gabrielli, in: Dizionario enciclopedico universale della musica e dei musicisti. 2: Le biografie, ed. A. Basso. Turin 1986. Vol. 3, p. 83f. J. G. Suess: Gabrielli, in: The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. S. Sadie. London 1980. Vol 7, p. 67. References ^ Wade-Matthews, Max (2013). "Cello". Music: An Illustrated History. An Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments and the Art of Music-Making. Lorenz Books. p. 110. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Finland Belgium United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Italian People Trove Other RISM SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_music"},{"link_name":"cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"San Petronio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petronio_Basilica"},{"link_name":"Accademia Filarmonica of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_Filarmonica_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"Francesco II d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_II_d%27Este"},{"link_name":"Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modena"},{"link_name":"basso continuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basso_continuo"},{"link_name":"seven ricercari for unaccompanied cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Ricercari_(Gabrielli)"},{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(music)"}],"text":"Domenico Gabrielli (15 April 1651 or 19 October 1659 – 10 July 1690) was an Italian Baroque composer and one of the earliest known virtuoso cello players, as well as a pioneer of cello music writing.[1] Born in Bologna, he worked in the orchestra of the church of San Petronio and was also a member and for some time president (principe) of the Accademia Filarmonica of Bologna. During the 1680s he also worked as a musician at the court of Duke Francesco II d'Este of Modena.Gabrielli wrote several operas as well as instrumental and vocal church works. He is especially notable as the composer of some of the earliest attested works for solo cello (two sonatas for cello and basso continuo, a group of seven ricercari for unaccompanied cello, and a canon for two cellos). Among his contemporaries, his own virtuoso performances on this instrument earned him the nickname Mingain (or Minghino) dal viulunzeel, a dialect form meaning \"Dominic of the cello.\"","title":"Domenico Gabrielli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emanuela Galli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emanuela_Galli&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Rodoaldo, re d' Italia − opera in 3 acts. Venice 1685 - manuscript in Modena.RecordingsDomenico Gabrielli - S. Sigismondo re di Borgogna - Oratorio per 5 voci con strumenti - Ensemble Les Nations, Maria Luisa Baldassari, direzione. Tactus, 2008\nRicercars for solo cello - recordings (i) Roel Dieltens (ii) Hidemi Suzuki 2005 (iii) Richard Tunnicliffe 2007 (iv) Bruno Cocset, 2012\nDomenico Gabrielli. Cantate. Emanuela Galli, soprano, with ensemble Sistite Sidera. Stradivarius STR 33878 (1 CD, June 2012).","title":"Works, editions and recordings"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Wade-Matthews, Max (2013). \"Cello\". Music: An Illustrated History. An Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments and the Art of Music-Making. Lorenz Books. p. 110.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/43061/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000118628689","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/122322464","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxxhq8BB4TYq8JPDxPG73","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/3030525","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX925161","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13894231m","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13894231m","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/100528554","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV161812","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007456429505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000207310","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14504459","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79109329","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2003174003&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35423796","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069879044","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810668419805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03384011?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/febe9df8-0058-459c-8327-a09c9a9e0aaa","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/domenico-gabrielli_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Italian People"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/947619","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/30005651","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6r21n0k","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/121458563","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Steel_Company
Geneva Steel
["1 Integrated Steel mill","2 Construction","3 Facilities","4 Operations","5 Economic importance and continuing viability","6 Liquidation deals","7 In popular culture","8 The site today","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External sources"]
Coordinates: 40°19′N 111°45′W / 40.317°N 111.750°W / 40.317; -111.750Steel mill in Utah, United States 40°19′N 111°45′W / 40.317°N 111.750°W / 40.317; -111.750 Geneva Steel mill under construction in November 1942. Photograph by Andreas Feininger. Geneva Steel was a steel mill located in Vineyard, Utah, United States, founded during World War II to enhance national steel output. It operated from December 1944 to November 2001. Its unique name came from a resort that once operated nearby on the shore of Utah Lake. Integrated Steel mill The plant was an integrated steel mill. Raw materials were shipped in by rail, processed into steel and steel products, and then reshipped by rail and truck to their final market. The plant, in addition to having all of the facilities for primary steel making, included on-site conversion of coal into coke, plus other facilities for post-processing of coal byproducts, including production of inorganic fertilizers. Blast furnaces converted raw iron ores into pig iron, and final conversion into steel was via open hearth furnaces. Rolling mill facilities for forming steel into plate, and some structural shapes were also located there. At its peak of operations Geneva Steel was the largest steel mill west of the Mississippi River and produced 60 percent of the steel used in the Western United States. Construction The Geneva Steel mill was constructed with federal funds from November 1941 to December 1944 by Columbia Steel Company (since 1930 a U.S. Steel subsidiary) and United States Steel Corporation (U.S. Steel). Vineyard, Utah, was chosen as the location for the new plant because iron ore, coal, limestone, and other resources necessary for primary steel making are located in nearby areas of Utah, and because Utah Valley is far inland, away from possible Japanese attack on the West Coast. Columbia had opened a 120,000 tons/year blast furnace in Ironton in 1924 during a time of expansion from its home town of Pittsburg, California, that expansion had also included the acquisition of the Llewellyn Iron Works Torrance plant, which made Columbia one of the largest if not outright the largest steel business on the U.S. Pacific Coast prior to World War II. Geneva Steel operated as a US government facility until June 1946, when it was sold for $47.5 million to U.S. Steel, a vast underbid compared to the mill's estimated $144 million value. But this was no different for many other war surplus facilities. Geneva Steel was built to increase the steel production for America during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had proposed opening a steel mill in Utah in 1936, but the idea was shelved after a couple of months. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States entered the war and the steel plant was put into development. Geneva shipped its first order in April 1944, comprising over 600 tons of steel plate. The thousands of new jobs created by the plant were hard to fill as many men were overseas fighting; women began working to make up the difference, filling 25 percent of the plant's workforce. To acknowledge Utah's and Geneva Steel's contribution during the war, several Liberty Ships were named in honor of Utah including the USS Joseph Smith, USS Brigham Young, USS Provo, and the USS Peter Skene Ogden. Facilities The initial first stage construction encompassed a plant on 1600 acres. The main constituent facilities were Tons / year Ore Storage Facilities Ore Bedding System Sintering Plant 681,000 Coke Plant 212 Ovens 971,000 Three Blast furnaces (1200t/day) 1,150,000 Ingot Mould Foundry 225-ton open hearth furnaces (9) 1,283,400 45-inch Blooming and Slabbing Mill 1,058,800 132-inch Semi-Continuous Plate Mill 700,000 32in-26in Structural Mill 250,000 Ground was broken in April 1942. On December 23, 1943 the first coke oven battery was charged. The first trial runs of the plate mill took place on March 23, 1944. By that date 2 blast furnaces, 3 open hearth furnaces and the slabbing mill were in regular operation. Operations After the purchase by U.S. Steel, the Geneva plant was started up again. By August 1946, 2 of 3 blast furnaces, 2 of 4 coke oven batteries, 3 of 9 open heath furnaces, the slabbing mill and the plate mill were in operation, but not the structural mill. Employment at the mill, the Horse Canyon coal mine and the limestone and dolomite quarry at Payson rose to slightly more than 2000. The Consolidated Steel Corporation of Los Angeles bought approximately 60,000 tons of 31 feet by 92 inches plates for a 214 mile section of the 30-inch Texas-California pipe line in 1946-1947 and 92 and 95-inch plates of the same length for the 980 miles of 30 and 31-inch pipes for the Trans-Arabian Pipeline in 1947-? and then 167,918 tons of plates for the Kirkuk–Baniyas pipeline in 1950 and 1951 from the Geneva Mill. Even though a U.S. Steel subsidiary after August 1948, Consolidated bought its plate for the Transcontinental Pipeline project from the Kaiser Fontana mill in 1949-1950 and also built a new blast furnace for the Fontana plant around the same time. In October 1948 Columbia Steel Co. opened a new 325,000 tons / year cold reduction and tin plate mill in Pittsburg, California. In May 1955 Consolidated Western's new pipe mill in Provo shipped its first deliveries. Economic importance and continuing viability During its operation Geneva Steel was important to Utah County's economy, providing thousands of jobs and attracting many ancillary businesses to the area. As time went on, however, the plant's fortunes declined due to multiple factors increasing labor costs and pension woes, foreign imports, Utah's relative isolation from the rest of the United States and the general decline of manufacturing industries in the United States. On at least one occasion, Geneva Steel paid its workers in uncommon $2 bills intending to flood the local community with evidence of the plant's importance to the economy. Early in 1987 the mill shut down temporarily, but reopened later after the mill was spun off from US Steel and purchased by local business interests. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, students from Brigham Young University (BYU) protested the pollution, particularly the particulate matters, emitted from the steel operation. They carried signs at the entrance of BYU football games that included slogans like, "Pollution makes God barf." The Cannon Brothers (Christopher and Joseph) bought the plant with the help of Utah Senator Orrin Hatch. They tried to keep it open for as long as possible. However, in March 1999 the company filed bankruptcy and reorganized with a $110 million loan via the Emergency Steel Loan Guarantee Act of 1999, but the reorganization attempt failed. Geneva Steel filed bankruptcy again and shut down permanently in November 2002. There is some controversy regarding their alleged pollution of Utah Lake. Contaminated groundwater under a former Utah steel mill may be moving toward Utah Lake according to a recent report conducted by a Salt Lake City engineering company. The Utah Department of Environmental Quality is investigating the CH2M Hill study of the Geneva Steel site to determine if contaminated groundwater is moving beyond the facility boundary. The facility site and environmental contaminants are being remediated under EPA's voluntary Brownfields cleanup program. U.S. Steel operated the site in the early 1940s, producing millions of tons of steel for the war effort. After the war, U.S. Steel ran the company until 1987 when it sold the plant to Geneva Steel Company. During its years of operation, the facility produced wastes contaminated with human carcinogens and hazardous substances including arsenic, lead, zinc, nickel, acids, PCBs and petroleum products. Arsenic, ammonia, and benzene recently showed up in a number of groundwater monitoring wells around the perimeter of the plant. The Utah Department of Environmental Quality is still unsure, however, if toxic chemicals are definitely moving toward Utah Lake. Liquidation deals Liquidation of Geneva Steel's substantial assets may have broad effects on Utah County's future development. Geneva Steel's 1,750 acres (7 km2) of land were sold in November 2005 for $46.8 million to Anderson Geneva, a sister company to Anderson Development, which plans to reuse the land for a wide range of purposes, including the FrontRunner commuter rail corridor. The land must undergo environmental cleanups before any development can occur, with most of the cost paid for by U.S. Steel. The mill equipment will not remain because it has been sold for $40 million to the Chinese firm Qingdao Iron & Steel Group. Most of Geneva Steel's water rights were sold to the Central Utah Water Conservancy District in May 2005 for $88.5 million, with some additional water rights sold for $14 million to the private firm Summit Vineyard, LLC, which has used them to support their Lake Side power plant. Its iron ore properties were sold for $10 million to Palladon Ventures Ltd, which hopes to build a new steel mill with modern technology closer to the iron ore mines. Geneva Steel's 7,000 tons of emission reduction credits are also for sale. In January 2006, local citizens announced they were forming a group to attempt to purchase and retire those credits in order to maintain local air quality. The exact price of the credits will be determined by the open market, but estimates of the value of the emissions reduction credits range from $350,000 to $35,000,000. In popular culture The movie Footloose was set in a fictional town in Oklahoma, but was filmed entirely in Utah County, Utah, part of the Provo metropolitan area. The Geneva steel mill was the setting for a dance montage by the lead character, Ren McCormack. The site today Early in 2007, the site made headlines in the Utah press, as owner Anderson Geneva made an offer to Real Salt Lake. The deal included moving their stadium to the Geneva site and they (Anderson Geneva) would offer up the land for free. The offer was subsequently turned down. Timpanogos Harley-Davidson is located across the street from the old Geneva Steel Pipe Mill facility on the site of an old truck stop serving the many trucks that visited the plant. The building is constructed from salvaged materials and beams from various mill buildings with the interior walls, doors, and partitions coming from other mill buildings and offices. In 2014 Utah Valley University purchased 125 acres of the Geneva Steel site in order to expand to a new “West” Campus. See also C. Arden Pope References ^ a b "About Timpanogos Harley-Davidson". Timpanogos Harley-Davidson. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013. Retrieved 14 Jan 2013. ^ a b c Cannon, Joseph A. (April 6, 2001). "Letter to Department of Commerce" (PDF). Geneva Steel. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2006. ^ Hutchings Museum ^ War Production Board (14 June 1945). Report of Steel Division on Steel Expansion for War. Industry and Government Financed Steel Supply Projects January 1, 1940 through June 30, 1944. p. II-5. ^ "West Coast..." The Iron Age. Vol. 153, no. 2. 30 March 1944. p. 72. ^ "Geneva Steel Increasing Operations". Steel. Vol. 119, no. 8. 19 August 1946. p. 87. ^ Walch, Tad (May 17, 2003). "Geneva workers give their $2 worth". Deseret News. Retrieved January 20, 2019. ^ "Emergency Steel Guarantee Loan Board". Federal Register. Retrieved January 20, 2019. ^ Johnson, Mark (January 1, 2015). "In Memoriam: Geneva Steel: Remembering an industry 70 years after its construction in Utah Valley". Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. Retrieved January 20, 2019. ^ a b Anderton, Dave (November 23, 2005). "Judge approves sale of Geneva Steel land". Deseret Morning News. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. ^ Anderton, Dave (5 Feb 2004). "Chinese firm gets OK to buy Geneva assets". Deseret Morning News. Retrieved 14 Jan 2013. ^ "Palladon Ventures Plans Steel Mill for Utah". AZO Materials. February 14, 2005. Retrieved 14 Jan 2013. ^ "Group may buy Geneva emission credits". Deseret News. 16 January 2006. ^ "Footloose (1984) Filming & Production". IMDb. Retrieved January 20, 2019. ^ Haddock, Sharon (October 13, 2011). "Original 'Footloose' lives on in Utah town". Deseret News. Retrieved January 20, 2019. Further reading (1994) "Geneva Steel Plant" article in the Utah History Encyclopedia. The article was written by Roger Roper and the Encyclopedia was published by the University of Utah Press. ISBN 9780874804256. Archived from the original on March 21, 2024 and retrieved on April 25, 2024. External sources Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geneva Steel. E. Dixon Larson collection on Geneva Steel, MSS 1865, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University Flyover of old steel mill facilities in second half of video.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"40°19′N 111°45′W / 40.317°N 111.750°W / 40.317; -111.750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geneva_Steel&params=40_19_N_111_45_W_type:landmark_region:US-UT"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geneva_Steel_Mill_1942_by_Andreas_Feininger.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andreas Feininger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Feininger"},{"link_name":"steel mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_mill"},{"link_name":"Vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Utah Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Lake"}],"text":"Steel mill in Utah, United States40°19′N 111°45′W / 40.317°N 111.750°W / 40.317; -111.750Geneva Steel mill under construction in November 1942. Photograph by Andreas Feininger.Geneva Steel was a steel mill located in Vineyard, Utah, United States, founded during World War II to enhance national steel output. It operated from December 1944 to November 2001. Its unique name came from a resort that once operated nearby on the shore of Utah Lake.","title":"Geneva Steel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"integrated steel mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_mill#Integrated_mill"},{"link_name":"rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport"},{"link_name":"coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)"},{"link_name":"inorganic fertilizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer#Nitrogen_fertilizer"},{"link_name":"Blast furnaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace"},{"link_name":"pig iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_iron"},{"link_name":"open hearth furnaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_hearth_furnace"},{"link_name":"Rolling mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_rolling"},{"link_name":"structural shapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-beam"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Western United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harley-1"}],"text":"The plant was an integrated steel mill. Raw materials were shipped in by rail, processed into steel and steel products, and then reshipped by rail and truck to their final market. The plant, in addition to having all of the facilities for primary steel making, included on-site conversion of coal into coke, plus other facilities for post-processing of coal byproducts, including production of inorganic fertilizers. Blast furnaces converted raw iron ores into pig iron, and final conversion into steel was via open hearth furnaces. Rolling mill facilities for forming steel into plate, and some structural shapes were also located there.At its peak of operations Geneva Steel was the largest steel mill west of the Mississippi River and produced 60 percent of the steel used in the Western United States.[1]","title":"Integrated Steel mill"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Steel_sign.JPG"},{"link_name":"Columbia Steel Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Steel_Company"},{"link_name":"United States Steel Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_steel"},{"link_name":"iron ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore"},{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Utah Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Valley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cannon2001-2"},{"link_name":"Ironton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ironton,_Utah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pittsburg, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg,_California"},{"link_name":"Llewellyn Iron Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llewellyn_Iron_Works"},{"link_name":"Torrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrance,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Geneva Steel mill was constructed with federal funds from November 1941 to December 1944 by Columbia Steel Company (since 1930 a U.S. Steel subsidiary) and United States Steel Corporation (U.S. Steel). Vineyard, Utah, was chosen as the location for the new plant because iron ore, coal, limestone, and other resources necessary for primary steel making are located in nearby areas of Utah, and because Utah Valley is far inland, away from possible Japanese attack on the West Coast.[2] Columbia had opened a 120,000 tons/year blast furnace in Ironton in 1924 during a time of expansion from its home town of Pittsburg, California, that expansion had also included the acquisition of the Llewellyn Iron Works Torrance plant, which made Columbia one of the largest if not outright the largest steel business on the U.S. Pacific Coast prior to World War II.Geneva Steel operated as a US government facility until June 1946, when it was sold for $47.5 million to U.S. Steel, a vast underbid compared to the mill's estimated $144 million value. But this was no different for many other war surplus facilities.Geneva Steel was built to increase the steel production for America during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had proposed opening a steel mill in Utah in 1936, but the idea was shelved after a couple of months. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States entered the war and the steel plant was put into development. Geneva shipped its first order in April 1944, comprising over 600 tons of steel plate. The thousands of new jobs created by the plant were hard to fill as many men were overseas fighting; women began working to make up the difference, filling 25 percent of the plant's workforce. To acknowledge Utah's and Geneva Steel's contribution during the war, several Liberty Ships were named in honor of Utah including the USS Joseph Smith, USS Brigham Young, USS Provo, and the USS Peter Skene Ogden.\n[3]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The initial first stage construction encompassed a plant on 1600 acres. The main constituent facilities were[4]Ground was broken in April 1942. On December 23, 1943 the first coke oven battery was charged. The first trial runs of the plate mill took place on March 23, 1944. By that date 2 blast furnaces, 3 open hearth furnaces and the slabbing mill were in regular operation.[5]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Steel Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Steel_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Trans-Arabian Pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Arabian_Pipeline"},{"link_name":"Kirkuk–Baniyas pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk%E2%80%93Baniyas_pipeline"},{"link_name":"Transcontinental Pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcontinental_Pipeline"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Fontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Steel"},{"link_name":"Pittsburg, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg,_California"}],"text":"After the purchase by U.S. Steel, the Geneva plant was started up again. By August 1946, 2 of 3 blast furnaces, 2 of 4 coke oven batteries, 3 of 9 open heath furnaces, the slabbing mill and the plate mill were in operation, but not the structural mill. Employment at the mill, the Horse Canyon coal mine and the limestone and dolomite quarry at Payson rose to slightly more than 2000.[6]The Consolidated Steel Corporation of Los Angeles bought approximately 60,000 tons of 31 feet by 92 inches plates for a 214 mile section of the 30-inch Texas-California pipe line in 1946-1947 and 92 and 95-inch plates of the same length for the 980 miles of 30 and 31-inch pipes for the Trans-Arabian Pipeline in 1947-? and then 167,918 tons of plates for the Kirkuk–Baniyas pipeline in 1950 and 1951 from the Geneva Mill. Even though a U.S. Steel subsidiary after August 1948, Consolidated bought its plate for the Transcontinental Pipeline project from the Kaiser Fontana mill in 1949-1950 and also built a new blast furnace for the Fontana plant around the same time.In October 1948 Columbia Steel Co. opened a new 325,000 tons / year cold reduction and tin plate mill in Pittsburg, California.In May 1955 Consolidated Western's new pipe mill in Provo shipped its first deliveries.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utah County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_County"},{"link_name":"$2 bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_two-dollar_bill#Usage"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cannon2001-2"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cannon"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_A._Cannon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cannon2001-2"},{"link_name":"Orrin Hatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrin_Hatch"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Utah Department of Environmental Quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Department_of_Environmental_Quality"},{"link_name":"EPA's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"Brownfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownfield_land"}],"text":"During its operation Geneva Steel was important to Utah County's economy, providing thousands of jobs and attracting many ancillary businesses to the area. As time went on, however, the plant's fortunes declined due to multiple factors increasing labor costs and pension woes, foreign imports, Utah's relative isolation from the rest of the United States and the general decline of manufacturing industries in the United States.On at least one occasion, Geneva Steel paid its workers in uncommon $2 bills intending to flood the local community with evidence of the plant's importance to the economy.[7]Early in 1987 the mill shut down temporarily, but reopened later after the mill was spun off from US Steel and purchased by local business interests.[2] In the late 1980s and early 1990s, students from Brigham Young University (BYU) protested the pollution, particularly the particulate matters, emitted from the steel operation. They carried signs at the entrance of BYU football games that included slogans like, \"Pollution makes God barf.\"[citation needed]The Cannon Brothers (Christopher and Joseph) bought the plant[2] with the help of Utah Senator Orrin Hatch. They tried to keep it open for as long as possible. However, in March 1999 the company filed bankruptcy and reorganized with a $110 million loan via the Emergency Steel Loan Guarantee Act of 1999,[8] but the reorganization attempt failed. Geneva Steel filed bankruptcy again and shut down permanently in November 2002.[9]There is some controversy regarding their alleged pollution of Utah Lake. Contaminated groundwater under a former Utah steel mill may be moving toward Utah Lake according to a recent report conducted by a Salt Lake City engineering company. The Utah Department of Environmental Quality is investigating the CH2M Hill study of the Geneva Steel site to determine if contaminated groundwater is moving beyond the facility boundary. The facility site and environmental contaminants are being remediated under EPA's voluntary Brownfields cleanup program.U.S. Steel operated the site in the early 1940s, producing millions of tons of steel for the war effort. After the war, U.S. Steel ran the company until 1987 when it sold the plant to Geneva Steel Company. During its years of operation, the facility produced wastes contaminated with human carcinogens and hazardous substances including arsenic, lead, zinc, nickel, acids, PCBs and petroleum products. Arsenic, ammonia, and benzene recently showed up in a number of groundwater monitoring wells around the perimeter of the plant. The Utah Department of Environmental Quality is still unsure, however, if toxic chemicals are definitely moving toward Utah Lake.","title":"Economic importance and continuing viability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anderson Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anderson_Geneva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anderson Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anderson_Development&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FrontRunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FrontRunner"},{"link_name":"commuter rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_North_America"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderton2005-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderton2005-10"},{"link_name":"Qingdao Iron & Steel Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qingdao_Iron_%26_Steel_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Central Utah Water Conservancy District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Utah_Water_Conservancy_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Side_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"power plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plant"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"emission reduction credits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Liquidation of Geneva Steel's substantial assets may have broad effects on Utah County's future development.Geneva Steel's 1,750 acres (7 km2) of land were sold in November 2005 for $46.8 million to Anderson Geneva, a sister company to Anderson Development, which plans to reuse the land for a wide range of purposes, including the FrontRunner commuter rail corridor.[10] The land must undergo environmental cleanups before any development can occur, with most of the cost paid for by U.S. Steel.[10] The mill equipment will not remain because it has been sold for $40 million to the Chinese firm Qingdao Iron & Steel Group.[11]Most of Geneva Steel's water rights were sold to the Central Utah Water Conservancy District in May 2005 for $88.5 million, with some additional water rights sold for $14 million to the private firm Summit Vineyard, LLC, which has used them to support their Lake Side power plant. Its iron ore properties were sold for $10 million to Palladon Ventures Ltd, which hopes to build a new steel mill with modern technology closer to the iron ore mines.[12]Geneva Steel's 7,000 tons of emission reduction credits are also for sale. In January 2006, local citizens announced they were forming a group to attempt to purchase and retire those credits in order to maintain local air quality. The exact price of the credits will be determined by the open market, but estimates of the value of the emissions reduction credits range from $350,000 to $35,000,000.[13]","title":"Liquidation deals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Footloose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footloose_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filming-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The movie Footloose was set in a fictional town in Oklahoma, but was filmed entirely in Utah County, Utah, part of the Provo metropolitan area. The Geneva steel mill was the setting for a dance montage by the lead character, Ren McCormack.[14][15]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real Salt Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Salt_Lake"},{"link_name":"Harley-Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley-Davidson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harley-1"},{"link_name":"Utah Valley University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Valley_University"}],"text":"Early in 2007, the site made headlines in the Utah press, as owner Anderson Geneva made an offer to Real Salt Lake. The deal included moving their stadium to the Geneva site and they (Anderson Geneva) would offer up the land for free. The offer was subsequently turned down.Timpanogos Harley-Davidson is located across the street from the old Geneva Steel Pipe Mill facility on the site of an old truck stop serving the many trucks that visited the plant. The building is constructed from salvaged materials and beams from various mill buildings with the interior walls, doors, and partitions coming from other mill buildings and offices.[1]In 2014 Utah Valley University purchased 125 acres of the Geneva Steel site in order to expand to a new “West” Campus.","title":"The site today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Geneva Steel Plant\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20240321165206/https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/g/GENEVA_STEEL.shtml"},{"link_name":"Utah History Encyclopedia.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/g/GENEVA_STEEL.shtml"}],"text":"(1994) \"Geneva Steel Plant\" article in the Utah History Encyclopedia. The article was written by Roger Roper and the Encyclopedia was published by the University of Utah Press. ISBN 9780874804256. Archived from the original on March 21, 2024 and retrieved on April 25, 2024.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geneva Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geneva_Steel"},{"link_name":"E. Dixon Larson collection on Geneva Steel, MSS 1865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.lib.byu.edu/repositories/14/resources/1820"},{"link_name":"L. Tom Perry Special Collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Tom_Perry_Special_Collections"},{"link_name":"Harold B. Lee Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_B._Lee_Library"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"Flyover of old steel mill facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.youtube.com/watch?v=uqPWqhGx6yc"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geneva Steel.E. Dixon Larson collection on Geneva Steel, MSS 1865, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University\nFlyover of old steel mill facilities in second half of video.","title":"External sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Geneva Steel mill under construction in November 1942. Photograph by Andreas Feininger.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Geneva_Steel_Mill_1942_by_Andreas_Feininger.jpg/250px-Geneva_Steel_Mill_1942_by_Andreas_Feininger.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/USS_Steel_sign.JPG/220px-USS_Steel_sign.JPG"}]
[{"title":"C. Arden Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Arden_Pope"}]
[{"reference":"\"About Timpanogos Harley-Davidson\". Timpanogos Harley-Davidson. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013. Retrieved 14 Jan 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130105052820/http://www.timpharley.com/default.asp?page=info","url_text":"\"About Timpanogos Harley-Davidson\""},{"url":"http://www.timpharley.com/default.asp?page=info","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cannon, Joseph A. (April 6, 2001). \"Letter to Department of Commerce\" (PDF). Geneva Steel. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060411075520/http://efoia.bis.doc.gov/sec232/iron/feah009.pdf","url_text":"\"Letter to Department of Commerce\""},{"url":"http://efoia.bis.doc.gov/sec232/iron/feah009.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"War Production Board (14 June 1945). Report of Steel Division on Steel Expansion for War. Industry and Government Financed Steel Supply Projects January 1, 1940 through June 30, 1944. p. II-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N3qv_U2dEeYC&pg=PA5","url_text":"Report of Steel Division on Steel Expansion for War. Industry and Government Financed Steel Supply Projects January 1, 1940 through June 30, 1944"}]},{"reference":"\"West Coast...\" The Iron Age. Vol. 153, no. 2. 30 March 1944. p. 72.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_chiltons-iron-age_1944-03-30_153_2/page/72/mode/1up?q=%22Geneva%22","url_text":"\"West Coast...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geneva Steel Increasing Operations\". Steel. Vol. 119, no. 8. 19 August 1946. p. 87.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_industry-week_1946-08-19_119_8/page/87/mode/1up?q=%22Geneva%20Steel%22","url_text":"\"Geneva Steel Increasing Operations\""}]},{"reference":"Walch, Tad (May 17, 2003). \"Geneva workers give their $2 worth\". Deseret News. Retrieved January 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deseretnews.com/article/984002/Geneva-workers-give-their-2-worth.html","url_text":"\"Geneva workers give their $2 worth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emergency Steel Guarantee Loan Board\". Federal Register. Retrieved January 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/emergency-steel-guarantee-loan-board","url_text":"\"Emergency Steel Guarantee Loan Board\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Mark (January 1, 2015). \"In Memoriam: Geneva Steel: Remembering an industry 70 years after its construction in Utah Valley\". Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. Retrieved January 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldextra.com/news/community/geneva-steel-remembering-an-industry-years-after-its-construction-in/article_dec52dfb-0e4c-5d6d-9de9-c978bcf71e46.html","url_text":"\"In Memoriam: Geneva Steel: Remembering an industry 70 years after its construction in Utah Valley\""}]},{"reference":"Anderton, Dave (November 23, 2005). \"Judge approves sale of Geneva Steel land\". Deseret Morning News. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311024402/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20051123/ai_n15852065","url_text":"\"Judge approves sale of Geneva Steel land\""},{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20051123/ai_n15852065","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anderton, Dave (5 Feb 2004). \"Chinese firm gets OK to buy Geneva assets\". Deseret Morning News. Retrieved 14 Jan 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,590040995,00.html","url_text":"\"Chinese firm gets OK to buy Geneva assets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret Morning News"}]},{"reference":"\"Palladon Ventures Plans Steel Mill for Utah\". AZO Materials. February 14, 2005. Retrieved 14 Jan 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azom.com/news.asp?newsID=2528","url_text":"\"Palladon Ventures Plans Steel Mill for Utah\""}]},{"reference":"\"Group may buy Geneva emission credits\". Deseret News. 16 January 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deseret.com/2006/1/16/19933020/group-may-buy-geneva-emission-credits","url_text":"\"Group may buy Geneva emission credits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Footloose (1984) Filming & Production\". IMDb. Retrieved January 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0087277/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt","url_text":"\"Footloose (1984) Filming & Production\""}]},{"reference":"Haddock, Sharon (October 13, 2011). \"Original 'Footloose' lives on in Utah town\". Deseret News. Retrieved January 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deseretnews.com/article/705392453/Original-Footloose-lives-on-in-Utah-town.html","url_text":"\"Original 'Footloose' lives on in Utah town\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geneva_Steel&params=40_19_N_111_45_W_type:landmark_region:US-UT","external_links_name":"40°19′N 111°45′W / 40.317°N 111.750°W / 40.317; -111.750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geneva_Steel&params=40_19_N_111_45_W_type:landmark_region:US-UT","external_links_name":"40°19′N 111°45′W / 40.317°N 111.750°W / 40.317; -111.750"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130105052820/http://www.timpharley.com/default.asp?page=info","external_links_name":"\"About Timpanogos Harley-Davidson\""},{"Link":"http://www.timpharley.com/default.asp?page=info","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060411075520/http://efoia.bis.doc.gov/sec232/iron/feah009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Letter to Department of Commerce\""},{"Link":"http://efoia.bis.doc.gov/sec232/iron/feah009.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N3qv_U2dEeYC&pg=PA5","external_links_name":"Report of Steel Division on Steel Expansion for War. Industry and Government Financed Steel Supply Projects January 1, 1940 through June 30, 1944"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sim_chiltons-iron-age_1944-03-30_153_2/page/72/mode/1up?q=%22Geneva%22","external_links_name":"\"West Coast...\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sim_industry-week_1946-08-19_119_8/page/87/mode/1up?q=%22Geneva%20Steel%22","external_links_name":"\"Geneva Steel Increasing Operations\""},{"Link":"https://www.deseretnews.com/article/984002/Geneva-workers-give-their-2-worth.html","external_links_name":"\"Geneva workers give their $2 worth\""},{"Link":"https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/emergency-steel-guarantee-loan-board","external_links_name":"\"Emergency Steel Guarantee Loan Board\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldextra.com/news/community/geneva-steel-remembering-an-industry-years-after-its-construction-in/article_dec52dfb-0e4c-5d6d-9de9-c978bcf71e46.html","external_links_name":"\"In Memoriam: Geneva Steel: Remembering an industry 70 years after its construction in Utah Valley\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311024402/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20051123/ai_n15852065","external_links_name":"\"Judge approves sale of Geneva Steel land\""},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20051123/ai_n15852065","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,590040995,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Chinese firm gets OK to buy Geneva assets\""},{"Link":"http://www.azom.com/news.asp?newsID=2528","external_links_name":"\"Palladon Ventures Plans Steel Mill for Utah\""},{"Link":"https://www.deseret.com/2006/1/16/19933020/group-may-buy-geneva-emission-credits","external_links_name":"\"Group may buy Geneva emission credits\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0087277/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt","external_links_name":"\"Footloose (1984) Filming & Production\""},{"Link":"https://www.deseretnews.com/article/705392453/Original-Footloose-lives-on-in-Utah-town.html","external_links_name":"\"Original 'Footloose' lives on in Utah town\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240321165206/https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/g/GENEVA_STEEL.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Geneva Steel Plant\""},{"Link":"https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/","external_links_name":"Utah History Encyclopedia."},{"Link":"https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/g/GENEVA_STEEL.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://archives.lib.byu.edu/repositories/14/resources/1820","external_links_name":"E. Dixon Larson collection on Geneva Steel, MSS 1865"},{"Link":"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=uqPWqhGx6yc","external_links_name":"Flyover of old steel mill facilities"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Yapi
Cyril Yapi
["1 References","2 External links"]
French footballer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Cyril Yapi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person relies on a single source. You can help by adding reliable sources to this article. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cyril YapiPersonal informationDate of birth (1980-02-18) 18 February 1980 (age 44)Place of birth Lorient, FranceHeight 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) MidfielderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1998–2000 Rennes 19 (0)2000–2001 Laval 27 (4)2001–2003 Rennes 16 (0)2003–2004 Como 19 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Cyril Yapi (born 18 February 1980) is a French footballer who played on the professional level for French Ligue 1 club Rennes during the period of 1998-2003 and Italian Serie B club Como during the 2003-2004 season. References ^ profil www.footballdatabase.eu sports reference retrieved 7 January 2012 External links Cyril Yapi – French league stats at Ligue 1 – also available in French This biographical article related to association football in France, about a midfielder, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Rennais_F.C."},{"link_name":"Como","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Como"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Cyril Yapi (born 18 February 1980) is a French footballer who played on the professional level for French Ligue 1 club Rennes during the period of 1998-2003 and Italian Serie B club Como during the 2003-2004 season.[1]","title":"Cyril Yapi"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cyril+Yapi%22","external_links_name":"\"Cyril Yapi\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cyril+Yapi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cyril+Yapi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cyril+Yapi%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cyril+Yapi%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cyril+Yapi%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.cyril.yapi.502.en.html","external_links_name":"profil"},{"Link":"https://www.ligue1.com/player?id=cyril-yapi","external_links_name":"Cyril Yapi"},{"Link":"https://www.ligue1.fr/joueur?id=cyril-yapi","external_links_name":"in French"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Yapi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Tocopilla_earthquake
2007 Tocopilla earthquake
["1 Tectonic summary","2 Damage and casualties","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 22°19′30″S 69°58′08″W / 22.325°S 69.969°W / -22.325; -69.9692007 Tocopilla earthquakeShow map of ChileShow map of South AmericaUTC time2007-11-14 15:40:50ISC event13266131USGS-ANSSComCatLocal dateNovember 14, 2007 (2007-11-14)Local time12:40Duration3:35Magnitude7.7 Mw Depth40 km (25 mi) Epicenter22°19′30″S 69°58′08″W / 22.325°S 69.969°W / -22.325; -69.969TypeThrustAreas affectedChileMax. intensityMMI VIII (Severe)Tsunami25.5 cm (10.0 in) Casualties2 killed 65 injured The 2007 Tocopilla earthquake occurred on November 14 at 12:40:50 local time. Its epicenter was located between Quillagua and Tocopilla, affecting the Tarapacá and the Antofagasta regions in northern Chile. The earthquake had a moment magnitude of 7.7 and lasted about 3 minutes and 35 seconds. Seventeen aftershocks of magnitude greater than 5.3, including one of magnitude 7.1 and two others of magnitude 6.3 or higher, were recorded. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning, stating a tsunami had been generated; after one hour, this warning was cancelled. The earthquake was felt from Santiago, 1,245 km south from the epicenter, to La Paz, about 700 km north-northeast. Tectonic summary The USGS reported that the earthquake resulted from the release of stresses generated by the subduction of the oceanic Nazca plate beneath the South American Plate. In this region, known as the Peru-Chile subduction zone, the Nazca Plate thrusts beneath South America at a rate of approximately 79 mm/year in an east-north-east direction. This earthquake indicates subduction-related thrusting, likely on the interface between these two plates. This earthquake occurred near (and within) the southern end of the rupture area of the great magnitude 9.1 earthquake of 1877, which produced a destructive tsunami and whose source region has since the late 1970s been recognized as a potentially dangerous seismic gap. In 1995, a magnitude 8.0 earthquake occurred in the same subduction zone approximately 200 km further south of the November 14th event. Damage and casualties At least two deaths have been attributed to this earthquake: an 88-year-old woman crushed under a collapsing wall at Tocopilla, and a 54-year-old woman whose exact cause of death remains unknown. There were also reports of widespread power outages in the region, including the cities of Antofagasta, Calama and Arica. The earthquake disrupted copper mining in the region; because Chile is the world's top supplier of copper, the earthquake caused prices of the metal to jump by more than six percent. Tin prices also rose four percent to reach a record high. There were reports of several dozen road workers trapped inside a collapsed highway tunnel. Two hundred homes were destroyed by the shaking and up to 15,000 people were displaced. In Tocopilla alone, 1,000 homes were demolished, representing 30 percent of all standing structures. See also List of earthquakes in 2007 List of earthquakes in Chile References ^ a b ISC (19 January 2015), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), Version 2.0, International Seismological Centre ^ a b USGS. "M7.7 - Antofagasta, Chile". United States Geological Survey. ^ a b USGS (September 4, 2009), PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog, Version 2008_06.1, United States Geological Survey ^ Terra.cl, 14/11/07, "Fuerte sismo sacudió esta tarde al Norte del País". Archived from the original on 2008-01-20. ^ Magnitude 7.1, Antofagasta earthquake Archived 2007-11-16 at the Wayback Machine of 15 November 2007 ^ NOAA Pacific Tsunami Warning Center ^ Cancellation bulletin issued by the PTWC ^ a b Strong earthquake shakes northern Chile, kills at least two Archived 2007-11-16 at the Wayback Machine AFP news report ^ Magnitude 7.7 - ANTOFAGASTA, CHILE ^ Metals prices up after Chile quake Archived 2007-11-18 at the Wayback Machine The Australian Business ^ Workers trapped in tunnel collapse after quakes Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine, Radio New Zealand News ^ Chile rattled by big aftershocks, BBC News External links Wikinews has related news: Magnitude 7.7 earthquake strikes Antofagasta, Chile Oficina Nacional de Emergencia The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event. vte← Earthquakes in 2007 →January Kuril Islands (8.1, Jan 13) March 1st Sumatra† (6.4, Mar 6) Noto (6.9, Mar 25) April Solomon Islands† (8.1, Apr 2) Aysén Fjord (6.7, Apr 21) Kent (4.3, Apr 28) July Chūetsu offshore (6.6, Jul 16) August Peru†‡ (8.0, Aug 15) September 2nd Sumatra (8.5, Sep 12) October Nazko (<4.0, Oct 9, 2007 – Jun 12, 2008) Alum Rock (5.6, Oct 30) November Tocopilla (7.7, Nov 14) Martinique (7.4, Nov 29) December Gisborne (6.8, Dec 20) † indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths ‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year vteEarthquakes in ChileHistorical 1420 Caldera 1570 Concepción 1575 Valdivia 1604 Arica 1615 Arica 1647 Santiago 1657 Concepción 1730 Valparaíso 1737 Valdivia 1751 Concepción 1819 Copiapó 1822 Valparaíso 1835 Concepción 1837 Valdivia 1868 Arica 1877 Iquique 20th century 1906 Valparaíso 1922 Vallenar 1928 Talca 1939 Chillán 1943 Ovalle 1949 Tierra del Fuego 1950 Calama 1953 Concepción 1960 Concepción 1960 Valdivia 1965 Valparaíso 1971 Aconcagua 1985 Algarrobo 1985 Rapel Lake 1995 Antofagasta 1997 Punitaqui 21st century 2005 Tarapacá 2007 Aysén Fjord 2007 Tocopilla 2010 Chile 2010 Pichilemu 2012 Constitución 2013 Vallenar 2014 Iquique 2015 Illapel 2016 Chiloé 2017 Valparaíso 2019 Coquimbo  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epicenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicenter"},{"link_name":"Quillagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quillagua"},{"link_name":"Tocopilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocopilla"},{"link_name":"Tarapacá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarapac%C3%A1_Region"},{"link_name":"Antofagasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antofagasta_Region"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"moment magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"aftershocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftershock"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pacific Tsunami Warning Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Tsunami_Warning_Center"},{"link_name":"tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago,_Chile"},{"link_name":"epicenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicenter"},{"link_name":"La Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP-8"}],"text":"The 2007 Tocopilla earthquake occurred on November 14 at 12:40:50 local time. Its epicenter was located between Quillagua and Tocopilla, affecting the Tarapacá and the Antofagasta regions in northern Chile. The earthquake had a moment magnitude of 7.7 and lasted about 3 minutes and 35 seconds.[4] Seventeen aftershocks of magnitude greater than 5.3, including one of magnitude 7.1 and two others of magnitude 6.3 or higher, were recorded.[5] The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning, stating a tsunami had been generated; after one hour, this warning was cancelled.[6][7] The earthquake was felt from Santiago, 1,245 km south from the epicenter, to La Paz, about 700 km north-northeast.[8]","title":"2007 Tocopilla earthquake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"Nazca plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_plate"},{"link_name":"South American Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Plate"},{"link_name":"subduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction"},{"link_name":"thrusting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_fault"},{"link_name":"great magnitude 9.1 earthquake of 1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_Iquique_earthquake"},{"link_name":"seismic gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_gap"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The USGS reported that the earthquake resulted from the release of stresses generated by the subduction of the oceanic Nazca plate beneath the South American Plate. In this region, known as the Peru-Chile subduction zone, the Nazca Plate thrusts beneath South America at a rate of approximately 79 mm/year in an east-north-east direction. This earthquake indicates subduction-related thrusting, likely on the interface between these two plates.This earthquake occurred near (and within) the southern end of the rupture area of the great magnitude 9.1 earthquake of 1877, which produced a destructive tsunami and whose source region has since the late 1970s been recognized as a potentially dangerous seismic gap. In 1995, a magnitude 8.0 earthquake occurred in the same subduction zone approximately 200 km further south of the November 14th event.[9]","title":"Tectonic summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tocopilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocopilla"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP-8"},{"link_name":"Antofagasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antofagasta"},{"link_name":"Calama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calama,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Arica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arica,_Chile"},{"link_name":"copper mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_mining"},{"link_name":"Tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-12"}],"text":"At least two deaths have been attributed to this earthquake: an 88-year-old woman crushed under a collapsing wall at Tocopilla,[8] and a 54-year-old woman whose exact cause of death remains unknown. There were also reports of widespread power outages in the region, including the cities of Antofagasta, Calama and Arica. The earthquake disrupted copper mining in the region; because Chile is the world's top supplier of copper, the earthquake caused prices of the metal to jump by more than six percent. Tin prices also rose four percent to reach a record high.[10] There were reports of several dozen road workers trapped inside a collapsed highway tunnel.[11] Two hundred homes were destroyed by the shaking and up to 15,000 people were displaced. In Tocopilla alone, 1,000 homes were demolished, representing 30 percent of all standing structures.[12]","title":"Damage and casualties"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of earthquakes in 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_2007"},{"title":"List of earthquakes in Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Chile"}]
[{"reference":"ISC (19 January 2015), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), Version 2.0, International Seismological Centre","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php","url_text":"ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"USGS. \"M7.7 - Antofagasta, Chile\". United States Geological Survey.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000fshy#general_summary","url_text":"\"M7.7 - Antofagasta, Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"USGS (September 4, 2009), PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog, Version 2008_06.1, United States Geological Survey","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/","url_text":"PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Fuerte sismo sacudió esta tarde al Norte del País\". Archived from the original on 2008-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080120071042/http://www.terra.cl/noticias/index.cfm?id_cat=302&id_reg=878501","url_text":"\"Fuerte sismo sacudió esta tarde al Norte del País\""},{"url":"http://www.terra.cl/noticias/index.cfm?id_reg=878501&id_cat=302","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2007_Tocopilla_earthquake&params=22.325_S_69.969_W_region:CL_type:event","external_links_name":"22°19′30″S 69°58′08″W / 22.325°S 69.969°W / -22.325; -69.969"},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/FormatBibprint.pl?evid=13266131","external_links_name":"13266131"},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000fshy","external_links_name":"ComCat"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2007_Tocopilla_earthquake&params=22.325_S_69.969_W_region:CL_type:event","external_links_name":"22°19′30″S 69°58′08″W / 22.325°S 69.969°W / -22.325; -69.969"},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php","external_links_name":"ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)"},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000fshy#general_summary","external_links_name":"\"M7.7 - Antofagasta, Chile\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/","external_links_name":"PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080120071042/http://www.terra.cl/noticias/index.cfm?id_cat=302&id_reg=878501","external_links_name":"\"Fuerte sismo sacudió esta tarde al Norte del País\""},{"Link":"http://www.terra.cl/noticias/index.cfm?id_reg=878501&id_cat=302","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2007jtaz.php","external_links_name":"Magnitude 7.1, Antofagasta earthquake"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071116233152/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2007jtaz.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc/","external_links_name":"NOAA Pacific Tsunami Warning Center"},{"Link":"http://www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc/messages/pacific/2007/pacific.2007.11.14.165356.txt","external_links_name":"Cancellation bulletin"},{"Link":"http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5j0lyUZAnd-WZqnex4RvEPH2GsCjA","external_links_name":"Strong earthquake shakes northern Chile, kills at least two"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071116135724/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5j0lyUZAnd-WZqnex4RvEPH2GsCjA","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2007/us2007jsat/#summary","external_links_name":"Magnitude 7.7 - ANTOFAGASTA, CHILE"},{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22762597-20142,00.html","external_links_name":"Metals prices up after Chile quake"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071118072941/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22762597-20142,00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/latest/200711151101/workers_trapped_in_tunnel_collapse_after_quakes","external_links_name":"Workers trapped in tunnel collapse after quakes"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120207165849/http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/latest/200711151101/workers_trapped_in_tunnel_collapse_after_quakes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7096648.stm","external_links_name":"Chile rattled by big aftershocks"},{"Link":"http://www.onemi.cl/","external_links_name":"Oficina Nacional de Emergencia"},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"International Seismological Centre"},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/FormatBibprint.pl?evid=13266131","external_links_name":"bibliography"},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?event_id=13266131&out_format=IMS1.0&request=COMPREHENSIVE","external_links_name":"authoritative data"},{"Link":"https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits","external_links_name":"public domain material"}]