url
stringlengths 31
184
| title
stringlengths 1
146
⌀ | table_of_contents
stringlengths 2
24.4k
| raw_text
stringlengths 16
424k
⌀ | cataloged_text
stringlengths 2
1.2M
| images
stringlengths 2
86.9k
| see_also
stringlengths 2
149k
⌀ | references
stringlengths 2
542k
| external_links
stringlengths 2
292k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildersleeve_Prize
|
Gildersleeve Prize
|
["1 References"]
|
The Gildersleeve Prize is an annual award of $1,000 to the author of "the best article of the year" published in the American Journal of Philology. It is awarded by The Johns Hopkins University Press and is named after the classical scholar Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve who founded the journal. As of 2018, the prize was renamed the AJP Best Article Prize.
Previous winners are:
Year
Author
Article
1997
Carol Poster
1998
Ruth Scodel
Bardic Performance and Oral Tradition in Homer
1999
Lisa Kallet
2000
William A. Johnson
Toward a Sociology of Reading in Classical Antiquity
2001
Stephen M. Beall
2002
Zachary P. Biles
Intertextual Biography in the Rivalry of Cratinus and Aristophanes
2003
Gwendolyn Compton-Engle
2004
Kathryn Gutzwiller
Seeing Thought: Timomachus' Medea and Ecphrastic Epigram
2005
Charles C. Chiasson
Myth, Ritual, and Authorial Control in Herodotus' Story of Cleobis and Biton (Hist. 1.31)
2006
David Sider
The New Simonides and the Question of Historical Elegy
2007
Timothy O'Sullivan
2008
Judith Fletcher
A Trickster's Oath in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes
2009
Randy Pogorzelski
The Reassurance of Fratricide in the Aeneid
2010
Michael Squire
Making Myron's Cow Moo? Ecphrastic Epigram and the Poetics of Simulation
2011
2012
Rachel Ahern Knudsen
Poetic Speakers, Sophistic Words
2013
James E. G. Zetzel
A Contract on Ameria: Law and Legality in Cicero's Pro Roscio Amerino
2014
William Josiah Edwards Davis
Terence Interrupted: Literary Biography and the Reception of the Terentian Canon
2015
Matt Cohn
Timokles Satyrographos and the Abusive Satyr Play
2016
2017
Max Leventhal
Eratosthenes’ Letter to Ptolemy: The Literary Mechanics of Empire
2018
Christopher B. Krebs
The World’s Measure: Caesar’s Geographies of Gallia and Britannia in Their Contexts and as Evidence of His World Map
2019
Ella Haselswerdt
Sound and the Sublime in Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus: The Limits of Representation
2020
James Uden
The Margins of Satire: Suetonius, Satura, and Scholarly Outsiders in Ancient Rome
2021
Erika Valdivieso
Dissecting a Forgery
2022
Rosa Andújar
Philological Reception and the Repeating Odyssey in the Caribbean: Francisco Chofre’s La Odilea
References
^ a b c d e f "The Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve Prize 2008 Award". American Journal of Philology. pp. iv–iv. doi:10.1353/ajp.0.0032.
^ "New Beginnings". American Journal of Philology. 140 (3): iii–iii. 2019. doi:10.1353/ajp.2019.0035. ISSN 1086-3168.
^ Hansen, Marie R. "The Gildersleeve Prize For The Best Article Published In The American Journal of Philology In 1998 Has Been Presented To Ruth Scodel, University of Michigan". American Journal of Philology. doi:10.1353/ajp.1999.0035.
^ "Gildersleeve Prize (2000). American Journal of Philology (best article of the year). | Scholars@Duke". scholars.duke.edu.
^ "The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2002". American Journal of Philology. 29 September 2003. pp. viii–viii. doi:10.1353/ajp.2003.0041.
^ Breichner, William M. (5 October 2005). "The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2004". American Journal of Philology. pp. iii–iii. doi:10.1353/ajp.2005.0037.
^ "The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2005". American Journal of Philology. pp. iii–iii. doi:10.1353/ajp.2006.0034.
^ Breichner, William M. (2008). "The Gildersleeve Prize for the Best Article Published in the American Journal of Philology in 2007 Has Been Presented to Timothy M. O'Sullivan". American Journal of Philology. pp. iii–iii.
^ Breichner, William M. (19 September 2009). "The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2008". American Journal of Philology. pp. iii–iii. doi:10.1353/ajp.0.0072.
^ "Comparative Literature, Winter 2011" (PDF). University of Santa Barbara. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
^ "The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2010". American Journal of Philology. 29 September 2011. pp. iii–iii. doi:10.1353/ajp.2011.0025.
^ Breichner, William M. (18 September 2013). "The Gildersleeve Prize for the Best Article Published in the American Journal of Philology in 2012 has been Presented to Rachel Ahern Knudsen, University of Oklahoma". American Journal of Philology. pp. iii–iii. doi:10.1353/ajp.2013.0029.
^ Breichner, William M. (18 September 2014). "The Gildersleeve Prize for the Best Article Published in the American Journal of Philology in 2013 Has Been Presented to James E. G. Zetzel Columbia University". American Journal of Philology. pp. i–i. doi:10.1353/ajp.2014.0034.
^ Breichner, William M. (21 September 2015). "The Gildersleeve Prize for the Best Article Published in the American Journal of Philology in 2014 Has Been Presented to: William Josiah Edwards Davis, University of Toronto Faculty of Law". American Journal of Philology. pp. 1–1. doi:10.1353/ajp.2015.0015.
^ Breichner, William M. (25 August 2016). "Announcement: The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2015". American Journal of Philology. pp. viii–viii. doi:10.1353/ajp.2016.0031.
^ Breichner, William M. (2 October 2018). "Announcement: The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2017". American Journal of Philology. pp. iii–iii. doi:10.1353/ajp.2018.0045.
^ Breichner, William M. (17 October 2019). "Announcement: The The AJP Best Article Prize for 2018". American Journal of Philology. pp. v–v. doi:10.1353/ajp.2019.0036.
^ Breichner, William M. (2 September 2020). "Announcement: The The AJP Best Article Prize for 2019". American Journal of Philology. pp. v–v. doi:10.1353/ajp.2020.0027.
^ Breichner, William M. (30 September 2021). "Announcement: The The AJP Best Article Prize for 2020". American Journal of Philology. pp. v–v. doi:10.1353/ajp.2021.0011.
^ Breichner, William M. (18 January 2023). "Announcement: The The AJP Best Article Prize for 2021". American Journal of Philology. pp. v–v. doi:10.1353/ajp.2022.0022.
^ Gowing, Alain (15 March 2024). "The AJP Best Article Prize for 2022 Has Been Presented by the American Journal of Philology to Rosa Andújar King's College London". American Journal of Philology. pp. v–vi. doi:10.1353/ajp.2023.a922565.
This article about a journal on Classical studies is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Previous winners are:","title":"Gildersleeve Prize"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"The Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve Prize 2008 Award\". American Journal of Philology. pp. iv–iv. doi:10.1353/ajp.0.0032.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/256552","url_text":"\"The Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve Prize 2008 Award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.0.0032","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.0.0032"}]},{"reference":"\"New Beginnings\". American Journal of Philology. 140 (3): iii–iii. 2019. doi:10.1353/ajp.2019.0035. ISSN 1086-3168.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/737291","url_text":"\"New Beginnings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2019.0035","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.2019.0035"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3168","url_text":"1086-3168"}]},{"reference":"Hansen, Marie R. \"The Gildersleeve Prize For The Best Article Published In The American Journal of Philology In 1998 Has Been Presented To Ruth Scodel, University of Michigan\". American Journal of Philology. doi:10.1353/ajp.1999.0035.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/1214","url_text":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize For The Best Article Published In The American Journal of Philology In 1998 Has Been Presented To Ruth Scodel, University of Michigan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.1999.0035","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.1999.0035"}]},{"reference":"\"Gildersleeve Prize (2000). American Journal of Philology (best article of the year). | Scholars@Duke\". scholars.duke.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholars.duke.edu/display/awdrec14825","url_text":"\"Gildersleeve Prize (2000). American Journal of Philology (best article of the year). | Scholars@Duke\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2002\". American Journal of Philology. 29 September 2003. pp. viii–viii. doi:10.1353/ajp.2003.0041.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/47124","url_text":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2003.0041","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.2003.0041"}]},{"reference":"Breichner, William M. (5 October 2005). \"The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2004\". American Journal of Philology. pp. iii–iii. doi:10.1353/ajp.2005.0037.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/187900","url_text":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2004\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2005.0037","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.2005.0037"}]},{"reference":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2005\". American Journal of Philology. pp. iii–iii. doi:10.1353/ajp.2006.0034.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/203284","url_text":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2006.0034","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.2006.0034"}]},{"reference":"Breichner, William M. (2008). \"The Gildersleeve Prize for the Best Article Published in the American Journal of Philology in 2007 Has Been Presented to Timothy M. O'Sullivan\". American Journal of Philology. pp. iii–iii.","urls":[{"url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/BRETGP-3","url_text":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize for the Best Article Published in the American Journal of Philology in 2007 Has Been Presented to Timothy M. O'Sullivan\""}]},{"reference":"Breichner, William M. (19 September 2009). \"The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2008\". American Journal of Philology. pp. iii–iii. doi:10.1353/ajp.0.0072.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/317362","url_text":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2008\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.0.0072","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.0.0072"}]},{"reference":"\"Comparative Literature, Winter 2011\" (PDF). University of Santa Barbara. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.complit.ucsb.edu/sites/comparative-literature/files/CompLitNewsletter_W2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Comparative Literature, Winter 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2010\". American Journal of Philology. 29 September 2011. pp. iii–iii. doi:10.1353/ajp.2011.0025.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/451834","url_text":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2011.0025","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.2011.0025"}]},{"reference":"Breichner, William M. (18 September 2013). \"The Gildersleeve Prize for the Best Article Published in the American Journal of Philology in 2012 has been Presented to Rachel Ahern Knudsen, University of Oklahoma\". American Journal of Philology. pp. iii–iii. doi:10.1353/ajp.2013.0029.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/521625","url_text":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize for the Best Article Published in the American Journal of Philology in 2012 has been Presented to Rachel Ahern Knudsen, University of Oklahoma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2013.0029","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.2013.0029"}]},{"reference":"Breichner, William M. (18 September 2014). \"The Gildersleeve Prize for the Best Article Published in the American Journal of Philology in 2013 Has Been Presented to James E. G. Zetzel Columbia University\". American Journal of Philology. pp. i–i. doi:10.1353/ajp.2014.0034.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/554628","url_text":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize for the Best Article Published in the American Journal of Philology in 2013 Has Been Presented to James E. G. Zetzel Columbia University\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2014.0034","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.2014.0034"}]},{"reference":"Breichner, William M. (21 September 2015). \"The Gildersleeve Prize for the Best Article Published in the American Journal of Philology in 2014 Has Been Presented to: William Josiah Edwards Davis, University of Toronto Faculty of Law\". American Journal of Philology. pp. 1–1. doi:10.1353/ajp.2015.0015.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/593384","url_text":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize for the Best Article Published in the American Journal of Philology in 2014 Has Been Presented to: William Josiah Edwards Davis, University of Toronto Faculty of Law\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2015.0015","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.2015.0015"}]},{"reference":"Breichner, William M. (25 August 2016). \"Announcement: The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2015\". American Journal of Philology. pp. viii–viii. doi:10.1353/ajp.2016.0031.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/629629","url_text":"\"Announcement: The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2016.0031","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.2016.0031"}]},{"reference":"Breichner, William M. (2 October 2018). \"Announcement: The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2017\". American Journal of Philology. pp. iii–iii. doi:10.1353/ajp.2018.0045.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/737293","url_text":"\"Announcement: The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2018.0045","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.2018.0045"}]},{"reference":"Breichner, William M. (17 October 2019). \"Announcement: The The AJP Best Article Prize for 2018\". American Journal of Philology. pp. v–v. doi:10.1353/ajp.2019.0036.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/737292","url_text":"\"Announcement: The The AJP Best Article Prize for 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2019.0036","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.2019.0036"}]},{"reference":"Breichner, William M. (2 September 2020). \"Announcement: The The AJP Best Article Prize for 2019\". American Journal of Philology. pp. v–v. doi:10.1353/ajp.2020.0027.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/764399","url_text":"\"Announcement: The The AJP Best Article Prize for 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2020.0027","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.2020.0027"}]},{"reference":"Breichner, William M. (30 September 2021). \"Announcement: The The AJP Best Article Prize for 2020\". American Journal of Philology. pp. v–v. doi:10.1353/ajp.2021.0011.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/807565","url_text":"\"Announcement: The The AJP Best Article Prize for 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2021.0011","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.2021.0011"}]},{"reference":"Breichner, William M. (18 January 2023). \"Announcement: The The AJP Best Article Prize for 2021\". American Journal of Philology. pp. v–v. doi:10.1353/ajp.2022.0022.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/878962","url_text":"\"Announcement: The The AJP Best Article Prize for 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2022.0022","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.2022.0022"}]},{"reference":"Gowing, Alain (15 March 2024). \"The AJP Best Article Prize for 2022 Has Been Presented by the American Journal of Philology to Rosa Andújar King's College London\". American Journal of Philology. pp. v–vi. doi:10.1353/ajp.2023.a922565.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/922565","url_text":"\"The AJP Best Article Prize for 2022 Has Been Presented by the American Journal of Philology to Rosa Andújar King's College London\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2023.a922565","url_text":"10.1353/ajp.2023.a922565"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/256552","external_links_name":"\"The Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve Prize 2008 Award\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.0.0032","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.0.0032"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/737291","external_links_name":"\"New Beginnings\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2019.0035","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.2019.0035"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3168","external_links_name":"1086-3168"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/1214","external_links_name":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize For The Best Article Published In The American Journal of Philology In 1998 Has Been Presented To Ruth Scodel, University of Michigan\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.1999.0035","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.1999.0035"},{"Link":"https://scholars.duke.edu/display/awdrec14825","external_links_name":"\"Gildersleeve Prize (2000). American Journal of Philology (best article of the year). | Scholars@Duke\""},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/47124","external_links_name":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2002\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2003.0041","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.2003.0041"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/187900","external_links_name":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2004\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2005.0037","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.2005.0037"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/203284","external_links_name":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2005\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2006.0034","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.2006.0034"},{"Link":"https://philpapers.org/rec/BRETGP-3","external_links_name":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize for the Best Article Published in the American Journal of Philology in 2007 Has Been Presented to Timothy M. O'Sullivan\""},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/317362","external_links_name":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2008\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.0.0072","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.0.0072"},{"Link":"http://www.complit.ucsb.edu/sites/comparative-literature/files/CompLitNewsletter_W2011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Comparative Literature, Winter 2011\""},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/451834","external_links_name":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2010\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2011.0025","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.2011.0025"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/521625","external_links_name":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize for the Best Article Published in the American Journal of Philology in 2012 has been Presented to Rachel Ahern Knudsen, University of Oklahoma\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2013.0029","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.2013.0029"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/554628","external_links_name":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize for the Best Article Published in the American Journal of Philology in 2013 Has Been Presented to James E. G. Zetzel Columbia University\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2014.0034","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.2014.0034"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/593384","external_links_name":"\"The Gildersleeve Prize for the Best Article Published in the American Journal of Philology in 2014 Has Been Presented to: William Josiah Edwards Davis, University of Toronto Faculty of Law\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2015.0015","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.2015.0015"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/629629","external_links_name":"\"Announcement: The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2015\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2016.0031","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.2016.0031"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/737293","external_links_name":"\"Announcement: The Gildersleeve Prize Winner for 2017\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2018.0045","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.2018.0045"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/737292","external_links_name":"\"Announcement: The The AJP Best Article Prize for 2018\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2019.0036","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.2019.0036"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/764399","external_links_name":"\"Announcement: The The AJP Best Article Prize for 2019\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2020.0027","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.2020.0027"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/807565","external_links_name":"\"Announcement: The The AJP Best Article Prize for 2020\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2021.0011","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.2021.0011"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/878962","external_links_name":"\"Announcement: The The AJP Best Article Prize for 2021\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2022.0022","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.2022.0022"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/922565","external_links_name":"\"The AJP Best Article Prize for 2022 Has Been Presented by the American Journal of Philology to Rosa Andújar King's College London\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2023.a922565","external_links_name":"10.1353/ajp.2023.a922565"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gildersleeve_Prize&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creature_Labs
|
Guerrilla Cambridge
|
["1 History","2 Games developed","2.1 As SCE Studio Cambridge","2.2 As Guerrilla Cambridge","3 References","4 External links"]
|
British video game developer, 1997–2017
Guerrilla CambridgeFormerlySCE Studio Cambridge (1997–2012)Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryVideo gamesFounded15 July 1997; 26 years ago (1997-07-15)Defunct12 January 2017 (2017-01-12)FateDissolvedHeadquartersCambridge, EnglandParentSony Computer Entertainment (1997–2005)SIE Worldwide Studios (2005–2017)
Guerrilla Cambridge (formerly SCE Studio Cambridge) was a British video game developer based in Cambridge, England. The studio was founded under Sony Computer Entertainment in July 1997 through the buyout of the game development division of CyberLife Technology. In 2010, SCE Studio Cambridge was restructured as a sister studio to Guerrilla Games under the name Guerrilla Cambridge and shut down in 2017. The studio is best known for developing the MediEvil series.
History
On 15 July 1997, Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE) announced that it, through its London-based division, was to acquire the game development division of CyberLife Technology for an undisclosed sum. Founded in 1996, CyberLife had previously developed games under the name "Millennium Interactive", including Creatures, but changed its name early on when developing artificial intelligence technology and "artificial life" simulations became its primary focus. The bought-out team was integrated into a new internal studio for Sony, known as SCE Studio Cambridge. CyberLife would later change its name to Creature Labs in November 1999 before shutting down 2003, with some assets and staff acquired by Gameware Development.
In January 2012, SCE announced a restructuring of its United Kingdom-based studios; within this move, SCE Studio Cambridge became a sister studio to Guerrilla Games to bring Guerrilla's Killzone series to PlayStation Vita. Within the same year, SCE Studio Cambridge assumed the name "Guerrilla Cambridge". An undisclosed number of staffers were let go from Guerrilla Cambridge and other United Kingdom-based studios owned by SCE in March 2014. Guerrilla Cambridge was closed down on 12 January 2017 as a result of a regular review process within SCE's Worldwide Studios division.
Games developed
As SCE Studio Cambridge
Year
Title
Platform(s)
1997
Beast Wars: Transformers
PlayStation
Frogger
1998
MediEvil
2000
MediEvil 2
2001
C-12: Final Resistance
2003
Primal
PlayStation 2
Ghosthunter
2005
MediEvil: Resurrection
PlayStation Portable
2006
24: The Game
PlayStation 2
2009
LittleBigPlanet
PlayStation Portable
2010
TV Superstars
PlayStation 3
As Guerrilla Cambridge
Year
Title
Platform(s)
2013
Killzone: Mercenary
PlayStation Vita
2016
RIGS: Mechanized Combat League
PlayStation 4
References
^ a b Mullen, Michael (16 July 1997). "Sony Buys Cyberlife". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 24 February 2001.
^ "Studio Cambridge Profile". Sony Computer Entertainment Europe. Archived from the original on 25 October 2005.
^ a b c "Cyberlife Technology Ltd". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 25 October 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
^ "Millennium Interactive". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
^ Bramwell, Tom (16 March 2001). "Sony to unleash one last PS One blockbuster". Eurogamer.
^ Pearson, Dan (10 January 2012). "Sony closing BigBig Studios, restructuring Cambridge". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
^ Zuylen, Victor (24 December 2012). "Happy holidays from Guerrilla!". PlayStation Blog. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
^ Philipps, Tom (25 March 2014). "Sony layoffs hit three UK studios". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 18 May 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
^ Purchese, Robert (18 January 2017). "Sony closes Rigs studio Guerrilla Cambridge". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
External links
Official website (archived)
Guerrilla Cambridge at MobyGames
vteGuerrilla GamesGuerrilla GamesKillzone
Killzone
Liberation
2
3
Shadow Fall
Horizon
Zero Dawn
Forbidden West
Call of the Mountain
Other games
Shellshock: Nam '67
Technology
Decima
Guerrilla CambridgeMediEvil series
MediEvil
2
Resurrection
Other games
Deadline
Beast Wars: Transformers
Frogger
C-12: Final Resistance
Primal
Ghosthunter
24: The Game
LittleBigPlanet
TV Superstars
Killzone: Mercenary
RIGS: Mechanized Combat League
vtePlayStation StudiosGames
Ape Escape
Arc the Lad
Astro Bot
Blood & Truth
Bloodborne
Boku no Natsuyasumi
Calling All Cars!
Colony Wars
Concrete Genie
Dark Cloud
Days Gone
Demon's Souls
Déraciné
Doko Demo Issyo
Drawn to Death
Dreams
Driveclub
Entwined
Everybody's Golf
EyePet
EyeToy
Fat Princess
Firewall: Zero Hour
Freedom Wars
G-Police
Ghost of Tsushima
God of War
Gran Turismo
Gravity Rush
Horizon
I.Q.: Intelligent Qube
Ico
Infamous
Jak and Daxter
Killzone
Kinetica
Knack
LittleBigPlanet
LocoRoco
Marvel's Spider-Man
MediEvil
MLB: The Show
MotorStorm
PaRappa the Rapper
Patapon
Puppeteer
Ratchet & Clank
Resistance
RIGS: Mechanized Combat League
Shadow of the Colossus
SingStar
Siren
Sly Cooper
SOCOM
Soul Sacrifice
Syphon Filter
Tearaway
The Getaway
The Last Guardian
The Last Guy
The Last of Us
The Legend of Dragoon
Tokyo Jungle
Twisted Metal
Uncharted
Vib-Ribbon
Warhawk
White Knight Chronicles
Wild Arms
Wipeout
SubsidiariesCurrent
Bend Studio
Bluepoint Games
Firesprite
Guerrilla Games
Housemarque
Insomniac Games
Media Molecule
Naughty Dog
Nixxes Software
Polyphony Digital
San Diego Studio
Santa Monica Studio
Sucker Punch Productions
Team Asobi
Former
989 Studios
Bigbig Studios
Contrail
Daybreak Game Company
Evolution Studios
Guerrilla Cambridge
Incognito Entertainment
Japan Studio
Project Siren
Team Ico
London Studio
Pixelopus
Psygnosis
Team Soho
Zipper Interactive
PeopleCurrent
Brian Allgeier
Cory Barlog
Neil Druckmann
Nate Fox
Alanah Pearce
Jade Raymond
Siobhan Reddy
Evan Wells
Kazunori Yamauchi
Shuhei Yoshida
Former
Stig Asmussen
Andy Gavin
Mark Healey
Amy Hennig
Ian Hetherington
David Jaffe
Kenji Kaido
Shawn Layden
Jason Rubin
Josh Scherr
Bruce Straley
Keiichiro Toyama
Fumito Ueda
Related
Sony Interactive Entertainment
list of games
Bungie
PlayStation Productions
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video game developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_developer"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Sony Computer Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Guerrilla Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_Games"},{"link_name":"MediEvil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediEvil_(series)"}],"text":"Guerrilla Cambridge (formerly SCE Studio Cambridge) was a British video game developer based in Cambridge, England. The studio was founded under Sony Computer Entertainment in July 1997 through the buyout of the game development division of CyberLife Technology. In 2010, SCE Studio Cambridge was restructured as a sister studio to Guerrilla Games under the name Guerrilla Cambridge and shut down in 2017. The studio is best known for developing the MediEvil series.","title":"Guerrilla Cambridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony Computer Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VGS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Creatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatures_(artificial_life_program)"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"artificial life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_life"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VGS-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpy-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpy-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpy-3"},{"link_name":"Guerrilla Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_Games"},{"link_name":"Killzone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killzone"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Vita"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Worldwide Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCE_Worldwide_Studios"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On 15 July 1997, Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE) announced that it, through its London-based division, was to acquire the game development division of CyberLife Technology for an undisclosed sum.[1][2] Founded in 1996, CyberLife had previously developed games under the name \"Millennium Interactive\", including Creatures, but changed its name early on when developing artificial intelligence technology and \"artificial life\" simulations became its primary focus.[1][3][4] The bought-out team was integrated into a new internal studio for Sony, known as SCE Studio Cambridge.[3][5] CyberLife would later change its name to Creature Labs in November 1999 before shutting down 2003, with some assets and staff acquired by Gameware Development.[3]In January 2012, SCE announced a restructuring of its United Kingdom-based studios; within this move, SCE Studio Cambridge became a sister studio to Guerrilla Games to bring Guerrilla's Killzone series to PlayStation Vita.[6] Within the same year, SCE Studio Cambridge assumed the name \"Guerrilla Cambridge\".[7] An undisclosed number of staffers were let go from Guerrilla Cambridge and other United Kingdom-based studios owned by SCE in March 2014.[8] Guerrilla Cambridge was closed down on 12 January 2017 as a result of a regular review process within SCE's Worldwide Studios division.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games developed"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As SCE Studio Cambridge","title":"Games developed"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As Guerrilla Cambridge","title":"Games developed"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Mullen, Michael (16 July 1997). \"Sony Buys Cyberlife\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 24 February 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010224020455/http://headline.gamespot.com/news/97_07/16_sony/index.html","url_text":"\"Sony Buys Cyberlife\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"http://headline.gamespot.com/news/97_07/16_sony/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Studio Cambridge Profile\". Sony Computer Entertainment Europe. Archived from the original on 25 October 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051025080719/http://www.development.scee.net/profile_cambs.html","url_text":"\"Studio Cambridge Profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment_Europe","url_text":"Sony Computer Entertainment Europe"},{"url":"http://www.development.scee.net/profile_cambs.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cyberlife Technology Ltd\". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 25 October 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespy.com/company/026/026755.html","url_text":"\"Cyberlife Technology Ltd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091025145720/http://www.gamespy.com/company/026/026755.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Millennium Interactive\". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespy.com/company/853/853687.html","url_text":"\"Millennium Interactive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190209052759/http://www.gamespy.com/company/853/853687.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bramwell, Tom (16 March 2001). \"Sony to unleash one last PS One blockbuster\". Eurogamer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/article_30345","url_text":"\"Sony to unleash one last PS One blockbuster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"}]},{"reference":"Pearson, Dan (10 January 2012). \"Sony closing BigBig Studios, restructuring Cambridge\". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2012-01-10-sony-closing-bigbig-studios-restructuring-cambridge","url_text":"\"Sony closing BigBig Studios, restructuring Cambridge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesIndustry.biz","url_text":"GamesIndustry.biz"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190906111947/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2012-01-10-sony-closing-bigbig-studios-restructuring-cambridge","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zuylen, Victor (24 December 2012). \"Happy holidays from Guerrilla!\". PlayStation Blog. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2012/12/24/happy-holidays-from-guerrilla-3/","url_text":"\"Happy holidays from Guerrilla!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Blog","url_text":"PlayStation Blog"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180809184504/https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2012/12/24/happy-holidays-from-guerrilla-3/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Philipps, Tom (25 March 2014). \"Sony layoffs hit three UK studios\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 18 May 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-03-25-sony-layoffs-hit-three-uk-studios","url_text":"\"Sony layoffs hit three UK studios\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180518114211/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-03-25-sony-layoffs-hit-three-uk-studios","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Purchese, Robert (18 January 2017). \"Sony closes Rigs studio Guerrilla Cambridge\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-01-12-sony-closes-rigs-studio-guerrilla-cambridge","url_text":"\"Sony closes Rigs studio Guerrilla Cambridge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180927021311/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-01-12-sony-closes-rigs-studio-guerrilla-cambridge","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010224020455/http://headline.gamespot.com/news/97_07/16_sony/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Sony Buys Cyberlife\""},{"Link":"http://headline.gamespot.com/news/97_07/16_sony/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051025080719/http://www.development.scee.net/profile_cambs.html","external_links_name":"\"Studio Cambridge Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.development.scee.net/profile_cambs.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gamespy.com/company/026/026755.html","external_links_name":"\"Cyberlife Technology Ltd\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091025145720/http://www.gamespy.com/company/026/026755.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gamespy.com/company/853/853687.html","external_links_name":"\"Millennium Interactive\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190209052759/http://www.gamespy.com/company/853/853687.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/article_30345","external_links_name":"\"Sony to unleash one last PS One blockbuster\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2012-01-10-sony-closing-bigbig-studios-restructuring-cambridge","external_links_name":"\"Sony closing BigBig Studios, restructuring Cambridge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190906111947/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2012-01-10-sony-closing-bigbig-studios-restructuring-cambridge","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2012/12/24/happy-holidays-from-guerrilla-3/","external_links_name":"\"Happy holidays from Guerrilla!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180809184504/https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2012/12/24/happy-holidays-from-guerrilla-3/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-03-25-sony-layoffs-hit-three-uk-studios","external_links_name":"\"Sony layoffs hit three UK studios\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180518114211/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-03-25-sony-layoffs-hit-three-uk-studios","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-01-12-sony-closes-rigs-studio-guerrilla-cambridge","external_links_name":"\"Sony closes Rigs studio Guerrilla Cambridge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180927021311/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-01-12-sony-closes-rigs-studio-guerrilla-cambridge","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100405123259/http://www.worldwidestudios.net/cambridge","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.mobygames.com/company/guerrilla-cambridge","external_links_name":"Guerrilla Cambridge"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_W
|
List of medical abbreviations: W
|
[]
|
vteMedical abbreviations
← previous page of list (V)
next page of list (X) →
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Latin abbreviations
Prescription abbreviations
Acronyms in healthcare
Abbreviations for medical organisations and personnel
Abbreviations for diseases and disorders
Abbreviation
Meaning
WAIS(-R)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Revised)
WAP
wandering atrial pacemaker (see multifocal atrial tachycardia)
WAS
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
WASP
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein
WAT
white adipose tissue
WBAT
weight bearing as tolerated
WBC
white blood cell white blood cell count
WBI
whole bowel irrigation
WBRT
whole-brain radiotherapy treatment
WC
white cells or wheelchair
W/C
wheelchair
WD
well developed
WDL
within defined limits (as per hospital defined policy)
WH
well hydrated (not dehydrated or hyperhydrated)
WDWN
well developed and well nourished
WEE
Western equine encephalitis virus
WG
Wegener's granulomatosis (now known as granulomatosis with polyangiitis)
WISC-R
Wechsler intelligence scale for children revised
WLE
Wide local excision
WLS
Weight Loss Surgery
WM
white matter
WMA
wall motion abnormality (heart condition)
WN
well nourished
WNL
within normal limits (also: we never looked)
W/O w/o
without
WOB
Work Of Breathing (as in "normal WOB")
WOI
without incident
WPW
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome
WS
Waardenburg syndrome Warkany syndrome water-soluble Werner syndrome West syndrome Williams syndrome Wolfram syndrome
WSMW
women who have sex with men and women
WSW
women who have sex with women
wt
weight (whether human weight or otherwise)
w/u
Workup
vteMedical abbreviations
← previous page of list (V)
next page of list (X) →
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Latin abbreviations
Prescription abbreviations
Acronyms in healthcare
Abbreviations for medical organisations and personnel
Abbreviations for diseases and disorders
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Medical_abbreviations"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Medical_abbreviations"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medical_abbreviations"},{"link_name":"Medical abbreviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations"},{"link_name":"← previous page of list (V)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_V"},{"link_name":"next page of list (X) →","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_X"},{"link_name":"0–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_0%E2%80%939"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_Z"},{"link_name":"Latin abbreviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_Latin_abbreviations"},{"link_name":"Prescription abbreviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_used_in_medical_prescriptions"},{"link_name":"Acronyms in healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronyms_in_healthcare"},{"link_name":"Abbreviations for medical organisations and personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_for_medical_organisations_and_personnel"},{"link_name":"Abbreviations for diseases and disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_for_diseases_and_disorders"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Medical_abbreviations"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Medical_abbreviations"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medical_abbreviations"},{"link_name":"Medical abbreviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations"},{"link_name":"← previous page of list (V)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_V"},{"link_name":"next page of list (X) →","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_X"},{"link_name":"0–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_0%E2%80%939"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_Z"},{"link_name":"Latin abbreviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_Latin_abbreviations"},{"link_name":"Prescription abbreviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_used_in_medical_prescriptions"},{"link_name":"Acronyms in healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronyms_in_healthcare"},{"link_name":"Abbreviations for medical organisations and personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_for_medical_organisations_and_personnel"},{"link_name":"Abbreviations for diseases and disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_for_diseases_and_disorders"}],"text":"vteMedical abbreviations\n← previous page of list (V)\nnext page of list (X) →\n\n0–9\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ\n\n\nLatin abbreviations\nPrescription abbreviations\nAcronyms in healthcare\nAbbreviations for medical organisations and personnel\nAbbreviations for diseases and disordersvteMedical abbreviations\n← previous page of list (V)\nnext page of list (X) →\n\n0–9\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ\n\n\nLatin abbreviations\nPrescription abbreviations\nAcronyms in healthcare\nAbbreviations for medical organisations and personnel\nAbbreviations for diseases and disorders","title":"List of medical abbreviations: W"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://acronymsandslang.com/definition/1153601/WSMW-meaning.html","external_links_name":"women who have sex with men and women"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_seal_impressions
|
Den seal impressions
|
["1 References"]
|
First confirmed king list of ancient Egypt
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Den seal impressions" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
the reconstructed text of the seal
In 1985, the German Archaeological Institute discovered seal impressions of a cylinder seal in the tomb of First Dynasty king Den. They were published by Günter Dreyer the following year. The impressions are the earliest confirmed king list for ancient Egypt.
The names are listed in following order:
Narmer
Hor-Aha
Djer
Djet
Den
Merneith (Den's mother and regent)
The list bolsters the argument that Narmer was the founder of the First Dynasty as opposed to being the last of the pre-unification kings of Thinis. Also of importance is the absence of Menes as scholarly consensus believe Menes was a later variation of Narmer's name.
References
^ a b Cervello-Autuori, Josep (2003). "Narmer, Menes and the Seals from Abydos". In Hawass, Zahi (ed.). Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, 2000. Vol. 2. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 168–75. ISBN 9789774247149.
^ Günter Dreyer: Ein Siegel der frühzeitlichen Königsnekropole von Abydos, in: MDAIK 43 (1986). 33-43
vteFirst Dynasty of Ancient EgyptPharaohs
Menes/Narmer
Hor-Aha
Djer
Djet
Den
Anedjib
Semerkhet
Qa'a
Regents
Neithhotep
Merneith
Queen consorts
Benerib
Herneith
Penebui
Nakhtneith
Khenthap
Semat
Serethor
Seshemetka
Betrest
Officials
Amka
Hemaka
Sabef
Meriiti
Other people
Ahaneith
Artefacts andmonuments
Narmer macehead
Narmer palette
Den seal impressions
Abydos boats
MacGregor plaque
Mastabas S3503 and S3504
Capital
Thinis
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merneith1.png"},{"link_name":"German Archaeological Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute"},{"link_name":"cylinder seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_seal"},{"link_name":"First Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Den","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)"},{"link_name":"Günter Dreyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Dreyer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-josep-1"},{"link_name":"ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Narmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer"},{"link_name":"Hor-Aha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor-Aha"},{"link_name":"Djer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djer"},{"link_name":"Djet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djet"},{"link_name":"Den","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)"},{"link_name":"Merneith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneith"},{"link_name":"Thinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinis"},{"link_name":"Menes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-josep-1"}],"text":"the reconstructed text of the sealIn 1985, the German Archaeological Institute discovered seal impressions of a cylinder seal in the tomb of First Dynasty king Den. They were published by Günter Dreyer the following year.[1] The impressions are the earliest confirmed king list for ancient Egypt.[2]The names are listed in following order:Narmer\nHor-Aha\nDjer\nDjet\nDen\nMerneith (Den's mother and regent)The list bolsters the argument that Narmer was the founder of the First Dynasty as opposed to being the last of the pre-unification kings of Thinis. Also of importance is the absence of Menes as scholarly consensus believe Menes was a later variation of Narmer's name.[1]","title":"Den seal impressions"}]
|
[{"image_text":"the reconstructed text of the seal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Merneith1.png/220px-Merneith1.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Cervello-Autuori, Josep (2003). \"Narmer, Menes and the Seals from Abydos\". In Hawass, Zahi (ed.). Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, 2000. Vol. 2. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 168–75. ISBN 9789774247149.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahi_Hawass","url_text":"Hawass, Zahi"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pJ48YP14qZQC","url_text":"Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, 2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774247149","url_text":"9789774247149"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Den+seal+impressions%22","external_links_name":"\"Den seal impressions\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Den+seal+impressions%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Den+seal+impressions%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Den+seal+impressions%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Den+seal+impressions%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Den+seal+impressions%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pJ48YP14qZQC","external_links_name":"Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, 2000"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_CEV_Cup_2008%E2%80%9309
|
2008–09 Women's CEV Cup
|
["1 Teams of the 2008–2009","2 Play-off","2.1 1/16 Finals","2.2 1/8 Finals","2.3 1/4 Finals","3 Final four","3.1 Semi-finals","3.2 3rd Place","3.3 Final","3.4 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Sports season2008–09 Women's CEV CupLeagueWomen's CEV CupSportVolleyballWomen's CEV Cup seasons← 2007–082009–10 →
The 2008–09 Women's CEV Cup was the 37th edition of the European Women's CEV Cup volleyball club tournament, the former Top Teams Cup.
Teams of the 2008–2009
The number of participants on the basis of ranking list for European Cup Competitions
Rank
Country
The number of teams
Teams
1
Italy
1
Asystel Novara
2
Russia
2
Spartak Omsk
Uralochka NTMK Ekaterinburg
3
Spain
1
CV Albacete
4
France
2
Rocheville Le Cannet
USSP Albi
5
Poland
1
Aluprof Bielsko-Biała
6
Netherlands
2
Longa'59 Lichtenvoorde
Sliedrecht Sport
7
Switzerland
2
Zeiler Koniz
Kanti Schaffhausen
8
Turkey
2
Dyo Karsiyaka Izmir
Fenerbahçe Acıbadem Istanbul
9
Croatia
2
OTP Banka Pula
Pivovara Osijek
10
Portugal
2
Clube Desportivo Ribeirense
CS Madeira
11
Romania
2
Stiinta Bacau
Dinamo București
12
Belgium
2
Asterix Kieldrecht
Datovoc Tongeren
13
Ukraine
2
Jinestra Odesa
Krug Cherkasy
14
Slovakia
2
Doprastav Bratislava
Slavia UK Bratislava
15
Serbia
2
Dinamo Azotara Pančevo
Crvena Zvezda Belgrade
16
Azerbaijan
1
Azerrail Baku
17
Greece
1
Panathinaikos Athens
18
Austria
1
Sparkasse Klagenfurt
20
Belarus
1
Atlant Baranovichi
26
Germany
1
Rote Raben Vilsbiburg
Play-off
1/16 Finals
1st leg 4–6 November 2008
2nd leg 11–13 November 2008
The 16 winning teams from the 1/16 Finals will compete in the 1/8 Finals playing Home & Away
matches. The losers of the 1/16 Final matches will qualify for the 3rd round of the Challenge Cup.
Team #1
Results
Team #2
CV Albacete
0 – 3 (23:25, 23:25, 21:25)0 – 3 (20:25, 13:25, 14:25)
Spartak Omsk
Zeiler Koniz
3 – 1 (25:17, 15:25, 25:17, 25:14)3 – 2 (19:25, 22:25, 25:17, 25:18, 15:11)
Dinamo București
CS Madeira
2 – 3 (31:29, 25:21, 15:25, 12:25, 9:15) 2 – 3 (25:21, 25:22, 12:25, 14:25, 10:15)
Atlant Baranovichi
Datovoc Tongeren
0 – 3 (18:25, 18:25, 10:25)0 – 3 (20:25, 15:25, 14:25)
Fenerbahçe Acıbadem Istanbul
Asystel Novara
3 – 0 (25:17, 25:11, 25:21) 3 – 0 (25:20, 25:17, 25:12)
Sparkasse Klagenfurt
Stiinta Bacau
3 – 0 (25:20, 25:23, 25:23)3 – 0 (25:19, 25:21, 27:25)
Slavia UK Bratislava
Crvena Zvezda Belgrade
3 – 0 (25:22, 25:21, 25:20) 3 – 0 (25:20, 25:18, 25:19)
Doprastav Bratislava
Dyo Karsiyaka Izmir
1 – 3 (17:25, 25:18, 19:25, 15:25) 0 – 3 (12:25, 15:25, 18:25)
Sliedrecht Sport
Aluprof Bielsko-Biała
3 – 1 (25:21, 24:26, 25:19, 25:15) 3 – 0 (25:17, 25:13, 25:14)
Panathinaikos Athens
Dinamo Azotara Pančevo
3 – 0 (25:22, 25:19, 25:16)0 – 3 (21:25, 24:26, 20:25)Golden Set: 15:13
Krug Cherkasy
Azerrail Baku
2 – 3 (22:25, 25:23, 25:15, 16:25, 15:17)2 – 3 (25:22, 25:19, 17:25, 25:27, 13:15)
Longa'59 Lichtenvoorde
Rocheville Le Cannet
3 – 1 (25:20, 23:25, 25:21, 25:20)0 – 3 (16:25, 18:25, 19:25)
Uralochka-NTMK Yekaterinburg
Kanti Schaffhausen
3 – 0 (25:17, 25:17, 25:14)3 – 0 (25:14, 25:19, 25:13)
OTP Banka Pula
Clube Desportivo Ribeirense
3 – 0 (25:9, 25:17, 25:15)2 – 3 (28:26, 25:22, 29:31, 19:25, 13:15))
Pivovara Osijek
Asterix Kieldrecht
0 – 3 (20:25, 9:25, 24:26)1 – 3 (17:25, 7:25, 25:21, 16:25)
Rote Raben Vilsbiburg
Jinestra Odesa
3 – 1 (25:15, 23:25, 25:13, 25:20)3 – 0 (25:22, 26:24, 25:15)
USSP Albi
1/8 Finals
1st leg 9–11 December 2008
2nd leg 16–18 December 2008
Team #1
Results
Team #2
Spartak Omsk
3 – 0 (25:19, 25:19, 25:18) 3 – 0 (25:18, 25:22, 25:20)
Zeiler Koniz
Atlant Baranovichi
1 – 3 (21:25, 18:25, 25:23, 17:25) 1 – 3 (16:25, 25:21, 13:25, 19:25)
Fenerbahçe Acıbadem
Asystel Novara
3 – 0 (25:20, 25:17, 25:22) 3 – 0 (25:18, 25:11, 26:24)
Stiinta Bacau
Crvena Zvezda Belgrade
3 – 0 (25:19, 25:16, 25:17) 1 – 3 (21:25, 25:15, 18:25, 20:25)
Sliedrecht Sport
Aluprof Bielsko-Biała
3 – 0 (25:17, 27:25, 25:13) 3 – 0 (25:17, 25:20, 25:14)
Dinamo Azotara Pančevo
Longa'59 Lichtenvoorde
0 – 3 (20:25, 17:25, 11:25) 0 – 3 (15:25, 15:25, 20:25)
Uralochka-NTMK Yekaterinburg
Kanti Schaffhausen
2 – 3 (22:25, 25:18, 25:12, 24:26, 13:15) 3 – 0 (25:22, 25:17, 26:24)
Clube Desportivo Ribeirense
Rote Raben Vilsbiburg
3 – 0 (25:21, 25:15, 25:15) 2 – 3 (25:20, 25:20, 23:25, 24:26, 10:15)
Jinestra Odesa
1/4 Finals
1st leg 13–14 January 2009
2nd leg 20–21 January 2009
Team #1
Results
Team #2
Spartak Omsk
3 – 1 (17:25, 25:21, 25:16, 25:21) 0 – 3 (23:25, 13:25, 6:25)
Fenerbahçe Acıbadem
Asystel Novara
3 – 1 (25:17, 27:29, 25:21, 25:15) 3 – 0 (25:23, 25:18, 25:22)
Crvena Zvezda Belgrade
Aluprof Bielsko-Biała
0 – 3 (15:25, 19:25, 29:31) 0 – 3 (25:27, 23:25, 15:25)
Uralochka-NTMK Yekaterinburg
Kanti Schaffhausen
3 – 2 (23:25, 25:23, 19:25, 25:22, 16:14) 0 – 3 (17:25, 16:25, 21:25)
Rote Raben Vilsbiburg
Final four
Novara, 14 & 15 March 2009
Semi-finalsFinal 15 March Fenerbahçe Acıbadem 0 16 March Asystel Novara 3
Asystel Novara 3 15 March Uralochka-NTMK Yekaterinburg 0
Uralochka-NTMK Yekaterinburg 3 Rote Raben Vilsbiburg 2
3rd place 16 March Fenerbahçe Acıbadem 3 Rote Raben Vilsbiburg 1
Semi-finals
March 14, 2009
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Fenerbahçe Acıbadem (TUR)
0–3
Asystel Novara (ITA)
18:25
22:25
22:25
Uralochka-NTMK Yekaterinburg (RUS)
3–2
Rote Raben Vilsbiburg (GER)
25:19
26:24
25:27
15:25
15:8
3rd Place
March 15, 2009
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Fenerbahçe Acıbadem (TUR)
3–1
Rote Raben Vilsbiburg (GER)
25:23
25:19
23:25
25:13
Final
March 15, 2009
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Asystel Novara (ITA)
3–0
Uralochka-NTMK Yekaterinburg (RUS)
25:18
25:21
25:13
Awards
Winners:
MVP: Cristina Barcellini (Asystel Novara)
Best scorer: Seda Tokatlıoğlu (Fenerbahçe Acıbadem)
Best server: Maria Duskryadchenko (Uralochka-NTMK Yekaterinburg)
Best spiker: Katja Wühler (Rote Raben Vilsbiburg)
Best blocker: Kun Feng (Asystel Novara)
Best setter: Kun Feng (Asystel Novara)
Best receiver: Valeriya Korotenko (Fenerbahçe Acıbadem)
References
^ CEV. "Asystel NOVARA claims third European title". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
External links
CEV Cup 08-09
vte2008–09 CEV seasonMen's
2008–09 CEV Champions League
2008–09 Men's CEV Cup
2008–09 CEV Challenge Cup
Women's
2008–09 CEV Women's Champions League
2008–09 Women's CEV Cup
2008–09 CEV Women's Challenge Cup
vteWomen's CEV Cup seasonsCEV CupWinner's Cup(1972–2000)
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
Top Teams Cup(2000–2007)
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
CEV Cup(2007–present)
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women's CEV Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_CEV_Top_Teams_Cup"}],"text":"The 2008–09 Women's CEV Cup was the 37th edition of the European Women's CEV Cup volleyball club tournament, the former Top Teams Cup.","title":"2008–09 Women's CEV Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The number of participants on the basis of ranking list for European Cup Competitions","title":"Teams of the 2008–2009"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Play-off"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1/16 Finals","text":"1st leg 4–6 November 2008\n2nd leg 11–13 November 2008The 16 winning teams from the 1/16 Finals will compete in the 1/8 Finals playing Home & Away\nmatches. The losers of the 1/16 Final matches will qualify for the 3rd round of the Challenge Cup.","title":"Play-off"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1/8 Finals","text":"1st leg 9–11 December 2008\n2nd leg 16–18 December 2008","title":"Play-off"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1/4 Finals","text":"1st leg 13–14 January 2009\n2nd leg 20–21 January 2009","title":"Play-off"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Novara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novara"}],"text":"Novara, 14 & 15 March 2009","title":"Final four"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Semi-finals","text":"March 14, 2009","title":"Final four"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"3rd Place","text":"March 15, 2009","title":"Final four"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Final","text":"March 15, 2009","title":"Final four"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Cristina Barcellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Barcellini"},{"link_name":"Asystel Novara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asystel_Volley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Seda Tokatlıoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda_Tokatl%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Fenerbahçe Acıbadem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Ac%C4%B1badem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Maria Duskryadchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Duskryadchenko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Uralochka-NTMK Yekaterinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VC_Uralochka-NTMK_Yekaterinburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Katja Wühler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katja_W%C3%BChler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Kun Feng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kun_Feng"},{"link_name":"Asystel Novara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asystel_Volley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Kun Feng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kun_Feng"},{"link_name":"Asystel Novara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asystel_Volley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Valeriya Korotenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriya_Korotenko"},{"link_name":"Fenerbahçe Acıbadem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Ac%C4%B1badem"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"Winners:[1]MVP: Cristina Barcellini (Asystel Novara)\nBest scorer: Seda Tokatlıoğlu (Fenerbahçe Acıbadem)\nBest server: Maria Duskryadchenko (Uralochka-NTMK Yekaterinburg)\nBest spiker: Katja Wühler (Rote Raben Vilsbiburg)\nBest blocker: Kun Feng (Asystel Novara)\nBest setter: Kun Feng (Asystel Novara)\nBest receiver: Valeriya Korotenko (Fenerbahçe Acıbadem)","title":"Final four"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"CEV. \"Asystel NOVARA claims third European title\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722153628/http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_archive/news_archive_2009/news_archive_2009_03/13956_EN.html","url_text":"\"Asystel NOVARA claims third European title\""},{"url":"http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_archive/news_archive_2009/news_archive_2009_03/13956_EN.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722153628/http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_archive/news_archive_2009/news_archive_2009_03/13956_EN.html","external_links_name":"\"Asystel NOVARA claims third European title\""},{"Link":"http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_archive/news_archive_2009/news_archive_2009_03/13956_EN.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071210125821/http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/main_menu/volleyball/european_cups/top_teams_cup/index_EN.html","external_links_name":"CEV Cup 08-09"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ballad_of_East_and_West
|
The Ballad of East and West
|
["1 The poem","2 Critical analysis","3 References"]
|
Poem by Rudyard Kipling
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Ballad of East and West" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
"The Ballad of East and West" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling. It was first published in 1889, and has been much collected and anthologized since.
The poem
Kamal, a tribal chieftain in the North-West Frontier of the British Raj, steals a British Colonel's prize mare. The Colonel's son, who commands a troop of the Guides Cavalry, asks if any of his men know where Kamal might be. One does, and tells him, but warns of the dangers of entering Kamal's territory, which is guarded by tribesmen concealed among the rocks and scrub.
The Colonel's son takes a dun horse and sets off to retrieve the mare. He catches up with Kamal at the edge of the chieftain's territory and fires his pistol, but he misses. Kamal challenges the Colonel's son to a riding contest, and the two men gallop until dawn. The dun falls when crossing a river, and Kamal pulls the Colonel's son to safety and knocks the pistol out of his hand. When Kamal says that the Colonel's son is only still alive because he has not gestured to his hidden men to kill the young man, the Colonel's son counters that the retribution for his death by the Raj would likely cost Kamal more than the act would be worth. He demands that Kamal return the mare and says he will fight his own way back to his territory.
Through the chase and their posturing, the two men have developed respect for each other. Kamal helps the Colonel's son to his feet, and the young man offers to give the mare to the chieftain as a gift from his father. However, the mare goes over to the Colonel's son and nuzzles him, so Kamal decides to respects the animal's choice. He gives her back to the Colonel's son, along with the fine tack with which he has equipped her. The Colonel's son offers another pistol to Kamal, saying the first was taken from a foe, but this one is offered by a friend. As a final gesture, Kamal commands his only son go with the Colonel's son to protect and serve him, even though that will mean fighting for England against her enemies, which include Kamal himself.
The Colonel's son and Kamal's son swear blood brotherhood and ride back to the British fort. Kamal's son is greeted with hostility by the guards, but the Colonel's son admonishes them, saying that his companion is now no longer a border thief, but a fellow soldier.
Critical analysis
The first line of the poem is often quoted, sometimes to ascribe racism to Kipling in regard to his views on Asians. Those who quote it thus often miss the third and fourth lines, which contradict the opening line. The full refrain that opens and closes the poem reads:
Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet,
Till Earth and Sky stand presently at God's great Judgment Seat;
But there is neither East nor West, Border, nor Breed, nor Birth,
When two strong men stand face to face, though they come from the ends of the earth!
— lines 1-4
This may be read as saying that it is indisputable that geographic points of the compass will never meet in this life, but that when two strong men meet, the accidents of birth, whether of nationality, race, or family, do not matter at all—the mutual respect such individuals have, each for the character, prowess, and integrity of the other, are their only criteria for judging and accepting one another. Any differences in ethnicity between such individuals are never even considered.
The poem is written with rhyming heptameters, two of which are equivalent to a ballad stanza. Some texts print the poem in groups of four lines.
It is written in the style of a border ballad. The vocabulary, stock phrases and rhythms are reminiscent of the old ballads, and the culture described is not unlike that of the Border Reivers. The first line of the actual story, for example, is: "Kamal is out with twenty men to raise the Border-side," meaning that a raid is in progress to cause trouble in the Border. In this poem, the border is the North West Frontier of the British Raj (which was, at the time the poem was written, on the boundary of the Raj, but is now in Pakistan), but it harks back to the English/Scottish Border. The second line contains the word "lifted", a Scots term for "stolen". The fourth line contains the word "calkin", a term for part of a horseshoe, which Kamal is said to have "turned", referring to a trick used by horse-mounted brigands of reversing horseshoes to leave misleading tracks. The second quatrain (line 9) has the stock phrase: "Then up and spoke the Colonel's son that led a troop of the Guides", which is also found in the Scottish ballad Sir Patrick Spens. Such echoes are found throughout the poem.
There is a couplet that is repeated with slight variations several times:
There is rock to the left, and rock to the right, and low lean thorn between,
And ye may hear a breech-bolt snick where never a man is seen. (lines 19-20)
There was rock to the left and rock to the right, and low lean thorn between,
And thrice he heard a breech-bolt snick tho' never a man was seen. (lines 35-36)
There was not a rock for twenty mile, there was not a clump of tree,
But covered a man of my own men with his rifle cocked on his knee. (lines 43-44)
T. S. Eliot included the poem in his 1941 collection A Choice of Kipling's Verse.
References
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Ballad of East and West
^
John McGivering (27 June 2010). "Notes on "The Ballad of East and West"". The New Readers' Guide to the Works of Rudyard Kipling. The Kipling Society. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
^ a b Kipling, Rudyard (1940). Rudyard Kipling's Verse (Definitive ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday. pp. 233–236. OCLC 225762741.
^ The poem mentions Abazai and Peshawur, which fix the location.
vteRudyard KiplingNovels
The Light That Failed (1891)
The Naulahka: A Story of West and East (co-author, Wolcott Balestier, 1892)
Captains Courageous (1896)
Kim (1901)
Collections
Plain Tales from the Hills (1888)
Soldiers Three (1888)
The Story of the Gadsbys (1888)
In Black and White (1888)
The Phantom 'Rickshaw and Other Tales (1888)
Under the Deodars (1888)
Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories (1888)
From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel (1889)
Barrack-Room Ballads (1892, poetry)
Many Inventions (1893)
The Jungle Book (1894)
"Mowgli's Brothers"
"Kaa's Hunting"
"Tiger! Tiger!"
"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"
The Second Jungle Book (1895)
"Letting in the Jungle"
"Red Dog"
All the Mowgli Stories (c. 1895)
The Seven Seas (1896, poetry)
The Day's Work (1898)
Stalky & Co. (1899)
Just So Stories (1902)
The Five Nations (1903, poetry)
Puck of Pook's Hill (1906)
Rewards and Fairies (1910)
The Fringes of the Fleet (1915, non-fiction)
Debits and Credits (1926)
Limits and Renewals (1932)
Rudyard Kipling's Verse: Definitive Edition (1940)
A Choice of Kipling's Verse (by T. S. Eliot, 1941)
Poems
"The Absent-Minded Beggar"
"The Ballad of the 'Clampherdown'"
"The Ballad of East and West"
"The Beginnings"
"The Bell Buoy"
"The Betrothed"
"Big Steamers"
"Boots"
"Cold Iron"
"Dane-geld"
"Danny Deever"
"A Death-Bed"
"The Female of the Species"
"Fuzzy-Wuzzy"
"Gentleman ranker"
"The Gods of the Copybook Headings"
"Gunga Din"
"Hymn Before Action"
"If—"
"In the Neolithic Age"
"The King's Pilgrimage"
"The Last of the Light Brigade"
"The Lowestoft Boat"
"Mandalay"
"The Mary Gloster"
"McAndrew's Hymn"
"My Boy Jack"
"Recessional"
"A Song in Storm"
"The Sons of Martha"
"Submarines"
"The Sweepers"
"Tommy"
"Ubique"
"The White Man's Burden"
Short stories
".007"
"The Arrest of Lieutenant Golightly"
"Baa Baa, Black Sheep"
"Bread upon the Waters"
"The Broken-Link Handicap"
"The Butterfly that Stamped"
"Consequences"
"The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin"
"Cupid's Arrows"
"The Devil and the Deep Sea"
"The Drums of the Fore and Aft"
"Fairy-Kist"
"False Dawn"
"A Germ-Destroyer"
"His Chance in Life"
"His Wedded Wife"
"In the House of Suddhoo"
"Kidnapped"
"Learoyd, Mulvaney and Ortheris"
"Lispeth"
"The Man Who Would Be King"
"A Matter of Fact"
"Miss Youghal's Sais"
"The Mother Hive"
"The Other Man"
"The Rescue of Pluffles"
"The Ship that Found Herself"
"The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo"
"The Taking of Lungtungpen"
"Three and – an Extra"
"The Three Musketeers"
"Thrown Away"
"Toomai of the Elephants"
"Watches of the Night"
"Wireless"
"Yoked with an Unbeliever"
Related
Bibliography
Bateman's (house)
Indian Railway Library
Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer
Iron Ring
Law of the jungle
Aerial Board of Control
My Boy Jack (1997 play)
Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale (2006 documentary)
My Boy Jack (2007 film)
Family
Caroline Starr Balestier Kipling (wife)
Elsie Bambridge (daughter)
John Kipling (son)
John Lockwood Kipling (father)
MacDonald sisters (mother's family)
Stanley Baldwin (cousin)
Georgiana Burne-Jones (aunt)
Edward Burne-Jones (uncle)
Philip Burne-Jones (cousin)
Edward Poynter (uncle)
Alfred Baldwin (uncle)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"}],"text":"\"The Ballad of East and West\" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling. It was first published in 1889, and has been much collected and anthologized since.","title":"The Ballad of East and West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North-West Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_North-West_Frontier"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"troop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troop"},{"link_name":"Guides Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guides_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"dun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dun#Adjective"},{"link_name":"tack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_furniture"},{"link_name":"blood brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_brotherhood"}],"text":"Kamal, a tribal chieftain in the North-West Frontier of the British Raj, steals a British Colonel's prize mare. The Colonel's son, who commands a troop of the Guides Cavalry, asks if any of his men know where Kamal might be. One does, and tells him, but warns of the dangers of entering Kamal's territory, which is guarded by tribesmen concealed among the rocks and scrub.The Colonel's son takes a dun horse and sets off to retrieve the mare. He catches up with Kamal at the edge of the chieftain's territory and fires his pistol, but he misses. Kamal challenges the Colonel's son to a riding contest, and the two men gallop until dawn. The dun falls when crossing a river, and Kamal pulls the Colonel's son to safety and knocks the pistol out of his hand. When Kamal says that the Colonel's son is only still alive because he has not gestured to his hidden men to kill the young man, the Colonel's son counters that the retribution for his death by the Raj would likely cost Kamal more than the act would be worth. He demands that Kamal return the mare and says he will fight his own way back to his territory.Through the chase and their posturing, the two men have developed respect for each other. Kamal helps the Colonel's son to his feet, and the young man offers to give the mare to the chieftain as a gift from his father. However, the mare goes over to the Colonel's son and nuzzles him, so Kamal decides to respects the animal's choice. He gives her back to the Colonel's son, along with the fine tack with which he has equipped her. The Colonel's son offers another pistol to Kamal, saying the first was taken from a foe, but this one is offered by a friend. As a final gesture, Kamal commands his only son go with the Colonel's son to protect and serve him, even though that will mean fighting for England against her enemies, which include Kamal himself.The Colonel's son and Kamal's son swear blood brotherhood and ride back to the British fort. Kamal's son is greeted with hostility by the guards, but the Colonel's son admonishes them, saying that his companion is now no longer a border thief, but a fellow soldier.","title":"The poem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"contradict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contradiction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RK2336-2"},{"link_name":"heptameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptameter"},{"link_name":"ballad stanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad_stanza"},{"link_name":"groups of four lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatrain"},{"link_name":"border ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_ballad"},{"link_name":"Border Reivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Reivers"},{"link_name":"North West Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_(military_history)"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"English/Scottish Border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border"},{"link_name":"Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language"},{"link_name":"Guides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_of_Guides_(India)"},{"link_name":"Sir Patrick Spens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Patrick_Spens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RK2336-2"},{"link_name":"T. S. Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot"},{"link_name":"A Choice of Kipling's Verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Choice_of_Kipling%27s_Verse"}],"text":"The first line of the poem is often quoted, sometimes to ascribe racism to Kipling in regard to his views on Asians.[1] Those who quote it thus often miss the third and fourth lines, which contradict the opening line. The full refrain that opens and closes the poem reads:Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet,\nTill Earth and Sky stand presently at God's great Judgment Seat;\nBut there is neither East nor West, Border, nor Breed, nor Birth,\nWhen two strong men stand face to face, though they come from the ends of the earth![2]\n\n— lines 1-4This may be read as saying that it is indisputable that geographic points of the compass will never meet in this life, but that when two strong men [or equals] meet, the accidents of birth, whether of nationality, race, or family, do not matter at all—the mutual respect such individuals have, each for the character, prowess, and integrity of the other, are their only criteria for judging and accepting one another. Any differences in ethnicity between such individuals are never even considered.The poem is written with rhyming heptameters, two of which are equivalent to a ballad stanza. Some texts print the poem in groups of four lines.It is written in the style of a border ballad. The vocabulary, stock phrases and rhythms are reminiscent of the old ballads, and the culture described is not unlike that of the Border Reivers. The first line of the actual story, for example, is: \"Kamal is out with twenty men to raise the Border-side,\" meaning that a raid is in progress to cause trouble in the Border. In this poem, the border is the North West Frontier of the British Raj (which was, at the time the poem was written, on the boundary of the Raj, but is now in Pakistan),[3] but it harks back to the English/Scottish Border. The second line contains the word \"lifted\", a Scots term for \"stolen\". The fourth line contains the word \"calkin\", a term for part of a horseshoe, which Kamal is said to have \"turned\", referring to a trick used by horse-mounted brigands of reversing horseshoes to leave misleading tracks. The second quatrain (line 9) has the stock phrase: \"Then up and spoke the Colonel's son that led a troop of the Guides\", which is also found in the Scottish ballad Sir Patrick Spens. Such echoes are found throughout the poem.There is a couplet that is repeated with slight variations several times:There is rock to the left, and rock to the right, and low lean thorn between,\nAnd ye may hear a breech-bolt snick where never a man is seen. (lines 19-20)\n\nThere was rock to the left and rock to the right, and low lean thorn between,\nAnd thrice he heard a breech-bolt snick tho' never a man was seen. (lines 35-36)\n\nThere was not a rock for twenty mile, there was not a clump of tree,\t\nBut covered a man of my own men with his rifle cocked on his knee. (lines 43-44)[2]T. S. Eliot included the poem in his 1941 collection A Choice of Kipling's Verse.","title":"Critical analysis"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"John McGivering (27 June 2010). \"Notes on \"The Ballad of East and West\"\". The New Readers' Guide to the Works of Rudyard Kipling. The Kipling Society. Retrieved 24 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_eastwest1.htm","url_text":"\"Notes on \"The Ballad of East and West\"\""}]},{"reference":"Kipling, Rudyard (1940). Rudyard Kipling's Verse (Definitive ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday. pp. 233–236. OCLC 225762741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling","url_text":"Kipling, Rudyard"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rudyardkiplingsv0000kipl/page/232","url_text":"Rudyard Kipling's Verse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/225762741","url_text":"225762741"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ballad_of_East_and_West&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Ballad+of+East+and+West%22","external_links_name":"\"The Ballad of East and West\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Ballad+of+East+and+West%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Ballad+of+East+and+West%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Ballad+of+East+and+West%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Ballad+of+East+and+West%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Ballad+of+East+and+West%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_eastwest1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Notes on \"The Ballad of East and West\"\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rudyardkiplingsv0000kipl/page/232","external_links_name":"Rudyard Kipling's Verse"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/225762741","external_links_name":"225762741"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Perovski
|
Lev Perovski
|
["1 References"]
|
Russian nobleman and mineralogist
Not to be confused with Lev Nikolaievich Perovski, Aleksei Alekseivich Perovski, or other Counts Perovski.
Lev PerovskiBorn(1792-09-09)9 September 1792Died21 November 1856(1856-11-21) (aged 64)Alma materImperial Moscow University
Count Lev Alekseyevich von Perovski (Russian: Лев Алексе́евич Перо́вский, also transliterated as Perofsky, Perovskii, Perovskiy, Perovsky, Perowski, and Perowsky; also credited as L.A. Perovski) (9 September 1792 – 21 November 1856) was a Russian nobleman and mineralogist who also served as Minister of Internal Affairs under Nicholas I of Russia.
In 1845, he proposed the creation of the Russian Geographical Society.
The mineral perovskite is named after him.
References
^ Shubin, Daniel (2005). A history of Russian Christianity (volume 3). Algora Publishing. p. 208. ISBN 0-87586-427-9.
^ Congress of Russian Geographical Society may be held in Karelia, January 20, 2010, by Maxim Tikhonov
^ De Graef, Marc; Michael E. McHenry (2007). Structure of materials: an introduction to crystallography, diffraction and symmetry. Cambridge University Press. p. 671. ISBN 978-0-521-65151-6. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"mineralogist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogist"},{"link_name":"Minister of Internal Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Interior_of_Imperial_Russia"},{"link_name":"Nicholas I of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Russian Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"perovskite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Lev Nikolaievich Perovski, Aleksei Alekseivich Perovski, or other Counts Perovski.Count Lev Alekseyevich von Perovski (Russian: Лев Алексе́евич Перо́вский, also transliterated as Perofsky, Perovskii, Perovskiy, Perovsky, Perowski, and Perowsky; also credited as L.A. Perovski) (9 September 1792 – 21 November 1856) was a Russian nobleman and mineralogist who also served as Minister of Internal Affairs under Nicholas I of Russia.[1]In 1845, he proposed the creation of the Russian Geographical Society.[2]The mineral perovskite is named after him.[3]","title":"Lev Perovski"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Shubin, Daniel (2005). A history of Russian Christianity (volume 3). Algora Publishing. p. 208. ISBN 0-87586-427-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87586-427-9","url_text":"0-87586-427-9"}]},{"reference":"De Graef, Marc; Michael E. McHenry (2007). Structure of materials: an introduction to crystallography, diffraction and symmetry. Cambridge University Press. p. 671. ISBN 978-0-521-65151-6. Retrieved December 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cambridge.org/9780521651516","url_text":"Structure of materials: an introduction to crystallography, diffraction and symmetry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65151-6","url_text":"978-0-521-65151-6"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.gov.karelia.ru/News/2010/01/0120_12_e.html","external_links_name":"Congress of Russian Geographical Society may be held in Karelia"},{"Link":"http://www.cambridge.org/9780521651516","external_links_name":"Structure of materials: an introduction to crystallography, diffraction and symmetry"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000013638338","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/27855244","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117694215","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Nicaragua
|
List of earthquakes in Nicaragua
|
["1 Earthquakes","2 References","3 External links"]
|
This is a list of earthquakes in Nicaragua which directly impacted the country.
Earthquakes
Notable earthquakes in the history of Nicaragua include the following:
Date
Location
Mag.
MMI
Deaths
Injuries
Notes
2022-04-21
Carazo
6.6 Mw
V
Minor damage
2014-10-14
Gulf of Fonseca
7.3 Mw
VII
4
Several
2014-04-10
Managua
6.1 Mw
VI
1
266
2012-08-27
Usulután
7.3 Mw
V
0
40+
Major tsunami higher than 6 m in El Salvador.
2000-07-06
Masaya
5.4 Mw
VI
7
1993-11-22
Carazo
5.9 Mw
V
1
Death caused by heart attack.
1992-09-02
León
7.7 Mw
III
116
Major tsunami up to 8 m (26 ft)
1972-12-23
Managua
6.3 Mw
IX
4,000–11,000
20,000
Extreme damage
1968-01-08
Managua
4.8 Ms
Moderate damage
1956-10-24
Managua
7.2 Mw
VII
Buildings damage
1951-08-02
Cosigüina
5.8
1,000
1931-03-31
Managua
6.1 Mw
VI
1,000–2050
Conflagration
Note: The inclusion criteria for adding events are based on WikiProject Earthquakes' notability guideline that was developed for stand alone articles. The principles described also apply to lists. In summary, only damaging, injurious, or deadly events should be recorded.
References
^ "M 5.9 - 6 km E of La Conquista, Nicaragua". earthquake.usgs.gov.
External links
Nicaragua portal
Dirección de Sismología – Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER)
vteList of earthquakes in North AmericaSovereign states
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Dependencies andother territories
Anguilla
Aruba
Bermuda
Bonaire
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Greenland
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Montserrat
Puerto Rico
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saba
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States Virgin Islands
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This is a list of earthquakes in Nicaragua which directly impacted the country.","title":"List of earthquakes in Nicaragua"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"}],"text":"Notable earthquakes in the history of Nicaragua include the following:","title":"Earthquakes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"M 5.9 - 6 km E of La Conquista, Nicaragua\". earthquake.usgs.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000642p/executive","url_text":"\"M 5.9 - 6 km E of La Conquista, Nicaragua\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000642p/executive","external_links_name":"\"M 5.9 - 6 km E of La Conquista, Nicaragua\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110923171700/http://webserver2.ineter.gob.ni/geofisica/geofisica.html","external_links_name":"Dirección de Sismología – Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER)"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007549578005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2004003767","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psidium_rufum
|
Psidium rufum
|
["1 References"]
|
Species of flowering plant
Psidium rufum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Myrtales
Family:
Myrtaceae
Genus:
Psidium
Species:
P. rufum
Binomial name
Psidium rufumMart. ex DC.
Synonyms
Abbevillea recurvata O.Berg
Abbevillea regeliana O.Berg
Campomanesia martiana O.Berg
Campomanesia recurvata (O.Berg) Nied.
Campomanesia regeliana (O.Berg) Kiaersk.
Guajava cuprea (O.Berg) Kuntze
Guajava macrosperma (O.Berg) Kuntze
Guajava pilosa (Vell.) Kuntze
Guajava widgreniana (O.Berg) Kuntze
Psidium cupreum O.Berg
Psidium lagoense Kiaersk.
Psidium macrospermum O.Berg
Psidium pilosum Vell.
Psidium widgrenianum O.Berg
Psidium rufum is commonly known as the purple guava. It is endemic to Brazil and bears an edible fruit. Psidium rufum var. widgrenianum is listed on the IUCN Red List vulnerable species (Plantae).
References
^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 6 May 2016
^ Freitas, V.M.; Correa, V.R.; Motta, F.C.; Sousa, M.G.; Gomes, A.C.M.M.; Carneiro, M.D.G.; Silva, D.B.; Mattos, J.K.; Nicole, M.; Carneiro, R.M.D.G. (2014), "Resistant accessions of wild Psidium spp. to Meloidogyne enterolobii and histological characterization of resistance", Plant Pathology, 63 (4): 738–746, doi:10.1111/ppa.12149
^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ Landrum, L.R. (2003). A revision of the Psidium salutare complex (Myrtaceae). Sida 20: 1449-1469.
^ Oliveira-Filho, A.T. (2006). Catálogo das Árvores nativas de Minas Gerais: 1-423. Editora UFLA, Lavas, Brasil.
Taxon identifiersPsidium rufum
Wikidata: Q7255785
BOLD: 1110144
CoL: 4PG2D
EoL: 5460103
GBIF: 5420661
iNaturalist: 442712
IPNI: 601017-1
IUCN: 62786
NCBI: 2083151
Open Tree of Life: 3935649
Plant List: kew-166913
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:601017-1
Tropicos: 22101582
WFO: wfo-0000284608
This Myrtaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List vulnerable species (Plantae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_vulnerable_species_(Plantae)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Psidium rufum is commonly known as the purple guava.[2] It is endemic to Brazil[3] and bears an edible fruit. Psidium rufum var. widgrenianum is listed on the IUCN Red List vulnerable species (Plantae).[4][5]","title":"Psidium rufum"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 6 May 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-166913","url_text":"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"}]},{"reference":"Freitas, V.M.; Correa, V.R.; Motta, F.C.; Sousa, M.G.; Gomes, A.C.M.M.; Carneiro, M.D.G.; Silva, D.B.; Mattos, J.K.; Nicole, M.; Carneiro, R.M.D.G. (2014), \"Resistant accessions of wild Psidium spp. to Meloidogyne enterolobii and histological characterization of resistance\", Plant Pathology, 63 (4): 738–746, doi:10.1111/ppa.12149","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fppa.12149","url_text":"10.1111/ppa.12149"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-166913","external_links_name":"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fppa.12149","external_links_name":"10.1111/ppa.12149"},{"Link":"http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=166913","external_links_name":"Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=1110144","external_links_name":"1110144"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4PG2D","external_links_name":"4PG2D"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/5460103","external_links_name":"5460103"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5420661","external_links_name":"5420661"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/442712","external_links_name":"442712"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/601017-1","external_links_name":"601017-1"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/62786","external_links_name":"62786"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2083151","external_links_name":"2083151"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3935649","external_links_name":"3935649"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-166913","external_links_name":"kew-166913"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A601017-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:601017-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/22101582","external_links_name":"22101582"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000284608","external_links_name":"wfo-0000284608"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psidium_rufum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kot_Sabzal
|
Kot Sabzal
|
["1 History","2 Economy","3 Culture","4 References"]
|
Coordinates: 28°11′N 70°48′E / 28.18°N 70.8°E / 28.18; 70.8This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kot Sabzal" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Place in Punjab, PakistanKot Sabzal
کوٹ سبزلKot SabzalKot SabzalCoordinates: 28°11′N 70°48′E / 28.18°N 70.8°E / 28.18; 70.8Country PakistanProvincePunjabPopulation • Estimate ()40,000Time zoneUTC+5 (PST)Calling code068
Kot Sabzal (Urdu: کوٹ سبزال, sometimes referred to as Sabzal Kot) is a small town in the Rahim Yar Khan District of Punjab, Pakistan, located near the provincial border of Punjab and Sindh. Accessible via the N-5 National Highway, this town is overshadowed by the presence of nearby larger towns like Ghotki, Jacobabad and Bahawalpur in the vicinity. Qanoongui Kot Sabzal has registered voters 133707 as reflected in delimitation documents of Election Commission of Pakistan for the year 2023.
The prominent tribes living in the region are Rajput, Chohan, Abbasi, Chachar, Arain and Kutwal.
History
Kot Sabzal was once ruled by the Pargana, who administered the city under the princely state of Bahawalpur until it was lost to the Mirs of Sindh in 1807. After the British annexed much of the province of Sindh, they restored Kot Sabzal to the Amir of Bahawalpur in 1847 to secure an alliance in the Battle of Multan. After the successful siege and annexation of Multan, a dispute remained over which province would govern Kot Sabzal.
In the early 1830s, Kot Sabzal stood larger and stronger than either Ghotki or Khairpur. Kot Sabzal was surrounded by a thin wall, which was levelled in some areas. Four main bazaars faced each other in the center of the town.
The architecture showed a transition from the mud house to brick houses. As the historian Mohan Lal described in his travelogues, the city had gates that had fallen into disrepair. One wall had a gun pointed towards the Bahawalpur country.
Economy
The town's main source of income is agriculture, with cotton, wheat, and sugar being the most important crops.
Culture
The most common languages are Sindhi, Saraiki, Punjabi and Urdu. The Rais of Kot Sabzal ordered the construction of many buildings like Bhong Mosque.
References
^ Owais Mughal. "Traveling on N5 – Part II". All Things Pakistan. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
^ "Khan Pur History". World66. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
^ Mohan Lal (1999-01-01). Travels in the Panjab, Afghanistan, & Turkistan...to Great Britain and Germany, p.443. ISBN 9781421250656. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
^ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Bishop's College Press. 1896.
^ Dīn, Malik Muḥammad (2001). Bahawalpur State with Map 1904. Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN 978-969-35-1236-6.
vteNeighbourhoods of BahawalpurAdministrations: Bahawalpur Division and Bahawalpur DistrictTehsils
Ahmadpur East
Bahawalpur
Hasilpur
Khairpur Tamiwali
Yazman
Fort Abbas
Cities
Ahmadpur East
Bahawalpur (capital)
Cholistan Desert
Hasilpur
Khairpur Tamiwali
Uch
Yazman
Kotla Musa Khan
Towns and councils
Basti Babbar
Basti Dhandlah
Basti Nari
Dadwala
Faqirwali
Ganehar
Head Rajkan
Jamalpur
Khosa
Kot Sabzal
Mianwala Kariya
Muhammadgarh
Najwaniwala
Samasata
Villages
Boharwala
Channan Pir
Khanqah Sharif
Website: Bahawalpur District at NRB
Registered voters: Delimitation statistics published by Election Commission of Pakistan
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Rahim Yar Khan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan_District"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"N-5 National Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-5_National_Highway"},{"link_name":"Ghotki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghotki"},{"link_name":"Jacobabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobabad"},{"link_name":"Bahawalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahawalpur"},{"link_name":"Election Commission of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Rajput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput"},{"link_name":"Chohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chohan"},{"link_name":"Abbasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhund_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Chachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chachar"},{"link_name":"Arain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arain"}],"text":"Place in Punjab, PakistanKot Sabzal (Urdu: کوٹ سبزال, sometimes referred to as Sabzal Kot) is a small town in the Rahim Yar Khan District of Punjab, Pakistan, located near the provincial border of Punjab and Sindh. Accessible via the N-5 National Highway, this town is overshadowed by the presence of nearby larger towns like Ghotki, Jacobabad and Bahawalpur in the vicinity. Qanoongui Kot Sabzal has registered voters 133707 as reflected in delimitation documents of Election Commission of Pakistan for the year 2023.The prominent tribes living in the region are Rajput, Chohan, Abbasi, Chachar, Arain and Kutwal.","title":"Kot Sabzal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pargana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pargana"},{"link_name":"Bahawalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Mirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir"},{"link_name":"Battle of Multan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848-1849)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATP-Travel-N5-1"},{"link_name":"Multan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World66-History-2"},{"link_name":"Ghotki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghotki"},{"link_name":"Khairpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khairpur,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"bazaars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar"},{"link_name":"travelogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_literature"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kot Sabzal was once ruled by the Pargana, who administered the city under the princely state of Bahawalpur until it was lost to the Mirs of Sindh in 1807. After the British annexed much of the province of Sindh, they restored Kot Sabzal to the Amir of Bahawalpur in 1847 to secure an alliance in the Battle of Multan.[1] After the successful siege and annexation of Multan, a dispute remained over which province would govern Kot Sabzal.[2]In the early 1830s, Kot Sabzal stood larger and stronger than either Ghotki or Khairpur. Kot Sabzal was surrounded by a thin wall, which was levelled in some areas. Four main bazaars faced each other in the center of the town.The architecture showed a transition from the mud house to brick houses. As the historian Mohan Lal described in his travelogues, the city had gates that had fallen into disrepair. One wall had a gun pointed towards the Bahawalpur country.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The town's main source of income is agriculture, with cotton, wheat, and sugar being the most important crops.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language"},{"link_name":"Saraiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"Rais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rais"},{"link_name":"Bhong Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhong_Mosque"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The most common languages are Sindhi, Saraiki, Punjabi and Urdu. The Rais of Kot Sabzal ordered the construction of many buildings like Bhong Mosque.[4][5]","title":"Culture"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Owais Mughal. \"Traveling on N5 – Part II\". All Things Pakistan. Retrieved 2008-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://pakistaniat.com/2006/11/11/travelling-on-n5-part-ii/","url_text":"\"Traveling on N5 – Part II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Khan Pur History\". World66. Retrieved 2008-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.world66.com/asia/southasia/pakistan/khan_pur/history","url_text":"\"Khan Pur History\""}]},{"reference":"Mohan Lal (1999-01-01). Travels in the Panjab, Afghanistan, & Turkistan...to Great Britain and Germany, p.443. ISBN 9781421250656. Retrieved 2008-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BkojAeo5wZcC&dq=Kot+Sabzal+population&pg=PA444","url_text":"Travels in the Panjab, Afghanistan, & Turkistan...to Great Britain and Germany, p.443"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421250656","url_text":"9781421250656"}]},{"reference":"Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Bishop's College Press. 1896.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=DhrgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=language+of+Bahawalpur&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiWgd6Bq8iGAxUESuUKHaTzPCk4FBDrAXoECAUQBQ#v=onepage&q=Kot%20sabzal%20&f=false","url_text":"Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal"}]},{"reference":"Dīn, Malik Muḥammad (2001). Bahawalpur State with Map 1904. Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN 978-969-35-1236-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=pvltAAAAMAAJ&q=kot+sabzal+sindhi+language&dq=kot+sabzal+sindhi+language&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjm3p3zqsiGAxXTgf0HHQuiBH0Q6wF6BAgIEAU#kot%20sabzal%20sindhi%20language","url_text":"Bahawalpur State with Map 1904"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-35-1236-6","url_text":"978-969-35-1236-6"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kot_Sabzal¶ms=28.18_N_70.8_E_region:PK_type:city","external_links_name":"28°11′N 70°48′E / 28.18°N 70.8°E / 28.18; 70.8"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kot+Sabzal%22","external_links_name":"\"Kot Sabzal\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kot+Sabzal%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kot+Sabzal%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kot+Sabzal%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kot+Sabzal%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kot+Sabzal%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kot_Sabzal¶ms=28.18_N_70.8_E_region:PK_type:city","external_links_name":"28°11′N 70°48′E / 28.18°N 70.8°E / 28.18; 70.8"},{"Link":"http://pakistaniat.com/2006/11/11/travelling-on-n5-part-ii/","external_links_name":"\"Traveling on N5 – Part II\""},{"Link":"http://www.world66.com/asia/southasia/pakistan/khan_pur/history","external_links_name":"\"Khan Pur History\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BkojAeo5wZcC&dq=Kot+Sabzal+population&pg=PA444","external_links_name":"Travels in the Panjab, Afghanistan, & Turkistan...to Great Britain and Germany, p.443"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=DhrgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=language+of+Bahawalpur&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiWgd6Bq8iGAxUESuUKHaTzPCk4FBDrAXoECAUQBQ#v=onepage&q=Kot%20sabzal%20&f=false","external_links_name":"Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=pvltAAAAMAAJ&q=kot+sabzal+sindhi+language&dq=kot+sabzal+sindhi+language&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjm3p3zqsiGAxXTgf0HHQuiBH0Q6wF6BAgIEAU#kot%20sabzal%20sindhi%20language","external_links_name":"Bahawalpur State with Map 1904"},{"Link":"http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=3&dn=Bahawalpur","external_links_name":"Bahawalpur District"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thomas_Moore
|
John Thomas Moore
|
["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Later life","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Canadian businessman and politician
John Thomas MooreMember of the Legislative Assembly of AlbertaIn office9 November 1905 – 21 March 1909Preceded byNew DistrictSucceeded byEdward MichenerConstituencyRed Deer
Personal detailsBorn(1844-07-03)3 July 1844Markham Township, Canada WestDied5 June 1917(1917-06-05) (aged 72)Toronto, OntarioPolitical partyLiberal
John Thomas Moore (3 July 1844 – 5 June 1917) was a Canadian businessman and politician from Alberta.
Early life
John Thomas Moore was born 3 July 1844, in the Markham Township of Canada West to William Kerr and Isabella Moore. He attended school in Berlin, Ontario where his father would become a successful businessman. Moore served as the deputy registrar of Waterloo County, Ontario from 1864 to 1870, and then moved to Toronto to study medicine and law, until abandoning those pursuits and moving to insurance and accounting. He married Annie Addison on 23 August 1871, and had three children together, and married again after the death of Annie in 1911, to Alice Rogers Forbes on 3 June 1914. Moore served as an Alderman on Toronto City Council from 1883 to 1884.
During the late-19th century, Moore became a land speculator and purchased the area that has since been named in his honour, Moore Park. To increase the value of his land, he then constructed a bridge (the original Vale of Avoca) and helped promote the Belt Line Railway, an early public transit system serving the "suburbs" of Toronto. After the Belt Line was constructed, recession forced its closure after only 18 months of operation. Its railbed has since been converted into the Beltline Trail. Moore acquired land in along the Red Deer River and moved the base of his operations to Red Deer in 1901, although his family continued to live in Toronto. Moore became the publishing editor of the Red Deer Advocate and started the Western Telephone Company and Western General Electric Company in 1903.
Political career
Moore was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the 1905 Alberta general election defeating high-profile Conservative candidate and the founder of Red Deer Leonard Gaetz.
Moore was supporter of prohibition and stood in the Legislature to propose the abolition of the "bar", which he called a "drunkard factory". He was also an advocate of awarding the provincial capital to Red Deer.
Moore attempted to run for a second term in office but was defeated in the 1909 Alberta general election by Independent candidate Edward Michener.
Later life
Moore return to Toronto and died there of a heart attack in 1917. Moore's will provided his new wife inherited everything with a minor legacy to his daughter, while his sons got nothing.
See also
Moore Park, Toronto
References
^ a b c d e f g h i Creighton, Philip (1998). "Moore, John Thomas". In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
^ "The Abolition of the Bar". The Saturday News. 9 March 1907. p. 4. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
^ "Red Deer as Capital". Red Deer News. 1 May 1906. p. 4. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
^ "FOUNDED MOORE PARK: DIED AT AGE OF 73: J. T. Moore Was Prominent in Alberta as Well as York County". The Globe. 6 June 1917. p. 9.
Moore Park Archived 3 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
External links
John Thomas Moore – Legislative Assembly of Alberta Member Profile
Legislative Assembly of Alberta Members Listing
Legislative Assembly of Alberta
Preceded byNew District
MLA Red Deer 1905–1909
Succeeded byEdward Michener
vteLists of people with entries in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Authority control databases
VIAF
WorldCat
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"}],"text":"John Thomas Moore (3 July 1844 – 5 June 1917) was a Canadian businessman and politician from Alberta.","title":"John Thomas Moore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Markham Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_West"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCB-1"},{"link_name":"Berlin, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCB-1"},{"link_name":"Waterloo County, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCB-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCB-1"},{"link_name":"Toronto City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCB-1"},{"link_name":"Moore Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_Park,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Vale of Avoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Avoca_(bridge)"},{"link_name":"Belt Line Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Belt_Line_Railway"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Beltline Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltline_Trail"},{"link_name":"Red Deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Deer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCB-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCB-1"}],"text":"John Thomas Moore was born 3 July 1844, in the Markham Township of Canada West to William Kerr and Isabella Moore.[1] He attended school in Berlin, Ontario where his father would become a successful businessman.[1] Moore served as the deputy registrar of Waterloo County, Ontario from 1864 to 1870, and then moved to Toronto to study medicine and law, until abandoning those pursuits and moving to insurance and accounting.[1] He married Annie Addison on 23 August 1871, and had three children together, and married again after the death of Annie in 1911, to Alice Rogers Forbes on 3 June 1914.[1] Moore served as an Alderman on Toronto City Council from 1883 to 1884.[1]During the late-19th century, Moore became a land speculator and purchased the area that has since been named in his honour, Moore Park. To increase the value of his land, he then constructed a bridge (the original Vale of Avoca) and helped promote the Belt Line Railway, an early public transit system serving the \"suburbs\" of Toronto. After the Belt Line was constructed, recession forced its closure after only 18 months of operation. Its railbed has since been converted into the Beltline Trail. Moore acquired land in along the Red Deer River and moved the base of his operations to Red Deer in 1901, although his family continued to live in Toronto.[1] Moore became the publishing editor of the Red Deer Advocate and started the Western Telephone Company and Western General Electric Company in 1903.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1905 Alberta general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_Alberta_general_election"},{"link_name":"Leonard Gaetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Gaetz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1909 Alberta general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_Alberta_general_election"},{"link_name":"Edward Michener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Michener"}],"text":"Moore was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the 1905 Alberta general election defeating high-profile Conservative candidate and the founder of Red Deer Leonard Gaetz.Moore was supporter of prohibition and stood in the Legislature to propose the abolition of the \"bar\", which he called a \"drunkard factory\".[2] He was also an advocate of awarding the provincial capital to Red Deer.[3]Moore attempted to run for a second term in office but was defeated in the 1909 Alberta general election by Independent candidate Edward Michener.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCB-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCB-1"}],"text":"Moore return to Toronto and died there of a heart attack in 1917.[4][1] Moore's will provided his new wife inherited everything with a minor legacy to his daughter, while his sons got nothing.[1]","title":"Later life"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Moore Park, Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_Park,_Toronto"}]
|
[{"reference":"Creighton, Philip (1998). \"Moore, John Thomas\". In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/moore_john_thomas_14E.html","url_text":"\"Moore, John Thomas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Canadian Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"}]},{"reference":"\"The Abolition of the Bar\". The Saturday News. 9 March 1907. p. 4. Retrieved 27 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/SDN/1907/03/09/4/Ar00403.html","url_text":"\"The Abolition of the Bar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Deer as Capital\". Red Deer News. 1 May 1906. p. 4. Retrieved 27 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/RDN/1906/05/01/4/Ar00404.html","url_text":"\"Red Deer as Capital\""}]},{"reference":"\"FOUNDED MOORE PARK: DIED AT AGE OF 73: J. T. Moore Was Prominent in Alberta as Well as York County\". The Globe. 6 June 1917. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/moore_john_thomas_14E.html","external_links_name":"\"Moore, John Thomas\""},{"Link":"http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/SDN/1907/03/09/4/Ar00403.html","external_links_name":"\"The Abolition of the Bar\""},{"Link":"http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/RDN/1906/05/01/4/Ar00404.html","external_links_name":"\"Red Deer as Capital\""},{"Link":"http://www.torontoneighbourhoods.net/regions/toronto_central/10.html","external_links_name":"Moore Park"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110603233117/http://www.torontoneighbourhoods.net/regions/toronto_central/10.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.assembly.ab.ca/members/members-of-the-legislative-assembly/member-information?mid=0006","external_links_name":"John Thomas Moore"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101026192825/http://www.assembly.ab.ca/legislaturecentennial/pdf/membersBooklet.pdf","external_links_name":"Legislative Assembly of Alberta Members Listing"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/104524197","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc3HyPpwpbWypKwQBm8G3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena_Tibi
|
Athena Tibi
|
["1 Biography","1.1 Background","1.2 Acting career","1.3 Music career","2 Filmography","2.1 Feature films and television","2.2 Television appearances","2.3 Theater","3 Discography","3.1 3YO","3.2 Fairgame","3.3 Athena","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Japan-based singer from the Philippines
This article is about Athena Tibi. For other people, see Athena (disambiguation).
Athena TibiAthena appears on stage as Sharpay Evans in High School MusicalBackground informationBirth nameAthena Sophia Rhossa Alejandro TibiBorn (1988-12-02) December 2, 1988 (age 35)Manila, PhilippinesOriginSaitama, JapanGenresJ-pop, pop, pop rock, R&BOccupation(s)Singer, actressInstrument(s)VocalsYears active2002–presentLabelsViva Entertainment (2002 – 2006 / 2011)WebsiteSomethingDrastic ManagementMusical artist
Athena (アシーナ, Ashīna, born December 2, 1988) or Athena Tibi is a Filipino singer, YouTuber, stage actress and movie actress from Manila, Philippines and raised in Saitama, Japan.
She is best known for her role as Kristine Santos in the 2009 film A Journey Home by Paul Soriano and as Reena San Jose in the 4th Wall Theater Company production of Rivalry,
by Jaime Del Mundo and Ed Gatchalian, based on the Ateneo–La Salle rivalry between two universities in the Philippines. She announced her debut live show in Japan on November 18, 2012.
She now has a YouTube channel called "Athena TV" where she posts travel and life in Japan videos.
Biography
Background
Athena was born in Manila, Philippines, but moved to Japan at age 3 when her family relocated due to her father's work. She grew up in Koshigaya in Saitama, then returned to Manila age 10, having mastered Japanese alongside English and Tagalog.
She went to High School at St. Paul College Pasig before moving to La Consolacion College in Pasig.
She graduated with a BA in Management from the University of Asia and the Pacific, a private research University located in Ortigas Center in Metro Manila in 2009.
Acting career
Athena's first acting role came in daily TV series Sarah the Teen Princess as recurring character Tiny, a friend of the lead character played by Sarah Geronimo in 2004 on ABS-CBN.
Athena next appeared as Cristy in 2004's Lastikman by director Mac Alejandre, based on the character created by Mars Ravelo. The story tells how the rubber-tree powered superhero (played by Mark Bautista) fights back against bullying and captures the heart of Lara (Sarah Geronimo), the girl he loves.
In 2006, Athena played Princess Gabrielle in a production of Gabrielle by Joachim Emilio Antonio, which won the second prize for a One-Act Play at the Palanca Awards, awarded for literary achievements since 1950.
During 2007, Athena starred in a series of plays and musicals, including Oscar Wilde's play The Importance of Being Earnest as Cecily Cardew, The Girl Who Was Plugged In as P.Burke and High School Musical Onstage as Sharpay Evans, alongside actor Sam Concepcion.
Athena's next project was as the lead in Jerry Bach's romantic comedy Pizza Girl, premiering in June 2008.
In 2009, Athena appeared alongside Joem Bascon and Toni Gonzaga in Paul Soriano's A Journey Home, described as "an inspirational indie movie with central themes of forgiveness, family solidarity and the upholding of moral values." Athena played Kristine, one of two children reunited with their estranged father after their mother's death, who is the more accommodating to her father's return to rebuild relationships. The premiere was held at the SM Megamall in Ortigas Center on October 3, 2009.
Back on stage, Athena played Sally Brown in Kultura and UA&P's production of You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown at the Insular Life Auditorium in Ayala Alabang in January and February 2010.
In 2011, Athena was one of the VJs of the show "The Daily Top 5" on Viva TV, alongside Nikki Bacolod, Barbie Salvador, and other Viva Entertainment artists.
In 2012, Athena played Reena San Jose in the 4th Wall Theater Company production of Rivalry, based on the Ateneo–La Salle rivalry between two universities in the Philippines, which opened to unanimously positive reviews such as by The Philippine Star; "Filipinos are naturally gifted singers, particularly, the lead female protagonist whose vocal timbre reminded me of a younger Lea Salonga." Set in 1968, the story follows the tensions as the Ateneo Blue Eagles and the La Salle Green Archers prepare to meet in a basketball final, Athena's character described as "a beautiful Maryknoller named Reena San Jose, who, after enduring heartbreak, promises herself that she’ll never get involved with another guy again."
Music career
Athena appears as Gabrielle Montez on the High School Musical tour, 2007 Athena appeared on the Viva Television show Star for a Night broadcast on IBC, as a semi-finalist. Presented by renowned singer and actress Regine Velasquez, and eventually won by Sarah Geronimo, Athena sang Celine Dion's That's the Way It Is. Athena was then spotted and signed to Viva Entertainment, based in Quezon City in 2002.
Athena debuted as an artist as one part of three-piece unit 3Yo in December 2002, with Ketchup Song. 3Yo's self-titled debut album was released on December 3, 2004.
In 2004, Athena was a guest on MTV's MTV Lokal, hosted by KC Montero, where she represented Levi Music Festival, singing an original song "OK" written by Adrienne Sarmiento and renowned Filipino drummer Nino Regalado. The song was then included on an album release titled 1st Levi Music Festival.
In April 2005, Athena joined 4-member unit Fairgame, releasing one 4-track self-titled CD. Fairgame promoted in malls across The Philippines as an opening act for various Viva Entertainment artists.
Athena performed her first solo show at UA&P on September 13, 2007 at an event called 'Hanging Out with Athena Tibi', performing a range of pop, R&B, rock and acoustic songs.
On August 9, 2008, Athena joined Sam Concepcion, Cheska Ortega, Enrique Gil and Nelsito Gomez to sing the opening and closing song for the launch program of TV channel TV5.
Athena's own YouTube channel includes her renditions of songs by popular J-Pop singers such as Yui and Yuna Ito. In October 2012, she announced her debut solo live performance in Japan on November 18, 2012, at Shibuya Lounge Neo in Tokyo. She also submitted demo CDs to major Japanese labels such as Pony Canyon and Sony Music Japan.
Filmography
Feature films and television
Year
Film Name
Character Name
Director/ Producer
2004
Sarah the Teen Princess
Tiny (recurring cast)
ABS-CBN
2004
Lastikman
Christy
Mac Alejandre
2008
Pizza Girl
Beth
Jerry Bachs
2009
A Journey Home
Kristine Santos
Paul Soriano
2011
Kuya Alvin
Lani
Roselyn Perez
Television appearances
Year
Program Name
Channel
Character Name
2003
Master Showman
GMA Network
Special Guest as herself
2006
ASAP (variety show)
ABS-CBN
Special Guest as herself
2007
ASAP (variety show)
ABS-CBN
High School Musical cast
2007
SOP (Philippine TV series)
GMA Network
High School Musical cast
2007
Shall We Dance?
GMA Network
High School Musical cast
2007–2008
The Sweet Life
Q
Special Guest as herself
2009
ASAP (variety show)
ABS-CBN
N.O.A.H. cast
2011
The Daily Top 5
Viva TV
VJ
Theater
Year
Production Name
Character Name
Producer
2004
Honk!
Ugly
Trumpets Playshop
2005
Pendragon
Morgan Le Fay
Trumpets Playshop
2006
Wicked
Elphaba Thropp
Trumpets Playshop
2006
New Yorker in Tondo
Kikay/Francesca
UA&P
2006
Gabrielle
Princess Gabrielle
Dulaang Roc / UA&P
2007
The Importance of Being Earnest
Cecily Cardew
Kultura / UA&P
2007
The Girl Who Was Plugged In
P.Burke
Trumpets Playshop
2007
High School Musical Onstage
Sharpay Evans
Stages
2008
Much Ado About Nothing
Hero
UA&P
2008
Sierra Lakes
Arlene Reyes
Dulaang Roc / UA&P
2009
You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown
Sally Brown
Kultura / UA&P
2009
Legally Blonde
Vivienne Kensington
Trumpets Playshop
2009
N.O.A.H. – No Ordinary Aquatic Habitat
Ensemble
Trumpets / Stages
2010
You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown
Sally Brown
Kultura / UA&P
2011
Hercules' 12
Athena/ Artemis
Young Artists Productions
2012–2014
Rivalry: Ateneo-La Salle the Musical
Reena San Jose
4th Wall Theater Company
2015
Singapura
Farida
4th Wall Theater Company
Discography
3YO
3YO – Ketchup Song (2003)
Viva Popstars Christmas album (2003)
3YO (2004)
Levi Celerio Music Festival (2004)
Fairgame
Fairgame (2006)
Athena
Athena (2012) – Available on Spotify
References
^ a b Annie S. Alejo (March 7, 2012). "Building on the future of Philippine theater". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ Ang, Walter (January 23, 2012). "New musical celebrates long-running Ateneo-La Salle rivalry". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
^ "Literary Works – One-Act Play". Palanca Awards. September 22, 2009. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ "The Importance of Being Earnest". Multiply. January 29, 2007. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ "Back-to-School, Back-to-'High School Musical'". Click The City. June 15, 2007. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ "Pizza Girl the Movie". Multiply. June 3, 2008. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ Rowena Joy A. Sanchez (September 22, 2009). "Toni Gonzaga, Paul Soriano keep it professional in 'A Journey Home'". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ Vanessa A Balbuena (November 27, 2009). "DIRECTOR PAUL SORIANO: Taking the positive route". The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ Valle, Jocelyn (October 28, 2009). "'A Journey Home' inspires even unbelievers". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ Fidel Antonio Medel (October 8, 2009). "A Journey Home carries a message of hope for troubled families". Philippine Entertainment Portal. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ Orsal, Noel (October 8, 2009). "RED CARPET WATCH: A Journey Home". Philippine Entertainment Portal. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ EJ (January 19, 2010). "You're A Good Man Charlie Brown". Manila Reviews. Archived from the original on August 17, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ Tamano, Adel (February 19, 2012). "Five reasons to watch 'Rivalry'". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ Abby F. Castelo & Alexis M. Dy (February 6, 2012). "From the court to the stage". The GUIDON. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ "Ketchup Song". Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ "3Yo". Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ Baby A. Gil (April 28, 2004). "The 1st Levi finalists album". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ "Fairgame". Amazon. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ Marie (September 5, 2007). "Kultura Young Artists Series 2007". Multiply. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ Tibi, Athena (October 26, 2012). "Athena Tibi" (YouTube). YouTube.
^ "ATHENA". SomethingDrastic. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
External links
Official YouTube channel "ATHENA TV"
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athena (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Saitama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivalry2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inquirer-2"},{"link_name":"Ateneo–La Salle rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateneo%E2%80%93La_Salle_rivalry"}],"text":"This article is about Athena Tibi. For other people, see Athena (disambiguation).Musical artistAthena (アシーナ, Ashīna, born December 2, 1988) or Athena Tibi is a Filipino singer, YouTuber, stage actress and movie actress from Manila, Philippines and raised in Saitama, Japan.She is best known for her role as Kristine Santos in the 2009 film A Journey Home by Paul Soriano and as Reena San Jose in the 4th Wall Theater Company production of Rivalry,[1] \nby Jaime Del Mundo and Ed Gatchalian,[2] based on the Ateneo–La Salle rivalry between two universities in the Philippines. She announced her debut live show in Japan on November 18, 2012.She now has a YouTube channel called \"Athena TV\" where she posts travel and life in Japan videos.","title":"Athena Tibi"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Koshigaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshigaya"},{"link_name":"Saitama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"La Consolacion College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Consolacion_College_(Pasig)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pasig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasig"},{"link_name":"University of Asia and the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Asia_and_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Ortigas Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortigas_Center"},{"link_name":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Athena was born in Manila, Philippines, but moved to Japan at age 3 when her family relocated due to her father's work. She grew up in Koshigaya in Saitama, then returned to Manila age 10, having mastered Japanese alongside English and Tagalog.She went to High School at St. Paul College Pasig before moving to La Consolacion College in Pasig.She graduated with a BA in Management from the University of Asia and the Pacific, a private research University located in Ortigas Center in Metro Manila in 2009.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sarah Geronimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Geronimo"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Lastikman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastikman:_Unang_Banat"},{"link_name":"Mac Alejandre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Alejandre"},{"link_name":"Mars Ravelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Ravelo"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"Mark Bautista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bautista"},{"link_name":"Sarah Geronimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Geronimo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palanca-3"},{"link_name":"Palanca Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanca_Awards"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"The Importance of Being Earnest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest"},{"link_name":"Cecily Cardew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecily_Cardew"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiply3-4"},{"link_name":"The Girl Who Was Plugged In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Was_Plugged_In"},{"link_name":"High School Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_Musical"},{"link_name":"Sharpay Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpay_Evans"},{"link_name":"Sam Concepcion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Concepcion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-click-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiply2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MB-7"},{"link_name":"Joem Bascon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joem_Bascon"},{"link_name":"Toni Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phil_Star-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MB2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEP-10"},{"link_name":"SM Megamall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Megamall"},{"link_name":"Ortigas Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortigas_Center"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEP3-11"},{"link_name":"Sally Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Brown"},{"link_name":"UA&P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA%26P"},{"link_name":"You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_a_Good_Man,_Charlie_Brown"},{"link_name":"Insular Life Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_concert_halls_in_Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"Ayala Alabang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayala_Alabang"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manila_reviews-12"},{"link_name":"VJs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VJ_(media_personality)"},{"link_name":"Viva TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_TV_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Nikki Bacolod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Bacolod"},{"link_name":"Viva Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivalry2-1"},{"link_name":"Ateneo–La Salle rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateneo%E2%80%93La_Salle_rivalry"},{"link_name":"The Philippine Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippine_Star"},{"link_name":"Lea Salonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Salonga"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivalry-13"},{"link_name":"Maryknoller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryknoll"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guidon-14"}],"sub_title":"Acting career","text":"Athena's first acting role came in daily TV series Sarah the Teen Princess[citation needed] as recurring character Tiny, a friend of the lead character played by Sarah Geronimo in 2004 on ABS-CBN.Athena next appeared as Cristy in 2004's Lastikman by director Mac Alejandre, based on the character created by Mars Ravelo. The story tells how the rubber-tree powered superhero (played by Mark Bautista) fights back against bullying and captures the heart of Lara (Sarah Geronimo), the girl he loves.In 2006, Athena played Princess Gabrielle in a production of Gabrielle by Joachim Emilio Antonio, which won the second prize for a One-Act Play[3] at the Palanca Awards, awarded for literary achievements since 1950.During 2007, Athena starred in a series of plays and musicals, including Oscar Wilde's play The Importance of Being Earnest as Cecily Cardew,[4] The Girl Who Was Plugged In as P.Burke and High School Musical Onstage as Sharpay Evans, alongside actor Sam Concepcion.[5]Athena's next project was as the lead in Jerry Bach's romantic comedy Pizza Girl, premiering in June 2008.[6]In 2009, Athena appeared[7] alongside Joem Bascon and Toni Gonzaga in Paul Soriano's A Journey Home, described as \"an inspirational indie movie with central themes of forgiveness, family solidarity and the upholding of moral values.\"[8] Athena played Kristine,[9] one of two children reunited with their estranged father after their mother's death, who is the more accommodating to her father's return to rebuild relationships.[10] The premiere was held at the SM Megamall in Ortigas Center on October 3, 2009.[11]Back on stage, Athena played Sally Brown in Kultura and UA&P's production of You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown at the Insular Life Auditorium in Ayala Alabang in January and February 2010.[12]In 2011, Athena was one of the VJs of the show \"The Daily Top 5\" on Viva TV, alongside Nikki Bacolod, Barbie Salvador, and other Viva Entertainment artists.In 2012, Athena played Reena San Jose in the 4th Wall Theater Company production of Rivalry,[1] based on the Ateneo–La Salle rivalry between two universities in the Philippines, which opened to unanimously positive reviews such as by The Philippine Star; \"Filipinos are naturally gifted singers, particularly, the lead female protagonist whose vocal timbre reminded me of a younger Lea Salonga.\"[13] Set in 1968, the story follows the tensions as the Ateneo Blue Eagles and the La Salle Green Archers prepare to meet in a basketball final, Athena's character described as \"a beautiful Maryknoller named Reena San Jose, who, after enduring heartbreak, promises herself that she’ll never get involved with another guy again.\"[14]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athena_High_School_Musical_Tour_as_Gabrielle_Montez.JPG"},{"link_name":"Viva Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_Television"},{"link_name":"Star for a Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_for_a_Night_(Philippines_TV_Show)"},{"link_name":"IBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Regine Velasquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regine_Velasquez"},{"link_name":"Sarah Geronimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Geronimo"},{"link_name":"Celine Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dion"},{"link_name":"That's the Way It Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_the_Way_It_Is_(Celine_Dion_song)"},{"link_name":"Viva Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Quezon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ketchup-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3yo-16"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"KC Montero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC_Montero"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fair_game-18"},{"link_name":"Viva Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"UA&P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA%26P"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiply-19"},{"link_name":"Sam Concepcion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Concepcion"},{"link_name":"Enrique Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Gil"},{"link_name":"TV5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV5_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"J-Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Pop"},{"link_name":"Yui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yui_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Yuna Ito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuna_Ito"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialvideo-20"},{"link_name":"Shibuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibuya"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_neo-21"},{"link_name":"Japanese labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Japanese_record_labels"},{"link_name":"Pony Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Sony Music Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan"}],"sub_title":"Music career","text":"Athena appears as Gabrielle Montez on the High School Musical tour, 2007Athena appeared on the Viva Television show Star for a Night broadcast on IBC, as a semi-finalist. Presented by renowned singer and actress Regine Velasquez, and eventually won by Sarah Geronimo, Athena sang Celine Dion's That's the Way It Is. Athena was then spotted and signed to Viva Entertainment,[citation needed] based in Quezon City in 2002.Athena debuted as an artist as one part of three-piece unit 3Yo in December 2002, with Ketchup Song.[15] 3Yo's self-titled debut album was released on December 3, 2004.[16]In 2004, Athena was a guest on MTV's MTV Lokal, hosted by KC Montero, where she represented Levi Music Festival, singing an original song \"OK\" written by Adrienne Sarmiento and renowned Filipino drummer Nino Regalado. The song was then included on an album release titled 1st Levi Music Festival.[17]In April 2005, Athena joined 4-member unit Fairgame, releasing one 4-track self-titled CD.[18] Fairgame promoted in malls across The Philippines as an opening act for various Viva Entertainment artists.Athena performed her first solo show at UA&P on September 13, 2007 at an event called 'Hanging Out with Athena Tibi', performing a range of pop, R&B, rock and acoustic songs.[19]On August 9, 2008, Athena joined Sam Concepcion, Cheska Ortega, Enrique Gil and Nelsito Gomez to sing the opening and closing song for the launch program of TV channel TV5.Athena's own YouTube channel includes her renditions of songs by popular J-Pop singers such as Yui and Yuna Ito.[20] In October 2012, she announced her debut solo live performance in Japan on November 18, 2012, at Shibuya Lounge Neo in Tokyo.[21] She also submitted demo CDs to major Japanese labels such as Pony Canyon and Sony Music Japan.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Feature films and television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television appearances","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Theater","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"3YO","text":"3YO – Ketchup Song (2003)\nViva Popstars Christmas album (2003)\n3YO (2004)\nLevi Celerio Music Festival (2004)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fairgame","text":"Fairgame (2006)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Athena","text":"Athena (2012) – Available on Spotify","title":"Discography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Athena appears as Gabrielle Montez on the High School Musical tour, 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Athena_High_School_Musical_Tour_as_Gabrielle_Montez.JPG/220px-Athena_High_School_Musical_Tour_as_Gabrielle_Montez.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Annie S. Alejo (March 7, 2012). \"Building on the future of Philippine theater\". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/353513/building-future-philippine-theater","url_text":"\"Building on the future of Philippine theater\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Bulletin","url_text":"Manila Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Ang, Walter (January 23, 2012). \"New musical celebrates long-running Ateneo-La Salle rivalry\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/32069/new-musical-celebrates-long-running-ateneo-la-salle-rivalry%7CNew","url_text":"\"New musical celebrates long-running Ateneo-La Salle rivalry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer","url_text":"Philippine Daily Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"\"Literary Works – One-Act Play\". Palanca Awards. September 22, 2009. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mb.com.ph/node/221791/toni-gonzaga-paul-","url_text":"\"Literary Works – One-Act Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanca_Awards","url_text":"Palanca Awards"}]},{"reference":"\"The Importance of Being Earnest\". Multiply. January 29, 2007. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025426/http://teachertwish.multiply.com/calendar/item/10027/The-Importance-of-Being-Earnest","url_text":"\"The Importance of Being Earnest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiply_(website)","url_text":"Multiply"},{"url":"http://teachertwish.multiply.com/calendar/item/10027/The-Importance-of-Being-Earnest","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Back-to-School, Back-to-'High School Musical'\". Click The City. June 15, 2007. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clickthecity.com/arts/?p=1776","url_text":"\"Back-to-School, Back-to-'High School Musical'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pizza Girl the Movie\". Multiply. June 3, 2008. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130129053758/http://pizzagirlmovie.multiply.com/journal/item/1/Pizza-Girl-Advanced-Charity-Screening","url_text":"\"Pizza Girl the Movie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiply_(website)","url_text":"Multiply"},{"url":"http://pizzagirlmovie.multiply.com/journal/item/1/Pizza-Girl-Advanced-Charity-Screening","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rowena Joy A. Sanchez (September 22, 2009). \"Toni Gonzaga, Paul Soriano keep it professional in 'A Journey Home'\". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mb.com.ph/node/221791/toni-gonzaga-paul-","url_text":"\"Toni Gonzaga, Paul Soriano keep it professional in 'A Journey Home'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Bulletin","url_text":"Manila Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Vanessa A Balbuena (November 27, 2009). \"DIRECTOR PAUL SORIANO: Taking the positive route\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philstar.com/article.aspx?articleid=527242&publicationsubcategoryid=51","url_text":"\"DIRECTOR PAUL SORIANO: Taking the positive route\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippine_Star","url_text":"The Philippine Star"}]},{"reference":"Valle, Jocelyn (October 28, 2009). \"'A Journey Home' inspires even unbelievers\". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/226765/a-journey-home-inspires-even-unbelievers","url_text":"\"'A Journey Home' inspires even unbelievers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Bulletin","url_text":"Manila Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Fidel Antonio Medel (October 8, 2009). \"A Journey Home carries a message of hope for troubled families\". Philippine Entertainment Portal. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130416085439/http://www.pep.ph/guide/guide/4850/PEP-REVIEW:-A-Journey-Home-carries-a-message-of-hope-for-troubled-families","url_text":"\"A Journey Home carries a message of hope for troubled families\""},{"url":"http://www.pep.ph/guide/guide/4850/PEP-REVIEW:-A-Journey-Home-carries-a-message-of-hope-for-troubled-families","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Orsal, Noel (October 8, 2009). \"RED CARPET WATCH: A Journey Home\". Philippine Entertainment Portal. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pep.ph/photos/1454/red-carpet-watch-a-journey-home","url_text":"\"RED CARPET WATCH: A Journey Home\""}]},{"reference":"EJ (January 19, 2010). \"You're A Good Man Charlie Brown\". Manila Reviews. Archived from the original on August 17, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110817172931/http://manilareviews.com/2010/01/youre-good-man-charlie-brown.html","url_text":"\"You're A Good Man Charlie Brown\""},{"url":"http://manilareviews.com/2010/01/youre-good-man-charlie-brown.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tamano, Adel (February 19, 2012). \"Five reasons to watch 'Rivalry'\". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130131145338/http://www5.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=778903&publicationSubCategoryId=86","url_text":"\"Five reasons to watch 'Rivalry'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippine_Star","url_text":"The Philippine Star"},{"url":"http://www5.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=778903&publicationSubCategoryId=86","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Abby F. Castelo & Alexis M. Dy (February 6, 2012). \"From the court to the stage\". The GUIDON. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120213191835/http://g.theguidon.com/2012/02/06/from-the-court-to-the-stage/","url_text":"\"From the court to the stage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_GUIDON","url_text":"The GUIDON"},{"url":"http://g.theguidon.com/2012/02/06/from-the-court-to-the-stage/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ketchup Song\". Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/Ketchup-Song/dp/B004NYEFCI/ref=sr_shvl_album_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1349961692&sr=301-2","url_text":"\"Ketchup Song\""}]},{"reference":"\"3Yo\". Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/3Yo/dp/B004OO3PXW/ref=sr_shvl_album_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1349963807&sr=301-1","url_text":"\"3Yo\""}]},{"reference":"Baby A. Gil (April 28, 2004). \"The 1st Levi finalists album\". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130413221058/http://telebisyon.net/balita/The-1st-Levi-finalists-album/source/132654/","url_text":"\"The 1st Levi finalists album\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippine_Star","url_text":"The Philippine Star"},{"url":"http://telebisyon.net/balita/The-1st-Levi-finalists-album/source/132654/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fairgame\". Amazon. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Fairgame/dp/B004PTKRUK/ref=sr_1_2?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1351229715&sr=1-2&keywords=fairgame","url_text":"\"Fairgame\""}]},{"reference":"Marie (September 5, 2007). \"Kultura Young Artists Series 2007\". Multiply. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074404/http://merrr.multiply.com/links/item/10?&show_interstitial=1&u=%2Flinks%2Fitem","url_text":"\"Kultura Young Artists Series 2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiply_(website)","url_text":"Multiply"},{"url":"http://merrr.multiply.com/links/item/10?&show_interstitial=1&u=%2Flinks%2Fitem","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tibi, Athena (October 26, 2012). \"Athena Tibi\" (YouTube). YouTube.","urls":[{"url_text":"Tibi, Athena"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/user/athenatibi","url_text":"\"Athena Tibi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"ATHENA\". SomethingDrastic. Retrieved October 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://somethingdrastic.com/en/2012/10/athena/","url_text":"\"ATHENA\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://somethingdrastic.com/en/2012/10/athena/","external_links_name":"SomethingDrastic Management"},{"Link":"http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/353513/building-future-philippine-theater","external_links_name":"\"Building on the future of Philippine theater\""},{"Link":"http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/32069/new-musical-celebrates-long-running-ateneo-la-salle-rivalry%7CNew","external_links_name":"\"New musical celebrates long-running Ateneo-La Salle rivalry\""},{"Link":"http://www.mb.com.ph/node/221791/toni-gonzaga-paul-","external_links_name":"\"Literary Works – One-Act Play\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025426/http://teachertwish.multiply.com/calendar/item/10027/The-Importance-of-Being-Earnest","external_links_name":"\"The Importance of Being Earnest\""},{"Link":"http://teachertwish.multiply.com/calendar/item/10027/The-Importance-of-Being-Earnest","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.clickthecity.com/arts/?p=1776","external_links_name":"\"Back-to-School, Back-to-'High School Musical'\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130129053758/http://pizzagirlmovie.multiply.com/journal/item/1/Pizza-Girl-Advanced-Charity-Screening","external_links_name":"\"Pizza Girl the Movie\""},{"Link":"http://pizzagirlmovie.multiply.com/journal/item/1/Pizza-Girl-Advanced-Charity-Screening","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mb.com.ph/node/221791/toni-gonzaga-paul-","external_links_name":"\"Toni Gonzaga, Paul Soriano keep it professional in 'A Journey Home'\""},{"Link":"http://www.philstar.com/article.aspx?articleid=527242&publicationsubcategoryid=51","external_links_name":"\"DIRECTOR PAUL SORIANO: Taking the positive route\""},{"Link":"http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/226765/a-journey-home-inspires-even-unbelievers","external_links_name":"\"'A Journey Home' inspires even unbelievers\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130416085439/http://www.pep.ph/guide/guide/4850/PEP-REVIEW:-A-Journey-Home-carries-a-message-of-hope-for-troubled-families","external_links_name":"\"A Journey Home carries a message of hope for troubled families\""},{"Link":"http://www.pep.ph/guide/guide/4850/PEP-REVIEW:-A-Journey-Home-carries-a-message-of-hope-for-troubled-families","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.pep.ph/photos/1454/red-carpet-watch-a-journey-home","external_links_name":"\"RED CARPET WATCH: A Journey Home\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110817172931/http://manilareviews.com/2010/01/youre-good-man-charlie-brown.html","external_links_name":"\"You're A Good Man Charlie Brown\""},{"Link":"http://manilareviews.com/2010/01/youre-good-man-charlie-brown.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130131145338/http://www5.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=778903&publicationSubCategoryId=86","external_links_name":"\"Five reasons to watch 'Rivalry'\""},{"Link":"http://www5.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=778903&publicationSubCategoryId=86","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120213191835/http://g.theguidon.com/2012/02/06/from-the-court-to-the-stage/","external_links_name":"\"From the court to the stage\""},{"Link":"http://g.theguidon.com/2012/02/06/from-the-court-to-the-stage/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/Ketchup-Song/dp/B004NYEFCI/ref=sr_shvl_album_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1349961692&sr=301-2","external_links_name":"\"Ketchup Song\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/3Yo/dp/B004OO3PXW/ref=sr_shvl_album_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1349963807&sr=301-1","external_links_name":"\"3Yo\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130413221058/http://telebisyon.net/balita/The-1st-Levi-finalists-album/source/132654/","external_links_name":"\"The 1st Levi finalists album\""},{"Link":"http://telebisyon.net/balita/The-1st-Levi-finalists-album/source/132654/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Fairgame/dp/B004PTKRUK/ref=sr_1_2?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1351229715&sr=1-2&keywords=fairgame","external_links_name":"\"Fairgame\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074404/http://merrr.multiply.com/links/item/10?&show_interstitial=1&u=%2Flinks%2Fitem","external_links_name":"\"Kultura Young Artists Series 2007\""},{"Link":"http://merrr.multiply.com/links/item/10?&show_interstitial=1&u=%2Flinks%2Fitem","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/athenatibi","external_links_name":"\"Athena Tibi\""},{"Link":"http://somethingdrastic.com/en/2012/10/athena/","external_links_name":"\"ATHENA\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/athenatibi","external_links_name":"Official YouTube channel \"ATHENA TV\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Individual_Long_Track_World_Championship
|
1993 Individual Long Track World Championship
|
["1 Final Classification","2 References"]
|
1993 Individual Long Track World Championship← 19921994 →
The 1993 Individual Long Track World Championship was the 23rd edition of the FIM speedway Individual Long Track World Championship. The event was held on 26 September 1993 in Mühldorf, Germany.
The world title was won by Simon Wigg of England for the fourth time.
Final Classification
Pos
Rider
Heat Pts
Heat Pts
Heat Pts
Heat Pts
Heat Pts
Total Pts
1
Simon Wigg
4
4
5
4
5
22
2
Karl Maier
4
5
5
5
1
20
3
Marcel Gerhard
5
4
4
1
2
16
4
Antal Kocso
3
5
1
3
4
16
5
Steve Schofield
5
3
2
1
3
14
6
Aleš Dryml Sr.
5
3
0
5
ef
13
7
Egon Müller
4
0
3
4
E
11
8
Mitch Shirra
3
1
4
2
E
10
9
Henrik Gustafsson
3
1
5
ef
E
9
10
Stefan Dannö
2
1
3
3
E
9
11
Joe Screen
1
3
3
2
E
9
12
Tony Briggs
1
4
1
0
E
6
13
Bernd Diener
0
2
4
E
E
6
14
Mark Loram
2
2
1
E
E
5
15
Paul Fry
1
2
2
E
E
5
16
Gerd Riss
ef
5
ef
E
E
5
17
Erik Stenlund
2
0
ef
E
E
2
18
Philippe Bergé
0
0
2
E
E
2
E = eliminated (no further ride)
f = fell
ef = engine failure
x = excluded
References
^ "SPEEDWAY and LONGTRACK". Speedway.org.
^ "World Longtrack World Champions". Grasstrack GB.
^ "WORLD LONGTRACK FINALS 1971 – 1996 Tracy Holmes" (PDF). Speedway Plus.com.
^ Montague, Trevor (2004). A To Z of Sport, page 512. Little Brown. ISBN 0-316-72946-9.
vteLong Track World ChampionshipIndividual (pre 1971)
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
Individual
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1989
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Team
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2022
2023
See also
Medalists
National teams
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Great Britain
Netherlands
vteInternational speedway competitionsWorld
Individual (Grand Prix) (Qualification)
Pairs (Speedway of Nations)
World Team Cup (World Cup)
Individual U-21
Team U-21
Individual U-16
Europe
Individual
Pairs
Team
U21
U19
Junior (team)
National Championships
Argentina
Australia / (U-21)
Austria
Czech/Czech Rep
Denmark / (U-21)
Finland
France
Germany/East/West
Great Britain / (U-21) / (U-19)
Hungary
Italy
Latvia
New Zealand
Norway
Poland / (U-21)
Romanian
Russia/Soviet
Slovenia
Sweden / (U-21)
USA (AMA) / USA (SRA)
National Leagues
Denmark
Great Britain
Poland
Sweden
Czech/Czech Rep
Germany/East/West
Hungary
Russia/Soviet
Ice speedway
World Championships: Individual
Team
European: Individual
Long track
World Championships: Individual
Team
Former Championships
Australasian
British Nordic
Champions Cup (indiv)
Champions' Cup (teams)
Commonwealth
Continental
Estonian
Intercontinental
Nordic
Overseas
Star Riders'
Governing Bodies
World (FIM)
FIM Europe
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Motocyclisme"},{"link_name":"speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway"},{"link_name":"Individual Long Track World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_Long_Track_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mühldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BChldorf"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Simon Wigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Wigg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The 1993 Individual Long Track World Championship was the 23rd edition of the FIM speedway Individual Long Track World Championship.[1] The event was held on 26 September 1993 in Mühldorf, Germany.[2]The world title was won by Simon Wigg of England for the fourth time.[3][4]","title":"1993 Individual Long Track World Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"E = eliminated (no further ride)\nf = fell\nef = engine failure\nx = excluded","title":"Final Classification"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"SPEEDWAY and LONGTRACK\". Speedway.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.speedway.org/history/","url_text":"\"SPEEDWAY and LONGTRACK\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Longtrack World Champions\". Grasstrack GB.","urls":[{"url":"http://grasstrackgb.co.uk/world-longtrack/","url_text":"\"World Longtrack World Champions\""}]},{"reference":"\"WORLD LONGTRACK FINALS 1971 – 1996 Tracy Holmes\" (PDF). Speedway Plus.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.speedwayplus.com/pdf/Longtrack.pdf","url_text":"\"WORLD LONGTRACK FINALS 1971 – 1996 Tracy Holmes\""}]},{"reference":"Montague, Trevor (2004). A To Z of Sport, page 512. Little Brown. ISBN 0-316-72946-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-72946-9","url_text":"0-316-72946-9"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.speedway.org/history/","external_links_name":"\"SPEEDWAY and LONGTRACK\""},{"Link":"http://grasstrackgb.co.uk/world-longtrack/","external_links_name":"\"World Longtrack World Champions\""},{"Link":"http://www.speedwayplus.com/pdf/Longtrack.pdf","external_links_name":"\"WORLD LONGTRACK FINALS 1971 – 1996 Tracy Holmes\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Castr%C3%A9n_Institute_of_International_Law_and_Human_Rights
|
University of Helsinki
|
["1 History","1.1 Royal Academy of Åbo 1640–1828","1.2 Imperial Alexander University in Finland 1828–1919","1.3 University of Helsinki 1919–present","2 Organization","2.1 Faculties","3 Academics","3.1 University rankings","3.2 International Master's Degree Programmes","3.3 Research","4 Campuses","4.1 City Centre Campus","4.2 Kumpula Campus","4.3 Meilahti Campus","4.4 Viikki Campus","5 Libraries and museums","5.1 The National Library of Finland","5.2 The Helsinki University Main Library","5.3 The Helsinki University Museum","5.4 Finnish Museum of Natural History","6 Student life","6.1 Student Union","6.2 Student nations","7 Notable alumni, faculty, and staff","8 Chancellors","9 Rectors","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 60°10′10″N 024°57′00″E / 60.16944°N 24.95000°E / 60.16944; 24.95000University in Helsinki, Finland
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "University of Helsinki" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article contains academic boosterism which primarily serves to praise or promote the subject and may be a sign of a conflict of interest. Please improve this article by removing peacock terms, weasel words, and other promotional material. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
University of HelsinkiHelsingin yliopisto Helsingfors universitetLatin: Universitas HelsingiensisMottoOpiskelu ja opettaminen – yliopiston sydänMotto in EnglishStudying and teaching - The heart of a universityTypePublicEstablished1640; 384 years ago (1640)Endowment€ c. 2 billionChancellorKaarle HämeriRectorSari LindblomAcademic staff4,717 (2020)Total staff8,120 (2020)Students31,600 (total, 2020)Undergraduates16,090 (2020)Postgraduates10,673 (2020)Doctoral students4,548 (2020)LocationHelsinki, Finland60°10′10″N 024°57′00″E / 60.16944°N 24.95000°E / 60.16944; 24.95000CampusUrbanColours Black and whiteAffiliationsEuropaeumLERUUArcticUna EuropaUnicaUtrecht NetworkWebsitewww.helsinki.fi/en
The University of Helsinki (Finnish: Helsingin yliopisto, Swedish: Helsingfors universitet; UH) is a public university in Helsinki, Finland. The university was founded in Turku in 1640 as the Royal Academy of Åbo under the Swedish Empire, and moved to Helsinki in 1828 under the sponsorship of Tsar Alexander I. The University of Helsinki is the oldest and largest university in Finland with the widest range of disciplines available. In 2020, around 31,600 students were enrolled in the degree programs of the university spread across 11 faculties and 11 research institutes.
As of 1 August 2005, the university complies with the harmonized structure of the Europe-wide Bologna Process and offers bachelor, master, licenciate, and doctoral degrees. Admission to degree programmes is usually determined by entrance examinations, in the case of bachelor's degrees, and by prior degree results, in the case of master and postgraduate degrees.
The university is bilingual, with teaching by law provided both in Finnish and Swedish. Since Swedish, albeit an official language of Finland, is a minority language, Finnish is by far the dominating language at the university. Teaching in English is extensive throughout the university at master, licentiate, and doctoral levels, making it a de facto third language of instruction.
It is a member of various prominent international university networks, such as Europaeum, UNICA, the Utrecht Network, and is a founding member of the League of European Research Universities. The university has also received international financial support for global welfare; for example, in September 2021, the U.S. Department of Defense provided the university with more than four million euros in funding for the treatment of MYC genes and breast cancer.
History
Queen Christina of Sweden, University Founder and Patron
For the early history (1640-1809), see Royal Academy of Turku.
Royal Academy of Åbo 1640–1828
The Royal Academy of Åbo
Main article: Royal Academy of Turku
The first predecessor of the university, The Cathedral School of Åbo, was presumably founded in 1276 for education of boys to become servants of the Church. As the university was founded in 1640 by Queen Christina of Sweden (1626–1689) in Turku (Sw. Åbo), as the Åbo Kungliga Akademi (Latin: Regia Academia Aboensis), the senior part of the school formed the core of the new university, while the junior year courses formed a grammar school. It was the third university founded in the Swedish Empire, following Uppsala University and the Academia Gustaviana in Dorpat (predecessor to the University of Tartu in Estonia).
Imperial Alexander University in Finland 1828–1919
Coat of arms of the University of Helsinki
The second period of the university's history covers the period when Finland was a Grand Duchy, a state ruled by the Russian Empire from 1809 to 1917. When Grand Duchy of Finland was established in 1809, the Grand Duke Alexander I expanded the university and allocated substantial funds to it. Following the Great Fire of Turku in 1827, higher education within the country was moved to Helsinki, the new administrative heart and the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland, in 1828, and renamed the Imperial Alexander University in Finland in honour of the late benefactor of the university. In the capital the primary task of the university was to educate the Grand Duchy's civil servants.
The university became a community subscribing to the new Humboldtian ideals of science and culture, studying humanity and its living environment by means of scientific methods. The new statutes of the university enacted in 1828 defined the task of the university as promoting the development of "the Sciences and Humanities within Finland and, furthermore, educating the youth for the service of the Emperor and the Fatherland".
The Alexander University was a centre of national life that promoted the birth of a fully independent Finnish State and the development of Finnish identity. The great men of 19th century Finland, Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Elias Lönnrot and Zachris Topelius, were all involved in the activities of the university. The university became a major center of Finnish cultural, political, and legal life in 19th century Finland, and became a remarkable primum mobile of the nationalist and liberal cultural movements, political parties, and student organisations.
In the 19th century university research changed from being collection-centred to being experimental, empirical, and analytical. The more scientific approach of the university led to specialisation and created new disciplines. As the scientific disciplines developed, Finland received ever more scholarly knowledge and highly educated people, some of whom entered rapidly evolving industry or the government.
National Library of Finland/Kansalliskirjasto
University of Helsinki 1919–present
University of Helsinki (Main Building)
The third period of the university's history began with the creation of a fully independent Republic of Finland in 1917, and with the renaming of the university as the University of Helsinki. Once Finland declared its full independence in 1917, the university was given a crucial role in building the nation state and, after World War II, the welfare state. Members of the academic community promoted the international relations of the new state and the development of its economic life. Furthermore, they were actively involved in national politics and the struggle for equality.
In the interwar period the university was the scene of a conflict between those who wanted to advance the usage of Finnish language in the university, to the detriment of Swedish and those who opposed such move. Geographer Väinö Tanner was one of the most vocal defenders of Swedish language usage. Swedish People's Party of Finland initiated a campaign collecting 153 914 signatures in defense of the Swedish language that were handed to the parliament and government in October 1934. On an international front academics from Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Iceland sent letters to the diplomatic representations of Finland in their respective countries warning about a weakening of the Nordic unity that would result from diminishing the role of Swedish in the University of Helsinki.
In the 20th century, scholarly research at the University of Helsinki reached the level of the European elite in many disciplines. This was manifested, among other things, by international recognitions granted to its professors, such as the Fields Medal received by the mathematician Lars Ahlfors (1936), the Nobel Prize in Chemistry granted to Professor A.I. Virtanen (1945) and the Nobel Prize in Medicine shared by Professor Ragnar Granit (1967). In the Continuation War the university was heavily damaged by bombs during a soviet air raid on 27 February 1944.
After World War II, university research focused on improving Finnish living conditions and supporting major changes in the structure of society and business. The university also contributed to the breakthrough of modern technology.
The progress of scientific development created many new disciplines and faculties at the University of Helsinki. At present the university comprises 11 faculties, 500 professors and almost 40,000 students. The university has established as its goal to further its position as one of Europe's top multidisciplinary research universities.
In March 2014, two people were arrested and in June 2014 sentenced to prison for three years for plotting a mass murder at the university.
Organization
Aleksanteri Institute, University of Helsinki
Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki
Faculties
The university is divided into eleven faculties. They are listed below in the official order used by the university, reflecting both the history of the university and the hierarchy of disciplines at the time when the university was established:
Faculty of Theology (established 1640)
Faculty of Law (established 1640)
Faculty of Medicine (established 1640)
Faculty of Arts (Faculty of Philosophy established 1640 and split 1852, independent Arts section 1863, independent faculty 1992)
Faculty of Science (Faculty of Philosophy established 1640 and split 1852, independent Science section 1863, independent faculty 1992)
Faculty of Pharmacy (Faculty of Philosophy established 1640, split from the Faculty of Science 2004)
Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences (Faculty of Philosophy established 1640, split from the Faculty of Science 2004)
Faculty of Educational Sciences (independent section 1974, independent faculty 1992, reorganized and renamed 2004, reorganized and renamed 2017)
Faculty of Social Sciences (established 1945)
Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry (established 1898, independent faculty 1924)
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (established as an independent college in 1945, incorporated into the University of Helsinki in 1995)
The university also has several independent institutes, such as research centres and libraries, the most notable of which are perhaps the National Library of Finland and Helsinki University Library. Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies is another independent institute within the University of Helsinki, an Institute for Advanced Study, which is modeled upon the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Previous directors include Raimo Väyrynen (2002–2004) and Juha Sihvola (2004–2009).
Academics
University rankingsGlobal – OverallARWU World101–150 (2023)QS World115 (2024)THE World121 (2024)USNWR Global99 (2023)
University rankings
University of Helsinki is ranked at 101-150st in the world by the 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University. According to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2023, the University of Helsinki is ranked at 121st overall in the world. In 2024 THE–QS World University Rankings list, the University of Helsinki was ranked 115th.
International Master's Degree Programmes
The University of Helsinki offers a wide range of master's degree programmes, taught entirely in English. The scope of the programmes is 120 ECTS credits, completed with two years of full-time study. Some programmes are organised by the University of Helsinki along with other Finnish and foreign universities. All programmes comply with the national legislation governing university education and are, therefore, recognised globally.
Research
University of Helsinki Botanical Garden.
Research institutes within the university include the following:
Aleksanteri Institute – A national centre of research, study and expertise pertaining to Russia and East Europe
Christina Institute for Gender Studies
Environmental Change Research Unit
Erik Castrén Institute of International Law and Human Rights
Helsinki Center of Economic Research (HECER) – A joint initiative of the University of Helsinki, the Helsinki School of Economics and the Hanken School of Economics
Helsinki Institute for Information Technology (HIIT) – A joint research institute of the University of Helsinki and the Aalto University
Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE) - supports and coordinates life science research across the university. HiLIFE oversees three operative units:
Institute of Biotechnology (BI)
Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM)
Neuroscience Center (NC)
Helsinki Institute of Physics
Rolf Nevanlinna Institute – Research institute of mathematics, computer science, and statistics
Campuses
Main Auditorium, University of Helsinki
The university is located on four main campuses. Originally, the entire university was located in the very centre of Helsinki, but due to the rapid growth of the university since the 1930s, premises have been built and acquired in other areas.
City Centre Campus
The historical City Centre Campus has been the hub of activity ever since the university moved from Turku to Helsinki in the early 19th century. The campus has a central location and reflects the architectural style of this part of the city. The university buildings in the city center house the Faculties of Theology, Law, Arts, Behavioural Sciences and Social Sciences plus administrative functions. Most of the buildings on the campus have a major architectural significance ranging from the dominating Neo-Classical, through the Jugendstil, to 20th century Modernism.
Minerva, Department of Teacher Education
The City Centre Campus, extending around the historical centre of Helsinki, Senate Square, and Kruununhaka city district, is the administrative heart of the University of Helsinki and has the largest concentration of faculties in Helsinki.
After the Great Fire of Turku in 1827, Emperor Nicholas I ordered the Royal Academy of Turku be moved to the new capital city of the Grand Duchy of Finland, Helsinki, where the Imperial Alexander University in Finland began to operate the next year. Helsinki was to become Finland's window to the world; a European city to which the university belonged as an integral part. Carl Ludvig Engel, architect, was given the assignment of designing an Empire-style main building next to Senate Square, facing the Imperial Senate. The main building was completed in 1832. Thanks to the lessons learnt from the fire of Turku, the library was built separate from other premises. The library and several faculty buildings in the campus were also designed by Engel.
University Main Building on fire after Soviet bombings in 1944.
The main building as well as other buildings of the campus were badly damaged during the Soviet bombings in World War II but rebuilt after the war.
The plan concerning the concentration of university facilities dating back to the 1980s, aimed to achieve a closer unity between facilities. The City Centre Campus does not stand out from the rest of the urban environment but is a part of the city, in line with the old university tradition. The university facilities still form a functional and coherent whole, consisting not only of historically valuable buildings, but also of facilities for 20,000 students and 3,000 teachers and other staff.
Kumpula Campus
The Kumpula Campus, housing the Faculty of Science, is located four kilometers north from the centre of Helsinki near tram lines 6 and 8. The campus houses the Departments of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Statistics, Computer Science, and Geosciences and Geography.
The university departments were located in Kumpula for the first time in 1978 when the City of Helsinki leased the area for the university. A planning competition for the city plan for the area was held a year earlier. In the 1980s, the Accelerator Laboratory of the Department of Physics was quarried into Kumpula rock and the construction of Kumpula Botanical Garden began in 1987. It was not, however, until the 1990s when the construction work proper began, transforming the area into a significant campus.
Kumpula Campus Physicum
The Chemicum, the building housing the Department of Chemistry and VERIFIN (Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention), and the Physicum, which provides facilities for physics, geology and geography are located on Kumpula campus surrounding a square named after the Finnish Nobel prize winner, A. I. Virtanen. Kumpula Campus Library is also located in the Physicum. The Kumpula Sports Centre is planned for the recreational use of both university staff and students and citizens of Helsinki alike. Completed in 2004, the Exactum provides facilities for seismology, computer science and mathematical subjects, as well as administrative services.
The campus comprises two main parts: the Botanical Garden, surrounding the old building stock of Kumpula manor and the modern new building stock located a couple of hundred metres north of the manor. The greenness of the area makes the dynamic campus stand out as a unique, distinctive complex. The campus offers study and research facilities for 6,000 students and 1,000 teachers. The Finnish Meteorological Institute moved to the area in 2005. That building is known as Dynamicum.
Meilahti Campus
The Meilahti Campus, with the Faculty of Medicine, is a part of the Meilahti Hospital District on the edge of the city centre. Just a few kilometres from the City Centre Campus, the Meilahti area has been transformed into a cradle of top research on medicine, 'Medilahti'. Established in the 1930s, the Women's Clinic was accompanied by Finland's leading hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH) in 1966. The same year saw the completion of facilities for theoretical subject departments on Haartmaninkatu street. The building is now being renovated and extended.
The latest completed facilities in the campus include the National Library of Health Sciences (Terkko) and the research and teaching centre Biomedicum that houses several research institutes including the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Neuroscience Center (NC), and Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research.
The Ruskeasuo premises, including the Department of Dentistry, Institute for Oral Health, Department of Public Health and Department of Forensic Medicine, also belong to the Meilahti campus. The Meilahti and Ruskeasuo areas form a close-knit complex providing a meeting place for medical education, international top-level research and nursing. The campus is a workplace for 2,000 students and 1,500 teachers.
Thanks to the years-long project to combine the teaching facilities of the Faculty of Medicine, Meilahti is now a functional unity of medicine and health care. The atmosphere in the campus inspires people in their studies, research and international co-operation.
Although the Meilahti campus is intertwined with the rest of Meilahti district, it succeeds in forming a clear-cut campus area with its hospital-type building stock.
Viikki Campus
The Viikki Campus is located in the semi-suburban greenspace of the Viikki area, some 8 kilometres north-east of the city centre. It houses the Faculties of Agriculture and Forestry, Biosciences, Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy. It is an important concentration in the field of biosciences, even by European standards. Indeed, it is often called the bioscience campus or the "green campus".
In addition to biosciences, the campus is home to a wide range of other life science researchers and students in such fields as environmental science, veterinary medicine, food research and economics. Numerous international research groups also work on the Viikki Campus. The Viikki Campus is the location of four faculties, three independent research institutes (Institute of Biotechnology (BI), Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE) and Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE)) and the Viikki Science Library.
It also attracts an increasing number of businesses to the Helsinki Business and Science Park. The Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute and the Finnish Food Safety Authority, Evira, have also moved to Viikki and negotiations are under way to relocate MTT Agrifood Research Finland to Viikki to complement the Department of Economics and Management.
The Viikki Campus unites a multidisciplinary science community of more than 6,500 students and 1,600 teachers, a residential area emphasising ecological values and the natural surroundings, including recreational areas and nature reserves, and forms a unique whole. The campus also has the Viikinlahti conservation area, which is particularly popular among bird watchers.
Libraries and museums
The National Library of Finland
Interior of the National Library of Finland
The National Library of Finland is the foremost research library in Finland and the main branch of the University of Helsinki's library system. The National Library of Finland is the oldest and largest scholarly library in Finland as well as one of the largest independent institutes at the University of Helsinki. It is responsible for the collection, description, preservation and accessibility of Finland's printed national heritage and the unique collections under its care. The National Library also serves as a national service and development centre for the library sector and promotes national and international cooperation in the field.
The Helsinki University Main Library
The new Main Library in Kaisa House.
The Main Library of the university is used by students for research and studying. Located a few blocks down the street from the university's main building in the city center, the new Main Library was opened in 2012 in the Kaisa House. The new library merged the undergraduate library and four dispersed faculty libraries of the city center campus to a collection of approximately 1.5 million books. The architecture of the new building, designed by Anttinen Oiva Architects, has been praised and received several awards.
The Helsinki University Museum
The Helsinki University Museum is the museum of the University of Helsinki and was located until June 2014 on Snellmanninkatu off the north-east corner of Senate Square. Museums main exhibition moved to the University Main Building in 2015.
Helsinki University Museum was established in 2003 by merging the former University Museum specialising in the history of the University of Helsinki, the Museum of Medical History, the Museum of the History of Veterinary Medicine, the Museum of the History of Dentistry and the Collections of Craft Science. To complement the new conglomeration of museums, the Mineral Cabinet, which today belongs to the Finnish Museum of Natural History, returned to its original location in the Arppeanum building. Each year the museum also holds one or two temporary exhibitions in a specially designed area. Museums exhibition in Arppeanum Building was closed in June 2014. New main exhibition was opened in the Main Building in March 2015.
The University Museum is in charge of the preservation and conservation of the university's valuable museum collections and property: old tuition and research equipment, furniture and works of art. The museum maintains an index register of all valuables that are kept in the facilities of the university. The museum also provides library, archive and photographic services pertaining to the history of the university and the history of medical science.
Finnish Museum of Natural History
Museum of Natural History.
The Finnish Museum of Natural History is a research institution under the University of Helsinki. It is responsible for the national botanical, zoological, geological and paleontological collections consisting of samples from around the world. The collections serve scientific, public informational and educational purposes.
Student life
Student Union
The Old Student House (Student Union), Aleksanterinkatu.
The Student Union of the University of Helsinki (Helsingin yliopiston ylioppilaskunta, HYY) was founded in 1868. It currently has 32,000 members and is one of the world's wealthiest student organizations, with assets of several hundred million euros. Among other things, it owns a good deal of property in the city centre of Helsinki. The union has been at the centre of student politics from the 19th Century nationalist movements, through the actions of the New Left in the 1960s, up to the present. Its governing assembly consists of parties which are connected to faculty organisations, the Student Nations, and the mainstream political parties.
Student nations
The student nations are student organisations that provide extra-curricular activities to students. Along with the faculty-based organisations, the nations provide one of the main nodes of student social life. The nations at University of Helsinki have a special legal status in the Universities Act. There are 15 nations at the university, each one representing a historic region or province of Finland, with four of these representing Swedish-speaking regions. Membership is optional.
Nylands Nation
North Ostrobothnian Nation
Panorama of the Senate Square. University main building on left.
Notable alumni, faculty, and staff
Name
Life
Details
Elli Saurio
(1899–1966)
Professor of household economics
Jukka Nevakivi
(1931-)
Professor of political history
Derek Fewster
(1962-)
Historian
Joy Wolfram
(1989-)
Nanoscientist, BS and MS
Bengt Holmström
(1949–)
Nobel Laureate (Economics, 2016)
Liisa Ahtee
(1937—)
Pharmacology, pioneer developer of pharmacological research in Finland. Albert Wuokko Award recipient in 1999.
Pauli Kettunen
(1953-)
professor of political history
Lars Ahlfors
(1907–1996)
Mathematician, one of two first to be awarded the Fields Medal in 1936
Emma Irene Åström
(1847–1934)
First female university graduate in Finland
Tancred Borenius
(1885–1948)
Art historian and diplomat
Anders Chydenius
(1729–1803)
Priest, economist, and politician
Anders Donner
(1854–1938)
Astronomer
Fredrik Elfving
(1854–1942)
Botanist and plant physiologist
Gustav Elfving
(1908–1984)
Mathematician and statistician. Pioneer in the optimal design of experiments
Elsa Enäjärvi-Haavio
(1918–1951)
PhD (1932), docent, writer, politician. Chairwoman in many institutions.
Elin Kallio
(1859–1927)
Considered the founder of the women's gymnastic movement in Finland
Ragnar Granit
(1900–1991)
Nobel Laureate (Medicine, 1967)
Hugo Gyldén
(1841–1896)
Astronomer
Tarja Halonen
(1943–)
Lawyer (LL.M.) and the former President of Finland (2000–2012)
Rosina Heikel
(1842–1929)
First Finnish woman physician, feminist
Jaakko Hintikka
(1929–2015)
Philosopher and logician
Harri Holkeri
(1937–2011)
Former Prime minister of Finland (1987–1991)
Riitta Jallinoja
(1943–)
Sociologist, academic
Jukka Jernvall
(1963–)
Evolutionary developmental biologist
Vesa Kanniainen
(1948–)
Economist
Kari Karhunen
(1915–1992)
Mathematician
Urho Kaleva Kekkonen
(1900–1986)
Former Prime Minister of Finland (1950–1953, 1954–1956) and former President of Finland (1956–1982)
Elina Kahla
(1960)
Academic, writer
Aleksis Kivi
(1834–1872)
Writer
Nils Kock
(1924–2011)
Surgeon and developer of the Kock pouch procedure for ileostomits
Björn Kurtén
(1924–1988)
Palaeontologist
Werner Krieglstein
(1941–)
University of Chicago fellow and Fulbright Scholar, as well as being a philosopher, author, and actor
Jarl Lindeberg
(1876–1932)
Mathematician
Ernst Lindelöf
(1870–1946)
Mathematician
Elias Lönnrot
(1802–1884)
Collector of Kalevala
Rolf Nevanlinna
(1895–1980)
Mathematician
Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld
(1832–1901)
Geologist and Arctic explorer
Gustaf Nordenskiöld
(1868–1895)
Donor of the Mesa Verde artifacts to the National Museum of Finland
Jorma Ollila
(1950–)
Former chairman of Nokia and non-executive chairman of Royal Dutch Shell
Juho Kusti Paasikivi
(1870–1956)
Former Prime Minister of Finland (1918 & 1944–1946) and President of Finland (1946–1956)
Lauri Kristian Relander
(1883–1942)
Former President of Finland (1925–1931)
Risto Ryti
(1889–1956)
Former Prime Minister of Finland (1939–1940) and President of Finland (1940–1944)
Esa Saarinen
(1953–)
Philosopher
Päivi Setälä
(1943–2014)
Historian and professor
Jean Sibelius
(1865–1957)
Composer
Juha Sihvola
(1957–2012)
Philosopher and historian
Frans Emil Sillanpää
(1888–1964)
Nobel Laureate (Literature, 1939)
Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg
(1865–1952)
Former President of Finland (1919–1925)
Karl Fritiof Sundman
(1873–1949)
Astronomer
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
(1861–1944)
Former Prime Minister of Finland (1930–1931) and President of Finland (1931–1937)
Teivo Teivainen
(1970–)
Professor of world politics
Jaana Toivari-Viitala
(1964-2017)
Chair of the Finnish Egyptology Society
Zacharias Topelius
(1818–1898)
Writer and historian
Linus Torvalds
(1969–)
Creator of Linux and Git, and the main developer of the Linux kernel
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
(1895–1973)
Nobel Laureate (Chemistry, 1945)
Jussi V. Koivisto
(1965–)
Economist and educator
Edvard August Vainio
(1853–1929)
Lichenologist; student from 1870 to 1880; associate professor of botany 1880–1906
Bror-Erik Wallenius
(1943–)
Sports commentator
Mika Waltari
(1908–1979)
Novelist
Georg Henrik von Wright
(1916–2003)
Philosopher and president of the Academy of Finland
Erato Kozakou-Marcoullis
(1949–)
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus
Juha Hernesniemi
(1947–2023)
Neurosurgeon
Helvi Poutasuo
(1943–2017)
Teacher, translator, editor, politician
Eeva-Kaarina Aronen
(1948–2015)
Author, journalist
Pigga Keskitalo
(1972-)
Sámi politician and academic
Jaakko Suolahti
(1918–1987)
Classicists scholar and Professor in History
Derrick Rossi
(1966–)
Stem cell biologist and co-founder of Moderna
Klaus Suomela
(1888–1962)
Dramatic arts and gymnastics (Olympic gymnastics silver medallist 1912)
Laura Maria Harmaja
(1881–1954)
Economist
Chancellors
The chancellor is the highest representative of the University of Helsinki. He is elected by the college, the highest body of staff representation at the university. According to the University Act, the chancellor's task is to promote the sciences and monitor the interests of the university. The chancellor has the right to attend meetings of the Government of Finland on matters concerning the University of Helsinki.
Chancellors
Edvard Hjelt
1917–1921
Anders Donner
1921–1926
Hugo Suolahti
1926–1944
Antti Tulenheimo
1944–1952
Pekka Myrberg
1952–1962
Edwin Linkomies
1962–1963
Paavo Ravila
1963–1968
Pentti Renvall
1968–1973
Mikko Juva
1973–1978
Ernst Palmén
1978–1983
Nils Oker-Blom
1983–1988
Olli Lehto
1988–1993
Lauri Saxén
1993–1996
Risto Ihamuotila
1996–2003
Kari Raivio
2003–2008
Ilkka Niiniluoto
2008–2013
Thomas Wilhelmsson
2013–2017
Kaarle Hämeri
2017–
Rectors
Rectors
Waldemar Ruin
1915–1920
Ivar August Heikel
1920–1922
Hugo Suolahti
1923–1926
Antti Tulenheimo
1926–1931
Robert Brotherus
1931–1938
Kaarlo Linkola
1938–1941
Rolf Nevanlinna
1941–1945
Arthur Långfors
1945–1950
Erik Lönnroth
1950–1953
Paavo Ravila
1953–1956
Edwin Linkomies
1956–1962
Erkki Kivinen
1962–1971
Mikko Juva
1971–1973
Ernst Palmén
1973–1978
Nils Oker-Blom
1978–1983
Olli Lehto
1983–1988
Päiviö Tommila
1988–1992
Risto Ihamuotila
1992–1996
Kari Raivio
1996–2003
Ilkka Niiniluoto
2003–2008
Thomas Wilhelmsson
2008–2013
Jukka Kola
2013–2018
Jari Niemelä
2018-2022
Sari Lindblom
2022–
See also
History of Finland
Helsinki Senate Square
List of universities in Finland
Education in Finland
Helsinki University of Technology
Europaeum
Bologna Process
References
^ "Helsingin yliopiston opetuksen ja opintojen eettiset periaatteet" (PDF). 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
^ "University Management, University of Helsinki". 28 March 2022.
^ a b c d e f g "The University of Helsinki in numbers". 22 July 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
^ "Styleguide". universityofhelsinki.github.io. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
^ "Bologna Process at the University of Helsinki" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
^ UNICA = "Institutional Network of the Universities from the Capitals of Europe".
^ Pentagonilta jättirahoitus Helsingin yliopiston johtamaan syöpätutkimushankkeeseen – Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish)
^ a b c Sundman, Lasse (24 April 2011). "Universitetsadresserna". Uppslagsverket Finland (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 November 2017.
^ Lindberg, Johan (5 August 2011). "Tanner, Väinö". Uppslagsverket Finland (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 November 2017.
^ "Natten när Helsingfors skulle förintas". Hbl.fi | Finlands ledande nyhetssajt på svenska. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
^ "University of Helsinki". Retrieved 16 March 2015.
^ Hänninen, Jyri: Toinen epäillyistä: Iskua yliopistoon ei oikeasti aiottu tehdä, Helsingin Sanomat, 26 May 2014. Accessed on 26 May 2014.
^ Aleksi (29 June 2014). "Duo jailed for plotting killing spree at University of Helsinki". Retrieved 16 March 2015.
^ "Historioitsija ja filosofi Juha Sihvola on kuollut". Helsingin Sanomat.
^ "Juha Sihvola". Helsingin Sanomat. Archived from the original on 31 March 2013.
^ "ARWU World University Rankings 2034". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
^ "QS World University Rankings 2024". topuniversities.com. 19 June 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
^ "World University Rankings". timeshighereducation.com. 6 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
^ "U.S. News Education: Best Global Universities 2022-23". Retrieved 23 November 2023.
^ Academic Ranking of World Universities 2023
^ "World University Rankings 2016". Retrieved 16 March 2015.
^ "QS World University Rankings® 2023/24". Top Universities. 11 September 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
^ "Master's Programmes". University of Helsinki. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
^ Kati Heinämies. "Helsingin suurpommitukset ja yliopisto" (in Finnish). Helsinki University Museum Arppeanum. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
^ a b "New university library a wonder of design and learning". Helsinki Times. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
^ Salmela, Marja (16 August 2012). "Valo tulvii Kaisa-kirjastoon" . Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 7 April 2014.
^ "Pääkirjasto Kaisa-talossa". Helsinki University Library. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
^ James, Barry (25 May 1998). "HYY of Helsinki Runs a $200 Million Enterprise : University Student Union Plays Business Tycoon". New York Times.
^ Vuolteenaho, Katriina, ed. (April 2008). "Suomen Farmakologiyhdistyksen jäsenlehti" (PDF). Transmitteri (in Finnish). 25 (88). Finland: 5. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
^ "Helsingin yliopiston rehtoriksi Jukka Kola". Retrieved 16 March 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to University of Helsinki.
University of Helsinki – Official site
Presentation of premises – Images of almost all university buildings and their lecture rooms
vteUniversities in Finland
Aalto
Åbo Akademi
Eastern Finland
Hanken School of Economics
Helsinki
Jyväskylä
Lapland
Lappeenranta University of Technology
National Defence University
Oulu
Tampere
University of the Arts Helsinki
Turku
Vaasa
vteEuropaeum
Católica
CEU
Charles
Copenhagen
FU Berlin
Bologna
Tartu
Pompeu Fabra
IHEID
Helsinki
Jagiellonian
Leiden
Luxembourg
Complutense
Munich
Oxford
St Andrews
vteLeague of European Research Universities (LERU)
Amsterdam
Barcelona
Cambridge
Copenhagen
Dublin (TCD)
Edinburgh
Freiburg
Geneva
Heidelberg
Helsinki
Imperial
Leiden
Leuven
Lund
Milan
LMU Munich
Oxford
Paris-Saclay
Sorbonne
Strasbourg
UCL
Utrecht
Zurich
vteUna Europa
FU Berlin
Bologna
Edinburgh
Helsinki
Kraków (Jagiellonian)
Leuven
Madrid (Complutense)
Paris I
vteNetwork of Universities from the Capitals of Europe (UNICA)
Amsterdam (UvA)
Ankara (AU)
Ankara (METU)
Athens
Belgrade
Berlin (FU Berlin)
Berlin (HU Berlin)
Bratislava
Brussels (ULB)
Brussels (VUB)
Bucharest
Budapest
Copenhagen
Dublin (UCD)
Edinburgh
Helsinki
Kiev
Lausanne (UNIL)
Lisbon (ULisboa)
Lisbon (NOVA)
Ljubljana
London (KCL)
Madrid (UC3M)
Madrid (UCM)
Moscow State
Moscow (HSE)
Nicosia
Oslo
Paris (PSL)
Paris (USN)
Prague
Reykjavík
Riga (Latvia)
Rome III
Rome-La Sapienza
Rome-Tor Vergata
Skopje
Sofia
Stockholm
Tallinn (TU)
Tallinn (TalTech)
Tirana
Vienna
Vilnius
Warsaw
Zagreb
vteUtrecht Network of European inter-university cooperations
Austria
University of Graz
Belgium
University of Antwerp
Czech Republic
Masaryk University
Denmark
Aarhus University
Estonia
University of Tartu
Finland
University of Helsinki
France
Université Lille Nord de France - University of Lille
University of Strasbourg
Germany
University of Bochum
Leipzig University
Greece
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Hungary
Eötvös Loránd University
Ireland
University College Cork
Italy
University of Bologna
Latvia
University of Latvia
Lithuania
Vilnius University
Malta
University of Malta
Netherlands
Utrecht School of the Arts
Utrecht University
Norway
University of Bergen
Poland
Jagiellonian University
Portugal
University of Coimbra
Romania
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
Slovakia
Comenius University in Bratislava
Slovenia
University of Ljubljana
Spain
Complutense University of Madrid
Valencia
Sweden
Lund
Switzerland
University of Basel
Turkey
Boğaziçi
United Kingdom
Queen's University Belfast
University of Hull
European University Association
Networks of European universities
ERASMUS programme
vteHigher education in Uusimaa, Finland
List of universities in Finland
List of universities of applied sciences in Finland
Universities
Aalto University
University of Helsinki
Specialised universities
University of the Arts Helsinki
Hanken School of Economics
National Defence University
Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS)
Arcada
Diaconia1
Haaga–Helia1
HUMAK1
Laurea
Metropolia
Novia1
1 Has at least one campus outside Uusimaa.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
Finland
United States
Sweden
Latvia
Czech Republic
Australia
Greece
Croatia
Poland
Vatican
2
Geographic
MusicBrainz place
Academics
CiNii
Artists
ULAN
People
Trove
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Åbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_%C3%85bo"},{"link_name":"Swedish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tsar Alexander I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-university-in-numbers-3"},{"link_name":"Bologna Process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process"},{"link_name":"licenciate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licenciate"},{"link_name":"doctoral degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Europaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europaeum"},{"link_name":"UNICA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_Network_of_the_Universities_from_the_Capitals_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Utrecht Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_Network"},{"link_name":"League of European Research Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_European_Research_Universities"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"MYC genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYC"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"University in Helsinki, FinlandThe University of Helsinki (Finnish: Helsingin yliopisto, Swedish: Helsingfors universitet; UH) is a public university in Helsinki, Finland. The university was founded in Turku in 1640 as the Royal Academy of Åbo under the Swedish Empire, and moved to Helsinki in 1828 under the sponsorship of Tsar Alexander I. The University of Helsinki is the oldest and largest university in Finland with the widest range of disciplines available. In 2020, around 31,600 students were enrolled in the degree programs of the university spread across 11 faculties and 11 research institutes.[3]As of 1 August 2005, the university complies with the harmonized structure of the Europe-wide Bologna Process and offers bachelor, master, licenciate, and doctoral degrees.[5] Admission to degree programmes is usually determined by entrance examinations, in the case of bachelor's degrees, and by prior degree results, in the case of master and postgraduate degrees.The university is bilingual, with teaching by law provided both in Finnish and Swedish. Since Swedish, albeit an official language of Finland, is a minority language, Finnish is by far the dominating language at the university. Teaching in English is extensive throughout the university at master, licentiate, and doctoral levels, making it a de facto third language of instruction.It is a member of various prominent international university networks, such as Europaeum, UNICA,[6] the Utrecht Network, and is a founding member of the League of European Research Universities. The university has also received international financial support for global welfare; for example, in September 2021, the U.S. Department of Defense provided the university with more than four million euros in funding for the treatment of MYC genes and breast cancer.[7]","title":"University of Helsinki"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cristina_de_Suecia_a_caballo_(Bourdon).jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen Christina of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Christina_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Turku"}],"text":"Queen Christina of Sweden, University Founder and PatronFor the early history (1640-1809), see Royal Academy of Turku.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turun_hovioikeus_talvella.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Cathedral School of Åbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedralskolan_i_%C3%85bo"},{"link_name":"Queen Christina of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Christina_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"link_name":"Åbo Kungliga Akademi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Turku"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"Swedish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Uppsala University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_University"},{"link_name":"Academia Gustaviana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Gustaviana"},{"link_name":"Dorpat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu"},{"link_name":"University of Tartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tartu"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"}],"sub_title":"Royal Academy of Åbo 1640–1828","text":"The Royal Academy of ÅboThe first predecessor of the university, The Cathedral School of Åbo, was presumably founded in 1276 for education of boys to become servants of the Church. As the university was founded in 1640 by Queen Christina of Sweden (1626–1689) in Turku (Sw. Åbo), as the Åbo Kungliga Akademi (Latin: Regia Academia Aboensis), the senior part of the school formed the core of the new university, while the junior year courses formed a grammar school. It was the third university founded in the Swedish Empire, following Uppsala University and the Academia Gustaviana in Dorpat (predecessor to the University of Tartu in Estonia).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Helsinki.png"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Alexander I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Great Fire of Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Turku"},{"link_name":"Humboldtian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt"},{"link_name":"Johan Vilhelm Snellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman"},{"link_name":"Johan Ludvig Runeberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg"},{"link_name":"Elias Lönnrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot"},{"link_name":"Zachris Topelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachris_Topelius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kansalliskirjasto_-_National_Library_of_Finland,_Helsinki_(52890137262).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Imperial Alexander University in Finland 1828–1919","text":"Coat of arms of the University of HelsinkiThe second period of the university's history covers the period when Finland was a Grand Duchy, a state ruled by the Russian Empire from 1809 to 1917. When Grand Duchy of Finland was established in 1809, the Grand Duke Alexander I expanded the university and allocated substantial funds to it. Following the Great Fire of Turku in 1827, higher education within the country was moved to Helsinki, the new administrative heart and the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland, in 1828, and renamed the Imperial Alexander University in Finland in honour of the late benefactor of the university. In the capital the primary task of the university was to educate the Grand Duchy's civil servants.The university became a community subscribing to the new Humboldtian ideals of science and culture, studying humanity and its living environment by means of scientific methods. The new statutes of the university enacted in 1828 defined the task of the university as promoting the development of \"the Sciences and Humanities within Finland and, furthermore, educating the youth for the service of the Emperor and the Fatherland\".The Alexander University was a centre of national life that promoted the birth of a fully independent Finnish State and the development of Finnish identity. The great men of 19th century Finland, Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Elias Lönnrot and Zachris Topelius, were all involved in the activities of the university. The university became a major center of Finnish cultural, political, and legal life in 19th century Finland, and became a remarkable primum mobile of the nationalist and liberal cultural movements, political parties, and student organisations.In the 19th century university research changed from being collection-centred to being experimental, empirical, and analytical. The more scientific approach of the university led to specialisation and created new disciplines. As the scientific disciplines developed, Finland received ever more scholarly knowledge and highly educated people, some of whom entered rapidly evolving industry or the government.National Library of Finland/Kansalliskirjasto","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Helsinki,_Main_Building_(52890870759).jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UppslagsFiUniv-8"},{"link_name":"Väinö Tanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Tanner_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UppslagsverketFi-9"},{"link_name":"Swedish People's Party of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_People%27s_Party_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UppslagsFiUniv-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UppslagsFiUniv-8"},{"link_name":"Fields Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Medal"},{"link_name":"Lars Ahlfors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Ahlfors"},{"link_name":"A.I. Virtanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.I._Virtanen"},{"link_name":"Ragnar Granit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar_Granit"},{"link_name":"Continuation War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Helsinki_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"example needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"mass murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Helsinki_University_massacre_plan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"University of Helsinki 1919–present","text":"University of Helsinki (Main Building)The third period of the university's history began with the creation of a fully independent Republic of Finland in 1917, and with the renaming of the university as the University of Helsinki. Once Finland declared its full independence in 1917, the university was given a crucial role in building the nation state and, after World War II, the welfare state. Members of the academic community promoted the international relations of the new state and the development of its economic life. Furthermore, they were actively involved in national politics and the struggle for equality.In the interwar period the university was the scene of a conflict between those who wanted to advance the usage of Finnish language in the university, to the detriment of Swedish and those who opposed such move.[8] Geographer Väinö Tanner was one of the most vocal defenders of Swedish language usage.[9] Swedish People's Party of Finland initiated a campaign collecting 153 914 signatures in defense of the Swedish language that were handed to the parliament and government in October 1934.[8] On an international front academics from Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Iceland sent letters to the diplomatic representations of Finland in their respective countries warning about a weakening of the Nordic unity that would result from diminishing the role of Swedish in the University of Helsinki.[8]In the 20th century, scholarly research at the University of Helsinki reached the level of the European elite in many disciplines. This was manifested, among other things, by international recognitions granted to its professors, such as the Fields Medal received by the mathematician Lars Ahlfors (1936), the Nobel Prize in Chemistry granted to Professor A.I. Virtanen (1945) and the Nobel Prize in Medicine shared by Professor Ragnar Granit (1967). In the Continuation War the university was heavily damaged by bombs during a soviet air raid on 27 February 1944.[10]After World War II, university research focused on improving Finnish living conditions and supporting major changes in the structure of society and business. The university also contributed to the breakthrough of modern technology.[vague][example needed]The progress of scientific development created many new disciplines and faculties at the University of Helsinki. At present the university comprises 11 faculties, 500 professors and almost 40,000 students. The university has established as its goal to further its position as one of Europe's top multidisciplinary research universities.[11]In March 2014, two people were arrested and in June 2014 sentenced to prison for three years for plotting a mass murder at the university.[12][13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_building_Unioninkatu_33b_by_Unioninkatu_in_Kruununhaka,_Helsinki,_Finland,_2022_April.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vanha_fysiologian_laitosrakennus_-_Marit_Henriksson.jpg"}],"text":"Aleksanteri Institute, University of HelsinkiInstitute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Library of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Helsinki University Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_University_Library"},{"link_name":"an Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Institutes_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"Princeton, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Raimo Väyrynen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raimo_V%C3%A4yrynen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juha Sihvola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juha_Sihvola"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HS14062012-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Faculties","text":"The university is divided into eleven faculties. They are listed below in the official order used by the university, reflecting both the history of the university and the hierarchy of disciplines at the time when the university was established:Faculty of Theology (established 1640)\nFaculty of Law (established 1640)\nFaculty of Medicine (established 1640)\nFaculty of Arts (Faculty of Philosophy established 1640 and split 1852, independent Arts section 1863, independent faculty 1992)\nFaculty of Science (Faculty of Philosophy established 1640 and split 1852, independent Science section 1863, independent faculty 1992)\nFaculty of Pharmacy (Faculty of Philosophy established 1640, split from the Faculty of Science 2004)\nFaculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences (Faculty of Philosophy established 1640, split from the Faculty of Science 2004)\nFaculty of Educational Sciences (independent section 1974, independent faculty 1992, reorganized and renamed 2004, reorganized and renamed 2017)\nFaculty of Social Sciences (established 1945)\nFaculty of Agriculture and Forestry (established 1898, independent faculty 1924)\nFaculty of Veterinary Medicine (established as an independent college in 1945, incorporated into the University of Helsinki in 1995)The university also has several independent institutes, such as research centres and libraries, the most notable of which are perhaps the National Library of Finland and Helsinki University Library. Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies is another independent institute within the University of Helsinki, an Institute for Advanced Study, which is modeled upon the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Previous directors include Raimo Väyrynen (2002–2004) and Juha Sihvola (2004–2009).[14][15]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academic Ranking of World Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arwu-20"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_University"},{"link_name":"Times Higher Education World University Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-21"},{"link_name":"THE–QS World University Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THE%E2%80%93QS_World_University_Rankings"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"University rankings","text":"University of Helsinki is ranked at 101-150st in the world by the 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities[20] published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University. According to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings[21] for 2023, the University of Helsinki is ranked at 121st overall in the world. In 2024 THE–QS World University Rankings[22] list, the University of Helsinki was ranked 115th.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"ECTS credits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Credit_Transfer_and_Accumulation_System"}],"sub_title":"International Master's Degree Programmes","text":"The University of Helsinki offers a wide range of master's degree programmes, taught entirely in English.[23] The scope of the programmes is 120 ECTS credits, completed with two years of full-time study. Some programmes are organised by the University of Helsinki along with other Finnish and foreign universities. All programmes comply with the national legislation governing university education and are, therefore, recognised globally.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_July_2013-14.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Helsinki Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki_Botanical_Garden"},{"link_name":"Aleksanteri Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksanteri_Institute"},{"link_name":"East Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Europe"},{"link_name":"Helsinki School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Hanken School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanken_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Helsinki Institute for Information Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Institute_for_Information_Technology"},{"link_name":"Aalto University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalto_University"},{"link_name":"Helsinki Institute of Life Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.helsinki.fi/en/helsinki-institute-of-life-science"},{"link_name":"Institute of Biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.helsinki.fi/en/hilife-institute-of-biotechnology"},{"link_name":"Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Institute_for_Molecular_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Neuroscience Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.helsinki.fi/en/hilife-neuroscience-center"},{"link_name":"Helsinki Institute of Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Institute_of_Physics"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"}],"sub_title":"Research","text":"University of Helsinki Botanical Garden.Research institutes within the university include the following:Aleksanteri Institute – A national centre of research, study and expertise pertaining to Russia and East Europe\nChristina Institute for Gender Studies\nEnvironmental Change Research Unit\nErik Castrén Institute of International Law and Human Rights\nHelsinki Center of Economic Research (HECER) – A joint initiative of the University of Helsinki, the Helsinki School of Economics and the Hanken School of Economics\nHelsinki Institute for Information Technology (HIIT) – A joint research institute of the University of Helsinki and the Aalto University\nHelsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE) - supports and coordinates life science research across the university. HiLIFE oversees three operative units:\nInstitute of Biotechnology (BI)\nFinnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM)\nNeuroscience Center (NC)\nHelsinki Institute of Physics\nRolf Nevanlinna Institute – Research institute of mathematics, computer science, and statistics","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Main_Auditorium,_Helsinki_University.jpg"},{"link_name":"campuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus"}],"text":"Main Auditorium, University of HelsinkiThe university is located on four main campuses. Originally, the entire university was located in the very centre of Helsinki, but due to the rapid growth of the university since the 1930s, premises have been built and acquired in other areas.","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City Centre Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Centre_Campus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki--Psyc_Department.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carl Ludvig Engel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ludvig_Engel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HU-main-building-1944b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Soviet bombings in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Helsinki_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"City Centre Campus","text":"The historical City Centre Campus has been the hub of activity ever since the university moved from Turku to Helsinki in the early 19th century. The campus has a central location and reflects the architectural style of this part of the city. The university buildings in the city center house the Faculties of Theology, Law, Arts, Behavioural Sciences and Social Sciences plus administrative functions. Most of the buildings on the campus have a major architectural significance ranging from the dominating Neo-Classical, through the Jugendstil, to 20th century Modernism.Minerva, Department of Teacher EducationThe City Centre Campus, extending around the historical centre of Helsinki, Senate Square, and Kruununhaka city district, is the administrative heart of the University of Helsinki and has the largest concentration of faculties in Helsinki.After the Great Fire of Turku in 1827, Emperor Nicholas I ordered the Royal Academy of Turku be moved to the new capital city of the Grand Duchy of Finland, Helsinki, where the Imperial Alexander University in Finland began to operate the next year. Helsinki was to become Finland's window to the world; a European city to which the university belonged as an integral part. Carl Ludvig Engel, architect, was given the assignment of designing an Empire-style main building next to Senate Square, facing the Imperial Senate. The main building was completed in 1832. Thanks to the lessons learnt from the fire of Turku, the library was built separate from other premises. The library and several faculty buildings in the campus were also designed by Engel.University Main Building on fire after Soviet bombings in 1944.The main building as well as other buildings of the campus were badly damaged during the Soviet bombings in World War II but rebuilt after the war.[24]The plan concerning the concentration of university facilities dating back to the 1980s, aimed to achieve a closer unity between facilities. The City Centre Campus does not stand out from the rest of the urban environment but is a part of the city, in line with the old university tradition. The university facilities still form a functional and coherent whole, consisting not only of historically valuable buildings, but also of facilities for 20,000 students and 3,000 teachers and other staff.","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kumpula Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumpula_Campus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kumpula_Campus_Physicum.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Kumpula Campus","text":"The Kumpula Campus, housing the Faculty of Science, is located four kilometers north from the centre of Helsinki near tram lines 6 and 8. The campus houses the Departments of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Statistics, Computer Science, and Geosciences and Geography.The university departments were located in Kumpula for the first time in 1978 when the City of Helsinki leased the area for the university. A planning competition for the city plan for the area was held a year earlier. In the 1980s, the Accelerator Laboratory of the Department of Physics was quarried into Kumpula rock and the construction of Kumpula Botanical Garden began in 1987. It was not, however, until the 1990s when the construction work proper began, transforming the area into a significant campus.Kumpula Campus PhysicumThe Chemicum, the building housing the Department of Chemistry and VERIFIN (Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention), and the Physicum, which provides facilities for physics, geology and geography are located on Kumpula campus surrounding a square named after the Finnish Nobel prize winner, A. I. Virtanen. Kumpula Campus Library is also located in the Physicum. The Kumpula Sports Centre is planned for the recreational use of both university staff and students and citizens of Helsinki alike. Completed in 2004, the Exactum provides facilities for seismology, computer science and mathematical subjects, as well as administrative services.The campus comprises two main parts: the Botanical Garden, surrounding the old building stock of Kumpula manor and the modern new building stock located a couple of hundred metres north of the manor. The greenness of the area makes the dynamic campus stand out as a unique, distinctive complex. The campus offers study and research facilities for 6,000 students and 1,000 teachers. The Finnish Meteorological Institute moved to the area in 2005. That building is known as Dynamicum.","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meilahti Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meilahti_Campus"},{"link_name":"Meilahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meilahti"}],"sub_title":"Meilahti Campus","text":"The Meilahti Campus, with the Faculty of Medicine, is a part of the Meilahti Hospital District on the edge of the city centre. Just a few kilometres from the City Centre Campus, the Meilahti area has been transformed into a cradle of top research on medicine, 'Medilahti'. Established in the 1930s, the Women's Clinic was accompanied by Finland's leading hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH) in 1966. The same year saw the completion of facilities for theoretical subject departments on Haartmaninkatu street. The building is now being renovated and extended.The latest completed facilities in the campus include the National Library of Health Sciences (Terkko) and the research and teaching centre Biomedicum that houses several research institutes including the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Neuroscience Center (NC), and Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research.The Ruskeasuo premises, including the Department of Dentistry, Institute for Oral Health, Department of Public Health and Department of Forensic Medicine, also belong to the Meilahti campus. The Meilahti and Ruskeasuo areas form a close-knit complex providing a meeting place for medical education, international top-level research and nursing. The campus is a workplace for 2,000 students and 1,500 teachers.Thanks to the years-long project to combine the teaching facilities of the Faculty of Medicine, Meilahti is now a functional unity of medicine and health care. The atmosphere in the campus inspires people in their studies, research and international co-operation.Although the Meilahti campus is intertwined with the rest of Meilahti district, it succeeds in forming a clear-cut campus area with its hospital-type building stock.","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viikki Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viikki_Campus"},{"link_name":"Viikki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viikki"}],"sub_title":"Viikki Campus","text":"The Viikki Campus is located in the semi-suburban greenspace of the Viikki area, some 8 kilometres north-east of the city centre. It houses the Faculties of Agriculture and Forestry, Biosciences, Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy. It is an important concentration in the field of biosciences, even by European standards. Indeed, it is often called the bioscience campus or the \"green campus\".In addition to biosciences, the campus is home to a wide range of other life science researchers and students in such fields as environmental science, veterinary medicine, food research and economics. Numerous international research groups also work on the Viikki Campus. The Viikki Campus is the location of four faculties, three independent research institutes (Institute of Biotechnology (BI), Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE) and Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE)) and the Viikki Science Library.It also attracts an increasing number of businesses to the Helsinki Business and Science Park. The Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute and the Finnish Food Safety Authority, Evira, have also moved to Viikki and negotiations are under way to relocate MTT Agrifood Research Finland to Viikki to complement the Department of Economics and Management.The Viikki Campus unites a multidisciplinary science community of more than 6,500 students and 1,600 teachers, a residential area emphasising ecological values and the natural surroundings, including recreational areas and nature reserves, and forms a unique whole. The campus also has the Viikinlahti conservation area, which is particularly popular among bird watchers.","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Libraries and museums"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior,_National_Library_of_Finland,_2019_(01).jpg"},{"link_name":"National Library of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Finland"}],"sub_title":"The National Library of Finland","text":"Interior of the National Library of FinlandThe National Library of Finland is the foremost research library in Finland and the main branch of the University of Helsinki's library system. The National Library of Finland is the oldest and largest scholarly library in Finland as well as one of the largest independent institutes at the University of Helsinki. It is responsible for the collection, description, preservation and accessibility of Finland's printed national heritage and the unique collections under its care. The National Library also serves as a national service and development centre for the library sector and promotes national and international cooperation in the field.","title":"Libraries and museums"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaisa-talo3.jpg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht-kaisa-library-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht-kaisa-library-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"The Helsinki University Main Library","text":"The new Main Library in Kaisa House.The Main Library of the university is used by students for research and studying. Located a few blocks down the street from the university's main building in the city center, the new Main Library was opened in 2012 in the Kaisa House. The new library merged the undergraduate library and four dispersed faculty libraries of the city center campus to a collection of approximately 1.5 million books.[25] The architecture of the new building, designed by Anttinen Oiva Architects, has been praised[25][26] and received several awards.[27]","title":"Libraries and museums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helsinki University Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_University_Museum"}],"sub_title":"The Helsinki University Museum","text":"The Helsinki University Museum is the museum of the University of Helsinki and was located until June 2014 on Snellmanninkatu off the north-east corner of Senate Square. Museums main exhibition moved to the University Main Building in 2015.Helsinki University Museum was established in 2003 by merging the former University Museum specialising in the history of the University of Helsinki, the Museum of Medical History, the Museum of the History of Veterinary Medicine, the Museum of the History of Dentistry and the Collections of Craft Science. To complement the new conglomeration of museums, the Mineral Cabinet, which today belongs to the Finnish Museum of Natural History, returned to its original location in the Arppeanum building. Each year the museum also holds one or two temporary exhibitions in a specially designed area. Museums exhibition in Arppeanum Building was closed in June 2014. New main exhibition was opened in the Main Building in March 2015.The University Museum is in charge of the preservation and conservation of the university's valuable museum collections and property: old tuition and research equipment, furniture and works of art. The museum maintains an index register of all valuables that are kept in the facilities of the university. The museum also provides library, archive and photographic services pertaining to the history of the university and the history of medical science.","title":"Libraries and museums"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsingin_Luonnontieteellinen_museo.JPG"},{"link_name":"Finnish Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Museum_of_Natural_History"}],"sub_title":"Finnish Museum of Natural History","text":"Museum of Natural History.The Finnish Museum of Natural History is a research institution under the University of Helsinki. It is responsible for the national botanical, zoological, geological and paleontological collections consisting of samples from around the world. The collections serve scientific, public informational and educational purposes.","title":"Libraries and museums"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_Old_Student_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Old Student House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanha_Ylioppilastalo"},{"link_name":"Student Union of the University of Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Union_of_the_University_of_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"euros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Student Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nations_at_Finnish_universities#Student_nations_at_Helsinki_University"},{"link_name":"political parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Finland"}],"sub_title":"Student Union","text":"The Old Student House (Student Union), Aleksanterinkatu.The Student Union of the University of Helsinki (Helsingin yliopiston ylioppilaskunta, HYY) was founded in 1868. It currently has 32,000 members and is one of the world's wealthiest student organizations, with assets of several hundred million euros.[28] Among other things, it owns a good deal of property in the city centre of Helsinki. The union has been at the centre of student politics from the 19th Century nationalist movements, through the actions of the New Left in the 1960s, up to the present. Its governing assembly consists of parties which are connected to faculty organisations, the Student Nations, and the mainstream political parties.","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"student nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nations_in_Finnish_universities#Student_nations_at_Helsinki_University"},{"link_name":"Swedish-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish-speaking_Finns"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nylands_Nations_hus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nylands Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylands_Nation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ostrobotnia.jpg"},{"link_name":"North Ostrobothnian Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjois-Pohjalainen_Osakunta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senate_Square_-_Senaatintori_-_Senatstorget,_Helsinki,_Finland.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senate_Square_-_Senaatintori_-_Senatstorget,_Helsinki,_Finland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Senate Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Senate_Square"}],"sub_title":"Student nations","text":"The student nations are student organisations that provide extra-curricular activities to students. Along with the faculty-based organisations, the nations provide one of the main nodes of student social life. The nations at University of Helsinki have a special legal status in the Universities Act. There are 15 nations at the university, each one representing a historic region or province of Finland, with four of these representing Swedish-speaking regions. Membership is optional.Nylands Nation\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorth Ostrobothnian NationPanorama of the Senate Square. University main building on left.","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable alumni, faculty, and staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The chancellor is the highest representative of the University of Helsinki. He is elected by the college, the highest body of staff representation at the university. According to the University Act, the chancellor's task is to promote the sciences and monitor the interests of the university. The chancellor has the right to attend meetings of the Government of Finland on matters concerning the University of Helsinki.","title":"Chancellors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rectors"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Queen Christina of Sweden, University Founder and Patron","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cristina_de_Suecia_a_caballo_%28Bourdon%29.jpg/150px-Cristina_de_Suecia_a_caballo_%28Bourdon%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Royal Academy of Åbo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Turun_hovioikeus_talvella.jpg/330px-Turun_hovioikeus_talvella.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of the University of Helsinki","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Helsinki.png/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Helsinki.png"},{"image_text":"National Library of Finland/Kansalliskirjasto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kansalliskirjasto_-_National_Library_of_Finland%2C_Helsinki_%2852890137262%29.jpg/280px-Kansalliskirjasto_-_National_Library_of_Finland%2C_Helsinki_%2852890137262%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"University of Helsinki (Main Building)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/University_of_Helsinki%2C_Main_Building_%2852890870759%29.jpg/330px-University_of_Helsinki%2C_Main_Building_%2852890870759%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aleksanteri Institute, University of Helsinki","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/University_building_Unioninkatu_33b_by_Unioninkatu_in_Kruununhaka%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland%2C_2022_April.jpg/220px-University_building_Unioninkatu_33b_by_Unioninkatu_in_Kruununhaka%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland%2C_2022_April.jpg"},{"image_text":"Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vanha_fysiologian_laitosrakennus_-_Marit_Henriksson.jpg/220px-Vanha_fysiologian_laitosrakennus_-_Marit_Henriksson.jpg"},{"image_text":"University of Helsinki Botanical Garden.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Helsinki_July_2013-14.jpg/250px-Helsinki_July_2013-14.jpg"},{"image_text":"Main Auditorium, University of Helsinki","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Main_Auditorium%2C_Helsinki_University.jpg/160px-Main_Auditorium%2C_Helsinki_University.jpg"},{"image_text":"Minerva, Department of Teacher Education","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Helsinki--Psyc_Department.jpg/220px-Helsinki--Psyc_Department.jpg"},{"image_text":"University Main Building on fire after Soviet bombings in 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/HU-main-building-1944b.jpg/220px-HU-main-building-1944b.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kumpula Campus Physicum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kumpula_Campus_Physicum.jpg/220px-Kumpula_Campus_Physicum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of the National Library of Finland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Interior%2C_National_Library_of_Finland%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/170px-Interior%2C_National_Library_of_Finland%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The new Main Library in Kaisa House.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kaisa-talo3.jpg/150px-Kaisa-talo3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Museum of Natural History.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Helsingin_Luonnontieteellinen_museo.JPG/200px-Helsingin_Luonnontieteellinen_museo.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Old Student House (Student Union), Aleksanterinkatu.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Helsinki_Old_Student_House.jpg/180px-Helsinki_Old_Student_House.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"History of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Finland"},{"title":"Helsinki Senate Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Senate_Square"},{"title":"List of universities in Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Finland"},{"title":"Education in Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Finland"},{"title":"Helsinki University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_University_of_Technology"},{"title":"Europaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europaeum"},{"title":"Bologna Process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Helsingin yliopiston opetuksen ja opintojen eettiset periaatteet\" (PDF). 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.helsinki.fi/sites/default/files/atoms/files/hy_eettiset_periaatteet.pdf","url_text":"\"Helsingin yliopiston opetuksen ja opintojen eettiset periaatteet\""}]},{"reference":"\"University Management, University of Helsinki\". 28 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/higher-education-policy/sari-lindblom-appointed-rector-university-helsinki","url_text":"\"University Management, University of Helsinki\""}]},{"reference":"\"The University of Helsinki in numbers\". 22 July 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/about-us/basic-information/university-numbers","url_text":"\"The University of Helsinki in numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Styleguide\". universityofhelsinki.github.io. Retrieved 16 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://universityofhelsinki.github.io/Styleguide/","url_text":"\"Styleguide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bologna Process at the University of Helsinki\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172641/http://www.helsinki.fi/tutkinnonuudistus/materiaalit/raportit/Bologna_review_20041122.pdf","url_text":"\"Bologna Process at the University of Helsinki\""},{"url":"http://www.helsinki.fi/tutkinnonuudistus/materiaalit/raportit/Bologna_review_20041122.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sundman, Lasse (24 April 2011). \"Universitetsadresserna\". Uppslagsverket Finland (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://uppslagsverket.fi/sv/sok/view-103684-Universitetsadresserna","url_text":"\"Universitetsadresserna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppslagsverket_Finland","url_text":"Uppslagsverket Finland"}]},{"reference":"Lindberg, Johan (5 August 2011). \"Tanner, Väinö\". Uppslagsverket Finland (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://uppslagsverket.fi/sv/sok/view-103684-TannerVaeinoe","url_text":"\"Tanner, Väinö\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppslagsverket_Finland","url_text":"Uppslagsverket Finland"}]},{"reference":"\"Natten när Helsingfors skulle förintas\". Hbl.fi | Finlands ledande nyhetssajt på svenska. Retrieved 12 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://gamla.hbl.fi/feature/2014-02-02/562831/natten-nar-helsingfors-skulle-forintas","url_text":"\"Natten när Helsingfors skulle förintas\""}]},{"reference":"\"University of Helsinki\". Retrieved 16 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.helsinki.fi/yliopistonhistoria/english/imperal.htm","url_text":"\"University of Helsinki\""}]},{"reference":"Aleksi (29 June 2014). \"Duo jailed for plotting killing spree at University of Helsinki\". Retrieved 16 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/11028-duo-jailed-for-plotting-killing-spree-at-university-of-helsinki.html","url_text":"\"Duo jailed for plotting killing spree at University of Helsinki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historioitsija ja filosofi Juha Sihvola on kuollut\". Helsingin Sanomat.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/Historioitsija+ja+filosofi+Juha+Sihvola+on+kuollut/a1305574586191","url_text":"\"Historioitsija ja filosofi Juha Sihvola on kuollut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Juha Sihvola\". Helsingin Sanomat. Archived from the original on 31 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130331190712/http://muistot.hs.fi/muistokirjoitus/4929/juha-sihvola","url_text":"\"Juha Sihvola\""},{"url":"http://muistot.hs.fi/muistokirjoitus/4929/juha-sihvola","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ARWU World University Rankings 2034\". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 26 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023","url_text":"\"ARWU World University Rankings 2034\""}]},{"reference":"\"QS World University Rankings 2024\". topuniversities.com. 19 June 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024","url_text":"\"QS World University Rankings 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"World University Rankings\". timeshighereducation.com. 6 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024","url_text":"\"World University Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. News Education: Best Global Universities 2022-23\". Retrieved 23 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/finland","url_text":"\"U.S. News Education: Best Global Universities 2022-23\""}]},{"reference":"\"World University Rankings 2016\". Retrieved 16 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-of-helsinki?ranking-dataset=133819","url_text":"\"World University Rankings 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"QS World University Rankings® 2023/24\". Top Universities. 11 September 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024","url_text":"\"QS World University Rankings® 2023/24\""}]},{"reference":"\"Master's Programmes\". University of Helsinki. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/admissions/how-to-apply/masters-programmes","url_text":"\"Master's Programmes\""}]},{"reference":"Kati Heinämies. \"Helsingin suurpommitukset ja yliopisto\" (in Finnish). Helsinki University Museum Arppeanum. Retrieved 9 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.museo.helsinki.fi/yliopiston_historia/pommitus.htm","url_text":"\"Helsingin suurpommitukset ja yliopisto\""}]},{"reference":"\"New university library a wonder of design and learning\". Helsinki Times. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/4356-new-university-library-a-wonder-of-design-and-learning-2.html","url_text":"\"New university library a wonder of design and learning\""}]},{"reference":"Salmela, Marja (16 August 2012). \"Valo tulvii Kaisa-kirjastoon\" [Light floods Kaisa Library]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 7 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hs.fi/paivanlehti/16082012/kaupunki/Valo+tulvii+Kaisa-kirjastoon/a1345006266956","url_text":"\"Valo tulvii Kaisa-kirjastoon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pääkirjasto Kaisa-talossa\". Helsinki University Library. Retrieved 7 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.helsinki.fi/library/contact-us/for-media/main-library-in-kaisa-house/","url_text":"\"Pääkirjasto Kaisa-talossa\""}]},{"reference":"James, Barry (25 May 1998). \"HYY of Helsinki Runs a $200 Million Enterprise : University Student Union Plays Business Tycoon\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/25/business/worldbusiness/25iht-small.t.html","url_text":"\"HYY of Helsinki Runs a $200 Million Enterprise : University Student Union Plays Business Tycoon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Vuolteenaho, Katriina, ed. (April 2008). \"Suomen Farmakologiyhdistyksen jäsenlehti\" (PDF). Transmitteri (in Finnish). 25 (88). Finland: 5. Retrieved 15 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfy.fi/TM4-2008.pdf","url_text":"\"Suomen Farmakologiyhdistyksen jäsenlehti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Helsingin yliopiston rehtoriksi Jukka Kola\". Retrieved 16 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.helsinki.fi/ajankohtaista/uutisarkisto/6-2013/12-09-51-59.html","url_text":"\"Helsingin yliopiston rehtoriksi Jukka Kola\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_Helsinki¶ms=60_10_10_N_024_57_00_E_region:FI-ES_type:edu","external_links_name":"60°10′10″N 024°57′00″E / 60.16944°N 24.95000°E / 60.16944; 24.95000"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22University+of+Helsinki%22","external_links_name":"\"University of Helsinki\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22University+of+Helsinki%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22University+of+Helsinki%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22University+of+Helsinki%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22University+of+Helsinki%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22University+of+Helsinki%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Helsinki&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_Helsinki¶ms=60_10_10_N_024_57_00_E_region:FI-ES_type:edu","external_links_name":"60°10′10″N 024°57′00″E / 60.16944°N 24.95000°E / 60.16944; 24.95000"},{"Link":"https://www.helsinki.fi/en","external_links_name":"www.helsinki.fi/en"},{"Link":"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/helsinki-institute-of-life-science","external_links_name":"Helsinki Institute of Life Science"},{"Link":"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/hilife-institute-of-biotechnology","external_links_name":"Institute of Biotechnology"},{"Link":"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/hilife-neuroscience-center","external_links_name":"Neuroscience Center"},{"Link":"https://www2.helsinki.fi/sites/default/files/atoms/files/hy_eettiset_periaatteet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Helsingin yliopiston opetuksen ja opintojen eettiset periaatteet\""},{"Link":"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/higher-education-policy/sari-lindblom-appointed-rector-university-helsinki","external_links_name":"\"University Management, University of Helsinki\""},{"Link":"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/about-us/basic-information/university-numbers","external_links_name":"\"The University of Helsinki in numbers\""},{"Link":"https://universityofhelsinki.github.io/Styleguide/","external_links_name":"\"Styleguide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172641/http://www.helsinki.fi/tutkinnonuudistus/materiaalit/raportit/Bologna_review_20041122.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bologna Process at the University of Helsinki\""},{"Link":"http://www.helsinki.fi/tutkinnonuudistus/materiaalit/raportit/Bologna_review_20041122.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000008286183.html","external_links_name":"Pentagonilta jättirahoitus Helsingin yliopiston johtamaan syöpätutkimushankkeeseen"},{"Link":"http://uppslagsverket.fi/sv/sok/view-103684-Universitetsadresserna","external_links_name":"\"Universitetsadresserna\""},{"Link":"http://uppslagsverket.fi/sv/sok/view-103684-TannerVaeinoe","external_links_name":"\"Tanner, Väinö\""},{"Link":"http://gamla.hbl.fi/feature/2014-02-02/562831/natten-nar-helsingfors-skulle-forintas","external_links_name":"\"Natten när Helsingfors skulle förintas\""},{"Link":"http://www.helsinki.fi/yliopistonhistoria/english/imperal.htm","external_links_name":"\"University of Helsinki\""},{"Link":"http://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/Toinen+ep%C3%A4illyist%C3%A4+Iskua+yliopistoon+ei+oikeasti+aiottu+tehd%C3%A4/a1401077980271","external_links_name":"Toinen epäillyistä: Iskua yliopistoon ei oikeasti aiottu tehdä"},{"Link":"http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/11028-duo-jailed-for-plotting-killing-spree-at-university-of-helsinki.html","external_links_name":"\"Duo jailed for plotting killing spree at University of Helsinki\""},{"Link":"http://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/Historioitsija+ja+filosofi+Juha+Sihvola+on+kuollut/a1305574586191","external_links_name":"\"Historioitsija ja filosofi Juha Sihvola on kuollut\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130331190712/http://muistot.hs.fi/muistokirjoitus/4929/juha-sihvola","external_links_name":"\"Juha Sihvola\""},{"Link":"http://muistot.hs.fi/muistokirjoitus/4929/juha-sihvola","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023","external_links_name":"\"ARWU World University Rankings 2034\""},{"Link":"https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024","external_links_name":"\"QS World University Rankings 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024","external_links_name":"\"World University Rankings\""},{"Link":"https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/finland","external_links_name":"\"U.S. News Education: Best Global Universities 2022-23\""},{"Link":"http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023","external_links_name":"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2023"},{"Link":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-of-helsinki?ranking-dataset=133819","external_links_name":"\"World University Rankings 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024","external_links_name":"\"QS World University Rankings® 2023/24\""},{"Link":"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/admissions/how-to-apply/masters-programmes","external_links_name":"\"Master's Programmes\""},{"Link":"http://www.museo.helsinki.fi/yliopiston_historia/pommitus.htm","external_links_name":"\"Helsingin suurpommitukset ja yliopisto\""},{"Link":"http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/4356-new-university-library-a-wonder-of-design-and-learning-2.html","external_links_name":"\"New university library a wonder of design and learning\""},{"Link":"http://www.hs.fi/paivanlehti/16082012/kaupunki/Valo+tulvii+Kaisa-kirjastoon/a1345006266956","external_links_name":"\"Valo tulvii Kaisa-kirjastoon\""},{"Link":"http://www.helsinki.fi/library/contact-us/for-media/main-library-in-kaisa-house/","external_links_name":"\"Pääkirjasto Kaisa-talossa\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/25/business/worldbusiness/25iht-small.t.html","external_links_name":"\"HYY of Helsinki Runs a $200 Million Enterprise : University Student Union Plays Business Tycoon\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfy.fi/TM4-2008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Suomen Farmakologiyhdistyksen jäsenlehti\""},{"Link":"http://www.helsinki.fi/ajankohtaista/uutisarkisto/6-2013/12-09-51-59.html","external_links_name":"\"Helsingin yliopiston rehtoriksi Jukka Kola\""},{"Link":"https://www.helsinki.fi/en","external_links_name":"University of Helsinki"},{"Link":"http://www.helsinki.fi/teknos/opetustilat/","external_links_name":"Presentation of premises"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000404102071","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/136043487","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90086760","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX125580","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118816367","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118816367","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058507804206706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/37372-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262417705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000038390","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80126090","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/vs68bvgd4z47kx4","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000075354&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20020322333&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35709837","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record126698","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000470136&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810659300705606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/22113","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/22108","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/aba53044-09e7-417b-a549-9a458705b794","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA18858142?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500300314","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1052376","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/026599775","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasquale_Cuntrera
|
Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan
|
["1 Origins","2 The expansion outside Siculiana","3 Five decades in the illicit drug trade","4 Brokering cocaine in Venezuela","5 Arrests and convictions","5.1 Events in Canada","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Italian Mafia clan
Criminal organization
Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clanPasquale Cuntrera was arrested at Fiumicino airport near Rome in September 1992, after he was expelled from Venezuela.Founded1950sFounding locationSiculiana, Sicily, ItalyYears active1950s–2000sTerritorySiculiana, Ostia,presence in Canada and VenezuelaEthnicityItalianCriminal activitiesDrug trafficking and money launderingAlliesCorleonesi Mafia clanRizzuto crime familyand numerous other Sicilian Mafia families
The Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan (Italian pronunciation: ) was a Mafia clan of the Cosa Nostra and held a key position in the illicit drug trade and money laundering for Cosa Nostra in the 1980s and 1990s. The Italian press baptized the clan as "The Rothschilds of the Mafia" or "The Bankers of Cosa Nostra".
Italian prosecutors described the Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan as an "international holding ... a holding which secures certain services for the Sicilian Cosa Nostra as a whole: drug-trafficking routes and channels for money laundering." The clan is "a very tight knit family group of men-of-honour, not only joined by Mafia bonds, but also by ties of blood." According to the Italian Antimafia Commission the Cuntrera-Caruana clan played a central role in international drug trafficking, extending their interests from Italy to Canada and Venezuela.
Prominent members of the clan are the brothers Liborio Cuntrera, Pasquale Cuntrera, Gaspare Cuntrera and Paolo Cuntrera. At the Caruana side there are Giuseppe Caruana, Carmelo Caruana and his son Alfonso Caruana, and Leonardo Caruana.
Origins
The Cuntrera and Caruana families originated from Siculiana, a small village on the south coast of Sicily in the province of Agrigento. They are relatives; they inter-married to strengthen their criminal alliance. Mafia tradition is old in Siculiana. On a map, made in 1900 by one of the first Mafia researchers Antonino Cutrera, a former officer of public security, Siculiana is mentioned as "high density" Mafia territory. The province of Agrigento is, and has been so for the last century, the poorest and most backward region of Italy.
The Cuntrera-Caruana clan used to be armed guards for the local baron Agnello, who owned most of the village and the surrounding land. Everybody in the village depended on the baron for work and income. When land reform started in the 1950s the baron had to give up most of his holdings. The Mafia brokered the sale of the holdings. The power of the Mafia in those years was unchallenged, they entered the town council, and at one time the mayor was a noted mafioso.
In 1952, Pasquale Cuntrera and his brother-in-law Leonardo Caruana were indicted for a double murder, the theft of four cows and arson. Both were acquitted in 1953 per non aver commesso il fatto – not having committed the act – an almost ritual verdict where Mafia crimes were concerned in the 1950s and 1960s and 1970s.
A 1966 police report concluded Siculiana had been ruled by mafiosi for years. Giuseppe Caruana, his brother Leonardo Caruana and Pasquale Cuntrera exploited every economic activity in the village and its surrounding communities. They had created an atmosphere of omertà: through violence and intimidation they made sure that nobody dared to denounce them. The Agrigento Court decided to ban them from the village.
Some returned; however in the 1970s Leonardo Caruana became capo mandamento – after he was deported from Canada – of the area under the leadership of the Mafia boss of the province Agrigento, Giuseppe Settecasi. The power base of the clan reached into politics. The influential politician Calogero Mannino of the Christian Democrat party (DC – Democrazia Cristiana) was a witness at the marriage of Leonardo Caruana's son Gerlando in 1977 in Siculiana.
Leonardo Caruana was murdered in 1981 in front of his house in Palermo on the day his other son Gaspare Caruana married. The killing occurred at the height of a second Mafia war, and stayed unavenged.
The expansion outside Siculiana
Montreal is the first base outside Sicily for the Cuntrera-Caruana clan. Canadian immigration-records show Pasquale and Liborio Cuntrera arrived in 1951 and acquired Canadian nationality in 1957. They moved up and down between Sicily and Montreal setting up base at both sides of the Atlantic. According to the Cuntrera-Caruana's own story they worked hard in Canada, starting ploughing snow and as barbers, saving enough money to start their first shop and pizzeria. However, more likely is that some of them left Sicily to escape prosecution.
In 1966, most of the clan left the village, when they were banished by court order, as a result of a crackdown by Italian police after the Ciaculli massacre. The Agrigento Court banned several members of the clan to locations elsewhere in Italy, mostly in the North, but they chose to leave the country instead. Pasquale Cuntrera and Leonardo Caruana moved to Montreal in Canada, while Giuseppe Caruana preferred Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. The Cuntrera brothers moved on to Caracas in Venezuela.
In the beginning of the 1970s the Cuntrera-Caruana clan redeployed, after Mafia persecution in Italy had slowed down. In Italy major Mafia trials ended in non-convictions for most of the Mafia bosses. Some of the clan went to the Italian mainland (Ostia Lido, a seaside resort near Rome); some went to the United Kingdom, to Woking, the stockbrokers-belt near London; some remained in Caracas; while others remained in Montreal. They travelled up and down using their residences around the world for drug trafficking.
Venezuela became an important hideout. "Venezuela has its own Cosa Nostra family as if it is Sicilian territory", according to the Italian police. "The structure and hierarchy of the Mafia has been entirely reproduced in Venezuela." The Cuntrera-Caruana clan had direct links with the ruling Commission of the Sicilian Mafia, and are acknowledged by the American Cosa Nostra.
In the Second Mafia War the Cuntrera-Caruana clan initially sided with the established Mafia-families of Palermo who were massacred by the Corleonesi headed by Salvatore Riina. However, they apparently were able to find some kind of agreement with Riina. The Cuntreras and Caruanas were necessary and irreplaceable for every other Mafia family, according to police investigators: "the others are allied with them."
Five decades in the illicit drug trade
The Cuntrera-Caruana clan almost certainly was involved in heroin trafficking networks since the 1950s. Their names appeared at investigations in such famous cases as the French Connection in the 1970s and the Pizza Connection in the 1980s. Several intertwining Sicilian networks were running heroin to the US. They had the same source – suppliers from the Corsican underworld in Marseilles with their high quality laboratories – and the same destination – the North American consumer market.
The repression caused by the Ciaculli Massacre disarranged the Sicilian heroin trade to the United States. Mafiosi were banned, arrested and incarcerated. Control over the trade fell into the hands of a few fugitives: Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco, his cousin Salvatore Greco, also known as l'ingegnere, Pietro Davì, Tommaso Buscetta and Gaetano Badalamenti. All of them were acquainted with the Cuntrera-Caruana clan.
The famous "pentito" (turncoat) Tommaso Buscetta told Antimafia judge Giovanni Falcone in 1984, how he had met the clan in Montreal in 1969 during Christmas. Buscetta stayed at Pasquale Cuntrera's home recovering from a venereal disease. They were introduced to him as "uomini d'onore" – men-of-honour. When Buscetta met them they were already very rich. Pasquale Cuntrera told Buscetta they were trafficking heroin.
The Italian police finally got an idea of the role of the Cuntrera-Caruana clan in 1982–83 when they investigated the Italian end of what later was called the Pizza Connection. The Italian police was following the movements of Giuseppe Bono, the middleman between the buyers of the Gambino and Bonanno crime families in New York and the Sicilian clans who organized the heroin traffic to the US. "Almost all the money of the Sicilian Mafia in North-America to purchase heroin and the resulting proceeds went through their hands", according to a police investigator.
In 1981, Gaspare Mutolo, who would become a pentito in 1992, organized a 400 kilogram shipment of heroin to the US. The Cuntrera-Caruana clan received half of the load, while John Gambino of the Gambino Family in New York City took care of the other 200 kilograms. The shipments were financed by consortium of Sicilian Mafia clans, who had organized a pool to provide the money to buy the merchandise from Thai suppliers. The system in the heroin-business was that every Mafia-family could invest in a shipment if it had the money. The Cuntrera-Caruana clan were the trusted buyers who supplied the market in North America.
In 1985, in a joint operation of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and British Customs and Excise, a heroin transport was seized in London and Montreal. Subsequent investigations revealed that the clan was picking up the heroin in Thailand since 1983. They replaced the supply line of Gaspare Mutolo who had been arrested.
In 1988 the RCMP seized a 30 kilo load of heroin at a factory owned by Cuffaro's brother-in-law in Windsor in Canada near the U.S. border. The same year Giuseppe Cuffaro and Pasquale Caruana were arrested in Germany. The German Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) discovered an extensive network that tried to set up heroin trafficking from the Far East to Europe.
Brokering cocaine in Venezuela
While in Venezuela the clan started to be involved in cocaine trafficking. They became seriously involved when a joint venture of 'Ndrangheta families needed Alfonso Caruana to supply them. Caruana organized a network that smuggled eleven metric tons of cocaine to Italy from 1991–1994. Caruana brought together the cocaine suppliers of the Cali Cartel with the Italian distributors from the 'Ndrangheta in Calabria.
The pipeline fell apart when the Italian police seized 5,497 kilos of cocaine (a European record at the time) in March 1994 near Turin. A year later the Turin Prosecutors Office presented the indictment (the investigation was code-named Operation Cartagine). The operation neutralized the most important supply-line of narcotics to Europe, investigators claimed. The Cuntrera-Caruana family was labelled as "the fly-wheel of the drug trade and the indispensable link between suppliers and distributors." One of the suppliers was Henry Loaiza Ceballos of the Cali cartel.
The Caruanas moved the cocaine pipeline towards Canada, where the family took care of wholesale distribution with the consent of Vito Rizzuto the leader of the Cosa Nostra, who came from the same region in Sicily as the Cuntrera-Caruanas.
Arrests and convictions
Just before he was killed by the Mafia, judge Giovanni Falcone warned of the international connections of Cosa Nostra. He initiated extradition requests for the Cuntrera-Caruana members in Venezuela. After the killing of the judges Falcone and Paolo Borsellino the Italian authorities stepped up prosecution. Pasquale, Paolo and Gaspare Cuntrera were arrested in September 1992 on Fiumicino airport (Rome), after they had been expelled from Venezuela. Their expulsion was ordered by a commission of the Venezuelan Senate headed by Senator Cristobal Fernandez Dalo and his money laundering investigator, Thor Halvorssen Hellum.
In 1993, the Italian Corriere della Sera reported that the Cuntrera-Caruana clan owned 60 per cent of the Caribbean island Aruba, part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands through investments in hotels, casinos and the election-campaign of Prime Minister Henny Eman. According to the newspaper, Aruba had become set to be the first independent mafia state. That claim proved to be exaggerated, however.
In May 1998 the sentences were confirmed by the Supreme Court of Cassation: Pasquale Cuntrera was convicted to 20 years in prison, Gaspare and Paolo Cuntrera to 15 years. However, due to an error in communication about expiration of provisional incarceration terms, Pasquale Cuntrera had been able to leave prison two weeks before. When Cuntrera's getaway was reported in the news media, the opposition asked for the resignation of the minister Justice, Giovanni Maria Flick, and the minister of Internal Affairs, Giorgio Napolitano. Flick offered his resignation but that was refused by Prime minister Romano Prodi. Pasquale Cuntrera was arrested some days later in Fuengirola, Spain, while he was waiting for arrangements to travel to Venezuela; Pasquale Cuntrera was extradited to Italy to serve the 20 year prison sentence.
Events in Canada
On July 15, 1998, Alfonso Caruana and his brothers Gerlando and Pasquale Caruana were arrested in Woodbridge, Ontario, in a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) operation called Project Omerta, for importing and trafficking cocaine to Canada. In February 2000, Alfonso pleaded guilty to charges of importing and trafficking narcotics, and was sentenced to 18 years in prison by the Ontario Superior Court. Pasquale and Gerlando were also given 10 and 18 year prison sentences respectively.
In June 2007, the Ontario Court of Appeal ruled Alfonso Caruana to be sent back to Italy to face jail time. On December 20, 2007, Caruana's efforts to appeal were dismissed by the Supreme Court of Canada. He was extradited to Italy on January 29, 2008, to serve the nearly 22-year prison sentence that was presented in absentia in 1997.
Agostino Cuntrera, cousin of Alfonso, and presumed acting boss who was believed to have taken control of the Rizzuto crime family, was killed together with his bodyguard in Saint Leonard, Quebec, on 30 June 2010.
A house owned by Giuseppe Cuntrera ("Big Joe") in Woodbridge was targeted by unknown culprits in 2017. A Molotov cocktail was thrown into the Di Manno Bakery in Vaughan on June 12, and gunshots struck the door of his home on the same night. The garage of the same house was struck by gunshots on August 7 and a significant fire occurred at the home, then unoccupied, in late August.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "The Rothschilds of the Mafia on Aruba", Transnational Organized Crime, Vol. 3, No. 2, Summer 1997
^ (in Italian) Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul fenomeno della criminalità organizzata mafiosa o similare, Relazone annuale, July 2003, p. 53-54
^ a b (in Italian) "Pasquale Cuntrera, il re della droga", La Repubblica, May 19, 1998
^ (in Italian) Antonino Cutrera, La mafia e i mafiosi, Reber, Palermo: 1900, reprinted by Arnaldo Forni Editore, Sala Bolognese 1984, ISBN 88-271-2487-X
^ a b c (in Italian) "È la coca che fa il ponte. È la mafia che lo gestirà" Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine, Diario, March 11, 2005
^ (in Italian) "La mafia in TV: Quei politici amici dei mafiosi", La Repubblica, September 28, 1991
^ Dickie, John (2014-04-22). Blood Brotherhoods: A History of Italy's Three Mafias. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-61039-428-4.
^ a b c "Last of 'untouchables' nabbed", by Adrian Humphreys, The Hamilton Spectator, July 16, 1998
^ "DEA Says Its Probe Helped Land Mafia Heroin Family in Jail". AP News. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
^ "Il Boss Pasquale Caruana E' Stato Arrestato in Germania". La Repubblica (in Italian). 23 October 1988. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
^ "Coca, Colombiani & 'Ndrangheta", La Repubblica.
^ "Mobster banned from entering Montreal's Little Italy to stop him bumping into Mafia buddies". National Post. 6 September 2017.
^ "Mafia's 'bankers' forced to return", The Independent, September 14, 1992
^ Fonzi, Gaeton. "The Troublemaker". The Pennsylvania Gazette (November 1994).
^ "Presumed Guilty", by Isabel Hilton, GQ, July 1994 (UK edition)
^ (in Dutch) "Arubaanse minister vertelt halve waarheid drugsmaffia", by Tom Blickman, Het Parool, October 15, 1997
^ "Mafia drugs chief slips police net", The Independent, May 20, 1998
^ (in Italian) "Flick si dimette ma Prodi dice no", La Repubblica, May 20, 1998
^ "Mafia drug king arrested after five days on the run", The Independent, May 25, 1998
^ (in Italian) "Ecco come abbiamo preso Pasquale Cuntrera", La Repubblica, May 25, 1998
^ "Spain Holds Mafia Boss Who Fled in Wheelchair", The New York Times, May 25, 1998
^ (in Italian) "Cuntrera, rispedito dalla Spagna", La Repubblica, May 27, 1998
^ "Is this the end for Mob rule?" Archived 2008-01-17 at the Wayback Machine The Independent, May 26, 1998
^ "A Raid In Woodbridge", Time, July 27, 1998
^ "The family man", by Antonio Nicaso and Lee Lamothe, Toronto Life, March 2001
^ International drug lord sentenced in Ontario, CBC News, November 11, 2000
^ Andre Cedilot; Andre Noel (2010). Mafia Inc. Toronto: Vintage Canada. ISBN 978-0-307-36041-0.
^ "Top court allows Italy to jail mobster" Archived 2008-03-23 at the Wayback Machine, Montreal Gazette, December 21, 2007
^ (in French) "Alfonso Caruana extradé en Italie" Archived 2008-04-06 at the Wayback Machine, La Presse, January 31, 2008
^ "Cocaine kingpin quietly deported to Italy", Toronto Sun, February 1, 2008
^ "Il ritorno di Caruana, re del narcotraffico", la Repubblica.
^ "Two slain in St. Leonard shootout" Archived 2010-07-06 at the Wayback Machine, Montreal Gazette, June 30, 2010
^ "Major change in Montreal Mafia: Experts" Archived 2010-07-04 at the Wayback Machine, Montreal Gazette, June 30, 2010
^ "Kitchener man arrested in Vaughan bakery bombing". The Hamilton Spectator. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
External links
Blickman, Tom (1997). "The Rothschilds of the Mafia on Aruba", Transnational Organized Crime, Vol. 3, No. 2, Summer 1997
Dickie, John (2004). Cosa Nostra: A History of the Sicilian Mafia, London: Coronet, ISBN 0-340-82435-2
Lamothe, Lee, & Antonio Nicaso (2001). Bloodlines: Project Omerta and the Fall of the Mafia's Royal Family, Toronto: HarperCollins Canada ISBN 0-00-200034-2
Sterling, Claire (1990). Octopus: How the Long Reach of the Sicilian Mafia Controls the Global Narcotics Trade, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-671-73402-4
(in Italian) "È la coca che fa il ponte. È la mafia che lo gestirà", Diario, March 11, 2005
vteSicilian MafiaChain of command
Commission (Cupola)
Interprovincial Commission
Capo dei capi
Family (Cosca)
Boss (Capomandamento)
Underboss (Sottocapo)
Consigliere
Capodecina (Caporegime)
Soldato (Soldier)
Codes and terms
Made man
Mandamento
Omertà
Faida
Pizzo
Pizzino
Clans
Corleonesi
Galatolo
Greco
Minore
Motisi
Inzerillo
Cuntrera-Caruana
Graviano
MandamentiAgrigento Province
Agrigento
Santa Elisabetta
Porto Empedocle
Canicattì
Cianciana
Ribera
Sambuca di Sicilia
Casteltermini
Palma di Montechiaro
Campobello di Licata
Caltanissetta Province
Gela
Vallelunga Pratameno
Riesi
Mussomeli
Palermo
Porta Nuova
Brancaccio
Pagliarelli
Palermo Province
Camporeale
Corleone
Cinisi
Bagheria
Trabia
Belmonte Mezzagno
San Mauro Castelverde
Trapani Province
Castelvetrano
Trapani
Mazara del Vallo
Alcamo
Other
Mistretta
Sud Siracusa
Members
List of Sicilian Mafia members
List of Sicilian Mafia members by city
Meetings
Grand Hotel et des Palmes Mafia meeting
Wars
First Mafia War (1962–1963)
Second Mafia War (1981–1984)
Massacresand bombings
Portella della Ginestra massacre (1947)
Ciaculli bombing (1963)
Viale Lazio massacre (1969)
Circonvallazione massacre (1982)
Via Carini massacre (1982)
Via Federico Pipitone massacre (1983)
Train 904 bombing (1984)
Pizzolungo bombing (1985)
Capaci bombing (1992)
Via D'Amelio bombing (1992)
Via dei Georgofili bombing (1993)
Via Palestro massacre (1993)
Antimafia
Sangiorgi report (1898-1900)
Italian Antimafia Commission (members)
Direzione Investigativa Antimafia
State-Mafia Pact
Addiopizzo
Pentito
List of victims of the Sicilian Mafia
Trials
1960s Sicilian Mafia trials
Maxi Trial (1986–1992)
Pizza Connection Trial (1985–1986)
Related
American Cosa Nostra
Anonima sarda
Article 41-bis prison regime
Banda della Comasina
Banda della Magliana
Basilischi
Beati Paoli
Camorra
Corsican mafia
Unione Corse
Garduña
Italian brigandage (19th century)
Sicilian brigandage and rebels (20th century)
Mala del Brenta
'Ndrangheta
Sacra Corona Unita
Stidda
Stuppagghiari
Vendicatori
American Cosa Nostra
Organized crime in Italy
Mafia bibliography
vteOrganized crime groups in CanadaAlberta
Crazy Dragons
Grim Reapers
Kings Crew
Rebels
Redd Alert
White Boy Posse
British Columbia
856 gang
Alkhalil family
Bacon Brothers
Independent Soldiers
Punjabi mafia
Red Scorpions
United Nations
Wolfpack Alliance
Manitoba
Indian Posse
Manitoba Warriors
Vendettas
Nova Scotia
Gate Keepers
North Preston's Finest
New Brunswick
Bacchus
OntarioItalian organized crime families
Commisso 'ndrina
Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan
Luppino crime family
Musitano crime family
Papalia crime family
Siderno Group
Cross-border Italian crime families
Buffalo crime family
Chicago Outfit (historically)
Detroit Partnership
Outlaw motorcycle gangs
Annihilators
Loners
Original Red Devils
Satan's Choice
Other gangs
Dixon Bloods
Dömötör-Kolompár criminal organization
Five Point Generalz
Galloway Boys
Kipps Lane Crew
Tri-City Skins
VVT
QuebecFrench-CanadianDubois GangIrish Mob
West End Gang
Italian organized crime families
Cotroni crime family
Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan
Rizzuto crime family
Sixth Family
Cross-border Italian crime families
Bonanno crime family
Outlaw motorcycle gangs
Devil's Disciples
Gitans
Popeyes
Rock Machine
Rockers
Foreign groupsAmerican street gangs
Bloods
Crips
Latin Kings
MS-13
Jamaican posses
Shower Posse
Outlaw motorcycle gangs
Bandidos
Hells Angels
Red Devils
Outlaws
Black Pistons
South and Southeast Asian gangs
Born to Kill
Triads
14K
Big Circle Boys
Shui Fong
Wo Shing Wo
Events
1971 Kingston Penitentiary riot
First Biker War
First Montreal biker war
Lennoxville massacre
Ontario Biker War
Port Hope 8 case
Quebec Biker War
Shedden massacre
Vancouver gang war
See also
Indigenous-based organized crime
List of gangs in Canada
Gangs in Canada
Organized crime groups in the Americas
vteItalian-American Mafia
List of Mafia crime families
Mafia bibliography
FamiliesFive Families ofNew York CityBonanno
Calabrian group
Motion Lounge crew
New Springville Boys
Sicilian group
ColomboColomboGambino
Baltimore Crew
Ozone Park Boys
Genovese
116th Street Crew
Broadway Mob
Greenwich Village Crew
New Jersey faction
Lucchese
Brooklyn faction
New Jersey faction
Tanglewood Boys
East Coast
Buffalo
DeCavalcante (Northern New Jersey)
Patriarca (New England) (Angiulo's Boston crew)
Philadelphia (10th & Oregon Crew)
Midwestern/Western
Chicago
Detroit
Kansas City
Los Angeles
Mostly defunct
Bufalino (Northeastern Pennsylvania)
Cleveland
Colorado
Dallas
Genna (Chicago)
Lanzetta (Philadelphia)
Morello (Italian Harlem)
D'Aquila (Little Italy, Manhattan)
New Orleans
Milwaukee
Pittsburgh
Rochester
San Francisco
San Jose
St. Louis
Trafficante (Tampa)
StructureChain of command
The Commission
Boss
Underboss
Consigliere
Caporegime
Soldato
Associate
Members (made men)
List of Italian-American mobsters
List of Italian-American mobsters by organization
Terms
Initiation ritual
Made man
Bagman
Black Hand
Black Hand in Chicago
Vendetta
Capo dei capi (boss of bosses)
Mustache Pete
Omertà
One-way ride
Sixth Family
Zips
EventsMeetings
Atlantic City Conference (1929)
Havana Conference (1946)
Apalachin meeting (1957)
Palermo Mafia summit (1957)
Hearings
Kefauver Committee (1950–1951)
Valachi hearings (1963)
Wars
Mafia–Camorra War (1914–1917)
Castellammarese War (1929–1931)
Trials
Pizza Connection Trial (1985–1987)
Mafia Commission Trial (1985–1986)
Closely relatedand affiliatedorganizationsActive
Camorra
Colacurcio Organization
Commisso 'ndrina
Cotroni crime family
Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan
Inzerillo Mafia clan
Jewish Mafia
Luppino crime family
Musitano crime family
'Ndrangheta
Papalia crime family
Philadelphia Greek Mob
Rizzuto crime family
Sacra Corona Unita
Sicilian Mafia
Siderno Group
Stidda
Velentzas Organization
Defunct
Broadway Mob
Bugs and Meyer Mob
Bumpy Johnson gang
New York Camorra
The Corporation
The Council
Dutch Schultz Mob
East Harlem Purple Gang
Five Points Gang
Forty-Two Gang
Italian-American National Union
Maceo Organization
Marat Balagula gang
Murder, Inc.
National Crime Syndicate
New Springville Boys
Rudaj Organization
South Brooklyn Boys
Tanglewood Boys
Unione Corse
Westies
Winter Hill Gang
Other topicsGovernmentoperations
Collaborations between the United States government and Italian Mafia
Operation Family Secrets
Operation Old Bridge
Operation Solare
Operation Underworld
Operation Wasteland
Crimes
French Connection
Hired Truck Program
Lufthansa heist
Saint Valentine's Day Massacre
Related articles
Barrel murder
Buster from Chicago
Cement shoes
Shotgun Man
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[kunˌtrɛrakaruˈaːna]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"Mafia clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosca"},{"link_name":"Cosa Nostra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosa_Nostra"},{"link_name":"money laundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_laundering"},{"link_name":"Rothschilds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_family"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"Antimafia Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimafia_Commission"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac2003-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep190598-3"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Caruana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Caruana"}],"text":"Criminal organizationThe Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan (Italian pronunciation: [kunˌtrɛrakaruˈaːna]) was a Mafia clan of the Cosa Nostra and held a key position in the illicit drug trade and money laundering for Cosa Nostra in the 1980s and 1990s. The Italian press baptized the clan as \"The Rothschilds of the Mafia\" or \"The Bankers of Cosa Nostra\".[1]Italian prosecutors described the Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan as an \"international holding ... a holding which secures certain services for the Sicilian Cosa Nostra as a whole: drug-trafficking routes and channels for money laundering.\" The clan is \"a very tight knit family group of men-of-honour, not only joined by Mafia bonds, but also by ties of blood.\"[1] According to the Italian Antimafia Commission the Cuntrera-Caruana clan played a central role in international drug trafficking, extending their interests from Italy to Canada and Venezuela.[2]Prominent members of the clan are the brothers Liborio Cuntrera, Pasquale Cuntrera,[3] Gaspare Cuntrera and Paolo Cuntrera. At the Caruana side there are Giuseppe Caruana, Carmelo Caruana and his son Alfonso Caruana, and Leonardo Caruana.","title":"Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siculiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siculiana"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"province of Agrigento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Agrigento"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dia110305-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"Siculiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siculiana"},{"link_name":"omertà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omert%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"capo mandamento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capo_mandamento"},{"link_name":"Calogero Mannino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calogero_Mannino"},{"link_name":"Democrazia Cristiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia_Cristiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dia110305-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep280991-6"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"}],"text":"The Cuntrera and Caruana families originated from Siculiana, a small village on the south coast of Sicily in the province of Agrigento. They are relatives; they inter-married to strengthen their criminal alliance.[1] Mafia tradition is old in Siculiana. On a map, made in 1900 by one of the first Mafia researchers Antonino Cutrera, a former officer of public security, Siculiana is mentioned as \"high density\" Mafia territory.[4] The province of Agrigento is, and has been so for the last century, the poorest and most backward region of Italy.[1]The Cuntrera-Caruana clan used to be armed guards for the local baron Agnello, who owned most of the village and the surrounding land.[5] Everybody in the village depended on the baron for work and income. When land reform started in the 1950s the baron had to give up most of his holdings. The Mafia brokered the sale of the holdings. The power of the Mafia in those years was unchallenged, they entered the town council, and at one time the mayor was a noted mafioso.[1]In 1952, Pasquale Cuntrera and his brother-in-law Leonardo Caruana were indicted for a double murder, the theft of four cows and arson. Both were acquitted in 1953 per non aver commesso il fatto – not having committed the act – an almost ritual verdict where Mafia crimes were concerned in the 1950s and 1960s and 1970s.A 1966 police report concluded Siculiana had been ruled by mafiosi for years. Giuseppe Caruana, his brother Leonardo Caruana and Pasquale Cuntrera exploited every economic activity in the village and its surrounding communities. They had created an atmosphere of omertà: through violence and intimidation they made sure that nobody dared to denounce them. The Agrigento Court decided to ban them from the village.[1]Some returned; however in the 1970s Leonardo Caruana became capo mandamento – after he was deported from Canada – of the area under the leadership of the Mafia boss of the province Agrigento, Giuseppe Settecasi. The power base of the clan reached into politics. The influential politician Calogero Mannino of the Christian Democrat party (DC – Democrazia Cristiana) was a witness at the marriage of Leonardo Caruana's son Gerlando in 1977 in Siculiana.[1][5][6]Leonardo Caruana was murdered in 1981 in front of his house in Palermo on the day his other son Gaspare Caruana married. The killing occurred at the height of a second Mafia war, and stayed unavenged.[1]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ciaculli massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciaculli_massacre"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamspec-8"},{"link_name":"Ostia Lido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostia_(town)"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Woking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woking"},{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"Second Mafia War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mafia_War"},{"link_name":"Corleonesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corleonesi"},{"link_name":"Salvatore Riina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Riina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamspec-8"}],"text":"Montreal is the first base outside Sicily for the Cuntrera-Caruana clan. Canadian immigration-records show Pasquale and Liborio Cuntrera arrived in 1951 and acquired Canadian nationality in 1957. They moved up and down between Sicily and Montreal setting up base at both sides of the Atlantic. According to the Cuntrera-Caruana's own story they worked hard in Canada, starting ploughing snow and as barbers, saving enough money to start their first shop and pizzeria. However, more likely is that some of them left Sicily to escape prosecution.[7]In 1966, most of the clan left the village, when they were banished by court order, as a result of a crackdown by Italian police after the Ciaculli massacre. The Agrigento Court banned several members of the clan to locations elsewhere in Italy, mostly in the North, but they chose to leave the country instead. Pasquale Cuntrera and Leonardo Caruana moved to Montreal in Canada, while Giuseppe Caruana preferred Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. The Cuntrera brothers moved on to Caracas in Venezuela.[1][8]In the beginning of the 1970s the Cuntrera-Caruana clan redeployed, after Mafia persecution in Italy had slowed down. In Italy major Mafia trials ended in non-convictions for most of the Mafia bosses. Some of the clan went to the Italian mainland (Ostia Lido, a seaside resort near Rome); some went to the United Kingdom, to Woking, the stockbrokers-belt near London; some remained in Caracas; while others remained in Montreal. They travelled up and down using their residences around the world for drug trafficking.[1]Venezuela became an important hideout. \"Venezuela has its own Cosa Nostra family as if it is Sicilian territory\", according to the Italian police. \"The structure and hierarchy of the Mafia has been entirely reproduced in Venezuela.\" The Cuntrera-Caruana clan had direct links with the ruling Commission of the Sicilian Mafia, and are acknowledged by the American Cosa Nostra.[1]In the Second Mafia War the Cuntrera-Caruana clan initially sided with the established Mafia-families of Palermo who were massacred by the Corleonesi headed by Salvatore Riina. However, they apparently were able to find some kind of agreement with Riina. The Cuntreras and Caruanas were necessary and irreplaceable for every other Mafia family, according to police investigators: \"the others are allied with them.\"[1][8]","title":"The expansion outside Siculiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Connection"},{"link_name":"Pizza Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_Connection_Trial"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ciaculli Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciaculli_Massacre"},{"link_name":"heroin trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin_trade"},{"link_name":"Salvatore \"Ciaschiteddu\" Greco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_%22Ciaschiteddu%22_Greco"},{"link_name":"Salvatore Greco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_%22The_Engineer%22_Greco"},{"link_name":"Tommaso Buscetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Buscetta"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Badalamenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Badalamenti"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"pentito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentito"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Falcone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"Pizza Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_Connection_Trial"},{"link_name":"Gambino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambino_crime_family"},{"link_name":"Bonanno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonanno_crime_family"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"Gaspare Mutolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspare_Mutolo"},{"link_name":"pentito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentito"},{"link_name":"John Gambino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gambino"},{"link_name":"Gambino Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambino_Family"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"Customs and Excise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Customs_and_Excise"},{"link_name":"Gaspare Mutolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspare_Mutolo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Bundeskriminalamt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Criminal_Police_Office_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Cuntrera-Caruana clan almost certainly was involved in heroin trafficking networks since the 1950s. Their names appeared at investigations in such famous cases as the French Connection in the 1970s and the Pizza Connection in the 1980s. Several intertwining Sicilian networks were running heroin to the US. They had the same source – suppliers from the Corsican underworld in Marseilles with their high quality laboratories – and the same destination – the North American consumer market.[1][9]The repression caused by the Ciaculli Massacre disarranged the Sicilian heroin trade to the United States. Mafiosi were banned, arrested and incarcerated. Control over the trade fell into the hands of a few fugitives: Salvatore \"Ciaschiteddu\" Greco, his cousin Salvatore Greco, also known as l'ingegnere, Pietro Davì, Tommaso Buscetta and Gaetano Badalamenti. All of them were acquainted with the Cuntrera-Caruana clan.[1]The famous \"pentito\" (turncoat) Tommaso Buscetta told Antimafia judge Giovanni Falcone in 1984, how he had met the clan in Montreal in 1969 during Christmas. Buscetta stayed at Pasquale Cuntrera's home recovering from a venereal disease. They were introduced to him as \"uomini d'onore\" – men-of-honour. When Buscetta met them they were already very rich. Pasquale Cuntrera told Buscetta they were trafficking heroin.[1]The Italian police finally got an idea of the role of the Cuntrera-Caruana clan in 1982–83 when they investigated the Italian end of what later was called the Pizza Connection. The Italian police was following the movements of Giuseppe Bono, the middleman between the buyers of the Gambino and Bonanno crime families in New York and the Sicilian clans who organized the heroin traffic to the US. \"Almost all the money of the Sicilian Mafia in North-America to purchase heroin and the resulting proceeds went through their hands\", according to a police investigator.[1]In 1981, Gaspare Mutolo, who would become a pentito in 1992, organized a 400 kilogram shipment of heroin to the US. The Cuntrera-Caruana clan received half of the load, while John Gambino of the Gambino Family in New York City took care of the other 200 kilograms. The shipments were financed by consortium of Sicilian Mafia clans, who had organized a pool to provide the money to buy the merchandise from Thai suppliers. The system in the heroin-business was that every Mafia-family could invest in a shipment if it had the money. The Cuntrera-Caruana clan were the trusted buyers who supplied the market in North America.[1]In 1985, in a joint operation of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and British Customs and Excise, a heroin transport was seized in London and Montreal. Subsequent investigations revealed that the clan was picking up the heroin in Thailand since 1983. They replaced the supply line of Gaspare Mutolo who had been arrested.[1]In 1988 the RCMP seized a 30 kilo load of heroin at a factory owned by Cuffaro's brother-in-law in Windsor in Canada near the U.S. border. The same year Giuseppe Cuffaro and Pasquale Caruana were arrested in Germany. The German Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) discovered an extensive network that tried to set up heroin trafficking from the Far East to Europe.[1][10]","title":"Five decades in the illicit drug trade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"'Ndrangheta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Caruana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Caruana"},{"link_name":"Cali Cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cali_Cartel"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Henry Loaiza Ceballos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Loaiza_Ceballos"},{"link_name":"Cali cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cali_cartel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dia110305-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Vito Rizzuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito_Rizzuto"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-np-12"}],"text":"While in Venezuela the clan started to be involved in cocaine trafficking. They became seriously involved when a joint venture of 'Ndrangheta families needed Alfonso Caruana to supply them. Caruana organized a network that smuggled eleven metric tons of cocaine to Italy from 1991–1994. Caruana brought together the cocaine suppliers of the Cali Cartel with the Italian distributors from the 'Ndrangheta in Calabria.[1]The pipeline fell apart when the Italian police seized 5,497 kilos of cocaine (a European record at the time) in March 1994 near Turin. A year later the Turin Prosecutors Office presented the indictment (the investigation was code-named Operation Cartagine). The operation neutralized the most important supply-line of narcotics to Europe, investigators claimed. The Cuntrera-Caruana family was labelled as \"the fly-wheel of the drug trade and the indispensable link between suppliers and distributors.\" One of the suppliers was Henry Loaiza Ceballos of the Cali cartel.[1][5][11]The Caruanas moved the cocaine pipeline towards Canada, where the family took care of wholesale distribution with the consent of Vito Rizzuto the leader of the Cosa Nostra, who came from the same region in Sicily as the Cuntrera-Caruanas.[12]","title":"Brokering cocaine in Venezuela"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giovanni Falcone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone"},{"link_name":"Paolo Borsellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino"},{"link_name":"Fiumicino airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ind140992-13"},{"link_name":"Thor Halvorssen Hellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Halvorssen_Hellum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fonzi-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Corriere della Sera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera"},{"link_name":"Aruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruba"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Henny Eman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henny_Eman"},{"link_name":"mafia state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_state"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parool-16"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Cassation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep190598-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ind200598-17"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Maria Flick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Flick"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Napolitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano"},{"link_name":"Romano Prodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Prodi"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep200598-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ind250598-19"},{"link_name":"Fuengirola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuengirola"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep250598-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep270598-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Just before he was killed by the Mafia, judge Giovanni Falcone warned of the international connections of Cosa Nostra. He initiated extradition requests for the Cuntrera-Caruana members in Venezuela. After the killing of the judges Falcone and Paolo Borsellino the Italian authorities stepped up prosecution. Pasquale, Paolo and Gaspare Cuntrera were arrested in September 1992 on Fiumicino airport (Rome), after they had been expelled from Venezuela.[13] Their expulsion was ordered by a commission of the Venezuelan Senate headed by Senator Cristobal Fernandez Dalo and his money laundering investigator, Thor Halvorssen Hellum.[14][15]In 1993, the Italian Corriere della Sera reported that the Cuntrera-Caruana clan owned 60 per cent of the Caribbean island Aruba, part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands through investments in hotels, casinos and the election-campaign of Prime Minister Henny Eman. According to the newspaper, Aruba had become set to be the first independent mafia state. That claim proved to be exaggerated, however.[1][16]In May 1998 the sentences were confirmed by the Supreme Court of Cassation: Pasquale Cuntrera was convicted to 20 years in prison, Gaspare and Paolo Cuntrera to 15 years.[3] However, due to an error in communication about expiration of provisional incarceration terms, Pasquale Cuntrera had been able to leave prison two weeks before.[17] When Cuntrera's getaway was reported in the news media, the opposition asked for the resignation of the minister Justice, Giovanni Maria Flick, and the minister of Internal Affairs, Giorgio Napolitano. Flick offered his resignation but that was refused by Prime minister Romano Prodi.[18][19] Pasquale Cuntrera was arrested some days later in Fuengirola, Spain,[20][21] while he was waiting for arrangements to travel to Venezuela; Pasquale Cuntrera was extradited to Italy to serve the 20 year prison sentence.[22][23]","title":"Arrests and convictions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfonso Caruana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Caruana"},{"link_name":"Woodbridge, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamspec-8"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torlife-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inc-27"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaz211207-28"},{"link_name":"in absentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_in_absentia"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prs310108-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsu010208-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Rizzuto crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizzuto_crime_family"},{"link_name":"Saint Leonard, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Leonard,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaz300610a-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaz300610b-33"},{"link_name":"Molotov cocktail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov_cocktail"},{"link_name":"Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Events in Canada","text":"On July 15, 1998, Alfonso Caruana and his brothers Gerlando and Pasquale Caruana were arrested in Woodbridge, Ontario, in a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) operation called Project Omerta, for importing and trafficking cocaine to Canada.[8][24][25] In February 2000, Alfonso pleaded guilty to charges of importing and trafficking narcotics, and was sentenced to 18 years in prison by the Ontario Superior Court.[26] Pasquale and Gerlando were also given 10 and 18 year prison sentences respectively.[27]In June 2007, the Ontario Court of Appeal ruled Alfonso Caruana to be sent back to Italy to face jail time. On December 20, 2007, Caruana's efforts to appeal were dismissed by the Supreme Court of Canada.[28] He was extradited to Italy on January 29, 2008, to serve the nearly 22-year prison sentence that was presented in absentia in 1997.[29][30][31]Agostino Cuntrera, cousin of Alfonso, and presumed acting boss who was believed to have taken control of the Rizzuto crime family, was killed together with his bodyguard in Saint Leonard, Quebec, on 30 June 2010.[32][33]A house owned by Giuseppe Cuntrera (\"Big Joe\") in Woodbridge was targeted by unknown culprits in 2017. A Molotov cocktail was thrown into the Di Manno Bakery in Vaughan on June 12, and gunshots struck the door of his home on the same night. The garage of the same house was struck by gunshots on August 7 and a significant fire occurred at the home, then unoccupied, in late August.[34]","title":"Arrests and convictions"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Dickie, John (2014-04-22). Blood Brotherhoods: A History of Italy's Three Mafias. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-61039-428-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D9TbAgAAQBAJ&q=Liborio+Cuntrera+1951&pg=PA447","url_text":"Blood Brotherhoods: A History of Italy's Three Mafias"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-428-4","url_text":"978-1-61039-428-4"}]},{"reference":"\"DEA Says Its Probe Helped Land Mafia Heroin Family in Jail\". AP News. Retrieved 2020-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/2a471b6570c26171ff30c6472c6ebd66","url_text":"\"DEA Says Its Probe Helped Land Mafia Heroin Family in Jail\""}]},{"reference":"\"Il Boss Pasquale Caruana E' Stato Arrestato in Germania\". La Repubblica (in Italian). 23 October 1988. Retrieved 2020-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/10/23/il-boss-pasquale-caruana-stato-arrestato.html","url_text":"\"Il Boss Pasquale Caruana E' Stato Arrestato in Germania\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mobster banned from entering Montreal's Little Italy to stop him bumping into Mafia buddies\". National Post. 6 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/banned-from-montreals-little-italy-drug-trafficker-told-to-turn-restaurant-receipts-over-to-parole-supervisor","url_text":"\"Mobster banned from entering Montreal's Little Italy to stop him bumping into Mafia buddies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Post","url_text":"National Post"}]},{"reference":"Andre Cedilot; Andre Noel (2010). Mafia Inc. Toronto: Vintage Canada. ISBN 978-0-307-36041-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-36041-0","url_text":"978-0-307-36041-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Kitchener man arrested in Vaughan bakery bombing\". The Hamilton Spectator. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thespec.com/news-story/7578714-kitchener-man-arrested-in-vaughan-bakery-bombing/","url_text":"\"Kitchener man arrested in Vaughan bakery bombing\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.tni.org/en/paper/rothschilds-mafia-aruba","external_links_name":"\"The Rothschilds of the Mafia on Aruba\""},{"Link":"http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/bicam/14/Antimafia/documenti/relazann2003II.pdf","external_links_name":"Relazone annuale"},{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/online/fatti/fuga/cuntrera/cuntrera.html","external_links_name":"\"Pasquale Cuntrera, il re della droga\""},{"Link":"http://www.diario.it/home_diario.php?page=cn05070827","external_links_name":"\"È la coca che fa il ponte. È la mafia che lo gestirà\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225223/http://www.diario.it/home_diario.php?page=cn05070827","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://digilander.libero.it/osservatoriobari/f24.htm","external_links_name":"\"La mafia in TV: Quei politici amici dei mafiosi\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D9TbAgAAQBAJ&q=Liborio+Cuntrera+1951&pg=PA447","external_links_name":"Blood Brotherhoods: A History of Italy's Three Mafias"},{"Link":"http://www.nicaso.com/pages/doc_page124.html","external_links_name":"\"Last of 'untouchables' nabbed\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/2a471b6570c26171ff30c6472c6ebd66","external_links_name":"\"DEA Says Its Probe Helped Land Mafia Heroin Family in Jail\""},{"Link":"https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/10/23/il-boss-pasquale-caruana-stato-arrestato.html","external_links_name":"\"Il Boss Pasquale Caruana E' Stato Arrestato in Germania\""},{"Link":"http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1995/03/23/coca-colombiani-ndrangheta.html?ref=search","external_links_name":"\"Coca, Colombiani & 'Ndrangheta\""},{"Link":"https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/banned-from-montreals-little-italy-drug-trafficker-told-to-turn-restaurant-receipts-over-to-parole-supervisor","external_links_name":"\"Mobster banned from entering Montreal's Little Italy to stop him bumping into Mafia buddies\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/mafias-bankers-forced-to-return-1551272.html","external_links_name":"\"Mafia's 'bankers' forced to return\""},{"Link":"http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0308/PG1194_feature1.pdf","external_links_name":"The Troublemaker"},{"Link":"http://www.tni.org/detail_page.phtml?page=archives_tblick_parool","external_links_name":"\"Arubaanse minister vertelt halve waarheid drugsmaffia\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/world-news/mafia-drugs-chief-slips-police-net-445992.html","external_links_name":"\"Mafia drugs chief slips police net\""},{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/online/fatti/fuga/sudamerica/sudamerica.html","external_links_name":"\"Flick si dimette ma Prodi dice no\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mafia-drug-king-arrested-after-five-days-on-the-run-1157279.html","external_links_name":"\"Mafia drug king arrested after five days on the run\""},{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/online/fatti/fuga/preso/preso.html","external_links_name":"\"Ecco come abbiamo preso Pasquale Cuntrera\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E2DE1738F936A15756C0A96E958260","external_links_name":"\"Spain Holds Mafia Boss Who Fled in Wheelchair\""},{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/online/fatti/fuga/estradi/estradi.html","external_links_name":"\"Cuntrera, rispedito dalla Spagna\""},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19980526/ai_n14158487","external_links_name":"\"Is this the end for Mob rule?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080117174907/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19980526/ai_n14158487","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020414121125/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/1998/int/980727/canada.a_raid_in_woodbri25.html","external_links_name":"\"A Raid In Woodbridge\""},{"Link":"http://www.nicaso.com/html/quotes/torlife.html","external_links_name":"\"The family man\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2000/02/25/mafia000225.html","external_links_name":"International drug lord sentenced in Ontario"},{"Link":"http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=6f7b71ca-31a8-4d22-8c1f-8530009aeb67","external_links_name":"\"Top court allows Italy to jail mobster\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080323112420/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=6f7b71ca-31a8-4d22-8c1f-8530009aeb67","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cyberpresse.ca/article/20080131/CPACTUALITES/801310589/1023/CPACTUALITES","external_links_name":"\"Alfonso Caruana extradé en Italie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080406022102/http://www.cyberpresse.ca/article/20080131/CPACTUALITES/801310589/1023/CPACTUALITES","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.torontosun.com/News/TorontoAndGTA/2008/02/01/4805444-sun.html","external_links_name":"\"Cocaine kingpin quietly deported to Italy\""},{"Link":"http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2008/02/01/il-ritorno-di-caruana-re-del-narcotraffico.html?ref=search","external_links_name":"\"Il ritorno di Caruana, re del narcotraffico\""},{"Link":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/slain+Leonard+shootout/3218614/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Two slain in St. Leonard shootout\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100706115434/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/slain+Leonard+shootout/3218614/story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/Major+change+Montreal+Mafia+Experts/3222616/story.html#ixzz0sSOEeknL","external_links_name":"\"Major change in Montreal Mafia: Experts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100704043632/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Major+change+Montreal+Mafia+Experts/3222616/story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thespec.com/news-story/7578714-kitchener-man-arrested-in-vaughan-bakery-bombing/","external_links_name":"\"Kitchener man arrested in Vaughan bakery bombing\""},{"Link":"https://www.tni.org/en/paper/rothschilds-mafia-aruba","external_links_name":"\"The Rothschilds of the Mafia on Aruba\""},{"Link":"http://www.nicaso.com/pages/","external_links_name":"Antonio Nicaso"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225223/http://www.diario.it/home_diario.php?page=cn05070827","external_links_name":"\"È la coca che fa il ponte. È la mafia che lo gestirà\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Moore_(runner)
|
Charlotte Moore (runner)
|
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
|
British runner
Charlotte MoorePersonal informationBorn (1985-01-04) 4 January 1985 (age 39)Bournemouth, Dorset, EnglandYears active2001–2008SportSportAthleticsEvent800 metresAchievements and titlesCommonwealth finals2002Personal best1:59.75
Charlotte Moore (born 4 January 1985) is a runner who completed for England in the 800 metres at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester.
Career
Moore attended Bournemouth School for Girls, and was a member of Bournemouth Athletics Club. In 2001, she competed in the European Youth Summer Olympics, where she sustained an ankle injury in the final. Later in the year, she competed at a Great Britain against USA junior international event.
Aged 17, Moore competed for England in the 800 metres event at the 2002 Commonwealth Games, after coming third in the trials for the event. In the semi-finals, she set an English under-20 record time of 2:00.95, which allowed her to qualify for the final. The time was five seconds quicker than her season's best performance. In the final, Moore became the first English junior to run the 800 metres in under 2 minutes. She finished sixth in the race, in a time of 1:59.75. She competed in the 800 metres event at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics. After two years away from sport with an injury, Moore won the 2008 Swanage half-marathon.
References
^ a b c d Turnbull, Simon (29 July 2002). "Athletics: Moore makes history before her A-levels". The Independent. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
^ a b "Moore stars on the road". Bournemouth Daily Echo. 29 July 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
^ a b "Charlotte is a guest star". Dorset Echo. 22 August 2001. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
^ Davies, Gareth A. (25 July 2002). "Athletics: Future stars forged in heat of battle". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
^ a b "Commonwealth Games: Charlotte's joy in final showdown". Dorset Echo. 30 July 2002. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
^ Cram, Steve (29 July 2002). "Calm after the storm". BBC Sport. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
^ "Troubled trio selected for World Champs". The Guardian. 12 August 2003. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
External links
Charlotte Moore at World Athletics
Authority control databases: People
World Athletics
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"800 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/800_metres"},{"link_name":"2002 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ind-1"}],"text":"Charlotte Moore (born 4 January 1985) is a runner who completed for England in the 800 metres at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester.[1]","title":"Charlotte Moore (runner)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bournemouth School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_School_for_Girls"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ind-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BEcho-2"},{"link_name":"European Youth Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_European_Youth_Summer_Olympic_Festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEcho-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEcho-3"},{"link_name":"800 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2002_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_800_metres"},{"link_name":"2002 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ind-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ind-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-6"},{"link_name":"800 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_800_metres"},{"link_name":"2003 World Championships in Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BEcho-2"}],"text":"Moore attended Bournemouth School for Girls,[1] and was a member of Bournemouth Athletics Club.[2] In 2001, she competed in the European Youth Summer Olympics, where she sustained an ankle injury in the final.[3] Later in the year, she competed at a Great Britain against USA junior international event.[3]Aged 17, Moore competed for England in the 800 metres event at the 2002 Commonwealth Games, after coming third in the trials for the event.[4] In the semi-finals, she set an English under-20 record time of 2:00.95, which allowed her to qualify for the final. The time was five seconds quicker than her season's best performance.[1][5] In the final, Moore became the first English junior to run the 800 metres in under 2 minutes. She finished sixth in the race, in a time of 1:59.75.[5][1][6] She competed in the 800 metres event at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics.[7] After two years away from sport with an injury, Moore won the 2008 Swanage half-marathon.[2]","title":"Career"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Turnbull, Simon (29 July 2002). \"Athletics: Moore makes history before her A-levels\". The Independent. Retrieved 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/athletics-moore-makes-history-before-her-a-levels-186485.html","url_text":"\"Athletics: Moore makes history before her A-levels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Moore stars on the road\". Bournemouth Daily Echo. 29 July 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/2412257.moore-stars-on-the-road/","url_text":"\"Moore stars on the road\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_Daily_Echo","url_text":"Bournemouth Daily Echo"}]},{"reference":"\"Charlotte is a guest star\". Dorset Echo. 22 August 2001. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/5395986.charlotte-is-a-guest-star/","url_text":"\"Charlotte is a guest star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Echo","url_text":"Dorset Echo"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Gareth A. (25 July 2002). \"Athletics: Future stars forged in heat of battle\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/athletics/3031552/Athletics-Future-stars-forged-in-heat-of-battle.html","url_text":"\"Athletics: Future stars forged in heat of battle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commonwealth Games: Charlotte's joy in final showdown\". Dorset Echo. 30 July 2002. Retrieved 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/5386797.Commonwealth_Games__Charlotte_s_joy_in_final_showdown/?ref=arc","url_text":"\"Commonwealth Games: Charlotte's joy in final showdown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Echo","url_text":"Dorset Echo"}]},{"reference":"Cram, Steve (29 July 2002). \"Calm after the storm\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Cram","url_text":"Cram, Steve"},{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/athletics/newsid_2160000/2160021.stm","url_text":"\"Calm after the storm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Troubled trio selected for World Champs\". The Guardian. 12 August 2003. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/aug/12/athletics1","url_text":"\"Troubled trio selected for World Champs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/athletics-moore-makes-history-before-her-a-levels-186485.html","external_links_name":"\"Athletics: Moore makes history before her A-levels\""},{"Link":"https://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/2412257.moore-stars-on-the-road/","external_links_name":"\"Moore stars on the road\""},{"Link":"https://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/5395986.charlotte-is-a-guest-star/","external_links_name":"\"Charlotte is a guest star\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/athletics/3031552/Athletics-Future-stars-forged-in-heat-of-battle.html","external_links_name":"\"Athletics: Future stars forged in heat of battle\""},{"Link":"http://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/5386797.Commonwealth_Games__Charlotte_s_joy_in_final_showdown/?ref=arc","external_links_name":"\"Commonwealth Games: Charlotte's joy in final showdown\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/athletics/newsid_2160000/2160021.stm","external_links_name":"\"Calm after the storm\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/aug/12/athletics1","external_links_name":"\"Troubled trio selected for World Champs\""},{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14275828","external_links_name":"Charlotte Moore"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14275828","external_links_name":"World Athletics"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Lose_a_Wife_and_Find_a_Lover
|
How to Lose a Wife and Find a Lover
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
|
1978 filmHow to Lose a Wife and Find a LoverDirected byPasquale Festa CampanileCinematographyGiuseppe RuzzoliniMusic byGianni FerrioRelease date
1978 (1978)
LanguageItalian
How to Lose a Wife and Find a Lover (Italian: Come perdere una moglie e trovare un'amante) is a 1978 Italian comedy film directed by Pasquale Festa Campanile.
Plot
Alberto, publicity manager for a big dairy company, returns home early after crashing into the car of a beautiful woman named Eleonora, only to find his wife in the bath and the plumber hiding naked in the shower. Falling into a suicidal frame of mind over this betrayal, he consults a psychoanalyst. Another patient is Eleonora, also suicidal after the infidelity of her husband, and the shrink separately advises each of them to get up into the mountains for a rest. By chance both take a room in the same tiny and remote inn, though Alberto does not recognise the woman with whose car he collided months ago. A young friend of Eleonora's named Marisa turns up to find there are no spare rooms, so she shares Eleonora's bed.
In the evenings the landlord pours the grappa liberally and, while Eleonora has got up for some fresh air, a very drunk Alberto creeps into the bed to find a very willing Marisa. She is sent home for this exploit, but Alberto then gets even more drunk and beds the very large but equally willing landlady. Following that, after his room is flooded by an overflowing bath, he clambers wet and drunk into Eleonora's bed. In the morning she is furious to find him there and heads out skiing, while he follows attempting to explain. The two crash into an isolated haystack, where sounds and movements suggest they consummate their attraction. Entwined together and frozen stiff, they are found by a mountain rescue team whose volunteer chaplain marries the unconscious couple in articulo mortis. Once fit enough Alberto goes back to work but Eleonora has disappeared, leaving no address or telephone number. When a casting is held for models to appear in the company's advertisements, one hopeful is Marisa who has been given a lift to the offices by Eleonora. Alberto looks out of the window and sees her at last.
Cast
Johnny Dorelli as Dr. Alberto Castelli
Barbara Bouchet as Eleonora Rubens
Carlo Bagno as Anselmo
Toni Ucci as Brother Francesco
Felice Andreasi as Dr. Rossini
Enzo Cannavale as The Guru
Elsa Vazzoler as Anita
Stefania Casini as Marisa
References
^ Roberto Chiti; Roberto Poppi; Enrico Lancia. Dizionario del cinema italiano: I film. Gremese, 1991.
^ Andrea Pergolari. Verso la commedia: momenti del cinema di Steno, Salce, Festa Campanile. Firenze libri, 2002.
^ Ernesto Baldo (18 June 1978). "Bouchet e Dorelli, amanti per destino". La Stampa. p. 9.
External links
How to Lose a Wife and Find a Lover at IMDb
This article related to an Italian comedy film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_films_of_1978"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Pasquale Festa Campanile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasquale_Festa_Campanile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bgbz-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"How to Lose a Wife and Find a Lover (Italian: Come perdere una moglie e trovare un'amante) is a 1978 Italian comedy film directed by Pasquale Festa Campanile.[1][2][3]","title":"How to Lose a Wife and Find a Lover"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grappa"}],"text":"Alberto, publicity manager for a big dairy company, returns home early after crashing into the car of a beautiful woman named Eleonora, only to find his wife in the bath and the plumber hiding naked in the shower. Falling into a suicidal frame of mind over this betrayal, he consults a psychoanalyst. Another patient is Eleonora, also suicidal after the infidelity of her husband, and the shrink separately advises each of them to get up into the mountains for a rest. By chance both take a room in the same tiny and remote inn, though Alberto does not recognise the woman with whose car he collided months ago. A young friend of Eleonora's named Marisa turns up to find there are no spare rooms, so she shares Eleonora's bed.In the evenings the landlord pours the grappa liberally and, while Eleonora has got up for some fresh air, a very drunk Alberto creeps into the bed to find a very willing Marisa. She is sent home for this exploit, but Alberto then gets even more drunk and beds the very large but equally willing landlady. Following that, after his room is flooded by an overflowing bath, he clambers wet and drunk into Eleonora's bed. In the morning she is furious to find him there and heads out skiing, while he follows attempting to explain. The two crash into an isolated haystack, where sounds and movements suggest they consummate their attraction. Entwined together and frozen stiff, they are found by a mountain rescue team whose volunteer chaplain marries the unconscious couple in articulo mortis. Once fit enough Alberto goes back to work but Eleonora has disappeared, leaving no address or telephone number. When a casting is held for models to appear in the company's advertisements, one hopeful is Marisa who has been given a lift to the offices by Eleonora. Alberto looks out of the window and sees her at last.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnny Dorelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Dorelli"},{"link_name":"Barbara Bouchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Bouchet"},{"link_name":"Carlo Bagno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Bagno"},{"link_name":"Toni Ucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Ucci"},{"link_name":"Felice Andreasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felice_Andreasi"},{"link_name":"Enzo Cannavale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_Cannavale"},{"link_name":"Elsa Vazzoler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_Vazzoler"},{"link_name":"Stefania Casini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefania_Casini"}],"text":"Johnny Dorelli as Dr. Alberto Castelli\nBarbara Bouchet as Eleonora Rubens\nCarlo Bagno as Anselmo\nToni Ucci as Brother Francesco\nFelice Andreasi as Dr. Rossini\nEnzo Cannavale as The Guru\nElsa Vazzoler as Anita\nStefania Casini as Marisa","title":"Cast"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Roberto Chiti; Roberto Poppi; Enrico Lancia. Dizionario del cinema italiano: I film. Gremese, 1991.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Andrea Pergolari. Verso la commedia: momenti del cinema di Steno, Salce, Festa Campanile. Firenze libri, 2002.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ernesto Baldo (18 June 1978). \"Bouchet e Dorelli, amanti per destino\". La Stampa. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Stampa","url_text":"La Stampa"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077356/","external_links_name":"How to Lose a Wife and Find a Lover"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Lose_a_Wife_and_Find_a_Lover&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsara_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Supporting_Role
|
Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role
|
["1 Superlatives","2 Winners and nominees","2.1 2000s","2.2 2010s","3 See also","4 References"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role2016 Recipient Nawazuddin SiddiquiAwarded forBest Performance by an Actor in a Supporting RoleCountryIndiaPresented byFilm & Television Producers GuildFirst awarded2004 (for performances in films released around 2003)Last awarded2016 (for performances in films released around 2015)Currently held byNawazuddin Siddiqui for Bajrangi BhaijanWebsiteProducers Guild Film Awards
The Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (previously known as the Apsara Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role) is given by the producers of the film and television guild as part of its annual award ceremony for Hindi films, to recognise a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role. Following its inception in 2004, no one was awarded in 2005 and 2007.
† - indicates the performance also won the Filmfare Award
‡ - indicates the performance was also nominated for the Filmfare Award
Superlatives
Superlative
Best Actor in a Leading Role
Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Overall
Actor with most awards
Hrithik Roshan Shahrukh Khan Ranbir Kapoor
2
Abhishek Bachchan
2
Hrithik Roshan Shahrukh Khan Ranbir Kapoor Abhishek Bachchan
2
Actor with most nominations
Shahrukh Khan
7
Irrfan Khan Naseeruddin Shah Nawazuddin Siddiqui
3
Shahrukh Khan
7
Actor with most nominations(without ever winning)
Ajay Devgan
3
Naseeruddin Shah
3
Ajay Devgan Naseeruddin Shah
4
Actor with most nominationsin a single year
--
--
Rishi Kapoor (2010)
2
Rishi Kapoor (2010) Ajay Devgan (2011) Emraan Hashmi (2012) Nawazuddin Siddiqui (2013)
2
Winners and nominees
2000s
2004 Pankaj Kapur – Maqbool as Jahangir Khan (Abbaji)
Arshad Warsi – Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. as Circuit ‡
Irrfan Khan – Haasil as Ranvijay Singh
Paresh Rawal – Hungama as Radheysham Tiwari
Saif Ali Khan – Kal Ho Naa Ho as Rohit Patel †
2005 – No award
2006 Abhishek Bachchan – Yuva as Lallan Singh †
Akshay Kumar – Mujhse Shaadi Karogi as Arun a.k.a. Sunny ‡
Kay Kay Menon – Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi as Siddharth Tyabji
Nana Patekar – Apaharan as Tabrez
Naseeruddin Shah – Iqbal as Mohit ‡
2007 – No award
2008 Irrfan Khan – Life in a... Metro as Monty †
Darshan Jariwala – Gandhi, My Father as Mahatma Gandhi
Mithun Chakraborty – Guru as Manik Dasgupta ‡
Rajat Kapoor – Bheja Fry as Ranjeet Thadani
2009 Jimmy Shergill – A Wednesday! as Arif Khan
Pankaj Kapur – Halla Bol as Sidhu
Purab Kohli – Rock On!! as KD
Ravi Jhankal – Welcome to Sajjanpur as Munnibai Mukhanni
Sonu Sood – Jodhaa Akbar as Rajkumar Sujamal ‡
2010s
2010 Rishi Kapoor – Love Aaj Kal as Older Veer Singh
Anupam Kher – Wake Up Sid as Ram Mehra
Irrfan Khan – New York as Roshan
Rishi Kapoor – Luck by Chance as Rommy Rolly ‡
Vivek Oberoi – Kurbaan as Riyaz Masood
2011 Arjun Rampal – Raajneeti as Prithviraj Pratap ‡
Ajay Devgan – Raajneeti as Sooraj Kumar
Emraan Hashmi – Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai as Shoaib Khan ‡
Farooq Sheikh – Lahore as S.K. Rao
Naseeruddin Shah – Ishqiya as Iftikhar a.k.a. Khalujan
Raghubir Yadav – Peepli Live as Budhia
2012 Farhan Akhtar – Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara as Imraan †
Emraan Hashmi – The Dirty Picture as Abraham
Gulshan Devaiya – Shaitan as Karan Chaudhary a.k.a. KC
Naseeruddin Shah – The Dirty Picture as Suryakant ‡
Rana Daggubati – Dum Maaro Dum as DJ Joaquim "Joki" Fernandes
Randeep Hooda – Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster as Lalit / Babloo
2013 Annu Kapoor – Vicky Donor as Dr. Baldev Chaddha †
Nawazuddin Siddiqui – Kahaani as Khan
Nawazuddin Siddiqui – Talaash: The Answer Lies Within as Taimur ‡
Piyush Mishra – Gangs of Wasseypur as Nasir
Saurabh Shukla – Barfi! as Sudhanshu Dutta
2014 Nawazuddin Siddiqui – The Lunchbox as Shaikh †
Aditya Roy Kapur – Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani as Avinash "Avi" ‡
Abhay Deol – Raanjhanaa as Jasjeet Singh Shergill/Akram Zaidi
Arjun Rampal – D-Day as Captain Rudra Pratap Singh
Saif Ali Khan – Go Goa Gone as Boris
Saurabh Shukla – Jolly LLB as Justice Tripathi
2016 Nawazuddin Siddiqui – Bajrangi Bhaijaan as Chand Nawab
See also
Producers Guild Film Awards
Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
References
^ "1st Apsara Awards — Nominees". Apsara Awards. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
^ Glamsham. "BAJIRAO MASTANI, BAJRANGI BHAIJAAN wins big". www.glamsham.com. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
vteProducers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Pankaj Kapur (2004)
Not awarded (2005)
Abhishek Bachchan (2006)
Not awarded (2007)
Irrfan Khan (2008)
Jimmy Shergill (2009)
Rishi Kapoor (2010)
Arjun Rampal (2011)
Farhan Akhtar (2012)
Annu Kapoor (2013)
Nawazuddin Siddiqui (2014)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"annual award ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producers_Guild_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Hindi films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_film"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor"}],"text":"The Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (previously known as the Apsara Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role) is given by the producers of the film and television guild as part of its annual award ceremony for Hindi films, to recognise a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role. Following its inception in 2004, no one was awarded in 2005 and 2007.† - indicates the performance also won the Filmfare Award\n‡ - indicates the performance was also nominated for the Filmfare Award","title":"Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Superlatives"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pankaj Kapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankaj_Kapur"},{"link_name":"Maqbool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqbool"},{"link_name":"Arshad Warsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshad_Warsi"},{"link_name":"Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munna_Bhai_M.B.B.S."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Irrfan Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrfan_Khan"},{"link_name":"Haasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haasil_(film)"},{"link_name":"Paresh Rawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresh_Rawal"},{"link_name":"Hungama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungama_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Saif Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Kal Ho Naa Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal_Ho_Naa_Ho"},{"link_name":"Abhishek Bachchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhishek_Bachchan"},{"link_name":"Yuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuva"},{"link_name":"Akshay Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshay_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Mujhse Shaadi Karogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujhse_Shaadi_Karogi"},{"link_name":"Kay Kay Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Kay_Menon"},{"link_name":"Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazaaron_Khwaishein_Aisi"},{"link_name":"Nana Patekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Patekar"},{"link_name":"Apaharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apaharan"},{"link_name":"Naseeruddin Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah"},{"link_name":"Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_(film)"},{"link_name":"Irrfan Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrfan_Khan"},{"link_name":"Life in a... Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_a..._Metro"},{"link_name":"Darshan Jariwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darshan_Jariwala"},{"link_name":"Gandhi, My Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi,_My_Father"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Mithun Chakraborty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithun_Chakraborty"},{"link_name":"Guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Rajat Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajat_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Bheja Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bheja_Fry_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Shergill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Shergill"},{"link_name":"A Wednesday!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Wednesday!"},{"link_name":"Pankaj Kapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankaj_Kapur"},{"link_name":"Halla Bol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halla_Bol"},{"link_name":"Purab Kohli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purab_Kohli"},{"link_name":"Rock On!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_On!!"},{"link_name":"Ravi Jhankal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Jhankal"},{"link_name":"Welcome to Sajjanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_Sajjanpur"},{"link_name":"Sonu Sood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonu_Sood"},{"link_name":"Jodhaa Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhaa_Akbar"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"2004 Pankaj Kapur – Maqbool as Jahangir Khan (Abbaji)\nArshad Warsi – Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. as Circuit ‡[1]\nIrrfan Khan – Haasil as Ranvijay Singh\nParesh Rawal – Hungama as Radheysham Tiwari\nSaif Ali Khan – Kal Ho Naa Ho as Rohit Patel †\n2005 – No award\n2006 Abhishek Bachchan – Yuva as Lallan Singh †\nAkshay Kumar – Mujhse Shaadi Karogi as Arun a.k.a. Sunny ‡\nKay Kay Menon – Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi as Siddharth Tyabji\nNana Patekar – Apaharan as Tabrez\nNaseeruddin Shah – Iqbal as Mohit ‡\n2007 – No award\n2008 Irrfan Khan – Life in a... Metro as Monty †\nDarshan Jariwala – Gandhi, My Father as Mahatma Gandhi\nMithun Chakraborty – Guru as Manik Dasgupta ‡\nRajat Kapoor – Bheja Fry as Ranjeet Thadani\n2009 Jimmy Shergill – A Wednesday! as Arif Khan\nPankaj Kapur – Halla Bol as Sidhu\nPurab Kohli – Rock On!! as KD\nRavi Jhankal – Welcome to Sajjanpur as Munnibai Mukhanni\nSonu Sood – Jodhaa Akbar as Rajkumar Sujamal ‡","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rishi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Love Aaj Kal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Aaj_Kal_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Anupam Kher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anupam_Kher"},{"link_name":"Wake Up Sid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Up_Sid"},{"link_name":"Irrfan Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrfan_Khan"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Rishi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Luck by Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luck_by_Chance"},{"link_name":"Vivek Oberoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_Oberoi"},{"link_name":"Kurbaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurbaan_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Arjun Rampal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjun_Rampal"},{"link_name":"Raajneeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raajneeti"},{"link_name":"Ajay Devgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_Devgan"},{"link_name":"Raajneeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raajneeti"},{"link_name":"Emraan Hashmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emraan_Hashmi"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Mumbaai"},{"link_name":"Farooq Sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farooq_Sheikh"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_(film)"},{"link_name":"Naseeruddin Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah"},{"link_name":"Ishqiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishqiya"},{"link_name":"Raghubir Yadav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghubir_Yadav"},{"link_name":"Peepli Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peepli_Live"},{"link_name":"Farhan Akhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhan_Akhtar"},{"link_name":"Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zindagi_Na_Milegi_Dobara"},{"link_name":"Emraan Hashmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emraan_Hashmi"},{"link_name":"The Dirty Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Picture"},{"link_name":"Gulshan Devaiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulshan_Devaiya"},{"link_name":"Shaitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaitan_(film)"},{"link_name":"Naseeruddin Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah"},{"link_name":"The Dirty Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Picture"},{"link_name":"Rana Daggubati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Daggubati"},{"link_name":"Dum Maaro Dum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Maaro_Dum_(film)"},{"link_name":"Randeep Hooda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randeep_Hooda"},{"link_name":"Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saheb,_Biwi_Aur_Gangster"},{"link_name":"Annu Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annu_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Vicky Donor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Donor"},{"link_name":"Nawazuddin Siddiqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawazuddin_Siddiqui"},{"link_name":"Kahaani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahaani"},{"link_name":"Talaash: The Answer Lies Within","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaash:_The_Answer_Lies_Within"},{"link_name":"Piyush Mishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyush_Mishra"},{"link_name":"Gangs of Wasseypur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangs_of_Wasseypur_%E2%80%93_Part_1"},{"link_name":"Saurabh Shukla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurabh_Shukla"},{"link_name":"Barfi!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barfi!"},{"link_name":"Nawazuddin Siddiqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawazuddin_Siddiqui"},{"link_name":"The Lunchbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lunchbox"},{"link_name":"Aditya Roy Kapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aditya_Roy_Kapur"},{"link_name":"Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeh_Jawaani_Hai_Deewani"},{"link_name":"Abhay Deol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhay_Deol"},{"link_name":"Raanjhanaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raanjhanaa"},{"link_name":"Arjun Rampal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjun_Rampal"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Saif Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Go Goa Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Goa_Gone"},{"link_name":"Saurabh Shukla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurabh_Shukla"},{"link_name":"Jolly LLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolly_LLB"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nawazuddin Siddiqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawazuddin_Siddiqui"},{"link_name":"Bajrangi Bhaijaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajrangi_Bhaijaan"}],"sub_title":"2010s","text":"2010 Rishi Kapoor – Love Aaj Kal as Older Veer Singh\nAnupam Kher – Wake Up Sid as Ram Mehra\nIrrfan Khan – New York as Roshan\nRishi Kapoor – Luck by Chance as Rommy Rolly ‡\nVivek Oberoi – Kurbaan as Riyaz Masood\n2011 Arjun Rampal – Raajneeti as Prithviraj Pratap ‡\nAjay Devgan – Raajneeti as Sooraj Kumar\nEmraan Hashmi – Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai as Shoaib Khan ‡\nFarooq Sheikh – Lahore as S.K. Rao\nNaseeruddin Shah – Ishqiya as Iftikhar a.k.a. Khalujan\nRaghubir Yadav – Peepli Live as Budhia\n2012 Farhan Akhtar – Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara as Imraan †\nEmraan Hashmi – The Dirty Picture as Abraham\nGulshan Devaiya – Shaitan as Karan Chaudhary a.k.a. KC\nNaseeruddin Shah – The Dirty Picture as Suryakant ‡\nRana Daggubati – Dum Maaro Dum as DJ Joaquim \"Joki\" Fernandes\nRandeep Hooda – Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster as Lalit / Babloo\n2013 Annu Kapoor – Vicky Donor as Dr. Baldev Chaddha †\nNawazuddin Siddiqui – Kahaani as Khan\nNawazuddin Siddiqui – Talaash: The Answer Lies Within as Taimur ‡\nPiyush Mishra – Gangs of Wasseypur as Nasir\nSaurabh Shukla – Barfi! as Sudhanshu Dutta\n2014 Nawazuddin Siddiqui – The Lunchbox as Shaikh †\nAditya Roy Kapur – Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani as Avinash \"Avi\" ‡\nAbhay Deol – Raanjhanaa as Jasjeet Singh Shergill/Akram Zaidi\nArjun Rampal – D-Day as Captain Rudra Pratap Singh\nSaif Ali Khan – Go Goa Gone as Boris\nSaurabh Shukla – Jolly LLB as Justice Tripathi2016[2] Nawazuddin Siddiqui – Bajrangi Bhaijaan as Chand Nawab","title":"Winners and nominees"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Producers Guild Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producers_Guild_Film_Awards"},{"title":"Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producers_Guild_Film_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"1st Apsara Awards — Nominees\". Apsara Awards. Retrieved 5 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://apsaraawards.org/1st_apsara_awards_nominees.html","url_text":"\"1st Apsara Awards — Nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Guild_Awards","url_text":"Apsara Awards"}]},{"reference":"Glamsham. \"BAJIRAO MASTANI, BAJRANGI BHAIJAAN wins big\". www.glamsham.com. Retrieved 31 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glamsham.com/en/bajirao-mastani-bajrangi-bhaijaan-wins-big-at-11th-sony-guild-awards","url_text":"\"BAJIRAO MASTANI, BAJRANGI BHAIJAAN wins big\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Producers+Guild+Film+Award+for+Best+Actor+in+a+Supporting+Role%22","external_links_name":"\"Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Producers+Guild+Film+Award+for+Best+Actor+in+a+Supporting+Role%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Producers+Guild+Film+Award+for+Best+Actor+in+a+Supporting+Role%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Producers+Guild+Film+Award+for+Best+Actor+in+a+Supporting+Role%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Producers+Guild+Film+Award+for+Best+Actor+in+a+Supporting+Role%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Producers+Guild+Film+Award+for+Best+Actor+in+a+Supporting+Role%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://starguildawards.org/","external_links_name":"Producers Guild Film Awards"},{"Link":"http://apsaraawards.org/1st_apsara_awards_nominees.html","external_links_name":"\"1st Apsara Awards — Nominees\""},{"Link":"https://www.glamsham.com/en/bajirao-mastani-bajrangi-bhaijaan-wins-big-at-11th-sony-guild-awards","external_links_name":"\"BAJIRAO MASTANI, BAJRANGI BHAIJAAN wins big\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma_compounds_(wine)
|
Aroma of wine
|
["1 Aroma vs. bouquet","2 Components of a wine's aroma","2.1 Identified aroma compounds","2.2 Esters","3 In wine tasting","4 See also","5 References"]
|
Olfactory sensation of wine
Smelling is an important part of wine tasting; it is thought that much of perceived taste is due to olfactory receptors at the back of the nasal cavity.
The aromas of wine are more diverse than its flavours. The human tongue is limited to the primary tastes perceived by taste receptors on the tongue – sourness, bitterness, saltiness, sweetness and savouriness. The wide array of fruit, earthy, leathery, floral, herbal, mineral, and woodsy flavour present in wine are derived from aroma notes sensed by the olfactory bulb. In wine tasting, wine is sometimes smelled before taking a sip in order to identify some components of the wine that may be present. Different terms are used to describe what is being smelled. The most basic term is aroma which generally refers to a "pleasant" smell as opposed to odour which refers to an unpleasant smell or possible wine fault. The term aroma may be further distinguished from bouquet which generally refers to the smells that arise from the chemical reactions of fermentation and aging of the wine.
Aroma vs. bouquet
A common aroma associated with the grape variety Gewürztraminer is that of lychee fruit.
In professional wine tasting, there is generally a distinction made between "aromas" and a wine's "bouquet" while in casual wine tasting these two terms are used interchangeably. An aroma refers to the smells unique to the grape variety and are most readily demonstrated in a varietal wine – such as lychees with Gewürztraminer or black currant with Cabernet Sauvignon. These are smells that are commonly associated with a young wine. As a wine ages, chemical reactions among acids, sugars, alcohols and phenolic compounds create new smells that are known as a wine's bouquet. These can include honey in an aged Sauternes or truffles in a Pinot noir. The term bouquet can also be expanded to include the smells derived from fermentation and exposure to oak. In Burgundy, the aromas of wines are sub-divided into three categories – primary, secondary and tertiary aromas. Primary aromas are those specific to the grape variety itself. Secondary aromas are those derived from fermentation. Tertiary aromas are those that develop through either bottle or oak aging.
The technique of microoxygenation affects the aromatic bouquet.
Components of a wine's aroma
Within wine there are volatile and non-volatile compounds that contribute to the make up of a wine's aroma. During the fermentation and for the first few months of a wine's existence, chemical reactions among these compounds occur frequently and a wine's aroma will change more rapidly during this period than at any other point. As a wine ages and matures, changes and developments in aroma will continue to take place but at a slower and more gradual pace. Volatile aroma compounds are present in the skin and juice of a grape berry and will vary in composition according to the individual grape variety. It is theorized that the Vitis vine developed these compounds as an evolutionary tool to aid in procreation by attracting insects to assist with pollination and birds and other animals to eat the berries and disperse the seeds. The diverse spectrum of aromas associated with individual grape varieties is a reflection of the vine's adaptation to ecological conditions and competition among other plants.
It is theorized that the grapevine developed aroma compounds as an evolutionary advancement to attract insects and animals to assist in pollination and dispersion of seeds.
The majority of volatile compounds responsible for aroma combine with sugars in the wine to form odourless glycosides. Through the process of hydrolysis, caused by enzymes or acids in the wine, they revert to an aromatic form. The act of tasting wine is essentially the act of smelling these vaporized aroma compounds. Olfactory receptors cells, each sensitive to a different aroma, pick up these compounds and transfer the information to the brain by way of the olfactory bulb. In the 1980s there was renewed focus in studying the correlation between aroma/flavor compounds in grapes and the resulting quality of wine. Scientists were able to use chromatograph – mass spectrometers to identify volatile aroma compounds in various grape varieties.
Study of the compounds responsible for aroma and flavour, as well as their correlation with a wine's quality, continues. As understanding of these compounds grows, there is concern that wines in the future could be "manipulated" through the use of chemical additives to add complexity and additional aromas to wine (such as creating a manufactured perfume). In 2004, a winery in South Africa was found to have added illegal flavouring to their Sauvignon blanc to enhance the aroma. Viticultural studies have focused on how aroma compounds develop in the grapes during the annual growth cycle of the vine and how viticultural techniques such as canopy management may contribute to developing desirable aromatics in the wine.
Identified aroma compounds
Some of the identified aroma compounds include the following:
Methoxypyrazine – grassy, herbaceous aroma compound associated with Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc.
Monoterpenes – responsible for the floral aromatics of varieties like Gewürztraminer, Muscat and Riesling. Includes geraniol, linalool and nerol.
Norisoprenoids – Carotenoid derived aromatic compounds that includes megastigmatrienone which produces some of the spice notes associated with Chardonnay and zingerone responsible for the different spice notes associated with Syrah. Other norisoprenoids include raspberry ketone which produces some of the raspberry aromas associated with red wine, damascenone which produces some of the rose oil aromas associated with Pinot noir, and vanillin.
Thiols/Mercaptans – sulfur-containing compounds that can produce an aroma of garlic and onion that is considered a wine fault. They have also been found to contribute to some of the varietal aromas associated with Cabernet Sauvignon, Gewürztraminer, Merlot, Muscat, Petit Manseng, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, Riesling, Scheurebe, Semillon and Sylvaner.
Esters
Some of the aromas perceived in wine are from esters created by the reaction of acids and alcohol in the wine. Esters can develop during fermentation, with the influence of yeast, or later during aging by chemical reactions. The precise yeast strain used during fermentation and temperature are two of the strongest indicators of what kind of esters will develop and helps explain partially why Chardonnay grown in the same vineyard but made by two different producers could have different aromatics. During bottle aging hydrogen ions, found in higher concentration in low pH (high acid) wines, serves as a catalyst in the formation of esters from acids and alcohols present in the wine. However, at the same time these hydrogen ions encourage esters to also split apart back into acids and alcohols. These two counterbalancing acts gradually inch a wine closer to a state of equilibrium where there is equal parts alcohol, acids, esters and water (a by product of the reactions). During this period the ester influenced bouquet of the wine is constantly changing due to the concentration, formulation and splitting of different esters. This is partly the reason why a wine will have one set of aromas at one time and other aromas later in its life.
In wine tasting
See also: wine tasting
The sense of smell and detecting the aromas in wine is the primary means through which wine is tasted and evaluated. Prior to tasting the wine, wine drinkers will often smell the wine in the glass. Large bowl glasses with tapered openings, some of which are specifically designed to enhance aromatics of different wines, can assist in capturing more aromatics within the glass for the drinker to detect. Wines served at warmer temperature will be more aromatic than wine served cooler due to heat's ability to increase the volatility of aromatic compounds in the wine. Swirling, or aerating, the wine will increase available surface area, increasing the rate at which aroma molecules volatilize. Some subtle aromatics can be overwhelmed by more dominant aromatics that arise after swirling, so most professional tasters will sniff the wine briefly first before swirling. The closer the nose is to the wine, even right inside the glass, the greater chances of aromatics being captured. A series of short, quick sniffs versus one long inhale will also maximize the likelihood of aromatics being detected. The human nose starts to "fatigue" after around six seconds and so a pause may be needed between sniffs.
When wine is sipped, it is warmed in the mouth and mixes with saliva to vaporize the volatile aroma compounds. These compounds are then inhaled "retro-nasally" through the back of the mouth to where it is received by nearly five million nerve cells. The average human can be trained to distinguish thousands of smells but can usually only name a handful at a time when presented with many aromas. This phenomenon, known as the "tip of the nose phenomenon", is countered when a person is given a list of possible choices, through which they can often positively identify the aroma. Professional wine tasters will often mentally cycle through a list of potential aromas (and may use visual aids like the aroma wheel, developed by Ann C. Noble of University of California, Davis) until one choice stands out and can be identified in the wine.
Detecting an aroma is only part of wine tasting. The next step is to describe or communicate what that aroma is and it is in this step that the subjective nature of wine tasting appears. Different individuals have their own way of describing familiar scents and aromas based on their unique experiences. Furthermore, there are varying levels of sensitivity and recognition thresholds among humans of some aromatic compounds. This is why one taster may describe different aromas and flavours from another taster sampling the very same wine.
See also
Wine portal
Speyer wine bottle
References
^ J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition p. 683 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6
^ a b J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition p. 35 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6
^ Sensory characteristics changes of red Grenache wines submitted to different oxygen exposures pre and post bottling. Soline Caillé, Alain Samson, Jérémie Wirth, Jean-Baptiste Diéval, Stéphane Vidal and Véronique Cheynier, Analytica Chimica Acta, 15 February 2010, Volume 660, Issues 1–2, pp. 35–42, doi:10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.049
^ a b c d J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition pp. 273–274 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6
^ a b c K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pp. 100–104 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1-56305-434-5
^ Carotenoid breakdown products the – norisoprenoids – in wine aroma. Maria Manuela Mendes-Pinto, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 15 March 2009, Volume 483, Issue 2, pp. 236–245, doi:10.1016/j.abb.2009.01.008
^ J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition p. 258 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6
^ a b T. Stevenson "The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia" p. 10 Dorling Kindersley 2005 ISBN 0-7566-1324-8
Wines and winemaking
vteWineViticulture
Annual growth cycle of grapevines
Oenology
Species
Terroir
Veraison
Vineyard
History
Ancient
Phoenicians
Ancient Greece
Ancient Rome
China
Noah's wine
France
Great French Wine Blight
Georgia
New World
Judgment of Paris
Styles
Red
White
Sparkling
Rosé
Orange
Dessert
Fortified
Ice
Aromatized
Fruit
Noble rot
Straw
Other
Table
Natural
Biodynamic
Organic
Kosher
Top grape varietiesby acreageWhite
Airén
Aligoté
Catarratto
Cayetana blanca
Chardonnay
Chenin blanc
Colombard
Glera
Grüner Veltliner
Macabeo
Müller-Thurgau
Muscat blanc
Muscat of Alexandria
Palomino
Riesling
Rkatsiteli
Sauvignon blanc
Sémillon
Trebbiano
Welschriesling
Red
Alicante Bouschet
Barbera
Bobal
Cabernet Franc
Cabernet Sauvignon
Carignan
Cinsaut
Douce noir
Gamay
Grenache
Isabella
Malbec
Merlot
Montepulciano
Mourvèdre
Pinot noir
Sangiovese
Syrah
Tempranillo
Zinfandel
Major regions
Old World
New World
Packaging, accessories,and storage
Alternative wine closure
Box wine
Corkscrew
Decanter
Jug wine
Kvevri
Muselet
Port tongs
Screw cap
Wine bottle
Wine cave
Wine cellar
Wine cork
Wine dispenser
Wine glass
Wine label
Wine rack
Wine chemistry
Aroma of wine
Acids in wine
Phenolic content in wine
Proteins in wine
Sugars in wine
Industry
Classification
Oenophilia
Sommelier
Wine and food pairing
Wine fault
Wine fraud
Winemaker
Wine personalities
Wine tasting
Wine tasting descriptors
Wine portal
Outline
Glossary
vteWinemakingHarvest
Late harvest wine
Noble rot
Vintage
Pressing
Deacidification
Destemming
Chaptalization
Wine press
Maceration
Carbonic maceration
Fermentation
Malolactic fermentation
Sparkling wine production
Sugars in wine
Süssreserve
Traditional method
Yeast assimilable nitrogen
Yeast in winemaking
Aging
Oak
Solera
Wine cellar
Other steps
Clarification and stabilization of wine
Related
Winery
Wine bottle
Glossary of viticulture terms
Glossary of winemaking terms
Wine tasting descriptors
History of the wine press
History of wine
Terroir
Wine portal
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smelling_the_wine.jpg"},{"link_name":"human tongue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_tongue"},{"link_name":"primary tastes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_tastes"},{"link_name":"sourness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sourness"},{"link_name":"bitterness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste#Bitterness"},{"link_name":"saltiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltiness"},{"link_name":"sweetness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetness"},{"link_name":"savouriness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umami"},{"link_name":"olfactory bulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_bulb"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_683-1"},{"link_name":"terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_terms"},{"link_name":"wine fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_fault"},{"link_name":"fermentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)"},{"link_name":"aging of the wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_of_the_wine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_35-2"}],"text":"Smelling is an important part of wine tasting; it is thought that much of perceived taste is due to olfactory receptors at the back of the nasal cavity.The aromas of wine are more diverse than its flavours. The human tongue is limited to the primary tastes perceived by taste receptors on the tongue – sourness, bitterness, saltiness, sweetness and savouriness. The wide array of fruit, earthy, leathery, floral, herbal, mineral, and woodsy flavour present in wine are derived from aroma notes sensed by the olfactory bulb.[1] In wine tasting, wine is sometimes smelled before taking a sip in order to identify some components of the wine that may be present. Different terms are used to describe what is being smelled. The most basic term is aroma which generally refers to a \"pleasant\" smell as opposed to odour which refers to an unpleasant smell or possible wine fault. The term aroma may be further distinguished from bouquet which generally refers to the smells that arise from the chemical reactions of fermentation and aging of the wine.[2]","title":"Aroma of wine"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Litchi_chinensis_Luc_Viatour.jpg"},{"link_name":"grape variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_variety"},{"link_name":"varietal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietal"},{"link_name":"lychees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lychee"},{"link_name":"Gewürztraminer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gew%C3%BCrztraminer"},{"link_name":"black currant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_currant"},{"link_name":"Cabernet Sauvignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon"},{"link_name":"acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acids_(wine)"},{"link_name":"sugars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugars_(wine)"},{"link_name":"alcohols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohols"},{"link_name":"phenolic compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolic_compounds_(wine)"},{"link_name":"honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey"},{"link_name":"Sauternes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)"},{"link_name":"truffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffles"},{"link_name":"Pinot noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_noir"},{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_(wine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_35-2"},{"link_name":"microoxygenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microoxygenation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A common aroma associated with the grape variety Gewürztraminer is that of lychee fruit.In professional wine tasting, there is generally a distinction made between \"aromas\" and a wine's \"bouquet\" while in casual wine tasting these two terms are used interchangeably. An aroma refers to the smells unique to the grape variety and are most readily demonstrated in a varietal wine – such as lychees with Gewürztraminer or black currant with Cabernet Sauvignon. These are smells that are commonly associated with a young wine. As a wine ages, chemical reactions among acids, sugars, alcohols and phenolic compounds create new smells that are known as a wine's bouquet. These can include honey in an aged Sauternes or truffles in a Pinot noir. The term bouquet can also be expanded to include the smells derived from fermentation and exposure to oak. In Burgundy, the aromas of wines are sub-divided into three categories – primary, secondary and tertiary aromas. Primary aromas are those specific to the grape variety itself. Secondary aromas are those derived from fermentation. Tertiary aromas are those that develop through either bottle or oak aging.[2]The technique of microoxygenation affects the aromatic bouquet.[3]","title":"Aroma vs. bouquet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volatile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"Vitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis"},{"link_name":"evolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary"},{"link_name":"procreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procreation"},{"link_name":"pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_273-274-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bee_and_grape_cluster.jpg"},{"link_name":"sugars in the wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugars_in_the_wine"},{"link_name":"glycosides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosides"},{"link_name":"hydrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymes"},{"link_name":"acids in the wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acids_in_the_wine"},{"link_name":"vaporized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporized"},{"link_name":"Olfactory receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_receptors"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_100-104-5"},{"link_name":"chromatograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatograph"},{"link_name":"mass spectrometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_273-274-4"},{"link_name":"perfume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Sauvignon blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc"},{"link_name":"Viticultural studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture"},{"link_name":"annual growth cycle of the vine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_the_vine"},{"link_name":"canopy management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_management"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_273-274-4"}],"text":"Within wine there are volatile and non-volatile compounds that contribute to the make up of a wine's aroma. During the fermentation and for the first few months of a wine's existence, chemical reactions among these compounds occur frequently and a wine's aroma will change more rapidly during this period than at any other point. As a wine ages and matures, changes and developments in aroma will continue to take place but at a slower and more gradual pace. Volatile aroma compounds are present in the skin and juice of a grape berry and will vary in composition according to the individual grape variety. It is theorized that the Vitis vine developed these compounds as an evolutionary tool to aid in procreation by attracting insects to assist with pollination and birds and other animals to eat the berries and disperse the seeds. The diverse spectrum of aromas associated with individual grape varieties is a reflection of the vine's adaptation to ecological conditions and competition among other plants.[4]It is theorized that the grapevine developed aroma compounds as an evolutionary advancement to attract insects and animals to assist in pollination and dispersion of seeds.The majority of volatile compounds responsible for aroma combine with sugars in the wine to form odourless glycosides. Through the process of hydrolysis, caused by enzymes or acids in the wine, they revert to an aromatic form. The act of tasting wine is essentially the act of smelling these vaporized aroma compounds. Olfactory receptors cells, each sensitive to a different aroma, pick up these compounds and transfer the information to the brain by way of the olfactory bulb.[5] In the 1980s there was renewed focus in studying the correlation between aroma/flavor compounds in grapes and the resulting quality of wine. Scientists were able to use chromatograph – mass spectrometers to identify volatile aroma compounds in various grape varieties.[4]Study of the compounds responsible for aroma and flavour, as well as their correlation with a wine's quality, continues. As understanding of these compounds grows, there is concern that wines in the future could be \"manipulated\" through the use of chemical additives to add complexity and additional aromas to wine (such as creating a manufactured perfume). In 2004, a winery in South Africa was found to have added illegal flavouring to their Sauvignon blanc to enhance the aroma. Viticultural studies have focused on how aroma compounds develop in the grapes during the annual growth cycle of the vine and how viticultural techniques such as canopy management may contribute to developing desirable aromatics in the wine.[4]","title":"Components of a wine's aroma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_273-274-4"},{"link_name":"Methoxypyrazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxypyrazine"},{"link_name":"Monoterpenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoterpenes"},{"link_name":"Muscat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat_(grape)"},{"link_name":"Riesling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesling"},{"link_name":"geraniol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraniol"},{"link_name":"linalool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linalool"},{"link_name":"nerol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerol"},{"link_name":"Norisoprenoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norisoprenoids"},{"link_name":"Carotenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"megastigmatrienone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megastigmatrienone"},{"link_name":"Chardonnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnay"},{"link_name":"zingerone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingerone"},{"link_name":"Syrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrah"},{"link_name":"raspberry ketone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_ketone"},{"link_name":"raspberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry"},{"link_name":"damascenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascenone"},{"link_name":"rose oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_oil"},{"link_name":"Pinot noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_noir"},{"link_name":"vanillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillin"},{"link_name":"Thiols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiols"},{"link_name":"Mercaptans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercaptans"},{"link_name":"sulfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur"},{"link_name":"garlic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic"},{"link_name":"onion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion"},{"link_name":"wine fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_fault"},{"link_name":"Merlot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlot"},{"link_name":"Petit Manseng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Manseng"},{"link_name":"Pinot blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_blanc"},{"link_name":"Pinot gris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_gris"},{"link_name":"Scheurebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheurebe"},{"link_name":"Semillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semillon"},{"link_name":"Sylvaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvaner"}],"sub_title":"Identified aroma compounds","text":"Some of the identified aroma compounds include the following:[4]Methoxypyrazine – grassy, herbaceous aroma compound associated with Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc.\nMonoterpenes – responsible for the floral aromatics of varieties like Gewürztraminer, Muscat and Riesling. Includes geraniol, linalool and nerol.\nNorisoprenoids – Carotenoid derived aromatic compounds[6] that includes megastigmatrienone which produces some of the spice notes associated with Chardonnay and zingerone responsible for the different spice notes associated with Syrah. Other norisoprenoids include raspberry ketone which produces some of the raspberry aromas associated with red wine, damascenone which produces some of the rose oil aromas associated with Pinot noir, and vanillin.\nThiols/Mercaptans – sulfur-containing compounds that can produce an aroma of garlic and onion that is considered a wine fault. They have also been found to contribute to some of the varietal aromas associated with Cabernet Sauvignon, Gewürztraminer, Merlot, Muscat, Petit Manseng, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, Riesling, Scheurebe, Semillon and Sylvaner.","title":"Components of a wine's aroma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"esters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_(wine)"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"},{"link_name":"equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/equilibrium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_258-7"}],"sub_title":"Esters","text":"Some of the aromas perceived in wine are from esters created by the reaction of acids and alcohol in the wine. Esters can develop during fermentation, with the influence of yeast, or later during aging by chemical reactions. The precise yeast strain used during fermentation and temperature are two of the strongest indicators of what kind of esters will develop and helps explain partially why Chardonnay grown in the same vineyard but made by two different producers could have different aromatics. During bottle aging hydrogen ions, found in higher concentration in low pH (high acid) wines, serves as a catalyst in the formation of esters from acids and alcohols present in the wine. However, at the same time these hydrogen ions encourage esters to also split apart back into acids and alcohols. These two counterbalancing acts gradually inch a wine closer to a state of equilibrium where there is equal parts alcohol, acids, esters and water (a by product of the reactions). During this period the ester influenced bouquet of the wine is constantly changing due to the concentration, formulation and splitting of different esters. This is partly the reason why a wine will have one set of aromas at one time and other aromas later in its life.[7]","title":"Components of a wine's aroma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wine tasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_tasting"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sotheby_pg_10-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_100-104-5"},{"link_name":"saliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliva"},{"link_name":"aroma wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma_wheel"},{"link_name":"Ann C. Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_C._Noble"},{"link_name":"University of California, Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_100-104-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sotheby_pg_10-8"}],"text":"See also: wine tastingThe sense of smell and detecting the aromas in wine is the primary means through which wine is tasted and evaluated. Prior to tasting the wine, wine drinkers will often smell the wine in the glass.[8] Large bowl glasses with tapered openings, some of which are specifically designed to enhance aromatics of different wines, can assist in capturing more aromatics within the glass for the drinker to detect. Wines served at warmer temperature will be more aromatic than wine served cooler due to heat's ability to increase the volatility of aromatic compounds in the wine. Swirling, or aerating, the wine will increase available surface area, increasing the rate at which aroma molecules volatilize. Some subtle aromatics can be overwhelmed by more dominant aromatics that arise after swirling, so most professional tasters will sniff the wine briefly first before swirling. The closer the nose is to the wine, even right inside the glass, the greater chances of aromatics being captured. A series of short, quick sniffs versus one long inhale will also maximize the likelihood of aromatics being detected. The human nose starts to \"fatigue\" after around six seconds and so a pause may be needed between sniffs.[5]When wine is sipped, it is warmed in the mouth and mixes with saliva to vaporize the volatile aroma compounds. These compounds are then inhaled \"retro-nasally\" through the back of the mouth to where it is received by nearly five million nerve cells. The average human can be trained to distinguish thousands of smells but can usually only name a handful at a time when presented with many aromas. This phenomenon, known as the \"tip of the nose phenomenon\", is countered when a person is given a list of possible choices, through which they can often positively identify the aroma. Professional wine tasters will often mentally cycle through a list of potential aromas (and may use visual aids like the aroma wheel, developed by Ann C. Noble of University of California, Davis) until one choice stands out and can be identified in the wine.[5]Detecting an aroma is only part of wine tasting. The next step is to describe or communicate what that aroma is and it is in this step that the subjective nature of wine tasting appears. Different individuals have their own way of describing familiar scents and aromas based on their unique experiences. Furthermore, there are varying levels of sensitivity and recognition thresholds among humans of some aromatic compounds. This is why one taster may describe different aromas and flavours from another taster sampling the very same wine.[8]","title":"In wine tasting"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Smelling is an important part of wine tasting; it is thought that much of perceived taste is due to olfactory receptors at the back of the nasal cavity.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Smelling_the_wine.jpg/220px-Smelling_the_wine.jpg"},{"image_text":"A common aroma associated with the grape variety Gewürztraminer is that of lychee fruit.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Litchi_chinensis_Luc_Viatour.jpg/220px-Litchi_chinensis_Luc_Viatour.jpg"},{"image_text":"It is theorized that the grapevine developed aroma compounds as an evolutionary advancement to attract insects and animals to assist in pollination and dispersion of seeds.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bee_and_grape_cluster.jpg/220px-Bee_and_grape_cluster.jpg"}]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg"},{"title":"Wine portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Wine"},{"title":"Speyer wine bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speyer_wine_bottle"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aca.2009.11.049","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.049"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.abb.2009.01.008","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.abb.2009.01.008"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988-89_Campionato_Sammarinese_di_Calcio
|
1988–89 Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio
|
["1 Regular season","2 Championship playoff","2.1 First round","2.2 Second round","2.3 Third round","2.4 Fourth round","2.5 Semifinal","2.6 Final","3 References"]
|
Football league seasonCampionato Sammarinese di CalcioSeason1988–89ChampionsS.P. Domagnano← 1987–88 1989–90 →
The 1988–89 Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio season was the 4th season since its establishment. It was contested by 10 teams, and S.P. Domagnano won the championship defeating S.P. La Fiorita 2-1 in the finals.
Regular season
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification or relegation
1
A.C. Libertas
18
9
7
2
32
14
+18
25
Qualification for the championship play–offs
2
S.P. La Fiorita
18
9
7
2
22
8
+14
25
3
S.P. Domagnano
18
8
8
2
27
13
+14
24
4
S.C. Faetano
18
8
5
5
26
17
+9
21
5
G.S. Dogana
18
6
9
3
21
15
+6
21
6
S.S. Folgore/Falciano
18
6
7
5
22
19
+3
19
7
S.S. Virtus
18
5
7
6
20
25
−5
17
8
S.P. Tre Fiori
18
4
7
7
16
18
−2
15
9
S.S. Montevito
18
4
3
11
15
37
−22
11
Relegation to the Serie A2
10
S.S. San Giovanni
18
2
2
14
11
38
−27
6
Source: rsssf.com
Championship playoff
First round
S.C. Faetano 0-0 (pen 4-3) F.C. Domagnano
S.S. Murata 2-0 S.P. Cailungo
Second round
F.C. Domagnano 0-0 (pen 4-2) S.S. Murata
S.C. Faetano 4-1 S.P. Cailungo
Third round
F.C. Domagnano 2-0 S.S. Murata
S.P. La Fiorita 0-0 (pen 5-4) S.C. Faetano
Fourth round
F.C. Domagnano 1-0 S.C. Faetano
S.P. La Fiorita 1-0 A.C. Libertas
Semifinal
A.C. Libertas 0-1 F.C. Domagnano
Final
F.C. Domagnano 2-1 S.P. La Fiorita
References
San Marino - List of final tables (RSSSF)
vteCampionato Sammarinese di CalcioCurrent teams
Cailungo
Cosmos
Domagnano
Faetano
Fiorentino
Folgore
Juvenes/Dogana
La Fiorita
Libertas
Murata
Pennarossa
San Giovanni
San Marino Academy
Tre Fiori
Tre Penne
Virtus
Former teams
S.P. Aurora
G.S. Dogana
S.S. Juvenes
Associated competitions
Coppa Titano
Super Coppa Sammarinese
Trofeo Federale
UEFA Champions League
UEFA Europa League
UEFA Europa Conference League
Seasons
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
vte1988–89 in European football (UEFA)Domestic leagues
Albania
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czechoslovakia
Denmark '88 '89
England
Faroe Islands '88 '89
Finland '88 '89
France
East Germany
West Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '88 '89
Israel
Italy
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '88 '89
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
San Marino
Scotland
Soviet Union '88 '89
Spain
Sweden '88 '89
Switzerland
Turkey
Yugoslavia
Domestic cups
Albania
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
England
Faroe Islands '88 '89
Finland '88 '89
France
East Germany
West Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '88 '89
Israel
Italy
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '88 '89
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
San Marino
Scotland
Soviet Union
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Wales
Yugoslavia
League cups
England
Israel
Northern Ireland
Republic of Ireland
Scotland
Soviet Union '88 '89
Supercups
West Germany
UEFA competitions
European Cup (Final)
Cup Winners' Cup (Final)
UEFA Cup (Final)
Super Cup
Non-UEFA competitions
Intertoto Cup
Balkans Cup '87–'88 '88–'89
This article about a Sammarinese football competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campionato_Sammarinese_di_Calcio"},{"link_name":"S.P. Domagnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Domagnano"},{"link_name":"S.P. La Fiorita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.P._La_Fiorita"}],"text":"The 1988–89 Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio season was the 4th season since its establishment. It was contested by 10 teams, and S.P. Domagnano won the championship defeating S.P. La Fiorita 2-1 in the finals.","title":"1988–89 Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tabless/sanmchamp.html"}],"text":"Source: rsssf.com","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Championship playoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S.C. Faetano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Faetano"},{"link_name":"F.C. Domagnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Domagnano"},{"link_name":"S.S. Murata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Murata"},{"link_name":"S.P. Cailungo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.P._Cailungo"}],"sub_title":"First round","text":"S.C. Faetano 0-0 (pen 4-3) F.C. Domagnano\nS.S. Murata 2-0 S.P. Cailungo","title":"Championship playoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F.C. Domagnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Domagnano"},{"link_name":"S.S. Murata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Murata"},{"link_name":"S.C. Faetano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Faetano"},{"link_name":"S.P. Cailungo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.P._Cailungo"}],"sub_title":"Second round","text":"F.C. Domagnano 0-0 (pen 4-2) S.S. Murata\nS.C. Faetano 4-1 S.P. Cailungo","title":"Championship playoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F.C. Domagnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Domagnano"},{"link_name":"S.S. Murata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Murata"},{"link_name":"S.P. La Fiorita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.P._La_Fiorita"},{"link_name":"S.C. Faetano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Faetano"}],"sub_title":"Third round","text":"F.C. Domagnano 2-0 S.S. Murata\nS.P. La Fiorita 0-0 (pen 5-4) S.C. Faetano","title":"Championship playoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F.C. Domagnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Domagnano"},{"link_name":"S.C. Faetano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Faetano"},{"link_name":"S.P. La Fiorita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.P._La_Fiorita"},{"link_name":"A.C. Libertas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Libertas"}],"sub_title":"Fourth round","text":"F.C. Domagnano 1-0 S.C. Faetano\nS.P. La Fiorita 1-0 A.C. Libertas","title":"Championship playoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A.C. Libertas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Libertas"},{"link_name":"F.C. Domagnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Domagnano"}],"sub_title":"Semifinal","text":"A.C. Libertas 0-1 F.C. Domagnano","title":"Championship playoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F.C. Domagnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Domagnano"},{"link_name":"S.P. La Fiorita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.P._La_Fiorita"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"F.C. Domagnano 2-1 S.P. La Fiorita","title":"Championship playoff"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/sanmchamp.html","external_links_name":"rsssf.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/sanmchamp.html","external_links_name":"San Marino - List of final tables (RSSSF)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988%E2%80%9389_Campionato_Sammarinese_di_Calcio&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unforgiven_1999
|
Unforgiven (1999)
|
["1 Production","1.1 Background","1.2 Storylines","2 Event","2.1 Preliminary matches","2.2 Main event matches","3 Aftermath","4 Reception","5 Results","6 References","7 External links"]
|
World Wrestling Federation pay-per-view event
UnforgivenPromotional poster featuring The UndertakerPromotionWorld Wrestling FederationDateSeptember 26, 1999CityCharlotte, North CarolinaVenueCharlotte ColiseumAttendance15,779Pay-per-view chronology
← PreviousSummerSlam
Next →Rebellion
Unforgiven chronology
← PreviousIn Your House
Next →2000
The 1999 Unforgiven was the second annual Unforgiven professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place on September 26, 1999, at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina. Although the event was the second Unforgiven PPV held, it was the first Unforgiven not held under the In Your House series, which had been discontinued in February 1999.
The main event was a Six-Pack Challenge–a non-elimination match consisting of six wrestlers for the vacant WWF Championship. Stone Cold Steve Austin served as the special outside enforcer for the match. The match included Triple H, The Rock, Mankind, Kane, Big Show, and British Bulldog. Triple H pinned Rock after a Pedigree to win the WWF Championship. The undercard featured X-Pac versus Chris Jericho, a Kennel from Hell match between champion Al Snow and challenger Big Boss Man for the WWF Hardcore Championship, New Age Outlaws (Billy Gunn and Road Dogg) versus Edge and Christian for the WWF Tag Team Championship, Ivory versus Luna Vachon in a Hardcore match for the WWF Women's Championship, The Acolytes (Faarooq and Bradshaw) versus The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley), Jeff Jarrett versus Chyna for the WWF Intercontinental Championship, Mark Henry versus D'Lo Brown for the WWF European Championship, and Val Venis versus Steve Blackman.
The matches of the event featured special guest referees due to the WWF officials being out on "strike" due to continuous assaults on them by wrestlers. However, only one WWF official Jim Korderas served as the referee of the event. He refereed Dudley Boyz vs. The Acolytes, the WWF Tag Team Championship match and the WWF Championship match.
The previous Unforgiven, which was an In Your House event, was held in April while the 1999 edition was moved to September as Backlash was held in April. Unforgiven in turn became the annual September pay-per-view until its final edition in 2008 as it was replaced by Breaking Point in 2009.
The Kennel From Hell match is widely regarded as one of the worst matches ever. It is jokingly included on Mick Foley's Hard Knocks And Cheap Pops as a shot at Al Snow who Foley has repeatedly ribbed over the years.
Production
Background
Unforgiven was first held as the 21st In Your House pay-per-view (PPV) in April 1998; In Your House was a series of monthly PPV shows first produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) in May 1995. The In Your House branding was retired following February 1999's St. Valentine's Day Massacre: In Your House event, as the company moved to install permanent names for each of its monthly PPVs. Following this, the WWF announced that Unforgiven would return as its own PPV event on September 26, 1999, held at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina. The 1999 event thus established Unforgiven as the annual September PPV for the promotion.
Storylines
Unforgiven featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing feuds, plots, and storylines that were played out on Raw is War and SmackDown!—World Wrestling Federation's (WWF) television programs. Wrestlers portrayed a villain or a hero as they followed a series of events that built tension, and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.
The main rivalry heading into the event was between Triple H, The Rock, Mankind, Kane, Big Show and The Undertaker over the vacant WWF Championship. At SummerSlam, Mankind defeated Stone Cold Steve Austin and Triple H in a Triple Threat match for Austin's WWF title, only to lose it to Triple H the following night on Raw is War. On the September 13 edition of Raw is War, the WWF CEO Linda McMahon announced that Rock, Kane, Mankind, Big Show and Undertaker would compete in a 5-Way match to determine the #1 contender for the title at Unforgiven. However, the match resulted in a no contest after Mideon and Viscera attacked Mankind. As a result, all five of the wrestlers attacked several WWF referees and many of the WWF wrestlers interfered in the brawl. As a result of the attack, the referees went on an on-screen strike and all the five competitors were named contenders for the title, making it a Six Pack Challenge for the title at Unforgiven, meaning that two wrestlers would begin the match and a wrestler could become legal if he was tagged in. On the September 16 edition of SmackDown!, the WWF Chairman Vince McMahon defeated Triple H for the WWF title, with the help of his son Shane who served as the special guest referee for the match. However, Vince vacated the title on September 20 episode of Raw is War and named Triple H as the sixth competitor in the Six Pack Challenge at Unforgiven. On the September 23, 1999 edition of SmackDown!, however, McMahon decided to place Triple H in a gauntlet series of matches against the other five competitors in the match. He would have to wrestle Big Show in a Chokeslam Challenge match, Kane in an inferno Match, Undertaker in a casket match, Mankind in a Boiler Room Brawl, and The Rock in a Brahma Bull Rope match, and if he failed to win three of the five matches, he would be out of the match. Triple H lost the first match due to his inability to lift the massive Big Show. He managed to beat Kane when Kane was distracted by Mideon and Viscera, Undertaker's allies, long enough to accidentally set himself on fire but lost the casket match after Undertaker, who orchestrated the distraction on Kane, walked out and was fired after refusing to wrestle; the match became a handicap match and Triple H could not put both Mideon and Viscera in a casket before they did it to him. He managed to escape the boiler room to even up the gauntlet and bring it to the deciding match with The Rock. The British Bulldog, who was named as a replacement for The Undertaker in the Six-Pack Challenge (kayfabe The Undertaker walked out of the WWF, but in reality he needed time off to deal with a severe groin injury and would be gone for nine months while he recovered), served as the guest referee and assisted Triple H's victory by turning on The Rock, giving Triple H the necessary three wins he needed to keep his spot in the main event.
Another predominant rivalry heading into the event was between Al Snow and The Big Boss Man over the WWF Hardcore Championship. At SummerSlam, Snow defeated Boss Man to win the Hardcore Championship. The following night on Raw is War, Snow was attacked by Boss Man during a title defense against Road Dogg, who had left the match to brawl with Chris Jericho. Boss Man stole Snow's dog Pepper and escaped with it. On the August 26 episode of SmackDown!, Boss Man defeated Snow to win the title and escaped with Pepper. The following week, Snow ate some food until Boss Man told him that it was Pepper. On September 9, British Bulldog defeated Boss Man for the title and awarded it to Snow. On Raw is War on September 13, Snow challenged Boss Man to a Kennel from Hell match for the Hardcore Championship at Unforgiven, which Boss Man accepted.
At SummerSlam, Mark Henry turned on his partner D'Lo Brown by costing him the WWF Intercontinental Championship and the WWF European Championship against Jeff Jarrett. The next night on Raw is War, Jarrett awarded the European Championship to Henry. Henry and Brown wrestled each other in several tag team matches and attacked each other on many occasions, leading to a European Championship match at Unforgiven.
Jeff Jarrett defended the WWF Intercontinental Championship against Chyna at Unforgiven.
Following his WWF Intercontinental Championship victory at SummerSlam, Jeff Jarrett offered an open contract to any WWF wrestler for an Intercontinental Championship match at Unforgiven. Chyna signed the contract but Billy Gunn offered Chyna to hand him over the contract for the number one contender for the Intercontinental Championship at Unforgiven. On the September 2 episode of SmackDown!, Chyna defeated Billy Gunn to retain her status as the number one contender for the Intercontinental Championship.
On the September 2 episode of SmackDown!, a Tag Team Turmoil match was held to determine the number one contenders for the WWF Tag Team Championship. The Acolytes (Faarooq and Bradshaw) and Edge and Christian were the remaining two teams in the match and were attacked by the debuting The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley). As a result, the match ended in a no contest. On September 6, on Raw is War, Edge and Christian defeated The Acolytes to become the number one contenders for the Tag Team Championship, after further interference by Dudley Boyz. As a result, a match was made between Dudley Boyz and Acolytes at Unforgiven. The Tag Team Championship changed hands many times after Edge and Christian were made the contenders. On the September 23 episode of SmackDown!, the final title change before Unforgiven occurred when the New Age Outlaws (Mr. Ass and Road Dogg) defeated Rock 'n' Sock Connection (The Rock and Mankind) for the Tag Team Championship.
On the August 26 episode of SmackDown!, Luna Vachon involved herself in the WWF Women's Champion Ivory's Evening Gown match against Tori. Luna later got involved in a brawl between Ivory and Tori on Raw is War on September 6. A week later on Raw is War, Luna was attacked by Ivory during her match with Jeff Jarrett. This led to a match between Ivory and Luna for the Women's Championship at Unforgiven. On the September 23 episode of SmackDown!, Luna offered to make their bout a Hardcore match which Ivory accepted.
At SummerSlam, Ken Shamrock defeated Steve Blackman in a Lion's Den match. On the September 2 episode of SmackDown!, Blackman tried to attack Shamrock after Shamrock's match with Val Venis but Shamrock attacked Blackman. When Blackman recovered, he vented his anger on Venis by attacking him. Blackman attacked Venis again after Venis' match against Big Show on Raw is War on September 6. Venis took his revenge by costing Blackman, a WWF European Championship match against Mark Henry and a standard match against Shawn Stasiak, leading to a match between Venis and Blackman at Unforgiven.
Chris Jericho faced X-Pac in his in ring WWF pay-per-view debut at Unforgiven.
At SummerSlam, Road Dogg announced that he would challenge the winner of the WWF Hardcore Championship match between Al Snow and Big Boss Man on the following night on Raw is War. However, Road Dogg was interrupted by Chris Jericho and as a result, Jericho and Road Dogg began feuding with each other. During Road Dogg's scheduled Hardcore Championship match against Al Snow on Raw is War, Jericho began brawling with Road Dogg. As a result, the match resulted in a no contest. On the August 26 episode of SmackDown!, Jericho powerbombed Road Dogg through a table during a match between the two. Jericho continued to assault Road Dogg after the match by applying the Walls of Jericho. On the September 2 episode of SmackDown!, Road Dogg's D-Generation X (DX) teammate X-Pac wrestled Jericho as he attempted to avenge Jericho's assault on Road Dogg but the match resulted in a no contest after interference by the Unholy Alliance (The Undertaker and Big Show). Jericho was also feuding with Ken Shamrock at the time due to attacking him with a chair prior to Shamrock's scheduled match with Val Venis. It would lead to a match between the two at Unforgiven. However, on the September 23 episode of SmackDown!, Shamrock was badly injured after losing a First Blood match to Jericho and left WWF. As a result, X-Pac replaced Shamrock as Jericho's opponent at Unforgiven.
Event
Other on-screen personnel
Role:
Name:
English Commentators
Jim Ross
Jerry Lawler
Stone Cold Steve Austin (6 Pack Challenge)
Spanish Commentators
Carlos Cabrera
Hugo Savinovich
Interviewers
Michael Cole
Lilian Garcia
Ring Announcer
Howard Finkel
Referees
Tom Prichard
Jim Korderas
Steve Lombardi
Harvey Wippleman
Preliminary matches
As the event began, the first match took place between Val Venis and Steve Blackman. The Brooklyn Brawler refereed the match. Venis stole Blackman's bag of weapons and brought it to the ring. Blackman looked to regain his weapons, so he attacked Venis in the corner. Blackman dominated most of the match and attacked Venis outside the ring. Blackman rammed Venis' back with the ringpost and returned to the ring. Blackman whipped Venis on numerous occasions. Venis recovered and clotheslined Blackman. After a series of Knee Lifts, Venis hit Blackman with a Russian Legsweep. Blackman punched Venis and tried to whip Venis but was whipped instead. Blackman hit a Running Crossbody on Venis for a near-fall. Venis ran through the ropes but received a Spinebuster from Blackman. Blackman tried to whip Venis into the corner, but Venis reversed it and hit a Corner Clothesline. Venis hit Blackman with a Money Shot for the victory. After the match, Venis tried to hit Blackman with Blackman's own kendo stick but Blackman reversed and knocked out Venis by hitting him with the kendo stick.
The second match was between Mark Henry and D'Lo Brown for the WWF European Championship. Tom Prichard refereed the match. Henry refused to defend the title as he was slapped by Lilian Garcia in a pre-match interview segment. However, Brown attacked Henry in the aisle. Henry attacked Brown with the ringpost and then both men entered the ring to start the match. Brown ducked a clothesline and hit Henry with a series of punches. Henry tried to whip Brown, but Brown reversed, whipped Henry, and hit him with a Sky High. Brown followed by hitting a diving axe handle elbow drop for a near-fall. Henry began attacking Brown until Brown hit a crossbody to get a near-fall. Brown tried to whip Henry, but Henry held on and hit a military press slam. Henry followed with a Scoop Powerslam, a Clothesline and a Chinlock. The action spilled to the outside until they returned to the ring and Henry clotheslined Brown. Brown hit a crossbody, but Henry kicked out. Brown tried to hit another crossbody, but Henry caught him and dropped him with a powerslam. Brown connected with a spinning wheel kick followed by a legdrop. Brown clotheslined Henry into the corner. Henry tried to hit Brown with mounted punches, but Brown hit a sitout powerbomb, followed by a Lo Down, to win the European Championship.
The third match featured Jeff Jarrett defending the WWF Intercontinental Championship against Chyna. Harvey Wippleman refereed the match. As Chyna entered the ring, Jarrett began attacking her. Chyna countered by clotheslining Jarrett. Jarrett climbed the top rope but Chyna low blowed Jarrett and threw him outside of the ring. Jarrett applied a Sleeper Hold on Chyna and tried to hit a hurricanrana but was powerbombed by Chyna. Chyna tried to hit a hurricanrana of her own, but Jarrett powerbombed her. The action spilled to the outside of the ring, where Chyna hit Jarrett with a chair. However, Wippleman did not disqualify her and the match continued. Chyna hit Jarrett with the chair again before attempting a Pedigree. However, Jarrett reversed the move and Chyna accidentally knocked out Wippleman. Jarrett took advantage and tried to hit Chyna with his guitar. However, Fabulous Moolah and Mae Young, who were standing at ringside, prevented Jarrett from hitting Chyna. As a result, Jarrett attacked both of them. Debra made a run-in and attacked Jarrett's valet Miss Kitty, and hit Jarrett with his own guitar. Chyna took advantage and pinned Jarrett to win the Intercontinental Championship. However, the head referee Tom Prichard counseled with the match's official Harvey Wippleman to change his ruling. Wippleman was forced to reverse the decision and he disqualified Chyna due to Debra's interference. As a result, Jarrett won the match and retained the title by disqualification. Chyna put out her anger on Prichard by hitting him with a Pedigree.
Stevie Richards interfered in The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) versus The Acolytes (Faarooq and Bradshaw) at Unforgiven.
The fourth match was between The Acolytes (Faarooq and Bradshaw) and The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley). The only non-striking WWF official Jim Korderas refereed the match. As they entered the ring, Acolytes quickly began attacking the Dudley Boyz. Bradshaw and Bubba Ray started the match as the legal participants. Faarooq was thrown out of the ring and D-Von interfered in the match, and, along with Bubba Ray, hit Bradshaw with a Dudley Death Drop (3D). The Dudley Boyz continued to double team Bradshaw until Faarooq was tagged in as the legal man. Faarooq was also hit with a 3D. However, Bradshaw recovered and hit Bubba Ray with a Clothesline from Hell. Stevie Richards interfered in the match as an Acolyte, and hit D-Von with a Stevie Kick, allowing Faarooq to pin D-Von for the victory.
The next match was a hardcore match for the WWF Women's Championship, as Ivory defended the title against Luna Vachon. Harvey Wippleman refereed the match. The match started in the backstage area. Ivory and Luna brawled with each other and hit each other with several weapons present in the area. Tori interfered in the match and tried to hit Ivory, but Ivory attacked her and hit Luna with a wooden pole to pin her and retain the Women's Championship.
Main event matches
The sixth match was between New Age Outlaws (Billy Gunn and Road Dogg) and the team of Edge and Christian for the WWF Tag Team Championship. Jim Korderas refereed the match. Edge and Christian double-teamed Road Dogg throughout the match until the Outlaws began attacking Edge and Christian together. Christian hit Billy Gunn with an Unprettier. Road Dogg attempted to hit Christian with a pumphandle Slam, but Christian slipped out of the move and Edge speared Road Dogg. The New Brood (Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy) interfered in the match and attacked Edge and Christian behind the referee's back. Billy Gunn took advantage and hit Edge with a Fameasser to win the match and as a result, New Age Outlaws retained the Tag Team Championship.
Next was a Kennel from Hell match for the WWF Hardcore Championship between Al Snow and The Big Boss Man. The match consisted of a steel cage surrounded by The Hell in the Cell cage and dogs were around the ring within the cell. The first competitor to escape the steel cage and the cell would be declared the winner. Snow tried to keep Boss Man outside of the ring but after several attempts, Boss Man finally entered the ring and attacked Snow. Boss Man handcuffed Snow to the top turnbuckle and tried to climb out of the cell. However, Snow unlocked himself and knocked out Boss Man with Head and escaped both cages to retain the Hardcore Championship.
The final match on the undercard was Chris Jericho versus X-Pac. Tom Prichard refereed the match. X-Pac dominated the earlier part of the match until Jericho's bodyguard Mr. Hughes interfered in the match and leveled X-Pac. Jericho began attacking X-Pac. Jericho attempted to hit X-Pac with a diving splash, but X-Pac countered with a spinning wheel kick. X-Pac attacked Jericho in the corner, and tried to hit a Bronco Buster, but Jericho avoided the move and hit a double underhook backbreaker. X-Pac tried to hit a hurricanrana, but Jericho countered it into a double powerbomb. Jericho climbed the top rope, but X-Pac hit a top-rope Bronco Buster. Mr. Hughes attacked the referee, Tom Prichard, and Jericho was disqualified. Jericho and Hughes attacked X-Pac until Road Dogg came out to rescue X-Pac from the two.
Triple H won the Six-Pack Challenge for the vacated WWF Championship at Unforgiven.
The main event was a Six-Pack Challenge for the vacated WWF Championship. The match was contested between Triple H, The Rock, Mankind, Kane, Big Show and British Bulldog. Jim Korderas refereed the match. Stone Cold Steve Austin served as the special outside enforcer. Rock and Bulldog started the match as the legal men. The match went back and forth with all six competitors being tagged into the match throughout the match. In the midst of the match, all the striking referees interfered in the match and insulted Jim Korderas. Mankind then stuffed a smelly sweatsock down The Rock’s throat, and all the wrestlers hit their finishing moves until Big Show removed Triple H, Rock, Bulldog and Kane out of the ring and chokeslammed Mankind. Big Show had nearly won the match as Korderas counted to 2, until the striking referees pulled out Korderas and attacked him outside the ring. Stone Cold Steve Austin chased away the attacking referees, and took over Korderas' position to officiate the match. Rock hit Triple H with a Rock Bottom and a People's Elbow and pinned Triple H. However, as Austin counted to 2, Big Show pulled him outside the ring. Bulldog hit Rock with a chair, allowing Triple H to hit Rock with a Pedigree. Austin attacked Bulldog with the chair and counted 3 for Triple H to make him the new WWF Champion. After the match, Triple H taunted Austin with the WWF Championship belt, causing Austin to hit Triple H with a Stone Cold Stunner.
Aftermath
After Triple H won the Six-Pack Challenge for the vacant WWF Championship at Unforgiven, The Rock wrestled Triple H in a match for the title on the September 27 episode of Raw is War. However, the match ended in a no contest after interference by the British Bulldog. This earned Bulldog a title match with Triple H on the September 30 episode of SmackDown!, but the special guest referee Rock left the match. Bulldog began his villainous turn by costing Rock a title match against Triple H in a Steel Cage match at Rebellion. This led to a match between Rock and Bulldog at No Mercy, which Rock won. On the other hand, Stone Cold Steve Austin was made the number one contender for the WWF Championship. At No Mercy, Triple H defeated Austin in an Anything Goes match to retain the WWF Championship.
The striking WWF referees went back to work prior to the September 27 episode of Raw Is War. Luna Vachon returned to managing her then-husband Gangrel, helping him in his matches
After getting disqualified in her WWF Intercontinental Championship match against Jeff Jarrett at Unforgiven, Chyna continued to pursue the Intercontinental Championship. On the September 27 episode of Raw is War, Chyna pinned Jarrett in a Battle of the Sexes pitting Chyna and Debra against Jarrett and Tom Prichard. The pre-match stipulation was that Chyna would earn another Intercontinental Championship opportunity if she pinned Jarrett, and as a result, earned the opportunity. On September 30, their match was made a Good Housekeeping match. At No Mercy, Chyna defeated Jarrett in a Good Housekeeping match to become the first and only female Intercontinental Champion in WWF. This match was Jarrett's last match in WWF as he left the promotion and joined rival promotion World Championship Wrestling (WCW).
WWF Women's Champion Ivory feuded with WWF Hall of Famers The Fabulous Moolah and Mae Young, culminating at No Mercy with Moolah defeating Ivory to become the oldest WWF Women's Champion in history at age 76.
Reception
In 2017, Kevin Pantoja of 411Mania gave the event a rating of 5.5 , stating, "Some good, some bad. The show started off horribly rough. Venis/Blackman, the European and Women’s Titles, and Acolytes/Dudleys didn’t do anything for me. Jarrett/Chyna was about as good as they could’ve done and I enjoyed the Tag Team Title match more than I expected. The Kennel from Hell is the only stain on the second half and it’s historically bad. However, Jericho/X-Pac turned things around and the main event was good enough for me to give this show a score above the average mark. Slight thumbs up, which didn’t happen often in 1999."
The Kennel From Hell match had negative reception. It has been called one of the worst gimmick matches in history, as the dogs showed no hostility toward the competitors and instead urinated, defecated and even mated outside the ring. WWF booker Vince Russo called it the worst booking of his career. Wrestling Observer Newsletter awarded the match as the Worst Worked Match of the Year. PWInsider's Mike Johnson called it one of the worst PPVs ever.
Results
No.ResultsStipulationsTimes1Val Venis defeated Steve BlackmanSingles match6:332D'Lo Brown defeated Mark Henry (c)Singles match for the WWF European Championship9:113Jeff Jarrett (c) (with Miss Kitty) defeated Chyna by disqualificationSingles match for the WWF Intercontinental Championship11:524The Acolytes (Bradshaw and Faarooq) defeated The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley)Tag team match7:285Ivory (c) defeated Luna VachonHardcore match for the WWF Women's Championship3:376The New Age Outlaws (Billy Gunn and Road Dogg) (c) defeated Edge and ChristianTag team match for the WWF Tag Team Championship11:097Al Snow (c) defeated Big Boss ManKennel from Hell match for the WWF Hardcore Championship11:428X-Pac defeated Chris Jericho (with Curtis Hughes) by disqualificationSingles match13:109Triple H defeated Big Show, The British Bulldog, Kane, Mankind and The RockSix-pack challenge for the vacant WWF Championship with Stone Cold Steve Austin as special outside enforcer20:28(c) – the champion(s) heading into the match
References
^ Cawthon, Graham (2013). The History of Professional Wrestling. Vol. 2: WWF 1990–1999. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ASIN B00RWUNSRS.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Unforgiven 1999 Report". Gerweck.net. May 27, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
^ "Live & Televised Entertainment of World Wrestling Entertainment". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
^ "Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mankind vs. Triple H w/ Chyna in a Triple Threat Match for the WWE Championship". World Wrestling Entertainment. August 22, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
^ a b c d "WWF Raw is War results". PWWEW.net. August 23, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
^ a b c d "WWF Raw is War results". PWWEW.net. September 13, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
^ a b "WWF SmackDown results". PWWEW.net. September 16, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
^ a b "WWF Raw is War results". PWWEW.net. September 20, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
^ "WWF SmackDown results". PWWEW.net. September 23, 1999. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
^ a b c d e "SummerSlam 1999 Report". Gerweck.net. May 25, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
^ a b c d "WWF SmackDown results". PWWEW.net. August 26, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
^ a b c d e "WWF SmackDown results". PWWEW.net. September 2, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
^ "WWF SmackDown results". PWWEW.net. September 9, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
^ "WWF Raw is War results". PWWEW.net. August 30, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
^ a b c d "WWF Raw is War results". PWWEW.net. September 6, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
^ a b c "WWF SmackDown results". PWWEW.net. September 23, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Unforgiven 1999 official results". World Wrestling Entertainment. September 26, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
^ a b Yang, Rich (September 27, 1999). "HHH regains title at Unforgiven". SLAM! Wrestling. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b "The Rock vs. British Bulldog vs. Big Show vs. Mankind vs. Kane vs. Triple H in a Six Pack Challenge for the vacant WWE Championship". World Wrestling Entertainment. September 26, 1999. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
^ a b "WWF Raw is War results". PWWEW.net. September 27, 1999. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
^ a b "WWF SmackDown results". PWWEW.net. September 30, 1999. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
^ "Rebellion 1999 Report". Gerweck.net. May 27, 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
^ a b "No Mercy 1999 official results". World Wrestling Entertainment. October 17, 1999. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
^ "WWF Raw is War results". PWWEW.net. October 4, 1999. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
^ "Triple H vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin in an Anything Goes Match for the WWE Championship". World Wrestling Entertainment. October 17, 1999. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
^ "Wrestler Profiles: Jeff Jarrett". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
^ "411Mania".
^ Bazar, Nick. Top 10 Worst Gimmick Matches. 411mania. March 12, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
^ a b Oz, Drake. WWE's 15 Absolute Worst Matches in Company History. Bleacher Report. November 23, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
^ https://solowrestling.mundodeportivo.com/new/121862-vince-russo-revela-el-peor-booking-de-su-carrera
^ https://www.pwinsider.com/article/174564/what-is-a-texas-chainsaw-massacre-match-worth-worst-ppvs-to-force-on-someone-you-dont-like-omega-at-all-in-and-more.html?p=1
External links
Unforgiven 1999 official website
vte
← 1998
1999 (1999) WWF pay-per-view events
2000 →
Royal Rumble
St. Valentine's Day Massacre: In Your House
WrestleMania XV
Backlash
No Mercy (UK)
Over the Edge
King of the Ring
Fully Loaded
SummerSlam
Unforgiven
Rebellion
No Mercy
Survivor Series
Armageddon
vteWWE pay-per-view and WWE Network eventsUnforgiven
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Current
Royal Rumble (1988–present)
Vengeance (2001–2007, 2011, 2021–present)
Elimination Chamber (2010–2015, 2017–present)
NXT Stand & Deliver (2021–present)
WrestleMania (1985–present)
Backlash (1999–2009, 2016–2018, 2020–present)
King of the Ring (1993–2002, 2015, 2024–present)
Battleground (2013–2017, 2023–present)
Clash at the Castle (2022, 2024–present)
Money in the Bank (2010–present)
Heatwave (2024–present)
SummerSlam (1988–present)
Bash in Berlin (2024)
No Mercy (1999–2008, 2016–2017, 2023–present)
Crown Jewel (2018–2019, 2021–present)
Survivor Series (1987–present)
NXT Deadline (2022–present)
Former
The Wrestling Classic (1985)
No Holds Barred (1989)
This Tuesday in Texas (1991)
One Night Only (1997)
Capital Carnage (1998)
Over the Edge (1998–1999)
Fully Loaded (1998–2000)
Invasion (2001)
Rebellion (1999–2002)
Insurrextion (2000–2003)
Bad Blood (1997, 2003–2004)
December to Dismember (2006)
New Year's Revolution (2005–2007)
One Night Stand (2005–2008)
Unforgiven (1998–2008)
Taboo Tuesday/Cyber Sunday (2004–2008)
Armageddon (1999–2000, 2002–2008)
Judgment Day (1998, 2000–2009)
Breaking Point (2009)
Bragging Rights (2009–2010)
Capitol Punishment (2011)
Over the Limit (2010–2012)
No Way Out (1998, 2000–2009, 2012)
NXT Arrival (2014)
Fatal 4-Way (2010, 2014)
The Beast in the East (2015)
Live from Madison Square Garden (2015)
Cruiserweight Classic Finale (2016)
Roadblock (2016)
United Kingdom Championship Special (2017)
Great Balls of Fire (2017)
Mae Young Classic (2017–2018)
Greatest Royal Rumble (2018)
United Kingdom Championship Tournament (2017–2018)
Evolution (2018)
Halftime Heat (2019)
The Shield's Final Chapter (2019)
Stomping Grounds (2019)
Evolve's 10th Anniversary Celebration (2019)
Smackville (2019)
Starrcade (2017–2019)
NXT UK TakeOver (2019–2020)
Super ShowDown (2018–2020)
Clash of Champions (2016–2017, 2019–2020)
TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2009–2020)
Superstar Spectacle (2021)
NXT TakeOver (2014–2021)
NXT WarGames (2017–2021)
Day 1 (2022)
In Your House (1995–1999, 2020–2022)
Hell in a Cell (2009–2022)
Worlds Collide (2019–2020, 2022)
Extreme Rules (2009–2022)
Halloween Havoc (2022)
Night of Champions (2008–2015, 2023)
The Great American Bash (2004–2009, 2023)
Payback (2013–2017, 2020, 2023)
Fastlane (2015–2019, 2021, 2023)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unforgiven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Unforgiven"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"pay-per-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view"},{"link_name":"event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WWE_pay-per-view_events"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"Charlotte, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"In Your House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Your_House"},{"link_name":"main event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_(sports)#Main_event"},{"link_name":"Six-Pack Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Basic_non-elimination_matches"},{"link_name":"WWF Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Championship"},{"link_name":"Stone Cold Steve Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin"},{"link_name":"special outside enforcer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Special_referee"},{"link_name":"Triple H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_H"},{"link_name":"The Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Mankind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Foley"},{"link_name":"Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Big Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wight"},{"link_name":"British Bulldog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davey_Boy_Smith"},{"link_name":"pinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Pedigree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebuster#Double_underhook_facebuster"},{"link_name":"undercard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_(sports)#Undercard"},{"link_name":"X-Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Waltman"},{"link_name":"Chris Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jericho"},{"link_name":"Kennel from Hell match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_in_a_Cell"},{"link_name":"Al Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Snow"},{"link_name":"Big Boss Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Traylor"},{"link_name":"WWF Hardcore Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Hardcore_Championship"},{"link_name":"New Age Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age_Outlaws"},{"link_name":"Billy Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Sopp"},{"link_name":"Road Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Gerard_James"},{"link_name":"Edge and Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_and_Christian"},{"link_name":"WWF Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tag_Team_Championship_(WWE)"},{"link_name":"Ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Luna Vachon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_Vachon"},{"link_name":"Hardcore match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling"},{"link_name":"WWF Women's Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Women%27s_Championship_(1956%E2%80%932010)"},{"link_name":"The Acolytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acolytes_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"Faarooq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Layfield"},{"link_name":"The Dudley Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dudley_Boyz"},{"link_name":"Bubba Ray Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_LoMonaco"},{"link_name":"D-Von Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Jeff Jarrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett"},{"link_name":"Chyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyna"},{"link_name":"WWF Intercontinental Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Intercontinental_Championship"},{"link_name":"Mark Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Henry"},{"link_name":"D'Lo Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Lo_Brown"},{"link_name":"WWF European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"Val Venis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Morley"},{"link_name":"Steve Blackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Blackman"},{"link_name":"special guest referees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Special_referee"},{"link_name":"Jim Korderas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Korderas"},{"link_name":"Unforgiven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unforgiven:_In_Your_House"},{"link_name":"In Your House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Your_House"},{"link_name":"Backlash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Backlash"},{"link_name":"final edition in 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unforgiven_(2008)"},{"link_name":"Breaking Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Breaking_Point"},{"link_name":"Mick Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Foley"},{"link_name":"Al Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Snow"}],"text":"The 1999 Unforgiven was the second annual Unforgiven professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place on September 26, 1999, at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina. Although the event was the second Unforgiven PPV held, it was the first Unforgiven not held under the In Your House series, which had been discontinued in February 1999.The main event was a Six-Pack Challenge–a non-elimination match consisting of six wrestlers for the vacant WWF Championship. Stone Cold Steve Austin served as the special outside enforcer for the match. The match included Triple H, The Rock, Mankind, Kane, Big Show, and British Bulldog. Triple H pinned Rock after a Pedigree to win the WWF Championship. The undercard featured X-Pac versus Chris Jericho, a Kennel from Hell match between champion Al Snow and challenger Big Boss Man for the WWF Hardcore Championship, New Age Outlaws (Billy Gunn and Road Dogg) versus Edge and Christian for the WWF Tag Team Championship, Ivory versus Luna Vachon in a Hardcore match for the WWF Women's Championship, The Acolytes (Faarooq and Bradshaw) versus The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley), Jeff Jarrett versus Chyna for the WWF Intercontinental Championship, Mark Henry versus D'Lo Brown for the WWF European Championship, and Val Venis versus Steve Blackman.The matches of the event featured special guest referees due to the WWF officials being out on \"strike\" due to continuous assaults on them by wrestlers. However, only one WWF official Jim Korderas served as the referee of the event. He refereed Dudley Boyz vs. The Acolytes, the WWF Tag Team Championship match and the WWF Championship match.The previous Unforgiven, which was an In Your House event, was held in April while the 1999 edition was moved to September as Backlash was held in April. Unforgiven in turn became the annual September pay-per-view until its final edition in 2008 as it was replaced by Breaking Point in 2009.The Kennel From Hell match is widely regarded as one of the worst matches ever. It is jokingly included on Mick Foley's Hard Knocks And Cheap Pops as a shot at Al Snow who Foley has repeatedly ribbed over the years.","title":"Unforgiven (1999)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unforgiven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Unforgiven"},{"link_name":"21st In Your House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unforgiven:_In_Your_House"},{"link_name":"pay-per-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view"},{"link_name":"In Your House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Your_House"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Federation"},{"link_name":"St. Valentine's Day Massacre: In Your House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Valentine%27s_Day_Massacre:_In_Your_House"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"Charlotte, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWF9099Book-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults-2"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Unforgiven was first held as the 21st In Your House pay-per-view (PPV) in April 1998; In Your House was a series of monthly PPV shows first produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) in May 1995. The In Your House branding was retired following February 1999's St. Valentine's Day Massacre: In Your House event, as the company moved to install permanent names for each of its monthly PPVs. Following this, the WWF announced that Unforgiven would return as its own PPV event on September 26, 1999, held at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina.[1] The 1999 event thus established Unforgiven as the annual September PPV for the promotion.[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional wrestling matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types"},{"link_name":"plots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_(narrative)"},{"link_name":"storylines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_thread"},{"link_name":"Raw is War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Raw"},{"link_name":"SmackDown!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_SmackDown"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feud_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Triple H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_H"},{"link_name":"The Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Mankind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Foley"},{"link_name":"Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Big Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wight"},{"link_name":"The Undertaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Undertaker"},{"link_name":"WWF Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Championship"},{"link_name":"SummerSlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SummerSlam_(1999)"},{"link_name":"Stone Cold Steve Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin"},{"link_name":"Triple Threat match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Basic_non-elimination_matches"},{"link_name":"Raw is War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Raw"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_08/23/1999-5"},{"link_name":"WWF CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_authority_figures#President"},{"link_name":"Linda McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_McMahon"},{"link_name":"5-Way match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Basic_non-elimination_matches"},{"link_name":"Mideon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Knight"},{"link_name":"Viscera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscera_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"referees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"on-screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayfabe"},{"link_name":"Six Pack Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Basic_non-elimination_matches"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_09/13/1999-6"},{"link_name":"SmackDown!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_SmackDown"},{"link_name":"Vince McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_McMahon"},{"link_name":"Shane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_McMahon"},{"link_name":"special guest referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Special_referee"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_-_09/16/1999-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_09/20/1999-8"},{"link_name":"inferno Match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Inferno_match"},{"link_name":"casket match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Container-based_variations"},{"link_name":"Boiler Room Brawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_Room_Brawl"},{"link_name":"The British Bulldog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davey_Boy_Smith"},{"link_name":"kayfabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayfabe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWF_SmackDown!_-_09/23/1999-9"},{"link_name":"Al Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Snow"},{"link_name":"The Big Boss Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Traylor"},{"link_name":"WWF Hardcore Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Hardcore_Championship"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSResults-10"},{"link_name":"Road Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Gerard_James"},{"link_name":"Chris Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jericho"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_08/23/1999-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_-_08/26/1999-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_-_09/02/1999-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_-_09/09/1999-13"},{"link_name":"Kennel from Hell match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_in_a_Cell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_09/13/1999-6"},{"link_name":"Mark Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Henry"},{"link_name":"turned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"D'Lo Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Lo_Brown"},{"link_name":"WWF Intercontinental Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Intercontinental_Championship"},{"link_name":"WWF European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"Jeff Jarrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSResults-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_08/23/1999-5"},{"link_name":"tag team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_team"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_09/13/1999-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_08/30/1999-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_09/06/1999-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jarrett_WWF_1999.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jeff Jarrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett"},{"link_name":"WWF Intercontinental Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Intercontinental_Championship"},{"link_name":"Chyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyna"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSResults-10"},{"link_name":"Chyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyna"},{"link_name":"Billy Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Sopp"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_-_09/02/1999-12"},{"link_name":"Tag Team Turmoil match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Gauntlet_match"},{"link_name":"WWF Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tag_Team_Championship_(WWE)"},{"link_name":"The Acolytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acolytes_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"Faarooq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Layfield"},{"link_name":"Edge and Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_and_Christian"},{"link_name":"The Dudley Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dudley_Boyz"},{"link_name":"Bubba Ray Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_LoMonaco"},{"link_name":"D-Von Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Hughes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_-_09/02/1999-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_09/06/1999-15"},{"link_name":"New Age Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age_Outlaws"},{"link_name":"Rock 'n' Sock Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Sock_Connection"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_-_09/23/1999-16"},{"link_name":"Luna Vachon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_Vachon"},{"link_name":"WWF Women's Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Women%27s_Championship_(1956%E2%80%932010)"},{"link_name":"Ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Evening Gown match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Bra_and_Panties_match"},{"link_name":"Tori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terri_Poch"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_-_08/26/1999-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_09/06/1999-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_09/13/1999-6"},{"link_name":"Hardcore match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_-_09/23/1999-16"},{"link_name":"Ken Shamrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Shamrock"},{"link_name":"Steve Blackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Blackman"},{"link_name":"Lion's Den match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Lion's_Den_match"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSResults-10"},{"link_name":"Val Venis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Morley"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_-_09/02/1999-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_09/06/1999-15"},{"link_name":"standard match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Variations_of_singles_matches"},{"link_name":"Shawn Stasiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Stasiak"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_-_09/16/1999-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_09/20/1999-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chris_jericho.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chris Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jericho"},{"link_name":"X-Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Waltman"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSResults-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_08/23/1999-5"},{"link_name":"powerbombed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerbomb"},{"link_name":"Walls of Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_crab"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_-_08/26/1999-11"},{"link_name":"D-Generation X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Generation_X"},{"link_name":"X-Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Waltman"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_-_09/02/1999-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_-_08/26/1999-11"},{"link_name":"First Blood match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#First_Blood_match"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_-_09/23/1999-16"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Unforgiven featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing feuds, plots, and storylines that were played out on Raw is War and SmackDown!—World Wrestling Federation's (WWF) television programs. Wrestlers portrayed a villain or a hero as they followed a series of events that built tension, and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.[3]The main rivalry heading into the event was between Triple H, The Rock, Mankind, Kane, Big Show and The Undertaker over the vacant WWF Championship. At SummerSlam, Mankind defeated Stone Cold Steve Austin and Triple H in a Triple Threat match for Austin's WWF title, only to lose it to Triple H the following night on Raw is War.[4][5] On the September 13 edition of Raw is War, the WWF CEO Linda McMahon announced that Rock, Kane, Mankind, Big Show and Undertaker would compete in a 5-Way match to determine the #1 contender for the title at Unforgiven. However, the match resulted in a no contest after Mideon and Viscera attacked Mankind. As a result, all five of the wrestlers attacked several WWF referees and many of the WWF wrestlers interfered in the brawl. As a result of the attack, the referees went on an on-screen strike and all the five competitors were named contenders for the title, making it a Six Pack Challenge for the title at Unforgiven, meaning that two wrestlers would begin the match and a wrestler could become legal if he was tagged in.[6] On the September 16 edition of SmackDown!, the WWF Chairman Vince McMahon defeated Triple H for the WWF title, with the help of his son Shane who served as the special guest referee for the match.[7] However, Vince vacated the title on September 20 episode of Raw is War and named Triple H as the sixth competitor in the Six Pack Challenge at Unforgiven.[8] On the September 23, 1999 edition of SmackDown!, however, McMahon decided to place Triple H in a gauntlet series of matches against the other five competitors in the match. He would have to wrestle Big Show in a Chokeslam Challenge match, Kane in an inferno Match, Undertaker in a casket match, Mankind in a Boiler Room Brawl, and The Rock in a Brahma Bull Rope match, and if he failed to win three of the five matches, he would be out of the match. Triple H lost the first match due to his inability to lift the massive Big Show. He managed to beat Kane when Kane was distracted by Mideon and Viscera, Undertaker's allies, long enough to accidentally set himself on fire but lost the casket match after Undertaker, who orchestrated the distraction on Kane, walked out and was fired after refusing to wrestle; the match became a handicap match and Triple H could not put both Mideon and Viscera in a casket before they did it to him. He managed to escape the boiler room to even up the gauntlet and bring it to the deciding match with The Rock. The British Bulldog, who was named as a replacement for The Undertaker in the Six-Pack Challenge (kayfabe The Undertaker walked out of the WWF, but in reality he needed time off to deal with a severe groin injury and would be gone for nine months while he recovered), served as the guest referee and assisted Triple H's victory by turning on The Rock, giving Triple H the necessary three wins he needed to keep his spot in the main event. [9]Another predominant rivalry heading into the event was between Al Snow and The Big Boss Man over the WWF Hardcore Championship. At SummerSlam, Snow defeated Boss Man to win the Hardcore Championship.[10] The following night on Raw is War, Snow was attacked by Boss Man during a title defense against Road Dogg, who had left the match to brawl with Chris Jericho. Boss Man stole Snow's dog Pepper and escaped with it.[5] On the August 26 episode of SmackDown!, Boss Man defeated Snow to win the title and escaped with Pepper.[11] The following week, Snow ate some food until Boss Man told him that it was Pepper.[12] On September 9, British Bulldog defeated Boss Man for the title and awarded it to Snow.[13] On Raw is War on September 13, Snow challenged Boss Man to a Kennel from Hell match for the Hardcore Championship at Unforgiven, which Boss Man accepted.[6]At SummerSlam, Mark Henry turned on his partner D'Lo Brown by costing him the WWF Intercontinental Championship and the WWF European Championship against Jeff Jarrett.[10] The next night on Raw is War, Jarrett awarded the European Championship to Henry.[5] Henry and Brown wrestled each other in several tag team matches and attacked each other on many occasions, leading to a European Championship match at Unforgiven.[6][14][15]Jeff Jarrett defended the WWF Intercontinental Championship against Chyna at Unforgiven.Following his WWF Intercontinental Championship victory at SummerSlam, Jeff Jarrett offered an open contract to any WWF wrestler for an Intercontinental Championship match at Unforgiven.[10] Chyna signed the contract but Billy Gunn offered Chyna to hand him over the contract for the number one contender for the Intercontinental Championship at Unforgiven. On the September 2 episode of SmackDown!, Chyna defeated Billy Gunn to retain her status as the number one contender for the Intercontinental Championship.[12]On the September 2 episode of SmackDown!, a Tag Team Turmoil match was held to determine the number one contenders for the WWF Tag Team Championship. The Acolytes (Faarooq and Bradshaw) and Edge and Christian were the remaining two teams in the match and were attacked by the debuting The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley).[12] As a result, the match ended in a no contest. On September 6, on Raw is War, Edge and Christian defeated The Acolytes to become the number one contenders for the Tag Team Championship, after further interference by Dudley Boyz.[15] As a result, a match was made between Dudley Boyz and Acolytes at Unforgiven. The Tag Team Championship changed hands many times after Edge and Christian were made the contenders. On the September 23 episode of SmackDown!, the final title change before Unforgiven occurred when the New Age Outlaws (Mr. Ass and Road Dogg) defeated Rock 'n' Sock Connection (The Rock and Mankind) for the Tag Team Championship.[16]On the August 26 episode of SmackDown!, Luna Vachon involved herself in the WWF Women's Champion Ivory's Evening Gown match against Tori.[11] Luna later got involved in a brawl between Ivory and Tori on Raw is War on September 6.[15] A week later on Raw is War, Luna was attacked by Ivory during her match with Jeff Jarrett.[6] This led to a match between Ivory and Luna for the Women's Championship at Unforgiven. On the September 23 episode of SmackDown!, Luna offered to make their bout a Hardcore match which Ivory accepted.[16]At SummerSlam, Ken Shamrock defeated Steve Blackman in a Lion's Den match.[10] On the September 2 episode of SmackDown!, Blackman tried to attack Shamrock after Shamrock's match with Val Venis but Shamrock attacked Blackman. When Blackman recovered, he vented his anger on Venis by attacking him.[12] Blackman attacked Venis again after Venis' match against Big Show on Raw is War on September 6.[15] Venis took his revenge by costing Blackman, a WWF European Championship match against Mark Henry and a standard match against Shawn Stasiak, leading to a match between Venis and Blackman at Unforgiven.[7][8]Chris Jericho faced X-Pac in his in ring WWF pay-per-view debut at Unforgiven.At SummerSlam, Road Dogg announced that he would challenge the winner of the WWF Hardcore Championship match between Al Snow and Big Boss Man on the following night on Raw is War. However, Road Dogg was interrupted by Chris Jericho and as a result, Jericho and Road Dogg began feuding with each other.[10] During Road Dogg's scheduled Hardcore Championship match against Al Snow on Raw is War, Jericho began brawling with Road Dogg. As a result, the match resulted in a no contest.[5] On the August 26 episode of SmackDown!, Jericho powerbombed Road Dogg through a table during a match between the two. Jericho continued to assault Road Dogg after the match by applying the Walls of Jericho.[11] On the September 2 episode of SmackDown!, Road Dogg's D-Generation X (DX) teammate X-Pac wrestled Jericho as he attempted to avenge Jericho's assault on Road Dogg but the match resulted in a no contest after interference by the Unholy Alliance (The Undertaker and Big Show).[12] Jericho was also feuding with Ken Shamrock at the time due to attacking him with a chair prior to Shamrock's scheduled match with Val Venis.[11] It would lead to a match between the two at Unforgiven. However, on the September 23 episode of SmackDown!, Shamrock was badly injured after losing a First Blood match to Jericho and left WWF.[16] As a result, X-Pac replaced Shamrock as Jericho's opponent at Unforgiven.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Val Venis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Morley"},{"link_name":"Steve Blackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Blackman"},{"link_name":"The Brooklyn Brawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lombardi"},{"link_name":"refereed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_object_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"whipped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_throws#Irish_whip"},{"link_name":"clotheslined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Clothesline"},{"link_name":"Knee Lifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Knee_lift"},{"link_name":"Russian Legsweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebuster#Forward_Russian_legsweep"},{"link_name":"punched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Punch"},{"link_name":"Running Crossbody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Crossbody"},{"link_name":"near-fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Near-fall"},{"link_name":"Spinebuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_throws#Spinebuster"},{"link_name":"Corner Clothesline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Corner_clothesline"},{"link_name":"Money Shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques#Splash"},{"link_name":"kendo stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendo_stick"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults2-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults-2"},{"link_name":"Mark Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Henry"},{"link_name":"D'Lo Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Lo_Brown"},{"link_name":"WWF European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"Tom Prichard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Prichard"},{"link_name":"Lilian Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilian_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Sky High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_throws#Spine_bomb"},{"link_name":"diving axe handle elbow drop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques#Diving_pointed_elbow_drop"},{"link_name":"military press slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_throws#Gorilla_press_slam"},{"link_name":"Scoop Powerslam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerslam#Scoop_powerslam"},{"link_name":"Chinlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_holds#Chinlock"},{"link_name":"crossbody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Crossbody"},{"link_name":"powerslam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerslam#Falling_powerslam"},{"link_name":"spinning wheel kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Spinning_wheel_kick"},{"link_name":"legdrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg_drop"},{"link_name":"mounted punches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Mounted_punches"},{"link_name":"sitout powerbomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerbomb#Sit-Out_Powerbomb"},{"link_name":"Lo Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques#Frog_splash"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults2-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults-2"},{"link_name":"Jeff Jarrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett"},{"link_name":"WWF Intercontinental Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Intercontinental_Championship"},{"link_name":"Harvey Wippleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Lauer"},{"link_name":"low blowed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groin_attack"},{"link_name":"Sleeper Hold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_holds#Sleeper_hold"},{"link_name":"hurricanrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_throws#Hurricanrana"},{"link_name":"powerbombed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerbomb"},{"link_name":"hit Jarrett with a chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Chair_shot"},{"link_name":"disqualify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling#Disqualification"},{"link_name":"Pedigree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebuster#Double_underhook_facebuster"},{"link_name":"hit Chyna with his guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Guitar_shot"},{"link_name":"Fabulous Moolah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fabulous_Moolah"},{"link_name":"Mae Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Young"},{"link_name":"Debra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_Marshall"},{"link_name":"run-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Run-in"},{"link_name":"valet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Miss Kitty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy_Carter"},{"link_name":"pinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults2-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michaelmanna.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stevie Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Richards"},{"link_name":"The Dudley Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dudley_Boyz"},{"link_name":"Bubba Ray Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_LoMonaco"},{"link_name":"D-Von Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Hughes"},{"link_name":"The Acolytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acolytes_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"Faarooq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Layfield"},{"link_name":"The Acolytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acolytes_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"Faarooq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Layfield"},{"link_name":"The Dudley Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dudley_Boyz"},{"link_name":"Bubba Ray Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_LoMonaco"},{"link_name":"D-Von Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Jim Korderas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Korderas"},{"link_name":"Dudley Death Drop (3D)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_double-team_maneuvers#Death_Drop"},{"link_name":"Clothesline from Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Lariat"},{"link_name":"Stevie Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Richards"},{"link_name":"Stevie Kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superkick"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults2-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults-2"},{"link_name":"hardcore match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling"},{"link_name":"WWF Women's Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Women%27s_Championship_(1956%E2%80%932010)"},{"link_name":"Ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Luna Vachon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_Vachon"},{"link_name":"Tori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terri_Poch"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults2-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults-2"}],"sub_title":"Preliminary matches","text":"As the event began, the first match took place between Val Venis and Steve Blackman. The Brooklyn Brawler refereed the match. Venis stole Blackman's bag of weapons and brought it to the ring. Blackman looked to regain his weapons, so he attacked Venis in the corner. Blackman dominated most of the match and attacked Venis outside the ring. Blackman rammed Venis' back with the ringpost and returned to the ring. Blackman whipped Venis on numerous occasions. Venis recovered and clotheslined Blackman. After a series of Knee Lifts, Venis hit Blackman with a Russian Legsweep. Blackman punched Venis and tried to whip Venis but was whipped instead. Blackman hit a Running Crossbody on Venis for a near-fall. Venis ran through the ropes but received a Spinebuster from Blackman. Blackman tried to whip Venis into the corner, but Venis reversed it and hit a Corner Clothesline. Venis hit Blackman with a Money Shot for the victory. After the match, Venis tried to hit Blackman with Blackman's own kendo stick but Blackman reversed and knocked out Venis by hitting him with the kendo stick.[17][2]The second match was between Mark Henry and D'Lo Brown for the WWF European Championship. Tom Prichard refereed the match. Henry refused to defend the title as he was slapped by Lilian Garcia in a pre-match interview segment. However, Brown attacked Henry in the aisle. Henry attacked Brown with the ringpost and then both men entered the ring to start the match. Brown ducked a clothesline and hit Henry with a series of punches. Henry tried to whip Brown, but Brown reversed, whipped Henry, and hit him with a Sky High. Brown followed by hitting a diving axe handle elbow drop for a near-fall. Henry began attacking Brown until Brown hit a crossbody to get a near-fall. Brown tried to whip Henry, but Henry held on and hit a military press slam. Henry followed with a Scoop Powerslam, a Clothesline and a Chinlock. The action spilled to the outside until they returned to the ring and Henry clotheslined Brown. Brown hit a crossbody, but Henry kicked out. Brown tried to hit another crossbody, but Henry caught him and dropped him with a powerslam. Brown connected with a spinning wheel kick followed by a legdrop. Brown clotheslined Henry into the corner. Henry tried to hit Brown with mounted punches, but Brown hit a sitout powerbomb, followed by a Lo Down, to win the European Championship.[17][2]The third match featured Jeff Jarrett defending the WWF Intercontinental Championship against Chyna. Harvey Wippleman refereed the match. As Chyna entered the ring, Jarrett began attacking her. Chyna countered by clotheslining Jarrett. Jarrett climbed the top rope but Chyna low blowed Jarrett and threw him outside of the ring. Jarrett applied a Sleeper Hold on Chyna and tried to hit a hurricanrana but was powerbombed by Chyna. Chyna tried to hit a hurricanrana of her own, but Jarrett powerbombed her. The action spilled to the outside of the ring, where Chyna hit Jarrett with a chair. However, Wippleman did not disqualify her and the match continued. Chyna hit Jarrett with the chair again before attempting a Pedigree. However, Jarrett reversed the move and Chyna accidentally knocked out Wippleman. Jarrett took advantage and tried to hit Chyna with his guitar. However, Fabulous Moolah and Mae Young, who were standing at ringside, prevented Jarrett from hitting Chyna. As a result, Jarrett attacked both of them. Debra made a run-in and attacked Jarrett's valet Miss Kitty, and hit Jarrett with his own guitar. Chyna took advantage and pinned Jarrett to win the Intercontinental Championship. However, the head referee Tom Prichard counseled with the match's official Harvey Wippleman to change his ruling. Wippleman was forced to reverse the decision and he disqualified Chyna due to Debra's interference. As a result, Jarrett won the match and retained the title by disqualification. Chyna put out her anger on Prichard by hitting him with a Pedigree.[17][2]Stevie Richards interfered in The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) versus The Acolytes (Faarooq and Bradshaw) at Unforgiven.The fourth match was between The Acolytes (Faarooq and Bradshaw) and The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley). The only non-striking WWF official Jim Korderas refereed the match. As they entered the ring, Acolytes quickly began attacking the Dudley Boyz. Bradshaw and Bubba Ray started the match as the legal participants. Faarooq was thrown out of the ring and D-Von interfered in the match, and, along with Bubba Ray, hit Bradshaw with a Dudley Death Drop (3D). The Dudley Boyz continued to double team Bradshaw until Faarooq was tagged in as the legal man. Faarooq was also hit with a 3D. However, Bradshaw recovered and hit Bubba Ray with a Clothesline from Hell. Stevie Richards interfered in the match as an Acolyte, and hit D-Von with a Stevie Kick, allowing Faarooq to pin D-Von for the victory.[17][2]The next match was a hardcore match for the WWF Women's Championship, as Ivory defended the title against Luna Vachon. Harvey Wippleman refereed the match. The match started in the backstage area. Ivory and Luna brawled with each other and hit each other with several weapons present in the area. Tori interfered in the match and tried to hit Ivory, but Ivory attacked her and hit Luna with a wooden pole to pin her and retain the Women's Championship.[17][2]","title":"Event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Age Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age_Outlaws"},{"link_name":"Billy Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Sopp"},{"link_name":"Road Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Gerard_James"},{"link_name":"Edge and Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_and_Christian"},{"link_name":"WWF Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tag_Team_Championship_(WWE)"},{"link_name":"Unprettier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebuster#Inverted_double_underhook_facebuster"},{"link_name":"pumphandle Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_throws#Pumphandle_slam"},{"link_name":"speared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Spear"},{"link_name":"The New Brood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brood_(professional_wrestling)#The_New_Brood"},{"link_name":"Matt Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Jeff Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Fameasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg_drop#Leg_drop_bulldog"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults2-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults-2"},{"link_name":"Kennel from Hell match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_in_a_Cell_match"},{"link_name":"WWF Hardcore Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Hardcore_Championship"},{"link_name":"Al Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Snow"},{"link_name":"The Big Boss Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Traylor"},{"link_name":"steel cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Cages"},{"link_name":"Hell in the Cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_in_the_Cell"},{"link_name":"dogs were around the ring within the cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_in_professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannequin"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults2-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults-2"},{"link_name":"undercard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_(sports)#Undercard"},{"link_name":"Chris Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jericho"},{"link_name":"X-Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Waltman"},{"link_name":"bodyguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforcer_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Mr. Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Hughes"},{"link_name":"spinning wheel kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Spinning_wheel_kick"},{"link_name":"Bronco Buster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Bronco_buster"},{"link_name":"double underhook backbreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbreaker#Double_underhook_backbreaker"},{"link_name":"double powerbomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerbomb#Repeated_Powerbomb"},{"link_name":"top-rope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques#Super"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults2-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triple_H.jpg"},{"link_name":"Triple H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_H"},{"link_name":"Six-Pack Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Basic_non-elimination_matches"},{"link_name":"WWF Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Championship"},{"link_name":"main event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_(sports)#Main_event"},{"link_name":"Six-Pack Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Basic_non-elimination_matches"},{"link_name":"WWF Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Championship"},{"link_name":"Triple H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_H"},{"link_name":"The Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Mankind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Foley"},{"link_name":"Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Big Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wight"},{"link_name":"British Bulldog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davey_Boy_Smith"},{"link_name":"Stone Cold Steve Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin"},{"link_name":"special outside enforcer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Special_referee"},{"link_name":"chokeslammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokeslammed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slamhhh-18"},{"link_name":"Rock Bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerslam#Side_slam"},{"link_name":"People's Elbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Elbow_drop"},{"link_name":"Stone Cold Stunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunner_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MainEvent-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults2-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNFResults-2"}],"sub_title":"Main event matches","text":"The sixth match was between New Age Outlaws (Billy Gunn and Road Dogg) and the team of Edge and Christian for the WWF Tag Team Championship. Jim Korderas refereed the match. Edge and Christian double-teamed Road Dogg throughout the match until the Outlaws began attacking Edge and Christian together. Christian hit Billy Gunn with an Unprettier. Road Dogg attempted to hit Christian with a pumphandle Slam, but Christian slipped out of the move and Edge speared Road Dogg. The New Brood (Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy) interfered in the match and attacked Edge and Christian behind the referee's back. Billy Gunn took advantage and hit Edge with a Fameasser to win the match and as a result, New Age Outlaws retained the Tag Team Championship.[17][2]Next was a Kennel from Hell match for the WWF Hardcore Championship between Al Snow and The Big Boss Man. The match consisted of a steel cage surrounded by The Hell in the Cell cage and dogs were around the ring within the cell. The first competitor to escape the steel cage and the cell would be declared the winner. Snow tried to keep Boss Man outside of the ring but after several attempts, Boss Man finally entered the ring and attacked Snow. Boss Man handcuffed Snow to the top turnbuckle and tried to climb out of the cell. However, Snow unlocked himself and knocked out Boss Man with Head and escaped both cages to retain the Hardcore Championship.[17][2]The final match on the undercard was Chris Jericho versus X-Pac. Tom Prichard refereed the match. X-Pac dominated the earlier part of the match until Jericho's bodyguard Mr. Hughes interfered in the match and leveled X-Pac. Jericho began attacking X-Pac. Jericho attempted to hit X-Pac with a diving splash, but X-Pac countered with a spinning wheel kick. X-Pac attacked Jericho in the corner, and tried to hit a Bronco Buster, but Jericho avoided the move and hit a double underhook backbreaker. X-Pac tried to hit a hurricanrana, but Jericho countered it into a double powerbomb. Jericho climbed the top rope, but X-Pac hit a top-rope Bronco Buster. Mr. Hughes attacked the referee, Tom Prichard, and Jericho was disqualified. Jericho and Hughes attacked X-Pac until Road Dogg came out to rescue X-Pac from the two.[17][2]Triple H won the Six-Pack Challenge for the vacated WWF Championship at Unforgiven.The main event was a Six-Pack Challenge for the vacated WWF Championship. The match was contested between Triple H, The Rock, Mankind, Kane, Big Show and British Bulldog. Jim Korderas refereed the match. Stone Cold Steve Austin served as the special outside enforcer. Rock and Bulldog started the match as the legal men. The match went back and forth with all six competitors being tagged into the match throughout the match. In the midst of the match, all the striking referees interfered in the match and insulted Jim Korderas. Mankind then stuffed a smelly sweatsock down The Rock’s throat, and all the wrestlers hit their finishing moves until Big Show removed Triple H, Rock, Bulldog and Kane out of the ring and chokeslammed Mankind. Big Show had nearly won the match as Korderas counted to 2, until the striking referees pulled out Korderas and attacked him outside the ring.[18] Stone Cold Steve Austin chased away the attacking referees, and took over Korderas' position to officiate the match. Rock hit Triple H with a Rock Bottom and a People's Elbow and pinned Triple H. However, as Austin counted to 2, Big Show pulled him outside the ring. Bulldog hit Rock with a chair, allowing Triple H to hit Rock with a Pedigree. Austin attacked Bulldog with the chair and counted 3 for Triple H to make him the new WWF Champion. After the match, Triple H taunted Austin with the WWF Championship belt, causing Austin to hit Triple H with a Stone Cold Stunner.[19][17][2]","title":"Event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Triple H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_H"},{"link_name":"Six-Pack Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Basic_non-elimination_matches"},{"link_name":"WWF Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Championship"},{"link_name":"The Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Raw is War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Raw"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_09/27/1999-20"},{"link_name":"British Bulldog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davey_Boy_Smith"},{"link_name":"SmackDown!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_SmackDown"},{"link_name":"special guest referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Special_referee"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_-_09/30/1999-21"},{"link_name":"villainous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Steel Cage match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Cages"},{"link_name":"Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_(1999)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"No Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Mercy_(1999)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMResults-23"},{"link_name":"Stone Cold Steve Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_10/04/1999-24"},{"link_name":"Anything Goes match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#No_Disqualification_match/No_Holds_Barred_match"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Luna Vachon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_Vachon"},{"link_name":"Gangrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrel"},{"link_name":"disqualified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling#Disqualification"},{"link_name":"WWF Intercontinental Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Intercontinental_Championship"},{"link_name":"Jeff Jarrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett"},{"link_name":"Chyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyna"},{"link_name":"pinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Sexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_tag_team_match_types#Intergender_tag_team_match"},{"link_name":"Debra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Tom Prichard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Prichard"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raw_-_09/27/1999-20"},{"link_name":"Good Housekeeping match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD_-_09/30/1999-21"},{"link_name":"first and only female Intercontinental Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WWE_Intercontinental_Champions"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMResults-23"},{"link_name":"World Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"After Triple H won the Six-Pack Challenge for the vacant WWF Championship at Unforgiven, The Rock wrestled Triple H in a match for the title on the September 27 episode of Raw is War.[20] However, the match ended in a no contest after interference by the British Bulldog. This earned Bulldog a title match with Triple H on the September 30 episode of SmackDown!, but the special guest referee Rock left the match.[21] Bulldog began his villainous turn by costing Rock a title match against Triple H in a Steel Cage match at Rebellion.[22] This led to a match between Rock and Bulldog at No Mercy, which Rock won.[23] On the other hand, Stone Cold Steve Austin was made the number one contender for the WWF Championship.[24] At No Mercy, Triple H defeated Austin in an Anything Goes match to retain the WWF Championship.[25]The striking WWF referees went back to work prior to the September 27 episode of Raw Is War. Luna Vachon returned to managing her then-husband Gangrel, helping him in his matchesAfter getting disqualified in her WWF Intercontinental Championship match against Jeff Jarrett at Unforgiven, Chyna continued to pursue the Intercontinental Championship. On the September 27 episode of Raw is War, Chyna pinned Jarrett in a Battle of the Sexes pitting Chyna and Debra against Jarrett and Tom Prichard. The pre-match stipulation was that Chyna would earn another Intercontinental Championship opportunity if she pinned Jarrett, and as a result, earned the opportunity.[20] On September 30, their match was made a Good Housekeeping match.[21] At No Mercy, Chyna defeated Jarrett in a Good Housekeeping match to become the first and only female Intercontinental Champion in WWF.[23] This match was Jarrett's last match in WWF as he left the promotion and joined rival promotion World Championship Wrestling (WCW).[26]WWF Women's Champion Ivory feuded with WWF Hall of Famers The Fabulous Moolah and Mae Young, culminating at No Mercy with Moolah defeating Ivory to become the oldest WWF Women's Champion in history at age 76.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"gimmick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Gimmick"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bleacher-29"},{"link_name":"urinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination"},{"link_name":"defecated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defecation"},{"link_name":"mated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bleacher-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"In 2017, Kevin Pantoja of 411Mania gave the event a rating of 5.5 [Not So Good], stating, \"Some good, some bad. The show started off horribly rough. Venis/Blackman, the European and Women’s Titles, and Acolytes/Dudleys didn’t do anything for me. Jarrett/Chyna was about as good as they could’ve done and I enjoyed the Tag Team Title match more than I expected. The Kennel from Hell is the only stain on the second half and it’s historically bad. However, Jericho/X-Pac turned things around and the main event was good enough for me to give this show a score above the average mark. Slight thumbs up, which didn’t happen often in 1999.\"[27]The Kennel From Hell match had negative reception. It has been called one of the worst gimmick matches in history,[28][29] as the dogs showed no hostility toward the competitors and instead urinated, defecated and even mated outside the ring.[29] WWF booker Vince Russo called it the worst booking of his career.[30] Wrestling Observer Newsletter awarded the match as the Worst Worked Match of the Year. PWInsider's Mike Johnson called it one of the worst PPVs ever.[31]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Jeff Jarrett defended the WWF Intercontinental Championship against Chyna at Unforgiven.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jarrett_WWF_1999.jpg/220px-Jarrett_WWF_1999.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chris Jericho faced X-Pac in his in ring WWF pay-per-view debut at Unforgiven.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Chris_jericho.jpg/220px-Chris_jericho.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stevie Richards interfered in The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) versus The Acolytes (Faarooq and Bradshaw) at Unforgiven.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Michaelmanna.jpg/220px-Michaelmanna.jpg"},{"image_text":"Triple H won the Six-Pack Challenge for the vacated WWF Championship at Unforgiven.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Triple_H.jpg/220px-Triple_H.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Cawthon, Graham (2013). The History of Professional Wrestling. Vol. 2: WWF 1990–1999. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ASIN B00RWUNSRS.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00RWUNSRS","url_text":"B00RWUNSRS"}]},{"reference":"\"Unforgiven 1999 Report\". Gerweck.net. May 27, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gerweck.net/2010/05/27/unforgiven-2/","url_text":"\"Unforgiven 1999 Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Live & Televised Entertainment of World Wrestling Entertainment\". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved September 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://corporate.wwe.com/company/events.jsp","url_text":"\"Live & Televised Entertainment of World Wrestling Entertainment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE","url_text":"World Wrestling Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mankind vs. Triple H w/ Chyna in a Triple Threat Match for the WWE Championship\". World Wrestling Entertainment. August 22, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/1999/mainevent","url_text":"\"Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mankind vs. Triple H w/ Chyna in a Triple Threat Match for the WWE Championship\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE","url_text":"World Wrestling Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"WWF Raw is War results\". PWWEW.net. August 23, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/raw/990823.htm","url_text":"\"WWF Raw is War results\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWF Raw is War results\". PWWEW.net. September 13, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/raw/990913.htm","url_text":"\"WWF Raw is War results\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWF SmackDown results\". PWWEW.net. September 16, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/smackdown/990916.htm","url_text":"\"WWF SmackDown results\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWF Raw is War results\". PWWEW.net. September 20, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/raw/990920.htm","url_text":"\"WWF Raw is War results\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWF SmackDown results\". PWWEW.net. September 23, 1999. Retrieved March 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/smackdown/990923.htm","url_text":"\"WWF SmackDown results\""}]},{"reference":"\"SummerSlam 1999 Report\". Gerweck.net. May 25, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gerweck.net/2010/05/25/summerslam-3/","url_text":"\"SummerSlam 1999 Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWF SmackDown results\". PWWEW.net. August 26, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/smackdown/990826.htm","url_text":"\"WWF SmackDown results\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWF SmackDown results\". PWWEW.net. September 2, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/smackdown/990902.htm","url_text":"\"WWF SmackDown results\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWF SmackDown results\". PWWEW.net. September 9, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/smackdown/990909.htm","url_text":"\"WWF SmackDown results\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWF Raw is War results\". PWWEW.net. August 30, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/raw/990830.htm","url_text":"\"WWF Raw is War results\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWF Raw is War results\". PWWEW.net. September 6, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/raw/990906.htm","url_text":"\"WWF Raw is War results\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWF SmackDown results\". PWWEW.net. September 23, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/smackdown/990923.htm","url_text":"\"WWF SmackDown results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unforgiven 1999 official results\". World Wrestling Entertainment. September 26, 1999. Retrieved September 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/unforgiven/history/1999/results","url_text":"\"Unforgiven 1999 official results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE","url_text":"World Wrestling Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"Yang, Rich (September 27, 1999). \"HHH regains title at Unforgiven\". SLAM! Wrestling. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130115061651/http://www.canoe.ca/SlamWrestlingArchive/sep27_unforgiven.html","url_text":"\"HHH regains title at Unforgiven\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Rock vs. British Bulldog vs. Big Show vs. Mankind vs. Kane vs. Triple H in a Six Pack Challenge for the vacant WWE Championship\". World Wrestling Entertainment. September 26, 1999. Retrieved September 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/unforgiven/history/1999/mainevent/","url_text":"\"The Rock vs. British Bulldog vs. Big Show vs. Mankind vs. Kane vs. Triple H in a Six Pack Challenge for the vacant WWE Championship\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE","url_text":"World Wrestling Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"WWF Raw is War results\". PWWEW.net. September 27, 1999. Retrieved September 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/raw/990927.htm","url_text":"\"WWF Raw is War results\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWF SmackDown results\". PWWEW.net. September 30, 1999. Retrieved September 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/smackdown/990930.htm","url_text":"\"WWF SmackDown results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rebellion 1999 Report\". Gerweck.net. May 27, 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gerweck.net/2010/05/27/rebellion/","url_text":"\"Rebellion 1999 Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"No Mercy 1999 official results\". World Wrestling Entertainment. October 17, 1999. Retrieved September 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/nomercy/history/1999/results","url_text":"\"No Mercy 1999 official results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment","url_text":"World Wrestling Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"WWF Raw is War results\". PWWEW.net. October 4, 1999. Retrieved September 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/raw/991004.htm","url_text":"\"WWF Raw is War results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Triple H vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin in an Anything Goes Match for the WWE Championship\". World Wrestling Entertainment. October 17, 1999. Retrieved September 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/nomercy/history/1999/mainevent/","url_text":"\"Triple H vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin in an Anything Goes Match for the WWE Championship\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE","url_text":"World Wrestling Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"Wrestler Profiles: Jeff Jarrett\". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved September 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/j/jeff-jarrett.html","url_text":"\"Wrestler Profiles: Jeff Jarrett\""}]},{"reference":"\"411Mania\".","urls":[{"url":"https://411mania.com/wrestling/kevins-random-reviews-wwf-unforgiven-1999/","url_text":"\"411Mania\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00RWUNSRS","external_links_name":"B00RWUNSRS"},{"Link":"http://www.gerweck.net/2010/05/27/unforgiven-2/","external_links_name":"\"Unforgiven 1999 Report\""},{"Link":"http://corporate.wwe.com/company/events.jsp","external_links_name":"\"Live & Televised Entertainment of World Wrestling Entertainment\""},{"Link":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/1999/mainevent","external_links_name":"\"Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mankind vs. Triple H w/ Chyna in a Triple Threat Match for the WWE Championship\""},{"Link":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/raw/990823.htm","external_links_name":"\"WWF Raw is War results\""},{"Link":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/raw/990913.htm","external_links_name":"\"WWF Raw is War results\""},{"Link":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/smackdown/990916.htm","external_links_name":"\"WWF SmackDown results\""},{"Link":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/raw/990920.htm","external_links_name":"\"WWF Raw is War results\""},{"Link":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/smackdown/990923.htm","external_links_name":"\"WWF SmackDown results\""},{"Link":"http://www.gerweck.net/2010/05/25/summerslam-3/","external_links_name":"\"SummerSlam 1999 Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/smackdown/990826.htm","external_links_name":"\"WWF SmackDown results\""},{"Link":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/smackdown/990902.htm","external_links_name":"\"WWF SmackDown results\""},{"Link":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/smackdown/990909.htm","external_links_name":"\"WWF SmackDown results\""},{"Link":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/raw/990830.htm","external_links_name":"\"WWF Raw is War results\""},{"Link":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/raw/990906.htm","external_links_name":"\"WWF Raw is War results\""},{"Link":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/smackdown/990923.htm","external_links_name":"\"WWF SmackDown results\""},{"Link":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/unforgiven/history/1999/results","external_links_name":"\"Unforgiven 1999 official results\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130115061651/http://www.canoe.ca/SlamWrestlingArchive/sep27_unforgiven.html","external_links_name":"\"HHH regains title at Unforgiven\""},{"Link":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/unforgiven/history/1999/mainevent/","external_links_name":"\"The Rock vs. British Bulldog vs. Big Show vs. Mankind vs. Kane vs. Triple H in a Six Pack Challenge for the vacant WWE Championship\""},{"Link":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/raw/990927.htm","external_links_name":"\"WWF Raw is War results\""},{"Link":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/smackdown/990930.htm","external_links_name":"\"WWF SmackDown results\""},{"Link":"http://www.gerweck.net/2010/05/27/rebellion/","external_links_name":"\"Rebellion 1999 Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/nomercy/history/1999/results","external_links_name":"\"No Mercy 1999 official results\""},{"Link":"http://www.pwwew.net/tv/raw/991004.htm","external_links_name":"\"WWF Raw is War results\""},{"Link":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/nomercy/history/1999/mainevent/","external_links_name":"\"Triple H vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin in an Anything Goes Match for the WWE Championship\""},{"Link":"http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/j/jeff-jarrett.html","external_links_name":"\"Wrestler Profiles: Jeff Jarrett\""},{"Link":"https://411mania.com/wrestling/kevins-random-reviews-wwf-unforgiven-1999/","external_links_name":"\"411Mania\""},{"Link":"http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/columns/228721","external_links_name":"Top 10 Worst Gimmick Matches"},{"Link":"http://bleacherreport.com/articles/951446-wwes-15-absolute-worst-matches-in-company-history/page/6","external_links_name":"WWE's 15 Absolute Worst Matches in Company History"},{"Link":"https://solowrestling.mundodeportivo.com/new/121862-vince-russo-revela-el-peor-booking-de-su-carrera","external_links_name":"https://solowrestling.mundodeportivo.com/new/121862-vince-russo-revela-el-peor-booking-de-su-carrera"},{"Link":"https://www.pwinsider.com/article/174564/what-is-a-texas-chainsaw-massacre-match-worth-worst-ppvs-to-force-on-someone-you-dont-like-omega-at-all-in-and-more.html?p=1","external_links_name":"https://www.pwinsider.com/article/174564/what-is-a-texas-chainsaw-massacre-match-worth-worst-ppvs-to-force-on-someone-you-dont-like-omega-at-all-in-and-more.html?p=1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120406063107/http://www.wwe.com/shows/unforgiven/1999/results","external_links_name":"Unforgiven 1999 official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Orange_Bowl
|
1948 Orange Bowl
|
["1 Background","2 Game summary","3 Aftermath","4 Statistics","5 References"]
|
College football game1948 Orange Bowl14th Orange Bowl
Kansas Jayhawks
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets
(8–0–2)
(9–1)
Big 6
SEC
14
20
Head coach: George Sauer
Head coach: Bobby Dodd
AP
12
AP
10
1234
Total
Kansas
0707
14
Georgia Tech
07130
20
DateJanuary 1, 1948Season1947StadiumBurdine StadiumLocationMiami, FloridaRefereeT. G. Kain (SEC;split crew: SEC, Big Six)Attendance59,578
Orange Bowl
< 1947
1949 >
The 1948 Orange Bowl featured the Kansas Jayhawks and the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets.
Background
Kansas had completed their second straight Big Six Conference title in their final year under Sauer, and were appearing in their first ever bowl game. The Yellow Jackets had finished 2nd in the Southeastern Conference, appearing in their second straight bowl game under Dodd, and their first Orange Bowl since 1945.
Game summary
The Jayhawks were a team not favored by many, with some favoring the Jackets as a 13 point favorite, and Georgia Tech took the lead first on a James Patton touchdown catch from Jim Stil. Ray Evans would respond with a touchdown run to make it 7-7 at halftime. Still would throw two touchdowns in the third quarter, one each to Billy Queen and Still to make it a 20-7 lead heading into the final quarter. But the Jayhawks would not back down as Evans caught a touchdown pass and narrowed the lead to 20-14, as Kansas was in position to drive for the win. But with :37 seconds left, quarterback Lynne McNutt fumbled on a quarterback sneak and in the ensuing pile, it was determined that Rollo Phillips of Georgia Tech recovered the ball, clinching the victory.
Aftermath
Sauer would leave Kansas after the game, and the Jayhawks would not return to a bowl game until 1961 nor return to the Orange Bowl until 1969. Georgia Tech would go to two more Orange Bowls under Dodd's tenure before his retirement in 1966.
Statistics
Statistics
GT
KU
First Downs
9
14
Yards Rushing
75
77
Yards Passing
129
158
Total Yards
204
235
Punts-Average
9-40.0
7/34.0
Fumbles-Lost
1-1
4-1
Interceptions
0
1
Penalties-Yards
10-70
5-37
References
^ "1948 Orange Bowl". Georgia Tech Football Media Guide. Georgia Tech Athletics. p. 272. Archived from the original on January 9, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
^ "1948 players revisit Orange Bowl experience".
^ "The 1940s | Orange Bowl".
^ "KU History".
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 9, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
vte1947–48 NCAA football bowl game season
Cotton (Jan. 1)
Delta (Jan. 1)
Dixie (Jan. 1)
Gator (Jan. 1)
Harbor (Jan. 1)
Orange (Jan. 1)
Rose (Jan. 1)
Salad (Jan. 1)
Sugar (Jan. 1)
Sun (Jan. 1)
Tangerine (Jan. 1)
vteOrange BowlHistory & conference tie-ins
History
Miami Orange Bowl
Hard Rock Stadium
College Football Playoff
Broadcasters
Atlantic Coast Conference
Big Ten Conference
Southeastern Conference
Notre Dame
Games
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996 (January)
1996 (December)
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014 (January)
2014 (December)
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2021 (January)
2021 (December)
2022
2023
Notes
The game was also the national title game (Bowl Coalition, Bowl Alliance, or Bowl Championship Series) in 1994, 1995, 1998, 2001, and 2005.
There was an Orange Bowl in January and December in 1996, 2014, and 2021.
The 2015, 2018, and 2021 (December) editions were College Football Playoff semifinals.
vteGeorgia Tech Yellow Jackets bowl games
1929 Rose Bowl
1940 Orange Bowl
1943 Cotton Bowl Classic
1944 Sugar Bowl
1945 Orange Bowl
1947 Oil Bowl
1948 Orange Bowl
1952 Orange Bowl
1953 Sugar Bowl
1954 Sugar Bowl
1955 Cotton Bowl Classic
1956 Sugar Bowl
1956 Gator Bowl
1960 Gator Bowl
1961 Gator Bowl
1962 Bluebonnet Bowl
1965 Gator Bowl
1967 Orange Bowl
1970 Sun Bowl
1971 Peach Bowl
1972 Liberty Bowl
1978 Peach Bowl
1985 Hall of Fame Classic
1991 Florida Citrus Bowl
1991 Aloha Bowl
1997 Carquest Bowl
1999 Gator Bowl
2000 Gator Bowl
2000 Peach Bowl
2001 Seattle Bowl
2002 Silicon Valley Football Classic
2004 Humanitarian Bowl
2004 Champs Sports Bowl
2005 Emerald Bowl
2007 Gator Bowl
2007 Humanitarian Bowl
2008 Chick-fil-A Bowl
2010 Orange Bowl
2010 Independence Bowl
2011 Sun Bowl
2012 Sun Bowl
2013 Music City Bowl
2014 Orange Bowl
2016 TaxSlayer Bowl
2018 Quick Lane Bowl
2023 Gasparilla Bowl
vteKansas Jayhawks bowl games
1948 Orange Bowl
1961 Bluebonnet Bowl
1969 Orange Bowl
1973 Liberty Bowl
1975 Sun Bowl
1981 Hall of Fame Classic
1992 Aloha Bowl
1995 Aloha Bowl
2003 Tangerine Bowl
2005 Fort Worth Bowl
2008 Orange Bowl
2008 Insight Bowl
2022 Liberty Bowl
2023 Guaranteed Rate Bowl
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas Jayhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks_football"},{"link_name":"Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football"}],"text":"College football gameThe 1948 Orange Bowl featured the Kansas Jayhawks and the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets.","title":"1948 Orange Bowl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Six Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Six_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"}],"text":"Kansas had completed their second straight Big Six Conference title in their final year under Sauer, and were appearing in their first ever bowl game. The Yellow Jackets had finished 2nd in the Southeastern Conference, appearing in their second straight bowl game under Dodd, and their first Orange Bowl since 1945.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Evans_(halfback)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfmg-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Jayhawks were a team not favored by many, with some favoring the Jackets as a 13 point favorite, and Georgia Tech took the lead first on a James Patton touchdown catch from Jim Stil. Ray Evans would respond with a touchdown run to make it 7-7 at halftime. Still would throw two touchdowns in the third quarter, one each to Billy Queen and Still to make it a 20-7 lead heading into the final quarter. But the Jayhawks would not back down as Evans caught a touchdown pass and narrowed the lead to 20-14, as Kansas was in position to drive for the win. But with :37 seconds left, quarterback Lynne McNutt fumbled on a quarterback sneak and in the ensuing pile, it was determined that Rollo Phillips of Georgia Tech recovered the ball, clinching the victory.[1]\n[2][3][4][5]","title":"Game summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sauer would leave Kansas after the game, and the Jayhawks would not return to a bowl game until 1961 nor return to the Orange Bowl until 1969. Georgia Tech would go to two more Orange Bowls under Dodd's tenure before his retirement in 1966.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"1948 Orange Bowl\". Georgia Tech Football Media Guide. Georgia Tech Athletics. p. 272. Archived from the original on January 9, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150109053613/http://www.ramblinwreck.com/auto_pdf/p_hotos/s_chools/geot/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/03mg-bowls","url_text":"\"1948 Orange Bowl\""},{"url":"http://www.ramblinwreck.com/auto_pdf/p_hotos/s_chools/geot/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/03mg-bowls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1948 players revisit Orange Bowl experience\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2008/jan/01/1948_players_revisit_orange_bowl_experience/","url_text":"\"1948 players revisit Orange Bowl experience\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 1940s | Orange Bowl\".","urls":[{"url":"http://game.orangebowl.org/orange-bowl-history/the-history-of-the-orange-bowl/1940s/1948/","url_text":"\"The 1940s | Orange Bowl\""}]},{"reference":"\"KU History\".","urls":[{"url":"http://kuhistory.com/articles/orange-you-just-crushed/","url_text":"\"KU History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on January 9, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150109053613/http://www.ramblinwreck.com/auto_pdf/p_hotos/s_chools/geot/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/03mg-bowls","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.ramblinwreck.com/auto_pdf/p_hotos/s_chools/geot/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/03mg-bowls","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150109053613/http://www.ramblinwreck.com/auto_pdf/p_hotos/s_chools/geot/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/03mg-bowls","external_links_name":"\"1948 Orange Bowl\""},{"Link":"http://www.ramblinwreck.com/auto_pdf/p_hotos/s_chools/geot/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/03mg-bowls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2008/jan/01/1948_players_revisit_orange_bowl_experience/","external_links_name":"\"1948 players revisit Orange Bowl experience\""},{"Link":"http://game.orangebowl.org/orange-bowl-history/the-history-of-the-orange-bowl/1940s/1948/","external_links_name":"\"The 1940s | Orange Bowl\""},{"Link":"http://kuhistory.com/articles/orange-you-just-crushed/","external_links_name":"\"KU History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150109053613/http://www.ramblinwreck.com/auto_pdf/p_hotos/s_chools/geot/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/03mg-bowls","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.ramblinwreck.com/auto_pdf/p_hotos/s_chools/geot/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/03mg-bowls","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathi_Eljahmi
|
Fathi Eljahmi
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Fathi EljahmiBorn(1941-04-04)April 4, 1941DiedMay 21, 2009(2009-05-21) (aged 68)Amman, JordanNationalityLibyanKnown forPolitical dissident
Fathi Eljahmi (Arabic: فتحي الجهمي) (4 April 1941 – 21 May 2009) was Libya's "most prominent democratic dissident" for three decades up until his death, and received significant international attention.
He was arrested in October 2002 and sentenced to five years in prison for stating at a 'People's Conference' in Tripoli that reform in Libya would require a constitution, free speech and democracy. He was briefly released in March 2004 after U.S. Senator Joe Biden met with Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, and then re-imprisoned after calling for democratization of Libya in a television interview. In early 2004 he, his wife, and his eldest son were taken into custody.
The Libyan government claimed that Eljahmi was put on trial in late 2005, accused of the capital charges of "trying to overthrow the government, insulting Col. Gaddafi and contacting foreign authorities, after he talked to a US diplomat." Physicians for Human Rights reported at the time that he was receiving inadequate care for heart disease and diabetes. During her visit to Libya, the United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice pleaded for Eljahmi's release from solitary detention. Eljahmi remained imprisoned. Writing in Forbes in 2009, Fathi's brother Mohamed criticised the lack of support that Eljahmi had received from human rights organisations, stating that "for nearly a year, both Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch hesitated to advocate publicly for Fathi's case, because they feared their case workers might lose access to Libyan visas."
Eljahmi died on 21 May 2009 in Amman, Jordan, where he had been evacuated for emergency medical treatment after falling into a coma in Libyan custody.
References
^ a b c "Gadhafi gets more than he deserves". Retrieved 2008-08-23.
^ a b c All Things Considered (2009-05-30). "Libyan Human Rights Activist Dies". NPR. Retrieved 2013-06-07.
^ a b Support Builds for Libyan Dissident, by Nora Boustany, Washington Post, Nov 16, 2006
^ a b For a Critic, Libya's Nascent Openness Doesn't Apply, by Craig S. Smith, New York Times, Dec 27, 2004
^ a b c Trial fears for Libyan dissident, BBC News, May 5, 2006
^ Are We Keeping Faith? Meet Fathi Eljahmi, a Libyan freedom-fighter, by Claudia Rosett, Wall Street Journal, March 24, 2004
^ Dial a Dissident:Why won't Gadhafi let Fathi Eljahmi answer his phone?, by Claudia Rosett, Wall Street Journal, April 7, 2004
^ Will Anyone Answer? "Tell them we are ready for democracy": a Libyan dissident's message to Washington, by Claudia Rosett, Wall Street Journal, June 15, 2005
^ John Phillips (2008-09-09). "Libya rejects US prisoner plea". The Independent.
^ "Don't Let My Brother's Death Be In Vain". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2013-06-07.
External links
Libya portalBiography portal
Amnesty International report.
Dissident Watch: Fathi El-Jahmi, Middle East Quarterly, meet the man Mu'ammar al-Gadhafi doesn't want anyone to meet.
Free Fathi El Jahmi Petition
Weekly Update, Foundation for Defense of Democracies, Nov 9, 2004
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"dissident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissident"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canadafreepress-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo111506-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt122704-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-5"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution"},{"link_name":"free speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_speech"},{"link_name":"democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Libyan leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo111506-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt122704-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canadafreepress-1"},{"link_name":"democratization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-5"},{"link_name":"Physicians for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicians_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"heart disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_disease"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-2"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Condoleezza Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice"},{"link_name":"solitary detention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_confinement"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canadafreepress-1"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-2"}],"text":"Fathi Eljahmi (Arabic: فتحي الجهمي) (4 April 1941 – 21 May 2009) was Libya's \"most prominent democratic dissident\"[1] for three decades up until his death,[2] and received significant international attention.[3][4][5]He was arrested in October 2002 and sentenced to five years in prison for stating at a 'People's Conference' in Tripoli that reform in Libya would require a constitution, free speech and democracy.[6] He was briefly released in March 2004 after U.S. Senator Joe Biden met with Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi,[3][4] and then re-imprisoned[1] after calling for democratization of Libya in a television interview.[5] In early 2004 he, his wife, and his eldest son were taken into custody.[7][8]The Libyan government claimed that Eljahmi was put on trial in late 2005, accused of the capital charges of \"trying to overthrow the government, insulting Col. Gaddafi and contacting foreign authorities, after he talked to a US diplomat.\"[5] Physicians for Human Rights reported at the time that he was receiving inadequate care for heart disease and diabetes.[2] During her visit to Libya, the United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice pleaded for Eljahmi's release from solitary detention.[9] Eljahmi remained imprisoned.[1] Writing in Forbes in 2009, Fathi's brother Mohamed criticised the lack of support that Eljahmi had received from human rights organisations, stating that \"for nearly a year, both Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch hesitated to advocate publicly for Fathi's case, because they feared their case workers might lose access to Libyan visas.\"[10]Eljahmi died on 21 May 2009 in Amman, Jordan, where he had been evacuated for emergency medical treatment after falling into a coma in Libyan custody.[2]","title":"Fathi Eljahmi"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Gadhafi gets more than he deserves\". Retrieved 2008-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canadafreepress.com/2007/rosett090607.htm","url_text":"\"Gadhafi gets more than he deserves\""}]},{"reference":"All Things Considered (2009-05-30). \"Libyan Human Rights Activist Dies\". NPR. Retrieved 2013-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104755971","url_text":"\"Libyan Human Rights Activist Dies\""}]},{"reference":"John Phillips (2008-09-09). \"Libya rejects US prisoner plea\". The Independent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/libya-rejects-us-prisoner-plea-921717.html","url_text":"\"Libya rejects US prisoner plea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don't Let My Brother's Death Be In Vain\". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2013-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/2009/06/15/fathi-eljahmi-libya-opinions-contributors-human-rights.html","url_text":"\"Don't Let My Brother's Death Be In Vain\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.canadafreepress.com/2007/rosett090607.htm","external_links_name":"\"Gadhafi gets more than he deserves\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104755971","external_links_name":"\"Libyan Human Rights Activist Dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/15/AR2006111501576_pf.html","external_links_name":"Support Builds for Libyan Dissident"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/27/international/africa/27libya.html?_r=1&n=Top%2FNews%2FWorld%2FCountries%20and%20Territories%2FLibya&oref=slogin","external_links_name":"For a Critic, Libya's Nascent Openness Doesn't Apply"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4975084.stm","external_links_name":"Trial fears for Libyan dissident"},{"Link":"http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/cRosett/?id=110004857","external_links_name":"Are We Keeping Faith? Meet Fathi Eljahmi, a Libyan freedom-fighter"},{"Link":"http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/cRosett/?id=110004917","external_links_name":"Dial a Dissident:Why won't Gadhafi let Fathi Eljahmi answer his phone?"},{"Link":"http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/cRosett/?id=110006820","external_links_name":"Will Anyone Answer? \"Tell them we are ready for democracy\": a Libyan dissident's message to Washington"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/libya-rejects-us-prisoner-plea-921717.html","external_links_name":"\"Libya rejects US prisoner plea\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/2009/06/15/fathi-eljahmi-libya-opinions-contributors-human-rights.html","external_links_name":"\"Don't Let My Brother's Death Be In Vain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041012160901/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE190172004","external_links_name":"Amnesty International report."},{"Link":"http://www.meforum.org/article/681","external_links_name":"Dissident Watch: Fathi El-Jahmi"},{"Link":"http://www.freefathieljahmi.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Free Fathi El Jahmi Petition"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004558/http://www.defenddemocracy.org/archive/archive_newsletter.htm?issue_id=1343","external_links_name":"Weekly Update"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Wincott
|
Len Wincott
|
["1 Childhood and early naval career","2 Invergordon Mutiny, September 1931","3 Communist Party activist","4 In the Soviet Union","5 Sources","6 References"]
|
English sailor, mutineer and communist activist who later defected to the Soviet Union
Len Wincott (1907 – January 1983) was an English sailor, mutineer and communist activist who later defected to the Soviet Union.
Childhood and early naval career
Len Wincott was born in poverty in Leicester in 1907. Having few other options, he joined the Royal Navy as a boy seaman in 1923 after time at the training centre for boys at Shotley in Suffolk. Despite the low pay and low peacetime prospects, the navy provided him with a degree of security. His service record up to the end of 1929 is at The National Archives (piece ADM 188/861) and shows a model seaman.
Invergordon Mutiny, September 1931
Main article: Invergordon Mutiny
In September 1931, as part of its attempts to deal with the Great Depression, the new National Government launched cuts to public spending. Navy spending cuts were translated into a 10% pay cut (matching 10% cuts across the board for public sector workers). However, the cuts were not applied equally to all ranks. Sailors of the Atlantic Fleet, arriving at Invergordon (on the Cromarty Firth in Scotland) in the afternoon of Friday 11 September, learned about the cuts from newspaper reports. Wincott – then a 24-year-old able seaman serving on the Norfolk, organised meetings which prevented the cruiser from moving for two days.
The mutiny lasted two days (15–16 September 1931). Wincott, with another able seaman – Fred Copeman – became a member of the Norfolk's strike committee. Although the mutiny was entirely peaceful, the Royal Navy imprisoned dozens of the ringleaders and dismissed hundreds more, Wincott among them.
Communist Party activist
Shortly after being discharged from the Royal Navy, he became involved with the Communist Party speaking at meetings up and down Britain. During this time according to The National Archives, he was being followed, and his mail was intercepted by MI5. Wincott mentions in his memoirs that he was aware of being followed and of his letters being read, he named one of the informers as disaffected shipmate, Terry Gentry. Partly as a result of being under surveillance by MI5, he decided to defect to the Soviet Union in 1934. In his memoirs he claims to have done so on the advice of Harry Pollitt the General Secretary of the British Communist Party, who reportedly assured him that it was only a matter of time till the whole world became Communist, and that he was lucky to jump the queue.
In the Soviet Union
In the Soviet Union, Wincott was given the status of a hero and received VIP treatment. Soviet propaganda elevated him to a symbol of the British working class, struggling for their rights. He settled in Leningrad where he joined the Anglo-American section of the International Seamen's Club. His job here was to indoctrinate Western crew members on shore leave into the virtues of Communism. During the Second World War he survived through the nearly 900 days Siege of Leningrad, but shortly after the war his luck ran out.
In 1946, he was accused of being a British spy and duly arrested by the NKVD. After a show trial he was sentenced to a long term in the Gulag. At one time he was in the same labour camp as Victor Louis. After spending nearly eleven years in labour camps he was only rehabilitated during the onset of Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation campaign in 1956. After his release, he became a friend of Donald Maclean and contributed articles for the Anglo-Soviet Friendship Society magazine.
Apart from a visit to England in 1974 Wincott spent the rest of his life in the Soviet Union. He met and married his fourth wife in the Gulag and he died in Moscow in January 1983. According to his last wishes, his ashes were scattered over Devonport Harbour.
Sources
Len Wincott, Invergordon Mutineer, Weidenfeld, London 1974 – memoirs
Leonard Wincott National Archives
Alan Ereira, The Invergordon Mutiny, Routledge, London 1981 – popular account of the mutiny by a BBC producer
John Miller, All Them Cornfields and Ballet in the Evenings, Hodgson Press, London, 2010 – autobiography
"Naval mutineer", Memoirs held at Churchill Archives Centre
References
^ Invergordon Mutineer.
^ Invergordon Mutineer.
^ "Socialist Worker: Retrospective article on Invergordon". Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
^ The National Archives
^ Invergordon Mutineer.
^ All Them Cornfields and Ballet in the Evenings p. 131.
^ All Them Cornfields and Ballet in the Evenings p. 131.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"}],"text":"Len Wincott (1907 – January 1983) was an English sailor, mutineer and communist activist who later defected to the Soviet Union.","title":"Len Wincott"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"boy seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_seaman"},{"link_name":"training centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNTE_Shotley"},{"link_name":"Shotley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotley,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The National Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)"}],"text":"Len Wincott was born in poverty in Leicester in 1907. Having few other options, he joined the Royal Navy as a boy seaman in 1923 after time at the training centre for boys at Shotley in Suffolk.[1] Despite the low pay and low peacetime prospects, the navy provided him with a degree of security. His service record up to the end of 1929 is at The National Archives (piece ADM 188/861) and shows a model seaman.","title":"Childhood and early naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Fleet_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Invergordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invergordon"},{"link_name":"Cromarty Firth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromarty_Firth"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Norfolk_(78)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fred Copeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Copeman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In September 1931, as part of its attempts to deal with the Great Depression, the new National Government launched cuts to public spending. Navy spending cuts were translated into a 10% pay cut (matching 10% cuts across the board for public sector workers). However, the cuts were not applied equally to all ranks. Sailors of the Atlantic Fleet, arriving at Invergordon (on the Cromarty Firth in Scotland) in the afternoon of Friday 11 September, learned about the cuts from newspaper reports. Wincott – then a 24-year-old able seaman serving on the Norfolk, organised meetings which prevented the cruiser from moving for two days.[2]The mutiny lasted two days (15–16 September 1931). Wincott, with another able seaman – Fred Copeman – became a member of the Norfolk's strike committee. Although the mutiny was entirely peaceful, the Royal Navy imprisoned dozens of the ringleaders and dismissed hundreds more, Wincott among them.[3]","title":"Invergordon Mutiny, September 1931"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"The National Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"MI5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"MI5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Harry Pollitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Pollitt"},{"link_name":"British Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Shortly after being discharged from the Royal Navy, he became involved with the Communist Party speaking at meetings up and down Britain. During this time according to The National Archives, he was being followed, and his mail was intercepted by MI5.[4] Wincott mentions in his memoirs that he was aware of being followed and of his letters being read, he named one of the informers as disaffected shipmate, Terry Gentry. Partly as a result of being under surveillance by MI5, he decided to defect to the Soviet Union in 1934. In his memoirs he claims to have done so on the advice of Harry Pollitt the General Secretary of the British Communist Party, who reportedly assured him that it was only a matter of time till the whole world became Communist, and that he was lucky to jump the queue.[5]","title":"Communist Party activist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIP"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Siege of Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad"},{"link_name":"NKVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD"},{"link_name":"show trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_trial"},{"link_name":"Gulag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag"},{"link_name":"Victor Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Louis_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"labour camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_camps"},{"link_name":"rehabilitated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)"},{"link_name":"Nikita Khrushchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"de-Stalinisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-Stalinisation"},{"link_name":"Donald Maclean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(spy)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gulag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Devonport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonport,_Plymouth"}],"text":"In the Soviet Union, Wincott was given the status of a hero and received VIP treatment. Soviet propaganda elevated him to a symbol of the British working class, struggling for their rights. He settled in Leningrad where he joined the Anglo-American section of the International Seamen's Club. His job here was to indoctrinate Western crew members on shore leave into the virtues of Communism. During the Second World War he survived through the nearly 900 days Siege of Leningrad, but shortly after the war his luck ran out.In 1946, he was accused of being a British spy and duly arrested by the NKVD. After a show trial he was sentenced to a long term in the Gulag. At one time he was in the same labour camp as Victor Louis.[6] After spending nearly eleven years in labour camps he was only rehabilitated during the onset of Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation campaign in 1956. After his release, he became a friend of Donald Maclean and contributed articles for the Anglo-Soviet Friendship Society magazine.[7]Apart from a visit to England in 1974 Wincott spent the rest of his life in the Soviet Union. He met and married his fourth wife in the Gulag and he died in Moscow in January 1983. According to his last wishes, his ashes were scattered over Devonport Harbour.","title":"In the Soviet Union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonard Wincott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=8095707&CATLN=6&accessmethod=5&j=1"},{"link_name":"National Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Alan Ereira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Ereira"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"John Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Miller_(journalist_and_author)"},{"link_name":"\"Naval mutineer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1695"},{"link_name":"Churchill Archives Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Archives_Centre"}],"text":"Len Wincott, Invergordon Mutineer, Weidenfeld, London 1974 – memoirs\nLeonard Wincott National Archives\nAlan Ereira, The Invergordon Mutiny, Routledge, London 1981 – popular account of the mutiny by a BBC producer\nJohn Miller, All Them Cornfields and Ballet in the Evenings, Hodgson Press, London, 2010 – autobiography\n\"Naval mutineer\", Memoirs held at Churchill Archives Centre","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Socialist Worker: Retrospective article on Invergordon\". Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120209151008/http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/article.php?article_id=9794","url_text":"\"Socialist Worker: Retrospective article on Invergordon\""},{"url":"http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/article.php?article_id=9794","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=8095707&CATLN=6&accessmethod=5&j=1","external_links_name":"Leonard Wincott"},{"Link":"https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1695","external_links_name":"\"Naval mutineer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120209151008/http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/article.php?article_id=9794","external_links_name":"\"Socialist Worker: Retrospective article on Invergordon\""},{"Link":"http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/article.php?article_id=9794","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=8095707&CATLN=6&accessmethod=5&j=1","external_links_name":"The National Archives"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weres
|
Weres
|
["1 References"]
|
Mummy's-pillow/headrest-themed amulet
Jasper amulet of a headrest
The Weres was an amulet that symbolically represented the pillow or headrest under the head of an Egyptian mummy. They were placed under the mummy's head to protect it from damage. The Weres amulet was often inscribed with a spell which read: "Their enemies have no power to cut off the heads of the deceased. The deceased shall cut off the heads of their enemies." Weres amulets were sometimes placed in mummy wrappings to magically protect and lift the head of the deceased.
Chapter 125 of the Egyptian Book of the Dead refers to the headrest:
Thou art lifted up, O sick one that lies prostrate. They lift up thy head to the horizon, thou art raised up, and triumphs because of what has been done for thee. Thou art Horus son of Hathor,...who givest back the land after slaughter. Thy head shall not be carried away from thee. Thy head shall never, never be carried away from thee...
References
^ Pat Remler, Egyptian Mythology A to Z: A Young Readers Companion, Facts on File Inc., 2000. p.170
^ Remler, op. cit., p.170
^ Remler, op. cit., p.170
^ Remler, op. cit., p.170
vteAncient Egypt topics
Glossary of artifacts
Index
Main topics
Agriculture
Architecture
Revival
Obelisks
Pylon
Art
Portraiture
Astronomy
Chronology
Cities
List
Clothing
Ancient Egyptian race controversy
Population history of Egypt
Prehistoric Egypt
Cuisine
Dance
Dynasties
Funerary practices
Geography
Great Royal Wives
List
Hieroglyphs
Cursive hieroglyphs
History
Language
Demotic
Hieratic
Literature
Mathematics
Medicine
Military
Music
Mythology
People
Pharaohs
List
Titulary
Philosophy
Pottery
Religion
Scribes
Sites
Capitals
District
Technology
Trade
Egypt–Mesopotamia relations
Egyptology
Egyptologists
Museums
Ancient Egypt portal
Category
Commons
Outline
WikiProject
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jasper_amulet_of_headrest_MET_DP121808.jpg"},{"link_name":"amulet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Book of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"Horus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus"},{"link_name":"Hathor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Jasper amulet of a headrestThe Weres was an amulet that symbolically represented the pillow or headrest under the head of an Egyptian mummy.[1] They were placed under the mummy's head to protect it from damage. The Weres amulet was often inscribed with a spell which read: \"Their enemies have no power to cut off the heads of the deceased. The deceased shall cut off the heads of their enemies.\"[2] Weres amulets were sometimes placed in mummy wrappings to magically protect and lift the head of the deceased.[3]Chapter 125 of the Egyptian Book of the Dead refers to the headrest:Thou art lifted up, O sick one that lies prostrate. They lift up thy head to the horizon, thou art raised up, and triumphs because of what has been done for thee. Thou art Horus son of Hathor,...who givest back the land after slaughter. Thy head shall not be carried away from thee. Thy head shall never, never be carried away from thee...[4]","title":"Weres"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Jasper amulet of a headrest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jasper_amulet_of_headrest_MET_DP121808.jpg/220px-Jasper_amulet_of_headrest_MET_DP121808.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
|
[]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oregon_state_parks
|
List of Oregon state parks
|
[]
|
class=notpageimage| Oregon State Parks (Hover mouse over pog to pop up clickable link.)
This is a list of state parks and other facilities managed by the State Parks and Recreation Department of Oregon.
The variety of locales and amenities of the parks reflect the diverse geography of Oregon, including beaches, forests, lakes, rock pinnacles, and deserts. The state parks offer many outdoor recreation opportunities, such as overnight camping facilities, day hiking, fishing, boating, historic sites, astronomy, and scenic rest stops and viewpoints. Oregon State Parks celebrated its 100-year anniversary in 2022 with events throughout the year.
Regions
The Parks and Recreation Department classifies its parks according to these regions:
North Coast – From the Columbia River to just south of Lincoln City
Central Coast – From Lincoln City to Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area
South Coast – From the Dunes NRA to California
Willamette Valley – From the south edge of the Portland metro area south to Cottage Grove
Southern Oregon – South of the Willamette Valley, from the coast range east through Lake County
Portland/Columbia Gorge – Columbia County and the northern Willamette Valley and east along the Columbia River where it passes through the Cascade Range
Central Oregon – The northern half of the high plateau Great Basin east of the Cascades
Eastern Oregon – The eastern forty percent of the state
Park name
Type
Region
Parkwebsite
Yearround
Camping
Close to
Goose Lake State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Southern Oregon
-
Yes
Lakeview
Frenchglen Hotel State Heritage Site
Heritage site
Eastern Oregon
-
-
Burns
Ontario State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Eastern Oregon
-
-
Ontario
Farewell Bend State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Eastern Oregon
Yes
Yes
Ontario
Kam Wah Chung State Heritage Site
Heritage site
Eastern Oregon
-
-
John Day
Unity Forest State Scenic Corridor
Scenic corridor
Eastern Oregon
-
-
John Day
Unity Lake State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Eastern Oregon
-
Yes
John Day
Clyde Holliday State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Eastern Oregon
-
Yes
John Day
Succor Creek State Natural Area
Natural area
Eastern Oregon
-
Yes
Nyssa
Lake Owyhee State Park
State park
Eastern Oregon
-
Yes
Nyssa
Catherine Creek State Park
State park
Eastern Oregon
-
Yes
Union
Hat Rock State Park
State park
Eastern Oregon
-
-
Umatilla
Hilgard Junction State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Eastern Oregon
-
Yes
La Grande
Red Bridge State Wayside
Wayside
Eastern Oregon
-
Yes
La Grande
Ukiah–Dale Forest State Scenic Corridor
Scenic corridor
Eastern Oregon
-
Yes
Ukiah
Emigrant Springs State Heritage Area
Heritage area
Eastern Oregon
Yes
Yes
Pendleton
Wallowa Lake Highway Forest State Scenic Corridor
Scenic corridor
Eastern Oregon
-
-
Enterprise
Wallowa River Rest Area
Rest area
Eastern Oregon
-
-
La Grande
Minam State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Eastern Oregon
-
Yes
Elgin
Wallowa Lake State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Eastern Oregon
Yes
Yes
Joseph
Iwetemlaykin State Heritage Site
Heritage site
Eastern Oregon
Yes
No
Joseph
Casey State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Southern Oregon
-
-
Medford
Prospect State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
Southern Oregon
-
-
Prospect
Joseph H. Stewart State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Southern Oregon
-
Yes
Medford
The Cove Palisades State Park
State park
Central Oregon
Yes
Yes
Madras
Jasper Point Campground
Campground
Central Oregon
-
Yes
Prineville
Prineville Reservoir State Park
State park
Central Oregon
Yes
Yes
Prineville
Heritage Landing (Deschutes)
Boat launch (across from Deschutes River SRA)
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
The Dalles
White River Falls State Park
State park
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
The Dalles
Deschutes River State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Portland/Columbia Gorge
Yes
Yes
The Dalles
Cline Falls State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
Central Oregon
-
-
Redmond
Fort Rock State Natural Area
Natural area
Central Oregon
-
Yes
Fort Rock
La Pine State Park
State park
Central Oregon
Yes
Yes
La Pine
Pilot Butte State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
Central Oregon
-
-
Bend
Tumalo State Park
State park
Central Oregon
Yes
Yes
Bend
Peter Skene Ogden State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
Central Oregon
Yes
-
Redmond
Smith Rock State Park
State park
Central Oregon
-
Yes
Redmond
Booth State Scenic Corridor
Scenic corridor
Southern Oregon
-
-
Lakeview
Chandler State Wayside
Wayside
Southern Oregon
-
-
Lakeview
Geisel Monument State Heritage Site
Heritage site
South Coast
-
-
Gold Beach
Humbug Mountain State Park
State park
South Coast
Yes
Yes
Port Orford
Otter Point State Recreation Site
Recreation site
South Coast
-
-
Gold Beach
Paradise Point State Recreation Site
Recreation site
South Coast
-
-
Port Orford
Port Orford Heads State Park
State park
South Coast
-
-
Port Orford
Cape Blanco State Park
State park
South Coast
Yes
Yes
Port Orford
Bandon State Natural Area
Natural area
South Coast
-
-
Bandon
Coquille Myrtle Grove State Natural Site
Natural site
South Coast
-
-
Myrtle Point
Face Rock State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
South Coast
-
-
Bandon
Hoffman Memorial State Wayside
Wayside
South Coast
-
-
Myrtle Point
Seven Devils State Recreation Site
Recreation site
South Coast
-
-
Bandon
Bullards Beach State Park
State park
South Coast
Yes
Yes
Bandon
Alfred A. Loeb State Park
State park
South Coast
Yes
Yes
Brookings
Cape Sebastian State Scenic Corridor
Scenic corridor
South Coast
Yes
-
Gold Beach
Crissey Field State Recreation Site
Recreation site
South Coast
-
-
Brookings
McVay Rock State Recreation Site
Recreation site
South Coast
Yes
-
Brookings
Pistol River State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
South Coast
Yes
-
Gold Beach
Samuel H. Boardman State Scenic Corridor
Scenic corridor
South Coast
Yes
-
Brookings
Winchuck State Recreation Site
Recreation site
South Coast
Yes
-
Brookings
Harris Beach State Recreation Area
Recreation area
South Coast
Yes
Yes
Brookings
Alderwood State Wayside
Wayside
Willamette Valley
-
-
Junction City
Elijah Bristow State Park
State park
Willamette Valley
-
-
Eugene
Washburne State Wayside
Wayside
Willamette Valley
Yes
-
Junction City
Mongold Day-Use Area
Boat launch (part of Detroit Lake SRA)
Willamette Valley
-
-
Detroit
North Santiam State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Willamette Valley
Yes
-
Mill City
Detroit Lake State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Willamette Valley
-
Yes
Detroit
Cape Arago State Park
State park
South Coast
Yes
-
Coos Bay
Golden and Silver Falls State Natural Area
Natural area
South Coast
Yes
-
Coos Bay
Shore Acres State Park
State park
South Coast
Yes
-
Coos Bay
William M. Tugman State Park
State park
South Coast
Yes
Yes
Reedsport
Sunset Bay State Park
State park
South Coast
Yes
Yes
Coos Bay
Illinois River Forks State Park
State park
Southern Oregon
-
-
Cave Junction
TouVelle State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Southern Oregon
Yes
-
Medford
Tub Springs State Wayside
Wayside
Southern Oregon
-
-
Ashland
Wolf Creek Inn State Heritage Site
Heritage site
Southern Oregon
Yes
-
Grants Pass
Valley of the Rogue State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Southern Oregon
Yes
Yes
Grants Pass
Bald Peak State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
Newberg
Molalla River State Park
State park
Portland/Columbia Gorge
Yes
-
Canby
Champoeg State Heritage Area
Heritage area
Willamette Valley
Yes
Yes
Newberg
Beaver Creek State Natural Area
State park
Central Coast
Yes
-
Newport
Bolon Island Tideways State Scenic Corridor
Scenic corridor
Central Coast
-
-
Reedsport
Darlingtonia State Natural Site
Natural site
Central Coast
Yes
-
Florence
Governor Patterson Memorial State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Central Coast
-
-
Waldport
Umpqua Lighthouse State Park
State park
Central Coast
Yes
Yes
Reedsport
Beachside State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Central Coast
-
Yes
Waldport
Carl G. Washburne Memorial State Park
State park
Central Coast
Yes
Yes
Florence
Heceta Head Lighthouse State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
Central Coast
Yes
-
Florence
Muriel O. Ponsler Memorial State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
Central Coast
Yes
-
Florence
Neptune State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
Central Coast
Yes
-
Yachats
Smelt Sands State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Central Coast
-
-
Yachats
Tokatee Klootchman State Natural Site
Natural site
Central Coast
Yes
-
Florence
Stonefield Beach State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Central Coast
-
-
Yachats
W. B. Nelson State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Central Coast
-
-
Waldport
Yachats Ocean Road State Natural Site
Natural site
Central Coast
-
-
Yachats
Yachats State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Central Coast
-
-
Yachats
Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park
State park
Central Coast
Yes
Yes
Florence
Erratic Rock State Natural Site
Natural site
Willamette Valley
Yes
-
Sheridan
Holman State Wayside
Wayside
Willamette Valley
-
-
Salem
Maud Williamson State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Willamette Valley
Yes
-
Salem
Sarah Helmick State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Willamette Valley
Yes
-
Monmouth
Willamette Mission State Park
State park
Willamette Valley
Yes
-
Salem
Bonnie Lure State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
Estacada
Mary S. Young State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Portland/Columbia Gorge
Yes
-
West Linn
Milo McIver State Park
State park
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
Yes
Estacada
Tryon Creek State Natural Area
Natural area
Portland/Columbia Gorge
Yes
-
Portland
Banks–Vernonia State Trail
State trail
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
Vernonia
Ainsworth State Park
State park
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
Yes
Multnomah Falls
Benson State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
Multnomah Falls
Bridal Veil Falls State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
Multnomah Falls
Crown Point State Scenic Corridor
Scenic corridor
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
Troutdale
Dabney State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Portland/Columbia Gorge
Yes
-
Troutdale
George W. Joseph State Natural Area (accessible from Guy W. Talbot State Park)
Natural area
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
Troutdale
Guy W. Talbot State Park
State park
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
Troutdale
Historic Columbia River Highway State Trail
State trail
Portland/Columbia Gorge
Yes
-
Cascade Locks
John B. Yeon State Scenic Corridor
Scenic corridor
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
Cascade Locks
Koberg Beach State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Portland/Columbia Gorge
Yes
-
Hood River
Lewis and Clark State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Portland/Columbia Gorge
Yes
-
Troutdale
Mayer State Park
State park
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
The Dalles
Memaloose State Park
State park
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
Yes
The Dalles
Portland Women's Forum State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
Troutdale
Seneca Fouts Memorial State Natural Area
Natural area
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
Hood River
Shepperd's Dell State Natural Area
Natural area
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
Multnomah Falls
Sheridan State Scenic Corridor
Scenic corridor
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
-
Cascade Locks
Starvation Creek State Park
State park
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
Hood River
Viento State Park
State park
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
Yes
Hood River
Vinzenz Lausmann Memorial State Natural Area
Natural area
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
Hood River
Wygant State Natural Area
Natural area
Portland/Columbia Gorge
-
-
Hood River
Rooster Rock State Park
State park
Portland/Columbia Gorge
Yes
-
Multnomah Falls
Bradley State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
North Coast
Yes
-
Astoria
Del Rey Beach State Recreation Site
Recreation site
North Coast
-
-
Gearhart
Fort Stevens State Park
State park
North Coast
Yes
Yes
Astoria
Cape Kiwanda State Natural Area
Natural area
North Coast
Yes
-
Pacific City
Cape Meares State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
North Coast
Yes
-
Tillamook
Oceanside Beach State Recreation Site
Recreation site
North Coast
Yes
-
Tillamook
Bob Straub State Park
State park
North Coast
Yes
-
Pacific City
Cape Lookout State Park
State park
North Coast
Yes
Yes
Tillamook
Arcadia Beach State Recreation Site
Recreation site
North Coast
Yes
-
Cannon Beach
Ecola State Park
State park
North Coast
-
-
Cannon Beach
Golden State Heritage Site
Heritage site
Southern Oregon
Yes
-
Grants Pass
Hug Point State Recreation Site
Recreation site
North Coast
-
-
Cannon Beach
Manhattan Beach State Recreation Site
Recreation site
North Coast
-
-
Rockaway Beach
Oswald West State Park
State park
North Coast
-
-
Cannon Beach
Saddle Mountain State Natural Area
Natural area
North Coast
-
Yes
Seaside
Tolovana Beach State Recreation Site
Recreation site
North Coast
Yes
-
Cannon Beach
Nehalem Bay State Park
State park
North Coast
Yes
Yes
Manzanita
Alsea Bay Historic Interpretive Center
Interpretive center
Central Coast
-
-
Waldport
Driftwood Beach State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Central Coast
Yes
-
Waldport
Lost Creek State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Central Coast
Yes
-
Newport
Ona Beach State Park
State park
Central Coast
-
-
Newport
Seal Rock State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Central Coast
Yes
-
Newport
Yaquina Bay State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Central Coast
-
-
Newport
South Beach State Park
State park
Central Coast
Yes
Yes
Newport
Cascadia State Park
State park
Willamette Valley
-
Yes
Sweet Home
Silver Falls State Park
State park
Willamette Valley
Yes
Yes
Silverton
Agate Beach State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Central Coast
-
-
Newport
Boiler Bay State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
Central Coast
-
-
Depoe Bay
D River State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Central Coast
-
-
Lincoln City
Devils Lake State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Central Coast
Yes
Yes
Lincoln City
Devils Punch Bowl State Natural Area
Natural area
Central Coast
-
-
Newport
Ellmaker State Wayside
Wayside
Central Coast
-
-
Newport
Fogarty Creek State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Central Coast
-
-
Depoe Bay
Gleneden Beach State Recreation Site
Recreation area
Central Coast
-
-
Lincoln City
H. B. Van Duzer Forest State Scenic Corridor
Scenic corridor
North Coast
-
-
Lincoln City
Neskowin Beach State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Central Coast
-
-
Neskowin
Otter Crest State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
Central Coast
-
-
Newport
Roads End State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Central Coast
-
-
Lincoln City
Beverly Beach State Park
State park
Central Coast
Yes
Yes
Newport
Collier Memorial State Park
State park
Southern Oregon
-
Yes
Klamath Falls
Jackson F. Kimball State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Southern Oregon
-
Yes
Fort Klamath
OC&E Woods Line State Trail
State trail
Southern Oregon
-
-
Klamath Falls
South Jetty (South Beach)
Beach access (adjacent to South Beach State Park)
Central Coast
-
-
Newport
Blue Mountain Forest State Scenic Corridor
Scenic corridor
Eastern Oregon
-
-
La Grande
Battle Mountain Forest State Scenic Corridor
Scenic corridor
Eastern Oregon
-
-
Ukiah
Sumpter Valley Dredge State Heritage Area
Heritage area
Eastern Oregon
-
-
Baker City
Fall Creek State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Willamette Valley
-
Yes
Springfield
Lowell State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Willamette Valley
Yes
-
Springfield
Jasper State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Willamette Valley
-
-
Springfield
Dexter State Recreation Site
Recreation site
Willamette Valley
Yes
-
Springfield
Munson Creek Falls State Natural Site
Natural site
North Coast
-
-
Tillamook
Willamette Stone State Heritage Site
Heritage site
Portland/Columbia Gorge
Yes
-
Portland
Umpqua State Scenic Corridor
Scenic corridor
Central Coast
Yes
-
Reedsport
Clay Myers State Natural Area at Whalen Island
Natural area
North Coast
-
-
Pacific City
Fort Rock Cave (near Fort Rock State Natural Area)
National Historic Landmark
Central Oregon
-
-
Fort Rock
Government Island State Recreation Area
Recreation area
Portland/Columbia Gorge
Yes
Yes
Portland
Sunset Beach State Recreation Site
Recreation site
North Coast
Yes
-
Astoria
Whale Watching Center
Guided ocean viewpoint
Central Coast
-
-
Depoe Bay
Rocky Creek State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
Central Coast
-
-
Depoe Bay
Fort Yamhill State Heritage Area
Heritage area
Willamette Valley
Yes
-
Grand Ronde
L. L. "Stub" Stewart State Park
State park
Portland/Columbia Gorge
Yes
Yes
Vernonia
Thompson's Mills State Heritage Site
Heritage site
Willamette Valley
-
-
Shedd
State Capitol State Park
State park
Willamette Valley
-
-
Salem
Arizona Beach State Recreation Site
Recreation site
South Coast
Yes
-
Port Orford
Bates State Park
State park
Eastern Oregon
-
-
Prairie City
Ochoco State Scenic Viewpoint
Scenic viewpoint
Central Oregon
-
-
-
Prineville
Dyer State Wayside
Wayside
Eastern Oregon
-
-
-
Condon
Pete French Round Barn State Heritage Site
Heritage site
Eastern Oregon
-
-
-
New Princeton
Warm Springs State Recreation Site
Former recreation site
North-central Oregon
Used for boat launch
Warm Springs
Cottonwood Canyon State Park
State park
Central Oregon
?
?
Moro
Sitka Sedge State Natural Area
Natural site
North Coast
Yes
No
Tillamook
Photo gallery
Crown Point and Vista House, taken from Portland Women's Forum viewpoint
A closeup of the Heceta Head Light tower
Silver Falls
Smith Rock
Whale watching center at Depoe Bay
North of Cape Falcon in Oswald West State Park
Cape Kiwanda
Ukiah–Dale Forest State Scenic Corridor
Looking north from Cape Sebastian
Bibliography
Jan Bannan. Oregon State Parks: A Complete Recreation Guide, second edition. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books. 2002. ISBN 0-89886-794-0
Oregon Parks & Heritage Guide 2008. October 2007. Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.
See also
List of national parks in Oregon
Lists of Oregon-related topics
Notes
^ "Celebrating 100 years - Oregon State Parks". stateparks.oregon.gov. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
^ Year round is the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department designation for the site; it probably reflects whether maintenance is performed. The site may be accessible and of interest even when closed.
^ All state campgrounds have tent sites; yurts, cabins, tepees, and RV sites are available at some.
^ This is the nearest incorporated city referenced in the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department website driving directions (though the site may actually be in another, unincorporated, community) except for the gorge locations where the OSPRD website is inconsistent. For those, the nearest incorporated city or Multnomah Falls is used as a reference.
^ Willamette Canoe and Kayak Club. "Lower Deschutes River: Warm Springs to Columbia River". The Mountaineers. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
Oregon Secretary of State (January 13, 2012). "Oregon Administrative Rules contain OARs filed through January 13, 2012". Retrieved February 18, 2012.
External links
Oregon Parks and Recreation Department (official website)
Oregon State Parks Foundation, statewide non-profit organization dedicated to state parks
vteProtected areas of Oregon
Heritage registers
National Register of Historic Places
National Historic Landmarks
National Natural Landmarks
World Network of Biosphere Reserves
FederalNPSNational Parks
Crater Lake
National HistoricParks and Sites
Fort Vancouver NHS
Lewis and Clark NHP
Nez Perce NHP
National monuments
John Day Fossil Beds
Newberry National Volcanic Monument (USFS)
Oregon Caves
USFSNational Forests
Deschutes
Fremont–Winema
Malheur
Mount Hood
Ochoco
Rogue River–Siskiyou
Siuslaw
Umatilla
Umpqua
Wallowa–Whitman
Willamette
National Grasslands
Crooked River
National recreation areas
Hells Canyon
Mount Hood
Oregon Dunes
Scenic areas
Cape Perpetua
Columbia River Gorge
National WildlifeRefuge System
Ankeny
Bandon Marsh
Baskett Slough
Bear Valley
Cape Meares
Cold Springs
Deer Flat
Hart Mountain
Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for the Columbian White-Tailed Deer
Klamath Marsh
Lewis and Clark
Lower Klamath
Malheur
McKay Creek
Nestucca Bay
Oregon Islands
Siletz Bay
Three Arch Rocks
Tualatin River
Umatilla
Upper Klamath
Wapato Lake
William L. Finley
Wilderness areas
Badger Creek
Black Canyon
Boulder Creek
Bridge Creek
Bull of the Woods
Clackamas
Copper Salmon
Cummins Creek
Devil's Staircase
Diamond Peak
Drift Creek
Eagle Cap
Gearhart Mountain
Grassy Knob
Hells Canyon
Kalmiopsis
Lower White River
Mark O. Hatfield
Menagerie
Middle Santiam
Mill Creek
Monument Rock
Mount Hood
Mount Jefferson
Mount Thielsen
Mount Washington
Mountain Lakes
North Fork John Day
North Fork Umatilla
Opal Creek
Oregon Badlands
Red Buttes
Roaring River
Rock Creek
Rogue–Umpqua Divide
Salmon–Huckleberry
Sky Lakes
Soda Mountain
Spring Basin
Steens Mountain
Strawberry Mountain
Table Rock
Three Sisters
Waldo Lake
Wenaha–Tucannon
Wild Rogue
National Conservation Lands
Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument
Steens Mountain Cooperative Management and Protection Area
Yaquina Head Outstanding Natural Area
National Wild and Scenic Rivers
List of Oregon's National Wild and Scenic Rivers
Other protected areas
Cascade Head Preserve
Christmas Valley Sand Dunes
Fossil Lake Area of Critical Environmental Concern
Lost Forest Research Natural Area
Sandy River Delta
South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve
Upper and Lower Table Rock
Wildwood Recreation Site
StateParksNorthCoast
Arcadia Beach
Bob Straub
Bradley
Cape Kiwanda
Cape Lookout
Cape Meares
Clay Myers at Whalen Island
Del Rey Beach
Ecola
Elmer Feldenheimer
Fishing Rock
Fort Stevens
Gearhart Ocean
Haystack Hill
Hug Point
John Yeon
Manhattan Beach
Munson Creek Falls
Neahkahnie–Manzanita
Nehalem Bay
Oceanside Beach
Oswald West
Rockaway Beach
Sunset Beach
Sunset Highway Forest
Sitka Sedge
Symons
Tolovana Beach
Twin Rocks
Wilson River Highway Forest
CentralCoast
Agate Beach
Alsea Bay
Beachside
Beaver Creek
Beverly Beach
Boiler Bay
Carl G. Washburne
Collins Creek
D River
Darlingtonia
Devils Lake
Devils Punch Bowl
Driftwood Beach
Ellmaker
Fogarty Creek
Gleneden Beach
Governor Patterson
H.B. Van Duzer
Heceta Head Lighthouse
Jessie M. Honeyman
Joaquin Miller Forest
L. Presley & Vera C. Gill
Lost Creek
Muriel O. Ponsler
Neptune
Neskowin Beach
Ona Beach
Otter Crest
Pritchard
Roads End
Rocky Creek
San Marine
Seal Rock
Smelt Sands
South Beach
Stonefield Beach
Tokatee Klootchman
W. B. Nelson
Whale Watching
Yachats
Yachats Ocean Road
Yaquina Bay
SouthCoast
Albert H. Powers
Alfred A. Loeb
Arizona Beach
Bandon
Bolon Island Tideways
Bullards Beach
Cape Arago
Cape Blanco
Cape Sebastian
Conde B. McCullough
Coquille Myrtle Grove
Crissey Field
Elk Creek Tunnel Forest
Face Rock
Floras Lake
Geisel Monument
Golden and Silver Falls
Harris Beach
Hoffman
Humbug Mountain
Hutchinson
Lone Ranch
Maria C. Jackson
McVay Rock
Ophir
Otter Point
Paradise Point
Pistol River
Port Orford Cedar Forest
Port Orford Heads
Samuel H. Boardman
Seven Devils
Shore Acres
Sisters Rock
Sunset Bay
Sweet Myrtle
Umpqua
Umpqua Lighthouse
Umpqua Myrtle
William M. Tugman
Winchuck
Yoakam Point
PortlandMetro
Banks–Vernonia
Bonnie Lure
Government Island
L. L. "Stub" Stewart
Mary S. Young
Milo McIver
Tryon Creek
Willamette Stone
ColumbiaRiver Gorge/Mount Hood
Ainsworth
Benson
Bonneville
Bridal Veil Falls
Crown Point
Dabney
Dalton Point
George W. Joseph
Guy W. Talbot
Historic Columbia River Highway
John B. Yeon
Koberg Beach
Lang Forest
Lewis and Clark
Lindsey Creek
Mayer
McLoughlin
Memaloose
Multnomah Falls
Portland Women's Forum
Rocky Butte
Rooster Rock
Seneca Fouts
Shepperd's Dell
Sheridan
Starvation Creek
Viento
Vinzenz Lausmann
Wyeth
Wygant
WillametteValley
Alderwood
Bald Peak
Blachly Mountain Forest
Bowers Rock
Cascadia
Champoeg
Detroit Lake
Dexter
Elijah Bristow
Erratic Rock
Fall Creek
Fort Yamhill
Holman
Jasper
Lowell
Luckiamute
Maples
Maud Williamson
Molalla River
North Santiam
Sarah Helmick
Silver Falls
State Capitol
Thompson's Mills
Washburne
Willamette Mission
Willamette Greenway
SouthernOregon
Ben Hur Lampman
Canyon Creek Forest
Casey
Collier Memorial
Illinois River Forks
Jackson F. Kimball
Joseph H. Stewart
Klamath Falls – Lakeview Forest
OC&E Woods Line
Prospect
Rough and Ready Forest
Stage Coach Forest
TouVelle
Tub Springs
Valley of the Rogue
Wolf Creek Inn
CentralOregon
Cline Falls
Cottonwood Canyon
Deschutes River
Dyer
Elliott Corbett
La Pine
Ochoco
Peter Skene Ogden
Pilot Butte
Prineville Reservoir
Redmond–Bend Juniper
Sisters
Smith Rock
The Cove Palisades
Tumalo
White River Falls
EasternOregon
Bates
Battle Mountain Forest
Blue Mountain Forest
Booth
Catherine Creek
Chandler
Clyde Holliday
Crooked Creek
Deadman's Pass
Emigrant Springs
Farewell Bend
Fort Rock
Fort Rock Cave
Frenchglen Hotel
Goose Lake
Hat Rock
Hilgard Junction
Kam Wah Chung
Lake Owyhee
Minam
Ontario
Pete French Round Barn
Red Bridge
Succor Creek
Sumpter Valley Dredge
Ukiah–Dale Forest
Unity Forest
Unity Lake
Wallowa Lake
Wallowa Lake Highway Forest
Wallowa River
Forests
Clatsop
Elliott
Gilchrist
Santiam
Sun Pass
Tillamook
Wildlifeareas
Bridge Creek
Dean Creek
Denman
E. E. Wilson
Elkhorn
Fern Ridge
Irrigon
Jewell Meadows
Klamath
Ladd Marsh
Lower Deschutes
Phillip W. Schneider
Prineville
Riverside
Sauvie Island
Snake River Islands
Summer Lake
Wenaha
White River
Willow Creek
LocalMetro
Blue Lake
Cooper Mountain
Glendoveer
Graham Oaks
Howell
Oregon Zoo
Oxbow
Smith and Bybee
Mount Talbert
Tualatin Hills Park and Recreation District
Tualatin Hills Nature Park
Category
Oregon Parks and Recreation Department
Portland
Commons
vteState of OregonSalem (capital)Topics
Index
Outline
Climate
Geography
fauna
beaches
lakes
rivers
Government
constitution
delegations
ballot measures
elections
Governor
list
History
bibliography
Oregon Trail
timeline
Parks
People
Pioneers
State Fair
Symbols
Society
Abortion
Culture
Crime
Demographics
Economy
Education
Gun laws
LGBT rights
Gambling
Politics
RegionsWestern
Northwest Oregon
Oregon Coast
Portland Metro
Tualatin Valley
Willamette Valley
Eastern
Harney Basin
High Desert
Palouse
Treasure Valley
Central Oregon
Southern
Rogue Valley
Shared
The Cascades
Columbia Gorge
Columbia River
Columbia Plateau
Great Basin
Mount Hood Corridor
Trout Creek Mountains
Metro areas
Albany–Corvallis
Bend–Prineville
Eugene–Springfield
Medford–Ashland
Portland
Salem–Keizer
Largest cities
Portland
Salem
Eugene
Gresham
Hillsboro
Beaverton
Bend
Medford
Springfield
Corvallis
Albany
Tigard
Lake Oswego
Keizer
Grants Pass
Oregon City
McMinnville
Redmond
Tualatin
West Linn
Woodburn
Forest Grove
Newberg
Wilsonville
Roseburg
Klamath Falls
Ashland
Milwaukie
Sherwood
Happy Valley
Central Point
Canby
Hermiston
Pendleton
Counties
Baker
Benton
Clackamas
Clatsop
Columbia
Coos
Crook
Curry
Deschutes
Douglas
Gilliam
Grant
Harney
Hood River
Jackson
Jefferson
Josephine
Klamath
Lake
Lane
Lincoln
Linn
Malheur
Marion
Morrow
Multnomah
Polk
Sherman
Tillamook
Umatilla
Union
Wallowa
Wasco
Washington
Wheeler
Yamhill
Oregon portal
Pacific Northwest portal
vteLists of state parks by U.S. state
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Oregon_location_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agate_Beach_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainsworth_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderwood_State_Wayside"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_A._Loeb_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsea_Bay_Historic_Interpretive_Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_Beach_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Beach_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%E2%80%93Park_Log_Home"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_Peak_State_Scenic_Viewpoint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandon_State_Natural_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banks%E2%80%93Vernonia_State_Trail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Mountain_Forest_State_Scenic_Corridor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachside_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Creek_State_Natural_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson_State_Recreation_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Beach_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountain_Forest_State_Scenic_Corridor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Straub_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_Bay_State_Scenic_Viewpoint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolon_Island_Tideways_State_Scenic_Corridor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Lure_State_Recreation_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booth_State_Scenic_Corridor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_State_Scenic_Viewpoint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Booth_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridal_Veil_Falls_(Oregon)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullards_Beach_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Arago_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Blanco_(Oregon)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Kiwanda_State_Natural_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Lookout_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Meares"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Sebastian_State_Scenic_Corridor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_G._Washburne_Memorial_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascadia_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Creek_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champoeg_Oregon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler_State_Wayside"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanticleer_Point"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Myers_State_Natural_Area_at_Whalen_Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cline_Falls_State_Scenic_Viewpoint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Holliday_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier_Memorial_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquille_Myrtle_Grove_State_Natural_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonwood_Canyon_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissey_Field_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Point_(Oregon)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_River_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabney_State_Recreation_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlingtonia_State_Natural_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Rey_Beach_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depoe_Bay_Whale_Watching_Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deschutes_River_State_Recreation_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devils_Lake_State_Recreation_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devils_Punch_Bowl_State_Natural_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driftwood_Beach_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyer_State_Wayside"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Bristow_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Corbett_Memorial_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellmaker_State_Wayside"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigrant_Springs_State_Heritage_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erratic_Rock_State_Natural_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_Rock_State_Scenic_Viewpoint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Creek_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Bend_State_Recreation_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogarty_Creek_State_Recreation_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Rock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Stevens_(Oregon)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Yamhill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenchglen_Hotel_State_Heritage_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geisel_Monument_State_Heritage_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Joseph_State_Natural_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleneden_Beach_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_and_Silver_Falls_State_Natural_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Lake_State_Recreation_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Island_(Oregon)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_Patterson_Memorial_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_W._Talbot_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._B._Van_Duzer_Forest_State_Scenic_Corridor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Beach_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat_Rock_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilgard_Junction_State_Recreation_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffman_Memorial_State_Wayside"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holman_State_Wayside"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hug_Point_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbug_Mountain_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_River_Forks_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwetemlaykin_State_Heritage_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_F._Kimball_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_M._Honeyman_Memorial_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Yeon_State_Scenic_Corridor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H._Stewart_State_Recreation_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam_Wah_Chung_%26_Co._Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koberg_Beach_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._%22Stub%22_Stewart_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Pine_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Owyhee_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_National_and_State_Historical_Parks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Ranch_Beach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Creek_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Beach_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_S._Young_State_Recreation_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_Williamson_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayer_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McVay_Rock_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memaloose_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_McIver_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minam_State_Recreation_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molalla_River_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongold_Day-Use_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munson_Creek_Falls_State_Natural_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_O._Ponsler_Memorial_State_Scenic_Viewpoint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehalem_Bay_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_State_Scenic_Viewpoint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neskowin_Beach_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Santiam_State_Recreation_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OC%26E_Woods_Line_State_Trail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanside_Beach_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochoco_State_Scenic_Viewpoint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ona_Beach_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Coast_Trail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_Capitol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_West_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter_Crest_State_Scenic_Viewpoint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter_Point_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Point_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_French_Round_Barn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Skene_Ogden_State_Scenic_Viewpoint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Butte_(Oregon)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol_River_State_Scenic_Viewpoint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Orford_Heads_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prineville_Reservoir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_State_Scenic_Viewpoint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bridge_State_Wayside"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmond%E2%80%93Bend_Juniper_State_Scenic_Corridor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_End_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Creek_State_Scenic_Viewpoint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooster_Rock_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_Mountain_State_Natural_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_H._Boardman_State_Scenic_Corridor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Helmick_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_Rock_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_Fouts_Memorial_State_Natural_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Devils_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepperd%27s_Dell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheridan_State_Scenic_Corridor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore_Acres_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Falls_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitka_Sedge_State_Natural_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelt_Sands_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Rock_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Beach_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jetty_(South_Beach)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation_Creek_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonefield_Beach_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succor_Creek_State_Natural_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpter_Valley_Gold_Dredge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Bay_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Beach_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cove_Palisades_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson%27s_Mills_State_Heritage_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokatee_Klootchman_State_Natural_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolovana_Beach_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TouVelle_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryon_Creek_State_Natural_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tub_Springs_State_Wayside"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumalo_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiah%E2%80%93Dale_Forest_State_Scenic_Corridor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpqua_River_Light"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpqua_State_Scenic_Corridor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Forest_State_Scenic_Corridor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Lake_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Rogue_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viento_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinzenz_Lausmann_Memorial_State_Natural_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._Nelson_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallowa_Lake_Highway_Forest_State_Scenic_Corridor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallowa_Lake_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallowa_River_Rest_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washburne_State_Wayside"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_River_Falls_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Mission_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Stone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tugman_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchuck_State_Recreation_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Creek_Inn_State_Heritage_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wygant_State_Natural_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachats_Ocean_Road_State_Natural_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachats_State_Recreation_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaquina_Bay_State_Recreation_Site"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Oregon_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"state parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_park"},{"link_name":"State Parks and Recreation Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Parks_and_Recreation_Department_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"rock pinnacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_pinnacle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"class=notpageimage| Oregon State Parks (Hover mouse over pog to pop up clickable link.)This is a list of state parks and other facilities managed by the State Parks and Recreation Department of Oregon.The variety of locales and amenities of the parks reflect the diverse geography of Oregon, including beaches, forests, lakes, rock pinnacles, and deserts. The state parks offer many outdoor recreation opportunities, such as overnight camping facilities, day hiking, fishing, boating, historic sites, astronomy, and scenic rest stops and viewpoints. Oregon State Parks celebrated its 100-year anniversary in 2022 with events throughout the year.[1]","title":"List of Oregon state parks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Coast"},{"link_name":"Columbia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River"},{"link_name":"Willamette Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valley"},{"link_name":"Cottage Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_Grove,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Southern Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Oregon"},{"link_name":"coast range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Coast_Range"},{"link_name":"Lake County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Columbia Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River_Gorge"},{"link_name":"Columbia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Cascade Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Range"},{"link_name":"Central Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Great Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Basin"},{"link_name":"Eastern Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Oregon"}],"text":"The Parks and Recreation Department classifies its parks according to these regions:North Coast – From the Columbia River to just south of Lincoln City\nCentral Coast – From Lincoln City to Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area\nSouth Coast – From the Dunes NRA to California\nWillamette Valley – From the south edge of the Portland metro area south to Cottage Grove\nSouthern Oregon – South of the Willamette Valley, from the coast range east through Lake County\nPortland/Columbia Gorge – Columbia County and the northern Willamette Valley and east along the Columbia River where it passes through the Cascade Range\nCentral Oregon – The northern half of the high plateau Great Basin east of the Cascades\nEastern Oregon – The eastern forty percent of the state","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crown_Point_Oregon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HecetaHeadLighthouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heceta Head Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heceta_Head_Light"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SilverFallsSouthFalls.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smith_Rock_and_the_Crooked_River.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OSP_whale_watching_center_P1891.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Depoe Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depoe_Bay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oregon_coast_trail_north_cape_falcon_P2529.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PACIFICCITY-Nov2004-MathewDodson.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cape Kiwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Kiwanda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camas_Creek_-_Ukiah_Dale_SSC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ukiah–Dale Forest State Scenic Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiah%E2%80%93Dale_Forest_State_Scenic_Corridor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cape_Sebastian_looking_north.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cape Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Sebastian_State_Scenic_Corridor"}],"text":"Crown Point and Vista House, taken from Portland Women's Forum viewpoint\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA closeup of the Heceta Head Light tower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSilver Falls\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSmith Rock\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWhale watching center at Depoe Bay\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorth of Cape Falcon in Oswald West State Park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCape Kiwanda\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUkiah–Dale Forest State Scenic Corridor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLooking north from Cape Sebastian","title":"Photo gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89886-794-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89886-794-0"}],"text":"Jan Bannan. Oregon State Parks: A Complete Recreation Guide, second edition. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books. 2002. ISBN 0-89886-794-0\nOregon Parks & Heritage Guide 2008. October 2007. Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Celebrating 100 years - Oregon State Parks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//stateparks.oregon.gov/index.cfm?do=v.feature-article&articleId=292"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"yurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurt"},{"link_name":"tepees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepee"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Multnomah Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multnomah_Falls"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Lower Deschutes River: Warm Springs to Columbia River\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mountaineers.org/activities/routes-places/lower-deschutes-river-warm-springs-to-columbia-river"},{"link_name":"\"Oregon Administrative Rules contain OARs filed through January 13, 2012\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/displayChapterRules.action?selectedChapter=169"}],"text":"^ \"Celebrating 100 years - Oregon State Parks\". stateparks.oregon.gov. Retrieved January 17, 2022.\n\n^ Year round is the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department designation for the site; it probably reflects whether maintenance is performed. The site may be accessible and of interest even when closed.\n\n^ All state campgrounds have tent sites; yurts, cabins, tepees, and RV sites are available at some.\n\n^ This is the nearest incorporated city referenced in the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department website driving directions (though the site may actually be in another, unincorporated, community) except for the gorge locations where the OSPRD website is inconsistent. For those, the nearest incorporated city or Multnomah Falls is used as a reference.\n\n^ Willamette Canoe and Kayak Club. \"Lower Deschutes River: Warm Springs to Columbia River\". The Mountaineers. Retrieved May 12, 2024.Oregon Secretary of State (January 13, 2012). \"Oregon Administrative Rules contain OARs filed through January 13, 2012\". Retrieved February 18, 2012.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of national parks in Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_Oregon"},{"title":"Lists of Oregon-related topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Oregon-related_topics"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Celebrating 100 years - Oregon State Parks\". stateparks.oregon.gov. Retrieved January 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://stateparks.oregon.gov/index.cfm?do=v.feature-article&articleId=292","url_text":"\"Celebrating 100 years - Oregon State Parks\""}]},{"reference":"Willamette Canoe and Kayak Club. \"Lower Deschutes River: Warm Springs to Columbia River\". The Mountaineers. Retrieved May 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mountaineers.org/activities/routes-places/lower-deschutes-river-warm-springs-to-columbia-river","url_text":"\"Lower Deschutes River: Warm Springs to Columbia River\""}]},{"reference":"Oregon Secretary of State (January 13, 2012). \"Oregon Administrative Rules contain OARs filed through January 13, 2012\". Retrieved February 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/displayChapterRules.action?selectedChapter=169","url_text":"\"Oregon Administrative Rules contain OARs filed through January 13, 2012\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_1.php","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_3.php","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_4.php","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_7.php","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_8.php","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_9.php","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_10.php","external_links_name":"[7]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_11.php","external_links_name":"[8]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_13.php","external_links_name":"[9]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_14.php","external_links_name":"[10]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_17.php","external_links_name":"[11]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_19.php","external_links_name":"[12]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_20.php","external_links_name":"[13]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_21.php","external_links_name":"[14]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_22.php","external_links_name":"[15]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_23.php","external_links_name":"[16]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_24.php","external_links_name":"[17]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_25.php","external_links_name":"[18]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_26.php","external_links_name":"[19]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_27.php","external_links_name":"[20]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_260.php","external_links_name":"[21]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_28.php","external_links_name":"[22]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_29.php","external_links_name":"[23]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_30.php","external_links_name":"[24]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_32.php","external_links_name":"[25]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_33.php","external_links_name":"[26]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_34.php","external_links_name":"[27]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_35.php","external_links_name":"[28]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_36.php","external_links_name":"[29]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_37.php","external_links_name":"[30]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_38.php","external_links_name":"[31]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_40.php","external_links_name":"[32]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_41.php","external_links_name":"[33]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_42.php","external_links_name":"[34]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_45.php","external_links_name":"[35]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_50.php","external_links_name":"[36]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_51.php","external_links_name":"[37]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_52.php","external_links_name":"[38]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_53.php","external_links_name":"[39]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_55.php","external_links_name":"[40]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_56.php","external_links_name":"[41]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_58.php","external_links_name":"[42]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_59.php","external_links_name":"[43]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_61.php","external_links_name":"[44]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_62.php","external_links_name":"[45]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_64.php","external_links_name":"[46]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_65.php","external_links_name":"[47]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_66.php","external_links_name":"[48]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_67.php","external_links_name":"[49]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_69.php","external_links_name":"[50]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_71.php","external_links_name":"[51]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_72.php","external_links_name":"[52]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_73.php","external_links_name":"[53]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_74.php","external_links_name":"[54]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_75.php","external_links_name":"[55]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_76.php","external_links_name":"[56]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_77.php","external_links_name":"[57]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_78.php","external_links_name":"[58]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_79.php","external_links_name":"[59]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_80.php","external_links_name":"[60]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_83.php","external_links_name":"[61]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_87.php","external_links_name":"[62]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_91.php","external_links_name":"[63]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_92.php","external_links_name":"[64]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_93.php","external_links_name":"[65]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_94.php","external_links_name":"[66]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_96.php","external_links_name":"[67]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_97.php","external_links_name":"[68]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_98.php","external_links_name":"[69]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_100.php","external_links_name":"[70]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_103.php","external_links_name":"[71]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_106.php","external_links_name":"[72]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_107.php","external_links_name":"[73]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_108.php","external_links_name":"[74]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_109.php","external_links_name":"[75]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_110.php","external_links_name":"[76]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_111.php","external_links_name":"[77]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_113.php","external_links_name":"[78]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_261.php","external_links_name":"[79]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_114.php","external_links_name":"[80]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_115.php","external_links_name":"[81]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_117.php","external_links_name":"[82]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_121.php","external_links_name":"[83]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_122.php","external_links_name":"[84]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_123.php","external_links_name":"[85]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_124.php","external_links_name":"[86]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_125.php","external_links_name":"[87]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_126.php","external_links_name":"[88]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_128.php","external_links_name":"[89]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_129.php","external_links_name":"[90]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_130.php","external_links_name":"[91]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_131.php","external_links_name":"[92]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_132.php","external_links_name":"[93]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_133.php","external_links_name":"[94]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_134.php","external_links_name":"[95]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_135.php","external_links_name":"[96]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080117114142/http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_136.php","external_links_name":"[97]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_137.php","external_links_name":"[98]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_138.php","external_links_name":"[99]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_139.php","external_links_name":"[100]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_140.php","external_links_name":"[101]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_141.php","external_links_name":"[102]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_142.php","external_links_name":"[103]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_144.php","external_links_name":"[104]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_145.php","external_links_name":"[105]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_146.php","external_links_name":"[106]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_147.php","external_links_name":"[107]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_149.php","external_links_name":"[108]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_150.php","external_links_name":"[109]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_151.php","external_links_name":"[110]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_153.php","external_links_name":"[111]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_154.php","external_links_name":"[112]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_155.php","external_links_name":"[113]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_156.php","external_links_name":"[114]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_157.php","external_links_name":"[115]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_159.php","external_links_name":"[116]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_161.php","external_links_name":"[117]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_163.php","external_links_name":"[118]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_164.php","external_links_name":"[119]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_167.php","external_links_name":"[120]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_168.php","external_links_name":"[121]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_170.php","external_links_name":"[122]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_171.php","external_links_name":"[123]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_172.php","external_links_name":"[124]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_174.php","external_links_name":"[125]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_175.php","external_links_name":"[126]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_176.php","external_links_name":"[127]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_177.php","external_links_name":"[128]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_179.php","external_links_name":"[129]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_180.php","external_links_name":"[130]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_181.php","external_links_name":"[131]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_182.php","external_links_name":"[132]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_183.php","external_links_name":"[133]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_186.php","external_links_name":"[134]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_187.php","external_links_name":"[135]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_188.php","external_links_name":"[136]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_189.php","external_links_name":"[137]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_191.php","external_links_name":"[138]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_193.php","external_links_name":"[139]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_195.php","external_links_name":"[140]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_197.php","external_links_name":"[141]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_199.php","external_links_name":"[142]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_201.php","external_links_name":"[143]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_202.php","external_links_name":"[144]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_203.php","external_links_name":"[145]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_205.php","external_links_name":"[146]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_206.php","external_links_name":"[147]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_207.php","external_links_name":"[148]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_208.php","external_links_name":"[149]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_209.php","external_links_name":"[150]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_210.php","external_links_name":"[151]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_211.php","external_links_name":"[152]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_212.php","external_links_name":"[153]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_213.php","external_links_name":"[154]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_214.php","external_links_name":"[155]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_216.php","external_links_name":"[156]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_217.php","external_links_name":"[157]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_218.php","external_links_name":"[158]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_220.php","external_links_name":"[159]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_221.php","external_links_name":"[160]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_222.php","external_links_name":"[161]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_223.php","external_links_name":"[162]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_224.php","external_links_name":"[163]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_225.php","external_links_name":"[164]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_227.php","external_links_name":"[165]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_228.php","external_links_name":"[166]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_229.php","external_links_name":"[167]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_230.php","external_links_name":"[168]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_232.php","external_links_name":"[169]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_237.php","external_links_name":"[170]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_238.php","external_links_name":"[171]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_239.php","external_links_name":"[172]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_241.php","external_links_name":"[173]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_242.php","external_links_name":"[174]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_243.php","external_links_name":"[175]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_244.php","external_links_name":"[176]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_245.php","external_links_name":"[177]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_246.php","external_links_name":"[178]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_247.php","external_links_name":"[179]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_248.php","external_links_name":"[180]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_249.php","external_links_name":"[181]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_250.php","external_links_name":"[182]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_251.php","external_links_name":"[183]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_252.php","external_links_name":"[184]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_253.php","external_links_name":"[185]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_254.php","external_links_name":"[186]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_255.php","external_links_name":"[187]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_256.php","external_links_name":"[188]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_257.php","external_links_name":"[189]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_258.php","external_links_name":"[190]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_263.php","external_links_name":"[191]"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/index.cfm?do=parkPage.dsp_parkPage&parkId=195","external_links_name":"[192]"},{"Link":"https://oregonstateparks.org/index.cfm?do=parkPage.dsp_parkPage&parkId=208","external_links_name":"[193]"},{"Link":"https://stateparks.oregon.gov/index.cfm?do=v.feature-article&articleId=292","external_links_name":"\"Celebrating 100 years - Oregon State Parks\""},{"Link":"https://www.mountaineers.org/activities/routes-places/lower-deschutes-river-warm-springs-to-columbia-river","external_links_name":"\"Lower Deschutes River: Warm Springs to Columbia River\""},{"Link":"https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/displayChapterRules.action?selectedChapter=169","external_links_name":"\"Oregon Administrative Rules contain OARs filed through January 13, 2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/","external_links_name":"Oregon Parks and Recreation Department"},{"Link":"https://www.oregonstateparksfoundation.org/","external_links_name":"Oregon State Parks Foundation"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._G._Siddhartha
|
V. G. Siddhartha
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Death","5 Awards","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Indian businessman (1959–2019)
V. G. SiddharthaBornVeerappa Gangaiah Siddhartha Hegde1958 or 1959Thanoodi, Mysuru State, IndiaDied29 July 2019 (aged 60)Mangaluru, Karnataka, IndiaResting placeChikkamagaluru, Karnataka, IndiaAlma materSt. Aloysius MangaloreMangalore UniversityOccupationBusinessmanTitleChairman & MD, Café Coffee DayBoard member ofMindtreeRelativesS. M. Krishna (father in-law)
In this Indian name, the name Veerappa Gangaiah is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Siddhartha Hegde or Siddhartha.Veerappa Gangaiah Siddhartha Hegde (1958 or 1959 – 29 July 2019) was an Indian businessman from Karnataka. He was the founder of the cafe chain Café Coffee Day and served as its chairman and managing director. He also served on the board of directors of Mindtree, GTV, Liqwid Krystal, Way2wealth Brokers, Coffee Day Natural Resources, and Way2wealth Securities.
After going missing on the evening of 29 July 2019, his body was found by three fishermen at the Hoige Bazaar beach, near the mouth of the river Nethravati on 31 July 2019.
Early life
Veerappa Gangaiah Siddhartha Hegde was born to Gangaiah Hegde in the Malenadu region of Chikkamagaluru district in Karnataka State. He hailed from a very affluent family of coffee planters belonging to the Vokkaliga community. He received a master's degree in economics from St. Aloysius College and Mangalore University, Karnataka.
Career
At the age of 14, he joined J M Financial Limited in 1983–1984 in Mumbai as a management trainee/intern in portfolio management and securities trading on the Indian stock market. After two years, he returned to Bangalore. With capital given by his father, Siddhartha bought stocks worth ₹30,000 and started the company Sivan Securities. In 1999, it was renamed Way2wealth Securities Ltd. Its venture capital division came to be known as Global Technology Ventures (GTV).
He established his coffee trading company ABC in Karnataka 1993, with a ₹6 crore turnover. He bought an ailing coffee curing unit in Hassan for ₹4 crore and improved it. The company now has the largest curing capacity in India at 75,000 tonnes.
He was the first entrepreneur in Karnataka to set up a café in 1996 (Café Coffee Day, a chain of "youth hangout" coffee parlors). By 2018, the chain had over 1700 cafés in India. His cafes attract 40,000 to 50,000 visitors a week.
Siddhartha also held board seats in GTV, Mindtree, Liqwid Krystal, Way2Wealth, and Ittiam. In 2000, he founded Global Technology Ventures Ltd, a company that identifies, invests in, and mentors Indian companies engaged in technologies. GTV set up Global Village Tech Park on a 59-acre (240,000 m2) plot as an incubator park in Bangalore, providing office space, communication links, recreational facilities, and a commercial centre. In 1999, GTV was valued by BankAm at $100 million.
He planted banana trees on 3,000 acres (1,214 ha) and had plans to export bananas.
The Dark Forest Furniture Company is named after V. G. Siddhartha's Kathale Kaad (Dark Forest in Kannada) estate in Chikmagalur.
Sical Logistics Ltd, a logistics company founded in India in 1955, was acquired by Coffee Day group in 2011.
On 21 September 2017, a tax raid was conducted at more than 20 of V. G. Siddhartha's locations in Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Chikmagalur by senior officers of the Income Tax Department of Karnataka and Goa regions.
Personal life
Siddhartha was married to Malavika Krishna and had two children Amartya Hegde and Ishaan Hegde. His son Amartya married 9th and current karnataka's deputy chief minister D. K. Shivakumar's daughter Aishwarya Shivakumar on 14 February 2021. Siddhartha was the son-in-law of S. M. Krishna, the former Chief Minister of Karnataka, Indian Minister for External Affairs and Governor of Maharashtra.
Death
On the evening of 29 July 2019, he told his driver to stop as they approached the bridge over the Nethravati River in Ullal, Mangalore. He directed the driver to wait for him at the other end of the bridge giving an impression that he wanted to take a stroll. The driver reported to the police that he did not show up even after an hour; which led to a search of the area for him. The Indian Coast Guard and National Disaster Response Force eventually joined a search. A letter, apparently written by Siddhartha and addressed to his company board, shareholders, and family, surfaced a few hours after he went missing. This letter detailed the unbearable pressure he was subjected to over the years and the harassment he faced under the "previous" Director General of Income Tax (Investigation) (referred to as DG in the letter).
His body was found at the Hoige Bazaar beach on 31 July around 6:30 am by local fishermen who informed the police. His body was cremated at Chethanahalli coffee estate owned by his family in Chikkamagalur district on 31 July 2019.
A police investigation into his death, reported suicide by drowning as the cause.
Awards
"Entrepreneur of the Year" for 2002–03 by The Economic Times
"NextGen Entrepreneur" by Forbes India in 2011
See also
List of solved missing person cases
References
^ Srikar Muthyala (29 September 2015). "The List of Great Entrepreneurs of India in 2015". MyBTechLife. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
^ "Cafe Coffee Day owner VG Siddhartha dead, body found". The Economic Times. 31 July 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
^ "'Coffee king' and more". Hindustan Times. 1 August 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
^ "A month after VG Siddhartha's demise, CCD founder's father passes away". The Economic Times. 27 August 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
^ "Rural youth". Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 September 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ a b c d e f g "Rediff On The NeT Business Special: V G Siddhartha: From coffee to cyber cafes". Archived from the original on 3 November 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
^ a b "V.G. Siddhartha is Branching Out". Forbes India. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
^ "Coffee Day Annual Report 2018" (PDF). p. 13. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
^ "Way2Wealth Brokers Pvt. Ltd". Archived from the original on 1 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
^ "Coffee king on Amazon trail for furniture biz". The Times of India. 8 April 2011. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
^ "VG Siddhartha and Cafe Coffee Day: A timeline of highlights". Forbes India. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
^ "I-T raids son-in-law of former Karnataka CM SM Krishna, owner of Cafe Coffee Day chain". The Times of India. 21 September 2017. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
^ "CCD founder VG Siddhartha family tree: From father-in-law SM Krishna to wife Malavika Krishna and sons". www.timesnownews.com. 31 July 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
^ "Coffee King laid to rest". Deccan Herald. 31 July 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
^ "VVIPs from Delhi to land in Bengaluru for wedding of DK Shivakumar's daughter". 8 February 2021.
^ a b "Body of Café Coffee Day owner V.G. Siddhartha found". The Hindu. 31 July 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
^ "VG Siddhartha Missing". News18. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ a b Rajput, Rashmi; Krishnan, Raghu (31 July 2019). "I-T says VG Siddhartha's signature on note not matching". The Economic Times. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
^ "I give up: CCD owner VG Siddhartha goes missing, leaves distressing letter for board". India Today. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ "Cafe Coffee Day Founder's Body Found 2 Days After He Went Missing". NDTV.com. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
^ "VG Siddhartha cremated in Chethanahalli coffee estate". The Economic Times. 31 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
^ "V.G. Siddhartha's death: final report confirms it is suicide". The Hindu. 26 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
^ a b "V.G. Siddhartha – Non-Executive Director". mindtree.com. Mindtree. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
External links
V. G. Siddhartha Profile
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Café Coffee Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Coffee_Day"},{"link_name":"Mindtree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindtree"},{"link_name":"Hoige Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoige_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"Nethravati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netravati_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In this Indian name, the name Veerappa Gangaiah is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Siddhartha Hegde or Siddhartha.Veerappa Gangaiah Siddhartha Hegde (1958 or 1959 – 29 July 2019) was an Indian businessman from Karnataka.[1] He was the founder of the cafe chain Café Coffee Day and served as its chairman and managing director. He also served on the board of directors of Mindtree, GTV, Liqwid Krystal, Way2wealth Brokers, Coffee Day Natural Resources, and Way2wealth Securities.After going missing on the evening of 29 July 2019, his body was found by three fishermen at the Hoige Bazaar beach, near the mouth of the river Nethravati on 31 July 2019.[2]","title":"V. G. Siddhartha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malenadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malenadu"},{"link_name":"Chikkamagaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikkamagaluru_district"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Vokkaliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokkaliga"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"St. Aloysius College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Aloysius_College_(Mangalore)"},{"link_name":"Mangalore University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Veerappa Gangaiah Siddhartha Hegde was born to Gangaiah Hegde in the Malenadu region of Chikkamagaluru district in Karnataka State.[3] He hailed from a very affluent family of coffee planters belonging to the Vokkaliga community.[4] He received a master's degree in economics from St. Aloysius College and Mangalore University, Karnataka.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff.com-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff.com-6"},{"link_name":"Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan,_India"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff.com-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-in.com-7"},{"link_name":"Café Coffee Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Coffee_Day"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_report-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff.com-6"},{"link_name":"Mindtree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindtree"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff.com-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Global Village Tech Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Village_Tech_Park"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff.com-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff.com-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-in.com-7"},{"link_name":"Chikmagalur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikmagalur"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes_India-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"At the age of 14, he joined J M Financial Limited in 1983–1984 in Mumbai as a management trainee/intern in portfolio management and securities trading on the Indian stock market.[6] After two years, he returned to Bangalore. With capital given by his father, Siddhartha bought stocks worth ₹30,000 and started the company Sivan Securities. In 1999, it was renamed Way2wealth Securities Ltd. Its venture capital division came to be known as Global Technology Ventures (GTV).[6]He established his coffee trading company ABC in Karnataka 1993, with a ₹6 crore turnover. He bought an ailing coffee curing unit in Hassan for ₹4 crore and improved it. The company now has the largest curing capacity in India at 75,000 tonnes.[6][7]He was the first entrepreneur in Karnataka to set up a café in 1996 (Café Coffee Day, a chain of \"youth hangout\" coffee parlors). By 2018, the chain had over 1700 cafés in India.[8] His cafes attract 40,000 to 50,000 visitors a week.[6]\nSiddhartha also held board seats in GTV, Mindtree, Liqwid Krystal, Way2Wealth, and Ittiam.[6] In 2000, he founded Global Technology Ventures Ltd, a company that identifies, invests in, and mentors Indian companies engaged in technologies.[9] GTV set up Global Village Tech Park on a 59-acre (240,000 m2) plot as an incubator park in Bangalore, providing office space, communication links, recreational facilities, and a commercial centre.[6] In 1999, GTV was valued by BankAm at $100 million.[6]He planted banana trees on 3,000 acres (1,214 ha) and had plans to export bananas.[7]\nThe Dark Forest Furniture Company is named after V. G. Siddhartha's Kathale Kaad (Dark Forest in Kannada) estate in Chikmagalur.[10]Sical Logistics Ltd, a logistics company founded in India in 1955, was acquired by Coffee Day group in 2011.[11]On 21 September 2017, a tax raid was conducted at more than 20 of V. G. Siddhartha's locations in Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Chikmagalur by senior officers of the Income Tax Department of Karnataka and Goa regions.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"D. K. Shivakumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._K._Shivakumar"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"S. M. Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._M._Krishna"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Indian Minister for External Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)"},{"link_name":"Governor of Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hindu-16"}],"text":"Siddhartha was married to Malavika Krishna and had two children Amartya Hegde and Ishaan Hegde.[13][14] His son Amartya married 9th and current karnataka's deputy chief minister D. K. Shivakumar's daughter Aishwarya Shivakumar on 14 February 2021.[15] Siddhartha was the son-in-law of S. M. Krishna, the former Chief Minister of Karnataka, Indian Minister for External Affairs and Governor of Maharashtra.[16]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nethravati River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netravati_River"},{"link_name":"Ullal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullal"},{"link_name":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"link_name":"Indian Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"National Disaster Response Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Disaster_Response_Force"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_note"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"Hoige Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoige_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hindu-16"},{"link_name":"Chikkamagalur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikmagalur_district"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Economic_Times-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeathReport-22"}],"text":"On the evening of 29 July 2019, he told his driver to stop as they approached the bridge over the Nethravati River in Ullal, Mangalore. He directed the driver to wait for him at the other end of the bridge giving an impression that he wanted to take a stroll. The driver reported to the police that he did not show up even after an hour; which led to a search of the area for him. The Indian Coast Guard and National Disaster Response Force eventually joined a search.[17] A letter,[18] apparently written by Siddhartha and addressed to his company board, shareholders, and family, surfaced a few hours after he went missing.[19] This letter detailed the unbearable pressure he was subjected to over the years and the harassment he faced under the \"previous\" Director General of Income Tax (Investigation) (referred to as DG in the letter).[18]His body was found at the Hoige Bazaar beach on 31 July around 6:30 am by local fishermen who informed the police.[20][16] His body was cremated at Chethanahalli coffee estate owned by his family in Chikkamagalur district on 31 July 2019.[21]A police investigation into his death, reported suicide by drowning as the cause.[22]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Economic Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Times"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mindtree-23"},{"link_name":"Forbes India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_India"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mindtree-23"}],"text":"\"Entrepreneur of the Year\" for 2002–03 by The Economic Times[23]\n\"NextGen Entrepreneur\" by Forbes India in 2011[23]","title":"Awards"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of solved missing person cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solved_missing_person_cases:_post-2000"}]
|
[{"reference":"Srikar Muthyala (29 September 2015). \"The List of Great Entrepreneurs of India in 2015\". MyBTechLife. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160114000446/http://mybtechlife.com/the-list-of-great-entrepreneurs-in-india-2015/","url_text":"\"The List of Great Entrepreneurs of India in 2015\""},{"url":"http://mybtechlife.com/the-list-of-great-entrepreneurs-in-india-2015/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cafe Coffee Day owner VG Siddhartha dead, body found\". The Economic Times. 31 July 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cafe-cofee-day-owner-vg-siddharthas-body-found-from-netravati-river/articleshow/70458460.cms","url_text":"\"Cafe Coffee Day owner VG Siddhartha dead, body found\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Coffee king' and more\". Hindustan Times. 1 August 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/coffee-king-and-more/story-uwIzBLvzaw3UXvbLNNh2hM.html","url_text":"\"'Coffee king' and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"A month after VG Siddhartha's demise, CCD founder's father passes away\". The Economic Times. 27 August 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/a-month-after-vg-siddharthas-demise-ccd-founders-father-passes-away/articleshow/70836030.cms","url_text":"\"A month after VG Siddhartha's demise, CCD founder's father passes away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rural youth\". Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 September 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Rural-youth-have-greater-killer-instinct-avers-Cafe-Coffee-Day-chief-V-G-Siddhartha/articleshow/54276737.cms","url_text":"\"Rural youth\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160912062808/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Rural-youth-have-greater-killer-instinct-avers-Cafe-Coffee-Day-chief-V-G-Siddhartha/articleshow/54276737.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rediff On The NeT Business Special: V G Siddhartha: From coffee to cyber cafes\". Archived from the original on 3 November 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/money/2000/jul/03sidart.htm","url_text":"\"Rediff On The NeT Business Special: V G Siddhartha: From coffee to cyber cafes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091103045924/http://www.rediff.com/money/2000/jul/03sidart.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"V.G. Siddhartha is Branching Out\". Forbes India. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111008092739/http://business.in.com/article/big-bet/vg-siddhartha-is-branching-out/26282/0","url_text":"\"V.G. Siddhartha is Branching Out\""},{"url":"http://business.in.com/article/big-bet/vg-siddhartha-is-branching-out/26282/0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coffee Day Annual Report 2018\" (PDF). p. 13. Retrieved 24 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.coffeeday.com/PDF/Coffee_Day_Annual_report_2018.pdf","url_text":"\"Coffee Day Annual Report 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Way2Wealth Brokers Pvt. Ltd\". Archived from the original on 1 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110701005447/http://www.way2wealth.com/group_companies.asp","url_text":"\"Way2Wealth Brokers Pvt. Ltd\""},{"url":"http://www.way2wealth.com/group_companies.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coffee king on Amazon trail for furniture biz\". The Times of India. 8 April 2011. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Coffee-king-on-Amazon-trail-for-furniture-biz/articleshow/7907883.cms","url_text":"\"Coffee king on Amazon trail for furniture biz\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624163942/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Coffee-king-on-Amazon-trail-for-furniture-biz/articleshow/7907883.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"VG Siddhartha and Cafe Coffee Day: A timeline of highlights\". Forbes India. Retrieved 31 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/vg-siddhartha-and-cafe-coffee-day-a-timeline-of-highlights/54573/1","url_text":"\"VG Siddhartha and Cafe Coffee Day: A timeline of highlights\""}]},{"reference":"\"I-T raids son-in-law of former Karnataka CM SM Krishna, owner of Cafe Coffee Day chain\". The Times of India. 21 September 2017. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/it-raids-offices-owned-by-v-g-sidhartha-son-in-law-of-s-m-krishna/articleshow/60775062.cms","url_text":"\"I-T raids son-in-law of former Karnataka CM SM Krishna, owner of Cafe Coffee Day chain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170922095037/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/it-raids-offices-owned-by-v-g-sidhartha-son-in-law-of-s-m-krishna/articleshow/60775062.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CCD founder VG Siddhartha family tree: From father-in-law SM Krishna to wife Malavika Krishna and sons\". www.timesnownews.com. 31 July 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/vg-siddhartha-family-all-you-need-to-know-about-ccd-owners-family-tree/461058","url_text":"\"CCD founder VG Siddhartha family tree: From father-in-law SM Krishna to wife Malavika Krishna and sons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coffee King laid to rest\". Deccan Herald. 31 July 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/coffee-king-laid-to-rest-751133.html","url_text":"\"Coffee King laid to rest\""}]},{"reference":"\"VVIPs from Delhi to land in Bengaluru for wedding of DK Shivakumar's daughter\". 8 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/feb/08/vvips-from-delhi-to-land-in-bengaluru-for-wedding-of-dk-shivakumars-daughter-2261012.html","url_text":"\"VVIPs from Delhi to land in Bengaluru for wedding of DK Shivakumar's daughter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Body of Café Coffee Day owner V.G. Siddhartha found\". The Hindu. 31 July 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 31 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/body-of-cafe-coffee-day-owner-vg-siddhartha-found-says-deputy-commissioner/article28766299.ece","url_text":"\"Body of Café Coffee Day owner V.G. Siddhartha found\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"VG Siddhartha Missing\". News18. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news18.com/news/india/vg-siddhartha-missing-lsex-coffee-day-founder-sm-krishnas-son-in-law-untraceable-cops-launch-probe-mangaluru-karnataka-2250903.html","url_text":"\"VG Siddhartha Missing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190730083913/https://www.news18.com/news/india/vg-siddhartha-missing-live-cafe-coffee-day-founder-sm-krishnas-son-in-law-untraceable-cops-launch-probe-mangaluru-karnataka-2250903.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rajput, Rashmi; Krishnan, Raghu (31 July 2019). \"I-T says VG Siddhartha's signature on note not matching\". The Economic Times. Retrieved 24 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tax-department-acted-as-per-law-in-ccd-promoter-siddhartha-case-sources/articleshow/70449827.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"\"I-T says VG Siddhartha's signature on note not matching\""}]},{"reference":"\"I give up: CCD owner VG Siddhartha goes missing, leaves distressing letter for board\". India Today. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cafe-coffee-day-owner-vg-siddhartha-missing-letter-ccd-board-1575061-2019-07-30","url_text":"\"I give up: CCD owner VG Siddhartha goes missing, leaves distressing letter for board\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190730094325/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cafe-coffee-day-owner-vg-siddhartha-missing-letter-ccd-board-1575061-2019-07-30","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cafe Coffee Day Founder's Body Found 2 Days After He Went Missing\". NDTV.com. Retrieved 31 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cafe-coffee-day-founder-vg-siddharthas-body-found-two-days-after-he-went-missing-2077873","url_text":"\"Cafe Coffee Day Founder's Body Found 2 Days After He Went Missing\""}]},{"reference":"\"VG Siddhartha cremated in Chethanahalli coffee estate\". The Economic Times. 31 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vg-siddhartha-cremated-in-chethanahalli-coffee-estate/articleshow/70470211.cms","url_text":"\"VG Siddhartha cremated in Chethanahalli coffee estate\""}]},{"reference":"\"V.G. Siddhartha's death: final report confirms it is suicide\". The Hindu. 26 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/vg-siddharthas-death-final-report-confirms-it-is-suicide/article29259250.ece","url_text":"\"V.G. Siddhartha's death: final report confirms it is suicide\""}]},{"reference":"\"V.G. Siddhartha – Non-Executive Director\". mindtree.com. Mindtree. Retrieved 31 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mindtree.com/aboutus/siddhartha.html","url_text":"\"V.G. Siddhartha – Non-Executive Director\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160114000446/http://mybtechlife.com/the-list-of-great-entrepreneurs-in-india-2015/","external_links_name":"\"The List of Great Entrepreneurs of India in 2015\""},{"Link":"http://mybtechlife.com/the-list-of-great-entrepreneurs-in-india-2015/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cafe-cofee-day-owner-vg-siddharthas-body-found-from-netravati-river/articleshow/70458460.cms","external_links_name":"\"Cafe Coffee Day owner VG Siddhartha dead, body found\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/coffee-king-and-more/story-uwIzBLvzaw3UXvbLNNh2hM.html","external_links_name":"\"'Coffee king' and more\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/a-month-after-vg-siddharthas-demise-ccd-founders-father-passes-away/articleshow/70836030.cms","external_links_name":"\"A month after VG Siddhartha's demise, CCD founder's father passes away\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Rural-youth-have-greater-killer-instinct-avers-Cafe-Coffee-Day-chief-V-G-Siddhartha/articleshow/54276737.cms","external_links_name":"\"Rural youth\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160912062808/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Rural-youth-have-greater-killer-instinct-avers-Cafe-Coffee-Day-chief-V-G-Siddhartha/articleshow/54276737.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rediff.com/money/2000/jul/03sidart.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rediff On The NeT Business Special: V G Siddhartha: From coffee to cyber cafes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091103045924/http://www.rediff.com/money/2000/jul/03sidart.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111008092739/http://business.in.com/article/big-bet/vg-siddhartha-is-branching-out/26282/0","external_links_name":"\"V.G. Siddhartha is Branching Out\""},{"Link":"http://business.in.com/article/big-bet/vg-siddhartha-is-branching-out/26282/0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.coffeeday.com/PDF/Coffee_Day_Annual_report_2018.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Coffee Day Annual Report 2018\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110701005447/http://www.way2wealth.com/group_companies.asp","external_links_name":"\"Way2Wealth Brokers Pvt. Ltd\""},{"Link":"http://www.way2wealth.com/group_companies.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Coffee-king-on-Amazon-trail-for-furniture-biz/articleshow/7907883.cms","external_links_name":"\"Coffee king on Amazon trail for furniture biz\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624163942/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Coffee-king-on-Amazon-trail-for-furniture-biz/articleshow/7907883.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/vg-siddhartha-and-cafe-coffee-day-a-timeline-of-highlights/54573/1","external_links_name":"\"VG Siddhartha and Cafe Coffee Day: A timeline of highlights\""},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/it-raids-offices-owned-by-v-g-sidhartha-son-in-law-of-s-m-krishna/articleshow/60775062.cms","external_links_name":"\"I-T raids son-in-law of former Karnataka CM SM Krishna, owner of Cafe Coffee Day chain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170922095037/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/it-raids-offices-owned-by-v-g-sidhartha-son-in-law-of-s-m-krishna/articleshow/60775062.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/vg-siddhartha-family-all-you-need-to-know-about-ccd-owners-family-tree/461058","external_links_name":"\"CCD founder VG Siddhartha family tree: From father-in-law SM Krishna to wife Malavika Krishna and sons\""},{"Link":"https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/coffee-king-laid-to-rest-751133.html","external_links_name":"\"Coffee King laid to rest\""},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/feb/08/vvips-from-delhi-to-land-in-bengaluru-for-wedding-of-dk-shivakumars-daughter-2261012.html","external_links_name":"\"VVIPs from Delhi to land in Bengaluru for wedding of DK Shivakumar's daughter\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/body-of-cafe-coffee-day-owner-vg-siddhartha-found-says-deputy-commissioner/article28766299.ece","external_links_name":"\"Body of Café Coffee Day owner V.G. Siddhartha found\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://www.news18.com/news/india/vg-siddhartha-missing-lsex-coffee-day-founder-sm-krishnas-son-in-law-untraceable-cops-launch-probe-mangaluru-karnataka-2250903.html","external_links_name":"\"VG Siddhartha Missing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190730083913/https://www.news18.com/news/india/vg-siddhartha-missing-live-cafe-coffee-day-founder-sm-krishnas-son-in-law-untraceable-cops-launch-probe-mangaluru-karnataka-2250903.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tax-department-acted-as-per-law-in-ccd-promoter-siddhartha-case-sources/articleshow/70449827.cms?from=mdr","external_links_name":"\"I-T says VG Siddhartha's signature on note not matching\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cafe-coffee-day-owner-vg-siddhartha-missing-letter-ccd-board-1575061-2019-07-30","external_links_name":"\"I give up: CCD owner VG Siddhartha goes missing, leaves distressing letter for board\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190730094325/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cafe-coffee-day-owner-vg-siddhartha-missing-letter-ccd-board-1575061-2019-07-30","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cafe-coffee-day-founder-vg-siddharthas-body-found-two-days-after-he-went-missing-2077873","external_links_name":"\"Cafe Coffee Day Founder's Body Found 2 Days After He Went Missing\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vg-siddhartha-cremated-in-chethanahalli-coffee-estate/articleshow/70470211.cms","external_links_name":"\"VG Siddhartha cremated in Chethanahalli coffee estate\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/vg-siddharthas-death-final-report-confirms-it-is-suicide/article29259250.ece","external_links_name":"\"V.G. Siddhartha's death: final report confirms it is suicide\""},{"Link":"http://www.mindtree.com/aboutus/siddhartha.html","external_links_name":"\"V.G. Siddhartha – Non-Executive Director\""},{"Link":"http://www.mindtree.com/aboutus/siddhartha.html","external_links_name":"V. G. Siddhartha Profile"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Boyko
|
Eugene Boyko
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Canadian filmmaker
Eugene BoykocscBornEugene Boyko1923Saskatoon, SaskatchewanDiedMarch 14, 2003Richmond, British ColumbiaOther namesJeepOccupationfilmmakerKnown forHelicopter CanadaSpouseDeliaChildren2
Eugene Boyko (1923 – March 14, 2003) known to many as "Jeep", was a Canadian filmmaker who worked with the National Film Board of Canada. An early film of his, Helicopter Canada, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.
Boyko started with the NFB in the early 1950s while it was still based in Ottawa. He moved with his wife Delia to Montreal when the head office was transferred.
In 1986, he was diagnosed with Haemochromatosis shortly after reading a magazine article about the work of Marie Warder, founder of the Canadian Haemochromatosis Society.
His cinematography credits include serving as director of photography of Donald Brittain's 1964 film Fields of Sacrifice.
Fields was one of the films he was most proud of as it provided a sense of dignity of the fallen, without glorifying war. During the early 1970s he worked with a number of aboriginal film makers as part of the NFB efforts to help people tell their own stories, including the 1970 documentary film This Was the Time.
He worked on films across Canada and around the world, including India, Afghanistan, Ghana and throughout Europe. His films won many awards, including a Canadian Film Award for his 1968 short film Juggernaut. He attended the Oscars when his film Helicopter Canada was nominated. The film was Canada's office centennial film. For two years he travelled across the country filming. The helicopter used was an Alouette II, chosen for its ability at high altitudes in order to be able to film in the western mountains.
In the early 1970s he moved out to Vancouver, BC to be the technical producer for the NFB office. He eventually went back to his first love of being a hands-on film maker. He worked with many young film makers in British Columbia. During his time in Vancouver he worked on a number of films including directing Canaries to Clydesdales about two vets interior of the province as well as Pacific Highliner, about the fishing industry. Over his career he worked on close to 200 films in various capacities.
Prior to getting into film he worked as a taxi driver, specialty welder and in aircraft factories mainly in BC and Ontario. He initially got into still photography by accident. A fare left a camera in the car one day and a little later in the day he came across a streetcar accident. He use the camera to take some photos and took them to the local paper. He was offered some work based on what they saw. He did stills work in Saskatoon for a while. One of his favourite things was to take photos of visiting bands. He was interested in music and played in a number of bands.
Skilled like his father in woodwork and metal craft, he often developed special tools for film making, including a camera crane system. For a film about logging, he made a rig and pole system that allowed him to drop a film camera in a manner that simulated the falling of a tree.
He died in Richmond, BC on March 14, 2003. He was survived by a daughter Debbie (DB) Boyko and son Lee Boyko, both of whom work in the cultural sector.
References
^ Magill, Charles W. (October 1995). "The Bronze Killer". Reader's Digest. 147 (882). Reader's Digest Magazines Ltd.: 117.
^ "Fields of Sacrifice". Collection. National Film Board of Canada. 1964. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
^ "Best Damn Fiddler movie named film of the year". Regina Leader-Post, October 7, 1969.
^ a b c d e "remembering . . . Eugene Boyko csc & Ernest McNabb csc". Canadian Society of Cinematographers. Archived from the original on October 12, 2006. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
External links
Eugene Boyko at IMDb
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Film Board of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Helicopter Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_Canada"},{"link_name":"Haemochromatosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemochromatosis"},{"link_name":"Marie Warder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Warder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematography"},{"link_name":"Donald Brittain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Brittain"},{"link_name":"Fields of Sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_of_Sacrifice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collection-2"},{"link_name":"This Was the Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Was_the_Time"},{"link_name":"Canadian Film Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Film_Award"},{"link_name":"Juggernaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggernaut_(1968_film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Helicopter Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_Canada"},{"link_name":"Alouette II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Alouette_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csc-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csc-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csc-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csc-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csc-4"}],"text":"Eugene Boyko (1923 – March 14, 2003) known to many as \"Jeep\", was a Canadian filmmaker who worked with the National Film Board of Canada. An early film of his, Helicopter Canada, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.Boyko started with the NFB in the early 1950s while it was still based in Ottawa. He moved with his wife Delia to Montreal when the head office was transferred.In 1986, he was diagnosed with Haemochromatosis shortly after reading a magazine article about the work of Marie Warder, founder of the Canadian Haemochromatosis Society.[1]His cinematography credits include serving as director of photography of Donald Brittain's 1964 film Fields of Sacrifice.[2]\nFields was one of the films he was most proud of as it provided a sense of dignity of the fallen, without glorifying war. During the early 1970s he worked with a number of aboriginal film makers as part of the NFB efforts to help people tell their own stories, including the 1970 documentary film This Was the Time.He worked on films across Canada and around the world, including India, Afghanistan, Ghana and throughout Europe. His films won many awards, including a Canadian Film Award for his 1968 short film Juggernaut.[3] He attended the Oscars when his film Helicopter Canada was nominated. The film was Canada's office centennial film. For two years he travelled across the country filming. The helicopter used was an Alouette II, chosen for its ability at high altitudes in order to be able to film in the western mountains.[4]In the early 1970s he moved out to Vancouver, BC to be the technical producer for the NFB office. He eventually went back to his first love of being a hands-on film maker. He worked with many young film makers in British Columbia. During his time in Vancouver he worked on a number of films including directing Canaries to Clydesdales about two vets interior of the province as well as Pacific Highliner, about the fishing industry. Over his career he worked on close to 200 films in various capacities.[4]Prior to getting into film he worked as a taxi driver, specialty welder and in aircraft factories mainly in BC and Ontario. He initially got into still photography by accident. A fare left a camera in the car one day and a little later in the day he came across a streetcar accident. He use the camera to take some photos and took them to the local paper. He was offered some work based on what they saw.[4] He did stills work in Saskatoon for a while. One of his favourite things was to take photos of visiting bands. He was interested in music and played in a number of bands.Skilled like his father in woodwork and metal craft, he often developed special tools for film making, including a camera crane system.[4] For a film about logging, he made a rig and pole system that allowed him to drop a film camera in a manner that simulated the falling of a tree.He died in Richmond, BC on March 14, 2003. He was survived by a daughter Debbie (DB) Boyko and son Lee Boyko, both of whom work in the cultural sector.[4]","title":"Eugene Boyko"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Magill, Charles W. (October 1995). \"The Bronze Killer\". Reader's Digest. 147 (882). Reader's Digest Magazines Ltd.: 117.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Fields of Sacrifice\". Collection. National Film Board of Canada. 1964. Retrieved 2009-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.onf-nfb.gc.ca/eng/collection/film/?id=11748","url_text":"\"Fields of Sacrifice\""}]},{"reference":"\"remembering . . . Eugene Boyko csc & Ernest McNabb csc\". Canadian Society of Cinematographers. Archived from the original on October 12, 2006. Retrieved November 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061012211720/http://www.csc.ca/news/default.asp?aID=1009","url_text":"\"remembering . . . Eugene Boyko csc & Ernest McNabb csc\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Society_of_Cinematographers","url_text":"Canadian Society of Cinematographers"},{"url":"http://www.csc.ca/news/default.asp?aID=1009","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.onf-nfb.gc.ca/eng/collection/film/?id=11748","external_links_name":"\"Fields of Sacrifice\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-leader-post/137112086/","external_links_name":"\"Best Damn Fiddler movie named film of the year\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061012211720/http://www.csc.ca/news/default.asp?aID=1009","external_links_name":"\"remembering . . . Eugene Boyko csc & Ernest McNabb csc\""},{"Link":"http://www.csc.ca/news/default.asp?aID=1009","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0102144/","external_links_name":"Eugene Boyko"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_Hartikainen
|
Jani Hartikainen
|
["1 References"]
|
Finnish footballer (born 1975)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Jani Hartikainen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Jani Hartikainen
Hartikainen (left)Personal informationDate of birth
(1975-09-16) 16 September 1975 (age 48)Place of birth
Nurmes, FinlandHeight
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s)
DefenderTeam informationCurrent team
KuPSNumber
5Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2003–
KuPS
132
(12)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 12 October 2009
Jani Hartikainen (born 16 September 1975) is a Finnish football player who currently plays for the Finnish premiership Veikkausliiga club KuPS in Finland.
References
Guardian Football
^ "Veikkausliiga - Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
This biographical article related to association football in Finland, about a defender, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Veikkausliiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veikkausliiga"},{"link_name":"KuPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KuPS"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"}],"text":"Jani Hartikainen (born 16 September 1975) is a Finnish football player who currently plays for the Finnish premiership Veikkausliiga club KuPS in Finland.","title":"Jani Hartikainen"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Veikkausliiga - Hall of Fame\". Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090430110825/http://www.veikkausliiga.com/ennatykset_index.htm","url_text":"\"Veikkausliiga - Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"http://www.veikkausliiga.com/ennatykset_index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jani+Hartikainen%22","external_links_name":"\"Jani Hartikainen\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jani+Hartikainen%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jani+Hartikainen%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jani+Hartikainen%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jani+Hartikainen%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jani+Hartikainen%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120920104106/http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?Lang=0&CTID=55&CPID=72&pStr=Player&PLID=63219&TEID=3179","external_links_name":"Guardian Football"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090430110825/http://www.veikkausliiga.com/ennatykset_index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Veikkausliiga - Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"http://www.veikkausliiga.com/ennatykset_index.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_Hartikainen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Heroes_and_Five_Gallants_(2016_TV_series)
|
The Three Heroes and Five Gallants (2016 TV series)
|
["1 Cast","2 Ratings","3 International broadcast","4 Theme songs","5 References","6 External links"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Three Heroes and Five Gallants" 2016 TV series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Chinese TV series or program
The Three Heroes and Five GallantsposterAlso known asThree Heroes and Five GallantsTraditional Chinese五鼠鬧東京Simplified Chinese五鼠闹东京Literal meaningThe Five Rats Havoc in the Eastern CapitalHanyu PinyinWǔ Shǔ Nào Dōng Jīng
Based onThe Three Heroes and Five Gallantsby Shi YukunDirected byWu Chia-taiStarringChen XiaoYan KuanZheng ShuangOpening theme"Qingshan Gao" (青山高) by YumuEnding theme"Buru Huainian" (不如懷念) performed by Chen ChushengCountry of originChinaOriginal languageMandarinNo. of episodes44ProductionExecutive producerWang XinProducerLi GongdaRunning time45 minutesProduction companiesHuayi BrothersTianxing Yiyuan EntertainmentOriginal releaseNetworkAnhui TelevisionRelease17 February 2016 (2016-02-17)
The Three Heroes and Five Gallants is a 2016 Chinese television series produced by Huayi Brothers with Tianxing Yiyuan Entertainment (天星亿源影视), based on the 19th-century classic novel of the same name. Starring Chen Xiao, Yan Yikuan and Zheng Shuang, the series premiered on February 17, 2016, on Anhui TV.
Cast
Chen Xiao as Bai Yutang
Yan Yikuan as Zhan Zhao
Zheng Shuang as Ding Yuehua
Liang Guanhua as Bao Zheng
Liu Dekai as Emperor Renzong of Song
Ma Shuliang as Pang Ji
Xie Ning as Xu Qing
Rao Xiaozhi as Pang Yu
Li Xinyu as Consort Pang
He Yu as Lu Fang
Wang Daqi as Han Zhang
Wang Maolei as Jiang Ping
Han Zhengguo as Gongsun Ce
Wu Jing as Sha Qiukui
Zhang Zhixi as Jin Yalan
Zhang Na as Ji Saihua
Xue Qi as Wang Chao
Diao Biao as Ma Han
Li Tianqi as Zhang Long
Zhu Jing as Zhao Hu
Guan Xin as Bao Xing
Li Tiannuo as Yan Fei
Niu Baoping as Pang Wang
Hong Bo as Deng Che
Zhang Jianli as Liu Wang
Ratings
Air date
Episode
Anhui TV ratings
Sichuan TV ratings
Ratings
Audience share
Rank
Ratings
Audience share
Rank
Ratings
Audience share
Rank
2016.02.17
1-2
0.781
2.009
6
0.86
2.169
6
0.38
1.03
9
2016.02.18
3-4
0.767
2.002
6
0.848
2.162
6
0.35
0.95
11
2016.02.19
5-6
0.747
1.903
7
0.82
2.042
6
0.48
1.28
6
2016.02.20
7-8
0.614
1.62
10
0.663
1.705
10
0.37
0.99
8
2016.02.21
9-10
0.67
1.7
9
0.724
1.801
9
0.37
0.98
11
2016.02.22
11-12
0.605
1.527
7
0.663
1.645
8
0.33
0.89
5
2016.02.23
13-14
0.817
2.135
6
0.901
2.306
6
—
—
—
2016.02.24
15-16
0.758
2.019
5
0.828
2.157
5
0.39
1.07
7
2016.02.25
17-18
0.887
1.59
5
0.958
2.49
5
0.49
1.36
6
2016.02.26
19-20
0.841
2.175
5
0.906
2.292
5
0.45
1.2
6
2016.02.27
21-22
0.699
1.86
5
0.751
1.958
6
0.42
1.15
8
2016.02.28
23-24
0.726
1.89
5
0.788
2.009
5
0.37
1.03
9
2016.02.29
25-26
0.730
1.966
6
0.784
2.064
6
0.42
1.21
7
2016.03.01
27-28
0.882
2.4
6
0.965
2.568
4
0.53
1.52
6
2016.03.02
29-30
0.818
2.18
7
0.89
2.316
7
0.52
1.48
5
2016.03.03
31-32
0.873
2.358
5
0.955
0.525
4
0.52
1.49
6
2016.03.04
33-34
0.918
2.377
5
1.009
2.545
4
0.53
1.44
6
2016.03.05
35-36
0.834
2.149
7
0.909
2.296
7
0.56
1.53
6
2016.03.06
37-38
0.854
2.227
7
0.922
2.354
7
0.58
1.62
6
2016.03.07
39-40
0.784
2.005
7
0.854
2.187
6
0.59
1.69
6
2016.03.08
41-42
0.841
2.220
7
0.911
2.355
6
0.55
1.55
6
2016.03.09
43-44
0.875
2.24
7
0.957
2.401
6
0.57
1.55
7
International broadcast
China – Anhui Television (17 February 2016)
Malaysia – Astro Quan Jia HD (24 May 2016)
Hong Kong – TVB Chinese Drama (23 August 2016)
Taiwan – Long Turn TV (13 September 2016)
Canada – Talentvision (5 October 2016)
Theme songs
#
Title
Singer
Songwriter
Notes
1
"Qingshan Gao" (青山高)(translation: Green Mountain High)
Yu Mu
Opening song
2
"Buru Huainian" (不如懷念)(translation: Better to Reminisce)
Chen Chusheng
Jin Wenqi
Ending song
3
"Zhidao Yujian Ni" (直到遇見你)(translation: Until I Met You)
Jin Wenqi
4
"Ran Ye" (燃夜)(translation: Burning Night)
Liu Minghui
Wang Zhuo
5
"Jianghu Shaonian Xing" (江湖少年行)(translation: A Youth's Jianghu Journey)
Tian Yuejun
Wang Zhuo
6
"Yi Zhi Jiangshan" (一紙江山)(translation: A Sheet of the Empire)
Tian Yuejun
7
"Shi Zi Jue" (十字訣)(translation: Ten-Character Chant)
Ah Qiao
References
^ "电视剧收视率排行榜 | 收视率排行" (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 2020-06-07.
External links
(in Chinese) Opening song on YouTube
vteShi Yukun's The Seven Heroes and Five Gallants and The Five Younger GallantsCharactersThe Seven Heroes
Ouyang Chun
Zhan Zhao
Ding Zhaolan
Ding Zhaohui
Shen Zhongyuan
Zhi Hua
Ai Hu
The Five Gallants / Rats
Lu Fang
Han Zhang
Xu Qing
Jiang Ping
Bai Yutang
Kaifeng Court
Bao Zheng
Gongsun Ce
The Imperial Palace
Emperor Zhenzong
Emperor Renzong
Empress Dowager Liu
Concubine Li
Kou Zhu
The Eighth Prince
Other characters
Pang Ji
Ding Yuehua
Film
Inside the Forbidden City (1965)
King Cat (1967)
House of Traps (1982)
Cat vs Rat (1982)
The Invincible Constable (1993)
Cat and Mouse (2003)
TV series
The Three Heroes and Five Gallants (1991)
Justice Pao (1993)
Young Justice Bao (1994)
The Seven Heroes and Five Gallants (1994)
The Chevaliers (1994)
Justice Bao (2008)
Justice Bao (2010–2012)
Invincible Knights Errant (2011)
Sleek Rat, the Challenger (2013)
The Three Heroes and Five Gallants (2016)
vteAnhui Television Dramas2007
Wait For Me In Sydney
Concubine Of the Qing Emperor
Shuang Qiang Li Xiangyang
Embroiderer Lan Xin
Father
Jia Shi Wu Li
The Last Bullet
Liang Jian 2
Tie Dao You Ji Dui
Mummy
Shanghai Bund
Yuandong First Prison
Embroiderer Lan Xin (re-broadcast)
2008
Huan Zi Cheng Long
Military Intelligence Agency
Baoxue Lihua
Love Lock
The Grand Mansion Gate 2
Guo Jia Gan Bu
Beautiful Life
You You Cun Cao Xin 2
The Fairies of Liaozhai
Our Marriage
Firelight
Royal Tramp
Yun Niang
Yearning For a Happy Family
Golden Earrings
2009
Guang Tou Mei Nv
Xue Se Mi Wu
Tian Xia Xiong Di
Mother Married For Me
Sha Hu Kou
The Queens
Ugly Mother
Love or Bread
Wanggui & Anna
Medal
Perfect Ending
Dong Fang Hong 1949
Tears of daughter in law
Wrong Love 2
The Story of Parents' House
Four Women Conflict
2010
Pai Fang Xia De Nv Ren
Nvren Hun
Journey to the West
Before and After
Luan Shi Xin Niang
Liang Xin Wu Hui
Three Kingdoms
Feng Yu Diao Hua Lou
Justice Bao
Unbeatable
Down with Love
The Dream of Red Mansions
Di Lei Chuan Qi
The Story of Parents' House 2
Niang Qi
Jin Hun Feng Yu Qing
Happy Memories of the Ma's
2011
My Daughter
Mother
The Good Old Days
Beauty's Rival in Palace
Horizon True Heart
Parted Lives, Never Parted Love
Qing Fei Qing
Drawing Sword
Forever Loyal
Red Sophora
Mother, I Love You
Li Chuntian's Spring
All Men Are Brothers
Waking Love Up
Symphony of Fate
Maiden Story 3
Beauty World
The Water Guerrillas
2012
My Natasha
Happy Michelin Kitchen
Auntie Duohe
Ant Race's Struggle
Qing Mang
Empresses in the Palace
Angel Heart
We Love You, Mr. Jin
Tears of the Bride
Bloody Battle of the Vast Sky
Mu Guiying Takes Command
iPartment 3
Say That You Love Me
When Love Walked In
Micro-Blog Master
Mother, Mother
The Bachelor
The Shengtianmen Gate
Forever Loyal (re-broadcast)
Family Reunion
A Beauty in Troubled Times
King's War
2013
Love Destiny
Agent X
Brotherhood & Chaos
The Mansion 1912
Matched For Marriage
The Battle of Thunder
The Patriot Yue Fei
Long Men Express
The War of Beauties
The Husband's Spring
Hot Mom!
Grandma Love Me Once Again
Dog Stick
Girlfriend's Lover
My Family's Four Seasons
Beauties at the Crossfire
2014
Sharp Arrow Operation
iPartment 4
Three Queens
May December Love
My Son is Unique
Ocean Couple
Honey Bee Man
To Elderly with Love
Red Euphorbia Milii
Life Revelations
Happiness Drop From the Clouds
Happiness Beautiful Blossoms
The Stand-In
Love is Back
If Happiness Arrives
The Virtuous Queen of Han
New Snow Leopard
True Man
Brothers
Me & My Men
Peaceful & Golden Age
The Young Doctor
Mission to Death
The Deer and the Cauldron
2015
I Am Goddess
Yi Guan Xiao Zhuan
The Investiture of the Gods II
The Spring of Sparrow
The Last Emperor Legend
Flowers Bloom in Winter
Master of Destiny
You Are My Sisters
Ladies and Boys
Diamond Lover
Warriors on Fire
Running After the Love
Good Times
Years Such As Gold
An Niang Tian Xiao Cao
The Girl Wearing Tassel Earrings
2016
Legend of Zu Mountain
The Three Heroes and Five Gallants
Good Luck
Keep The Marriage as Jade
The Starter
The Penance Gate
Women Must be Stronger
Jiao Yulu
So Young
Remembering Lichuan
Why Get Married
Vive Les Femmes
The Distant Distance
Luo Zi He Jin Zi
Sisters
Beauty Private Kitchen
So Green the Grass
Legend of Ace
2017
The Glory of Tang Dynasty
Full House of Happiness
Night Market Life
April Star
White Deer Plain
The Advisors Alliance
Tracks In The Snow Forest
Police Brother Pot
Ordinary Years
The Flowers And Distant Place
Ordinary Person Character
Warm Love
My Aunt
Prajan See Roong
Noble Aspirations 2
The Glory of Tang Dynasty 2
Legend of Dragon Pearl
Detective Dee
Angelo
2018
Love in Hanyuan
K9 Coming
The Perfect Wedding
Wanjia Denghuo
Woman in Love
Happy Photo Studio
Step Forward is Happiness
Love the Courier
Hunyin Lixianji
Smile in Spring
Born in the 70s
Die Xie Chang Jiang
To Cheer for Youth
Flesh and Spirit
Waitan Zhong Sheng
The Story of Xijing
The Legend of Jade Sword
2019
The Brothers
Iron Housewives
2020
Can't Hide the Sun
Switch of Fate
I Can't Stand Being Waiting
I Will Find You a Better Home
Winter Begonia
Nothing But Thirty
Trident
Can't Hide the Sun
2021
One and Only
The Bond
Forever and Ever
2022
The Examination for Everyone
2023
Smiling Mom
Flight To You
Bright Future
Viva Femina
Uncle Kurban and His Descendants
The War Has No Distance
Thin Ice
Old Doctor, Little Doctor
Mr. & Mrs. Chen
Happy Life
This article related to television in China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huayi Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huayi_Brothers"},{"link_name":"19th-century classic novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Heroes_and_Five_Gallants"},{"link_name":"Chen Xiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Xiao"},{"link_name":"Yan Yikuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Yikuan"},{"link_name":"Zheng Shuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Shuang_(actress,_born_1991)"},{"link_name":"Anhui TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui_TV"}],"text":"Chinese TV series or programThe Three Heroes and Five Gallants is a 2016 Chinese television series produced by Huayi Brothers with Tianxing Yiyuan Entertainment (天星亿源影视), based on the 19th-century classic novel of the same name. Starring Chen Xiao, Yan Yikuan and Zheng Shuang, the series premiered on February 17, 2016, on Anhui TV.","title":"The Three Heroes and Five Gallants (2016 TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chen Xiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Xiao"},{"link_name":"Bai Yutang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bai_Yutang"},{"link_name":"Yan Yikuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Yikuan"},{"link_name":"Zhan Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhan_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Zheng Shuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Shuang_(actress,_born_1991)"},{"link_name":"Ding Yuehua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Yuehua"},{"link_name":"Bao Zheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao_Zheng"},{"link_name":"Emperor Renzong of Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Renzong_of_Song"},{"link_name":"Pang Ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang_Ji_(Song_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Xu Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Qing_(character)"},{"link_name":"Pang Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang_Yu"},{"link_name":"Consort Pang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consort_Pang"},{"link_name":"Lu Fang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Fang_(character)"},{"link_name":"Han Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Zhang"},{"link_name":"Jiang Ping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Ping_(character)"},{"link_name":"Gongsun Ce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongsun_Ce"},{"link_name":"Zhang Zhixi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zhixi"},{"link_name":"Wang Chao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wang_Chao_(character)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ma Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ma_Han&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zhang Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Long&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zhao Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Hu_(character)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bao Xing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bao_Xing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deng Che","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deng_Che&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Chen Xiao as Bai Yutang\nYan Yikuan as Zhan Zhao\nZheng Shuang as Ding Yuehua\nLiang Guanhua as Bao Zheng\nLiu Dekai as Emperor Renzong of Song\nMa Shuliang as Pang Ji\nXie Ning as Xu Qing\nRao Xiaozhi as Pang Yu\nLi Xinyu as Consort Pang\nHe Yu as Lu Fang\nWang Daqi as Han Zhang\nWang Maolei as Jiang Ping\nHan Zhengguo as Gongsun Ce\nWu Jing as Sha Qiukui\nZhang Zhixi as Jin Yalan\nZhang Na as Ji Saihua\nXue Qi as Wang Chao\nDiao Biao as Ma Han\nLi Tianqi as Zhang Long\nZhu Jing as Zhao Hu\nGuan Xin as Bao Xing\nLi Tiannuo as Yan Fei\nNiu Baoping as Pang Wang\nHong Bo as Deng Che\nZhang Jianli as Liu Wang","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ratings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anhui Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui_Television"},{"link_name":"Astro Quan Jia HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Quan_Jia_HD"},{"link_name":"TVB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVB"},{"link_name":"Talentvision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talentvision"}],"text":"China – Anhui Television (17 February 2016)\nMalaysia – Astro Quan Jia HD (24 May 2016)\nHong Kong – TVB Chinese Drama (23 August 2016)\nTaiwan – Long Turn TV (13 September 2016)\nCanada – Talentvision (5 October 2016)","title":"International broadcast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theme songs"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"电视剧收视率排行榜 | 收视率排行\" (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 2020-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvtv.hk/archives/category/dianshiju","url_text":"\"电视剧收视率排行榜 | 收视率排行\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Three+Heroes+and+Five+Gallants%22+2016+TV+series","external_links_name":"\"The Three Heroes and Five Gallants\" 2016 TV series"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Three+Heroes+and+Five+Gallants%22+2016+TV+series+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Three+Heroes+and+Five+Gallants%22+2016+TV+series&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Three+Heroes+and+Five+Gallants%22+2016+TV+series+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Three+Heroes+and+Five+Gallants%22+2016+TV+series","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Three+Heroes+and+Five+Gallants%22+2016+TV+series&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.tvtv.hk/archives/category/dianshiju","external_links_name":"\"电视剧收视率排行榜 | 收视率排行\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40JzDebyxc8","external_links_name":"Opening song"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Three_Heroes_and_Five_Gallants_(2016_TV_series)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Superstar_Soccer_%2798
|
International Superstar Soccer 98
|
["1 Content","2 Game modes","3 Teams","4 Reception","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Not to be confused with International Superstar Soccer Pro 98.
1998 video gameInternational Superstar Soccer 98North American cover art featuring Carlos ValderramaDeveloper(s)Konami Computer Entertainment OsakaPublisher(s)KonamiDirector(s)Yasuo OkudaProducer(s)Katsuya NagaeSeriesInternational Superstar SoccerFIFA World CupPlatform(s)Nintendo 64ReleaseJP: June 4, 1998NA: August 21, 1998EU: September 1, 1998Genre(s)SportsMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer
International Superstar Soccer 98 (officially abbreviated as ISS 98 and known as Jikkyō World Soccer: World Cup France '98 (実況ワールドサッカー 〜WORLD CUP FRANCE'98(ワールドカップ フランス'98)〜, Jikkyō Wārudo Sakkā 〜Wārudo Kappu Furansu '98〜) in Japan) is a soccer video game developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Osaka which was released exclusively for the Nintendo 64. It was released at the same time as International Superstar Soccer Pro 98, developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo (KCET) for the PlayStation.
Although it lacked a FIFPro licence, it featured Italian striker Fabrizio Ravanelli along with German goalkeeper Andreas Koepke (on German release) and Paul Ince (on British release) on the cover. The cover of the North American version featured Colombian player Carlos Valderrama, and the game featured licence from Reebok to use their logos in adboards and the Chile national football team kits.
Content
Due to the date of release, the game focuses on 1998 FIFA World Cup and includes each qualified team plus more. Every team which participated in tournament has home, away and goalkeeper World Cup official kits featuring manufacturer logos and national emblems (with the exception of the United States, whose main uniform is the red-and-white striped kit from the 1994 tournament) and the rest has those used in qualifications. In the European version, the squads are in accordance with official 1998 FIFA World Cup squads as well. Teams that did not qualify have line-ups from the qualifiers (in the North American version, all teams have lineups from the qualifiers). However the players' names are misspelled due to the lack of a FIFPro license, though they have their actual numbers, appearance, age, height, weight and abilities. In the European version, the game has more sponsors other than Reebok, such as Apple and Continental AG, which appear in adboards.
The Japanese version was an officially licensed World Cup product and also included unlicensed player names, save for the Japanese squad.
Game modes
International Superstar Soccer 98 featured 6 different game modes:
Open Game: a friendly match against the computer or another player with choices of stadium, weather and time of day, as well as match handicaps (player condition, goalkeeper strength and number of players on the field, from 7 to 11). It was also possible to spectate CPU vs. CPU matches.
International Cup: This mode is where the player selects a team from one region and attempts to get them to the International Cup 98, starting from the respective region's qualifiers.
World League: 48 international teams participate in a round-robin tournament with home and away matches.
Scenario: 16 situations wherein the player is placed in a match in progress. Depending on the difficulty, the player must either administer a victory (in easier matches), or win a match by breaking a tie or turning the result around (in higher difficulties).
Penalty Kick Mode: Two teams take a series of five penalty kicks to select the winner. In case of a draw, they undergo successive sudden death rounds.
Training: Practice of shooting free kicks, corner kicks and defensive play with a selected team. The player may also practice freely on the entire field without an opposite team.
Teams
52 national teams (48 in the Japanese version; Ireland, Northern Ireland, Wales and Greece are absent from it) are featured in the game, in addition to six All-Star teams, only accessible through a cheat code or by winning the 'World League' on level 5.
Germany
France
Italy
Switzerland
Austria
Norway
Denmark
Sweden
England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland
Republic of Ireland
Spain
Portugal
Netherlands
Belgium
Yugoslavia
Croatia
Romania
Bulgaria
Russia
Greece
Turkey
Japan
South Korea
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Iran
Australia
Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan
Cameroon
Nigeria
South Africa
Tunisia
Morocco
Egypt
Liberia
Ghana
United States
Canada
Jamaica
Mexico
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Uruguay
Paraguay
Bolivia
Chile
Peru
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic91/100Review scoresPublicationScoreAllGameConsoles +94%Edge9/10Electronic Gaming Monthly9/10Famitsu33/40Game Informer9/10GameFan94%Hyper87%IGN9.1/10N64 Magazine(PAL) 92%(JP) 91%Next GenerationNintendo Power8.5/10
The game received "universal acclaim" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Cubed3 praised the game's "ridiculously addictive" gameplay, create-a-player, six various modes (which have an option of 64 teams, nine stadiums, four weather conditions and a choice of night or day) and the ability to play multiplayer with up to three players. GamePro, however, said, "Soccer fans will find little reason to kick off with ISS '98." In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 33 out of 40.
Next Generation said in its August 1998 issue, "After a few hours of play, you'll forgive the apparent lack of improvement and realize that subtlety is everything in the most popular sport on Earth. The only thing that could really improve this series would be the inclusion of real players' names and correct uniforms. Until that happens, Superstar Soccer is just a shade short of perfect." Six issues later, the magazine ranked it at #50 in its list of the Fifty Best Games of All Time, saying that the game "simply represents one of the finest examples of the genre. Although soccer in the U.S. enjoys nowhere near the popularity of other sports, the quality of this simulation should ensure its place on every serious gamer's shelf."
Notes
^ Two critics of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the game each a score of 9.5/10, one gave it 8.5/10, and the other gave it 9/10.
^ In GameFan's viewpoint of the game, one critic gave it 93, and the other 95.
^ GamePro gave the game all 3.5/5 scores for graphics, sound, control, and fun factor.
References
^ "KONAMI KICKS OFF HIT SOCCER GAME FOR N64, PLAYSTATION AND GAME BOY". Konami. August 21, 1998. Archived from the original on January 12, 2000. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ a b "International Superstar Soccer '98 for Nintendo 64 Reviews". Metacritic. Fandom. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ McCall, Scott. "International Superstar Soccer '98 - Review". AllGame. All Media Network. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
^ Panda; Toxic (September 1998). "International Superstar Soccer Coupe de Monde 98". Consoles + (in French). No. 80. pp. 108–10.
^ Edge staff (August 1998). "Jikkyou World Soccer: World Cup France '98" (PDF). Edge. No. 61. Future Publishing. p. 98. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 28, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ Davison, John; Kujawa, Kraig; Hager, Dean; Ricciardi, John (September 1998). "IS Soccer '98 ". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 110. Ziff Davis. p. 146. Archived from the original on May 7, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ a b "実況ワールドサッカー 〜WORLD CUP FRANCE'98〜 ". Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Archived from the original on September 13, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ "International Superstar Soccer '98". Game Informer. No. 64. FuncoLand. August 1998.
^ Higgins, Geoff "El Nino"; Mowatt, Todd "Video Cowboy" (August 1998). "International Superstar Soccer '98". GameFan. Vol. 6, no. 8. Metropolis Media. p. 50. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
^ Toose, Dan (October 1998). "International Superstar Soccer '98". Hyper. No. 60. Next Media Pty Ltd. pp. 56–57.
^ Schneider, Peer (November 4, 1998). "International Superstar Soccer '98 Review". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on August 19, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ Kitts, Martin (October 1998). "International Superstar Soccer '98". N64 Magazine. No. 20. Future Publishing. pp. 54–59.
^ Weaver, Tim (August 1998). "Jikkyou World Soccer: World Cup France '98". N64 Magazine. No. 18. Future Publishing. pp. 72–75.
^ a b "International Superstar Soccer 98". Next Generation. No. 44. Imagine Media. August 1998. p. 87. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
^ "International Superstar Soccer '98". Nintendo Power. Vol. 111. Nintendo of America. August 1998. p. 97. Archived from the original on September 13, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ Riley, Adam (March 21, 2006). "International Superstar Soccer 98 (Nintendo 64) Review". Cubed3. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
^ Air Hendrix (October 1998). "International Superstar Soccer '98". GamePro. No. 121. IDG Entertainment. p. 192. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
^ Next Generation staff (February 1999). "The Fifty Best Games of All Time (#50)". Next Generation. No. 50. Imagine Media. p. 73. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
External links
International Superstar Soccer 98 at MobyGames
vteAssociation football video games by KonamiInternational Superstar Soccer
International Superstar Soccer
Deluxe
64
98
2000
ISS
ISS 2
ISS 3
ISS Pro / Winning Eleven
Goal Storm
International Superstar Soccer Pro
ISS Pro 98
ISS Pro Evolution
ISS Pro Evolution 2
Pro Evolution Soccer / Winning Eleven
Pro Evolution Soccer
2
3
4
5
6
2008
2009
2010
2011
3D
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021 (Update)
J.League Winning Eleven
J.League Jikkyou Winning Eleven
'97
2001
2007
2008
2010
ESPN MLS
ESPN MLS GameNight
ESPN MLS ExtraTime 2002
Other games
eFootball
Konami Hyper Soccer
J-League Jikkyou Honoo no Striker
Pro Evolution Soccer Management
Winning Eleven Online
Related articles
Bomba Patch
eFootball.Open
UEFA Champions League video games
UEFA European Championship video games
vteFIFA World Cup video gamesFIFA World Cup video games
World Cup Carnival (1986)
World Cup Soccer: Italia '90 · World Cup Italia '90 (1990)
World Cup USA '94 (1994)
World Cup 98 · Jikkyō World Soccer: World Cup France '98 · World Soccer Jikkyō Winning Eleven 3: World Cup France '98 · World Cup '98 France: Road to Win (1998)
2002 FIFA World Cup (2002)
2006 FIFA World Cup (2006)
2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa (2010)
2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil (2014)
FIFA 18 World Cup DLC (2018)
FIFA 23 World Cup DLC (2022)
FIFA Women's World Cup video games
FIFA 19 Women's World Cup DLC (2019)
FIFA 23 Women's World Cup DLC (2023)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Superstar Soccer Pro 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Superstar_Soccer_Pro_98"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"International Superstar Soccer Pro 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Superstar_Soccer_Pro_98"},{"link_name":"Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konami#Konami_Computer_Entertainment_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"FIFPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFPro"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Ravanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Ravanelli"},{"link_name":"Andreas Koepke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Koepke"},{"link_name":"Paul Ince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ince"},{"link_name":"Carlos Valderrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Valderrama_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Reebok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reebok"},{"link_name":"Chile national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_national_football_team"}],"text":"Not to be confused with International Superstar Soccer Pro 98.1998 video gameInternational Superstar Soccer 98 (officially abbreviated as ISS 98 and known as Jikkyō World Soccer: World Cup France '98 (実況ワールドサッカー 〜WORLD CUP FRANCE'98(ワールドカップ フランス'98)〜, Jikkyō Wārudo Sakkā 〜Wārudo Kappu Furansu '98〜) in Japan) is a soccer video game developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Osaka which was released exclusively for the Nintendo 64. It was released at the same time as International Superstar Soccer Pro 98, developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo (KCET) for the PlayStation.Although it lacked a FIFPro licence, it featured Italian striker Fabrizio Ravanelli along with German goalkeeper Andreas Koepke (on German release) and Paul Ince (on British release) on the cover. The cover of the North American version featured Colombian player Carlos Valderrama, and the game featured licence from Reebok to use their logos in adboards and the Chile national football team kits.","title":"International Superstar Soccer 98"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1998 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"1998 FIFA World Cup squads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"Continental AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_AG"},{"link_name":"Japanese squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_football_team"}],"text":"Due to the date of release, the game focuses on 1998 FIFA World Cup and includes each qualified team plus more. Every team which participated in tournament has home, away and goalkeeper World Cup official kits featuring manufacturer logos and national emblems (with the exception of the United States, whose main uniform is the red-and-white striped kit from the 1994 tournament) and the rest has those used in qualifications. In the European version, the squads are in accordance with official 1998 FIFA World Cup squads as well. Teams that did not qualify have line-ups from the qualifiers (in the North American version, all teams have lineups from the qualifiers). However the players' names are misspelled due to the lack of a FIFPro license, though they have their actual numbers, appearance, age, height, weight and abilities. In the European version, the game has more sponsors other than Reebok, such as Apple and Continental AG, which appear in adboards.The Japanese version was an officially licensed World Cup product and also included unlicensed player names, save for the Japanese squad.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"International Superstar Soccer 98 featured 6 different game modes:Open Game: a friendly match against the computer or another player with choices of stadium, weather and time of day, as well as match handicaps (player condition, goalkeeper strength and number of players on the field, from 7 to 11). It was also possible to spectate CPU vs. CPU matches.\nInternational Cup: This mode is where the player selects a team from one region and attempts to get them to the International Cup 98, starting from the respective region's qualifiers.\nWorld League: 48 international teams participate in a round-robin tournament with home and away matches.\nScenario: 16 situations wherein the player is placed in a match in progress. Depending on the difficulty, the player must either administer a victory (in easier matches), or win a match by breaking a tie or turning the result around (in higher difficulties).\nPenalty Kick Mode: Two teams take a series of five penalty kicks to select the winner. In case of a draw, they undergo successive sudden death rounds.\nTraining: Practice of shooting free kicks, corner kicks and defensive play with a selected team. The player may also practice freely on the entire field without an opposite team.","title":"Game modes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_men%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru_national_football_team"}],"text":"52 national teams (48 in the Japanese version; Ireland, Northern Ireland, Wales and Greece are absent from it) are featured in the game, in addition to six All-Star teams, only accessible through a cheat code or by winning the 'World League' on level 5.Germany\n France\n Italy\n Switzerland\n Austria\n Norway\n Denmark\n Sweden\n England\n Scotland\n Wales\n Northern Ireland\n Republic of Ireland\n Spain\n Portugal\n Netherlands\n Belgium\n Yugoslavia\n Croatia\n Romania\n Bulgaria\n Russia\n Greece\n Turkey\n Japan\n South Korea\n Saudi Arabia\n United Arab Emirates\n Iran\n Australia\n Kazakhstan\n Uzbekistan\n Cameroon\n Nigeria\n South Africa\n Tunisia\n Morocco\n Egypt\n Liberia\n Ghana\n United States\n Canada\n Jamaica\n Mexico\n Brazil\n Argentina\n Colombia\n Uruguay\n Paraguay\n Bolivia\n Chile\n Peru","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-2"},{"link_name":"AllGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fam-8"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"GameFan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameFan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hyper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"N64 Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen-16"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"review aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fam-8"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic91/100[2]Review scoresPublicationScoreAllGame[3]Consoles +94%[4]Edge9/10[5]Electronic Gaming Monthly9/10[6][a]Famitsu33/40[7]Game Informer9/10[8]GameFan94%[9][b]Hyper87%[10]IGN9.1/10[11]N64 Magazine(PAL) 92%[12](JP) 91%[13]Next Generation[14]Nintendo Power8.5/10[15]The game received \"universal acclaim\" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.[2] Cubed3 praised the game's \"ridiculously addictive\" gameplay, create-a-player, six various modes (which have an option of 64 teams, nine stadiums, four weather conditions and a choice of night or day) and the ability to play multiplayer with up to three players.[16] GamePro, however, said, \"Soccer fans will find little reason to kick off with ISS '98.\"[17][c] In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 33 out of 40.[7]Next Generation said in its August 1998 issue, \"After a few hours of play, you'll forgive the apparent lack of improvement and realize that subtlety is everything in the most popular sport on Earth. The only thing that could really improve this series would be the inclusion of real players' names and correct uniforms. Until that happens, Superstar Soccer is just a shade short of perfect.\"[14] Six issues later, the magazine ranked it at #50 in its list of the Fifty Best Games of All Time, saying that the game \"simply represents one of the finest examples of the genre. Although soccer in the U.S. enjoys nowhere near the popularity of other sports, the quality of this simulation should ensure its place on every serious gamer's shelf.\"[18]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"GameFan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameFan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"}],"text":"^ Two critics of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the game each a score of 9.5/10, one gave it 8.5/10, and the other gave it 9/10.\n\n^ In GameFan's viewpoint of the game, one critic gave it 93, and the other 95.\n\n^ GamePro gave the game all 3.5/5 scores for graphics, sound, control, and fun factor.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"KONAMI KICKS OFF HIT SOCCER GAME FOR N64, PLAYSTATION AND GAME BOY\". Konami. August 21, 1998. Archived from the original on January 12, 2000. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000112182139/http://www.konami.com/news/press/98/pr-980821.htm","url_text":"\"KONAMI KICKS OFF HIT SOCCER GAME FOR N64, PLAYSTATION AND GAME BOY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konami","url_text":"Konami"},{"url":"http://www.konami.com/news/press/98/pr-980821.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"International Superstar Soccer '98 for Nintendo 64 Reviews\". Metacritic. Fandom. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/international-superstar-soccer-98/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-64","url_text":"\"International Superstar Soccer '98 for Nintendo 64 Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandom_(website)","url_text":"Fandom"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220921095459/https://www.metacritic.com/game/nintendo-64/international-superstar-soccer-98","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCall, Scott. \"International Superstar Soccer '98 - Review\". AllGame. All Media Network. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved October 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141114221150/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=13739&tab=review","url_text":"\"International Superstar Soccer '98 - Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame","url_text":"AllGame"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Network","url_text":"All Media Network"},{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=13739&tab=review","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Panda; Toxic (September 1998). \"International Superstar Soccer Coupe de Monde 98\". Consoles + (in French). No. 80. pp. 108–10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Edge staff (August 1998). \"Jikkyou World Soccer: World Cup France '98\" (PDF). Edge. No. 61. Future Publishing. p. 98. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 28, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230828185628/https://retrocdn.net/images/a/a1/Edge_UK_061.pdf","url_text":"\"Jikkyou World Soccer: World Cup France '98\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)","url_text":"Edge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future Publishing"},{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/images/a/a1/Edge_UK_061.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Davison, John; Kujawa, Kraig; Hager, Dean; Ricciardi, John (September 1998). \"IS Soccer '98 [sic]\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 110. Ziff Davis. p. 146. Archived from the original on May 7, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendo64ever.com/scans/mags/Scan-Magazine-655-146.jpg","url_text":"\"IS Soccer '98 [sic]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230507231127/https://www.nintendo64ever.com/scans/mags/Scan-Magazine-655-146.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"実況ワールドサッカー 〜WORLD CUP FRANCE'98〜 [NINTENDO64]\". Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Archived from the original on September 13, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=14531&redirect=no","url_text":"\"実況ワールドサッカー 〜WORLD CUP FRANCE'98〜 [NINTENDO64]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu","url_text":"Famitsu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterbrain","url_text":"Enterbrain"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230913160535/https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=14531&redirect=no","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"International Superstar Soccer '98\". Game Informer. No. 64. FuncoLand. August 1998.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FuncoLand","url_text":"FuncoLand"}]},{"reference":"Higgins, Geoff \"El Nino\"; Mowatt, Todd \"Video Cowboy\" (August 1998). \"International Superstar Soccer '98\". GameFan. Vol. 6, no. 8. Metropolis Media. p. 50. Retrieved October 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Gamefan_Vol_6_Issue_08/page/n51/mode/2up","url_text":"\"International Superstar Soccer '98\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameFan","url_text":"GameFan"}]},{"reference":"Toose, Dan (October 1998). \"International Superstar Soccer '98\". Hyper. No. 60. Next Media Pty Ltd. pp. 56–57.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper_(magazine)","url_text":"Hyper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nextmedia","url_text":"Next Media Pty Ltd"}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Peer (November 4, 1998). \"International Superstar Soccer '98 Review\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on August 19, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/1998/11/05/international-superstar-soccer-98","url_text":"\"International Superstar Soccer '98 Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230819145944/https://www.ign.com/articles/1998/11/05/international-superstar-soccer-98","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kitts, Martin (October 1998). \"International Superstar Soccer '98\". N64 Magazine. No. 20. Future Publishing. pp. 54–59.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_Magazine","url_text":"N64 Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Weaver, Tim (August 1998). \"Jikkyou World Soccer: World Cup France '98\". N64 Magazine. No. 18. Future Publishing. pp. 72–75.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"International Superstar Soccer 98\". Next Generation. No. 44. Imagine Media. August 1998. p. 87. Retrieved October 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/NEXT_Generation_44/page/n87/mode/2up","url_text":"\"International Superstar Soccer 98\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"Next Generation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_US","url_text":"Imagine Media"}]},{"reference":"\"International Superstar Soccer '98\". Nintendo Power. Vol. 111. Nintendo of America. August 1998. p. 97. Archived from the original on September 13, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendo64ever.com/scans/mags/Scan-Magazine-353-97.jpg","url_text":"\"International Superstar Soccer '98\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power","url_text":"Nintendo Power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo","url_text":"Nintendo of America"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230913161116/https://www.nintendo64ever.com/scans/mags/Scan-Magazine-353-97.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Riley, Adam (March 21, 2006). \"International Superstar Soccer 98 (Nintendo 64) Review\". Cubed3. Retrieved January 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cubed3.com/review/330/1/international-superstar-soccer-98-nintendo-64.html","url_text":"\"International Superstar Soccer 98 (Nintendo 64) Review\""}]},{"reference":"Air Hendrix (October 1998). \"International Superstar Soccer '98\". GamePro. No. 121. IDG Entertainment. p. 192. Retrieved October 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/GamePro_Issue_111_October_1998/page/n191/mode/2up","url_text":"\"International Superstar Soccer '98\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group","url_text":"IDG Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"Next Generation staff (February 1999). \"The Fifty Best Games of All Time (#50)\". Next Generation. No. 50. Imagine Media. p. 73. Retrieved October 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/NextGeneration50Feb1999/page/n73/mode/2up","url_text":"\"The Fifty Best Games of All Time (#50)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000112182139/http://www.konami.com/news/press/98/pr-980821.htm","external_links_name":"\"KONAMI KICKS OFF HIT SOCCER GAME FOR N64, PLAYSTATION AND GAME BOY\""},{"Link":"http://www.konami.com/news/press/98/pr-980821.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/international-superstar-soccer-98/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-64","external_links_name":"\"International Superstar Soccer '98 for Nintendo 64 Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220921095459/https://www.metacritic.com/game/nintendo-64/international-superstar-soccer-98","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141114221150/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=13739&tab=review","external_links_name":"\"International Superstar Soccer '98 - Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=13739&tab=review","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230828185628/https://retrocdn.net/images/a/a1/Edge_UK_061.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Jikkyou World Soccer: World Cup France '98\""},{"Link":"https://retrocdn.net/images/a/a1/Edge_UK_061.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nintendo64ever.com/scans/mags/Scan-Magazine-655-146.jpg","external_links_name":"\"IS Soccer '98 [sic]\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230507231127/https://www.nintendo64ever.com/scans/mags/Scan-Magazine-655-146.jpg","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=14531&redirect=no","external_links_name":"\"実況ワールドサッカー 〜WORLD CUP FRANCE'98〜 [NINTENDO64]\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230913160535/https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=14531&redirect=no","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Gamefan_Vol_6_Issue_08/page/n51/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"International Superstar Soccer '98\""},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/1998/11/05/international-superstar-soccer-98","external_links_name":"\"International Superstar Soccer '98 Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230819145944/https://www.ign.com/articles/1998/11/05/international-superstar-soccer-98","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/NEXT_Generation_44/page/n87/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"International Superstar Soccer 98\""},{"Link":"https://www.nintendo64ever.com/scans/mags/Scan-Magazine-353-97.jpg","external_links_name":"\"International Superstar Soccer '98\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230913161116/https://www.nintendo64ever.com/scans/mags/Scan-Magazine-353-97.jpg","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cubed3.com/review/330/1/international-superstar-soccer-98-nintendo-64.html","external_links_name":"\"International Superstar Soccer 98 (Nintendo 64) Review\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/GamePro_Issue_111_October_1998/page/n191/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"International Superstar Soccer '98\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/NextGeneration50Feb1999/page/n73/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"The Fifty Best Games of All Time (#50)\""},{"Link":"https://www.mobygames.com/game/9131/international-superstar-soccer-98/","external_links_name":"International Superstar Soccer 98"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Tel_Aviv
|
Timeline of Tel Aviv
|
[]
|
Coordinates: 32°5′0″N 34°48′0″E / 32.08333°N 34.80000°E / 32.08333; 34.80000Part of a series on the
History of Israel
Early historyPrehistoric Levant
Kebaran
Mushabian
Natufian
Harifian
Yarmukian
Lodian
Nizzanim
Ghassulian
Canaan
Retjenu
Habiru
Shasu
Late Bronze Age collapse
Ancient Israel and Judah Iron Age I
Israelites, Philistines 12th–10th centuries BCE United Monarchy 10th century BCE Kingdom of Israel 10th century BCE–720 BCE Kingdom of Judah 10th century BCE–587 BCE Babylonian rule 587–538 BCE
Second Temple period Persian Yehud 538–333 BCE Hellenistic period 333–164 BCE Hasmonean dynasty 164–37 BCE Herodian dynasty
Kingdom
Tetrarchy 37 BCE–6 CE Roman Judaea
(Jewish-Roman Wars) 6 CE–136 CE
Late Antiquity and Middle Ages Syria Palaestina 136–395 Byzantine Palaestina
Prima
Secunda 395–638 Early Islamic period
(Filastin, Urdunn) 638–1099 Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099–1291 Ayyubid dynasty 1174–1260 Mamluk Sultanate 1260–1517
Modern historyModern history (1517–1948)
Ottoman rule
Eyalet
Mutasarrifate
Old Yishuv
Zionism
OETA
British Mandate
Yishuv
State of Israel (1948–present)
Timeline
Years
Independence
Arab–Israeli conflict
Austerity
Silicon Wadi
Iran–Israel conflict
By topic
Historical maps
Historical population
Historical literature
Economic history
Judaism
Jerusalem
Zionism
Jewish leaders
Jewish warfare
Related
Jewish history
Yahwism
Hebrew calendar
Archaeology
Museums
Israel portalvte
Timeline of notable events in the history of Tel Aviv, Israel
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Tel Aviv, Israel.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
19th century ·
20th century: 1900s · 1910s · 1920s · 1930s · 1940s · 1950s · 1960s · 1970s · 1980s · 1990s ·
21st century: 2000s · 2010s · 2020s ·
19th century
See also: Timeline of Jaffa
1886 – Neve-Tzedek was founded.
1890 – Neve Shalom was founded.
1896 – Yafa Nof was founded.
1899 – Achva was founded.
20th century
1900s
1904 – Ohel Moshe was founded.
1906 – Kerem HaTeimanim was founded.
1909 – Tel Aviv founded as neighborhood in Jaffa.
1910s
1917 – April: Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation.
1920s
1921 – Meir Dizengoff becomes mayor.
1925 – David Bloch-Blumenfeld becomes mayor.
1930s
1930s – White City built.
1932
Tel Aviv Museum of Art established.
Maccabiah Stadium opens.
1936 – Israel Rokach becomes mayor.
1938 – Jaffa Zoo opens.
1939 – Yedioth Ahronoth newspaper begins publication.
1940s
1941 – Tel Aviv Central Bus Station opens.
1948 – Population: 244,614.
1950s
Israeli postal stamp, 1959, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the founding of the city
1950
Tel Aviv-Jaffa municipality formed.
Chen Cinema opens.
1951 – Ramat Gan Stadium opens in Tel Aviv metropolitan.
1953
Tel Aviv Stock Exchange founded.
Chaim Levanon becomes mayor.
1960s
1960
Mordechai Namir becomes mayor.
Israel Sports Center for the Disabled established near city.
1962 – Bloomfield Stadium opens.
1963 – Yad Eliyahu Arena opens.
1964 – November: 16th Chess Olympiad held.
1965 – Shalom Meir Tower built.
1968 – November: 1968 Summer Paralympics.
1969 – Yehoshua Rabinovitz becomes mayor.
1970s
1970
Luna Park (amusement park) built.
Nasha Strana Russian-language newspaper in publication.
1972 – London Ministores Mall built.
1973 – Yarkon Park and Tel Aviv Cinematheque open.
1974 – Shlomo Lahat becomes mayor.
1980s
1983 – Dizengoff Center (shopping mall) in business.
1987 – Marganit Tower built.
1989 – Suzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theater established.
1990s
1990 – Tel Aviv 2000 Terminal (bus station) built.
1993
Roni Milo becomes mayor.
Opera Tower built.
1994 – 19 October: Dizengoff Street bus bombing.
1995 – 4 November: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin.
1996 – 4 March: Dizengoff Center suicide bombing.
1997 – Isrotel Tower built.
1998
Ron Huldai becomes mayor.
Center for Contemporary Art founded.
1999 – Azrieli Center, Tzameret Towers, and Beit Rubinstein hi-rise built.
2000s
2000
Tel Aviv University Railway Station opens.
Levinstein Tower and Tel Aviv Towers built.
21st century
2003 – Matcal Tower and Tel Aviv Convention Center pavilion built.
2005 – Kirya Tower built.
2006
Bank Discount Tower built.
Tel Aviv LGBT Film Festival begins.
2007 – Neve Tzedek Tower built.
2009
Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial.
First International Bank Tower and Vision Tower built.
Tel Aviv gay centre shooting
2010s
2011
Elco Tower built.
Tel Aviv Light Rail construction begins.
2013 – Population: 414,600.
2020s
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2020)
See also
History of Tel Aviv
Timeline of Jaffa
Timeline of Jerusalem
Timeline of Haifa
Timeline of Israeli history
List of cities in Israel
References
^ Elkayam, Mordechai (1990). Yafo – Neve-Tzedek, rashita shel Tel-Aviv (in Hebrew). Ministry of Defence. p. 231.
^ a b Bernard Reich; David H. Goldberg (2008). Historical Dictionary of Israel. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6403-0.
^ a b "Israel: Directory". Europa World Year Book. Taylor & Francis. 2004. p. 2260+. ISBN 978-1-85743-254-1.
^ "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1955. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations.
^ a b "Movie Theaters in Tel Aviv". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
^ "Israel Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
^ "Israel". Art Spaces Directory. New York: New Museum. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
This article incorporates information from the Hebrew Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia, and French Wikipedia.
Bibliography
Judith R. Baskin, ed. (2011). "Tel Aviv". Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-15426-7.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tel Aviv.
Map of Tel Aviv, 1958
Europeana. Items related to Tel Aviv, various dates.
32°5′0″N 34°48′0″E / 32.08333°N 34.80000°E / 32.08333; 34.80000
vteTel Aviv DistrictCities
Bat Yam
Bnei Brak
Givatayim
Herzliya
Holon
Kiryat Ono
Or Yehuda
Ramat Gan
Ramat HaSharon
Tel Aviv-Yafo
Local councils
Azor
Kfar Shmaryahu
Other sub-divisions: Center District
Haifa District
Jerusalem District
Judea and Samaria Area
Northern District
Southern District
vteYears in Israel (1948–present)20th century
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
21st century
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:City_timelines"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv#History"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Timeline_of_Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"19th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#19th_century"},{"link_name":"1900s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1900s"},{"link_name":"1910s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1910s"},{"link_name":"1920s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1920s"},{"link_name":"1930s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1930s"},{"link_name":"1940s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1940s"},{"link_name":"1950s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1950s"},{"link_name":"1960s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1960s"},{"link_name":"1970s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1970s"},{"link_name":"1980s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1980s"},{"link_name":"1990s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1990s"},{"link_name":"2000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2000s"},{"link_name":"2010s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2010s"},{"link_name":"2020s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2020s"}],"text":"Timeline of notable events in the history of Tel Aviv, IsraelThe following is a timeline of the history of the city of Tel Aviv, Israel.This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.19th century · \n20th century: 1900s · 1910s · 1920s · 1930s · 1940s · 1950s · 1960s · 1970s · 1980s · 1990s · \n21st century: 2000s · 2010s · 2020s ·","title":"Timeline of Tel Aviv"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Jaffa"},{"link_name":"Neve-Tzedek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neve_Tzedek"},{"link_name":"Neve Shalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neve_Shalom_(neighborhood)"},{"link_name":"Yafa Nof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yafa_Nof_(neighborhood)"},{"link_name":"Achva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achva_(neighborhood)"}],"text":"See also: Timeline of Jaffa1886 – Neve-Tzedek was founded.\n1890 – Neve Shalom was founded.\n1896 – Yafa Nof was founded.\n1899 – Achva was founded.","title":"19th century"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohel Moshe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohel_Moshe_(neighborhood)"},{"link_name":"Kerem HaTeimanim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerem_HaTeimanim"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reich2008-2"}],"sub_title":"1900s","text":"1904 – Ohel Moshe was founded.\n1906 – Kerem HaTeimanim was founded.[1]\n1909 – Tel Aviv founded as neighborhood in Jaffa.[2]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_and_Jaffa_deportation"}],"sub_title":"1910s","text":"1917 – April: Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation.","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meir Dizengoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Dizengoff"},{"link_name":"David Bloch-Blumenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bloch-Blumenfeld"}],"sub_title":"1920s","text":"1921 – Meir Dizengoff becomes mayor.\n1925 – David Bloch-Blumenfeld becomes mayor.","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_City_(Tel_Aviv)"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Maccabiah Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabiah_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Israel Rokach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Rokach"},{"link_name":"Jaffa Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaffa_Zoo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yedioth Ahronoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yedioth_Ahronoth"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-europa2004-3"}],"sub_title":"1930s","text":"1930s – White City built.\n1932\nTel Aviv Museum of Art established.\nMaccabiah Stadium opens.\n1936 – Israel Rokach becomes mayor.\n1938 – Jaffa Zoo opens.\n1939 – Yedioth Ahronoth newspaper begins publication.[3]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tel Aviv Central Bus Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Tel_Aviv_Central_Bus_Station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"1940s","text":"1941 – Tel Aviv Central Bus Station opens.\n1948 – Population: 244,614.[4]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tel_Aviv_Jubilee_stamp_1959.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv-Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv-Jaffa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reich2008-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinema-5"},{"link_name":"Ramat Gan Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramat_Gan_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv metropolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gush_Dan"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Chaim Levanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Levanon"}],"sub_title":"1950s","text":"Israeli postal stamp, 1959, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the founding of the city1950\nTel Aviv-Jaffa municipality formed.[2]\nChen Cinema opens.[5]\n1951 – Ramat Gan Stadium opens in Tel Aviv metropolitan.\n1953\nTel Aviv Stock Exchange founded.\nChaim Levanon becomes mayor.","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mordechai Namir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordechai_Namir"},{"link_name":"Israel Sports Center for the Disabled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Sports_Center_for_the_Disabled"},{"link_name":"Bloomfield Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomfield_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Yad Eliyahu Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Eliyahu_Arena"},{"link_name":"16th Chess Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Shalom Meir Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Meir_Tower"},{"link_name":"1968 Summer Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"Yehoshua Rabinovitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehoshua_Rabinovitz"}],"sub_title":"1960s","text":"1960\nMordechai Namir becomes mayor.\nIsrael Sports Center for the Disabled established near city.\n1962 – Bloomfield Stadium opens.\n1963 – Yad Eliyahu Arena opens.\n1964 – November: 16th Chess Olympiad held.\n1965 – Shalom Meir Tower built.\n1968 – November: 1968 Summer Paralympics.\n1969 – Yehoshua Rabinovitz becomes mayor.","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luna Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_Park,_Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Nasha Strana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasha_Strana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0,_%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-europa2004-3"},{"link_name":"London Ministores Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Ministores_Mall"},{"link_name":"Yarkon Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarkon_Park"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv Cinematheque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Cinematheque"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinema-5"},{"link_name":"Shlomo Lahat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Lahat"}],"sub_title":"1970s","text":"1970\nLuna Park (amusement park) built.\nNasha Strana [ru] Russian-language newspaper in publication.[3]\n1972 – London Ministores Mall built.\n1973 – Yarkon Park and Tel Aviv Cinematheque[5] open.\n1974 – Shlomo Lahat becomes mayor.","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dizengoff Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizengoff_Center"},{"link_name":"Marganit Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marganit_Tower"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Dellal_Center_for_Dance_and_Theater"}],"sub_title":"1980s","text":"1983 – Dizengoff Center (shopping mall) in business.\n1987 – Marganit Tower built.\n1989 – Suzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theater established.","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tel Aviv 2000 Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_2000_Terminal"},{"link_name":"Roni Milo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roni_Milo"},{"link_name":"Opera Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Tower_(Tel_Aviv)"},{"link_name":"Dizengoff Street bus bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizengoff_Street_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Yitzhak_Rabin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-profile-6"},{"link_name":"Dizengoff Center suicide bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizengoff_Center_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"Isrotel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isrotel_Tower"},{"link_name":"Ron Huldai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Huldai"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewMuseum-7"},{"link_name":"Azrieli Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azrieli_Center"},{"link_name":"Tzameret Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzameret_Towers"},{"link_name":"Beit Rubinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Rubinstein"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"1990 – Tel Aviv 2000 Terminal (bus station) built.\n1993\nRoni Milo becomes mayor.\nOpera Tower built.\n1994 – 19 October: Dizengoff Street bus bombing.\n1995 – 4 November: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin.[6]\n1996 – 4 March: Dizengoff Center suicide bombing.\n1997 – Isrotel Tower built.\n1998\nRon Huldai becomes mayor.\nCenter for Contemporary Art founded.[7]\n1999 – Azrieli Center, Tzameret Towers, and Beit Rubinstein hi-rise built.","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tel Aviv University Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"Levinstein Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levinstein_Tower"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Towers"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"2000\nTel Aviv University Railway Station opens.\nLevinstein Tower and Tel Aviv Towers built.","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matcal Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matcal_Tower"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv Convention Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Convention_Center"},{"link_name":"Kirya Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirya_Tower"},{"link_name":"Bank Discount Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Discount_Tower"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv LGBT Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLVFest"},{"link_name":"Neve Tzedek Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neve_Tzedek_Tower"},{"link_name":"First International Bank Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_International_Bank_Tower"},{"link_name":"Vision Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_Tower_(Tel_Aviv)"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv gay centre shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_gay_centre_shooting"}],"text":"2003 – Matcal Tower and Tel Aviv Convention Center pavilion built.\n2005 – Kirya Tower built.\n2006\nBank Discount Tower built.\nTel Aviv LGBT Film Festival begins.\n2007 – Neve Tzedek Tower built.\n2009\nTel Aviv-Yafo Centennial.\nFirst International Bank Tower and Vision Tower built.\nTel Aviv gay centre shooting","title":"21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elco Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_Tower"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv Light Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Light_Rail"}],"sub_title":"2010s","text":"2011\nElco Tower built.\nTel Aviv Light Rail construction begins.\n2013 – Population: 414,600.","title":"21st century"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020s","title":"21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judith R. Baskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_R._Baskin"},{"link_name":"\"Tel Aviv\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CgMMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA588"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-316-15426-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-15426-7"}],"text":"Judith R. Baskin, ed. (2011). \"Tel Aviv\". Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-15426-7.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Israeli postal stamp, 1959, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the founding of the city","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tel_Aviv_Jubilee_stamp_1959.jpg/170px-Tel_Aviv_Jubilee_stamp_1959.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"History of Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv#History"},{"title":"Timeline of Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Jaffa"},{"title":"Timeline of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem"},{"title":"Timeline of Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Haifa"},{"title":"Timeline of Israeli history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Israeli_history"},{"title":"List of cities in Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel"}]
|
[{"reference":"Elkayam, Mordechai (1990). Yafo – Neve-Tzedek, rashita shel Tel-Aviv (in Hebrew). Ministry of Defence. p. 231.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bernard Reich; David H. Goldberg (2008). Historical Dictionary of Israel. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6403-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf-xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA492","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Israel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6403-0","url_text":"978-0-8108-6403-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Israel: Directory\". Europa World Year Book. Taylor & Francis. 2004. p. 2260+. ISBN 978-1-85743-254-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wGA4o-UhAfgC","url_text":"Europa World Year Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-254-1","url_text":"978-1-85743-254-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants\". Demographic Yearbook 1955. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations.","urls":[{"url":"https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1950_round.htm","url_text":"\"Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Office_of_the_United_Nations","url_text":"Statistical Office of the United Nations"}]},{"reference":"\"Movie Theaters in Tel Aviv\". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 30 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/israel/tel-aviv?status=all","url_text":"\"Movie Theaters in Tel Aviv\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israel Profile: Timeline\". BBC News. Retrieved 30 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29123668","url_text":"\"Israel Profile: Timeline\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israel\". Art Spaces Directory. New York: New Museum. Retrieved 30 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newmuseum.org/spaces/listing/country:Israel","url_text":"\"Israel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Museum","url_text":"New Museum"}]},{"reference":"Judith R. Baskin, ed. (2011). \"Tel Aviv\". Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-15426-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_R._Baskin","url_text":"Judith R. Baskin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CgMMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA588","url_text":"\"Tel Aviv\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-15426-7","url_text":"978-1-316-15426-7"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Timeline_of_Tel_Aviv¶ms=32_5_0_N_34_48_0_E_type:city","external_links_name":"32°5′0″N 34°48′0″E / 32.08333°N 34.80000°E / 32.08333; 34.80000"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Tel_Aviv&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf-xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA492","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Israel"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wGA4o-UhAfgC","external_links_name":"Europa World Year Book"},{"Link":"https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1950_round.htm","external_links_name":"\"Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants\""},{"Link":"http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/israel/tel-aviv?status=all","external_links_name":"\"Movie Theaters in Tel Aviv\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29123668","external_links_name":"\"Israel Profile: Timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.newmuseum.org/spaces/listing/country:Israel","external_links_name":"\"Israel\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CgMMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA588","external_links_name":"\"Tel Aviv\""},{"Link":"http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/israel.html","external_links_name":"Map of Tel Aviv"},{"Link":"https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=%22tel+aviv%22+israel&rows=96","external_links_name":"Items related to Tel Aviv"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Timeline_of_Tel_Aviv¶ms=32_5_0_N_34_48_0_E_type:city","external_links_name":"32°5′0″N 34°48′0″E / 32.08333°N 34.80000°E / 32.08333; 34.80000"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coregonus_laurettae
|
Bering cisco
|
["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 Ecology","4 References"]
|
Species of fish
Bering cisco
Illustration from The Natural History of Useful Aquatic Animals
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Salmoniformes
Family:
Salmonidae
Genus:
Coregonus
Species:
C. laurettae
Binomial name
Coregonus laurettaeT. H. Bean, 1881
Synonyms
Argyrosomus alascanus Scofield, 1898
The Bering cisco or Lauretta whitefish (Coregonus laurettae) is a freshwater whitefish found in Alaska and part of Russia. It is often considered to be the same species as the more common Arctic cisco (Coregonus autumnalis).
Description
The Bering cisco has an elongate, compressed body. It is silvery-coloured, with a brownish or greenish back. Its pelvic and pectoral fins are almost clear, and its other fins are spotted white. It is distinguished from the Arctic cisco by its smaller number of gill rakers. It reaches a maximum length of 48 centimetres (19 in).
Distribution
The Bering cisco is found in Alaska from Cook Inlet on the south coast to Oliktok Point on the Arctic coast. It occurs on the Yukon River as far upstream as Dawson City, on the Porcupine River, and in the lakes of the Brooks Range. There are some reports of Bering ciscoes from the Chukchi Peninsula and the Kamchatka Peninsula, these presumably being migrants from Alaska.
Ecology
The Bering cisco is usually found in river mouths, brackish lagoons, and coastal waters, but may penetrate far upstream. Most populations are anadromous, migrating as far as 2,100 kilometres (1,300 mi) inland to spawn during the late summer. In most of its range, the Bering cisco is abundant. Its habitats are mostly remote and pristine, and it has no known threats. In rivers, it may be the most abundant migratory fish. In estuaries, the Bering cisco is an important "keystone species", serving as an important source of food for larger animals. The Bering cisco is taken commercially, and sold as "white trout". In New York, smoked Bering ciscoes are popular, and are esteemed for their creamy flesh. They are sold instead of the usual holiday food of Great Lakes whitefishes. Subsistence fishermen also take the Bering cisco in small numbers, as do commercial fishermen fishing for salmon during its migration.
The Bering cisco feeds on amphipods and other invertebrates and small fish such as sculpins. It migrates to clear and shallow streams in the late summer, not feeding during migration. Not eating during migration is typical among salmon, but rare in whitefishes. Spawning occurs in clear, cool streams with 1 to 3 inch gravel. A year after hatching, young ciscoes drift downstream to estuaries. The Bering cisco becomes sexually mature when it is four to nine years old.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i "Bering Cisco" (PDF). Alaska Natural Heritage Program. 23 March 2005. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
^ COSEWIC (2004). "COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Bering cisco Coregonus laurettae in Canada" (PDF). Ottawa: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada.
^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2010). "Coregonus laurettae" in FishBase. March 2010 version.
^ a b c d e Friis-Baastad, Erling (21 October 2005). "Unsung Bering cisco deserve more respect". yourYukon. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
^ Alt, Kenneth. "Whitefish Species". Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
^ Fabricant, Florence (16 December 2008). "Alaskan Catch for the Holiday Table". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
^ Reist, J. D.; R. A. Bodaly, R. J. P. Fudge, K. J. Cash, and T. V. Stevens (1987). "External scarring of whitefish, Coregonus nasus and C. clupeaformis complex, from the western Northwest Territories, Canada". Canadian Journal of Zoology 65(5): 1230–1239. doi:10.1139/z87-191.
vteFreshwater whitefishMembers ofgenus Coregonus
Coregonus albellus (autumn brienzlig)
C. albula (European cisco or vendace)
†C. alpenae (longjaw cisco)
C. alpinus
C. anaulorum
C. arenicolus
C. artedi (cisco)
C. atterensis
C. austriacus
C. autumnalis (Arctic cisco)
C. baerii
C. baicalensis
C. baunti
C. bavaricus
C. bezola
C. candidus
C. chadary
C. clupeaformis (lake whitefish)
C. clupeoides
C. confusus
C. danneri
C. duplex
C. fatioi
†C. fera (true fera)
C. fontanae
†C. gutturosus (Lake Constance whitefish)
C. heglingus
†C. hiemalis (gravenche)
C. hoferi
C. holsata
C. hoyi (bloater)
C. hubbsi (Ives Lake cisco)
C. huntsmanni (Atlantic whitefish)
†C. johannae (deepwater cisco)
C. kiletz
C. kiyi (kiyi)
C. ladogae
C. laurettae (Bering cisco)
C. lavaretus
C. lucinensis
C. lutokka
C. macrophthalmus
C. maraena
C. maraenoides (Peipsi whitefish)
C. maxillaris
C. megalops
C. migratorius (omul)
C. muksun (muksun)
C. nasus (broad whitefish)
C. nelsonii (Alaska whitefish)
C. nigripinnis (blackfin cisco)
C. nilssoni
C. nipigon
C. nobilis
C. oxyrinchus (houting)
C. palaea
C. pallasii
C. peled (peled)
C. pennatii (gwyniad)
C. pidschian (humpback whitefish or pidschian)
C. pollan (pollan)
C. pravdinellus
C. reighardi (shortnose cisco)
C. renke
†C. restrictus
C. sardinella (sardine cisco)
C. stigmaticus (schelly)
C. subautumnalis
C. suidteri
C. trybomi
C. tugun
C. ussuriensis
C. vandesius (vendace)
C. vessicus
C. wartmanni
C. widegreni
C. zenithicus (shortjaw cisco)
C. zuerichensis
C. zugensis
Members of genus Prosopium
P. abyssicola (Bear Lake whitefish)
P. coulterii (pygmy whitefish)
P. cylindraceum (round whitefish)
P. spilonotus (Bonneville whitefish)
P. williamsoni (mountain whitefish)
Members ofgenus Stenodus
S. nelma (nelma or inconnu)
S. leucichthys (beloribitsa)
Family Salmonidae
Taxon identifiersCoregonus laurettae
Wikidata: Q3232002
Wikispecies: Coregonus laurettae
EUNIS: 128454
FishBase: 46941
GBIF: 2351007
iNaturalist: 217590
IRMNG: 10957431
ITIS: 161935
NatureServe: 2.101378
NCBI: 480039
OBIS: 254567
Open Tree of Life: 829119
WoRMS: 254567
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freshwater whitefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_whitefish"},{"link_name":"Arctic cisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_cisco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alaska-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Bering cisco or Lauretta whitefish (Coregonus laurettae) is a freshwater whitefish found in Alaska and part of Russia. It is often considered to be the same species as the more common Arctic cisco (Coregonus autumnalis).[1][2]","title":"Bering cisco"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pelvic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fin"},{"link_name":"pectoral fins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoral_fin"},{"link_name":"gill rakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_rakers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alaska-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-base-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-base-3"}],"text":"The Bering cisco has an elongate, compressed body. It is silvery-coloured, with a brownish or greenish back. Its pelvic and pectoral fins are almost clear, and its other fins are spotted white. It is distinguished from the Arctic cisco by its smaller number of gill rakers.[1][3] It reaches a maximum length of 48 centimetres (19 in).[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cook Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Oliktok Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliktok_Point&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yukon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_River"},{"link_name":"Dawson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_City"},{"link_name":"Porcupine River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine_River"},{"link_name":"Brooks Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Range"},{"link_name":"Chukchi Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Kamchatka Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alaska-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-base-3"}],"text":"The Bering cisco is found in Alaska from Cook Inlet on the south coast to Oliktok Point on the Arctic coast. It occurs on the Yukon River as far upstream as Dawson City, on the Porcupine River, and in the lakes of the Brooks Range. There are some reports of Bering ciscoes from the Chukchi Peninsula and the Kamchatka Peninsula, these presumably being migrants from Alaska.[1][3]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alaska-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-base-3"},{"link_name":"anadromous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadromous"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alaska-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yukon-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alaska-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yukon-4"},{"link_name":"keystone species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_species"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yukon-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alaska-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yukon-4"},{"link_name":"amphipods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphipod"},{"link_name":"sculpins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alaska-1"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alaska-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yukon-4"}],"text":"The Bering cisco is usually found in river mouths, brackish lagoons, and coastal waters, but may penetrate far upstream.[1][3] Most populations are anadromous, migrating as far as 2,100 kilometres (1,300 mi) inland to spawn during the late summer.[1][4] In most of its range, the Bering cisco is abundant. Its habitats are mostly remote and pristine, and it has no known threats.[1] In rivers, it may be the most abundant migratory fish.[4] In estuaries, the Bering cisco is an important \"keystone species\", serving as an important source of food for larger animals.[4] The Bering cisco is taken commercially, and sold as \"white trout\".[5] In New York, smoked Bering ciscoes are popular, and are esteemed for their creamy flesh. They are sold instead of the usual holiday food of Great Lakes whitefishes.[6] Subsistence fishermen also take the Bering cisco in small numbers,[1] as do commercial fishermen fishing for salmon during its migration.[4]The Bering cisco feeds on amphipods and other invertebrates and small fish such as sculpins. It migrates to clear and shallow streams in the late summer, not feeding during migration.[1] Not eating during migration is typical among salmon, but rare in whitefishes.[7] Spawning occurs in clear, cool streams with 1 to 3 inch gravel.[1] A year after hatching, young ciscoes drift downstream to estuaries. The Bering cisco becomes sexually mature when it is four to nine years old.[4]","title":"Ecology"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Bering Cisco\" (PDF). Alaska Natural Heritage Program. 23 March 2005. Retrieved 22 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/CW69-14-414-2005E.pdf","url_text":"\"Bering Cisco\""}]},{"reference":"COSEWIC (2004). \"COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Bering cisco Coregonus laurettae in Canada\" (PDF). Ottawa: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada.","urls":[{"url":"http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/CW69-14-414-2005E.pdf","url_text":"\"COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Bering cisco Coregonus laurettae in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Friis-Baastad, Erling (21 October 2005). \"Unsung Bering cisco deserve more respect\". yourYukon. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110615080521/http://www.taiga.net/yourYukon/col445.html","url_text":"\"Unsung Bering cisco deserve more respect\""},{"url":"http://www.taiga.net/yourYukon/col445.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Alt, Kenneth. \"Whitefish Species\". Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091001114629/http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/fish/whitfish.php","url_text":"\"Whitefish Species\""},{"url":"http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/fish/whitfish.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fabricant, Florence (16 December 2008). \"Alaskan Catch for the Holiday Table\". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/dining/17fish.html","url_text":"\"Alaskan Catch for the Holiday Table\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/CW69-14-414-2005E.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bering Cisco\""},{"Link":"http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/CW69-14-414-2005E.pdf","external_links_name":"\"COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Bering cisco Coregonus laurettae in Canada\""},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Coregonus&speciesname=laurettae","external_links_name":"\"Coregonus laurettae\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110615080521/http://www.taiga.net/yourYukon/col445.html","external_links_name":"\"Unsung Bering cisco deserve more respect\""},{"Link":"http://www.taiga.net/yourYukon/col445.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091001114629/http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/fish/whitfish.php","external_links_name":"\"Whitefish Species\""},{"Link":"http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/fish/whitfish.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/dining/17fish.html","external_links_name":"\"Alaskan Catch for the Holiday Table\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fz87-191","external_links_name":"10.1139/z87-191"},{"Link":"https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/128454","external_links_name":"128454"},{"Link":"https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/46941","external_links_name":"46941"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2351007","external_links_name":"2351007"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/217590","external_links_name":"217590"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10957431","external_links_name":"10957431"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161935","external_links_name":"161935"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101378/","external_links_name":"2.101378"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=480039","external_links_name":"480039"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/254567","external_links_name":"254567"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=829119","external_links_name":"829119"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=254567","external_links_name":"254567"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samahij
|
Samaheej
|
["1 Education","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 26°16′59″N 50°38′01″E / 26.28298°N 50.63348°E / 26.28298; 50.63348Human settlement in Bahrain
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Samaheej" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
26°16′59″N 50°38′01″E / 26.28298°N 50.63348°E / 26.28298; 50.63348
Place in Muharraq Island, BahrainSamaheej
سَماهِيجSamaheejCoordinates: 26°16′59″N 50°38′01″E / 26.28298°N 50.63348°E / 26.28298; 50.63348CountryBahrainIslandMuharraq Island
Samaheej (Arabic: سماهيج Samāhīj) is a village in Bahrain on the northern coast of Muharraq Island. Al Dair village lies to its northwest, while Galali lies to its southeast. It is north of Bahrain International Airport.
Samaheej (Classical Syriac: ܡܫܡܗܝܓ Mashmahig) had a Nestorian Christian presence during its early history, with old foundations of a Nestorian monastery being discovered in the village.
Before the discovery of oil in Bahrain, most of the inhabitants were involved in farming, especially date palms, and fishing.
The name Samahij is from Persian se (three) and mahi (fish) and hence, ‘the three fish’. This name has to do with the geographical form of the area on which this village is situated.
Among the famous people from Samaheej is Abdullah bin Saleh al Samahiji (1675 - 1722), a medieval Islamic scholar, prominent within the Akhbari school of Shiism during the Safavid era.
Education
The Ministry of Education operates government schools. Samajih Primary Intermediate Boys School is the sole government school within Samaheej.
References
^ "The Syriac Gazetter".
^ Kozah, Mario; Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim; Al-Murikhi, Saif Shaheen; Al-Thani, Haya (2014). The Syriac Writers of Qatar in the Seventh Century (print ed.). Gorgias Press LLC. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-1463203559.
^ Insoll, T., Carter, R., Almahari, S., MacLean, R., 2021, Excavations at Samahij, Bahrain, and the implications for Christianity, Islamisation and settlement in Bahrain, Wiley, Arab Arch. Epig. 2021,00:1–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/aae.12173
^ "Directory Archived 2009-09-02 at the Wayback Machine." Ministry of Education. Retrieved on 8 September 2009.
External links
Samaheej Online Website
Samaheej Tv
Samaheej Forums
Samaheej Photo albums
Samaheej MMS
Samaheej Club
vteSettlements in the Muharraq Governorate of Bahrain
Al Dair
Al Hidd
Al Saya
Amwaj Islands
Arad
Busaiteen
Dilmunia Island
Diyar Al Muharraq
East Hidd City
Galali
Halat Bu Maher
Halat Nuaim
Halat Seltah
Muharraq
Samaheej
This Bahrain location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"26°16′59″N 50°38′01″E / 26.28298°N 50.63348°E / 26.28298; 50.63348","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Samaheej¶ms=26.28298_N_50.63348_E_region:BH_type:city"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Muharraq Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muharraq_Island"},{"link_name":"Al Dair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Dair"},{"link_name":"Galali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galali,_Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Bahrain International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Classical Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nestorian Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorian_Christian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"discovery of oil in Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_oil_in_Bahrain"},{"link_name":"farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming"},{"link_name":"date palms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palm"},{"link_name":"fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"Abdullah bin Saleh al Samahiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Saleh_al_Samahiji"},{"link_name":"Islamic scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_scholar"},{"link_name":"Akhbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhbari"},{"link_name":"Shiism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiism"},{"link_name":"Safavid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid"}],"text":"Human settlement in Bahrain26°16′59″N 50°38′01″E / 26.28298°N 50.63348°E / 26.28298; 50.63348Place in Muharraq Island, BahrainSamaheej (Arabic: سماهيج Samāhīj) is a village in Bahrain on the northern coast of Muharraq Island. Al Dair village lies to its northwest, while Galali lies to its southeast. It is north of Bahrain International Airport.Samaheej (Classical Syriac: ܡܫܡܗܝܓ Mashmahig)[1] had a Nestorian Christian presence during its early history, with old foundations of a Nestorian monastery being discovered in the village.[2][3]Before the discovery of oil in Bahrain, most of the inhabitants were involved in farming, especially date palms, and fishing.The name Samahij is from Persian se (three) and mahi (fish) and hence, ‘the three fish’. This name has to do with the geographical form of the area on which this village is situated.Among the famous people from Samaheej is Abdullah bin Saleh al Samahiji (1675 - 1722), a medieval Islamic scholar, prominent within the Akhbari school of Shiism during the Safavid era.","title":"Samaheej"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Bahrain)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Ministry of Education operates government schools. Samajih Primary Intermediate Boys School is the sole government school within Samaheej.[4]","title":"Education"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"The Syriac Gazetter\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syriaca.org/place/2879","url_text":"\"The Syriac Gazetter\""}]},{"reference":"Kozah, Mario; Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim; Al-Murikhi, Saif Shaheen; Al-Thani, Haya (2014). The Syriac Writers of Qatar in the Seventh Century (print ed.). Gorgias Press LLC. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-1463203559.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulrahim_Abu-Husayn","url_text":"Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1463203559","url_text":"978-1463203559"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Samaheej¶ms=26.28298_N_50.63348_E_region:BH_type:city","external_links_name":"26°16′59″N 50°38′01″E / 26.28298°N 50.63348°E / 26.28298; 50.63348"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Samaheej%22","external_links_name":"\"Samaheej\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Samaheej%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Samaheej%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Samaheej%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Samaheej%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Samaheej%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Samaheej¶ms=26.28298_N_50.63348_E_region:BH_type:city","external_links_name":"26°16′59″N 50°38′01″E / 26.28298°N 50.63348°E / 26.28298; 50.63348"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Samaheej¶ms=26.28298_N_50.63348_E_type:city_region:BH","external_links_name":"26°16′59″N 50°38′01″E / 26.28298°N 50.63348°E / 26.28298; 50.63348"},{"Link":"https://www.syriaca.org/place/2879","external_links_name":"\"The Syriac Gazetter\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aae.12173","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aae.12173"},{"Link":"http://www.moe.gov.bh/en/Daleel.aspx#c","external_links_name":"Directory"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090902124036/http://www.moe.gov.bh/en/Daleel.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110208045805/http://samaheejonline.com/","external_links_name":"Samaheej Online Website"},{"Link":"http://www.samaheej.tv/","external_links_name":"Samaheej Tv"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120317054927/http://www.samaheejonline.com/vb/","external_links_name":"Samaheej Forums"},{"Link":"http://www.samaheej.com/albums/","external_links_name":"Samaheej Photo albums"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080701131440/http://www.samaheejmms.com/","external_links_name":"Samaheej MMS"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080501095032/http://www.samaheejclub.org/","external_links_name":"Samaheej Club"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samaheej&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KaladKaren
|
KaladKaren
|
["1 Education","2 Career","2.1 TV host and personality career","2.2 Acting career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Television","4.2 Radio","4.3 Film","4.4 Other credits","5 Awards and nominations","6 Notes","7 References"]
|
Filipino actress and television personality (born 1992)
In this Philippine name, the family name is Lisaba.
Not to be confused with Karen Davila.
KaladKarenKaladKaren in 2023BornJervi Ryan Lisaba (1992-08-09) August 9, 1992 (age 31)NationalityFilipinoOther namesJervi LiKaladKaren DavilaOccupationsActorcomedianYears active2011–presentAgentStar Magic (2023–present)Known forImpersonating Karen DavilaPartnerLuke Wrightson (engaged 2020)WebsiteKaladKaren on Instagram
Jervi Ryan Lisaba (born August 9, 1992), also known as Jervi Li and better known by her stage name KaladKaren, is a Filipino actress, TV host, writer, endorser, impersonator, LGBT rights advocate, television personality and radio host most known for her impression of ABS-CBN News personality Karen Davila. She became the first transgender woman to win 'Best Supporting Actress' at the Summer Metro Manila Film Festival.
Education
Jervi graduated from the University of the Philippines Diliman in Quezon City with magna cum laude honors and obtained a bachelor's degree in broadcast communication.
Career
In 2012, KaladKaren (credited by Jervi Li) was part of contestants as Team Amigas (with Saida Diola) and was the first transgender contestant to compete on the series The Amazing Race Philippines 1 on TV5. Still, she was 7th eliminated in Boracay, Aklan.
TV host and personality career
In 2016, Jervi impersonated Karen Davila in the Philippine presidential election, as part of a political satire event led by the University of the Philippines. She would be known as KaladKaren due to her portrayal.
She co-hosted the morning talk show of ABS-CBN Umagang Kay Ganda, and pioneered digital shows as presenter for Pilipinas Got Talent Exclusives, The Voice Kids Digi TV, The Voice Teens Digi TV and Trabahanap. She was also a mainstay of the program I Can See Your Voice and served as a resident judge on Drag Race Philippines.
In June 2023, she joined Frontline Pilipinas on TV5 as a presenter for the Showbiz and Trivia segment. It marks also as she became the first transgender woman to be a part of a primetime newscast in Philippine television.
Acting career
In 2011, KaladKaren (credited by Jervi Li) appeared in the GMA's comedy horror anthology Spooky Nights: Bampirella along with stars Marian Rivera, Mikael Daez, and Gelli de Belen.
In both 2023, KaladKaren would act in Here Comes the Groom which premiered at the 2023 Summer Metro Manila Film Festival. In the film, she portrayed Wilhelmina who was also a trans woman like herself. Her character switched bodies with Junior, the protagonist which was portrayed by Enchong Dee hence she had to act like a man for parts of the film to fulfill the role. She won the best supporting actress award for her role as Wilhelmina, becoming the second trans woman to win a best actress award in the Philippine film industry after Iyah Mina in 2018. She appeared in the iWantTFC miniseries such as Drag You & Me and Fit Check and is played by herself to make a supporting character was denoted by a cameo appearance in the drama-suspense thriller miniseries, Fractured, along with co-stars by Francine Diaz, Seth Fedelin, Jeremiah Lisbo, Kaori Oinuma, Raven Rigor, Sean Tristan, and Daniela Stranner.
Personal life
KaladKaren identifies as a transgender woman and advocate of LGBT rights. She has been engaged to boyfriend Luke Wrightson since 2020.
Filmography
Television
Year
Title
Role
Station
2011
Spooky Nights: Bampriella
Megan Pak
GMA Network
2012
The Amazing Race Philippines 1
Herself
TV5
2017
Pasada Sais Trenta
Herself / Guest
DZMM TeleRadyo
2017–2019
Gandang Gabi, Vice!
Guest
ABS-CBN
2018–2020
Umagang Kay Ganda
Co-host
2019
Banana Sundae
Herself
2019–2021
I Can See Your Voice
Herself / SINGvestigator
ABS-CBNKapamilya ChannelA2Z
2022
It's Showtime
Jury
TV5
Drag Race Philippines
Herself / Judge
Discovery+ and HBO Go (Philippines)
2022–present
BalitaOneNan
KaladKaren Dadilat
BuKo
2023
Headstart with Karen Davila
Herself / Guest
ABS-CBN News Channel
TV Patrol
Herself / Guest Segment Anchor "Star Patrol"
Kapamilya ChannelA2ZABS-CBN News ChannelTeleRadyo
Family Feud
Herself/Guest
GMA Network
Drag You & Me
Gerardo Pallan / Miranda Kalaw-Forbes
iWantTFC
Fit Check
Barbie
Amazon Prime Video
2023
Fractured
Herself
iWantTFC
E.A.T.
Herself / Segment Co-Host
TV5One PH
2023–present
Frontline Pilipinas
Herself / Segment Anchor "Showbiz Eto Na Nga" and "K-alaman"
Radio
Year
Title
Role
Station
2017
Pasada Sais Trenta
Herself / Guest
DZMM
2023
Ang Tinig N'yo
Guest Co-host
DWPM
Film
Year
Title
Role
2017
Gandarrapiddo: The Revenger Squad
KaladKaren Davila (reporter)
2018
The Girl in the Orange Dress
Ogie
2023
Here Comes the Groom
Wilhelmina
Other credits
Eat Bulaga (GMA, 2009–2012) - Writer
The Amazing Race Philippines 2 (TV5, 2014) - Writer
Awards and nominations
Year
Work
Award
Category
Result
Source
2023
Here Comes the Groom
1st Summer Metro Manila Film Festival
Best Supporting Actress
Won
Notes
^ a b Credited as Jervi Lisaba.
References
^ "KaladKaren inks contract with ABS-CBN's Star Magic". ABS-CBN News. June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ Vice Ganda (host), KaledKaren; Cipriano, Kean; Kiray, Wacky; Bayani Agbayani (guests). SING-vestigators reveal their real names. Gandang Gabi, Vice! (TV broadcast) (in Filipino). ABS-CBN. Event occurs at 2:05–2:10. Retrieved July 19, 2023 – via YouTube. Vice: Anong real name mo? / KaladKaren: Jervi Ryan / Vice: Taray! Last name mo Ryan? / KaladKaren: Hindi... Lisaba
^ "'My new family': KaladKaren is now part of Star Magic". ABS-CBN News. May 24, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
^ "KaladKaren signs with Star Magic, to go beyond impersonation". Philstar.com. June 29, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
^ Inocencio, Syrah Vivien (April 11, 2023). "KaladKaren first trans woman to win MMFF best supporting actress". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ "Kaladkaren turns emotional while showing Karen Davila her new home". ABS-CBN. May 15, 2022 .
^ "KaladKaren shares before and after weight loss photos".
^ "Judge KaladKaren completes the 'Drag Race Philippines' trinity". Preen.ph. July 20, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
^ Pasajol, Anne (April 12, 2023). "KaladKaren makes history as first transwoman to win MMFF best supporting actress award". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
^ "Enchong Dee on gender-swapping role in 'Here Comes The Groom': "Ang hirap maging babae!"" . PEP.ph (in Filipino). Philippine Entertainment Portal, Inc. March 30, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
^ a b "Kaladkaren, ikalawang trans woman na nanalo ng acting award sa Pilipinas" . PEP.ph (in Filipino). Philippine Entertainment Portal, Inc. April 12, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
^ Cruz, Dana (August 27, 2022). "KaladKaren to fiance on their 10th anniversary: 'You're indeed the love of my life'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
^ Cruz, Dana (November 9, 2022). "KaladKaren on 'heterosexual rights' bill: 'It's not a pie, they aren't oppressed'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
^ Bernardino, Stephanie (September 10, 2020). "#LoveWins: Kaladkaren announces engagement to British boyfriend". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
^ Anarcon, James Patrick (October 28, 2017). "Will KaladKaren sign an exclusive contract with ABS-CBN?". PEP.ph. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Karen Davila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Davila"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"stage name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_name"},{"link_name":"impersonator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impersonator"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_News"},{"link_name":"Karen Davila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Davila"},{"link_name":"transgender woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_woman"},{"link_name":"Summer Metro Manila Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Metro_Manila_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In this Philippine name, the family name is Lisaba.Not to be confused with Karen Davila.Jervi Ryan Lisaba[2] (born August 9, 1992), also known as Jervi Li[3][4] and better known by her stage name KaladKaren, is a Filipino actress, TV host, writer, endorser, impersonator, LGBT rights advocate, television personality and radio host most known for her impression of ABS-CBN News personality Karen Davila. She became the first transgender woman to win 'Best Supporting Actress' at the Summer Metro Manila Film Festival.[5]","title":"KaladKaren"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman"},{"link_name":"Quezon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Jervi graduated from the University of the Philippines Diliman in Quezon City with magna cum laude honors and obtained a bachelor's degree in broadcast communication.[6]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Amazing Race Philippines 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_Philippines_1"},{"link_name":"TV5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV5_(Philippine_TV_network)"}],"text":"In 2012, KaladKaren (credited by Jervi Li) was part of contestants as Team Amigas (with Saida Diola) and was the first transgender contestant to compete on the series The Amazing Race Philippines 1 on TV5. Still, she was 7th eliminated in Boracay, Aklan.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karen Davila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Davila"},{"link_name":"Philippine presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Philippine_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"political satire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_satire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Umagang Kay Ganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umagang_Kay_Ganda"},{"link_name":"Pilipinas Got Talent Exclusives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipinas_Got_Talent"},{"link_name":"The Voice Kids Digi TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_Kids_(Philippine_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Voice Teens Digi TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_Teens_(Philippine_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"I Can See Your Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can_See_Your_Voice_(Philippine_game_show)"},{"link_name":"Drag Race Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_Race_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preen-8"}],"sub_title":"TV host and personality career","text":"In 2016, Jervi impersonated Karen Davila in the Philippine presidential election, as part of a political satire event led by the University of the Philippines.[7] She would be known as KaladKaren due to her portrayal.She co-hosted the morning talk show of ABS-CBN Umagang Kay Ganda, and pioneered digital shows as presenter for Pilipinas Got Talent Exclusives, The Voice Kids Digi TV, The Voice Teens Digi TV and Trabahanap. She was also a mainstay of the program I Can See Your Voice and served as a resident judge on Drag Race Philippines.[8]In June 2023, she joined Frontline Pilipinas on TV5 as a presenter for the Showbiz and Trivia segment. It marks also as she became the first transgender woman to be a part of a primetime newscast in Philippine television.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spooky Nights: Bampirella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spooky_Nights"},{"link_name":"Marian Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Mikael Daez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Daez"},{"link_name":"Gelli de Belen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelli_de_Belen"},{"link_name":"Here Comes the Groom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Comes_the_Groom_(2023_film)"},{"link_name":"2023 Summer Metro Manila Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Summer_Metro_Manila_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Enchong Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchong_Dee"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Iyah Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyah_Mina"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ikalawang-11"},{"link_name":"iWantTFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWantTFC"},{"link_name":"Francine Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francine_Diaz"},{"link_name":"Seth Fedelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Fedelin"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Lisbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Lisbo"},{"link_name":"Kaori Oinuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaori_Oinuma"}],"sub_title":"Acting career","text":"In 2011, KaladKaren (credited by Jervi Li) appeared in the GMA's comedy horror anthology Spooky Nights: Bampirella along with stars Marian Rivera, Mikael Daez, and Gelli de Belen.In both 2023, KaladKaren would act in Here Comes the Groom which premiered at the 2023 Summer Metro Manila Film Festival.[9] In the film, she portrayed Wilhelmina who was also a trans woman like herself. Her character switched bodies with Junior, the protagonist which was portrayed by Enchong Dee hence she had to act like a man for parts of the film to fulfill the role.[10] She won the best supporting actress award for her role as Wilhelmina, becoming the second trans woman to win a best actress award in the Philippine film industry after Iyah Mina in 2018.[11] She appeared in the iWantTFC miniseries such as Drag You & Me and Fit Check and is played by herself to make a supporting character was denoted by a cameo appearance in the drama-suspense thriller miniseries, Fractured, along with co-stars by Francine Diaz, Seth Fedelin, Jeremiah Lisbo, Kaori Oinuma, Raven Rigor, Sean Tristan, and Daniela Stranner.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fiance-10th-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lovewins-14"}],"text":"KaladKaren identifies as a transgender woman and advocate of LGBT rights.[12][13] She has been engaged to boyfriend Luke Wrightson since 2020.[14]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Radio","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eat Bulaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat_Bulaga"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KaladKaren-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Amazing Race Philippines 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_Philippines_2"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KaladKaren-15"}],"sub_title":"Other credits","text":"Eat Bulaga (GMA, 2009–2012) - Writer[a][15]\nThe Amazing Race Philippines 2 (TV5, 2014) - Writer[a]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KaladKaren_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KaladKaren_15-1"}],"text":"^ a b Credited as Jervi Lisaba.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"KaladKaren inks contract with ABS-CBN's Star Magic\". ABS-CBN News. June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/06/26/23/kaladkaren-inks-contract-with-abs-cbns-star-magic","url_text":"\"KaladKaren inks contract with ABS-CBN's Star Magic\""}]},{"reference":"Vice Ganda (host), KaledKaren; Cipriano, Kean; Kiray, Wacky; Bayani Agbayani (guests). SING-vestigators reveal their real names. Gandang Gabi, Vice! (TV broadcast) (in Filipino). ABS-CBN. Event occurs at 2:05–2:10. Retrieved July 19, 2023 – via YouTube. Vice: Anong real name mo? / KaladKaren: Jervi Ryan / Vice: Taray! Last name mo Ryan? / KaladKaren: Hindi... Lisaba [Vice: What is your real name? KaladKaren: Jervi Ryan / Vice: Sassy! So your Last name is Ryan? / KaladKaren: No... Lisaba]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljI_SPXw228?t=125","url_text":"SING-vestigators reveal their real names"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandang_Gabi,_Vice!","url_text":"Gandang Gabi, Vice!"}]},{"reference":"\"'My new family': KaladKaren is now part of Star Magic\". ABS-CBN News. May 24, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/05/24/23/my-new-family-kaladkaren-is-now-part-of-star-magic","url_text":"\"'My new family': KaladKaren is now part of Star Magic\""}]},{"reference":"\"KaladKaren signs with Star Magic, to go beyond impersonation\". Philstar.com. June 29, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-entertainment/2023/06/29/2277359/kaladkaren-signs-star-magic-go-beyond-impersonation","url_text":"\"KaladKaren signs with Star Magic, to go beyond impersonation\""}]},{"reference":"Inocencio, Syrah Vivien (April 11, 2023). \"KaladKaren first trans woman to win MMFF best supporting actress\". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230411184135/http://www.cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2023/4/11/KaladKaren-win-MMFF.html","url_text":"\"KaladKaren first trans woman to win MMFF best supporting actress\""},{"url":"https://www.cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2023/4/11/KaladKaren-win-MMFF.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kaladkaren turns emotional while showing Karen Davila her new home\". ABS-CBN. May 15, 2022 [May 14, 2022].","urls":[{"url":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/life/05/14/22/kaladkaren-turns-emotional-while-showing-karen-davila-her-new-home","url_text":"\"Kaladkaren turns emotional while showing Karen Davila her new home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN","url_text":"ABS-CBN"}]},{"reference":"\"KaladKaren shares before and after weight loss photos\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/celebritylife/fitness/73174/kaladkaren-shares-before-and-after-weight-loss-photos/story","url_text":"\"KaladKaren shares before and after weight loss photos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judge KaladKaren completes the 'Drag Race Philippines' trinity\". Preen.ph. July 20, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://preen.ph/131311/kaladkaren-judge-drag-race-philippines-trinity","url_text":"\"Judge KaladKaren completes the 'Drag Race Philippines' trinity\""}]},{"reference":"Pasajol, Anne (April 12, 2023). \"KaladKaren makes history as first transwoman to win MMFF best supporting actress award\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertainment.inquirer.net/494579/kaladkaren-makes-history-as-first-transwoman-to-win-mmff-best-supporting-actress-award","url_text":"\"KaladKaren makes history as first transwoman to win MMFF best supporting actress award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enchong Dee on gender-swapping role in 'Here Comes The Groom': \"Ang hirap maging babae!\"\" [Enchong Dee on gender-swapping role in 'Here Comes The Groom': \"It's hard to be a woman!\"]. PEP.ph (in Filipino). Philippine Entertainment Portal, Inc. March 30, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pep.ph/pepalerts/pep-troika/172438/enchong-dee-gender-swapping-role-a4118-20230330","url_text":"\"Enchong Dee on gender-swapping role in 'Here Comes The Groom': \"Ang hirap maging babae!\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kaladkaren, ikalawang trans woman na nanalo ng acting award sa Pilipinas\" [Kaladkaren, second trans woman to win acting award in the Pilipinas]. PEP.ph (in Filipino). Philippine Entertainment Portal, Inc. April 12, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pep.ph/pepalerts/pep-troika/172680/kaladkaren-acting-award-a4118-20230412","url_text":"\"Kaladkaren, ikalawang trans woman na nanalo ng acting award sa Pilipinas\""}]},{"reference":"Cruz, Dana (August 27, 2022). \"KaladKaren to fiance on their 10th anniversary: 'You're indeed the love of my life'\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertainment.inquirer.net/462053/kaladkaren-to-fiance-on-their-10th-anniversary-youre-indeed-the-love-of-my-life","url_text":"\"KaladKaren to fiance on their 10th anniversary: 'You're indeed the love of my life'\""}]},{"reference":"Cruz, Dana (November 9, 2022). \"KaladKaren on 'heterosexual rights' bill: 'It's not a pie, they aren't oppressed'\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertainment.inquirer.net/471643/kaladkaren-on-heterosexual-rights-bill-its-not-a-pie-they-arent-oppressed","url_text":"\"KaladKaren on 'heterosexual rights' bill: 'It's not a pie, they aren't oppressed'\""}]},{"reference":"Bernardino, Stephanie (September 10, 2020). \"#LoveWins: Kaladkaren announces engagement to British boyfriend\". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mb.com.ph/2020/09/10/lovewins-kaladkaren-announces-engagement-with-british-boyfriend/","url_text":"\"#LoveWins: Kaladkaren announces engagement to British boyfriend\""}]},{"reference":"Anarcon, James Patrick (October 28, 2017). \"Will KaladKaren sign an exclusive contract with ABS-CBN?\". PEP.ph. Retrieved July 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pep.ph/guide/tv/26953/will-kaladkaren-sign-an-exclusive-contract-with-abs-cbn","url_text":"\"Will KaladKaren sign an exclusive contract with ABS-CBN?\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/kaladkaren/","external_links_name":"KaladKaren"},{"Link":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/06/26/23/kaladkaren-inks-contract-with-abs-cbns-star-magic","external_links_name":"\"KaladKaren inks contract with ABS-CBN's Star Magic\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljI_SPXw228?t=125","external_links_name":"SING-vestigators reveal their real names"},{"Link":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/05/24/23/my-new-family-kaladkaren-is-now-part-of-star-magic","external_links_name":"\"'My new family': KaladKaren is now part of Star Magic\""},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-entertainment/2023/06/29/2277359/kaladkaren-signs-star-magic-go-beyond-impersonation","external_links_name":"\"KaladKaren signs with Star Magic, to go beyond impersonation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230411184135/http://www.cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2023/4/11/KaladKaren-win-MMFF.html","external_links_name":"\"KaladKaren first trans woman to win MMFF best supporting actress\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2023/4/11/KaladKaren-win-MMFF.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/life/05/14/22/kaladkaren-turns-emotional-while-showing-karen-davila-her-new-home","external_links_name":"\"Kaladkaren turns emotional while showing Karen Davila her new home\""},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/celebritylife/fitness/73174/kaladkaren-shares-before-and-after-weight-loss-photos/story","external_links_name":"\"KaladKaren shares before and after weight loss photos\""},{"Link":"https://preen.ph/131311/kaladkaren-judge-drag-race-philippines-trinity","external_links_name":"\"Judge KaladKaren completes the 'Drag Race Philippines' trinity\""},{"Link":"https://entertainment.inquirer.net/494579/kaladkaren-makes-history-as-first-transwoman-to-win-mmff-best-supporting-actress-award","external_links_name":"\"KaladKaren makes history as first transwoman to win MMFF best supporting actress award\""},{"Link":"https://www.pep.ph/pepalerts/pep-troika/172438/enchong-dee-gender-swapping-role-a4118-20230330","external_links_name":"\"Enchong Dee on gender-swapping role in 'Here Comes The Groom': \"Ang hirap maging babae!\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.pep.ph/pepalerts/pep-troika/172680/kaladkaren-acting-award-a4118-20230412","external_links_name":"\"Kaladkaren, ikalawang trans woman na nanalo ng acting award sa Pilipinas\""},{"Link":"https://entertainment.inquirer.net/462053/kaladkaren-to-fiance-on-their-10th-anniversary-youre-indeed-the-love-of-my-life","external_links_name":"\"KaladKaren to fiance on their 10th anniversary: 'You're indeed the love of my life'\""},{"Link":"https://entertainment.inquirer.net/471643/kaladkaren-on-heterosexual-rights-bill-its-not-a-pie-they-arent-oppressed","external_links_name":"\"KaladKaren on 'heterosexual rights' bill: 'It's not a pie, they aren't oppressed'\""},{"Link":"https://mb.com.ph/2020/09/10/lovewins-kaladkaren-announces-engagement-with-british-boyfriend/","external_links_name":"\"#LoveWins: Kaladkaren announces engagement to British boyfriend\""},{"Link":"https://pep.ph/guide/tv/26953/will-kaladkaren-sign-an-exclusive-contract-with-abs-cbn","external_links_name":"\"Will KaladKaren sign an exclusive contract with ABS-CBN?\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chant_Down_Babylon
|
Chant Down Babylon
|
["1 Track listing","2 Charts","2.1 Weekly charts","2.2 Year-end charts","3 Certifications and sales","4 References"]
|
1999 remix album by Bob Marley & The WailersChant Down BabylonRemix album by Bob Marley & The WailersReleased16 November 1999Recorded1973–99GenreReggae fusionhip hopLength51:06LabelTuff GongIslandProducerStephen MarleyBob Marley & The Wailers chronology
The Complete Bob Marley & the Wailers 1967–1972(1997–2002)
Chant Down Babylon(1999)
One Love(2001)
Singles from Chant Down Babylon
"Turn Your Lights Down Low"Released: 1999
"Jamming"Released: 2000
Chant Down Babylon is a remix album by various hip hop and rock artists covering songs by Bob Marley & The Wailers, released in 1999, produced by Stephen Marley.
The remixed version of "Turn Your Lights Down Low" with Lauryn Hill was released as a single. The music video for the song directed by Francis Lawrence features Hill and her partner Rohan Marley, one of Bob's sons.
Track listing
No.TitleFeatured ArtistLength1."No More Trouble"Erykah Badu4:512."Rebel Music (3 O'Clock Roadblock)"Krayzie Bone3:293."Johnny Was"Guru4:194."Concrete Jungle"Rakim4:125."Rastaman Chant"Busta Rhymes & Flipmode Squad4:186."Guiltiness"Lost Boyz & Mr. Cheeks3:537."Turn Your Lights Down Low"Lauryn Hill5:468."Jammin'"MC Lyte4:089."Kinky Reggae"The Marley Brothers and The Ghetto Youths Crew3:5310."Roots, Rock, Reggae"Steven Tyler and Joe Perry4:0511."Survival a.k.a. Black Survivors"Chuck D3:5012."Burnin' and Lootin'"The Roots & Black Thought4:52
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1999–2000)
Peakposition
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
49
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
29
French Albums (SNEP)
15
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
66
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
6
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)
14
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
30
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
23
UK Albums (OCC)
95
US Billboard 200
60
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)
21
Year-end charts
Chart (2000)
Position
Canadian Albums (Nielsen SoundScan)
189
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
41
US Billboard 200
181
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)
85
Certifications and sales
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Canada (Music Canada)
Gold
50,000^
France (SNEP)
Gold
100,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)
Platinum
15,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)
Gold
25,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)
Silver
60,000‡
United States (RIAA)
Gold
500,000^
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
References
^ Allmusic review
^ "Austriancharts.at – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Lescharts.com – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon". Hung Medien. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Charts.nz – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon". Hung Medien. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon". Hung Medien. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Swedishcharts.com – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon". Hung Medien. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Swisscharts.com – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon". Hung Medien. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Bob Marley, TLP". Billboard. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Bob Marley, BLP". Billboard. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Canada's Top 200 Albums of 2000". Jam!. Archived from the original on 6 September 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
^ "Top Selling Albums of 2000". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2000". Billboard. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2000". Billboard. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Canadian album certifications – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon". Music Canada. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
^ "French album certifications – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
^ "New Zealand album certifications – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Chant Down Babyion')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
^ "British album certifications – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babyion". British Phonographic Industry.
^ "American album certifications – Bob Marley & The Wailers – Chant Down Babylon". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
vteBob Marley and the Wailers
Bob Marley
Peter Tosh
Bunny Wailer
Other vocalists: Junior Braithwaite
Cherry Smith
Beverley Kelso
Constantine "Vision" Walker
Rita Marley
Marcia Griffiths
Judy Mowatt
Musicians: Aston "Family Man" Barrett
Carlton Barrett
Earl Lindo
Tyrone Downie
Alvin "Seeco" Patterson
Al Anderson
Earl "Chinna" Smith
Donald Kinsey
Junior Marvin
Studio albums
The Wailing Wailers (1965)
Soul Rebels (1970)
Soul Revolution Part II (1971)
The Best of the Wailers (1971)
Catch a Fire (1973)
Burnin' (1973)
Natty Dread (1974)
Rastaman Vibration (1976)
Exodus (1977)
Kaya (1978)
Survival (1979)
Uprising (1980)
Confrontation (1983)
Compilations
African Herbsman (1973)
Rasta Revolution (1974)
Legend (1984)
Rebel Music (1986)
Natural Mystic: The Legend Lives On (1995)
21 Winners: The Best of Bob Marley and the Wailers (1997)
One Love: The Very Best of Bob Marley & The Wailers (2001)
Gold (2005)
Africa Unite: The Singles Collection (2005)
Live albums
Live! (1975)
Babylon by Bus (1978)
Talkin' Blues (1991)
Live at the Roxy (2003)
Live Forever: September 23, 1980 • Stanley Theatre • Pittsburgh, PA (2011)
Easy Skanking in Boston '78 (2015)
Remix albums
Chances Are (1981)
Chant Down Babylon (1999)
B Is for Bob (2009)
Box sets
Songs of Freedom (1992)
The Complete Bob Marley & the Wailers 1967–1972 (1997–2002)
Singles
"Judge Not"
"Simmer Down"
"Guava Jelly"
"Stir It Up"
"Get Up, Stand Up"
"I Shot the Sheriff"
"No Woman, No Cry (Live '75)"
"Jah Live"
"Exodus"
"Waiting in Vain"
"Jamming"/"Punky Reggae Party"
"Is This Love"
"Satisfy My Soul"
"So Much Trouble in the World"
"Could You Be Loved"
"Redemption Song"
"Three Little Birds"
"Forever Loving Jah"
"Buffalo Soldier"
"One Love/People Get Ready"
"Iron Lion Zion"
"Sun Is Shining"
"Turn Your Lights Down Low"
"Slogans"
"Is This Love"
Other songs
"One Love"
"Rude Boy"
"Mr Brown"
"Small Axe"
"No Woman, No Cry"
"Turn Your Lights Down Low"
"Sun Is Shining"
"One Drop"
"War"
"Hammer"
Performances
Smile Jamaica Concert (1976)
Exodus Tour (1977)
One Love Peace Concert (1978)
Uprising Tour (1980)
Associated acts
The Skatalites
The Upsetters
Word, Sound and Power
The Wailers Band
The Original Wailers
Related people
Chris Blackwell
Errol Brown
Allan Cole
Coxsone Dodd
Vincent Ford
Neville Garrick
Joe Higgs
Lee Jaffe
Arthur Jenkins
King Sporty
Leslie Kong
Johnny Nash
Jimmy Norman
Lee "Scratch" Perry
Mortimer Planno
Karl Pitterson
Alex Sadkin
Related articles
Discography
Band members
Outline of Bob Marley
1976 assassination attempt
Marley Natural
Upsetter Records
Tuff Gong
Bob Marley Museum
Statue of Bob Marley
Tribute to the Legend: Bob Marley
Marley
soundtrack
Hall of Fame: A Tribute to Bob Marley's 50th Anniversary
Time Will Tell: A Tribute to Bob Marley
One Love: The Bob Marley Musical
Get Up, Stand Up! The Bob Marley Musical
Bob Marley: One Love
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley & The Wailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley_%26_The_Wailers"},{"link_name":"Stephen Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Marley_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lauryn Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauryn_Hill"},{"link_name":"Francis Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Rohan Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohan_Marley"}],"text":"1999 remix album by Bob Marley & The WailersChant Down Babylon is a remix album by various hip hop and rock artists covering songs by Bob Marley & The Wailers, released in 1999, produced by Stephen Marley.[1]The remixed version of \"Turn Your Lights Down Low\" with Lauryn Hill was released as a single. The music video for the song directed by Francis Lawrence features Hill and her partner Rohan Marley, one of Bob's sons.","title":"Chant Down Babylon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erykah Badu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erykah_Badu"},{"link_name":"Krayzie Bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krayzie_Bone"},{"link_name":"Guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Rakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakim"},{"link_name":"Busta Rhymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busta_Rhymes"},{"link_name":"Flipmode Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipmode_Squad"},{"link_name":"Lost Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Boyz"},{"link_name":"Mr. Cheeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Cheeks"},{"link_name":"Turn Your Lights Down Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_Your_Lights_Down_Low"},{"link_name":"Lauryn Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauryn_Hill"},{"link_name":"Jammin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamming_(song)"},{"link_name":"MC Lyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC_Lyte"},{"link_name":"Ghetto Youths Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto_Youths_Crew"},{"link_name":"Steven Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Tyler"},{"link_name":"Joe Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Perry_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Chuck D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_D"},{"link_name":"The Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roots"},{"link_name":"Black Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Thought"}],"text":"No.TitleFeatured ArtistLength1.\"No More Trouble\"Erykah Badu4:512.\"Rebel Music (3 O'Clock Roadblock)\"Krayzie Bone3:293.\"Johnny Was\"Guru4:194.\"Concrete Jungle\"Rakim4:125.\"Rastaman Chant\"Busta Rhymes & Flipmode Squad4:186.\"Guiltiness\"Lost Boyz & Mr. Cheeks3:537.\"Turn Your Lights Down Low\"Lauryn Hill5:468.\"Jammin'\"MC Lyte4:089.\"Kinky Reggae\"The Marley Brothers and The Ghetto Youths Crew3:5310.\"Roots, Rock, Reggae\"Steven Tyler and Joe Perry4:0511.\"Survival a.k.a. Black Survivors\"Chuck D3:5012.\"Burnin' and Lootin'\"The Roots & Black Thought4:52","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekly charts","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end charts","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications and sales"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Bob Marley, TLP\". Billboard. Retrieved 3 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/search?artistname=Bob+Marley&charttitle=&label=&chartcode=TLP","url_text":"\"Bob Marley, TLP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Marley, BLP\". Billboard. Retrieved 3 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/search?artistname=Bob+Marley&charttitle=&label=&chartcode=BLP","url_text":"\"Bob Marley, BLP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada's Top 200 Albums of 2000\". Jam!. Archived from the original on 6 September 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040906184459/http://www.jamshowbiz.com/JamMusicCharts/2000_2.html","url_text":"\"Canada's Top 200 Albums of 2000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam!","url_text":"Jam!"},{"url":"http://www.jamshowbiz.com/JamMusicCharts/2000_2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Selling Albums of 2000\". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 13 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4107","url_text":"\"Top Selling Albums of 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2000\". Billboard. Retrieved 3 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2000/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2000\". Billboard. Retrieved 3 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2000/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums","url_text":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon\". Music Canada. Retrieved 4 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Chant+Down+Babylon%20Bob+Marley","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"French album certifications – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon\" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 4 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://snepmusique.com/les-certifications/?categorie=Albums&interprete=Bob+Marley&titre=Chant+Down+Babylon","url_text":"\"French album certifications – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique","url_text":"Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand album certifications – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon\". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 6 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=1063","url_text":"\"New Zealand album certifications – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Chant Down Babyion')\". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved 4 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Chant_Down_Babyion","url_text":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Chant Down Babyion')\""}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babyion\". British Phonographic Industry.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/16715-946-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babyion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Bob Marley & The Wailers – Chant Down Babylon\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 4 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Bob+Marley+%26+The+Wailers&ti=Chant+Down+Babylon&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Bob Marley & The Wailers – Chant Down Babylon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/chant-down-babylon-r431188/review","external_links_name":"Allmusic review"},{"Link":"https://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Bob+Marley&titel=Chant+Down+Babylon&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Austriancharts.at – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Bob+Marley&titel=Chant+Down+Babylon&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Dutchcharts.nl – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon\""},{"Link":"https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Bob+Marley&titel=Chant+Down+Babylon&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Lescharts.com – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-3125","external_links_name":"\"Offiziellecharts.de – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Bob+Marley&titel=Chant+Down+Babylon&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Charts.nz – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon\""},{"Link":"https://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Bob+Marley&titel=Chant+Down+Babylon&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Norwegiancharts.com – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon\""},{"Link":"https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Bob+Marley&titel=Chant+Down+Babylon&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Swedishcharts.com – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon\""},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Bob+Marley&titel=Chant+Down+Babylon&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Swisscharts.com – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/19991121/7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/search?artistname=Bob+Marley&charttitle=&label=&chartcode=TLP","external_links_name":"\"Bob Marley, TLP\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/search?artistname=Bob+Marley&charttitle=&label=&chartcode=BLP","external_links_name":"\"Bob Marley, BLP\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040906184459/http://www.jamshowbiz.com/JamMusicCharts/2000_2.html","external_links_name":"\"Canada's Top 200 Albums of 2000\""},{"Link":"http://www.jamshowbiz.com/JamMusicCharts/2000_2.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4107","external_links_name":"\"Top Selling Albums of 2000\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2000/top-billboard-200-albums","external_links_name":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2000\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2000/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums","external_links_name":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2000\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Chant+Down+Babylon%20Bob+Marley","external_links_name":"\"Canadian album certifications – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon\""},{"Link":"http://snepmusique.com/les-certifications/?categorie=Albums&interprete=Bob+Marley&titre=Chant+Down+Babylon","external_links_name":"\"French album certifications – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon\""},{"Link":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=1063","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand album certifications – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon\""},{"Link":"http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Chant_Down_Babyion","external_links_name":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Chant Down Babyion')\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/16715-946-2","external_links_name":"\"British album certifications – Bob Marley – Chant Down Babyion\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Bob+Marley+%26+The+Wailers&ti=Chant+Down+Babylon&format=Album&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American album certifications – Bob Marley & The Wailers – Chant Down Babylon\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/d8e18b5f-912b-3840-b6a8-e936801f7fe0","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Karol_Konrad_Che%C5%82micki
|
Józef Karol Konrad Chełmicki
|
["1 Early life","2 Military life in Portugal","3 Family life","4 Works","5 Death and honors","6 Other Polish military in Portugal","7 Medals and decorations","8 List of published works","9 Bibliography","10 References","11 External links"]
|
Józef Karol Konrad Chełmicki (Portuguese: Jose Carlos Conrado Chelmicki) (born 19 February 1814 in Warsaw; died 28 June 1890 in Tavira) was a Polish-born Portuguese general.
Early life
As a young cadet Chełmicki participated in the November Uprising (1830–31). After the insurrection started, he volunteered to fight. He took part in numerous battles and skirmishes, and after the capitulation, in 1832, he emigrated to France.
While in Paris he attended military courses and lectures at Sorbonne, studying engineering and drawing, and he also studied several languages at the École royale de langues orientales, all with the aim of participating in an expedition to Egypt.
Military life in Portugal
Since the expedition to Egypt was canceled he then decided to participate in the Portuguese Liberal Wars, joining the Dona Maria Polish Legion. Chełmicki appeared in Porto, to which Dom Miguel was laying siege, and was accepted as second lieutenant to an engineering unit.
After the Liberal Wars, Chełmicki also served Queen Christina of Spain in the Carlist Wars, where he was made Knight of the Order of Isabella the Catholic.
After the fighting ceased, he remained in the Portuguese army, serving in Elvas – a stronghold located close to the Spanish border – then in colonial holdings in Africa, on Cape Verde Islands, and then in continental Portugal again – in Portalegre and Algarve, gradually making his way to the function of brigade general in 1876 and to the division general in the same year. At that time, he discharged responsible functions of the Evora military district commander. After 55 years of service, he retired in 1888.
Family life
Chełmicki married Júlia Hofacker von Moser, daughter of Georg Christoph Heinrich von Moser, consul of Baden-Württemberg in Lisbon, in Portugal, in 1844, at Mártires, and they had five children.
One of his sons, also named Józef Chełmicki, was a major in the Portuguese army, and died in 1931.
After his wife's death, he married Carlota de Melo Pereira in Algarve. From this marriage he had no children.
Works
Chełmicki was a writer, and he left a few valuable works in Portuguese, the most famous of them the two-volume description of the Cape Verde Islands and Portuguese Guinea. The book, co-authored with Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, Viscount of Porto Seguro, titled Corografia Cabo-Verdiana and published in Lisbon in 1841, is valued to this day as one of the earliest depictions of those areas; it includes extensive data about plants and animals. It is illustrated by lithography tables with images of fish and birds based on drawings made by the author, whose name on the title page is "Jose Conrado Carlos de Chelmicki, tenente do Corpo de Engenheiros".
In 1852 Filipe Folque, the leading nineteenth century Portuguese cartographer and head of the Portugal’s map-making Department from 1848 to 1874, was promoted to Head of the General Office of Geodesic, Topography and Cadastral Works. Due to the lack of experienced engravers in Portugal he hired, in France, the Polish lithographer Jan Nepomucen Lewicki and made him responsible for the drawing and lithography of the maps. Chełmicki took part in the team led by Lewicki and produced some of the most important Portuguese cartography works of that period.
In 1841, Chełmicki was commissioned by the Portuguese Government to author a book on the famous Lisbon aqueduct and at the end of his military career, he published his major works on the issue of Portuguese defense system. He was co-founder of the science-oriented military magazine entitled "Revista Militar", which exists up to this day, and author of numerous publications.
Despite his strong relationship to his new home country of Portugal, Józef Chełmicki did not lose contact with the Polish emigration in France. He authored a very diligently prepared list of books and manuscripts which he encountered in the former Royal Library in Lisbon.
Death and honors
Józef Chełmicki died in Tavira, Portugal, on 28 June 1890. In 2006 the city of Tavira honored Józef Chełmicki naming a street after him.
Other Polish military in Portugal
Polish military men of all ranks, up to generals, fought for Belgium, France, Spain, Hungary and Turkey. Some of them reached Portugal, where they fought and were decorated for achievements. They did this, however, for their own reasons, on their own initiative, and using ways which remain unknown. Before 1939, colonel Ferreira Lima, Portuguese historian and expert on Polish–Portuguese relations, researched the participation of Polish soldiers in the civil war between Dom Pedro and Dom Miguel, and managed to mention 25 Polish military men, who fought under the banner of Queen Mary. Some of them included:
Jan Józef Urbański, who reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel and was awarded the Torre e Espada order, the highest military decoration in Portugal.
Franciszek Michałowski, known to have left Portuguese service during the Revolutions of 1848.
Alojzy Rola-Dzierżawski, also a colonel, distinguished with the Order of Cavalier’s Cross of Christ, who died in 1851.
Norbert Rudzki, who became prominent in Angola in 1854. One hundred years later, in a place where he landed, the memorial chapel was built to celebrate his merits as the founder of Porto Alexandre.
In 1936, in Vila Nova de Gaia, the brave poles that defended the City of Oporto, during the Portuguese Liberal Wars, in the battle of "Serra do Pilar", were honored with a street being named after them: "Rua dos Polacos".
Medals and decorations
Knight (CavTE) of the Military Order of the Tower and Sword, of Valour, Loyalty and Merit (Portuguese: Ordem Militar da Torre e Espada do Valor, Lealdade e Mérito), the pinnacle of the Portuguese honours system.
Knight of the Military Order of Christ (Portugal), former Knights Templar order in Portugal
Knight of the Order of Isabella the Catholic.
List of published works
Chelmicki, José Carlos Conrado de; Varnhagen, Francisco Adolfo de (1841). Corografia caboverdiana ou descrição geográfico-histórica da província das Ilhas de Cabo Verde e Guiné (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Typ. de L. C. da Cunha.
Chelmicki, José Carlos Conrado de (1878). Esboço sobre a defeza de Portugal (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Typ. Lallemant Fréres.
Chelmicki, José Carlos Conrado - “Relatório Sobre o Traçado de um Caminho de Ferro pela Beira” in Boletim do Ministério das Obras Públicas Comércio e Indústria, nº 1, Janeiro, 1860, Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional, 1860, pp. 71–74;
Chelmicki, José Carlos Conrado de (2008). Memoria sobre o Aqueducto Geral de Lisboa feita por ordem do Ministerio das Obras Publicas em portaria de 15 de Fevereiro de 1856 (in Portuguese). Lisbon: EPAL - Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres. p. 44. ISBN 9789899576100.
Bibliography
Wielka Encyklopedia PWN, tom 5, str. 354, Warszawa 2003
Polski Słownik Biograficzny, t. III, Polska Akademia Nauk, Kraków 1937
Grande Enciclopedia Portuguesa e Brasileira, Lisboa – Rio de Janeiro, volume VI, p. 651-652.
References
^ "W tej części strony genealogicznej o nazwie „Biogramy" prezentowane są krótkie życiorysy poszczególnych członków rodziny" . www.chelmicki.com.pl (in Polish).
^ a b c d "Uroczystości upamiętniające pobyt w Portugalii gen. Józefa Konrada Chełmickiego (1814-1890)" . Newsletter (in Polish). 1. Embaixada da República da Polónia. 2011. Archived from the original on 2016-08-30.
^ a b c d e "José Carlos Conrado de Chelmicki" (in Portuguese).
^ Lima, Henrique de Campos Ferreira (1932). Legião polaca ou legião da Rainha Dona Maria Segunda : (1832–1833). V.N. Famalicão, Portugal: Tipografia Minerva.
^ a b Chelmicki 2008.
^ Note: Jan Nepomucen Lewicki (1795–1871), Polish graphic artist, engraver, lithographer, painter and photographer
^ Exhibition "Portugallia Cartographica"
^ Luis Urteaga and Francesc Nadal Piqué (1991). Geo crítica 88 -I-. Cartography and state: National topographic maps and territorial statistics. Universidad de Barcelona
^ Chelmicki 1878.
External links
"Portugallia Cartographica". Instituto Geográfico Português. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
Biographies of individual family members
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Poland
Portugal
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Józef Karol Konrad Chełmicki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"November Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_Uprising"},{"link_name":"École royale de langues orientales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_royale_de_langues_orientales&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"As a young cadet Chełmicki participated in the November Uprising (1830–31). After the insurrection started, he volunteered to fight. He took part in numerous battles and skirmishes, and after the capitulation, in 1832, he emigrated to France.While in Paris he attended military courses and lectures at Sorbonne, studying engineering and drawing, and he also studied several languages at the École royale de langues orientales, all with the aim of participating in an expedition to Egypt.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberal Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Wars"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lima-4"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lisbon_Embassy-2"},{"link_name":"Queen Christina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_the_Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"Carlist Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlist_Wars"},{"link_name":"Order of Isabella the Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Elvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvas"}],"text":"Since the expedition to Egypt was canceled he then decided to participate in the Portuguese Liberal Wars, joining the Dona Maria Polish Legion.[4] Chełmicki appeared in Porto, to which Dom Miguel was laying siege, and was accepted as second lieutenant to an engineering unit.[2]After the Liberal Wars, Chełmicki also served Queen Christina of Spain in the Carlist Wars, where he was made Knight of the Order of Isabella the Catholic.After the fighting ceased, he remained in the Portuguese army, serving in Elvas – a stronghold located close to the Spanish border – then in colonial holdings in Africa, on Cape Verde Islands, and then in continental Portugal again – in Portalegre and Algarve, gradually making his way to the function of brigade general in 1876 and to the division general in the same year. At that time, he discharged responsible functions of the Evora military district commander. After 55 years of service, he retired in 1888.","title":"Military life in Portugal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mártires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rtires_(Lisbon)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genea-3"}],"text":"Chełmicki married Júlia Hofacker von Moser, daughter of Georg Christoph Heinrich von Moser, consul of Baden-Württemberg in Lisbon, in Portugal, in 1844, at Mártires, and they had five children.[3]One of his sons, also named Józef Chełmicki, was a major in the Portuguese army, and died in 1931.After his wife's death, he married Carlota de Melo Pereira in Algarve. From this marriage he had no children.","title":"Family life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChelmicki2008-5"},{"link_name":"Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, Viscount of Porto Seguro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Adolfo_de_Varnhagen,_Viscount_of_Porto_Seguro"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Jan Nepomucen Lewicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_Lewicki"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lisbon aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81guas_Livres_Aqueduct"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChelmicki2008-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChelmicki1878-9"},{"link_name":"Polish emigration in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Emigration"}],"text":"Chełmicki was a writer, and he left a few valuable works in Portuguese, the most famous of them the two-volume description of the Cape Verde Islands and Portuguese Guinea.[5] The book, co-authored with Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, Viscount of Porto Seguro, titled Corografia Cabo-Verdiana and published in Lisbon in 1841, is valued to this day as one of the earliest depictions of those areas; it includes extensive data about plants and animals. It is illustrated by lithography tables with images of fish and birds based on drawings made by the author, whose name on the title page is \"Jose Conrado Carlos de Chelmicki, tenente do Corpo de Engenheiros\".In 1852 Filipe Folque, the leading nineteenth century Portuguese cartographer and head of the Portugal’s map-making Department from 1848 to 1874, was promoted to Head of the General Office of Geodesic, Topography and Cadastral Works. Due to the lack of experienced engravers in Portugal he hired, in France, the Polish lithographer Jan Nepomucen Lewicki[6] and made him responsible for the drawing and lithography of the maps. Chełmicki took part in the team led by Lewicki and produced some of the most important Portuguese cartography works of that period.[7][8]In 1841, Chełmicki was commissioned by the Portuguese Government to author a book on the famous Lisbon aqueduct[5] and at the end of his military career, he published his major works on the issue of Portuguese defense system.[9] He was co-founder of the science-oriented military magazine entitled \"Revista Militar\", which exists up to this day, and author of numerous publications.Despite his strong relationship to his new home country of Portugal, Józef Chełmicki did not lose contact with the Polish emigration in France. He authored a very diligently prepared list of books and manuscripts which he encountered in the former Royal Library in Lisbon.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tavira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavira"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lisbon_Embassy-2"}],"text":"Józef Chełmicki died in Tavira, Portugal, on 28 June 1890. In 2006 the city of Tavira honored Józef Chełmicki naming a street after him.[2]","title":"Death and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Torre e Espada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword"},{"link_name":"Revolutions of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Porto Alexandre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alexandre"},{"link_name":"Liberal Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Wars"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lisbon_Embassy-2"}],"text":"Polish military men of all ranks, up to generals, fought for Belgium, France, Spain, Hungary and Turkey. Some of them reached Portugal, where they fought and were decorated for achievements. They did this, however, for their own reasons, on their own initiative, and using ways which remain unknown. Before 1939, colonel Ferreira Lima, Portuguese historian and expert on Polish–Portuguese relations, researched the participation of Polish soldiers in the civil war between Dom Pedro and Dom Miguel, and managed to mention 25 Polish military men, who fought under the banner of Queen Mary. Some of them included:Jan Józef Urbański, who reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel and was awarded the Torre e Espada order, the highest military decoration in Portugal.\nFranciszek Michałowski, known to have left Portuguese service during the Revolutions of 1848.\nAlojzy Rola-Dzierżawski, also a colonel, distinguished with the Order of Cavalier’s Cross of Christ, who died in 1851.\nNorbert Rudzki, who became prominent in Angola in 1854. One hundred years later, in a place where he landed, the memorial chapel was built to celebrate his merits as the founder of Porto Alexandre.In 1936, in Vila Nova de Gaia, the brave poles that defended the City of Oporto, during the Portuguese Liberal Wars, in the battle of \"Serra do Pilar\", were honored with a street being named after them: \"Rua dos Polacos\".[2]","title":"Other Polish military in Portugal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the Tower and Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genea-3"},{"link_name":"Order of Christ (Portugal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genea-3"},{"link_name":"Order of Isabella the Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genea-3"}],"text":"Knight (CavTE) of the Military Order of the Tower and Sword, of Valour, Loyalty and Merit (Portuguese: Ordem Militar da Torre e Espada do Valor, Lealdade e Mérito), the pinnacle of the Portuguese honours system.[3]\nKnight of the Military Order of Christ (Portugal), former Knights Templar order in Portugal[3]\nKnight of the Order of Isabella the Catholic.[3]","title":"Medals and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Varnhagen, Francisco Adolfo de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Adolfo_de_Varnhagen,_Viscount_of_Porto_Seguro"},{"link_name":"Corografia caboverdiana ou descrição geográfico-histórica da província das Ilhas de Cabo Verde e Guiné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bnportugal.pt/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=bn&uri=full=3100024~!818093~!0"},{"link_name":"Esboço sobre a defeza de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//porbase.bnportugal.pt/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=138M02788X2N8.157877&profile=porbase&uri=link=3100027~!7772115~!3100024~!3100022&aspect=basic_search&menu=search&ri=8&source=~!bnp&term=Esbo%C3%A7o+sobre+a+defeza+de+Portugal+%3A+com+duas+cartas+topographicas&index=ALTITLE#focus"},{"link_name":"Aqueducto Geral de Lisboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81guas_Livres_Aqueduct"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789899576100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789899576100"}],"text":"Chelmicki, José Carlos Conrado de; Varnhagen, Francisco Adolfo de (1841). Corografia caboverdiana ou descrição geográfico-histórica da província das Ilhas de Cabo Verde e Guiné (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Typ. de L. C. da Cunha.\nChelmicki, José Carlos Conrado de (1878). Esboço sobre a defeza de Portugal (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Typ. Lallemant Fréres.\nChelmicki, José Carlos Conrado - “Relatório Sobre o Traçado de um Caminho de Ferro pela Beira” in Boletim do Ministério das Obras Públicas Comércio e Indústria, nº 1, Janeiro, 1860, Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional, 1860, pp. 71–74;\nChelmicki, José Carlos Conrado de (2008). Memoria sobre o Aqueducto Geral de Lisboa feita por ordem do Ministerio das Obras Publicas em portaria de 15 de Fevereiro de 1856 (in Portuguese). Lisbon: EPAL - Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres. p. 44. ISBN 9789899576100.","title":"List of published works"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Wielka Encyklopedia PWN, tom 5, str. 354, Warszawa 2003\nPolski Słownik Biograficzny, t. III, Polska Akademia Nauk, Kraków 1937\nGrande Enciclopedia Portuguesa e Brasileira, Lisboa – Rio de Janeiro, volume VI, p. 651-652.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Chelmicki, José Carlos Conrado de; Varnhagen, Francisco Adolfo de (1841). Corografia caboverdiana ou descrição geográfico-histórica da província das Ilhas de Cabo Verde e Guiné (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Typ. de L. C. da Cunha.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Adolfo_de_Varnhagen,_Viscount_of_Porto_Seguro","url_text":"Varnhagen, Francisco Adolfo de"},{"url":"http://catalogo.bnportugal.pt/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=bn&uri=full=3100024~!818093~!0","url_text":"Corografia caboverdiana ou descrição geográfico-histórica da província das Ilhas de Cabo Verde e Guiné"}]},{"reference":"Chelmicki, José Carlos Conrado de (1878). Esboço sobre a defeza de Portugal (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Typ. Lallemant Fréres.","urls":[{"url":"http://porbase.bnportugal.pt/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=138M02788X2N8.157877&profile=porbase&uri=link=3100027~!7772115~!3100024~!3100022&aspect=basic_search&menu=search&ri=8&source=~!bnp&term=Esbo%C3%A7o+sobre+a+defeza+de+Portugal+%3A+com+duas+cartas+topographicas&index=ALTITLE#focus","url_text":"Esboço sobre a defeza de Portugal"}]},{"reference":"Chelmicki, José Carlos Conrado de (2008). Memoria sobre o Aqueducto Geral de Lisboa feita por ordem do Ministerio das Obras Publicas em portaria de 15 de Fevereiro de 1856 (in Portuguese). Lisbon: EPAL - Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres. p. 44. ISBN 9789899576100.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81guas_Livres_Aqueduct","url_text":"Aqueducto Geral de Lisboa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789899576100","url_text":"9789899576100"}]},{"reference":"\"W tej części strony genealogicznej o nazwie „Biogramy\" prezentowane są krótkie życiorysy poszczególnych członków rodziny\" [This part of the genealogy website called \"Biograms\" presents short biographies of individual family members]. www.chelmicki.com.pl (in Polish).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chelmicki.com.pl/biogrramy.htm#Jozef_Karol_Konrad","url_text":"\"W tej części strony genealogicznej o nazwie „Biogramy\" prezentowane są krótkie życiorysy poszczególnych członków rodziny\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uroczystości upamiętniające pobyt w Portugalii gen. Józefa Konrada Chełmickiego (1814-1890)\" [Ceremonies commemorating the stay in Portugal of General Józef Konrad Chełmicki (1814-1890)]. Newsletter (in Polish). 1. Embaixada da República da Polónia. 2011. Archived from the original on 2016-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160830002419/http://www.lizbona.msz.gov.pl/resource/c7749e43-d52e-4fa6-bb11-690bf9a6559c:JCR","url_text":"\"Uroczystości upamiętniające pobyt w Portugalii gen. Józefa Konrada Chełmickiego (1814-1890)\""},{"url":"http://www.lizbona.msz.gov.pl/resource/c7749e43-d52e-4fa6-bb11-690bf9a6559c:JCR","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"José Carlos Conrado de Chelmicki\" (in Portuguese).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geneall.net/P/per_page.php?id=84597","url_text":"\"José Carlos Conrado de Chelmicki\""}]},{"reference":"Lima, Henrique de Campos Ferreira (1932). Legião polaca ou legião da Rainha Dona Maria Segunda : (1832–1833). V.N. Famalicão, Portugal: Tipografia Minerva.","urls":[{"url":"https://alpha.sib.uc.pt/?q=node/473217/cit","url_text":"Legião polaca ou legião da Rainha Dona Maria Segunda : (1832–1833)"}]},{"reference":"\"Portugallia Cartographica\". Instituto Geográfico Português. Retrieved 22 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.igeo.pt/servicos/DPCA/museu/Exposicoes/Portugallia_Cartographica/Folheto.htm#f3","url_text":"\"Portugallia Cartographica\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://catalogo.bnportugal.pt/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=bn&uri=full=3100024~!818093~!0","external_links_name":"Corografia caboverdiana ou descrição geográfico-histórica da província das Ilhas de Cabo Verde e Guiné"},{"Link":"http://porbase.bnportugal.pt/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=138M02788X2N8.157877&profile=porbase&uri=link=3100027~!7772115~!3100024~!3100022&aspect=basic_search&menu=search&ri=8&source=~!bnp&term=Esbo%C3%A7o+sobre+a+defeza+de+Portugal+%3A+com+duas+cartas+topographicas&index=ALTITLE#focus","external_links_name":"Esboço sobre a defeza de Portugal"},{"Link":"http://www.chelmicki.com.pl/biogrramy.htm#Jozef_Karol_Konrad","external_links_name":"\"W tej części strony genealogicznej o nazwie „Biogramy\" prezentowane są krótkie życiorysy poszczególnych członków rodziny\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160830002419/http://www.lizbona.msz.gov.pl/resource/c7749e43-d52e-4fa6-bb11-690bf9a6559c:JCR","external_links_name":"\"Uroczystości upamiętniające pobyt w Portugalii gen. Józefa Konrada Chełmickiego (1814-1890)\""},{"Link":"http://www.lizbona.msz.gov.pl/resource/c7749e43-d52e-4fa6-bb11-690bf9a6559c:JCR","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.geneall.net/P/per_page.php?id=84597","external_links_name":"\"José Carlos Conrado de Chelmicki\""},{"Link":"https://alpha.sib.uc.pt/?q=node/473217/cit","external_links_name":"Legião polaca ou legião da Rainha Dona Maria Segunda : (1832–1833)"},{"Link":"http://www.igeo.pt/servicos/DPCA/museu/Exposicoes/Portugallia_Cartographica/Folheto.htm#f2","external_links_name":"Exhibition \"Portugallia Cartographica\""},{"Link":"http://www.ub.edu/gehc/pdf/Geocritica88English.pdf","external_links_name":"Geo crítica 88 -I-. Cartography and state: National topographic maps and territorial statistics"},{"Link":"http://www.igeo.pt/servicos/DPCA/museu/Exposicoes/Portugallia_Cartographica/Folheto.htm#f3","external_links_name":"\"Portugallia Cartographica\""},{"Link":"http://www.chelmicki.com.pl/biogrramy.htm#Jozef_Karol_Konrad","external_links_name":"Biographies of individual family members"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000069118569","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/99927632","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810543416405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/67901","external_links_name":"Portugal"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellinsia_sulphureodactylus
|
Hellinsia sulphureodactylus
|
["1 References"]
|
Species of moth
Hellinsia sulphureodactylus
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Pterophoridae
Genus:
Hellinsia
Species:
H. sulphureodactylus
Binomial name
Hellinsia sulphureodactylus(Packard, 1873)
Synonyms
Pterophorus sulphureodactylus Packard, 1873
Lioptilus sulphureus Walsingham, 1880
Hellinsia sulphureodactylus is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in North America (including Colorado, California, Iowa and Alberta).
The wingspan is about 25 mm. The head is ochreous. The palpi are whitish yellow, streaked with ochreous and the antennae are long and yellowish tinged with fuscous. The thorax and abdomen are sulphur yellow, streaked with ochreous scales. The legs are whitish ochreous, streaked with brown. The forewings are clear sulphur yellow, slightly tinged with brownish on the outer fourth of the costa. There is a minute brown dot before the base of the fissure. The fringes are pale yellowish white, but cinereous on the hind margin. The hindwings are whitish, thickly dusted with cinereous. The fringes are concolorous.
The larvae have been recorded feeding on Helianthus pumilus.
References
^ mothphotographersgroup
^ Bug Guide
^ The pterophoridae of North America This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Contributions to the natural history of the Lepidoptera of North America
Taxon identifiersHellinsia sulphureodactylus
Wikidata: Q5708294
Wikispecies: Hellinsia sulphureodactylus
BugGuide: 72217
CoL: 3KFP3
GBIF: 9662050
iNaturalist: 361798
MONA: 6216
NatureServe: 2.890759
Open Tree of Life: 5027950
This article on a moth of tribe Oidaematophorini is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"Pterophoridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterophoridae"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"wingspan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingspan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Helianthus pumilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helianthus_pumilus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hellinsia sulphureodactylus is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in North America (including Colorado,[2] California, Iowa and Alberta).The wingspan is about 25 mm. The head is ochreous. The palpi are whitish yellow, streaked with ochreous and the antennae are long and yellowish tinged with fuscous. The thorax and abdomen are sulphur yellow, streaked with ochreous scales. The legs are whitish ochreous, streaked with brown. The forewings are clear sulphur yellow, slightly tinged with brownish on the outer fourth of the costa. There is a minute brown dot before the base of the fissure. The fringes are pale yellowish white, but cinereous on the hind margin. The hindwings are whitish, thickly dusted with cinereous. The fringes are concolorous.[3]The larvae have been recorded feeding on Helianthus pumilus.[4]","title":"Hellinsia sulphureodactylus"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/species.php?hodges=6216","external_links_name":"mothphotographersgroup"},{"Link":"http://bugguide.net/node/view/72217","external_links_name":"Bug Guide"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/61314#page/63/mode/1up","external_links_name":"The pterophoridae of North America"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/contributionston414barn/contributionston414barn_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"Contributions to the natural history of the Lepidoptera of North America"},{"Link":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/72217","external_links_name":"72217"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3KFP3","external_links_name":"3KFP3"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9662050","external_links_name":"9662050"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/361798","external_links_name":"361798"},{"Link":"https://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/species.php?hodges=6216","external_links_name":"6216"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.890759/","external_links_name":"2.890759"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5027950","external_links_name":"5027950"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellinsia_sulphureodactylus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaydn_Su%27A
|
Jaydn Su'a
|
["1 Background","2 Playing career","2.1 Early career","2.2 2016","2.3 2017","2.4 2018","2.5 2019","2.6 2020","2.7 2021","2.8 2022","2.9 2023","2.10 2024","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Samoa international rugby league footballer
Jaydn Su'aPersonal informationFull nameJaydn Su'aBorn (1997-10-23) 23 October 1997 (age 26)Christchurch, New ZealandHeight188 cm (6 ft 2 in)Weight100 kg (15 st 10 lb)Playing informationPositionSecond-row
Club
Years
Team
Pld
T
G
FG
P
2016–19
Brisbane Broncos
31
1
0
0
4
2019–21
South Sydney
52
7
0
0
28
2022–
St. George Illawarra
43
13
0
0
52
Total
126
21
0
0
84
Representative
Years
Team
Pld
T
G
FG
P
2019–22
Samoa
8
1
0
0
4
2020–24
Queensland
5
0
0
0
0
Source: As of 16 June 2024
Jaydn Su'a (born 23 October 1997) is a Samoa international rugby league footballer who plays as a second-row forward for the St George Illawarra Dragons in the National Rugby League (NRL).
He previously played for the Brisbane Broncos and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL, and at representative level for Queensland in the State of Origin series.
Background
Su'a was born in Christchurch, New Zealand. He is of Samoan descent and moved to Australia at the age of two.
He attended Marsden State High School and later Anglican Church Grammar School, where he played for their rugby union team. He played his junior rugby league for the Logan Brothers, before being signed by the Canberra Raiders at the age of 13. After two years on a scholarship with the Raiders, he signed with the Brisbane Broncos.
Playing career
Early career
In 2012, Su'a played in the Souths Logan Magpies' Cyril Connell Cup and National Title winning sides as a 15-year-old. In 2013, he represented the Queensland under-16 rugby league team. In 2015, he joined the Brisbane Broncos' NYC team. That year, he represented the Queensland under-18 rugby league team, scoring a try and being named Man of the Match.
2016
On 7 May, Su'a represented the Junior Kangaroos and was named Man of the Match in their win over the Junior Kiwis. In Round 12 of the 2016 NRL season, he made his NRL debut for the Broncos against the Wests Tigers. On 13 July, he captained the Queensland under-20 rugby league team. In September, he was named at second-row in the 2016 NYC Team of the Year. In September, he re-signed with the Broncos on a 2-year contract until the end of 2018.
2017
In the 2017 NRL season, Su'a was limited to only 4 first grade appearances for Brisbane and did not feature in the club's finals campaign.
2018
In the 2018 NRL season, Su'a made 15 appearances for Brisbane, but missed out on playing in the club's finals campaign due to injury.
2019
Su'a walking out to warm-up for Samoa at the 2021 RLWC in 2022
At the start of the 2019 NRL season, Su'a made 8 appearances for Brisbane as they lost 8 of their first 13 games which was one of the worst beginnings to a season in the club's history. On 28 June, Su'a signed a two-year contract to join South Sydney in a mid-season switch from Brisbane. Su'a made his debut for South Sydney against Manly-Warringah in Round 17 at ANZ Stadium which ended in a 21–20 victory.
2020
Throughout the 2020 NRL season, Su'a made 21 appearances for South Sydney, establishing himself as one of the competition's most improved players. Su'a was selected in the Queensland rugby league team for the 2020 State of Origin series. He made his debut in Game One, playing a solid 48 minutes off the bench as Queensland upset New South Wales.
2021
In the 2021 NRL Season, Su'a reinforced the previous years success, playing an instrumental role that helped the Rabbitohs achieve a Top 4 finish. In Round 8, Su'a scored his first try of the season in a 34-20 point win over the Canberra Raiders. In Round 19, Su'a scored 2 tries against the New Zealand Warriors in a match that saw the Rabbitohs win 60–22.
On 21 July, Su'a signed a three-year deal with St. George Illawarra.
Su'a played a total of 23 games for South Sydney in the 2021 NRL season, including the club's 2021 NRL Grand Final defeat against Penrith.
2022
In Round 1 of the 2022 NRL season, he made his club debut for St. George Illawarra in their 28-16 victory over the New Zealand Warriors. In Rounds 2 and 3, Su'a was sent to the sin bin in consecutive weeks for dangerous tackles.
Throughout 2022, Su'a played 18 games as St. George Illlawarra finished 10th, missing finals for fourth straight season.
In October Su'a was named in the Samoa squad for the 2021 Rugby League World Cup.
Su'a played for Samoa in their 2021 Rugby League World Cup final loss to Australia.
2023
Su'a played a total of 13 games for St. George Illawarra in the 2023 NRL season as they finished 16th on the table.
2024
Su’a was named in the second row for Queensland ahead of game one in the 2024 State of Origin series.
References
^ "Brisbane could lose promising backrower Jaydn Su'a". The Courier-Mail. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
^ "Jaydn Su'a - Career Stats & Summary". Rugby League Project. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
^ Gabor, Martin (9 May 2016). "Picking Roos over Kiwis an easy choice: Su'a". National Rugby League. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ "Schoolboys trial game to be played before Titans v Eels match this Saturday". Titans. 6 April 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
^ "How Benny's Babes from the Queensland State of Origin squad got their start in the NRL". The Courier Mail. 30 October 2020.
^ "Junior Kangaroos Man of the Match Jaydn Su'a to make Brisbane Broncos debut". Couriermail.com.au. 24 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ NRL. "Queensland Under 16 Team For June Match". QRL. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ "S". Nyc Database. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ NRL. "NYC Team Named". Broncos. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ NRL. "Queensland Under 18 team". QRL. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ "Updated: Representative Round team lists". NRL.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
^ "Nathan Cleary and Jaydn Su'a star in Junior Kangaroos win over Junior Kiwis". Smh.com.au. 7 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ "Junior Kangaroos Man of the Match Jaydn Su'a to make Brisbane Broncos debut". Couriermail.com.au. 24 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ "Updated team lists: Broncos v Wests Tigers". NRL.com. 28 February 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ NRL. "Su'A Start Sets New Mark". Broncos. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ NRL. "Cowboy Salam earns late call-up". QRL. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ NRL. "QLD U20s: Jayden Su'A". QRL. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
^ "2016 Holden Cup Team of the Year announced". NRL.com. 28 February 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
^ Broncos.com.au (26 August 2016). "Broncos re-sign NRL rookies". Zero Tackle. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
^ "Your NRL club's 2017 breakout star". Cairns Post.
^ "Brisbane Broncos 2018 season review". NRL.
^ "Rabbitohs sign Jaydn Su'A immediately until the end of the 2021 season". South Sydney Rabbitohs. 28 June 2019.
^ "Jaydn Su'A". South Sydney Rabbitohs. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
^ "Dragons confirm Su'A signing". St George Illawarra Dragons. 19 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
^ "One of finest NRL grand finals of all time provides cure to difficult season". www.theguardian.com. 3 October 2021.
^ "Dragons cry foul over 'questionable' sin bin that proved costly against Sharks". wwos.nine.com.au.
^ "NRL 2022: St George Illawarra Dragons season review". www.sportingnews.com.
^ Full list of every squad at the Rugby League World Cup 2021
^ "Rugby League World Cup: James Tedesco stars to seal 12th triumph for Australia in 30-10 win over Samoa". www.skysports.com.
^ "Hunt call that could define Flanagan era; glaring hole that must be filled: Brutal Review". www.foxsports.com.au.
^ "Maroons squad named for Origin Game I". QRL. 6 June 2024.
External links
South Sydney Rabbitohs profile
Brisbane Broncos profile
Samoa profile
vteSt. George Illawarra Dragons – current squad
Allan
Bird
Brown
R.Couchman
T.Couchman
de Belin
Eisenhuth
Faitala-Mariner
Mat Feagai
Max Feagai
Fifita
Finau
K. Flanagan
Hunt (c)
Lawrie
Leilua
Liddle
Lomax
Marschke
F. Molo
M. Molo
Muhleisen
Murdoch-Masila
Ramsey
Ravalawa
Russell
Sele
Sloan
Su'A
Suli
Tamale
Tuipulotu
Tuitavake
Coach: S. Flanagan
vteSamoa squad – 2021 Rugby League World Cup
1 Sua'ali'i
2 Ta. May
3 Tago
4 Crichton
5 To'o
6 Luai
7 Milford
8 Papali'i
9 Levi
10 Paulo
11 Sao*
12 Su'a
13 Aloiai
14 Ty. May*
15 Hunt
16 Leniu
17 Taupau
18 Tabuai-Fidow*
19 Feagai
20 Harris-Tavita
21 Brown
22 Tuilagi
23 Kaufusi
24 Hamlin-Uele*
25 Lafai*
26 Sio*
27 Lemuelu*
Leilua*
Coach: Parish
vte2016 NRL Under-20s Team of the Year
1. Kalyn Ponga
2. Gideon Gela-Mosby
3. Robert Jennings
4. Nick Cotric
5. Joseph Manu
6. Tyrone May
7. Troy Dargan
8. Alex Twal
9. Brandon Smith
10. Oliver Clark
11. Luciano Leilua
12. Jaydn Su'A
13. Nat Butcher
14. Jayden Brailey
15. Matthew Dufty
16. Tyrell Fuimaono
17. Dylan Edwards
Coach: Cameron Ciraldo
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"second-row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Second-row_forward"},{"link_name":"St George Illawarra Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George_Illawarra_Dragons"},{"link_name":"National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos"},{"link_name":"South Sydney Rabbitohs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"State of Origin series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Origin_series"}],"text":"Jaydn Su'a (born 23 October 1997) is a Samoa international rugby league footballer who plays as a second-row forward for the St George Illawarra Dragons in the National Rugby League (NRL).He previously played for the Brisbane Broncos and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL, and at representative level for Queensland in the State of Origin series.","title":"Jaydn Su'a"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Samoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Marsden State High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsden_State_High_School"},{"link_name":"Anglican Church Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Church_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Logan Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Brothers_Rugby_League_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Canberra Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Su'a was born in Christchurch, New Zealand. He is of Samoan descent and moved to Australia at the age of two.[3]He attended Marsden State High School and later Anglican Church Grammar School, where he played for their rugby union team.[4] He played his junior rugby league for the Logan Brothers, before being signed by the Canberra Raiders at the age of 13. After two years on a scholarship with the Raiders, he signed with the Brisbane Broncos.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Souths Logan Magpies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souths_Logan_Magpies"},{"link_name":"Cyril Connell Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Connell_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Queensland under-16 rugby league team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_under-16_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"NYC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Youth_Competition_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Queensland under-18 rugby league team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_under-18_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"In 2012, Su'a played in the Souths Logan Magpies' Cyril Connell Cup and National Title winning sides as a 15-year-old.[6] In 2013, he represented the Queensland under-16 rugby league team.[7] In 2015, he joined the Brisbane Broncos' NYC team.[8][9] That year, he represented the Queensland under-18 rugby league team, scoring a try and being named Man of the Match.[10]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Junior Kangaroos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Kangaroos"},{"link_name":"Junior Kiwis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Kiwis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2016 NRL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_NRL_season"},{"link_name":"NRL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Wests Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wests_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Queensland under-20 rugby league team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_under-20_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"2016","text":"On 7 May, Su'a represented the Junior Kangaroos and was named Man of the Match in their win over the Junior Kiwis.[11][12] In Round 12 of the 2016 NRL season, he made his NRL debut for the Broncos against the Wests Tigers.[13][14][15] On 13 July, he captained the Queensland under-20 rugby league team.[16][17] In September, he was named at second-row in the 2016 NYC Team of the Year.[18] In September, he re-signed with the Broncos on a 2-year contract until the end of 2018.[19]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 NRL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_NRL_season"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"2017","text":"In the 2017 NRL season, Su'a was limited to only 4 first grade appearances for Brisbane and did not feature in the club's finals campaign.[20]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2018 NRL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_NRL_season"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"2018","text":"In the 2018 NRL season, Su'a made 15 appearances for Brisbane, but missed out on playing in the club's finals campaign due to injury.[21]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaydn_Su%27a.png"},{"link_name":"2019 NRL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_NRL_season"},{"link_name":"ANZ Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZ_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"2019","text":"Su'a walking out to warm-up for Samoa at the 2021 RLWC in 2022At the start of the 2019 NRL season, Su'a made 8 appearances for Brisbane as they lost 8 of their first 13 games which was one of the worst beginnings to a season in the club's history. On 28 June, Su'a signed a two-year contract to join South Sydney in a mid-season switch from Brisbane. Su'a made his debut for South Sydney against Manly-Warringah in Round 17 at ANZ Stadium which ended in a 21–20 victory.[22]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 NRL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_NRL_season"},{"link_name":"Queensland rugby league team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"2020 State of Origin series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_State_of_Origin_series"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"Throughout the 2020 NRL season, Su'a made 21 appearances for South Sydney, establishing himself as one of the competition's most improved players. Su'a was selected in the Queensland rugby league team for the 2020 State of Origin series. He made his debut in Game One, playing a solid 48 minutes off the bench as Queensland upset New South Wales.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 NRL Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_NRL_season"},{"link_name":"Rabbitohs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs"},{"link_name":"Canberra Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra_Raiders"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"St. George Illawarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George_Illawarra_Dragons"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"2021 NRL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_NRL_season"},{"link_name":"2021 NRL Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_NRL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Penrith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrith_Panthers"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"2021","text":"In the 2021 NRL Season, Su'a reinforced the previous years success, playing an instrumental role that helped the Rabbitohs achieve a Top 4 finish. In Round 8, Su'a scored his first try of the season in a 34-20 point win over the Canberra Raiders. In Round 19, Su'a scored 2 tries against the New Zealand Warriors in a match that saw the Rabbitohs win 60–22.[23]On 21 July, Su'a signed a three-year deal with St. George Illawarra.[24]Su'a played a total of 23 games for South Sydney in the 2021 NRL season, including the club's 2021 NRL Grand Final defeat against Penrith.[25]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 NRL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_NRL_season"},{"link_name":"St. George Illawarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George_Illawarra"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Samoa squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Men%27s_Rugby_League_World_Cup_squads#Samoa"},{"link_name":"2021 Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Rugby_League_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"2022","text":"In Round 1 of the 2022 NRL season, he made his club debut for St. George Illawarra in their 28-16 victory over the New Zealand Warriors. In Rounds 2 and 3, Su'a was sent to the sin bin in consecutive weeks for dangerous tackles.[26]Throughout 2022, Su'a played 18 games as St. George Illlawarra finished 10th, missing finals for fourth straight season.[27]In October Su'a was named in the Samoa squad for the 2021 Rugby League World Cup.[28]\nSu'a played for Samoa in their 2021 Rugby League World Cup final loss to Australia.[29]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 NRL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NRL_season"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"2023","text":"Su'a played a total of 13 games for St. George Illawarra in the 2023 NRL season as they finished 16th on the table.[30]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2024 State of Origin series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_State_of_Origin_series"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"2024","text":"Su’a was named in the second row for Queensland ahead of game one in the 2024 State of Origin series.[31]","title":"Playing career"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Su'a walking out to warm-up for Samoa at the 2021 RLWC in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jaydn_Su%27a.png/220px-Jaydn_Su%27a.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Brisbane could lose promising backrower Jaydn Su'a\". The Courier-Mail. Retrieved 11 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.couriermail.com.au/sport/nrl/teams/broncos/lure-of-a-permanent-starting-spot-could-prise-jaydn-sua-away-from-brisbane/news-story/57fdd992e46d0b32b385cd95de3d48ca","url_text":"\"Brisbane could lose promising backrower Jaydn Su'a\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Mail","url_text":"The Courier-Mail"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaydn Su'a - Career Stats & Summary\". Rugby League Project. Retrieved 31 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/jaydn-sua/summary.html","url_text":"\"Jaydn Su'a - Career Stats & Summary\""}]},{"reference":"Gabor, Martin (9 May 2016). \"Picking Roos over Kiwis an easy choice: Su'a\". National Rugby League. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrl.com/picking-roos-over-kiwis-an-easy-choice-sua/tabid/10874/newsid/95696/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Picking Roos over Kiwis an easy choice: Su'a\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League","url_text":"National Rugby League"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160511142552/http://www.nrl.com/picking-roos-over-kiwis-an-easy-choice-sua/tabid/10874/newsid/95696/default.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Schoolboys trial game to be played before Titans v Eels match this Saturday\". Titans. 6 April 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.titans.com.au/news/2022/04/06/school-boys-trial-game-to-be-played-before-titans-v-eels-match-this-saturday/","url_text":"\"Schoolboys trial game to be played before Titans v Eels match this Saturday\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Benny's Babes from the Queensland State of Origin squad got their start in the NRL\". The Courier Mail. 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.couriermail.com.au/questnews/sport/how-our-queensland-state-of-origin-young-guns-got-their-start-in-the-nrl/news-story/c7bf10767741e3ffc813aac8291cff95","url_text":"\"How Benny's Babes from the Queensland State of Origin squad got their start in the NRL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Junior Kangaroos Man of the Match Jaydn Su'a to make Brisbane Broncos debut\". Couriermail.com.au. 24 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.couriermail.com.au/questnews/logan/junior-kangaroos-man-of-the-match-jaydn-sua-to-make-brisbane-broncos-debut/news-story/120ccdde079ad99c89a5622ea2467043#load-story-comments","url_text":"\"Junior Kangaroos Man of the Match Jaydn Su'a to make Brisbane Broncos debut\""}]},{"reference":"NRL. \"Queensland Under 16 Team For June Match\". QRL. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160803063538/http://www.qrl.com.au/news/2013/04/30/queensland-under-16-team-for-june-match.html","url_text":"\"Queensland Under 16 Team For June Match\""},{"url":"http://www.qrl.com.au/news/2013/04/30/queensland-under-16-team-for-june-match.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"S\". Nyc Database. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://nycdatabase.org/players/s/","url_text":"\"S\""}]},{"reference":"NRL. \"NYC Team Named\". Broncos. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broncos.com.au/news/2016/03/01/broncos_nyc_team_nam.html","url_text":"\"NYC Team Named\""}]},{"reference":"NRL. \"Queensland Under 18 team\". QRL. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.qrl.com.au/news/2015/06/02/queensland_under_18_.html","url_text":"\"Queensland Under 18 team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Updated: Representative Round team lists\". NRL.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160604182259/http://www.nrl.com/representative-round-team-lists/tabid/10874/newsid/95512/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Updated: Representative Round team lists\""},{"url":"http://www.nrl.com/representative-round-team-lists/tabid/10874/newsid/95512/default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nathan Cleary and Jaydn Su'a star in Junior Kangaroos win over Junior Kiwis\". Smh.com.au. 7 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/rugby-league/league-news/nathan-cleary-and-jaydn-sua-stars-in-junior-kangaroos-win-over-junior-kiwis-20160507-goowez.html","url_text":"\"Nathan Cleary and Jaydn Su'a star in Junior Kangaroos win over Junior Kiwis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Junior Kangaroos Man of the Match Jaydn Su'a to make Brisbane Broncos debut\". Couriermail.com.au. 24 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.couriermail.com.au/questnews/logan/junior-kangaroos-man-of-the-match-jaydn-sua-to-make-brisbane-broncos-debut/news-story/120ccdde079ad99c89a5622ea2467043","url_text":"\"Junior Kangaroos Man of the Match Jaydn Su'a to make Brisbane Broncos debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Updated team lists: Broncos v Wests Tigers\". NRL.com. 28 February 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrl.com/updated-team-lists-broncos-v-wests-tigers/tabid/10874/newsid/96378/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Updated team lists: Broncos v Wests Tigers\""}]},{"reference":"NRL. \"Su'A Start Sets New Mark\". Broncos. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broncos.com.au/news/2016/05/27/su_a_start_sets_new_.html","url_text":"\"Su'A Start Sets New Mark\""}]},{"reference":"NRL. \"Cowboy Salam earns late call-up\". QRL. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.qrl.com.au/news/2016/07/07/cowboy_salam_earns_l.html","url_text":"\"Cowboy Salam earns late call-up\""}]},{"reference":"NRL. \"QLD U20s: Jayden Su'A\". QRL. Retrieved 16 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.qrl.com.au/news/2016/07/15/qld_u20s_jayden_su_a.html","url_text":"\"QLD U20s: Jayden Su'A\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Holden Cup Team of the Year announced\". NRL.com. 28 February 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrl.com/2016-holden-cup-team-of-the-year-announced/tabid/10874/newsid/100970/default.aspx","url_text":"\"2016 Holden Cup Team of the Year announced\""}]},{"reference":"Broncos.com.au (26 August 2016). \"Broncos re-sign NRL rookies\". Zero Tackle. Retrieved 15 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zerotackle.com/broncos-re-sign-nrl-rookies-23767/","url_text":"\"Broncos re-sign NRL rookies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Your NRL club's 2017 breakout star\". Cairns Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cairnspost.com.au/sport/your-nrl-clubs-2017-breakout-star/news-story/f34f5b7de73fc42916fb222672aec12d/","url_text":"\"Your NRL club's 2017 breakout star\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brisbane Broncos 2018 season review\". NRL.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrl.com/news/2018/09/18/brisbane-broncos-2018-season-review/","url_text":"\"Brisbane Broncos 2018 season review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rabbitohs sign Jaydn Su'A immediately until the end of the 2021 season\". South Sydney Rabbitohs. 28 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rabbitohs.com.au/news/2019/06/28/rabbitohs-sign-jaydn-sua-immediately-until-the-end-of-the-2021-season/","url_text":"\"Rabbitohs sign Jaydn Su'A immediately until the end of the 2021 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaydn Su'A\". South Sydney Rabbitohs. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rabbitohs.com.au/teams/telstra-premiership/south-sydney-rabbitohs/jaydn-sua/","url_text":"\"Jaydn Su'A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dragons confirm Su'A signing\". St George Illawarra Dragons. 19 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dragons.com.au/news/2021/07/20/dragons-confirm-sua-signing/","url_text":"\"Dragons confirm Su'A signing\""}]},{"reference":"\"One of finest NRL grand finals of all time provides cure to difficult season\". www.theguardian.com. 3 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/oct/04/one-of-finest-nrl-grand-finals-of-all-time-provides-cure-to-difficult-season/","url_text":"\"One of finest NRL grand finals of all time provides cure to difficult season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dragons cry foul over 'questionable' sin bin that proved costly against Sharks\". wwos.nine.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwos.nine.com.au/nrl/sharks-vs-dragons-news-2022-jaydn-sua-sin-bin-tackle-dale-finucane-video/b461a564-da85-46cb-ac18-58e69ad2c4b3/","url_text":"\"Dragons cry foul over 'questionable' sin bin that proved costly against Sharks\""}]},{"reference":"\"NRL 2022: St George Illawarra Dragons season review\". www.sportingnews.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportingnews.com/au/rugby-league/news/nrl-2022-st-george-illawarra-dragons-season-review/l821xem9o1l8u8ylavtd3ono/","url_text":"\"NRL 2022: St George Illawarra Dragons season review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rugby League World Cup: James Tedesco stars to seal 12th triumph for Australia in 30-10 win over Samoa\". www.skysports.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/rugby-league/australia-vs-samoa/58154/","url_text":"\"Rugby League World Cup: James Tedesco stars to seal 12th triumph for Australia in 30-10 win over Samoa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hunt call that could define Flanagan era; glaring hole that must be filled: Brutal Review\". www.foxsports.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxsports.com.au/nrl/nrl-premiership/nrl-2023-st-george-illawarra-dragons-end-of-season-review-brutal-review-rugby-league-news-ben-hunt-shane-flanagan/news-story/876c40f7fc8f8cf09cf2c720499f7db2/","url_text":"\"Hunt call that could define Flanagan era; glaring hole that must be filled: Brutal Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maroons squad named for Origin Game I\". QRL. 6 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qrl.com.au/news/2024/05/27/maroons-squad-named-for-origin-game-i/","url_text":"\"Maroons squad named for Origin Game I\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.couriermail.com.au/sport/nrl/teams/broncos/lure-of-a-permanent-starting-spot-could-prise-jaydn-sua-away-from-brisbane/news-story/57fdd992e46d0b32b385cd95de3d48ca","external_links_name":"\"Brisbane could lose promising backrower Jaydn Su'a\""},{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/jaydn-sua/summary.html","external_links_name":"\"Jaydn Su'a - Career Stats & Summary\""},{"Link":"http://www.nrl.com/picking-roos-over-kiwis-an-easy-choice-sua/tabid/10874/newsid/95696/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Picking Roos over Kiwis an easy choice: Su'a\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160511142552/http://www.nrl.com/picking-roos-over-kiwis-an-easy-choice-sua/tabid/10874/newsid/95696/default.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.titans.com.au/news/2022/04/06/school-boys-trial-game-to-be-played-before-titans-v-eels-match-this-saturday/","external_links_name":"\"Schoolboys trial game to be played before Titans v Eels match this Saturday\""},{"Link":"https://www.couriermail.com.au/questnews/sport/how-our-queensland-state-of-origin-young-guns-got-their-start-in-the-nrl/news-story/c7bf10767741e3ffc813aac8291cff95","external_links_name":"\"How Benny's Babes from the Queensland State of Origin squad got their start in the NRL\""},{"Link":"http://www.couriermail.com.au/questnews/logan/junior-kangaroos-man-of-the-match-jaydn-sua-to-make-brisbane-broncos-debut/news-story/120ccdde079ad99c89a5622ea2467043#load-story-comments","external_links_name":"\"Junior Kangaroos Man of the Match Jaydn Su'a to make Brisbane Broncos debut\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160803063538/http://www.qrl.com.au/news/2013/04/30/queensland-under-16-team-for-june-match.html","external_links_name":"\"Queensland Under 16 Team For June Match\""},{"Link":"http://www.qrl.com.au/news/2013/04/30/queensland-under-16-team-for-june-match.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nycdatabase.org/players/s/","external_links_name":"\"S\""},{"Link":"http://www.broncos.com.au/news/2016/03/01/broncos_nyc_team_nam.html","external_links_name":"\"NYC Team Named\""},{"Link":"http://www.qrl.com.au/news/2015/06/02/queensland_under_18_.html","external_links_name":"\"Queensland Under 18 team\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160604182259/http://www.nrl.com/representative-round-team-lists/tabid/10874/newsid/95512/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Updated: Representative Round team lists\""},{"Link":"http://www.nrl.com/representative-round-team-lists/tabid/10874/newsid/95512/default.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/rugby-league/league-news/nathan-cleary-and-jaydn-sua-stars-in-junior-kangaroos-win-over-junior-kiwis-20160507-goowez.html","external_links_name":"\"Nathan Cleary and Jaydn Su'a star in Junior Kangaroos win over Junior Kiwis\""},{"Link":"http://www.couriermail.com.au/questnews/logan/junior-kangaroos-man-of-the-match-jaydn-sua-to-make-brisbane-broncos-debut/news-story/120ccdde079ad99c89a5622ea2467043","external_links_name":"\"Junior Kangaroos Man of the Match Jaydn Su'a to make Brisbane Broncos debut\""},{"Link":"http://www.nrl.com/updated-team-lists-broncos-v-wests-tigers/tabid/10874/newsid/96378/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Updated team lists: Broncos v Wests Tigers\""},{"Link":"http://www.broncos.com.au/news/2016/05/27/su_a_start_sets_new_.html","external_links_name":"\"Su'A Start Sets New Mark\""},{"Link":"http://www.qrl.com.au/news/2016/07/07/cowboy_salam_earns_l.html","external_links_name":"\"Cowboy Salam earns late call-up\""},{"Link":"http://www.qrl.com.au/news/2016/07/15/qld_u20s_jayden_su_a.html","external_links_name":"\"QLD U20s: Jayden Su'A\""},{"Link":"http://www.nrl.com/2016-holden-cup-team-of-the-year-announced/tabid/10874/newsid/100970/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"2016 Holden Cup Team of the Year announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.zerotackle.com/broncos-re-sign-nrl-rookies-23767/","external_links_name":"\"Broncos re-sign NRL rookies\""},{"Link":"https://www.cairnspost.com.au/sport/your-nrl-clubs-2017-breakout-star/news-story/f34f5b7de73fc42916fb222672aec12d/","external_links_name":"\"Your NRL club's 2017 breakout star\""},{"Link":"https://www.nrl.com/news/2018/09/18/brisbane-broncos-2018-season-review/","external_links_name":"\"Brisbane Broncos 2018 season review\""},{"Link":"https://www.rabbitohs.com.au/news/2019/06/28/rabbitohs-sign-jaydn-sua-immediately-until-the-end-of-the-2021-season/","external_links_name":"\"Rabbitohs sign Jaydn Su'A immediately until the end of the 2021 season\""},{"Link":"https://www.rabbitohs.com.au/teams/telstra-premiership/south-sydney-rabbitohs/jaydn-sua/","external_links_name":"\"Jaydn Su'A\""},{"Link":"https://www.dragons.com.au/news/2021/07/20/dragons-confirm-sua-signing/","external_links_name":"\"Dragons confirm Su'A signing\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/oct/04/one-of-finest-nrl-grand-finals-of-all-time-provides-cure-to-difficult-season/","external_links_name":"\"One of finest NRL grand finals of all time provides cure to difficult season\""},{"Link":"https://wwos.nine.com.au/nrl/sharks-vs-dragons-news-2022-jaydn-sua-sin-bin-tackle-dale-finucane-video/b461a564-da85-46cb-ac18-58e69ad2c4b3/","external_links_name":"\"Dragons cry foul over 'questionable' sin bin that proved costly against Sharks\""},{"Link":"https://www.sportingnews.com/au/rugby-league/news/nrl-2022-st-george-illawarra-dragons-season-review/l821xem9o1l8u8ylavtd3ono/","external_links_name":"\"NRL 2022: St George Illawarra Dragons season review\""},{"Link":"https://www.loverugbyleague.com/post/rugby-league-world-cup-2021-squad-lists/","external_links_name":"Full list of every squad at the Rugby League World Cup 2021"},{"Link":"https://www.skysports.com/rugby-league/australia-vs-samoa/58154/","external_links_name":"\"Rugby League World Cup: James Tedesco stars to seal 12th triumph for Australia in 30-10 win over Samoa\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxsports.com.au/nrl/nrl-premiership/nrl-2023-st-george-illawarra-dragons-end-of-season-review-brutal-review-rugby-league-news-ben-hunt-shane-flanagan/news-story/876c40f7fc8f8cf09cf2c720499f7db2/","external_links_name":"\"Hunt call that could define Flanagan era; glaring hole that must be filled: Brutal Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.qrl.com.au/news/2024/05/27/maroons-squad-named-for-origin-game-i/","external_links_name":"\"Maroons squad named for Origin Game I\""},{"Link":"https://www.rabbitohs.com.au/teams/telstra-premiership/south-sydney-rabbitohs/jaydn-sua/","external_links_name":"South Sydney Rabbitohs profile"},{"Link":"https://www.broncos.com.au/teams/telstra-premiership/brisbane-broncos/jaydn-sua/","external_links_name":"Brisbane Broncos profile"},{"Link":"https://www.nrl.com/players/rugby-league-world-cup/samoa/jaydn-sua/","external_links_name":"Samoa profile"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Moon
|
David A. Moon
|
["1 Work","2 References","3 External links"]
|
American computer scientist
David A. MoonDavid A. Moon in 2001OccupationComputer scientistKnown forLisp, Symbolics, Emacs, DylanWebsiteusers.rcn.com/david-moon
David A. Moon is a programmer and computer scientist, known for his work on the Lisp programming language, as co-author of the Emacs text editor, as the inventor of ephemeral garbage collection, and as one of the designers of the Dylan programming language. Guy L. Steele Jr. and Richard P. Gabriel (1993) name him as a leader of the Common Lisp movement and describe him as "a seductively powerful thinker, quiet and often insulting, whose arguments are almost impossible to refute".
Work
Maclisp, a variant of Lisp developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) by Richard Greenblatt in the late 1960s, originally ran on the PDP-6 and PDP-10 computers made by Digital Equipment Corporation. In the early 1970s, Moon headed a project at MIT that reimplemented Maclisp on a different kind of computer, the Honeywell 6180 running the Multics operating system. The compiler that he developed, NCOMPLR, became the "standard against which all other Lisp compilers were measured". As part of this project, he also wrote what became the standard manual for Maclisp more generally,
titled the MacLISP Reference Manual but often called the Moonual.
Moon was one of the original members of Greenblatt's project to develop the MIT Lisp Machine, beginning in 1974. In 1976, with Steele, he wrote the first (TECO-based) version of the Emacs text editor, and in 1978 with Daniel Weinreb he coauthored the manual for the Lisp Machine, known as the chine nual. With Howard Cannon, he developed Flavors, a system for doing object-oriented programming with multiple inheritance on the Lisp Machine.
As part of the Lisp Machine project, he also invented ephemeral garbage collection, an advance that led to the widespread use of continuously-operating garbage collection systems in Lisp more generally.
When Symbolics was founded in 1980 to commercialize the Lisp Machine, he became one of its founders. He continued to develop new hardware and software at Symbolics, and was listed as a Symbolics Fellow in 1989, but left the company in 1990 to join a project to develop a new operating system. He also made important contributions to the standardization of Common Lisp.
Later, he worked for Apple Computer, where he became one of "the primary contributors to the language design" for the Dylan programming language.
References
^ Steele & Gabriel (1993), p. 44.
^ Steele & Gabriel (1993), p. 10.
^ a b Steele, Guy L. Jr.; Gabriel, Richard P. (1993), "The Evolution of Lisp" (PDF), Proceedings of the Second ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of Programming Languages (HOPL-II), SIGPLAN Notices, 28 (3): 231–270, doi:10.1145/155360.155373. Reprinted in Bergin, Thomas J. Jr.; Gibson, Richard G. Jr. (1996), "The evolution of Lisp", History of Programming languages—II, New York, NY, US: ACM, pp. 233–330, doi:10.1145/234286.1057818, ISBN 978-0-201-89502-5, S2CID 47047140.
^ Salus, Peter H. (2008), "Chapter 4. A Tale of Two Editors", The Daemon, the Gnu, and the Penguin, Reed Media Services, ISBN 978-0979034237
^ Richard Stallman is credited by Salus and others as another co-creator, but as Daniel Weinreb wrote, "The original (TECO-based) Emacs was created and designed by Guy L. Steele Jr. and David Moon. After they had it working, and it had become established as the standard text editor at the AI lab, Stallman took over its maintenance." Moon himself responded "All true, so far as I can remember. But in all fairness I have to say that Stallman greatly improved Emacs after he "liberated" it from Guy and me." See Weinreb, Dan (11 November 2007), "Rebuttal to Stallman's Story About The Formation of Symbolics and LMI", Dan Weinreb's blog: software and innovation, archived from the original on 1 January 2009.
^ Steele & Gabriel (1993), p. 28: "While there was a great deal of theoretical work on interleaved and concurrent garbage collection during the 1970s, continuous garbage collection was not universally accepted until David Moon's invention of ephemeral garbage collection and its implementation on Lisp Machines."
^ Cook, Kimberly L. (13 November 1990), "David Moon is departing", Symbolics Lisp User Group mailing list, SRI International
^ "Acknowledgements", Dylan (TM) -- An object-oriented dynamic language, Apple Computer, 1992, archived from the original on 5 January 2017, retrieved 5 January 2017
External links
Programming Language for Old Timers, David A. Moon, updated April 2012
Lunar Programming Language, David A. Moon, updated 2020
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
Academics
Association for Computing Machinery
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"programmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programmers"},{"link_name":"computer scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_scientist"},{"link_name":"Lisp programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_programming_language"},{"link_name":"Emacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs"},{"link_name":"ephemeral garbage collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generational_garbage_collection"},{"link_name":"Dylan programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_programming_language"},{"link_name":"Guy L. Steele Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr."},{"link_name":"Richard P. Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_P._Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Common Lisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Lisp"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"David A. Moon is a programmer and computer scientist, known for his work on the Lisp programming language, as co-author of the Emacs text editor, as the inventor of ephemeral garbage collection, and as one of the designers of the Dylan programming language. Guy L. Steele Jr. and Richard P. Gabriel (1993) name him as a leader of the Common Lisp movement and describe him as \"a seductively powerful thinker, quiet and often insulting, whose arguments are almost impossible to refute\".[1]","title":"David A. Moon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maclisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclisp"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Richard Greenblatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Greenblatt_(programmer)"},{"link_name":"PDP-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-6"},{"link_name":"PDP-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-10"},{"link_name":"Digital Equipment Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Honeywell 6180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell_6180"},{"link_name":"Multics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics"},{"link_name":"compiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sg-3"},{"link_name":"Lisp Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_Machine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sg-3"},{"link_name":"TECO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TECO_(text_editor)"},{"link_name":"Emacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Daniel Weinreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Weinreb"},{"link_name":"Flavors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavors_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"object-oriented programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming"},{"link_name":"multiple inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_inheritance"},{"link_name":"ephemeral garbage collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generational_garbage_collection"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Symbolics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolics"},{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization"},{"link_name":"Common Lisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Lisp"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Apple Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computer"},{"link_name":"Dylan programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_programming_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Maclisp, a variant of Lisp developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) by Richard Greenblatt in the late 1960s, originally ran on the PDP-6 and PDP-10 computers made by Digital Equipment Corporation. In the early 1970s, Moon headed a project at MIT that reimplemented Maclisp on a different kind of computer, the Honeywell 6180 running the Multics operating system. The compiler that he developed, NCOMPLR, became the \"standard against which all other Lisp compilers were measured\".[2] As part of this project, he also wrote what became the standard manual for Maclisp more generally,\ntitled the MacLISP Reference Manual but often called the Moonual.[3]Moon was one of the original members of Greenblatt's project to develop the MIT Lisp Machine, beginning in 1974.[3] In 1976, with Steele, he wrote the first (TECO-based) version of the Emacs text editor,[4][5] and in 1978 with Daniel Weinreb he coauthored the manual for the Lisp Machine, known as the chine nual. With Howard Cannon, he developed Flavors, a system for doing object-oriented programming with multiple inheritance on the Lisp Machine.\nAs part of the Lisp Machine project, he also invented ephemeral garbage collection, an advance that led to the widespread use of continuously-operating garbage collection systems in Lisp more generally.[6]When Symbolics was founded in 1980 to commercialize the Lisp Machine, he became one of its founders. He continued to develop new hardware and software at Symbolics, and was listed as a Symbolics Fellow in 1989, but left the company in 1990 to join a project to develop a new operating system. He also made important contributions to the standardization of Common Lisp.[7]Later, he worked for Apple Computer, where he became one of \"the primary contributors to the language design\" for the Dylan programming language.[8]","title":"Work"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Steele, Guy L. Jr.; Gabriel, Richard P. (1993), \"The Evolution of Lisp\" (PDF), Proceedings of the Second ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of Programming Languages (HOPL-II), SIGPLAN Notices, 28 (3): 231–270, doi:10.1145/155360.155373","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr.","url_text":"Steele, Guy L. Jr."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_P._Gabriel","url_text":"Gabriel, Richard P."},{"url":"https://dreamsongs.com/Files/HOPL2-Uncut.pdf","url_text":"\"The Evolution of Lisp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F155360.155373","url_text":"10.1145/155360.155373"}]},{"reference":"Bergin, Thomas J. Jr.; Gibson, Richard G. Jr. (1996), \"The evolution of Lisp\", History of Programming languages—II, New York, NY, US: ACM, pp. 233–330, doi:10.1145/234286.1057818, ISBN 978-0-201-89502-5, S2CID 47047140","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F234286.1057818","url_text":"10.1145/234286.1057818"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-89502-5","url_text":"978-0-201-89502-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47047140","url_text":"47047140"}]},{"reference":"Salus, Peter H. (2008), \"Chapter 4. A Tale of Two Editors\", The Daemon, the Gnu, and the Penguin, Reed Media Services, ISBN 978-0979034237","urls":[{"url":"http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20050422235450910","url_text":"\"Chapter 4. A Tale of Two Editors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0979034237","url_text":"978-0979034237"}]},{"reference":"Weinreb, Dan (11 November 2007), \"Rebuttal to Stallman's Story About The Formation of Symbolics and LMI\", Dan Weinreb's blog: software and innovation, archived from the original on 1 January 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Weinreb","url_text":"Weinreb, Dan"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090101103828/http://danweinreb.org/blog/rebuttal-to-stallmans-story-about-the-formation-of-symbolics-and-lmi","url_text":"\"Rebuttal to Stallman's Story About The Formation of Symbolics and LMI\""},{"url":"http://danweinreb.org/blog/rebuttal-to-stallmans-story-about-the-formation-of-symbolics-and-lmi","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cook, Kimberly L. (13 November 1990), \"David Moon is departing\", Symbolics Lisp User Group mailing list, SRI International","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.ai.sri.com/pub/mailing-lists/slug/901231/msg00362.html","url_text":"\"David Moon is departing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRI_International","url_text":"SRI International"}]},{"reference":"\"Acknowledgements\", Dylan (TM) -- An object-oriented dynamic language, Apple Computer, 1992, archived from the original on 5 January 2017, retrieved 5 January 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170105180319/http://opendylan.org/~hannes/XXX/prefix-dylan/book.annotated/contents.html","url_text":"\"Acknowledgements\""},{"url":"http://opendylan.org/~hannes/XXX/prefix-dylan/book.annotated/contents.html","url_text":"Dylan (TM) -- An object-oriented dynamic language"},{"url":"http://opendylan.org/~hannes/XXX/prefix-dylan/book.annotated/acknowledgments.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://users.rcn.com/david-moon","external_links_name":"users.rcn.com/david-moon"},{"Link":"https://dreamsongs.com/Files/HOPL2-Uncut.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Evolution of Lisp\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F155360.155373","external_links_name":"10.1145/155360.155373"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F234286.1057818","external_links_name":"10.1145/234286.1057818"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47047140","external_links_name":"47047140"},{"Link":"http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20050422235450910","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 4. A Tale of Two Editors\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090101103828/http://danweinreb.org/blog/rebuttal-to-stallmans-story-about-the-formation-of-symbolics-and-lmi","external_links_name":"\"Rebuttal to Stallman's Story About The Formation of Symbolics and LMI\""},{"Link":"http://danweinreb.org/blog/rebuttal-to-stallmans-story-about-the-formation-of-symbolics-and-lmi","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.ai.sri.com/pub/mailing-lists/slug/901231/msg00362.html","external_links_name":"\"David Moon is departing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170105180319/http://opendylan.org/~hannes/XXX/prefix-dylan/book.annotated/contents.html","external_links_name":"\"Acknowledgements\""},{"Link":"http://opendylan.org/~hannes/XXX/prefix-dylan/book.annotated/contents.html","external_links_name":"Dylan (TM) -- An object-oriented dynamic language"},{"Link":"http://opendylan.org/~hannes/XXX/prefix-dylan/book.annotated/acknowledgments.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://users.rcn.com/david-moon/PLOT3/","external_links_name":"Programming Language for Old Timers"},{"Link":"http://users.rcn.com/david-moon/Lunar/","external_links_name":"Lunar Programming Language"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/21146030523835860671","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86846975","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dl.acm.org/profile/81100243475","external_links_name":"Association for Computing Machinery"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/231627688","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightline_(New_Zealand_TV_series)
|
Nightline (New Zealand TV programme)
|
["1 Format","2 Cancellation","3 References","4 External links"]
|
New Zealand late night television news programme
For other uses, see Nightline.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nightline" New Zealand TV programme – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
NightlinePresented by
Joanna Paul-Robie (1990–1991)
Belinda Todd (1990–1992)
Neil Waka (1992–1994)
Janet Wilson (1993–1994)
Leanne Malcolm (1995–1998)
Carolyn Robinson (1999–2004)
Carly Flynn (2005–2007)
Samantha Hayes (2007–2009)
Rachel Smalley (2010–2011)
Sacha McNeil (2011–2013)
Country of originNew ZealandProductionRunning time30 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkTV3Release19 February 1990 (1990-02-19) –20 December 2013 (2013-12-20)RelatedThe Paul Henry Show
Nightline is a New Zealand late night news programme that premiered on TV3 on 19 February 1990. Its final host was Sacha McNeil, and Nightline ceased to air in December 2013, replaced by controversial broadcaster Paul Henry's new programme The Paul Henry Show in early 2014, and then in 2015 by a new late night news bulletin programme called Newsworthy with Samantha Hayes and David Farrier at the desk. This was replaced in 2016 by Newshub Late.
Format
Screening Mondays to Fridays at around 10.30pm (subject to scheduling), Nightline was TV3's late night news programme and provided its viewers with a wrap-up of the day's big news stories, along with breaking news from New Zealand and around the world – all of which were drawn on the resources of the 3 News newsroom. The ever-popular entertainment content blended arts and culture, plus interviews and profiles with some of New Zealand's best-known faces.
Nightline began life in November 1989 as an extended, three-minute newsbreak at around 10.30pm when TV3 began broadcasting. It later became a half hour, late night bulletin under its producer, Susan Baldacci, and the first full-length edition of Nightline was broadcast at 10.30pm on the evening of Monday 19 February 1990. A wrap of the day's news was read by Joanna Paul-Robie, with Belinda Todd presenting a not-so-serious look at the day's events through off-the-wall entertainment. The programme's contributor was Bill Ralston, TV3's political editor at the time.
When Joanna Paul-Robie left TV3 at the end of 1991 to join TVNZ, Neil Waka took over as Nightline's newsreader in 1992. Belinda Todd left at the end of that year.
Successive presenters, from 1993 until Nightline ended in 2013, have included Janet Wilson (1993–94), Leanne Malcolm (1995–98), Carolyn Robinson (1999–2004), Carly Flynn (2005–2007), Samantha Hayes (2007–2009), Rachel Smalley (2010–2011) and Sacha McNeil (2011–2013).
A 20th anniversary episode was aired in 2010.
Cancellation
In early 2014, MediaWorks confirmed that The Paul Henry Show would replace Nightline. A release from MediaWorks said: "The Nightline brand remains a valued part of the 3 News stable and will sit in reserve." According to Rachel Lorimer, MediaWorks' group communication manager for news and current affairs at the time, this meant, "that the brand will be available for use in future years."
Over the last few years the programme had struggled to maintain its viewership, and MediaWorks felt that it was time for change. According to Nielsen, the programme's average audience per episode declined by 29% over the last five years of its life, with viewers dropping from 155,000 in 2009 to 110,000 in 2013.
In the release, Mark Jennings, MediaWorks' director of news and current affairs at the time, said, "Nightline has been a great programme for us over many years and produced some of our best broadcasters, but the landscape is due for change and Paul Henry will lead that change in later evening viewing."
TV3 cancelled The Paul Henry Show at the end of 2014 and broadcast a temporary bulletin in the slot known as 3 News Late Edition with rotating anchors hosting. News programme Newsworthy was broadcast from 8 June 2015 to 18 December 2015. It was officially replaced on 1 February 2016 with Newshub Late hosted by Samantha Hayes.
References
^ Henry show replaces long-running Nightline. 3 News NZ. 2 November 2013.
^ "Nightline 20th Anniversary". Retrieved 5 November 2023.
^ a b "Nightline canned, to be replaced by acid-tongued Paul Henry – UPDATED". StopPress. 5 November 2014.
^ "Home". Mediaworks.com. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
External links
3news.co.nz/nightline
"Credits – Nightline – 20th Anniversary Episode – Television – NZ On Screen". Nzonscreen.com. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
vteTelevision and radio news and current affairs in New ZealandTelevisionTVNZ (1 News)
Breakfast
1 News At Midday
Te Karere
1 News At 6pm
Seven Sharp
1 News Tonight
Fair Go
20/20
Sunday
Q+A
Marae
1 Sport
Warner Bros. Discovery (Newshub)
AM
Newshub Live At 6pm
The Project
Newshub Late
Newshub Nation
Sky Open
News First
60 Minutes
Whakaata Māori
Te Kāea
Native Affairs
Media Take
Other
Nzone Tonight
I Love New Zealand
News Talk Today
News 33
CTV News
The South Today
Whangarei Today
Defunct
Holmes
Eye to Eye with Willie Jackson
TVNZ News Now
TVNZ News at 8
Close Up
Saturday Breakfast
Nightline
Brunch
South Today
Firstline
Sky News New Zealand
Campbell Live
3rd Degree
Target
Good Morning
3 News at 12
3 News
Newsworthy
The Paul Henry Show
Paul Henry
Story
Back Benches
The Spinoff TV
Three60
Think Tank
The Café
A Current Affair
Newshub Live at 4:30pm
Newshub Live at 8pm
AM Early
Newshub Live at 11:30am
RadioRadio New Zealand
Morning Report
Checkpoint
Upbeat
Dateline Pacific
Newstalk ZB
The Mike Hosking Breakfast
Chinese Voice
I Love New Zealand
News Talk Today
Television in New Zealand
Radio in New Zealand
New Zealand presenters
Television
Radio
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nightline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightline"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"late night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_night_television"},{"link_name":"TV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Sacha McNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacha_McNeil"},{"link_name":"Paul Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henry_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"The Paul Henry Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paul_Henry_Show"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Nightline.Nightline is a New Zealand late night news programme that premiered on TV3 on 19 February 1990. Its final host was Sacha McNeil, and Nightline ceased to air in December 2013, replaced by controversial broadcaster Paul Henry's new programme The Paul Henry Show in early 2014, and then in 2015 by a new late night news bulletin programme called Newsworthy with Samantha Hayes and David Farrier at the desk.[1] This was replaced in 2016 by Newshub Late.","title":"Nightline (New Zealand TV programme)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3 News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newshub"},{"link_name":"Joanna Paul-Robie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Paul-Robie"},{"link_name":"Belinda Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belinda_Todd"},{"link_name":"Bill Ralston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ralston"},{"link_name":"Carly Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Flynn"},{"link_name":"Samantha Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Rachel Smalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Smalley"},{"link_name":"Sacha McNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacha_McNeil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Screening Mondays to Fridays at around 10.30pm (subject to scheduling), Nightline was TV3's late night news programme and provided its viewers with a wrap-up of the day's big news stories, along with breaking news from New Zealand and around the world – all of which were drawn on the resources of the 3 News newsroom. The ever-popular entertainment content blended arts and culture, plus interviews and profiles with some of New Zealand's best-known faces.Nightline began life in November 1989 as an extended, three-minute newsbreak at around 10.30pm when TV3 began broadcasting. It later became a half hour, late night bulletin under its producer, Susan Baldacci, and the first full-length edition of Nightline was broadcast at 10.30pm on the evening of Monday 19 February 1990. A wrap of the day's news was read by Joanna Paul-Robie, with Belinda Todd presenting a not-so-serious look at the day's events through off-the-wall entertainment. The programme's contributor was Bill Ralston, TV3's political editor at the time.When Joanna Paul-Robie left TV3 at the end of 1991 to join TVNZ, Neil Waka took over as Nightline's newsreader in 1992. Belinda Todd left at the end of that year.Successive presenters, from 1993 until Nightline ended in 2013, have included Janet Wilson (1993–94), Leanne Malcolm (1995–98), Carolyn Robinson (1999–2004), Carly Flynn (2005–2007), Samantha Hayes (2007–2009), Rachel Smalley (2010–2011) and Sacha McNeil (2011–2013).A 20th anniversary episode was aired in 2010.[2]","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stoppress-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stoppress-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In early 2014, MediaWorks confirmed that The Paul Henry Show would replace Nightline. A release from MediaWorks said: \"The Nightline brand remains a valued part of the 3 News stable and will sit in reserve.\" According to Rachel Lorimer, MediaWorks' group communication manager for news and current affairs at the time, this meant, \"that the [Nightline] brand will be available for use in future years.\"[3]Over the last few years the programme had struggled to maintain its viewership, and MediaWorks felt that it was time for change. According to Nielsen, the programme's average audience per episode declined by 29% over the last five years of its life, with viewers dropping from 155,000 in 2009 to 110,000 in 2013.In the release, Mark Jennings, MediaWorks' director of news and current affairs at the time, said, \"Nightline has been a great programme for us over many years and produced some of our best broadcasters, but the landscape is due for change and Paul Henry will lead that change in later evening viewing.\"[3]TV3 cancelled The Paul Henry Show at the end of 2014 and broadcast a temporary bulletin in the slot known as 3 News Late Edition with rotating anchors hosting. News programme Newsworthy was broadcast from 8 June 2015 to 18 December 2015. It was officially replaced on 1 February 2016 with Newshub Late hosted by Samantha Hayes.[4]","title":"Cancellation"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Nightline 20th Anniversary\". Retrieved 5 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/nightline-20th-anniversary-episode-2010","url_text":"\"Nightline 20th Anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nightline canned, to be replaced by acid-tongued Paul Henry – UPDATED\". StopPress. 5 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stoppress.co.nz/blog/2013/11/nightline-canned-be-replaced-acid-tongued-paul-henry","url_text":"\"Nightline canned, to be replaced by acid-tongued Paul Henry – UPDATED\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Mediaworks.com. Retrieved 2 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mediaworks.co.nz/SAMANTHA-HAYES-AND-DAVID-FARRIER-TO-HOST-LATE-NEWS-ON-TV3/tabid/1578/articleID/2405/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Credits – Nightline – 20th Anniversary Episode – Television – NZ On Screen\". Nzonscreen.com. Retrieved 2 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/nightline-20th-anniversary-episode-2010/credits","url_text":"\"Credits – Nightline – 20th Anniversary Episode – Television – NZ On Screen\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nightline%22+New+Zealand+TV+programme","external_links_name":"\"Nightline\" New Zealand TV programme"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nightline%22+New+Zealand+TV+programme+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nightline%22+New+Zealand+TV+programme&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nightline%22+New+Zealand+TV+programme+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nightline%22+New+Zealand+TV+programme","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nightline%22+New+Zealand+TV+programme&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.3news.co.nz/Henry-show-replaces-long-running-Nightline/tabid/418/articleID/319790/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"Henry show replaces long-running Nightline"},{"Link":"https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/nightline-20th-anniversary-episode-2010","external_links_name":"\"Nightline 20th Anniversary\""},{"Link":"http://www.stoppress.co.nz/blog/2013/11/nightline-canned-be-replaced-acid-tongued-paul-henry","external_links_name":"\"Nightline canned, to be replaced by acid-tongued Paul Henry – UPDATED\""},{"Link":"http://www.mediaworks.co.nz/SAMANTHA-HAYES-AND-DAVID-FARRIER-TO-HOST-LATE-NEWS-ON-TV3/tabid/1578/articleID/2405/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110812222322/http://www.3news.co.nz/TVShows/Nightline.aspx","external_links_name":"3news.co.nz/nightline"},{"Link":"https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/nightline-20th-anniversary-episode-2010/credits","external_links_name":"\"Credits – Nightline – 20th Anniversary Episode – Television – NZ On Screen\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Carlos_Nuevo_Guaymas
|
San Carlos Nuevo Guaymas
|
["1 History and legal background","2 Politics, motion pictures and tourism","3 Scuba diving in the area","3.1 Popular dive sites","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 27°57′43″N 111°02′14″W / 27.9619°N 111.0372°W / 27.9619; -111.0372Beachfront area and town in Sonora, Mexico
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
View of San Carlos Bay, Sonora
San Carlos marina at dusk
27°57′43″N 111°02′14″W / 27.9619°N 111.0372°W / 27.9619; -111.0372
San Carlos is a beachfront subdivision within the port city of Guaymas, but is considered its own town in the northern state of Sonora in Mexico. It is known for the clarity and warmth of the ocean water in its shallow bays. It lies on the Sea of Cortez. Given the size of the city, with nearly 7,000 inhabitants, there is a large number of RV parks, resorts and stores available. There is also an active diving community. Many Americans and Canadians live in San Carlos during the winter months. The summer months are very hot and humid. Fishing, scuba dive, and beach activities can be pursued here. Another widespread sport in San Carlos is sailing but you can also decide to skydive over the Sea of Cortez.
San Carlos is about a six-hour drive from the United States along the Mexican interstate Highway 15.
History and legal background
The community of San Carlos was founded on land that previously was a large cattle ranch known as the Baviso de Navarro. This was later subdivided in four great estates known as Rancho Los Algodones, Rancho San Carlos, Rancho El Baviso and Rancho El Represo. In the mid-1950s, Mr. Rafael T. Caballero acquired the ranches Los Algodones, San Carlos and El Baviso, contracting the services of City planners who designed the first stages of a gradual and carefully planned tourist development that in time would become one of the first and most important tourist and recreational communities in the State.
When the private investors began the initial works for this development, in support of this vision, the State Congress of Sonora during the governorship of Luis Encinas Johnson issued a declaration establishing the official incorporation of the Township of San Carlos, Nuevo Guaymas, Municipality of Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, through a Decree published on 28 September 1963, with an endowment of 27.746 square kilometres of privately owned lands located in the Southern portion of the estate Ranch El Baviso.
To complement the Township Land Endowment, the State Congress, during the office of Governor Faustino Felix Serna, increased the Legal Land Fund by adding the estates known as Ranch San Carlos and Ranch Los Algodones, both with a surface of 22.04 km2, as published in the Official State Bulletin no. 23, on 21 March 1973. A total of 49.79 km2 of privately owned lands constitute the territorial reserves of this development.
On 1 July 1976, The Agrarian reform Secretariat, through the Director of Legal Affaires, declared by means of official notification no. 240-438155, Reference XV; that the mentioned privately owned lands located in the remaining lands of the estates El Baviso and San Carlos, have no agrarian legal claims upon them, and consequently the proprietors are free to lien, to encumber, to contribute to societies, to merge, to cede on trusteeship and to freely dispose of these lands. In that same official notice it is recognized that the proprietors of these four estates, voluntarily ceded to the Federal Government part of their lands for the creation of the new center of population and for the formation of the Ejido 13 July, affecting the Northern and the western portions of the estates San Carlos, El Baviso, Los Algodones and El Represo. The above in accordance to the Presidential Resolution of 15 July 1968, was published in the Official Gazette of the Federation on 27 August 1968.
In support of the objectives set forth by the private investors for the development of a new tourist destination, the Agrarian Reform Secretariat, the Secretary of Human Settlements and Public Works, and the Secretary of Tourism, altogether issued a Declaration of High-priority Tourist Zoning, for all the effects of law; in favor of the estates' El Baviso, San Carlos and Los Algodones, owned by Grupo Caballero. The cited declaration was published in the Official Gazette of the Federation No. 34 on 15 August 1980.
Politics, motion pictures and tourism
In the State of Sonora as well as its personable cities and towns, is a diversity of 'real time' leisure attractions, as well as a strong historical perspective. Filled with great presidential traditions, Guaymas is the birthplace of three former Republic of Mexico presidents: Abelardo Rodriguez, Plutarco Elías Calles and Adolfo de la Huerta.
San Carlos has been used for many films, including:
The classic film Catch-22, starring Alan Arkin, Orson Welles, Martin Sheen, Bob Newhart, Anthony Perkins.
The Mask of Zorro - starring Antonio Banderas, Anthony Hopkins & Catherine Zeta-Jones
Lucky Lady - starring Liza Minnelli
Camaroneros - Mexican production starring Erick del Castillo
Spanish language soap opera Por Tu Amor
The hotel/resorts of Club Med (now closed) and the San Carlos Plaza were built on beach frontage. A major alternative to the hotels in San Carlos are vacation rentals.
San Carlos Bay panorama, 2006
Scuba diving in the area
The waters of the Gulf of California in the San Carlos area offer a multitude of diving opportunities at all skill levels year-round. Average surface temperatures are 85 °F(29.4 °C)-90 °F(32.2 °C) (often even warmer) June–August, 80 °F(26.6 °C)-89 °F(31.6 °C) September and October, 63 °F(17.2 °C)-71 °F(21.6 °C) in the winter months November–March, Then warms-up again 72 °F(22.2 °C)-77 °F(25 °C) in April and May.
Underwater visibility of over 100 ft. (30m) is very common. Sometimes visibility exceeds 200 ft. (61 m) as is often the case at San Pedro Nolasco Island. However, a consultation with a local shop dive shop or divemaster is recommended, and can provide accurate and detailed information on current conditions at specific dive sites.
Popular dive sites
San Pedro Nolasco Island
Martini Cove
Catalina Island
Double Point
Eagle Rock
The Three Marias
Cautin
Frenchie's Cove
Lalo Cove
Zorro Cove
San Antonio Point
Kevin's Rock
Emerald Bay
Painted Rocks
San Luis Island
Deer Island
Window Rock
Sea Mount
San Nicolas Island
Honeymoon Island
References
^ a b c d e f g "The History of San Carlos". Discover San Carlos.
^ a b c d e f g "San Carlos, Sonora". On the road in San Carlos. 28 November 2014.
External links
What's Up San Carlos Travel Guide to San Carlos and Guaymas Sonora
International Computer Solutions Computer Help in San Carlos, Guaymas, and Empalme
The San Carlos Computer Club Listen to the live streamed meeting every Tuesday at 9:15am and find previous meetings at this blog.
San Carlos Sonora Guía Turística Acerca de Que Hacer en San Carlos Sonora.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Carlos,_Sonora,_M%C3%A9xico.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vistasancarlos-1-.jpg"},{"link_name":"27°57′43″N 111°02′14″W / 27.9619°N 111.0372°W / 27.9619; -111.0372","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Carlos_Nuevo_Guaymas¶ms=27.9619_N_111.0372_W_"},{"link_name":"beachfront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachfront"},{"link_name":"subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_subdivision"},{"link_name":"Guaymas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaymas"},{"link_name":"Sonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Sea of Cortez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Cortez"},{"link_name":"RV parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_park"},{"link_name":"resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resorts"},{"link_name":"diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_diving"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancarlos-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancarlosX2-2"},{"link_name":"scuba dive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diving"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancarlos-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancarlosX2-2"},{"link_name":"Mexican interstate Highway 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Federal_Highway_15"}],"text":"Beachfront area and town in Sonora, MexicoView of San Carlos Bay, SonoraSan Carlos marina at dusk27°57′43″N 111°02′14″W / 27.9619°N 111.0372°W / 27.9619; -111.0372\nSan Carlos is a beachfront subdivision within the port city of Guaymas, but is considered its own town in the northern state of Sonora in Mexico. It is known for the clarity and warmth of the ocean water in its shallow bays. It lies on the Sea of Cortez. Given the size of the city, with nearly 7,000 inhabitants, there is a large number of RV parks, resorts and stores available. There is also an active diving community.[1][2] Many Americans and Canadians live in San Carlos during the winter months. The summer months are very hot and humid. Fishing, scuba dive, and beach activities can be pursued here.[1][2] Another widespread sport in San Carlos is sailing but you can also decide to skydive over the Sea of Cortez.San Carlos is about a six-hour drive from the United States along the Mexican interstate Highway 15.","title":"San Carlos Nuevo Guaymas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rafael T. Caballero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafael_T._Caballero&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"City planners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_planner"},{"link_name":"tourist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancarlos-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancarlosX2-2"},{"link_name":"Sonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora"},{"link_name":"Luis Encinas Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Encinas_Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guaymas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaymas"},{"link_name":"Decree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decree"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancarlos-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancarlosX2-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancarlos-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancarlosX2-2"},{"link_name":"Agrarian reform Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_Agrarian_Reform_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Ejido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejido"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancarlos-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancarlosX2-2"},{"link_name":"tourist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist"},{"link_name":"Agrarian Reform Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_Agrarian_Reform_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"Tourist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist"},{"link_name":"Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazette"},{"link_name":"Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancarlos-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sancarlosX2-2"}],"text":"The community of San Carlos was founded on land that previously was a large cattle ranch known as the Baviso de Navarro. This was later subdivided in four great estates known as Rancho Los Algodones, Rancho San Carlos, Rancho El Baviso and Rancho El Represo. In the mid-1950s, Mr. Rafael T. Caballero acquired the ranches Los Algodones, San Carlos and El Baviso, contracting the services of City planners who designed the first stages of a gradual and carefully planned tourist development that in time would become one of the first and most important tourist and recreational communities in the State.[1][2]When the private investors began the initial works for this development, in support of this vision, the State Congress of Sonora during the governorship of Luis Encinas Johnson issued a declaration establishing the official incorporation of the Township of San Carlos, Nuevo Guaymas, Municipality of Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, through a Decree published on 28 September 1963, with an endowment of 27.746 square kilometres of privately owned lands located in the Southern portion of the estate Ranch El Baviso.[1][2]To complement the Township Land Endowment, the State Congress, during the office of Governor Faustino Felix Serna, increased the Legal Land Fund by adding the estates known as Ranch San Carlos and Ranch Los Algodones, both with a surface of 22.04 km2, as published in the Official State Bulletin no. 23, on 21 March 1973. A total of 49.79 km2 of privately owned lands constitute the territorial reserves of this development.[1][2]On 1 July 1976, The Agrarian reform Secretariat, through the Director of Legal Affaires, declared by means of official notification no. 240-438155, Reference XV; that the mentioned privately owned lands located in the remaining lands of the estates El Baviso and San Carlos, have no agrarian legal claims upon them, and consequently the proprietors are free to lien, to encumber, to contribute to societies, to merge, to cede on trusteeship and to freely dispose of these lands. In that same official notice it is recognized that the proprietors of these four estates, voluntarily ceded to the Federal Government part of their lands for the creation of the new center of population and for the formation of the Ejido 13 July, affecting the Northern and the western portions of the estates San Carlos, El Baviso, Los Algodones and El Represo. The above in accordance to the Presidential Resolution of 15 July 1968, was published in the Official Gazette of the Federation on 27 August 1968.[1][2]In support of the objectives set forth by the private investors for the development of a new tourist destination, the Agrarian Reform Secretariat, the Secretary of Human Settlements and Public Works, and the Secretary of Tourism, altogether issued a Declaration of High-priority Tourist Zoning, for all the effects of law; in favor of the estates' El Baviso, San Carlos and Los Algodones, owned by Grupo Caballero. The cited declaration was published in the Official Gazette of the Federation No. 34 on 15 August 1980.[1][2]","title":"History and legal background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora"},{"link_name":"presidential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(government_title)"},{"link_name":"Guaymas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaymas"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Abelardo Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelardo_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"Plutarco Elías Calles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles"},{"link_name":"Adolfo de la Huerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_de_la_Huerta"},{"link_name":"Catch-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch-22"},{"link_name":"Alan Arkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Arkin"},{"link_name":"Orson Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"},{"link_name":"Martin Sheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Sheen"},{"link_name":"Bob Newhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Newhart"},{"link_name":"Anthony Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Perkins"},{"link_name":"The Mask of Zorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mask_of_Zorro"},{"link_name":"Antonio Banderas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Banderas"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Catherine Zeta-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Zeta-Jones"},{"link_name":"Lucky Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Lady"},{"link_name":"Liza Minnelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Minnelli"},{"link_name":"Club Med","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Med"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_San_Carlos,_SON.jpg"}],"text":"In the State of Sonora as well as its personable cities and towns, is a diversity of 'real time' leisure attractions, as well as a strong historical perspective. Filled with great presidential traditions, Guaymas is the birthplace of three former Republic of Mexico presidents: Abelardo Rodriguez, Plutarco Elías Calles and Adolfo de la Huerta.San Carlos has been used for many films, including:The classic film Catch-22, starring Alan Arkin, Orson Welles, Martin Sheen, Bob Newhart, Anthony Perkins.\nThe Mask of Zorro - starring Antonio Banderas, Anthony Hopkins & Catherine Zeta-Jones\nLucky Lady - starring Liza Minnelli\nCamaroneros - Mexican production starring Erick del Castillo\nSpanish language soap opera Por Tu AmorThe hotel/resorts of Club Med (now closed) and the San Carlos Plaza were built on beach frontage. A major alternative to the hotels in San Carlos are vacation rentals.San Carlos Bay panorama, 2006","title":"Politics, motion pictures and tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gulf of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_California"},{"link_name":"San Pedro Nolasco Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_Nolasco_Island"},{"link_name":"divemaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divemaster"}],"text":"The waters of the Gulf of California in the San Carlos area offer a multitude of diving opportunities at all skill levels year-round. Average surface temperatures are 85 °F(29.4 °C)-90 °F(32.2 °C) (often even warmer) June–August, 80 °F(26.6 °C)-89 °F(31.6 °C) September and October, 63 °F(17.2 °C)-71 °F(21.6 °C) in the winter months November–March, Then warms-up again 72 °F(22.2 °C)-77 °F(25 °C) in April and May.Underwater visibility of over 100 ft. (30m) is very common. Sometimes visibility exceeds 200 ft. (61 m) as is often the case at San Pedro Nolasco Island. However, a consultation with a local shop dive shop or divemaster is recommended, and can provide accurate and detailed information on current conditions at specific dive sites.","title":"Scuba diving in the area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Pedro Nolasco Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_Nolasco_Island"}],"sub_title":"Popular dive sites","text":"San Pedro Nolasco Island\nMartini Cove\nCatalina Island\nDouble Point\nEagle Rock\nThe Three Marias\nCautin\nFrenchie's Cove\nLalo Cove\nZorro Cove\nSan Antonio Point\nKevin's Rock\nEmerald Bay\nPainted Rocks\nSan Luis Island\nDeer Island\nWindow Rock\nSea Mount\nSan Nicolas Island\nHoneymoon Island","title":"Scuba diving in the area"}]
|
[{"image_text":"View of San Carlos Bay, Sonora","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/San_Carlos%2C_Sonora%2C_M%C3%A9xico.jpg/220px-San_Carlos%2C_Sonora%2C_M%C3%A9xico.jpg"},{"image_text":"San Carlos marina at dusk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Vistasancarlos-1-.jpg/220px-Vistasancarlos-1-.jpg"},{"image_text":"San Carlos Bay panorama, 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Panorama_San_Carlos%2C_SON.jpg/650px-Panorama_San_Carlos%2C_SON.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"The History of San Carlos\". Discover San Carlos.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discoversancarlos.org/the-history-of-san-carlos","url_text":"\"The History of San Carlos\""}]},{"reference":"\"San Carlos, Sonora\". On the road in San Carlos. 28 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ontheroadin.com/Cities%20Towns%20Pueblos/West%20Coast/San%20Carlos%20Sonora.htm","url_text":"\"San Carlos, Sonora\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Carlos_Nuevo_Guaymas¶ms=27.9619_N_111.0372_W_","external_links_name":"27°57′43″N 111°02′14″W / 27.9619°N 111.0372°W / 27.9619; -111.0372"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Carlos_Nuevo_Guaymas&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Carlos_Nuevo_Guaymas¶ms=27.9619_N_111.0372_W_","external_links_name":"27°57′43″N 111°02′14″W / 27.9619°N 111.0372°W / 27.9619; -111.0372"},{"Link":"http://www.discoversancarlos.org/the-history-of-san-carlos","external_links_name":"\"The History of San Carlos\""},{"Link":"http://ontheroadin.com/Cities%20Towns%20Pueblos/West%20Coast/San%20Carlos%20Sonora.htm","external_links_name":"\"San Carlos, Sonora\""},{"Link":"http://whatsupsancarlos.com/","external_links_name":"What's Up San Carlos"},{"Link":"http://internationalcs.net/","external_links_name":"International Computer Solutions"},{"Link":"http://sccclub.org/","external_links_name":"The San Carlos Computer Club"},{"Link":"https://sancarlossonora.com.mx/","external_links_name":"San Carlos Sonora"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/151639804","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006117532","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Octopus
|
USS Octopus
|
[]
|
USS Octopus may refer to:
USS Octopus (SS-9), a United States Navy submarine in commission from 1908 to 1919 and renamed USS C-1 (SS-9) in 1911
USS Octopus, a fictional World War II United States Navy submarine in Edward L. Beach's 1955 novel Run Silent, Run Deep
List of ships with the same or similar names
This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS C-1 (SS-9)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_C-1"},{"link_name":"Run Silent, Run Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_Silent,_Run_Deep"},{"link_name":"list of ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ships/Guidelines#Index_pages"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/USS_Octopus&namespace=0"}],"text":"USS Octopus (SS-9), a United States Navy submarine in commission from 1908 to 1919 and renamed USS C-1 (SS-9) in 1911\nUSS Octopus, a fictional World War II United States Navy submarine in Edward L. Beach's 1955 novel Run Silent, Run DeepList of ships with the same or similar names\nThis article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.","title":"USS Octopus"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/USS_Octopus&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formations_of_the_Soviet_Army
|
Formations of the Soviet Army
|
["1 Formations","2 Administrative groupings","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 Further reading"]
|
Organization or formation within the Soviet Armed Forces
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Soviet Ground Forces, successor to the Red Army, the title changing in 1945, employed a wide range of different military formations.
The Soviets used the term "Театр войны," Theatre of War (TV), to describe a large area of the world in which there might be several teatr voennykh deistvii, (TVDs) usually translated as theatres of military action/operations. Generally this concept equates to the largest extent of what Western thinkers would describe as a Theater (warfare).
Formations
Theatre of Military Operations (teatr voennykh deistvii, TVD): Strategic Directions were set up at the beginning and at the end of World War II. During the Second World War, six strategic direction headquarters existed as part of the Stavka:
Main Command of Forces along the Western Direction (1941–42), replaced by Stavka representative role;
Main Command of Forces along the North Western Direction (1941), replaced by Stavka representative role. Commanded by Voroshilov.
Chief command of the troops of the North Caucasus Direction (1941–42). Stavka ordered the creation of this command on 21 April 1942, and it included the Crimean Front; the Sevastopol' defensive area; the North Caucasus Military District; the Black Sea Fleet; the Azov Flotilla, two rifle divisions, two rifle brigades, and a cavalry corps of four cavalry divisions. Marshal Semyon Budyonny was appointed as the commander-in-chief. On 19 May 1942 the Stavka dissolved both the North Caucasus High Command and the Crimean Front, and a North Caucasus Front was formed in their place.
Main Command of Forces along the South Western Direction (1941–42), replaced by Stavka representative role. Commanded by Semen Budenny.
Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (1942–45). A GKO order for the creation of the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (TsShPD) was issued on 30 May 1942. Hill identifies it as a Party rather than military organisation.
Chief command of the Soviet troops in the Far East (1945 and 1949-53)
From 1979, new headquarters in the theatres of military operations were established:
In their most modern form, High Commands for the TVDs were first reestablished in February 1979 for the Far East. Harrison wrote in the 2020s that the new command encompassed the Far East Military District and the Transbaikal Military District. An official military encyclopedia published after the Fall of the Soviet Union stated, said Harrison, that the Soviet Pacific Fleet, an air army, and an air defence corps were also operationally subordinated to the new formation; and that the high command "coordinated" with the armies of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Mongolia. The headquarters was set up at Ulan-Ude, near Lake Baikal. The RAND Corporation said in 1984 that the Soviet air and ground forces in Mongolia and elements of the Mongolian Ground Forces and Mongolian Air Force were also at its disposal.
In September 1984 three more High Commands were established: the Western (HQ Legnica, Military Unit Number 30172) and South-Western (HQ Kishinev), and Southern (HQ Baku). The experience of creating the main commands of the troops of directorates during the Great Patriotic War, when their improvised creation, as a rule, did not improve, and often worsened the leadership of the troops, was critically considered. The main task was to create a workable control system both in peacetime and in wartime. Despite the widespread reporting that the new High Commands would control both Soviet and allied forces, in a 1993 article Colonel General M.N. Tereschenko (ru:Терещенко, Михаил Никитович), chief of staff and first deputy commander-in-chief of the Western High Command 1984–88, wrote that that the Western High Command was "only for Soviet forces." The new system was tested in the course of the Soyuz-83 operational-strategic exercises, when for the first time the headquarters of the main command in the Western theater of operations was expanded to its full staff. On 1 July 1991 the Western High Command moved to Smolensk. General of the Army Yury Maksimov (general) (ru:Максимов, Юрий Павлович) was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Forces of the Southern High Command from September 1984 to July 1985. The Southern Direction's forces in total included the North Caucasus, Transcaucasus, and Turkestan MDs, five armies, five army corps (12th, 31st, 34th, 36th, and 42nd), the Caspian Flotilla, and the 12th and 19th Armies of the Soviet Air Defence Forces. Army General Mikhail Zaitsev was commander-in-chief of the Southern High Command from 1985–89, by which time he was thus supervising the Limited Contingent of Soviet Forces in Afghanistan (40th Army; air forces; forces of the Rear Services and special troops; and Border and KGB forces) as well.
In 1986 the U.S. Department of Defense's Soviet Military Power identified ten continental and four oceanic TVDs, possibly better translated in modern terms as Theatres of Strategic Military Action. However most were merely geographical areas without forces or headquarters: North American, South American, African, Australian, Antarctic, Arctic Ocean, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and Pacific. Plans appears to have existed to form a Northwestern TVD headquarters on the basis of the Staff of the Leningrad Military District.
Military districts of the Soviet Union in 1991
Military districts, within the Soviet Union, came under the direct control of the Ministry of Defence. They served "primarily to train and mobilize troops so as to ensure a high level of combat readiness. Forces within 13 of the 16 districts probably been designated for wartime service under one of the four existing TVD headquarters or a fifth that might be added in wartime. Forces in the Moscow, Volga and Urals Military Districts apparently form the wartime Central Reserve." If war had broken out, the most combat-ready formations within any MD would conduct operations in adjacent theatres under the direction of the appropriate TVD headquarters, while the MD itself would continue to form, equip, and train new military formations for subsequent service abroad while also maintaining domestic political and economic order and conducting local defence.
Group of Forces (in Eastern Europe). These peacetime administrative units would provide support to between one and six fronts during wartime. Groups of forces in Eastern Europe included the Central Group of Forces (Czechoslovakia), the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, the Northern Group of Forces (Poland), and the Southern Group of Forces (Balkans initially, then Hungary).
Front: the largest wartime field formation, equivalent to an army group in many other forces. The Imperial Russian Army designated "fronts" in World War I; the Soviets used the concept from the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922 onwards. A frontal Air Army was "ordinarily assigned to each Front (Army Group) of the ground forces, to provide cover, support, interdiction, and reconnaissance for the appropriate sector of the front. In peacetime, those military districts designated for activation, as fronts in wartime are generally each assigned a tactical air army."
Army: the largest peacetime field formation. Each army was designated a combined arms army or a tank army. During World War II, the Fortified Region usually corresponded to an Army frontage formation. See Karelian Fortified Region and Kiev Fortified Region.
Corps: Rifle, Cavalry, Artillery, Mechanised, Tank, and Airborne Corps. There were also corps as part of the Soviet Air Forces and the Soviet Air Defence Forces. The 64th Fighter Aviation Corps was formed to fight in the Korean War, 1950–53.
Rifle Corps: formations that existed in the pre-Revolutionary Imperial Russian Army were inherited by the Red Army.
The formation of large mechanised or tank formations in the Soviet Union was first suggested based on development of doctrine for publication as PU-36, the field regulations of 1936, largely authored by Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky. The Red Army put the concept into practice where "In the attack tanks must be employed in mass", envisaged as "Strategic cavalry". Although the name of "mechanised" may seem to the modern reader as referring to the infantry components of the Corps, in 1936 the term referred to armoured vehicles only with the word "motorised" referring to the units equipped with trucks.
Division: originally rifle or cavalry, later motor-rifle, tank, artillery, aviation, sapper or airborne. See divisions of the Soviet Union 1917-1945, list of Soviet Army divisions 1989-91. By the middle of the 1980s the Ground Forces contained about 210 manoeuvre divisions. About three-quarters were motor rifle divisions and the remainder tank divisions.
Administrative groupings
"For administrative purposes, the Soviet ground forces comprise three categories: combat arms branches (troops), special troops, and services."
From the 1950s to the 1980s the branches ("rods") of the Ground Forces included the Motor Rifle Troops; the Soviet Airborne Forces, from April 1956 to March 1964; Air Assault Troops (Airborne Assault Formations of the Ground Forces of the USSR , from 1968 to August 1990); the Tank Troops; the Rocket Forces and Artillery (Ракетные войска и артиллерия СССР, from 1961, including artillery observation units); Army Aviation, until December 1990; Signals Troops; the Engineer Troops; the Air Defence Troops of the Ground Forces (see Air Defence Troops of the Russian Ground Forces and ru:Войска противовоздушной обороны Сухопутных войск СССР); the Chemical Troops; and the Rear of the Ground Forces.
The special troops (ru:Специальные войска) - Engineer (but see above); Signal - Communication Troops of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union; Russian Signal Troops); Chemical (but see above); Motor Transport; Railroad, and Road Troops "provide combat support to the combined arms field forces of the ground forces. They also support the other components of the armed forces. For this reason, they are administered centrally from directorates in the MOD."
Services included Medical Troops; veterinary; topographical survey (военно-топографическую службу); finance, military justice; band (Military Band Service Directorate (or Directorate of Military Music) in the MOD); intendance (quartermaster); and administrative.
Rear services (logistics) included a variety of Specialised Troops; Automotive Troops, which provided drivers and mechanics, and the construction components, including the Railway Troops (see Russian Railway Troops and including armoured trains); the Road Troops (ru:Дорожные войска); and the Pipeline Troops; plus army dogs and veterinary troops.
Other branches might have included Cavalry; smoke troops; army propaganda troops; fortification engineers and fortification signals;
military field police; military academies; mobilisation processing personnel (including Voenkomats, Military_commissariats);
See also
ru:Главные_командования_войск_направлений – High Command of Forces
Notes
^ Odom 1998, pp. 29, 33.
^ Arkhomeyev 1986, p. 711.
^ Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 encyclopedic dictionary, Soviet Encyclopaedia (publisher), Moscow, 1985, p.208.
^ Glantz 2005, p. 478.
^ Harrison 2022, p. 316.
^ Harrison 2022, p. 321.
^ Hill 2005, pp. 120–121.
^ Hill 2005, p. xxi.
^ Sadykiewicz, Michael. "Soviet Far East High Command: A New Developmental Factor in the USSR Military Strategy toward East Stia." Asian Perspective 6, no. 2 (1982): 29-71; Feskov et al 2013.
^ Holm 2015.
^ Harrison 2022, p. 374.
^ Harrison's source note is VE, 2: 418, which is probably Военная энциклопедия в 8 томах. Т. 2: Вавилония — Гюйс / Гл. ред. комиссии П. С. Грачёв. — М.: Воениздат, 1994. — 544 с. — ISBN 5-203-00299-1.
^ Warner, Bonan & Packman 1984, p. 17.
^ a b Feskov et al 2013, p. 92.
^ a b Feskov et al 2013, p. 93.
^ Tereschenko 1993.
^ Tereschenko, M.N. (1993). "In the western direction. How the main commands of the directions were created and acted" . VIZh (Military History Journal, :ru:Военно-исторический журнал) (5): 13. cited in Harrison 2022, 418.
^ "Максимов Юрий Павлович". warheroes.ru. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
^ Department of Defense (United States) (March 1986). Soviet Military Power (PDF). pp. 12–14.
^ Warner, Bonan & Packman 1984, pp. 15, 20.
^ Warner, Bonan & Packman 1984, p. vii.
^ Warner, Bonan & Packman 1984, p. 20.
^ Warner, Bonan & Packman 1984.
^ Garthoff, Raymond L. (February 1, 1958). "How the Soviets Organize Their Airpower". Air and Space Forces Magazine. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
^ Simpkin 1987, p. 179.
^ Simpkin 1987, p. 180.
^ M J Orr, The Russian Ground Forces and Reform 1992–2002, January 2003, Conflict Studies Research Centre, UK Defence Academy, Sandhurst, p.1
^ The Soviet Army: Troops, Organization, and Equipment. FM 100-2-3, June 1991. Washington DC: Department of the Army, 1-2.
^ Feskov et al 2004, p. 21.
^ Feskov et al 2013, pp. 309–319.
^ FM 100-2-3.
^ FM 100-2-3.
^ See for today's Russian equivalent Organisation Veterinary-Sanitary department : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation
References
Arkhomeyev, Sergej (1986). Voennyj entsiklopedicheskij slovarj Военный энциклопедический словарь (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat.
Donnelly, Christopher, Red Banner: the Soviet military system in peace and war, Coulsdon, Surrey : Janes's Information Group ; Alexandria, VA : 1988.
Fomin, N. N., Great Soviet Encyclopaedia (Russian: Большая Советская Энциклопедия), Moscow, 1978
Feskov, V.I.; K.A. Kalashnikov; V.I. Golikov (2004). The Soviet Army in the Years of the 'Cold War' (1945–1991). Tomsk: Tomsk University Press. ISBN 5-7511-1819-7.
Feskov, V.I.; Golikov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Slugin, S.A. (2013). Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской (in Russian). Tomsk: Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing. ISBN 9785895035306.
Glantz, David (2005). Colossus Reborn: The Red Army at War, 1941–1943. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1353-6.
Harrison, Richard W. (July 2022). The Soviet Army's High Commands in War and Peace, 1941–1992. Casemate Academic. ISBN 9781952715112.
Hill, Alexander (2005). The War Behind the Eastern Front: The Soviet Partisan Movement in North-West Russia, 1941-1944. Psychology Press.
Holm, Michael (2015). "High Commands (Theatre Commands)".
Odom, William E. (1998). The Collapse of the Soviet Military. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Philip A. Petersen, The Northwestern TVD in Soviet Operational Strategic Planning 2014
Simpkin, Richard (1987). Deep battle: The brainchild of Marshal Tukhachevskii. London: Brassey's.
The Soviet Army: Troops, Organization, and Equipment. FM 100-2-3, June 1991. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army.
Warner, Edward; Bonan; Packman (April 1984). Key Personnel and Organisations of the Soviet Military High Command (PDF). RAND Notes. RAND Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-05-31. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
Zickel, Raymond E; Keefe, Eugene K (1991). Soviet Union: a country study. Washington, D.C.: Library Of Congress. Federal Research Division. For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.
Further reading
Michael MccGwire, Military Objectives in Soviet Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1987. ISBN 978-0815755524.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Ground_Forces"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"military formations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_formation"},{"link_name":"Театр войны","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199829,_33-1"},{"link_name":"Theater (warfare)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_(warfare)"}],"text":"The Soviet Ground Forces, successor to the Red Army, the title changing in 1945, employed a wide range of different military formations.The Soviets used the term \"Театр войны,\" Theatre of War (TV), to describe a large area of the world in which there might be several teatr voennykh deistvii, (TVDs) usually translated as theatres of military action/operations.[1] Generally this concept equates to the largest extent of what Western thinkers would describe as a Theater (warfare).","title":"Formations of the Soviet Army"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theatre of Military Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Military_Operations"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArkhomeyev1986711-2"},{"link_name":"Stavka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavka"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005478-4"},{"link_name":"Crimean Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Front"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Black Sea Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Azov Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azov_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2022316-5"},{"link_name":"Semyon Budyonny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus_Front"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2022321-6"},{"link_name":"Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Headquarters_of_the_Partisan_Movement"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2005120%E2%80%93121-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2005xxi-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm2015-10"},{"link_name":"Far East Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Transbaikal Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transbaikal_Military_District"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2022374-11"},{"link_name":"Fall of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Soviet Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"air army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_army"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ulan-Ude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulan-Ude"},{"link_name":"Lake Baikal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baikal"},{"link_name":"RAND Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Mongolian Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Ground_Force"},{"link_name":"Mongolian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnerBonanPackman198417-13"},{"link_name":"Legnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legnica"},{"link_name":"Military Unit Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Unit_Number"},{"link_name":"Kishinev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishinev"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201392-14"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201393-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETereschenko1993-16"},{"link_name":"ru:Терещенко, Михаил Никитович","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201392-14"},{"link_name":"General of the Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(USSR)"},{"link_name":"Yury Maksimov (general)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yury_Maksimov_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru:Максимов, Юрий Павлович","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Army_Corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"31st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_Army_Corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Caspian Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Defence Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201393-15"},{"link_name":"Army General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_General"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Zaitsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Zaitsev"},{"link_name":"Limited Contingent of Soviet Forces in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_Contingent_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Rear Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_Services"},{"link_name":"Soviet Military Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Military_Power"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Leningrad Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_Military_District"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnerBonanPackman198415,_20-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_Military_Districts.svg"},{"link_name":"Military districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_districts_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Volga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Urals Military Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urals_Military_District"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnerBonanPackman1984vii-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnerBonanPackman198420-22"},{"link_name":"Group of Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_of_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Central Group of Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Group_of_Forces"},{"link_name":"Group of Soviet Forces in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Northern Group of Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Group_of_Forces"},{"link_name":"Southern Group of Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Group_of_Forces"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnerBonanPackman1984-23"},{"link_name":"Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_(military_formation)"},{"link_name":"army group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_group"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army"},{"link_name":"\"fronts\" in World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army_formations_and_units_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_armies"},{"link_name":"Fortified Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_district"},{"link_name":"Karelian Fortified Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_Fortified_Region"},{"link_name":"Kiev Fortified Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Fortified_Region"},{"link_name":"Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps#Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_Corps_(Soviet)"},{"link_name":"Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry_corps_(Red_Army)"},{"link_name":"Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Artillery_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mechanised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanized_Corps_(Soviet)"},{"link_name":"Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Airborne Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_Corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Defence Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces"},{"link_name":"64th Fighter Aviation Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64th_Fighter_Aviation_Corps"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Tukhachevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpkin1987179-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpkin1987180-26"},{"link_name":"Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)#USSR.2FRussian_Federation"},{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry_division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"divisions of the Soviet Union 1917-1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Soviet_Union_1917-1945"},{"link_name":"list of Soviet Army divisions 1989-91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Army_divisions_1989-91"},{"link_name":"divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)#USSR.2FRussian_Federation"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Theatre of Military Operations (teatr voennykh deistvii, TVD): Strategic Directions were set up at the beginning and at the end of World War II.[2] During the Second World War, six strategic direction headquarters existed as part of the Stavka:[3]\nMain Command of Forces along the Western Direction (1941–42), replaced by Stavka representative role;[4]\nMain Command of Forces along the North Western Direction (1941), replaced by Stavka representative role. Commanded by Voroshilov.\nChief command of the troops of the North Caucasus Direction (1941–42). Stavka ordered the creation of this command on 21 April 1942, and it included the Crimean Front; the Sevastopol' defensive area; the North Caucasus Military District; the Black Sea Fleet; the Azov Flotilla, two rifle divisions, two rifle brigades, and a cavalry corps of four cavalry divisions.[5] Marshal Semyon Budyonny was appointed as the commander-in-chief. On 19 May 1942 the Stavka dissolved both the North Caucasus High Command and the Crimean Front, and a North Caucasus Front was formed in their place.[6]\nMain Command of Forces along the South Western Direction (1941–42), replaced by Stavka representative role. Commanded by Semen Budenny.\nCentral Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (1942–45). A GKO order for the creation of the Central Headquarters [literally Staff] of the Partisan Movement (TsShPD) was issued on 30 May 1942.[7] Hill identifies it as a Party rather than military organisation.[8]\nChief command of the Soviet troops in the Far East (1945 and 1949-53)[9]\nFrom 1979, new headquarters in the theatres of military operations were established:\nIn their most modern form, High Commands for the TVDs were first reestablished in February 1979 for the Far East.[10] Harrison wrote in the 2020s that the new command encompassed the Far East Military District and the Transbaikal Military District.[11] An official military encyclopedia published after the Fall of the Soviet Union stated, said Harrison, that the Soviet Pacific Fleet, an air army, and an air defence corps were also operationally subordinated to the new formation; and that the high command \"coordinated\" with the armies of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Mongolia.[12] The headquarters was set up at Ulan-Ude, near Lake Baikal. The RAND Corporation said in 1984 that the Soviet air and ground forces in Mongolia [subordinate to the Transbaikal Military District] and elements of the Mongolian Ground Forces and Mongolian Air Force were also at its disposal.[13]\nIn September 1984 three more High Commands were established: the Western (HQ Legnica, Military Unit Number 30172) and South-Western (HQ Kishinev),[14] and Southern (HQ Baku).[15] The experience of creating the main commands of the troops of directorates during the Great Patriotic War, when their improvised creation, as a rule, did not improve, and often worsened the leadership of the troops, was critically considered. The main task was to create a workable control system both in peacetime and in wartime.[16] Despite the widespread reporting that the new High Commands would control both Soviet and allied forces, in a 1993 article Colonel General M.N. Tereschenko (ru:Терещенко, Михаил Никитович), chief of staff and first deputy commander-in-chief of the Western High Command 1984–88, wrote that that the Western High Command was \"only for Soviet forces.\"[17] The new system was tested in the course of the Soyuz-83 operational-strategic exercises, when for the first time the headquarters of the main command in the Western theater of operations was expanded to its full staff. On 1 July 1991 the Western High Command moved to Smolensk.[14] General of the Army Yury Maksimov (general) (ru:Максимов, Юрий Павлович) was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Forces of the Southern High Command from September 1984 to July 1985.[18] The Southern Direction's forces in total included the North Caucasus, Transcaucasus, and Turkestan MDs, five armies, five army corps (12th, 31st, 34th, 36th, and 42nd), the Caspian Flotilla, and the 12th and 19th Armies of the Soviet Air Defence Forces.[15] Army General Mikhail Zaitsev was commander-in-chief of the Southern High Command from 1985–89, by which time he was thus supervising the Limited Contingent of Soviet Forces in Afghanistan (40th Army; air forces; forces of the Rear Services and special troops; and Border and KGB forces) as well.\nIn 1986 the U.S. Department of Defense's Soviet Military Power identified ten continental and four oceanic TVDs, possibly better translated in modern terms as Theatres of Strategic Military Action. However most were merely geographical areas without forces or headquarters: North American, South American, African, Australian, Antarctic, Arctic Ocean, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and Pacific.[19] Plans appears to have existed to form a Northwestern TVD headquarters on the basis of the Staff of the Leningrad Military District.[20]Military districts of the Soviet Union in 1991Military districts, within the Soviet Union, came under the direct control of the Ministry of Defence. They served \"primarily to train and mobilize troops so as to ensure a high level of combat readiness. Forces within 13 of the 16 districts [had] probably been designated for wartime service under one of the four existing TVD headquarters or a fifth that might be added in wartime. Forces in the Moscow, Volga and Urals Military Districts apparently form the wartime Central Reserve.\"[21] If war had broken out, the most combat-ready formations within any MD would conduct operations in adjacent theatres under the direction of the appropriate TVD headquarters, while the MD itself would continue to form, equip, and train new military formations for subsequent service abroad while also maintaining domestic political and economic order and conducting local defence.[22]\nGroup of Forces (in Eastern Europe). These peacetime administrative units would provide support to between one and six fronts during wartime.[citation needed] Groups of forces in Eastern Europe included the Central Group of Forces (Czechoslovakia), the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, the Northern Group of Forces (Poland), and the Southern Group of Forces (Balkans initially, then Hungary).[23]\nFront: the largest wartime field formation, equivalent to an army group in many other forces. The Imperial Russian Army designated \"fronts\" in World War I; the Soviets used the concept from the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922 onwards. A frontal Air Army was \"ordinarily assigned to each Front (Army Group) of the ground forces, to provide cover, support, interdiction, and reconnaissance for the appropriate sector of the front. In peacetime, those military districts designated for activation, as fronts in wartime are generally each assigned a tactical air army.\"[24]\nArmy: the largest peacetime field formation. Each army was designated a combined arms army or a tank army. During World War II, the Fortified Region usually corresponded to an Army frontage formation. See Karelian Fortified Region and Kiev Fortified Region.\nCorps: Rifle, Cavalry, Artillery, Mechanised, Tank, and Airborne Corps. There were also corps as part of the Soviet Air Forces and the Soviet Air Defence Forces. The 64th Fighter Aviation Corps was formed to fight in the Korean War, 1950–53.\nRifle Corps: formations that existed in the pre-Revolutionary Imperial Russian Army were inherited by the Red Army.\nThe formation of large mechanised or tank formations in the Soviet Union was first suggested based on development of doctrine for publication as PU-36, the field regulations of 1936, largely authored by Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky. The Red Army put the concept into practice where \"In the attack tanks must be employed in mass\", envisaged as \"Strategic cavalry\".[25] Although the name of \"mechanised\" may seem to the modern reader as referring to the infantry components of the Corps, in 1936 the term referred to armoured vehicles only[26] with the word \"motorised\" referring to the units equipped with trucks.\nDivision: originally rifle or cavalry, later motor-rifle, tank, artillery, aviation, sapper or airborne. See divisions of the Soviet Union 1917-1945, list of Soviet Army divisions 1989-91. By the middle of the 1980s the Ground Forces contained about 210 manoeuvre divisions. About three-quarters were motor rifle divisions and the remainder tank divisions.[27]","title":"Formations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Soviet Airborne Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces"},{"link_name":"Airborne Assault Formations of the Ground Forces of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airborne_Assault_Formations_of_the_Ground_Forces_of_the_USSR&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0"},{"link_name":"Tank Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Tank_Troops"},{"link_name":"Rocket Forces and Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocket_Forces_and_Artillery_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0"},{"link_name":"Engineer Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer_Troops_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Air Defence Troops of the Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Defence_Troops_of_the_Ground_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Air Defence Troops of the Russian Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defence_Troops_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces"},{"link_name":"ru:Войска противовоздушной обороны Сухопутных войск СССР","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al200421-29"},{"link_name":"ru:Специальные войска","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Communication Troops of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_Troops_of_the_Ministry_of_Defense_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al2013309%E2%80%93319-30"},{"link_name":"Russian Signal Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Signal_Troops"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Rear services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_services"},{"link_name":"Automotive Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_Troops"},{"link_name":"Russian Railway Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Railway_Troops"},{"link_name":"Road Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Troops"},{"link_name":"ru:Дорожные войска","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Pipeline Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pipeline_Troops&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"smoke troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoke_troops&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Military_commissariats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_commissariat"}],"text":"\"For administrative purposes, the Soviet ground forces comprise[d] three categories: combat arms branches (troops), special troops, and services.\"[28]From the 1950s to the 1980s the branches (\"rods\") of the Ground Forces included the Motor Rifle Troops; the Soviet Airborne Forces, from April 1956 to March 1964; Air Assault Troops (Airborne Assault Formations of the Ground Forces of the USSR [ru], from 1968 to August 1990); the Tank Troops; the Rocket Forces and Artillery [ru] (Ракетные войска и артиллерия СССР, from 1961, including artillery observation units); Army Aviation, until December 1990; Signals Troops; the Engineer Troops; the Air Defence Troops of the Ground Forces (see Air Defence Troops of the Russian Ground Forces and ru:Войска противовоздушной обороны Сухопутных войск СССР); the Chemical Troops; and the Rear of the Ground Forces.[29]The special troops (ru:Специальные войска) - Engineer (but see above); Signal - Communication Troops of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union;[30] Russian Signal Troops); Chemical (but see above); Motor Transport; Railroad, and Road Troops \"provide[d] combat support to the combined arms field forces of the ground forces. They also support the other components of the armed forces. For this reason, they are administered centrally from directorates in the MOD.\"[31]Services included Medical Troops; veterinary; topographical survey (военно-топографическую службу); finance, military justice; band (Military Band Service Directorate (or Directorate of Military Music) in the MOD); intendance (quartermaster); and administrative.[32]Rear services (logistics) included a variety of Specialised Troops; Automotive Troops, which provided drivers and mechanics, and the construction components, including the Railway Troops (see Russian Railway Troops and including armoured trains); the Road Troops (ru:Дорожные войска); and the Pipeline Troops; plus army dogs and veterinary troops.[33]Other branches might have included Cavalry; smoke troops; army propaganda troops; fortification engineers and fortification signals; \nmilitary field police; military academies; mobilisation processing personnel (including Voenkomats, Military_commissariats);","title":"Administrative groupings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199829,_33_1-0"},{"link_name":"Odom 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOdom1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArkhomeyev1986711_2-0"},{"link_name":"Arkhomeyev 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFArkhomeyev1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005478_4-0"},{"link_name":"Glantz 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGlantz2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2022316_5-0"},{"link_name":"Harrison 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarrison2022"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2022321_6-0"},{"link_name":"Harrison 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarrison2022"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2005120%E2%80%93121_7-0"},{"link_name":"Hill 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHill2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2005xxi_8-0"},{"link_name":"Hill 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHill2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm2015_10-0"},{"link_name":"Holm 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHolm2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2022374_11-0"},{"link_name":"Harrison 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarrison2022"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarnerBonanPackman198417_13-0"},{"link_name":"Warner, Bonan & Packman 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWarnerBonanPackman1984"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201392_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201392_14-1"},{"link_name":"Feskov et al 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFeskov_et_al2013"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201393_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201393_15-1"},{"link_name":"Feskov et al 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFeskov_et_al2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETereschenko1993_16-0"},{"link_name":"Tereschenko 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTereschenko1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Максимов Юрий Павлович\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=3197"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Defense_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Military Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//edocs.nps.edu/2014/May/SovietMilPower1986.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarnerBonanPackman198415,_20_20-0"},{"link_name":"Warner, Bonan & Packman 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWarnerBonanPackman1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarnerBonanPackman1984vii_21-0"},{"link_name":"Warner, Bonan & Packman 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWarnerBonanPackman1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarnerBonanPackman198420_22-0"},{"link_name":"Warner, Bonan & Packman 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWarnerBonanPackman1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarnerBonanPackman1984_23-0"},{"link_name":"Warner, Bonan & Packman 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWarnerBonanPackman1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"How the Soviets Organize Their Airpower\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.airandspaceforces.com/article/0258soviets/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpkin1987179_25-0"},{"link_name":"Simpkin 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSimpkin1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpkin1987180_26-0"},{"link_name":"Simpkin 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSimpkin1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al200421_29-0"},{"link_name":"Feskov et al 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFeskov_et_al2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al2013309%E2%80%93319_30-0"},{"link_name":"Feskov et al 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFeskov_et_al2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Organisation Veterinary-Sanitary department : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eng.mil.ru/en/structure/ministry_of_defence/details.htm?id=9750@eg"}],"text":"^ Odom 1998, pp. 29, 33.\n\n^ Arkhomeyev 1986, p. 711.\n\n^ Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 encyclopedic dictionary, Soviet Encyclopaedia (publisher), Moscow, 1985, p.208.\n\n^ Glantz 2005, p. 478.\n\n^ Harrison 2022, p. 316.\n\n^ Harrison 2022, p. 321.\n\n^ Hill 2005, pp. 120–121.\n\n^ Hill 2005, p. xxi.\n\n^ Sadykiewicz, Michael. \"Soviet Far East High Command: A New Developmental Factor in the USSR Military Strategy toward East Stia.\" Asian Perspective 6, no. 2 (1982): 29-71; Feskov et al 2013.\n\n^ Holm 2015.\n\n^ Harrison 2022, p. 374.\n\n^ Harrison's source note is VE, 2: 418, which is probably Военная энциклопедия в 8 томах. Т. 2: Вавилония — Гюйс / Гл. ред. комиссии П. С. Грачёв. — М.: Воениздат, 1994. — 544 с. — ISBN 5-203-00299-1.\n\n^ Warner, Bonan & Packman 1984, p. 17.\n\n^ a b Feskov et al 2013, p. 92.\n\n^ a b Feskov et al 2013, p. 93.\n\n^ Tereschenko 1993.\n\n^ Tereschenko, M.N. (1993). \"In the western direction. How the main commands of the directions were created and acted\" [Na Zapadnom Napravlenii. Kak Sozdavalis' i Deistvovali Glavnye Komandovaniya Napravlenii]. VIZh (Military History Journal, :ru:Военно-исторический журнал) (5): 13. cited in Harrison 2022, 418.\n\n^ \"Максимов Юрий Павлович\". warheroes.ru. Retrieved 2022-10-09.\n\n^ Department of Defense (United States) (March 1986). Soviet Military Power (PDF). pp. 12–14.\n\n^ Warner, Bonan & Packman 1984, pp. 15, 20.\n\n^ Warner, Bonan & Packman 1984, p. vii.\n\n^ Warner, Bonan & Packman 1984, p. 20.\n\n^ Warner, Bonan & Packman 1984.\n\n^ Garthoff, Raymond L. (February 1, 1958). \"How the Soviets Organize Their Airpower\". Air and Space Forces Magazine. Retrieved 2022-10-19.\n\n^ Simpkin 1987, p. 179.\n\n^ Simpkin 1987, p. 180.\n\n^ M J Orr, The Russian Ground Forces and Reform 1992–2002, January 2003, Conflict Studies Research Centre, UK Defence Academy, Sandhurst, p.1\n\n^ The Soviet Army: Troops, Organization, and Equipment. FM 100-2-3, June 1991. Washington DC: Department of the Army, 1-2.\n\n^ Feskov et al 2004, p. 21.\n\n^ Feskov et al 2013, pp. 309–319.\n\n^ FM 100-2-3.\n\n^ FM 100-2-3.\n\n^ See for today's Russian equivalent Organisation Veterinary-Sanitary department : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael MccGwire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_MccGwire"},{"link_name":"Military Objectives in Soviet Foreign Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books/about/Military_Objectives_in_Soviet_Foreign_Po.html?id=m94vLNiCfUgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0815755524","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815755524"}],"text":"Michael MccGwire, Military Objectives in Soviet Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1987. ISBN 978-0815755524.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Military districts of the Soviet Union in 1991","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Soviet_Military_Districts.svg/220px-Soviet_Military_Districts.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"ru:Главные_командования_войск_направлений","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9"}]
|
[{"reference":"Tereschenko, M.N. (1993). \"In the western direction. How the main commands of the directions were created and acted\" [Na Zapadnom Napravlenii. Kak Sozdavalis' i Deistvovali Glavnye Komandovaniya Napravlenii]. VIZh (Military History Journal, :ru:Военно-исторический журнал) (5): 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Максимов Юрий Павлович\". warheroes.ru. Retrieved 2022-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=3197","url_text":"\"Максимов Юрий Павлович\""}]},{"reference":"Department of Defense (United States) (March 1986). Soviet Military Power (PDF). pp. 12–14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Defense_(United_States)","url_text":"Department of Defense (United States)"},{"url":"https://edocs.nps.edu/2014/May/SovietMilPower1986.pdf","url_text":"Soviet Military Power"}]},{"reference":"Garthoff, Raymond L. (February 1, 1958). \"How the Soviets Organize Their Airpower\". Air and Space Forces Magazine. Retrieved 2022-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/0258soviets/","url_text":"\"How the Soviets Organize Their Airpower\""}]},{"reference":"Arkhomeyev, Sergej (1986). Voennyj entsiklopedicheskij slovarj Военный энциклопедический словарь [Military encyclopedic dictionary] (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TgogAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Voennyj entsiklopedicheskij slovarj Военный энциклопедический словарь"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voenizdat","url_text":"Voenizdat"}]},{"reference":"Feskov, V.I.; K.A. Kalashnikov; V.I. Golikov (2004). The Soviet Army in the Years of the 'Cold War' (1945–1991). Tomsk: Tomsk University Press. ISBN 5-7511-1819-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomsk","url_text":"Tomsk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7511-1819-7","url_text":"5-7511-1819-7"}]},{"reference":"Feskov, V.I.; Golikov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Slugin, S.A. (2013). Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской [The Armed Forces of the USSR after World War II: From the Red Army to the Soviet: Part 1 Land Forces] (in Russian). Tomsk: Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing. ISBN 9785895035306.","urls":[{"url":"http://vital.lib.tsu.ru/vital/access/manager/Repository/vtls:000479812?f0=sm_creator%3A%22%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%22","url_text":"Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785895035306","url_text":"9785895035306"}]},{"reference":"Glantz, David (2005). Colossus Reborn: The Red Army at War, 1941–1943. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1353-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1353-6","url_text":"0-7006-1353-6"}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Richard W. (July 2022). The Soviet Army's High Commands in War and Peace, 1941–1992. Casemate Academic. ISBN 9781952715112.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PQN0EAAAQBAJ&dq=Far+Eastern+High+Command+1979+1984&pg=PA374","url_text":"The Soviet Army's High Commands in War and Peace, 1941–1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781952715112","url_text":"9781952715112"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Alexander (2005). The War Behind the Eastern Front: The Soviet Partisan Movement in North-West Russia, 1941-1944. Psychology Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Holm, Michael (2015). \"High Commands (Theatre Commands)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ww2.dk/new/army/gkv/gkv.htm","url_text":"\"High Commands (Theatre Commands)\""}]},{"reference":"Odom, William E. (1998). The Collapse of the Soviet Military. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Eldridge_Odom","url_text":"Odom, William E."}]},{"reference":"Simpkin, Richard (1987). Deep battle: The brainchild of Marshal Tukhachevskii. London: Brassey's.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Warner, Edward; Bonan; Packman (April 1984). Key Personnel and Organisations of the Soviet Military High Command (PDF). RAND Notes. RAND Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-05-31. Retrieved 8 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/notes/2009/N2567.pdf","url_text":"Key Personnel and Organisations of the Soviet Military High Command"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105450/http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/notes/2009/N2567.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zickel, Raymond E; Keefe, Eugene K (1991). Soviet Union: a country study. Washington, D.C.: Library Of Congress. Federal Research Division.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/item/90025756/","url_text":"Soviet Union: a country study"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=3197","external_links_name":"\"Максимов Юрий Павлович\""},{"Link":"https://edocs.nps.edu/2014/May/SovietMilPower1986.pdf","external_links_name":"Soviet Military Power"},{"Link":"https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/0258soviets/","external_links_name":"\"How the Soviets Organize Their Airpower\""},{"Link":"http://eng.mil.ru/en/structure/ministry_of_defence/details.htm?id=9750@eg","external_links_name":"Organisation Veterinary-Sanitary department : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TgogAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Voennyj entsiklopedicheskij slovarj Военный энциклопедический словарь"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/redbannersovietm0000donn","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://vital.lib.tsu.ru/vital/access/manager/Repository/vtls:000479812?f0=sm_creator%3A%22%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%22","external_links_name":"Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PQN0EAAAQBAJ&dq=Far+Eastern+High+Command+1979+1984&pg=PA374","external_links_name":"The Soviet Army's High Commands in War and Peace, 1941–1992"},{"Link":"http://www.ww2.dk/new/army/gkv/gkv.htm","external_links_name":"\"High Commands (Theatre Commands)\""},{"Link":"https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/Litigation_Release/Litigation%20Release%20-%20The%20Northwestern%20TVD%20in%20Soviet%20Operational%20Strategic%20Planning%20%202014.pdf","external_links_name":"The Northwestern TVD in Soviet Operational Strategic Planning 2014"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fm100-2-3_-_The_Soviet_Army,_Troops,_Organization,_and_Equipment.pdf","external_links_name":"The Soviet Army: Troops, Organization, and Equipment"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/notes/2009/N2567.pdf","external_links_name":"Key Personnel and Organisations of the Soviet Military High Command"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105450/http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/notes/2009/N2567.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/item/90025756/","external_links_name":"Soviet Union: a country study"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books/about/Military_Objectives_in_Soviet_Foreign_Po.html?id=m94vLNiCfUgC","external_links_name":"Military Objectives in Soviet Foreign Policy"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Maurois
|
André Maurois
|
["1 Biography","2 Family","3 Bibliography","3.1 Books","3.2 Short stories","4 References","5 Notes","6 Further reading","7 See also","8 External links","8.1 Electronic editions"]
|
French author (1885–1967)
André Maurois1936 photograph of MauroisBornÉmile Salomon Wilhelm Herzog(1885-07-26)26 July 1885Elbeuf, FranceDied9 October 1967(1967-10-09) (aged 82)Neuilly-sur-Seine, FranceResting placeNeuilly-sur-Seine community cemeteryOccupationAuthorLanguageFrenchNationalityFrenchEducationLycée Pierre CorneilleNotable worksLes silences du colonel BrambleRelativesErnest Herzog and Alice Lévy-Rueff
André Maurois (French: ; born Émile Salomon Wilhelm Herzog; 26 July 1885 – 9 October 1967) was a French author.
Biography
Maurois was born on 26 July 1885 in Elbeuf and educated at the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen, both in Normandy. A member of the Javal family, Maurois was the son of Ernest Herzog, a Jewish textile manufacturer, and his wife Alice Lévy-Rueff. His family had fled Alsace after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 and took refuge in Elbeuf, where they owned a woollen mill. As noted by Maurois, the family brought their entire Alsatian workforce with them to the relocated mill, for which Maurois' grandfather was admitted to the Legion of Honour for having "saved a French industry". This family background is reflected in Maurois' Bernard Quesnay: the story of a young World War I veteran with artistic and intellectual inclinations who is drawn, much against his will, to work as a director in his grandfather's textile mills – a character clearly having many autobiographical elements.
During World War I he joined the French army and served as an interpreter for Lieutenant Colonel Winston Churchill (according to Martin Gilbert in Churchill and the Jews, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 2007) and later a liaison officer with the British army. His first novel, Les silences du colonel Bramble, was a witty and socially realistic account of that experience. It was an immediate success in France. It was translated and became popular in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking countries as The Silence of Colonel Bramble. Many of his other works have also been translated into English, for they often dealt with British people or topics, such as his biographies of Disraeli, Byron, and Shelley.
In 1938 Maurois was elected to the prestigious Académie française. He was encouraged and assisted in seeking this membership by Marshal Philippe Pétain, and he made a point of acknowledging with thanks his debt to Pétain in his 1941 autobiography, Call no man happy – though by the time of writing their paths had sharply diverged, Pétain having become Head of State of Vichy France.
When World War II began, he was appointed the French Official Observer attached to the British General Headquarters. In this capacity he accompanied the British Army to Belgium. He knew personally the main politicians in the French government, and on 10 June 1940 he was sent on a mission to London. After the Armistice ended that mission, Maurois was demobilised and travelled from England to Canada. He wrote of these experiences in his book Tragedy in France.
Later in World War II he served in the French army and the Free French Forces.
His Maurois pseudonym became his legal name in 1947.
He died in 1967 in Neuilly-sur-Seine after a long career as an author of novels, biographies, histories, children's books and science fiction stories. He is buried in Neuilly-sur-Seine community cemetery near Paris.
Family
Family grave
Maurois's first wife was Jeanne-Marie Wanda de Szymkiewicz, a young Polish-Russian aristocrat who had studied at Oxford University. She had a nervous breakdown in 1918 and in 1924 she died of sepsis. After his father died, Maurois stopped working in textiles (in the 1926 novel Bernard Quesnay he in effect described an alternative life of himself, in which he would have plunged into the life of a textile industrialist and given up everything else).
Maurois's second wife was Simone de Caillavet, daughter of playwright Gaston Arman de Caillavet and actress Jeanne Pouquet, and granddaughter of Anatole France's mistress Léontine Arman de Caillavet. After the fall of France in 1940, the couple moved to the United States to help with propaganda work against the Nazis.
Jean-Richard Bloch was his brother-in-law.
Bibliography
Books
Les silences du colonel Bramble, Paris: Grasset, 1918 (includes "Si—", a French translation of Kipling's poem "If—")
The Silence of Colonel Bramble, London: John Lane / The Bodley Head, 1919 (English translation of Les silences du Colonel Bramble; text translated from the French by Thurfrida Wake; verse translated by Wilfrid Jackson)
Ni ange, ni bête, Paris: Grasset, 1919; English translation: Neither Angel, Nor Beast, Lincoln, NE: Infusionmedia, 2015 (translated by Preston and Sylvie Shires)
Les Discours du docteur O'Grady, Paris: Grasset, 1922 ("Le Roman" series); English translation: The Silence of Colonel Bramble; and, The Discourses of Doctor O'Grady, London: Bodley Head, 1965
Climats, Paris: Grasset, 1923; Paris, Société d'édition "Le livre", 1929 (illustrated by Jean Hugo); English translation: Whatever Gods May Be, London: Cassell, 1931 (translated by Joseph Collins)
Ariel, ou La vie de Shelley, Paris: Grasset, 1923; English translation: Ariel: The Life of Shelley, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1924 (translated by Ella D'Arcy)
Dialogue sur le commandement, Paris: Grasset, 1924; English translation: Captains and Kings, London, John Lane / The Bodley Head, 1925
Lord Byron et le démon de la tendresse, Paris: A l'enseigne de la Porte Etroite, 1925
Mape, London: John Lane / The Bodley Head, 1926 (translated by Eric Sutton, with 4 woodcuts by Constance Grant); Mape: The World of Illusion: Goethe, Balzac, Mrs. Siddons, New York: D. Appleton, 1926
Bernard Quesnay, Paris: Gallimard, 1927
La vie de Disraëli, Paris: Gallimard, 1927 ("Vies des hommes illustres" series); English translation: Disraeli: A Picture of the Victorian Age, London: John Lane / The Bodley Head, 1927 (translated by Hamish Miles)
Études anglaises: Dickens, Walpole, Ruskin et Wilde, La jeune littérature, Paris: Grasset, 1927
Un essai sur Dickens, Paris: Grasset, 1927 (Les Cahiers Verts n° 3)
Le chapitre suivant, Paris: Éditions du Sagittaire, 1927 (Les Cahiers Nouveaux, N° 34); English translation: The Next Chapter: The War Against the Moon, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1928
Aspects de la biographie, Paris: Grasset, 1928; Paris: Au Sens Pareil, 1928; English translation: Aspects of Biography, Cambridge University Press, 1929 (translated by S. C. Roberts)
Deux fragments d'une histoire universelle: 1992, Paris: Éditions des Portiques, 1928 ("Le coffret des histoires extraordinaires" series)
La vie de Sir Alexander Fleming, Paris: Hachette, 1929: English translation: The Life of Sir Alexander Fleming: Discoverer of Penicillin, New York: E. P. Dutton, 1958 (translated by Gerard Hopkins and with an introduction by Professor Robert Cruickshank)
Byron, Paris: Grasset, 1930; English translation: Byron, London: Jonathan Cape, 1930 (translated by Hamish Miles)
Patapoufs et Filifers, Paris: Paul Hartmann, 1930. With 75 drawings by Jean Bruller (Vercors); English translation: Fattypuffs and Thinifers, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1940 (translated by Rosemary Benet)
Lyautey, Paris: Plon, 1931 ("Choses vues" series); English translation: Marshall Lyautey, London: John Lane / The Bodley Head, 1931 (translated by Hamish Miles)
Le Peseur d'âmes, Paris: Gallimard, 1931; English translation: The Weigher of Souls, London, Cassell, 1931 (translated by Hamish Miles)
Chateaubriand, Paris: Grasset, 1932; also published under the title of: René ou la Vie de Chateaubriand; English translation (translated by Vera Fraser): Chateaubriand, London: Jonathan Cape, 1938; Chateaubriand: Poet, Statesman, Lover, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1938
Cercle de famille, 1932; English translation: The Family Circle, London: Peter Davies, 1932 (translated by Hamish Miles)
Voltaire, London: Peter Davies, 1932 (translated by Hamish Miles)
Chantiers américains, Paris: Gallimard, NRF collection, 1933 (a collection of articles on America's 'New Deal' projects started under president Franklin Delano Roosevelt)
Édouard VII et son temps, Paris: Les Éditions de France, 1933; English translation: The Edwardian Era, New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1933
Kipling and His Works from a French Point of View (The Kipling Society, 1934; republished in Rudyard Kipling: The Critical Heritage, ed. R.L. Green, 1971 & 1997)
Ricochets: Miniature Tales of Human Life, London: Cassell, 1934 (translated from the French by Hamish Miles); New York: Harper and Brothers, 1937
Prophets and Poets, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1935 (translated by Hamish Miles). Chapters on Kipling, Shaw, Wells, Chesterton, D. H. Lawrence, Aldous Huxley, Conrad, Lytton Strachey, and Katherine Mansfield.
Voltaire, Paris: Gallimard, 1935
Histoire d'Angleterre, Paris: A. Fayard et Cie, 1937 ("Les grandes études historiques" series); English translation: A History of England, London: Jonathan Cape, 1937
La machine à lire les pensées: Récit, Paris: Gallimard, 1937; English translation: The Thought Reading Machine, London: Jonathan Cape, 1938; New York: Harper & Brothers, 1938 (translated by James Whitall)
The Miracle of England: An Account of Her Rise to Pre-Eminence and Present Position, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1937
Un art de vivre, Paris: Plon, 1939 ("Présences" series); English translation: The Art of Living, London: English Universities Press, 1940 (translated by James Whitall)
Les origines de la guerre de 1939, Paris: Gallimard, 1939
Tragedy in France: An Eyewitness Account, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1940 (translated by Denver Lindley)
Why France Fell, London: John Lane / The Bodley Head, 1941 (translated by Denver Lindley)
I Remember, I Remember, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1942
Call No Man Happy: Autobiography, London, Jonathan Cape in association with The Book Society, 1943 (translated by Denver and Jane Lindley); The Reprint Society, 1944
The Miracle of America, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944
Woman Without Love. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944
From My Journal: The Record of a Year of Adjustment for an Individual and for the World, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1947 (translated by Joan Charles)
Histoire de la France, Paris: Dominique Wapler, 1947
Alain, Paris: Domat, 1949 ("Au voilier" series)
À la recherche de Marcel Proust, Paris: Hachette, 1949; English translation: Proust: Portrait of a Genius, New York, Harper, 1950 (translated by Gerard Hopkins); Proust: a Biography, Meridian Books, 1958
My American Journal, London: The Falcon Press, 1950
Lélia, ou la vie de George Sand, Paris: Hachette, 1952; English translation: Lelia: The Life of George Sand, London: Jonathan Cape, 1952 (translated by Gerard Hopkins)
Destins exemplaires (Paris: Plon, 1952); English translation: Profiles of Great Men, Ipswich, UK: Tower Bridge Publications, 1954 (translated by Helen Temple Patterson)
Lettres à l'inconnue, Paris: La Jeune Parque, 1953; English translation: To an Unknown Lady, New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1957
Cecil Rhodes, London: Collins, 1953 ("Brief Lives", no. 8)
Olympio ou la vie de Victor Hugo, Paris: Hachette, 1954; English translation: Olympio: The Turbulent Life of Victor Hugo, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956 (translated by Gerard Hopkins)
Lecture, mon doux plaisir, Paris: Arthème Fayard, 1957 ("Les Quarante" series); English translation: The Art of Writing, London: The Bodley Head, 1960 (translated by Gerard Hopkins)
Les Titans ou Les Trois Dumas, Paris: Hachette, 1957: English translation: Titans: A Three-Generation Biography of the Dumas, New York: Harper, 1957 (translated by Gerard Hopkins)
The World of Marcel Proust, New York: Harper & Row, 1960 (translated by Moura Budberg)
Adrienne, ou, La vie de Mme de La Fayette, Paris: Hachette, 1960
Prométhée ou la Vie de Balzac, Paris: Hachette, 1965; English translation: Prometheus: The Life of Balzac, London: The Bodley Head, 1965 (translated by Norman Denny); New York: Harper & Row, 1965
Points of View from Kipling to Graham Greene, New York: Frederick Ungar, 1968; London: Frederick Muller, 1969
Memoirs 1885–1967, New York: Harper & Row, 1970 (A Cass Canfield Book; translated by Denver Lindley); London: The Bodley Head, 1970
Short stories
Short stories by Maurois as collected in The Collected Stories of André Maurois, New York: Washington Square Press, 1967 (translated by Adrienne Foulke):
An Imaginary Interview
Reality Transposed
Darling, Good Evening!
Lord of the Shadows
Ariane, My Sister...
Home Port
Myrrhine
Biography
Thanatos Palace Hotel (adapted as an episode of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour)
Friends
Dinner Under the Chestnut Trees
Bodies and Souls
The Curse of Gold
For Piano Alone
The Departure
The Fault of M. Balzac
Love in Exile
Wednesday's Violets
A Career
Ten Year Later
Tidal Wave
Transference
Flowers in Season
The Will
The Campaign
The Life of Man
The Corinthian Porch
The Cathedral
The Ants
The Postcard
Poor Maman
The Green Belt
The Neuilly Fair
The Birth of a Master
Black Masks
Irène
The Letters
The Cuckoo
The House (adapted as an episode of Night Gallery)
References
^ Lycée Pierre Corneille de Rouen - History
^ a b Liukkonen, Petri. "André Maurois". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006.
^ Quoted in the foreword to The Silence of Colonel Bramble
^ Review by C. D. Stillman, The Harvard Crimson, May 16, 1927
^ Cover of the original Gallimard edition
^ Maurois, 1940, Foreword
^ "Bloch, Jean–Richard – Dictionary definition of Bloch, Jean–Richard | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". www.encyclopedia.com. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
Notes
^ His principal translator into English was Hamish Miles (1894–1937).
Further reading
Jack Kolbert, The Worlds of André Maurois, Selinsgrove: Susquehanna University Press / London and Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1985.
See also
The Dogs and the Wolves (novel)
Scientific marvelous
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to André Maurois.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to André Maurois.
French Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Auteur:André Maurois
Maurois biography and works at FantasticFiction.co.uk
Petri Liukkonen. "André Maurois". Books and Writers.
Jiffy Notes biography and bibliography
André Maurois at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Electronic editions
Works by André Maurois at Project Gutenberg
Works by André Maurois at Faded Page (Canada)
Works by or about André Maurois at Internet Archive
vteAcadémie française seat 26
Amable de Bourzeys (1634)
Jean Gallois (1672)
Edme Mongin (1707)
Jean Ignace de La Ville (1746)
Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Suard (1774)
Jean-François Roger (1817)
Henri Patin (1842)
Marie-Louis-Antoine-Gaston Boissier (1876)
René Doumic (1909)
André Maurois (1938)
Marcel Arland (1968)
Georges Duby (1987)
Jean-Marie Rouart (1997)
vteCannes Film Festival jury presidents1946–1975
Georges Huisman (1946)
Georges Huisman (1947)
Georges Huisman (1949)
André Maurois (1951)
Maurice Genevoix (1952)
Jean Cocteau (1953)
Jean Cocteau (1954)
Marcel Pagnol (1955)
Maurice Lehmann (1956)
André Maurois (1957)
Marcel Achard (1958)
Marcel Achard (1959)
Georges Simenon (1960)
Jean Giono (1961)
Tetsurō Furukaki (1962)
Armand Salacrou (1963)
Fritz Lang (1964)
Olivia de Havilland (1965)
Sophia Loren (1966)
Alessandro Blasetti (1967)
André Chamson (1968)
Luchino Visconti (1969)
Miguel Ángel Asturias (1970)
Michèle Morgan (1971)
Joseph Losey (1972)
Ingrid Bergman (1973)
René Clair (1974)
Jeanne Moreau (1975)
1976–2000
Tennessee Williams (1976)
Roberto Rossellini (1977)
Alan J. Pakula (1978)
Françoise Sagan (1979)
Kirk Douglas (1980)
Jacques Deray (1981)
Giorgio Strehler (1982)
William Styron (1983)
Dirk Bogarde (1984)
Miloš Forman (1985)
Sydney Pollack (1986)
Yves Montand (1987)
Ettore Scola (1988)
Wim Wenders (1989)
Bernardo Bertolucci (1990)
Roman Polanski (1991)
Gérard Depardieu (1992)
Louis Malle (1993)
Clint Eastwood (1994)
Jeanne Moreau (1995)
Francis Ford Coppola (1996)
Isabelle Adjani (1997)
Martin Scorsese (1998)
David Cronenberg (1999)
Luc Besson (2000)
2001–present
Liv Ullmann (2001)
David Lynch (2002)
Patrice Chéreau (2003)
Quentin Tarantino (2004)
Emir Kusturica (2005)
Wong Kar-wai (2006)
Stephen Frears (2007)
Sean Penn (2008)
Isabelle Huppert (2009)
Tim Burton (2010)
Robert De Niro (2011)
Nanni Moretti (2012)
Steven Spielberg (2013)
Jane Campion (2014)
Joel and Ethan Coen (2015)
George Miller (2016)
Pedro Almodóvar (2017)
Cate Blanchett (2018)
Alejandro González Iñárritu (2019)
Spike Lee (2021)
Vincent Lindon (2022)
Ruben Östlund (2023)
Greta Gerwig (2024)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Argentina
Catalonia
Germany
Italy
Israel
Belgium
United States
Sweden
Latvia
Japan
Czech Republic
Australia
Greece
Korea
Croatia
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Vatican
Academics
CiNii
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[mɔʁwa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"}],"text":"André Maurois (French: [mɔʁwa]; born Émile Salomon Wilhelm Herzog; 26 July 1885 – 9 October 1967) was a French author.","title":"André Maurois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elbeuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbeuf"},{"link_name":"Lycée Pierre Corneille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Pierre_Corneille_(Rouen)"},{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LyCo6-1"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"Javal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javal_family"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace"},{"link_name":"Franco-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirjasto-2"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"French army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_army"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Martin Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"British army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_army"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Disraeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disraeli"},{"link_name":"Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron"},{"link_name":"Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley"},{"link_name":"Académie française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Philippe Pétain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain"},{"link_name":"Vichy France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Free French Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French_Forces"},{"link_name":"pseudonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_name"},{"link_name":"Neuilly-sur-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Neuilly-sur-Seine community cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine_community_cemetery"}],"text":"Maurois was born on 26 July 1885 in Elbeuf and educated at the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen,[1] both in Normandy. A member of the Javal family, Maurois was the son of Ernest Herzog, a Jewish textile manufacturer, and his wife Alice Lévy-Rueff. His family had fled Alsace after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 and took refuge in Elbeuf, where they owned a woollen mill.[2] As noted by Maurois, the family brought their entire Alsatian workforce with them to the relocated mill, for which Maurois' grandfather was admitted to the Legion of Honour for having \"saved a French industry\".[3] This family background is reflected in Maurois' Bernard Quesnay: the story of a young World War I veteran with artistic and intellectual inclinations who is drawn, much against his will, to work as a director in his grandfather's textile mills – a character clearly having many autobiographical elements.[4][5]During World War I he joined the French army and served as an interpreter for Lieutenant Colonel Winston Churchill (according to Martin Gilbert in Churchill and the Jews, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 2007) and later a liaison officer with the British army. His first novel, Les silences du colonel Bramble, was a witty and socially realistic account of that experience. It was an immediate success in France. It was translated and became popular in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking countries as The Silence of Colonel Bramble. Many of his other works have also been translated into English,[a] for they often dealt with British people or topics, such as his biographies of Disraeli, Byron, and Shelley.In 1938 Maurois was elected to the prestigious Académie française. He was encouraged and assisted in seeking this membership by Marshal Philippe Pétain, and he made a point of acknowledging with thanks his debt to Pétain in his 1941 autobiography, Call no man happy – though by the time of writing their paths had sharply diverged, Pétain having become Head of State of Vichy France.When World War II began, he was appointed the French Official Observer attached to the British General Headquarters. In this capacity he accompanied the British Army to Belgium. He knew personally the main politicians in the French government, and on 10 June 1940 he was sent on a mission to London. After the Armistice ended that mission, Maurois was demobilised and travelled from England to Canada. He wrote of these experiences in his book Tragedy in France.[6]Later in World War II he served in the French army and the Free French Forces.His Maurois pseudonym became his legal name in 1947.He died in 1967 in Neuilly-sur-Seine after a long career as an author of novels, biographies, histories, children's books and science fiction stories. He is buried in Neuilly-sur-Seine community cemetery near Paris.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tombe_Andr%C3%A9_Maurois.JPG"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"sepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"},{"link_name":"Gaston Arman de Caillavet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Arman_de_Caillavet"},{"link_name":"Anatole France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_France"},{"link_name":"Léontine Arman de Caillavet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ontine_Lippmann"},{"link_name":"fall of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_France"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirjasto-2"},{"link_name":"Jean-Richard Bloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Richard_Bloch"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EC-8"}],"text":"Family graveMaurois's first wife was Jeanne-Marie Wanda de Szymkiewicz, a young Polish-Russian aristocrat who had studied at Oxford University. She had a nervous breakdown in 1918 and in 1924 she died of sepsis. After his father died, Maurois stopped working in textiles (in the 1926 novel Bernard Quesnay he in effect described an alternative life of himself, in which he would have plunged into the life of a textile industrialist and given up everything else).Maurois's second wife was Simone de Caillavet, daughter of playwright Gaston Arman de Caillavet and actress Jeanne Pouquet, and granddaughter of Anatole France's mistress Léontine Arman de Caillavet. After the fall of France in 1940, the couple moved to the United States to help with propaganda work against the Nazis.[2]Jean-Richard Bloch was his brother-in-law.[7]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grasset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Grasset"},{"link_name":"Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipling"},{"link_name":"If—","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%E2%80%94"},{"link_name":"John Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lane_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"The Bodley Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bodley_Head"},{"link_name":"Jean Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Hugo"},{"link_name":"Gallimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallimard"},{"link_name":"Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kegan_Paul,_Trench,_Tr%C3%BCbner_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Hachette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Penicillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin"},{"link_name":"Jean Bruller (Vercors)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bruller"},{"link_name":"Fattypuffs and Thinifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fattypuffs_and_Thinifers"},{"link_name":"Harper & Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Franklin Delano Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"},{"link_name":"Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipling"},{"link_name":"Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._B._Shaw"},{"link_name":"Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"Chesterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Chesterton"},{"link_name":"D. H. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._H._Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Aldous Huxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxley"},{"link_name":"Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Conrad"},{"link_name":"Lytton Strachey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytton_Strachey"},{"link_name":"Katherine Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield"},{"link_name":"Denver Lindley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Lindley"},{"link_name":"The Reprint Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reprint_Society"},{"link_name":"Harper & Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_%26_Row"},{"link_name":"Moura Budberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moura_Budberg"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Les silences du colonel Bramble, Paris: Grasset, 1918 (includes \"Si—\", a French translation of Kipling's poem \"If—\")\nThe Silence of Colonel Bramble, London: John Lane / The Bodley Head, 1919 (English translation of Les silences du Colonel Bramble; text translated from the French by Thurfrida Wake; verse translated by Wilfrid Jackson)\nNi ange, ni bête, Paris: Grasset, 1919; English translation: Neither Angel, Nor Beast, Lincoln, NE: Infusionmedia, 2015 (translated by Preston and Sylvie Shires)\nLes Discours du docteur O'Grady, Paris: Grasset, 1922 (\"Le Roman\" series); English translation: The Silence of Colonel Bramble; and, The Discourses of Doctor O'Grady, London: Bodley Head, 1965\nClimats, Paris: Grasset, 1923; Paris, Société d'édition \"Le livre\", 1929 (illustrated by Jean Hugo); English translation: Whatever Gods May Be, London: Cassell, 1931 (translated by Joseph Collins)\nAriel, ou La vie de Shelley, Paris: Grasset, 1923; English translation: Ariel: The Life of Shelley, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1924 (translated by Ella D'Arcy)\nDialogue sur le commandement, Paris: Grasset, 1924; English translation: Captains and Kings, London, John Lane / The Bodley Head, 1925\nLord Byron et le démon de la tendresse, Paris: A l'enseigne de la Porte Etroite, 1925\nMape, London: John Lane / The Bodley Head, 1926 (translated by Eric Sutton, with 4 woodcuts by Constance Grant); Mape: The World of Illusion: Goethe, Balzac, Mrs. Siddons, New York: D. Appleton, 1926\nBernard Quesnay, Paris: Gallimard, 1927\nLa vie de Disraëli, Paris: Gallimard, 1927 (\"Vies des hommes illustres\" series); English translation: Disraeli: A Picture of the Victorian Age, London: John Lane / The Bodley Head, 1927 (translated by Hamish Miles)\nÉtudes anglaises: Dickens, Walpole, Ruskin et Wilde, La jeune littérature, Paris: Grasset, 1927\nUn essai sur Dickens, Paris: Grasset, 1927 (Les Cahiers Verts n° 3)\nLe chapitre suivant, Paris: Éditions du Sagittaire, 1927 (Les Cahiers Nouveaux, N° 34); English translation: The Next Chapter: The War Against the Moon, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1928\nAspects de la biographie, Paris: Grasset, 1928; Paris: Au Sens Pareil, 1928; English translation: Aspects of Biography, Cambridge University Press, 1929 (translated by S. C. Roberts)\nDeux fragments d'une histoire universelle: 1992, Paris: Éditions des Portiques, 1928 (\"Le coffret des histoires extraordinaires\" series)\nLa vie de Sir Alexander Fleming, Paris: Hachette, 1929: English translation: The Life of Sir Alexander Fleming: Discoverer of Penicillin, New York: E. P. Dutton, 1958 (translated by Gerard Hopkins and with an introduction by Professor Robert Cruickshank)\nByron, Paris: Grasset, 1930; English translation: Byron, London: Jonathan Cape, 1930 (translated by Hamish Miles)\nPatapoufs et Filifers, Paris: Paul Hartmann, 1930. With 75 drawings by Jean Bruller (Vercors); English translation: Fattypuffs and Thinifers, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1940 (translated by Rosemary Benet)\nLyautey, Paris: Plon, 1931 (\"Choses vues\" series); English translation: Marshall Lyautey, London: John Lane / The Bodley Head, 1931 (translated by Hamish Miles)\nLe Peseur d'âmes, Paris: Gallimard, 1931; English translation: The Weigher of Souls, London, Cassell, 1931 (translated by Hamish Miles)\nChateaubriand, Paris: Grasset, 1932; also published under the title of: René ou la Vie de Chateaubriand; English translation (translated by Vera Fraser): Chateaubriand, London: Jonathan Cape, 1938; Chateaubriand: Poet, Statesman, Lover, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1938\nCercle de famille, 1932; English translation: The Family Circle, London: Peter Davies, 1932 (translated by Hamish Miles)\nVoltaire, London: Peter Davies, 1932 (translated by Hamish Miles)\nChantiers américains, Paris: Gallimard, NRF collection, 1933 (a collection of articles on America's 'New Deal' projects started under president Franklin Delano Roosevelt)\nÉdouard VII et son temps, Paris: Les Éditions de France, 1933; English translation: The Edwardian Era, New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1933\nKipling and His Works from a French Point of View (The Kipling Society, 1934; republished in Rudyard Kipling: The Critical Heritage, ed. R.L. Green, 1971 & 1997)\nRicochets: Miniature Tales of Human Life, London: Cassell, 1934 (translated from the French by Hamish Miles); New York: Harper and Brothers, 1937\nProphets and Poets, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1935 (translated by Hamish Miles). Chapters on Kipling, Shaw, Wells, Chesterton, D. H. Lawrence, Aldous Huxley, Conrad, Lytton Strachey, and Katherine Mansfield.\nVoltaire, Paris: Gallimard, 1935\nHistoire d'Angleterre, Paris: A. Fayard et Cie, 1937 (\"Les grandes études historiques\" series); English translation: A History of England, London: Jonathan Cape, 1937\nLa machine à lire les pensées: Récit, Paris: Gallimard, 1937; English translation: The Thought Reading Machine, London: Jonathan Cape, 1938; New York: Harper & Brothers, 1938 (translated by James Whitall)\nThe Miracle of England: An Account of Her Rise to Pre-Eminence and Present Position, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1937\nUn art de vivre, Paris: Plon, 1939 (\"Présences\" series); English translation: The Art of Living, London: English Universities Press, 1940 (translated by James Whitall)\nLes origines de la guerre de 1939, Paris: Gallimard, 1939\nTragedy in France: An Eyewitness Account, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1940 (translated by Denver Lindley)\nWhy France Fell, London: John Lane / The Bodley Head, 1941 (translated by Denver Lindley)\nI Remember, I Remember, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1942\nCall No Man Happy: Autobiography, London, Jonathan Cape in association with The Book Society, 1943 (translated by Denver and Jane Lindley); The Reprint Society, 1944\nThe Miracle of America, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944\nWoman Without Love. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944\nFrom My Journal: The Record of a Year of Adjustment for an Individual and for the World, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1947 (translated by Joan Charles)\nHistoire de la France, Paris: Dominique Wapler, 1947\nAlain, Paris: Domat, 1949 (\"Au voilier\" series)\nÀ la recherche de Marcel Proust, Paris: Hachette, 1949; English translation: Proust: Portrait of a Genius, New York, Harper, 1950 (translated by Gerard Hopkins); Proust: a Biography, Meridian Books, 1958\nMy American Journal, London: The Falcon Press, 1950\nLélia, ou la vie de George Sand, Paris: Hachette, 1952; English translation: Lelia: The Life of George Sand, London: Jonathan Cape, 1952 (translated by Gerard Hopkins)\nDestins exemplaires (Paris: Plon, 1952); English translation: Profiles of Great Men, Ipswich, UK: Tower Bridge Publications, 1954 (translated by Helen Temple Patterson)\nLettres à l'inconnue, Paris: La Jeune Parque, 1953; English translation: To an Unknown Lady, New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1957\nCecil Rhodes, London: Collins, 1953 (\"Brief Lives\", no. 8)\nOlympio ou la vie de Victor Hugo, Paris: Hachette, 1954; English translation: Olympio: The Turbulent Life of Victor Hugo, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956 (translated by Gerard Hopkins)\nLecture, mon doux plaisir, Paris: Arthème Fayard, 1957 (\"Les Quarante\" series); English translation: The Art of Writing, London: The Bodley Head, 1960 (translated by Gerard Hopkins)\nLes Titans ou Les Trois Dumas, Paris: Hachette, 1957: English translation: Titans: A Three-Generation Biography of the Dumas, New York: Harper, 1957 (translated by Gerard Hopkins)\nThe World of Marcel Proust, New York: Harper & Row, 1960 (translated by Moura Budberg)\nAdrienne, ou, La vie de Mme de La Fayette, Paris: Hachette, 1960\nProméthée ou la Vie de Balzac, Paris: Hachette, 1965; English translation: Prometheus: The Life of Balzac, London: The Bodley Head, 1965 (translated by Norman Denny); New York: Harper & Row, 1965\nPoints of View from Kipling to Graham Greene, New York: Frederick Ungar, 1968; London: Frederick Muller, 1969\nMemoirs 1885–1967, New York: Harper & Row, 1970 (A Cass Canfield Book; translated by Denver Lindley); London: The Bodley Head, 1970","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Alfred Hitchcock Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alfred_Hitchcock_Hour"},{"link_name":"Night Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Gallery"}],"sub_title":"Short stories","text":"Short stories by Maurois as collected in The Collected Stories of André Maurois, New York: Washington Square Press, 1967 (translated by Adrienne Foulke):An Imaginary Interview\nReality Transposed\nDarling, Good Evening!\nLord of the Shadows\nAriane, My Sister...\nHome Port\nMyrrhine\nBiography\nThanatos Palace Hotel (adapted as an episode of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour)\nFriends\nDinner Under the Chestnut Trees\nBodies and Souls\nThe Curse of Gold\nFor Piano Alone\nThe Departure\nThe Fault of M. Balzac\nLove in Exile\nWednesday's Violets\nA Career\nTen Year Later\nTidal Wave\nTransference\nFlowers in Season\nThe Will\nThe Campaign\nThe Life of Man\nThe Corinthian Porch\nThe Cathedral\nThe Ants\nThe Postcard\nPoor Maman\nThe Green Belt\nThe Neuilly Fair\nThe Birth of a Master\nBlack Masks\nIrène\nThe Letters\nThe Cuckoo\nThe House (adapted as an episode of Night Gallery)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Hamish Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamish_Miles&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"^ His principal translator into English was Hamish Miles (1894–1937).","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Jack Kolbert, The Worlds of André Maurois, Selinsgrove: Susquehanna University Press / London and Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1985.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Family grave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tombe_Andr%C3%A9_Maurois.JPG/220px-Tombe_Andr%C3%A9_Maurois.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"The Dogs and the Wolves (novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dogs_and_the_Wolves_(novel)"},{"title":"Scientific marvelous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_marvelous"}]
|
[{"reference":"Liukkonen, Petri. \"André Maurois\". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061205215904/http://kirjasto.sci.fi/amaurois.htm","url_text":"\"André Maurois\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuusankoski","url_text":"Kuusankoski"},{"url":"http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amaurois.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bloch, Jean–Richard – Dictionary definition of Bloch, Jean–Richard | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary\". www.encyclopedia.com. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bloch-jean-richard","url_text":"\"Bloch, Jean–Richard – Dictionary definition of Bloch, Jean–Richard | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/spip.php?article6","external_links_name":"Lycée Pierre Corneille de Rouen - History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061205215904/http://kirjasto.sci.fi/amaurois.htm","external_links_name":"\"André Maurois\""},{"Link":"http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amaurois.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/silenceofcolonel00mauruoft/silenceofcolonel00mauruoft_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"Quoted in the foreword to The Silence of Colonel Bramble"},{"Link":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1927/5/16/bernard-quesnay-by-andre-maurois-translated/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Folio/Folio/Bernard-Quesnay","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bloch-jean-richard","external_links_name":"\"Bloch, Jean–Richard – Dictionary definition of Bloch, Jean–Richard | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary\""},{"Link":"http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/m/andre-maurois/","external_links_name":"Maurois biography and works"},{"Link":"http://authorscalendar.info/amaurois.htm","external_links_name":"\"André Maurois\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713105152/http://www.jiffynotes.com/a_study_guides/book_notes_add/mtcw_04/mtcw_04_00637.html","external_links_name":"Jiffy Notes biography and bibliography"},{"Link":"https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?11230","external_links_name":"André Maurois"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/34699","external_links_name":"Works by André Maurois"},{"Link":"https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Herzog%2C%20%C3%89mile%20Salomon%20Wilhelm","external_links_name":"Works by André Maurois"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Maurois%2C%20Andr%C3%A9%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Andr%C3%A9%20Maurois%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Maurois%2C%20Andr%C3%A9%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Andr%C3%A9%20Maurois%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Maurois%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Andr%C3%A9%20Maurois%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Maurois%2C%20Andr%C3%A9%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Andr%C3%A9%20Maurois%22%29%20OR%20%28%221885-1967%22%20AND%20Maurois%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about André Maurois"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/55661/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122808981","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/64009119","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgXdQtD7qxvYx7W9jKcfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90089080","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX956503","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119152700","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119152700","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000035825","external_links_name":"Argentina"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513921306706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118782665","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV021597","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265286805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14132759","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80067081","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/zw9cdqlh06knn4s","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000007975&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00449201","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990005492&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35335810","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record60446","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199618058","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000032815&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069209596","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810669771505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/61672","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/116824","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01909726?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/f6c95264-38db-43be-a42d-71669ed13f13","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118782665.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/916144","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xd111k","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027019098","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveler
|
Audio leveler
|
["1 External links"]
|
For the August Burns Red album, see Leveler (album).
For other uses, see Levellers (disambiguation).
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Audio leveler" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
An audio leveler performs an audio process similar to compression, which is used to reduce the dynamic range of a signal, so that the quietest portion of the signal is loud enough to hear and the loudest portion is not too loud.
Levelers work especially well with vocals, as there are huge dynamic differences in the human voice and levelers work in such a way as to sound very natural, letting the character of the sound change with the different levels but still maintaining a predictable and usable dynamic range.
A leveler is different from a compressor in that the ratio and threshold are controlled with a single control.
External links
TLA-100 Tube Levelling Amplifier by Summit Audio
This signal processing-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leveler (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveler_(album)"},{"link_name":"Levellers (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levellers_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"audio process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_signal_processing"},{"link_name":"compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression_(audio)"},{"link_name":"dynamic range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_range"},{"link_name":"human voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice"}],"text":"For the August Burns Red album, see Leveler (album).For other uses, see Levellers (disambiguation).An audio leveler performs an audio process similar to compression, which is used to reduce the dynamic range of a signal, so that the quietest portion of the signal is loud enough to hear and the loudest portion is not too loud.Levelers work especially well with vocals, as there are huge dynamic differences in the human voice and levelers work in such a way as to sound very natural, letting the character of the sound change with the different levels but still maintaining a predictable and usable dynamic range.A leveler is different from a compressor in that the ratio and threshold are controlled with a single control.","title":"Audio leveler"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Audio+leveler%22","external_links_name":"\"Audio leveler\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Audio+leveler%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Audio+leveler%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Audio+leveler%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Audio+leveler%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Audio+leveler%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.summitaudio.com/tla100_specs.html","external_links_name":"TLA-100 Tube Levelling Amplifier"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audio_leveler&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Mitchel_Galvin
|
J. Mitchel Galvin
|
["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Later life","4 References"]
|
American politician
J. Mitchel GalvinBoston City ClerkIn office1899–1900Preceded byJohn T. Priest (acting)Succeeded byEdward J. DonovanIn office1891–1899Preceded byEdwin Upton CurtisSucceeded byJohn T. Priest (acting)
Personal detailsBorn1850Charlestown, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedMay 8, 1924 (1924-05-09) (aged 73)Boston, U.S.Political partyDemocratic (1884–1905)Republican (1904–1924)
John Mitchel Galvin (1850–1924) was an American politician who served as Boston City Clerk from 1891 to 1900. On November 3, 1908 he was a candidate for the United States House of Representatives seat in Massachusetts's 10th congressional district, but lost to Joseph F. O'Connell by 4 votes.
Early life
Galvin was born in 1850 in Charlestown, Massachusetts. He was named after Irish nationalist John Mitchel. His father, John, was a florist from County Cork and his mother was Irish-American. He was one of three sons. His brother Thomas was a florist and his brother George, was a physician. The Galvin family moved to Boston when Mitch was young.
During his youth, Galvin worked in the dry goods commission business. After four years in this industry, he decided to follow his father's footsteps and became a florist. He later started a contracting business and was hired to do boring work on the Hoosac Tunnel. From 1881 to 1884 he represented Kidder, Peabody & Co. in a mining venture in Mexico. After returning to the United States, Galvin worked for his brother Thomas. He later served as superintendent of Mount Hope Cemetery.
Political career
Upon his return to Boston, Galvin became involved in politics. He campaigned for Boston's annexation of West Roxbury, served on the Jamaica Plain district school committee for many years and was the Democratic nominee for the Massachusetts House of Representatives in Ward 28. He was an avid supporter of Owen A. Galvin and Joseph H. O'Neil and was a friend of Governor Benjamin F. Butler. From 1888 to 1890, Galvin was a member of the Democratic state committee.
In 1889, the Boston common council selected Galvin to succeed O'Neil as city clerk. However, his appointment was blocked the Republican-controlled board of aldermen. In 1891 was he elected city clerk. On September 12, 1899, Galvin resigned as city clerk to become the New England representative for four Colorado-based mining companies. He was succeed on an acting basis by his assistant, John T. Priest. However, when Priest was hospitalized on December 27, 1899, Galvin was brought back as city clerk pro tempore. On February 15, 1900, he was succeeded by Edward J. Donovan. The mining business proved unsuccessful and Galvin went into the insurance business with the firm of O'Neil & Parker.
In 1905, Galvin joined the Republican Party. In 1908 he was the Republican nominee for the United States House of Representatives seat in Massachusetts's 10th congressional district. O'Connell defeated Galvin 16,539 votes to 16,498. A recount was held, which reduced O'Connell's plurality from 41 to 4 (16,563 votes to 16,559). Galvin contended that some of the ballots that were counted for O'Connell had actually been cast for him. He protested O'Connell's right to the seat to the United States House Committee on Elections #1, which ruled in favor of O'Connell.
He was nominated again in 1910, but lost again, this time by more than 4,000 votes.
Later life
On May 20, 1920, Galvin was badly injured after being run over by a car. He recovered and attended the 1920 Republican National Convention, where he was a delegate for Leonard Wood. However, on April 7, 1924, he had to undergo an abdominal operation due to effects from his injury. He never recovered from the surgery and died at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital on May 8, 1924.
References
^ a b c d e f "Great Surprise: J. Mitchell Galvin, City Clerk, to Retire". The Boston Daily Globe. September 12, 1899.
^ a b c d e Hennessy, M. E. (May 8, 1924). ""Mitch" Gavlin Died This Morning". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ a b c d "Mitchel Galvin Funeral Tomorrow". The Boston Daily Globe. May 9, 1924.
^ "Galvin as City Clerk". The Boston Daily Globe. December 28, 1899.
^ "Donovan Resigns". The Boston Daily Globe. February 15, 1900.
^ "By Republicans: J. Mitchel Galvin May Be Run for Mayor". The Boston Daily Globe. October 14, 1905.
^ "Galvin May Contest It". The Boston Daily Globe. November 11, 1908.
^ "O'Connell Is To Keep Seat". The Boston Daily Globe. April 30, 1910.
^ "MA District 10 1910". Retrieved 10 February 2021.
^ "J. Mitchel Galvin Badly Hurt By Auto". The Boston Daily Globe. May 21, 1920.
^ "J. Mitchel Galvin Recovering Rapidly". The Boston Daily Globe. April 17, 1924.
vteBoston City Clerks
McCleary Sr. (1822–1852)
McCleary Jr. (1852–1882)
Goodrich (1883–1884)
Sampson (1885–1886)
O'Neil (1887–1888)
Curtis (1889–1900)
Galvin (1891–1900)
E. Donovan (1900–1908)
Priest (1908–1912)
J. Donovan (1912–1928)
Doyle (1928–1945)
J. Hynes (1945–1950)
Malloy (1950–1963)
Dunlea (1963–1977)
O'Donnell (1977–1978)
B. Hynes (1978–1983)
Campbell (1983–1990)
McDonough (1990–1995)
Salerno (1995–2011)
Feeney (2011–2022)
Geourntas (2022–present)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts's 10th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_10th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Joseph F. O'Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_F._O%27Connell"}],"text":"John Mitchel Galvin (1850–1924) was an American politician who served as Boston City Clerk from 1891 to 1900. On November 3, 1908 he was a candidate for the United States House of Representatives seat in Massachusetts's 10th congressional district, but lost to Joseph F. O'Connell by 4 votes.","title":"J. Mitchel Galvin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlestown, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surprise-1"},{"link_name":"John Mitchel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mitchel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hennessy-2"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Galvin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hennessy-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surprise-1"},{"link_name":"Hoosac Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosac_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hennessy-2"},{"link_name":"Kidder, Peabody & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidder,_Peabody_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surprise-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hennessy-2"},{"link_name":"Mount Hope Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hope_Cemetery_(Boston)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-3"}],"text":"Galvin was born in 1850 in Charlestown, Massachusetts.[1] He was named after Irish nationalist John Mitchel.[2] His father, John, was a florist from County Cork and his mother was Irish-American. He was one of three sons. His brother Thomas was a florist and his brother George, was a physician.[2] The Galvin family moved to Boston when Mitch was young.[1]During his youth, Galvin worked in the dry goods commission business. After four years in this industry, he decided to follow his father's footsteps and became a florist. He later started a contracting business and was hired to do boring work on the Hoosac Tunnel.[2] From 1881 to 1884 he represented Kidder, Peabody & Co. in a mining venture in Mexico. After returning to the United States, Galvin worked for his brother Thomas.[1][2] He later served as superintendent of Mount Hope Cemetery.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Roxbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Roxbury"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surprise-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-3"},{"link_name":"Owen A. Galvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_A._Galvin"},{"link_name":"Joseph H. O'Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H._O%27Neil"},{"link_name":"Benjamin F. Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_F._Butler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surprise-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surprise-1"},{"link_name":"John T. Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Priest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Edward J. Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J._Donovan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-3"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"United States House Committee on Elections #1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Elections"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Upon his return to Boston, Galvin became involved in politics. He campaigned for Boston's annexation of West Roxbury, served on the Jamaica Plain district school committee for many years and was the Democratic nominee for the Massachusetts House of Representatives in Ward 28.[1][3] He was an avid supporter of Owen A. Galvin and Joseph H. O'Neil and was a friend of Governor Benjamin F. Butler. From 1888 to 1890, Galvin was a member of the Democratic state committee.[1]In 1889, the Boston common council selected Galvin to succeed O'Neil as city clerk. However, his appointment was blocked the Republican-controlled board of aldermen. In 1891 was he elected city clerk. On September 12, 1899, Galvin resigned as city clerk to become the New England representative for four Colorado-based mining companies.[1] He was succeed on an acting basis by his assistant, John T. Priest. However, when Priest was hospitalized on December 27, 1899, Galvin was brought back as city clerk pro tempore.[4] On February 15, 1900, he was succeeded by Edward J. Donovan.[5] The mining business proved unsuccessful and Galvin went into the insurance business with the firm of O'Neil & Parker.[3]In 1905, Galvin joined the Republican Party.[6] In 1908 he was the Republican nominee for the United States House of Representatives seat in Massachusetts's 10th congressional district. O'Connell defeated Galvin 16,539 votes to 16,498. A recount was held, which reduced O'Connell's plurality from 41 to 4 (16,563 votes to 16,559).[7] Galvin contended that some of the ballots that were counted for O'Connell had actually been cast for him. He protested O'Connell's right to the seat to the United States House Committee on Elections #1, which ruled in favor of O'Connell.[8]He was nominated again in 1910, but lost again, this time by more than 4,000 votes.[9]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1920 Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Leonard Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Wood"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Peter Bent Brigham Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hennessy-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-3"}],"text":"On May 20, 1920, Galvin was badly injured after being run over by a car.[10] He recovered and attended the 1920 Republican National Convention, where he was a delegate for Leonard Wood. However, on April 7, 1924, he had to undergo an abdominal operation due to effects from his injury.[11] He never recovered from the surgery and died at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital on May 8, 1924.[2][3]","title":"Later life"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Great Surprise: J. Mitchell Galvin, City Clerk, to Retire\". The Boston Daily Globe. September 12, 1899.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hennessy, M. E. (May 8, 1924). \"\"Mitch\" Gavlin Died This Morning\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mitchel Galvin Funeral Tomorrow\". The Boston Daily Globe. May 9, 1924.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Galvin as City Clerk\". The Boston Daily Globe. December 28, 1899.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Donovan Resigns\". The Boston Daily Globe. February 15, 1900.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"By Republicans: J. Mitchel Galvin May Be Run for Mayor\". The Boston Daily Globe. October 14, 1905.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Galvin May Contest It\". The Boston Daily Globe. November 11, 1908.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"O'Connell Is To Keep Seat\". The Boston Daily Globe. April 30, 1910.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"MA District 10 1910\". Retrieved 10 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=641561","url_text":"\"MA District 10 1910\""}]},{"reference":"\"J. Mitchel Galvin Badly Hurt By Auto\". The Boston Daily Globe. May 21, 1920.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"J. Mitchel Galvin Recovering Rapidly\". The Boston Daily Globe. April 17, 1924.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=641561","external_links_name":"\"MA District 10 1910\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Sugar_Bowl
|
2003 Sugar Bowl
|
["1 Teams","1.1 Georgia Bulldogs","1.2 Florida State Seminoles","2 Game summary","2.1 Scoring summary","2.2 Statistics","3 Aftermath","4 References"]
|
College football game2003 Nokia Sugar BowlBCS Bowl Game69th Sugar Bowl
Georgia Bulldogs
Florida State Seminoles
(12–1)
(9–4)
SEC
ACC
26
13
Head coach: Mark Richt
Head coach: Bobby Bowden
APCoachesBCS
443
APCoachesBCS
161614
1234
Total
Georgia
31463
26
Florida State
0760
13
DateJanuary 1, 2003Season2002StadiumLouisiana SuperdomeLocationNew Orleans, LouisianaMVPMusa Smith (RB, Georgia)FavoriteGeorgia by 7.5RefereeChuck McFerrin (Pac-10)Attendance74,269United States TV coverageNetworkABCAnnouncersBrad Nessler, Bob Grieseand Lynn SwannNielsen ratings9.2
Sugar Bowl
< 2002
2004 >
The 2003 Sugar Bowl, a 2002–03 BCS game, was played on January 1, 2003. This 69th edition to the Sugar Bowl featured the Georgia Bulldogs, and the Florida State Seminoles. Georgia came into the game 12–1 and ranked 3rd in the BCS, whereas Florida State came into the game 9–4 and ranked 14th in the BCS. Sponsored by Nokia, the game was officially known as the Nokia Sugar Bowl.
Teams
The Sugar Bowl during the BCS era usually selected the SEC champion, meaning that the winner of the SEC in 2002, Georgia received an invitation to the Sugar Bowl. Their opponent would be ACC champion Florida State.
Georgia Bulldogs
Main article: 2002 Georgia Bulldogs football team
Georgia defeated Arkansas in the 2002 SEC Championship Game to earn a BCS berth as their conference's champion. Georgia entered the bowl with a 12–1 record (7–1 in conference).
Florida State Seminoles
Main article: 2002 Florida State Seminoles football team
Florida State won the ACC title outright by virtue of their 7–1 conference record. At the time, the ACC champion would go to the Orange Bowl, however the Orange Bowl chose Iowa and USC instead, leaving the Seminoles to play in the Sugar Bowl. Florida State entered the bowl with an 9–4 record (7–1 in conference).
Game summary
Kicker Billy Bennett kicked a 23-yard field goal with 10 minutes left in the opening quarter to account for the quarter's only points. In the second quarter, FSU quarterback Fabian Walker threw a 5-yard slant pass to Anquan Boldin as FSU took a 7–3 lead. Florida State was driving again in the second quarter before cornerback Bruce Thornton stepped in front of a Walker pass and raced 73 yards to the opposite end zone, to give Georgia a 10–7 lead. Quarterback D.J. Shockley threw a 37-yard touchdown pass to Terrence Edwards before halftime to give the Bulldogs a 17–7 half time lead.
Billy Bennett accounted for two more Georgia field goals in the third quarter, as Georgia posted a 23–7 lead. On the final play of the third quarter, wide receiver Anquan Boldin (who had replaced quarterback Fabian Walker) threw a 40-yard touchdown pass to Craphonso Thorpe. The ensuing two-point conversion failed, and the lead was 23–13. Billy Bennett kicked another field goal in the fourth quarter, as Georgia held off Florida State. Georgia's running back Musa Smith won the MVP award.
The Seminoles defensive tackle Darnell Dockett was suspended from the game after pleading guilty to a misdemeanor theft charge.
Scoring summary
Scoring summary
Quarter
Time
Drive
Team
Scoring information
Score
Plays
Yards
TOP
UGA
FSU
1
4:19
9
62
4:04
UGA
23-yard field goal by Billy Bennett
3
0
2
13:41
8
69
3:42
FSU
Anquan Boldin 5-yard touchdown reception from Fabian Walker, Xavier Beitia kick good
3
7
2
6:41
1
71
0:10
UGA
Interception returned 71 yards for touchdown by Bruce Thornton, Billy Bennett kick good
10
7
2
3:43
1
37
0:07
UGA
Terrence Edwards 37-yard touchdown reception from D.J. Shockley, Billy Bennett kick good
17
7
3
11:06
9
68
3:54
UGA
42-yard field goal by Billy Bennett
20
7
3
8:49
4
9
2:04
UGA
25-yard field goal by Billy Bennett
23
7
3
0:00
5
66
2:29
FSU
Craphonso Thorpe 40-yard touchdown reception from Anquan Boldin, 2-point run failed
23
13
4
10:17
11
62
4:43
UGA
35-yard field goal by Billy Bennett
26
13
"TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football.
26
13
Statistics
1
2
3
4
Total
No. 3 Bulldogs
3
14
6
3
26
No. 14 Seminoles
7
0
6
0
13
Statistics
UGA
FSU
First downs
11
18
Plays–yards
51–276
67–262
Rushes–yards
36–151
41–115
Passing yards
125
147
Passing: comp–att–int
10–15–0
13–26–2
Time of possession
26:09
33:51
Team
Category
Player
Statistics
Georgia
Passing
David Greene
9/14, 88 yds
Rushing
Musa Smith
23 car, 145 yds
Receiving
Terrence Edwards
3 rec, 60 yds, 1 TD
Florida State
Passing
Anquan Boldin
6/14, 78 yds, 1 TD
Rushing
Leon Washington
10 car, 48 yds
Receiving
Craphonso Thorpe
1 rec, 40 yds, 1 TD
Aftermath
Georgia completed the season 13–1. They ranked #3 in both major polls. Florida State finished the season 9–5 and #21/#24 in the polls.
References
^ "Seminoles' Dockett suspended for bowl". The Times-Union. December 23, 2002.
vte2002–03 NCAA football bowl game season
New Orleans (Dec. 17)
GMAC (Dec. 18)
Tangerine (Dec. 23)
Las Vegas (Dec. 25)
Hawai'i (Dec. 25)
Motor City (Dec. 26)
Insight (Dec. 26)
Houston (Dec. 27)
Independence (Dec. 27)
Holiday (Dec. 27)
Alamo (Dec. 28)
Continental Tire (Dec. 28)
Seattle (Dec. 30)
Music City (Dec. 31)
Humanitarian (Dec. 31)
Sun (Dec. 31)
Silicon Valley (Dec. 31)
Liberty (Dec. 31)
Peach (Dec. 31)
San Francisco (Dec. 31)
Cotton (Jan. 1)
Outback (Jan. 1)
Gator (Jan. 1)
Capital One Bowl (Jan. 1)
Bowl Championship Series games: Rose (Jan. 1)
Sugar (Jan. 1)
Orange (Jan. 2)
Fiesta (Jan. 3)
All-Star Games: East–West Shrine Game (Jan. 11)
Senior Bowl (Jan. 18)
vteSugar BowlHistory & conference tie-ins
History
Tulane Stadium
Georgia Dome
Caesars Superdome
College Football Playoff
Southeastern Conference
Big 12 Conference
Games
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972 (Jan)
1972 (Dec)
1973
1974
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995 (Jan)
1995 (Dec)
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022 (Jan)
2022 (Dec)
2024
Notes
The 2006 game took place in Atlanta, Georgia due to Hurricane Katrina.
The game was also the national title game for either the Bowl Coalition, Bowl Alliance, or Bowl Championship Series in 1993, 1997, 2000, and 2004.
There was a Sugar Bowl in January and December in 1972, 1995 and 2022.
The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its 2015, 2018, 2021, and 2024 editions.
vteFlorida State Seminoles bowl games
1950 Cigar Bowl
1955 Sun Bowl
1958 Bluegrass Bowl
1965 Gator Bowl (January)
1966 Sun Bowl
1967 Gator Bowl
1968 Peach Bowl
1971 Fiesta Bowl
1977 Tangerine Bowl
1980 Orange Bowl
1981 Orange Bowl
1982 Gator Bowl
1983 Peach Bowl
1984 Florida Citrus Bowl
1985 Gator Bowl
1986 All-American Bowl
1988 Fiesta Bowl
1989 Sugar Bowl
1990 Fiesta Bowl
1990 Blockbuster Bowl
1992 Cotton Bowl Classic
1993 Orange Bowl
1994 Orange Bowl #
1995 Sugar Bowl (January)
1996 Orange Bowl (January)
1997 Sugar Bowl #
1998 Sugar Bowl
1999 Fiesta Bowl #
2000 Sugar Bowl #
2001 Orange Bowl #
2002 Gator Bowl
2003 Sugar Bowl
2004 Orange Bowl
2005 Gator Bowl
2006 Orange Bowl
2006 Emerald Bowl
2007 Music City Bowl
2008 Champs Sports Bowl
2010 Gator Bowl
2010 Chick-fil-A Bowl
2011 Champs Sports Bowl
2013 Orange Bowl
2014 BCS National Championship Game #
2015 Rose Bowl †
2015 Peach Bowl
2016 Orange Bowl
2017 Independence Bowl
2019 Sun Bowl
2022 Cheez-It Bowl
2023 Orange Bowl
# denotes national championship game; † denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game
vteGeorgia Bulldogs bowl games
1942 Orange Bowl
1943 Rose Bowl
1946 Oil Bowl
1947 Sugar Bowl
1948 Gator Bowl
1949 Orange Bowl
1950 Presidential Cup
1960 Orange Bowl
1964 Sun Bowl
1966 Cotton Bowl Classic
1967 Liberty Bowl
1969 Sugar Bowl
1969 Sun Bowl
1971 Gator Bowl
1973 Peach Bowl
1974 Tangerine Bowl
1976 Cotton Bowl Classic
1977 Sugar Bowl
1978 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl
1981 Sugar Bowl
1982 Sugar Bowl
1983 Sugar Bowl #
1984 Cotton Bowl Classic
1984 Florida Citrus Bowl
1985 Sun Bowl
1986 Hall of Fame Bowl
1987 Liberty Bowl
1989 Gator Bowl
1989 Peach Bowl
1991 Independence Bowl
1993 Florida Citrus Bowl
1995 Peach Bowl
1998 Outback Bowl
1998 Peach Bowl
2000 Outback Bowl
2000 Oahu Bowl
2001 Music City Bowl
2003 Sugar Bowl
2004 Capital One Bowl
2005 Outback Bowl
2006 Sugar Bowl
2006 Chick-fil-A Bowl
2008 Sugar Bowl
2009 Capital One Bowl
2009 Independence Bowl
2010 Liberty Bowl
2012 Outback Bowl
2013 Capital One Bowl
2014 Gator Bowl
2014 Belk Bowl
2016 TaxSlayer Bowl
2016 Liberty Bowl
2018 Rose Bowl †
2018 College Football Playoff National Championship #
2019 Sugar Bowl
2020 Sugar Bowl
2021 Peach Bowl
2021 Orange Bowl †
2022 College Football Playoff National Championship #
2022 Peach Bowl †
2023 College Football Playoff National Championship #
2023 Orange Bowl
# denotes national championship game; † denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"Georgia Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Florida State Seminoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Florida_State_Seminoles_football_team"},{"link_name":"Nokia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia"}],"text":"College football gameThe 2003 Sugar Bowl, a 2002–03 BCS game, was played on January 1, 2003. This 69th edition to the Sugar Bowl featured the Georgia Bulldogs, and the Florida State Seminoles. Georgia came into the game 12–1 and ranked 3rd in the BCS, whereas Florida State came into the game 9–4 and ranked 14th in the BCS. Sponsored by Nokia, the game was officially known as the Nokia Sugar Bowl.","title":"2003 Sugar Bowl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"ACC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference"},{"link_name":"Florida State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Florida_State_Seminoles_football_team"}],"text":"The Sugar Bowl during the BCS era usually selected the SEC champion, meaning that the winner of the SEC in 2002, Georgia received an invitation to the Sugar Bowl. Their opponent would be ACC champion Florida State.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Arkansas_Razorbacks_football_team"},{"link_name":"2002 SEC Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_SEC_Championship_Game"}],"sub_title":"Georgia Bulldogs","text":"Georgia defeated Arkansas in the 2002 SEC Championship Game to earn a BCS berth as their conference's champion. Georgia entered the bowl with a 12–1 record (7–1 in conference).","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orange Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Iowa_Hawkeyes_football_team"},{"link_name":"USC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_USC_Trojans_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Florida State Seminoles","text":"Florida State won the ACC title outright by virtue of their 7–1 conference record. At the time, the ACC champion would go to the Orange Bowl, however the Orange Bowl chose Iowa and USC instead, leaving the Seminoles to play in the Sugar Bowl. Florida State entered the bowl with an 9–4 record (7–1 in conference).","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anquan Boldin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anquan_Boldin"},{"link_name":"Bruce Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Thornton_(cornerback)"},{"link_name":"D.J. Shockley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.J._Shockley"},{"link_name":"Terrence Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Craphonso Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craphonso_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"Musa Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Smith"},{"link_name":"Darnell Dockett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darnell_Dockett"},{"link_name":"theft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Kicker Billy Bennett kicked a 23-yard field goal with 10 minutes left in the opening quarter to account for the quarter's only points. In the second quarter, FSU quarterback Fabian Walker threw a 5-yard slant pass to Anquan Boldin as FSU took a 7–3 lead. Florida State was driving again in the second quarter before cornerback Bruce Thornton stepped in front of a Walker pass and raced 73 yards to the opposite end zone, to give Georgia a 10–7 lead. Quarterback D.J. Shockley threw a 37-yard touchdown pass to Terrence Edwards before halftime to give the Bulldogs a 17–7 half time lead.Billy Bennett accounted for two more Georgia field goals in the third quarter, as Georgia posted a 23–7 lead. On the final play of the third quarter, wide receiver Anquan Boldin (who had replaced quarterback Fabian Walker) threw a 40-yard touchdown pass to Craphonso Thorpe. The ensuing two-point conversion failed, and the lead was 23–13. Billy Bennett kicked another field goal in the fourth quarter, as Georgia held off Florida State. Georgia's running back Musa Smith won the MVP award.The Seminoles defensive tackle Darnell Dockett was suspended from the game after pleading guilty to a misdemeanor theft charge.[1]","title":"Game summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Scoring summary","title":"Game summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Statistics","title":"Game summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Georgia completed the season 13–1. They ranked #3 in both major polls. Florida State finished the season 9–5 and #21/#24 in the polls.","title":"Aftermath"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Seminoles' Dockett suspended for bowl\". The Times-Union. December 23, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/122302/col_11300206.shtml","url_text":"\"Seminoles' Dockett suspended for bowl\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/122302/col_11300206.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Seminoles' Dockett suspended for bowl\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattawood_Springs
|
Cattawood Springs
|
["1 History","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 18°04′00″N 76°26′00″W / 18.0667°N 76.4333°W / 18.0667; -76.4333
Place in Portland, JamaicaCattawood SpringsVillage; originally MaroonCattawood SpringsCoordinates: 18°04′00″N 76°26′00″W / 18.0667°N 76.4333°W / 18.0667; -76.4333CountryJamaicaParishPortland
Cattawood Springs is a place in Portland Parish, Jamaica located at latitude 18 04' 00", longitude 76 26' 00".
Originally this was a Maroon settlement. Its name probably derives from the Twi word katá which means to cover conceal or protect.
History
Cattawood Springs was a place of refuge for Queen Nanny and the Jamaican Maroons during the First Maroon War, especially when the militias captured Nanny Town. However, under Nanny's leadership, the Windward Maroons mounted attacks from Cotterwood, and recaptured Nanny Town on more than one occasion. The Windward Maroons made overtures to join forces with Cudjoe towards the end of the 1730s. After the Windward Maroons signed a peace treaty with governor Edward Trelawny in 1740, Queen Nanny's Maroons abandoned Nanny Town, and resettled in New Nanny Town, which was eventually renamed Moore Town.
Some of the original inhabitants left Cattawood in 1730 to join up with Cudjoe in Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town). According to one story, a group of one hundred men women and children went to join Cudjoe, and they were probably members of the group led by Captain Cuffee, who was one of Cudjoe's deputies at the signing of the 1739 peace treaty with the Leeward Maroons. They retained their name subsequently settling in Cotterwood in Saint Elizabeth Parish.
References
^ A Dictionary of Jamaican English edited by F.G. Cassidy, R.B.Le Page accessed 18thFebruary 2007
^ Bev Carey, The Maroon Story: The Authentic and Original History of the Maroons in the History of Jamaica 1490-1880 (Kingston, Jamaica: Agouti Press, 1997), pp. 117–257.
^ The History of the Maroons from their Origin to the Establishment of their Chief Tribe at Sierra Leone by Robert Charles Dallas, London 1802
^ Siva, Michael (2018). After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 (PDF) (PhD). Southampton: Southampton University. pp. 44–5.
vteSettlements in JamaicaFor the definition of city, town, etc., see: Settlements in Jamaica.Cities
Kingston
Montego Bay
Portmore
Towns
Above Rocks
Albert Town
Alexandria
Alligator Pond
Anchovy
Annotto Bay
Balaclava
Bamboo
Bath
Bethel Town
Black River
Bluefields
Bog Walk
Brown's Town
Buff Bay
Bull Savanna
Cambridge
Cascade
Cave Valley
Chapelton
Christiana
Claremont
Clark's Town
Coleyville
Croft's Hill
Dalvey
Darliston
Discovery Bay
Duncans
Easington
Ewarton
Falmouth
Frankfield
Franklin Town
Frome
Gayle
Golden Grove
Gordon Town
Grange Hill
Green Island
Guy's Hill
Hayes
Highgate
Hope Bay
Hopewell, Hanover
Islington
Kellits
Lacovia
Linstead
Lionel Town
Little London
Lluidas Vale
Lucea
Lucky Hill
Maggotty
Malvern
Manchioneal
Mandeville
Maroon Town
Mavis Bank
May Pen
Moneague
Moore Town
Morant Bay
Nain
Negril
Ocho Rios
Old Harbour
Old Harbour Bay
Oracabessa
Osbourne Store
Petersfield
Point Hill
Port Antonio
Port Maria
Porus
Race Course
Richmond
Rio Bueno
Riversdale
Rocky Point
Runaway Bay
Saint Ann's Bay
Sandy Bay
Santa Cruz
Savanna-la-Mar
Seaford Town
Seaforth
Siloah
Spanish Town
Southfield
Stonehenge
Trinity Ville
Ulster Spring
Wakefield
White House
Williamsfield
Yallahs
Villages
Accompong
Aeolus Valley
Airy Castle
Barking Lodge
Big Woods
Bog
Boscobel
Broughton
Bull Bay
Carmel
Cattawood Springs
Clarendon Park
Claverty Cottage
Cotterwood
Duckenfield
Haddersfield
Hagley Gap
Hodges
Hopeton
Hopewell Hall
Hopewell, Clarendon
Hopewell, Manchester
Hopewell, Saint Andrew
Hopewell, Saint Ann
Hopewell, Saint Elizabeth
Hopewell, Westmoreland
Kendal
Long Wood
Mavis Bank
Middle Quarters
Montpelier
Nanny Town
New Holland
New Market
New Roads
Newcastle
Nine Mile
Old Pera
Paynes Town
Port Esquivel
Port Morant
Revival
Roxborough
San San
Sherwood Content
Sligoville
White Hall
Wood Hall
NeighbourhoodsKingstonandSt Andrew
Allman Town
Arcadia
Barbican
Beverly Hills
Bournemouth Gardens
Camperdown
Cassava Piece
Cherry Gardens
Cockburn Gardens
Constant Spring
Cooreville Gardens
Cross Roads
Delacree Park
Denham Town
Duhaney Park
Eastwood Park
Elleston Flats
Fletchers Land
Forest Hills Garden
Four Mile
Grants Pen
Greenwich Town
Half Way Tree
Hannah Town
Harbour View
Havendale
Hope Pastures
Hope Tavern
Hughenden
Jack's Hill
Jones Town
Kingston Gardens
Kintyre
Liguanea
Manley Meadows
Mannings Hill
Maxfield
Meadowbrook
Meadowbrook Estate
Molynes Gardens
Mona
Mona Heights
Mountain View Gardens
Nannyville Gardens
New Haven
New Kingston
Newport West
Newton Square
Norbrook
Norman Gardens
Oaklands
Olympic Gardens
Papine
Passmore Town
Patrick City
Pembroke Hall
Perkins Estate
Port Royal
Queensborough
Queensbury
Rae Town
Red Hills
Richmond Park
Rockfort / Rennock Lodge
Rollington Town
Seaview Gardens
Shooters Hill
Six Miles
South Side
St Mary
Stony Hill
Three Mile
Three Oaks Gardens
Tivoli Gardens
Trench Town
Vineyard Town
Washington Gardens
Whitfield Town
Wilton Gardens
Woodford Park
Ziadie Gardens
Jamaica portal
Geography portal
This Jamaican location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to the African diaspora is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portland Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Parish,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"Maroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon_(people)"},{"link_name":"Twi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Place in Portland, JamaicaCattawood Springs is a place in Portland Parish, Jamaica located at latitude 18 04' 00\", longitude 76 26' 00\".Originally this was a Maroon settlement. Its name probably derives from the Twi word katá which means to cover conceal or protect.[1]","title":"Cattawood Springs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Nanny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Nanny"},{"link_name":"Jamaican Maroons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons"},{"link_name":"First Maroon War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Maroon_War"},{"link_name":"Nanny Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanny_Town"},{"link_name":"Cudjoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudjoe"},{"link_name":"Edward Trelawny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Trelawny_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Moore Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_Town"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cudjoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudjoe"},{"link_name":"Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudjoe%27s_Town_(Trelawny_Town)"},{"link_name":"Cotterwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotterwood"},{"link_name":"Saint Elizabeth Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Elizabeth_Parish,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Cattawood Springs was a place of refuge for Queen Nanny and the Jamaican Maroons during the First Maroon War, especially when the militias captured Nanny Town. However, under Nanny's leadership, the Windward Maroons mounted attacks from Cotterwood, and recaptured Nanny Town on more than one occasion. The Windward Maroons made overtures to join forces with Cudjoe towards the end of the 1730s. After the Windward Maroons signed a peace treaty with governor Edward Trelawny in 1740, Queen Nanny's Maroons abandoned Nanny Town, and resettled in New Nanny Town, which was eventually renamed Moore Town.[2]Some of the original inhabitants left Cattawood in 1730 to join up with Cudjoe in Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town). According to one story, a group of one hundred men women and children went to join Cudjoe, and they were probably members of the group led by Captain Cuffee, who was one of Cudjoe's deputies at the signing of the 1739 peace treaty with the Leeward Maroons. They retained their name subsequently settling in Cotterwood in Saint Elizabeth Parish.[3][4]","title":"History"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Siva, Michael (2018). After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 (PDF) (PhD). Southampton: Southampton University.","urls":[{"url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/423482/1/LIBRARY_COPY_After_The_Treaties_Final.pdf","url_text":"After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cattawood_Springs¶ms=18.0667_N_76.4333_W_type:city_region:JM","external_links_name":"18°04′00″N 76°26′00″W / 18.0667°N 76.4333°W / 18.0667; -76.4333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cattawood_Springs¶ms=18.0667_N_76.4333_W_type:city_region:JM","external_links_name":"18°04′00″N 76°26′00″W / 18.0667°N 76.4333°W / 18.0667; -76.4333"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_lmFzFgsTZYC&pg=RA1-PA124","external_links_name":"A Dictionary of Jamaican English"},{"Link":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/423482/1/LIBRARY_COPY_After_The_Treaties_Final.pdf","external_links_name":"After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cattawood_Springs&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cattawood_Springs&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Superliga_1995-96
|
1995–96 Danish Superliga
|
["1 Table","2 Results","3 Top goal scorers","4 See also","5 External links"]
|
6th season of Danish Superliga
Football league seasonDanish SuperligaSeason1995–96Dates30 July 1995 – 27 May 1996ChampionsBrøndby IFRelegatedIkast FCNæstved BoldklubUEFA Champions LeagueBrøndby IFUEFA Cup Winners' CupAarhus GFUEFA CupOdense BoldklubLyngby BoldklubUEFA Intertoto CupAalborg BKSilkeborg IFFC KøbenhavnMatches played363Goals scored579 (1.6 per match)← 1994–95 1996–97 →
The 1995–96 Danish Superliga season was the 6th season of the Danish Superliga league championship, governed by the Danish Football Association.
The Danish champions qualified for the UEFA Champions League 1996-97 qualification, while the second and third placed teams qualified for the qualification round of the UEFA Cup 1996-97. The fourth, fifth and sixth placed teams qualified for the UEFA Intertoto Cup 1996, while the two lowest placed teams of the tournament was directly relegated to the Danish 1st Division. Likewise, the Danish 1st Division champions and runners-up were promoted to the Superliga. However, the 1st, the 3rd, the 4th, and the 6th played the UEFA Cup after the preliminary rounds.
Table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification or relegation
1
Brøndby IF (C)
33
20
7
6
71
32
+39
67
Qualification to Champions League qualifying round
2
Aarhus GF
33
18
12
3
61
28
+33
66
Qualification to Cup Winners' Cup first round
3
Odense BK
33
17
9
7
57
33
+24
60
Qualification to UEFA Cup qualifying round
4
Lyngby FC
33
14
11
8
61
35
+26
53
5
Aalborg BK
33
15
6
12
57
38
+19
51
Qualification to Intertoto Cup group stage
6
Silkeborg IF
33
14
7
12
44
42
+2
49
7
FC København
33
13
9
11
48
49
−1
48
8
Viborg FF
33
9
11
13
48
67
−19
38
9
Vejle BK
33
8
9
16
34
50
−16
33
10
Herfølge BK
33
6
9
18
41
62
−21
27
11
Ikast FS (R)
33
5
10
18
28
63
−35
25
Relegation to Danish 1st Division
12
Næstved IF (R)
33
5
8
20
29
80
−51
23
Source: Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) Relegated
Results
Home \ Away
AGF
BIF
FCK
HBK
IFS
LYN
NÆV
OB
SIF
VEJ
VFF
AAB
AGF
BIF
FCK
HBK
IFS
LYN
NÆV
OB
SIF
VEJ
VFF
AAB
AGF
3–1
2–0
3–0
3–0
2–1
3–0
2–2
0–0
0–0
1–1
1–0
3–3
2–1
1–1
1–1
3–1
1–1
Brøndby IF
1–2
1–4
3–2
1–0
2–2
6–1
1–1
4–1
4–0
4–0
1–0
2–0
1–2
1–1
6–0
1–1
2–0
F.C. Copenhagen
1–3
0–3
0–0
1–1
2–2
3–1
2–1
1–0
1–2
4–1
2–1
0–4
2–1
1–1
1–0
2–0
Herfølge BK
1–5
0–1
0–3
1–0
2–2
2–0
1–2
5–2
2–4
3–3
1–1
0–0
4–1
1–1
1–1
2–2
Ikast FS
2–2
1–2
4–2
1–0
0–4
1–2
1–3
1–0
2–1
1–1
0–3
1–1
0–5
1–2
0–0
1–1
Lyngby FC
0–1
1–3
2–2
2–0
3–2
1–1
0–2
1–2
3–0
4–0
0–0
0–2
4–0
2–0
0–1
2–3
1–1
Næstved IF
2–4
0–1
2–2
3–2
1–1
1–4
0–4
1–0
0–0
6–2
1–1
0–1
0–4
0–2
1–1
1–0
OB
1–0
0–3
0–0
0–2
2–0
2–2
5–0
1–0
1–0
3–1
1–1
2–0
2–1
5–1
2–0
3–1
5–1
Silkeborg IF
0–3
2–0
3–1
1–0
1–1
1–1
5–0
2–1
1–2
0–2
2–1
2–1
1–0
1–1
1–1
3–1
Vejle BK
0–0
1–3
0–1
2–1
1–1
0–3
2–0
1–1
1–1
3–3
1–3
0–1
1–2
5–0
2–0
0–1
Viborg FF
1–1
2–2
2–2
2–1
3–1
0–2
4–0
2–1
0–3
0–2
4–0
0–0
0–2
6–2
2–1
0–2
AaB
2–4
0–3
1–0
4–0
3–0
0–1
4–0
3–0
4–1
1–0
8–1
2–1
4–0
1–1
2–0
0–1
2–0
Source: Danskfodbold.com
Top goal scorers
Rank
Player
Club
Goals
1
Thomas Thorninger
Aarhus GF
20
2
Per Pedersen
Odense BK
16
Steffen Højer
Viborg FF
4
Peter Møller
Brøndby IF
15
5
Erik Bo Andersen
Aalborg BK
13
6
Ebbe Sand
Brøndby IF
12
7
Henrik Larsen
Lyngby FC
11
Søren Frederiksen
Viborg FF
9
David Nielsen
Lyngby FC
10
Miklos Molnar
Herfølge BK
Håvard Flo
Aarhus GF
See also
1995-96 in Danish football
External links
(in Danish) Peders Fodboldstatistik
vteDanish Superliga seasons1st Division
War Tournament
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Superligaen
1991
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
Danish football champions
Clubs
All players
Foreign players
vte1995–96 in Danish football « 1994–95 1996–97 » Domestic leagues
Superliga
1st Division
2nd Divisions
autumn 1995
spring 1996
Domestic cups
Danish Cup
Final
Danish Supercup
European competitions
Champions League
Cup Winners' Cup
UEFA Cup
Intertoto Cup
Related to the national team
UEFA Euro 1996
Qualifying Group 2
Group D
vte1995–96 in European football (UEFA)Domestic leagues
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus '95 '96
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Herzeg-Bosnia, Republika Srpska)
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
England
Estonia
Faroe Islands '95 '96
Finland '95 '96
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '95 '96
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan '95 '96
Latvia '95 '96
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '95 '96
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Russia '95 '96
San Marino
Scotland
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden '95 '96
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
FR Yugoslavia
Domestic cups
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
England
Estonia
Faroe Islands '95 '96
Finland '95 '96
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '95 '96
Israel
Italy
Latvia '95 '96
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '95 '96
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Scotland
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
FR Yugoslavia
League cups
England
Finland '95 '96
France
Iceland
Israel
Northern Ireland
Republic of Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Supercups
England
Germany
UEFA competitions
Champions League (Qualifying, group stage, knockout stage, Final)
Cup Winners' Cup (Final)
UEFA Cup (Final)
Intertoto Cup
Super Cup
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish Superliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Superliga"},{"link_name":"Danish Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League 1996-97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League_1996-97"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup 1996-97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup_1996-97"},{"link_name":"UEFA Intertoto Cup 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Intertoto_Cup_1996"},{"link_name":"Danish 1st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_1st_Division"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup"}],"text":"Football league seasonThe 1995–96 Danish Superliga season was the 6th season of the Danish Superliga league championship, governed by the Danish Football Association.The Danish champions qualified for the UEFA Champions League 1996-97 qualification, while the second and third placed teams qualified for the qualification round of the UEFA Cup 1996-97. The fourth, fifth and sixth placed teams qualified for the UEFA Intertoto Cup 1996, while the two lowest placed teams of the tournament was directly relegated to the Danish 1st Division. Likewise, the Danish 1st Division champions and runners-up were promoted to the Superliga. However, the 1st, the 3rd, the 4th, and the 6th played the UEFA Cup after the preliminary rounds.","title":"1995–96 Danish Superliga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Source: [citation needed]Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) Relegated","title":"Table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AGF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_Gymnastikforening"},{"link_name":"BIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8ndby_IF"},{"link_name":"FCK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"HBK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herf%C3%B8lge_BK"},{"link_name":"IFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikast_FS"},{"link_name":"LYN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngby_BK"},{"link_name":"NÆV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6stved_IF"},{"link_name":"OB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odense_Boldklub"},{"link_name":"SIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkeborg_IF"},{"link_name":"VEJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejle_BK"},{"link_name":"VFF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viborg_FF"},{"link_name":"AAB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AaB_Fodbold"},{"link_name":"AGF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_Gymnastikforening"},{"link_name":"BIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8ndby_IF"},{"link_name":"FCK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"HBK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herf%C3%B8lge_BK"},{"link_name":"IFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikast_FS"},{"link_name":"LYN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngby_BK"},{"link_name":"NÆV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6stved_IF"},{"link_name":"OB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odense_Boldklub"},{"link_name":"SIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkeborg_IF"},{"link_name":"VEJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejle_BK"},{"link_name":"VFF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viborg_FF"},{"link_name":"AAB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AaB_Fodbold"},{"link_name":"AGF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_Gymnastikforening"},{"link_name":"Brøndby IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8ndby_IF"},{"link_name":"F.C. Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Herfølge BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herf%C3%B8lge_BK"},{"link_name":"Ikast FS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikast_FS"},{"link_name":"Lyngby FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngby_BK"},{"link_name":"Næstved IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6stved_IF"},{"link_name":"OB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odense_Boldklub"},{"link_name":"Silkeborg IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkeborg_IF"},{"link_name":"Vejle BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejle_BK"},{"link_name":"Viborg FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viborg_FF"},{"link_name":"AaB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AaB_Fodbold"},{"link_name":"Danskfodbold.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.danskfodbold.com/kampe.php?ligaid=2001&seasonid=1996&prioritet=0"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nAGF\n\nBIF\n\nFCK\n\nHBK\n\nIFS\n\nLYN\n\nNÆV\n\nOB\n\nSIF\n\nVEJ\n\nVFF\n\nAAB\n\nAGF\n\nBIF\n\nFCK\n\nHBK\n\nIFS\n\nLYN\n\nNÆV\n\nOB\n\nSIF\n\nVEJ\n\nVFF\n\nAAB\n\n\nAGF\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n3–3\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBrøndby IF\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n1–4\n\n3–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n6–1\n\n1–1\n\n4–1\n\n4–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n6–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n\nF.C. Copenhagen\n\n1–3\n\n0–3\n\n\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n4–1\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n0–4\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n\nHerfølge BK\n\n1–5\n\n0–1\n\n0–3\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n5–2\n\n2–4\n\n3–3\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n0–0\n\n\n\n\n\n4–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n\n\n\nIkast FS\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n4–2\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n0–4\n\n1–2\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–3\n\n\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n\n\n0–5\n\n\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nLyngby FC\n\n0–1\n\n1–3\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–2\n\n3–0\n\n4–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n\n\n4–0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNæstved IF\n\n2–4\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–4\n\n\n\n0–4\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n6–2\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n0–4\n\n0–2\n\n\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOB\n\n1–0\n\n0–3\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n5–0\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n5–1\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n5–1\n\n\nSilkeborg IF\n\n0–3\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n5–0\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVejle BK\n\n0–0\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–3\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n3–3\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n5–0\n\n\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n\nViborg FF\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n4–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–3\n\n0–2\n\n\n\n4–0\n\n0–0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0–2\n\n6–2\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n\n\n0–2\n\n\nAaB\n\n2–4\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n4–0\n\n3–0\n\n4–1\n\n1–0\n\n8–1\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n\n\n4–0\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: Danskfodbold.com","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Top goal scorers"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"1995-96 in Danish football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1995-96_in_Danish_football&action=edit&redlink=1"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.danskfodbold.com/kampe.php?ligaid=2001&seasonid=1996&prioritet=0","external_links_name":"Danskfodbold.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060505052245/http://home6.inet.tele.dk/pin/Danmarksturneringen/1995-96.htm","external_links_name":"Peders Fodboldstatistik"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyd-Rautha_Harkonnen
|
Feyd-Rautha
|
["1 Description","2 Appearances","2.1 Dune","2.2 Prelude to Dune","2.3 Sandworms of Dune","3 In adaptations","4 Merchandising","5 References"]
|
Dune character
Fictional character
Feyd-Rautha HarkonnenDune characterFeyd-Rautha Harkonnen as portrayed by Sting in the 1984 film DuneFirst appearanceDune (1963–65)Last appearanceDune: Part Two (2024)Created byFrank HerbertPortrayed by
Sting (1984 film)
Matt Keeslar (2000 series)
Austin Butler (2024 film)
In-universe informationTitlena-BaronAffiliationHouse HarkonnenChildrenPrequels:Marie FenringRelatives
Abulurd Harkonnen II (father)
Emmi Rabban (mother)
Glossu Rabban (brother)
Baron Vladimir Harkonnen (uncle)
Matt Keeslar plays Feyd in the 2000 Dune miniseries.
Austin Butler portrays Feyd-Rautha in the 2024 film Dune: Part Two.
Feyd-Rautha Harkonnen is a fictional character in the 1965 science fiction novel Dune by Frank Herbert. He is the younger nephew and heir of the Baron Vladimir Harkonnen, and is depicted as being cruel, treacherous and cunning, though not as much so as his uncle.
Feyd is portrayed by Sting in the 1984 film Dune, by Matt Keeslar in the 2000 miniseries Frank Herbert's Dune, and by Austin Butler in the 2024 film Dune: Part Two.
Description
Sixteen-year-old Feyd, the younger nephew and heir of Baron Harkonnen, is described as dark haired, and "round of face and with sullen eyes". He is lean and muscular in contrast to his morbidly obese uncle, and is a deadly fighter. The Baron also notes that the "full and pouting look" of Feyd's lips is "the Harkonnen genetic marker". Feyd and his elder brother Glossu Rabban are the legal sons of Baron Harkonnen's youngest half-brother, Abulurd Rabban, who had "renounced the Harkonnen name and all rights to the title when given the subdistrict governorship of Rabban-Lankiveil".
The character Feyd serves as a narrative foil to Paul Atreides, son of the Baron's enemy, Duke Leto Atreides. Ari Szporn of Comic Book Resources wrote, "Both are charismatic, cunning young noblemen who have received the greatest education and combat training. But where Paul displays compassion and loyalty, Feyd cares only for himself and the acquisition of power."
Appearances
Dune
As Dune begins, Feyd-Rautha figures heavily in the Baron's plans to gain power for House Harkonnen. The Baron favors the handsome and charismatic Feyd over Feyd's older brother Glossu Rabban ("The Beast") because of Feyd's intelligence and his dedication to the Harkonnen culture of carefully planned and subtly executed sadism and cruelty, as opposed to Rabban's outright brutality.
The Baron could see the path ahead of him. One day, a Harkonnen would be Emperor. Not himself, and no spawn of his loins. But a Harkonnen. Not this Rabban he'd summoned, of course. But Rabban's younger brother, young Feyd-Rautha. There was a sharpness to the boy that the Baron enjoyed ... a ferocity ... A year or two more — say, by the time he's seventeen, I'll know for certain whether he's the tool that House Harkonnen requires to gain the throne.
Feyd is, for a while, the Baron's heir, or na-Baron. To assure Feyd's power, the Baron intends to install him as ruler of Arrakis after a period of tyrannical misrule by Rabban, making Feyd appear to be the savior of the people.
Feyd, like Paul Atreides, is also the product of a centuries-long breeding program organized by the Bene Gesserit, who planned their own alliance by joining a Harkonnen son to an Atreides daughter with the expectation that their offspring would have a high probability of being their hoped-for Kwisatz Haderach. For this reason, Lady Jessica's decision to defy the Sisterhood and to produce an Atreides son, Paul, threw the Bene Gesserit's plans into turmoil and established an irreconcilable tension between Feyd and Paul as the scions of their bitterly opposed noble houses. The risk of one or both of these young men being killed, destroying thousands of years of genetic engineering, is so great that the Bene Gesserit send an envoy, Margot Fenring, to seduce Feyd and conceive a child, salvaging his genetic material.
Margot also intends to "plant deep in his deepest self the necessary prana-bindu phrases to bend him," which she later refers to as the "hypno-ligation of that Feyd-Rautha's psyche." Presumably he is thus "prepared" and made vulnerable to a command which will cause complete muscle paralysis, a technique the Bene Gesserit sometimes use on individuals who are considered highly dangerous. It is also later noted by the Reverend Mother Mohiam that Feyd's encounter with Lady Fenring produced a daughter.
Feyd's ambition and impatience to inherit the Baron's title and power spur him to attempt his uncle's assassination. The attempt fails, prompting the Baron to reveal to his nephew the lofty plans he has for him, possibly to even have him ascend the throne as Emperor. The Baron explains that the elevation of House Harkonnen means more to him than power in his own lifetime, so if Feyd promises to forego any further assassination attempts, he will voluntarily step down and let his nephew succeed him—after his plot against the Emperor has succeeded. Feyd agrees, but as punishment for his assassination attempt, the Baron forces Feyd to single-handedly slaughter all the female slaves who serve as his lovers so that Feyd will learn the price of failure.
As Paul makes his final bid to usurp the Padishah Emperor's power, he is challenged by Feyd, the current Harkonnen leader after the deaths of the Baron and Rabban. Though famed for his prowess in single combat, Feyd intends to guarantee victory by breaking the formal rules of kanly (which govern this type of challenge) and using a hidden poison spur in his fighting outfit. He nearly succeeds in killing Paul in the ritualized fight, as Paul struggles with whether to try the paralysis word-sound given to him by his mother, and owe the Bene Gesserit his victory, or to risk his life against Feyd in a "fair" fight. Paul manages to defeat Feyd without the command, killing him, and goes on to accede to the throne of the Emperor.
Prelude to Dune
In the Prelude to Dune prequel trilogy by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson, it is established that Feyd had been born on the Harkonnen planet Lankiveil as the second son of Vladimir's younger half-brother Abulurd Harkonnen and his wife Emmi. The Bene Gesserit, desiring a son by Abulurd for their breeding program but finding Glossu unacceptable, secretly administer fertility drugs to an aging Emmi, who soon conceives Feyd.
Named after his maternal grandfather, Rautha Rabban, who had been murdered by Glossu, Feyd becomes honorable Abulurd's hope for a son who would not have to inherit the dishonor of the name Harkonnen, and a worthy heir in comparison to his older, murderous son, Glossu. The Baron decides to take the infant Feyd from his father to raise on the Harkonnen homeworld Giedi Prime as another possible heir for himself, and as punishment for Abulurd's attempts to sever all his ties to House Harkonnen. In time, the Baron comes to favor Feyd over Glossu.
Sandworms of Dune
In Sandworms of Dune (2007), the second of Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson's two-part finale to the original Dune series, a ghola of Paul Atreides is created over 5,000 years after the original's death. Once his memories are restored, Paul recalls that after his ascension to the Imperial throne (between the novels Dune and 1969's Dune Messiah) he "had not been able to escape political struggles, assassination attempts, the exiled Emperor Shaddam's bid for power and the pretender daughter of Feyd-Rautha and Lady Fenring ..."
In adaptations
Director Alejandro Jodorowsky intended Mick Jagger to play Feyd in his planned 1970s film adaptation of Dune, which was never made.
Feyd is portrayed by Sting in the 1984 David Lynch film Dune, Brigid Brown of BBC America called Sting a "scene-stealer" in the film.
Matt Keeslar played the character in the 2000 miniseries Frank Herbert's Dune. Emmet Asher-Perrin of Tor.com called his portrayal "the strangest casting choice you've ever seen," adding that "it's also hard not to love the strangeness of it."
Feyd does not appear in the 2021 film Dune, which covers the first part of the book, but director Denis Villeneuve subsequently confirmed that the character would appear in the 2024 sequel film Dune: Part Two. Austin Butler entered negotiations to join the cast as Feyd in March 2022, and his casting was confirmed in May 2022. Butler has been praised for the role, and Brooks Vernon of Screen Rant wrote, "The performance was memorably psychotic, and there is a high level of physicality and charisma in it that helps Austin Butler play well onscreen against Timothée Chalamet ."
Merchandising
A line of Dune action figures from toy company LJN was released to lackluster sales in 1984. Styled after David Lynch's film, the collection featured a figure of Feyd as well as other characters. In October 2019, Funko announced a "Dune Classic" line of POP! vinyl figures, one of which was Feyd in a blue jumpsuit, styled after Lynch's film. An alternate version of Feyd in his blue loincloth was released for the 2019 New York Comic Con.
Feyd, based on his appearance in Dune: Part Two, appears alongside Paul Atreides as a playable character in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III and Call of Duty: Warzone 2.0.
References
^ a b c d e f g h Herbert, Frank (1965). Dune.
^ Szporn, Ari (October 15, 2020). "Dune: Seriously, Where Is Feyd-Rautha?". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
^ Herbert (2003). Dune. Macmillan. ISBN 9780765301581. If both died here that would leave only Feyd-Rautha's bastard daughter, still a baby, an unknown, an unmeasured factor...
^ a b Herbert, Brian; Kevin J. Anderson (1999–2001). Prelude to Dune.
^ Herbert, Brian; Kevin J. Anderson (2007). Sandworms of Dune. Tor Books. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-7653-1293-8.
^ Jodorowsky, Alejandro (1985). "Dune: Le Film Que Voue Ne Verrez Jamais" . Métal Hurlant. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2014 – via DuneInfo.com.
^ a b Britt, Ryan (October 7, 2021). "Why Dune's most iconic villain isn't in Denis Villeneuve's movie". Inverse. Archived from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
^ Maslin, Janet (December 14, 1984). "Movie Review: Dune (1984)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
^ a b Bentz, Adam (June 17, 2022). "Dune 2's Feyd Actor Talks Working with Denis Villeneuve on Sci-Fi Sequel". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on June 20, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
^ Brown, Brigid (January 2019). "Casting News: The Dune Remake Finds Its Villain with Stellan Skarsgård". BBC America. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
^ Dagan, Carmel (November 29, 2000). "Frank Herbert's Dune". Variety. Archived from the original on November 3, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
^ Asher-Perrin, Emmet (May 9, 2017). "Syfy's Dune Miniseries is the Most Okay Adaptation of the Book to Date". Tor.com. Archived from the original on February 23, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
^ Perry, Spencer (October 26, 2021). "Dune Part Two Confirmation Has Fans Speculating on Feyd Casting". Comicbook.com. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
^ Kain, Erik (October 23, 2021). "Dune Review: A Space Opera Masterpiece With One Big Problem". Forbes. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
^ Travis, Ben (November 16, 2021). "Dune Spoiler Interview: Denis Villeneuve on the Ending, Paul's Dreams, and What's Coming in Part Two". Empire. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
^ Kroll, Justin (March 3, 2022). "Dune: Part Two: Austin Butler Eyed to Play Feyd-Rautha in Upcoming Sequel". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 11, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
^ Kit, Borys (May 12, 2022). "Christopher Walken Joins Timothee Chalamet, Zendaya in Dune: Part Two". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
^ Barnes, Brooks (May 25, 2022). "He's Playing Elvis Presley. But Who Is Austin Butler?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
^ Vernon, Brooks (April 11, 2024). "Austin Butler's Dune Role Continues a Weird Feyd-Rautha Casting Trend That Began in the 70s". Screen Rant. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
^ Daniels, James (January 12, 2014). "Toys We Miss: The Long Forgotten Figures From Frank Herbert's Dune". Nerd Bastards. Archived from the original on January 29, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
^ "Toys". Collectors of Dune. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
^ Murphy, Tyler (October 20, 2019). "Funko Adds Dune to its Pop! Line-up". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
^ Little, Jesse (October 18, 2019). "Coming Soon: Pop! Movies—Dune Classic!". Funko. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
^ Little, Jesse (September 4, 2019). "2019 NYCC Exclusive Reveals: Dune!". Funko. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
^ "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 Adding Dune 2's Timothee Chalamet Skin". ComicBook.com. November 30, 2023. Archived from the original on December 1, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
vteFrank Herbert's Dune
Brian Herbert
Kevin J. Anderson
Frank Herbert
Dune (1965)
Dune Messiah (1969)
Children of Dune (1976)
God Emperor of Dune (1981)
Heretics of Dune (1984)
Chapterhouse: Dune (1985)
"The Road to Dune" (1985)
Brian HerbertKevin J. AndersonSequels
Hunters of Dune (2006)
Sandworms of Dune (2007)
PrequelsPrelude
House Atreides (1999)
House Harkonnen (2000)
House Corrino (2001)
Legends
The Butlerian Jihad (2002)
The Machine Crusade (2003)
The Battle of Corrin (2004)
Heroes
Paul of Dune (2008)
The Winds of Dune (2009)
Princess of Dune (2023)
Great Schools
Sisterhood of Dune (2012)
Mentats of Dune (2014)
Navigators of Dune (2016)
Caladan
The Duke of Caladan (2020)
The Lady of Caladan (2021)
The Heir of Caladan (2022)
Films
Dune (1984)
soundtrack
Dune (2021)
soundtracks
accolades
Part Two (2024)
soundtrack
Television
Frank Herbert's Dune (2000)
Frank Herbert's Children of Dune (2003)
Prophecy (2024)
Games
Dune
Dune II
Dune 2000
Emperor: Battle for Dune
Frank Herbert's Dune
Spice Wars
Imperium
Board game
Card game
Role-playing game
Other
The Dune Encyclopedia (1984)
National Lampoon's Doon (1984)
Short stories (1985–2022)
Songs of Muad'Dib (1992)
Dreamer of Dune (2003)
The Road to Dune (2005)
The Science of Dune (2007)
Jodorowsky's Dune (2013)
Head-Space (2016)
Lego Dune (2024–present)
UniverseOrganizations
Bene Gesserit
Bene Tleilax
Face Dancers
Fremen
Honored Matres
Mentats
Sardaukar
Spacing Guild
Characters
Alia Atreides
Leto II Atreides
Paul Atreides
Chani
Count Fenring
Margot Fenring
Feyd-Rautha
Gurney Halleck
Vladimir Harkonnen
Duncan Idaho
Princess Irulan
Lady Jessica
Gaius Helen Mohiam
Elements
Arrakis
Butlerian Jihad
Spice
Sandworm
Technology
Glossary
Category
vteStingStudio albums
The Dream of the Blue Turtles
...Nothing Like the Sun
The Soul Cages
Ten Summoner's Tales
Mercury Falling
Brand New Day
Sacred Love
Songs from the Labyrinth
If on a Winter's Night...
Symphonicities
The Last Ship
57th & 9th
44/876
My Songs
The Bridge
Live albums
Bring On the Night
Acoustic Live in Newcastle
...All This Time
The Journey and the Labyrinth
Live in Berlin
Compilations
Fields of Gold: The Best of Sting 1984–1994
The Very Best of Sting & The Police
The Best of 25 Years
Duets
Extended plays
Nada como el sol
Demolition Man
Still Be Love in the World
Singles
"If You Love Somebody Set Them Free"
"Love Is the Seventh Wave"
"Fortress Around Your Heart"
"Russians"
"We Work the Black Seam"
"We'll Be Together"
"Be Still My Beating Heart"
"Englishman in New York"
"Fragile"
"They Dance Alone (Cueca Solo)"
"All This Time"
"Mad About You"
"It's Probably Me"
"If I Ever Lose My Faith in You"
"Seven Days"
"Fields of Gold"
"Shape of My Heart"
"All for Love"
"Nothing 'Bout Me"
"When We Dance"
"This Cowboy Song"
"Let Your Soul Be Your Pilot"
"You Still Touch Me"
"I Was Brought to My Senses"
"I'm So Happy I Can't Stop Crying"
"Brand New Day"
"Desert Rose"
"Stolen Car (Take Me Dancing)"
"Whenever I Say Your Name"
"I Can't Stop Thinking About You"
"The Empty Chair"
Guest singles
"Money for Nothing"
"Take Me Home"
"On Silent Wings"
"Rise & Fall"
"Always on Your Side"
"Stolen Car"
"Reste"
Tours
Symphonicity Tour
Back to Bass Tour
On Stage Together Tour
Summer 2015 Tour
Summer 2016 Tour
57th & 9th Tour
My Songs Tour
Theatre
The Threepenny Opera
The Last Ship (musical)
Related articles
Discography
The Police
Last Exit
Bring On the Night (film)
The Living Sea: Soundtrack from the IMAX Film
Dolphins
"Until..."
Dendropsophus stingi
Feyd-Rautha
Super Bowl XXXVII halftime show
Family
Frances Tomelty (ex-wife)
Trudie Styler (wife)
Joe Sumner (son)
Mickey Sumner (daughter)
Eliot Sumner (son)
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matt_Keeslar_at_Comic-Con.jpg"},{"link_name":"Matt Keeslar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Keeslar"},{"link_name":"Dune miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Herbert%27s_Dune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baz_Luhrmann,_Eva_Rinaldi_(2),_Olivia_Dejonge,_Austin_Butler,Tom_Hanks_(52123990193)_(cropped)2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Austin Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Butler"},{"link_name":"Dune: Part Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune:_Part_Two"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Frank Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Herbert"},{"link_name":"Baron Vladimir Harkonnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Harkonnen"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"Matt Keeslar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Keeslar"},{"link_name":"miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseries"},{"link_name":"Frank Herbert's Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Herbert%27s_Dune"},{"link_name":"Austin Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Butler"},{"link_name":"Dune: Part Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune:_Part_Two"}],"text":"Fictional characterMatt Keeslar plays Feyd in the 2000 Dune miniseries.Austin Butler portrays Feyd-Rautha in the 2024 film Dune: Part Two.Feyd-Rautha Harkonnen is a fictional character in the 1965 science fiction novel Dune by Frank Herbert. He is the younger nephew and heir of the Baron Vladimir Harkonnen, and is depicted as being cruel, treacherous and cunning, though not as much so as his uncle.Feyd is portrayed by Sting in the 1984 film Dune, by Matt Keeslar in the 2000 miniseries Frank Herbert's Dune, and by Austin Butler in the 2024 film Dune: Part Two.","title":"Feyd-Rautha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"obese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obese"},{"link_name":"Harkonnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Harkonnen"},{"link_name":"Glossu Rabban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossu_Rabban"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dune-1"},{"link_name":"narrative foil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foil_(narrative)"},{"link_name":"Paul Atreides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Atreides"},{"link_name":"Duke Leto Atreides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leto_I_Atreides"},{"link_name":"Comic Book Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sixteen-year-old Feyd, the younger nephew and heir of Baron Harkonnen, is described as dark haired, and \"round of face and with sullen eyes\". He is lean and muscular in contrast to his morbidly obese uncle, and is a deadly fighter. The Baron also notes that the \"full and pouting look\" of Feyd's lips is \"the Harkonnen genetic marker\". Feyd and his elder brother Glossu Rabban are the legal sons of Baron Harkonnen's youngest half-brother, Abulurd Rabban, who had \"renounced the Harkonnen name and all rights to the title when given the subdistrict governorship of Rabban-Lankiveil\".[1]The character Feyd serves as a narrative foil to Paul Atreides, son of the Baron's enemy, Duke Leto Atreides. Ari Szporn of Comic Book Resources wrote, \"Both [Paul and Feyd] are charismatic, cunning young noblemen who have received the greatest education and combat training. But where Paul displays compassion and loyalty, Feyd cares only for himself and the acquisition of power.\"[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glossu Rabban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossu_Rabban"},{"link_name":"sadism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadistic_personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dune-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dune-1"},{"link_name":"Arrakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrakis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dune-1"},{"link_name":"breeding program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeding_program_(Dune)"},{"link_name":"Bene Gesserit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bene_Gesserit"},{"link_name":"Atreides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Atreides"},{"link_name":"Kwisatz Haderach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwisatz_Haderach"},{"link_name":"Lady Jessica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Jessica"},{"link_name":"Margot Fenring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Fenring"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dune-1"},{"link_name":"prana-bindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prana-bindu"},{"link_name":"ligation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/ligation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dune-1"},{"link_name":"Mohiam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Helen_Mohiam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dune-1"},{"link_name":"Padishah Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padishah_Emperor"},{"link_name":"kanly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dune-1"}],"sub_title":"Dune","text":"As Dune begins, Feyd-Rautha figures heavily in the Baron's plans to gain power for House Harkonnen. The Baron favors the handsome and charismatic Feyd over Feyd's older brother Glossu Rabban (\"The Beast\") because of Feyd's intelligence and his dedication to the Harkonnen culture of carefully planned and subtly executed sadism and cruelty, as opposed to Rabban's outright brutality.[1]The Baron could see the path ahead of him. One day, a Harkonnen would be Emperor. Not himself, and no spawn of his loins. But a Harkonnen. Not this Rabban he'd summoned, of course. But Rabban's younger brother, young Feyd-Rautha. There was a sharpness to the boy that the Baron enjoyed ... a ferocity ... A year or two more — say, by the time he's seventeen, I'll know for certain whether he's the tool that House Harkonnen requires to gain the throne.[1]Feyd is, for a while, the Baron's heir, or na-Baron. To assure Feyd's power, the Baron intends to install him as ruler of Arrakis after a period of tyrannical misrule by Rabban, making Feyd appear to be the savior of the people.[1]Feyd, like Paul Atreides, is also the product of a centuries-long breeding program organized by the Bene Gesserit, who planned their own alliance by joining a Harkonnen son to an Atreides daughter with the expectation that their offspring would have a high probability of being their hoped-for Kwisatz Haderach. For this reason, Lady Jessica's decision to defy the Sisterhood and to produce an Atreides son, Paul, threw the Bene Gesserit's plans into turmoil and established an irreconcilable tension between Feyd and Paul as the scions of their bitterly opposed noble houses. The risk of one or both of these young men being killed, destroying thousands of years of genetic engineering, is so great that the Bene Gesserit send an envoy, Margot Fenring, to seduce Feyd and conceive a child, salvaging his genetic material.[1]Margot also intends to \"plant deep in his deepest self the necessary prana-bindu phrases to bend him,\" which she later refers to as the \"hypno-ligation of that Feyd-Rautha's psyche.\" Presumably he is thus \"prepared\" and made vulnerable to a command which will cause complete muscle paralysis, a technique the Bene Gesserit sometimes use on individuals who are considered highly dangerous.[1] It is also later noted by the Reverend Mother Mohiam that Feyd's encounter with Lady Fenring produced a daughter.[3]Feyd's ambition and impatience to inherit the Baron's title and power spur him to attempt his uncle's assassination. The attempt fails, prompting the Baron to reveal to his nephew the lofty plans he has for him, possibly to even have him ascend the throne as Emperor. The Baron explains that the elevation of House Harkonnen means more to him than power in his own lifetime, so if Feyd promises to forego any further assassination attempts, he will voluntarily step down and let his nephew succeed him—after his plot against the Emperor has succeeded. Feyd agrees, but as punishment for his assassination attempt, the Baron forces Feyd to single-handedly slaughter all the female slaves who serve as his lovers so that Feyd will learn the price of failure.[1]As Paul makes his final bid to usurp the Padishah Emperor's power, he is challenged by Feyd, the current Harkonnen leader after the deaths of the Baron and Rabban. Though famed for his prowess in single combat, Feyd intends to guarantee victory by breaking the formal rules of kanly (which govern this type of challenge) and using a hidden poison spur in his fighting outfit. He nearly succeeds in killing Paul in the ritualized fight, as Paul struggles with whether to try the paralysis word-sound given to him by his mother, and owe the Bene Gesserit his victory, or to risk his life against Feyd in a \"fair\" fight. Paul manages to defeat Feyd without the command, killing him, and goes on to accede to the throne of the Emperor.[1]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prelude to Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_to_Dune"},{"link_name":"prequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prequel"},{"link_name":"trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilogy"},{"link_name":"Brian Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Herbert"},{"link_name":"Kevin J. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_J._Anderson"},{"link_name":"Lankiveil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankiveil"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prelude-4"},{"link_name":"Giedi Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giedi_Prime"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prelude-4"}],"sub_title":"Prelude to Dune","text":"In the Prelude to Dune prequel trilogy by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson, it is established that Feyd had been born on the Harkonnen planet Lankiveil as the second son of Vladimir's younger half-brother Abulurd Harkonnen and his wife Emmi. The Bene Gesserit, desiring a son by Abulurd for their breeding program but finding Glossu unacceptable, secretly administer fertility drugs to an aging Emmi, who soon conceives Feyd.[4]Named after his maternal grandfather, Rautha Rabban, who had been murdered by Glossu, Feyd becomes honorable Abulurd's hope for a son who would not have to inherit the dishonor of the name Harkonnen, and a worthy heir in comparison to his older, murderous son, Glossu. The Baron decides to take the infant Feyd from his father to raise on the Harkonnen homeworld Giedi Prime as another possible heir for himself, and as punishment for Abulurd's attempts to sever all his ties to House Harkonnen. In time, the Baron comes to favor Feyd over Glossu.[4]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sandworms of Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandworms_of_Dune"},{"link_name":"ghola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghola"},{"link_name":"Dune Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_Messiah"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sandworms-5"}],"sub_title":"Sandworms of Dune","text":"In Sandworms of Dune (2007), the second of Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson's two-part finale to the original Dune series, a ghola of Paul Atreides is created over 5,000 years after the original's death. Once his memories are restored, Paul recalls that after his ascension to the Imperial throne (between the novels Dune and 1969's Dune Messiah) he \"had not been able to escape political struggles, assassination attempts, the exiled Emperor Shaddam's bid for power and the pretender daughter of Feyd-Rautha and Lady Fenring ...\"[5]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alejandro Jodorowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Jodorowsky"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metal_Hurlant-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inverse-7"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"David Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lynch"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_1984-12-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-9"},{"link_name":"BBC America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_America"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Matt Keeslar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Keeslar"},{"link_name":"miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseries"},{"link_name":"Frank Herbert's Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Herbert%27s_Dune"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tor.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor.com"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tor.com-12"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inverse-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Denis Villeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"Dune: Part Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune:_Part_Two"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Austin Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Butler"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walken-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Screen Rant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant"},{"link_name":"Timothée Chalamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timoth%C3%A9e_Chalamet"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Director Alejandro Jodorowsky intended Mick Jagger to play Feyd in his planned 1970s film adaptation of Dune, which was never made.[6][7]Feyd is portrayed by Sting in the 1984 David Lynch film Dune,[8][9] Brigid Brown of BBC America called Sting a \"scene-stealer\" in the film.[10]Matt Keeslar played the character in the 2000 miniseries Frank Herbert's Dune.[9][11] Emmet Asher-Perrin of Tor.com called his portrayal \"the strangest casting choice you've ever seen,\" adding that \"it's also hard not to love the strangeness of it.\"[12]Feyd does not appear in the 2021 film Dune, which covers the first part of the book,[7][13][14] but director Denis Villeneuve subsequently confirmed that the character would appear in the 2024 sequel film Dune: Part Two.[15] Austin Butler entered negotiations to join the cast as Feyd in March 2022,[16] and his casting was confirmed in May 2022.[17][18] Butler has been praised for the role, and Brooks Vernon of Screen Rant wrote, \"The performance was memorably psychotic, and there is a high level of physicality and charisma in it that helps Austin Butler play well onscreen against Timothée Chalamet [as Paul Atreides].\"[19]","title":"In adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LJN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LJN"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nerd_Bastards_toys-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collectors_toys-21"},{"link_name":"Funko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funko"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"New York Comic Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Comic_Con"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Paul Atreides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Atreides"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Modern_Warfare_III_(2023_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty: Warzone 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Warzone_2.0"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"A line of Dune action figures from toy company LJN was released to lackluster sales in 1984. Styled after David Lynch's film, the collection featured a figure of Feyd as well as other characters.[20][21] In October 2019, Funko announced a \"Dune Classic\" line of POP! vinyl figures, one of which was Feyd in a blue jumpsuit, styled after Lynch's film.[22][23] An alternate version of Feyd in his blue loincloth was released for the 2019 New York Comic Con.[24]Feyd, based on his appearance in Dune: Part Two, appears alongside Paul Atreides as a playable character in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III and Call of Duty: Warzone 2.0.[25]","title":"Merchandising"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Matt Keeslar plays Feyd in the 2000 Dune miniseries.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Matt_Keeslar_at_Comic-Con.jpg/170px-Matt_Keeslar_at_Comic-Con.jpg"},{"image_text":"Austin Butler portrays Feyd-Rautha in the 2024 film Dune: Part Two.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Baz_Luhrmann%2C_Eva_Rinaldi_%282%29%2C_Olivia_Dejonge%2C_Austin_Butler%2CTom_Hanks_%2852123990193%29_%28cropped%292.jpg/170px-Baz_Luhrmann%2C_Eva_Rinaldi_%282%29%2C_Olivia_Dejonge%2C_Austin_Butler%2CTom_Hanks_%2852123990193%29_%28cropped%292.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Herbert, Frank (1965). Dune.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Herbert","url_text":"Herbert, Frank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(novel)","url_text":"Dune"}]},{"reference":"Szporn, Ari (October 15, 2020). \"Dune: Seriously, Where Is Feyd-Rautha?\". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/dune-feyd-rautha-missing/","url_text":"\"Dune: Seriously, Where Is Feyd-Rautha?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220622180521/https://www.cbr.com/dune-feyd-rautha-missing/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Herbert (2003). Dune. Macmillan. ISBN 9780765301581. If both [Paul and Feyd] died here that would leave only Feyd-Rautha's bastard daughter, still a baby, an unknown, an unmeasured factor...","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dune00herb_4","url_text":"Dune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765301581","url_text":"9780765301581"}]},{"reference":"Herbert, Brian; Kevin J. Anderson (1999–2001). Prelude to Dune.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Herbert","url_text":"Herbert, Brian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_to_Dune","url_text":"Prelude to Dune"}]},{"reference":"Herbert, Brian; Kevin J. Anderson (2007). Sandworms of Dune. Tor Books. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-7653-1293-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandworms_of_Dune","url_text":"Sandworms of Dune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_Books","url_text":"Tor Books"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sandwormsofdune00herb/page/409","url_text":"409"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1293-8","url_text":"978-0-7653-1293-8"}]},{"reference":"Jodorowsky, Alejandro (1985). \"Dune: Le Film Que Voue Ne Verrez Jamais\" [Dune: The Film You Will Never See]. Métal Hurlant. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2014 – via DuneInfo.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110429101454/http://www.duneinfo.com/unseen/jodorowsky.asp","url_text":"\"Dune: Le Film Que Voue Ne Verrez Jamais\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_Hurlant","url_text":"Métal Hurlant"},{"url":"http://www.duneinfo.com/unseen/jodorowsky.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Britt, Ryan (October 7, 2021). \"Why Dune's most iconic villain isn't in Denis Villeneuve's movie\". Inverse. Archived from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/feyd-rautha-dune-villain-denis-villeneuve","url_text":"\"Why Dune's most iconic villain isn't in Denis Villeneuve's movie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_(website)","url_text":"Inverse"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220601140815/https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/feyd-rautha-dune-villain-denis-villeneuve","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Maslin, Janet (December 14, 1984). \"Movie Review: Dune (1984)\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Maslin","url_text":"Maslin, Janet"},{"url":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F06E2D71238F937A25751C1A962948260","url_text":"\"Movie Review: Dune (1984)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311010339/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F06E2D71238F937A25751C1A962948260","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bentz, Adam (June 17, 2022). \"Dune 2's Feyd Actor Talks Working with Denis Villeneuve on Sci-Fi Sequel\". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on June 20, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/dune-2-austin-butler-denis-villeneuve-director-response/","url_text":"\"Dune 2's Feyd Actor Talks Working with Denis Villeneuve on Sci-Fi Sequel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220620175459/https://screenrant.com/dune-2-austin-butler-denis-villeneuve-director-response/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Brigid (January 2019). \"Casting News: The Dune Remake Finds Its Villain with Stellan Skarsgård\". BBC America. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2019/01/casting-news-the-dune-remake-finds-its-villain-with-stellan-skarsgard","url_text":"\"Casting News: The Dune Remake Finds Its Villain with Stellan Skarsgård\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_America","url_text":"BBC America"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190326191807/http://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2019/01/casting-news-the-dune-remake-finds-its-villain-with-stellan-skarsgard","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dagan, Carmel (November 29, 2000). \"Frank Herbert's Dune\". Variety. Archived from the original on November 3, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2000/tv/reviews/frank-herbert-s-dune-1200465134/","url_text":"\"Frank Herbert's Dune\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211103173407/https://variety.com/2000/tv/reviews/frank-herbert-s-dune-1200465134/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Asher-Perrin, Emmet (May 9, 2017). \"Syfy's Dune Miniseries is the Most Okay Adaptation of the Book to Date\". Tor.com. Archived from the original on February 23, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tor.com/2017/05/09/syfys-dune-miniseries-is-the-most-okay-adaptation-of-the-book-to-date/","url_text":"\"Syfy's Dune Miniseries is the Most Okay Adaptation of the Book to Date\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor.com","url_text":"Tor.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190223074241/https://www.tor.com/2017/05/09/syfys-dune-miniseries-is-the-most-okay-adaptation-of-the-book-to-date/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Perry, Spencer (October 26, 2021). \"Dune Part Two Confirmation Has Fans Speculating on Feyd Casting\". Comicbook.com. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/movies/news/dune-part-two-confirmation-has-fans-speculating-on-feyd-casting/","url_text":"\"Dune Part Two Confirmation Has Fans Speculating on Feyd Casting\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211027024258/https://comicbook.com/movies/news/dune-part-two-confirmation-has-fans-speculating-on-feyd-casting/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kain, Erik (October 23, 2021). \"Dune Review: A Space Opera Masterpiece With One Big Problem\". Forbes. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2021/10/23/dune-review-a-space-opera-masterpiece/","url_text":"\"Dune Review: A Space Opera Masterpiece With One Big Problem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211027011556/https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2021/10/23/dune-review-a-space-opera-masterpiece/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Travis, Ben (November 16, 2021). \"Dune Spoiler Interview: Denis Villeneuve on the Ending, Paul's Dreams, and What's Coming in Part Two\". Empire. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/dune-spoiler-interview-denis-villeneuve-ending-paul-dreams-and-part-two/","url_text":"\"Dune Spoiler Interview: Denis Villeneuve on the Ending, Paul's Dreams, and What's Coming in Part Two\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(magazine)","url_text":"Empire"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211116163833/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/dune-spoiler-interview-denis-villeneuve-ending-paul-dreams-and-part-two/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kroll, Justin (March 3, 2022). \"Dune: Part Two: Austin Butler Eyed to Play Feyd-Rautha in Upcoming Sequel\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 11, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/03/dune-part-two-austin-butler-feyd-rautha-1234975465/","url_text":"\"Dune: Part Two: Austin Butler Eyed to Play Feyd-Rautha in Upcoming Sequel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220311005947/https://deadline.com/2022/03/dune-part-two-austin-butler-feyd-rautha-1234975465/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kit, Borys (May 12, 2022). \"Christopher Walken Joins Timothee Chalamet, Zendaya in Dune: Part Two\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/christopher-walken-dune-two-1235144841/","url_text":"\"Christopher Walken Joins Timothee Chalamet, Zendaya in Dune: Part Two\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220512235549/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/christopher-walken-dune-two-1235144841/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Brooks (May 25, 2022). \"He's Playing Elvis Presley. But Who Is Austin Butler?\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/25/movies/austin-butler-elvis.html","url_text":"\"He's Playing Elvis Presley. But Who Is Austin Butler?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220526194822/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/25/movies/austin-butler-elvis.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vernon, Brooks (April 11, 2024). \"Austin Butler's Dune Role Continues a Weird Feyd-Rautha Casting Trend That Began in the 70s\". Screen Rant. Retrieved April 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/dune-austin-butler-feyd-rautha-casting-conditon-rockstar/","url_text":"\"Austin Butler's Dune Role Continues a Weird Feyd-Rautha Casting Trend That Began in the 70s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"}]},{"reference":"Daniels, James (January 12, 2014). \"Toys We Miss: The Long Forgotten Figures From Frank Herbert's Dune\". Nerd Bastards. Archived from the original on January 29, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nerdbastards.com/2014/01/12/toys-we-miss-dune/","url_text":"\"Toys We Miss: The Long Forgotten Figures From Frank Herbert's Dune\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140129175036/https://nerdbastards.com/2014/01/12/toys-we-miss-dune/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Toys\". Collectors of Dune. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collectorsofdune.com/toys.asp","url_text":"\"Toys\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191030152955/https://www.collectorsofdune.com/toys.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Tyler (October 20, 2019). \"Funko Adds Dune to its Pop! Line-up\". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/funko-dune-pops/","url_text":"\"Funko Adds Dune to its Pop! Line-up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191030024933/https://www.cbr.com/funko-dune-pops/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Little, Jesse (October 18, 2019). \"Coming Soon: Pop! Movies—Dune Classic!\". Funko. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.funko.com/blog/article/coming-soon-pop-movies-dune-classic","url_text":"\"Coming Soon: Pop! Movies—Dune Classic!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funko","url_text":"Funko"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191030024947/https://www.funko.com/blog/article/coming-soon-pop-movies-dune-classic","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Little, Jesse (September 4, 2019). \"2019 NYCC Exclusive Reveals: Dune!\". Funko. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.funko.com/blog/article/2019-nycc-exclusive-reveals-dune-feyd-rautha","url_text":"\"2019 NYCC Exclusive Reveals: Dune!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191030153602/https://www.funko.com/blog/article/2019-nycc-exclusive-reveals-dune-feyd-rautha","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 Adding Dune 2's Timothee Chalamet Skin\". ComicBook.com. November 30, 2023. Archived from the original on December 1, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/gaming/news/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-3-dune-2-timothee-chalamet-paul-atreides-skin/","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 Adding Dune 2's Timothee Chalamet Skin\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231201091546/https://comicbook.com/gaming/news/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-3-dune-2-timothee-chalamet-paul-atreides-skin/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/dune-feyd-rautha-missing/","external_links_name":"\"Dune: Seriously, Where Is Feyd-Rautha?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220622180521/https://www.cbr.com/dune-feyd-rautha-missing/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dune00herb_4","external_links_name":"Dune"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sandwormsofdune00herb/page/409","external_links_name":"409"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110429101454/http://www.duneinfo.com/unseen/jodorowsky.asp","external_links_name":"\"Dune: Le Film Que Voue Ne Verrez Jamais\""},{"Link":"http://www.duneinfo.com/unseen/jodorowsky.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/feyd-rautha-dune-villain-denis-villeneuve","external_links_name":"\"Why Dune's most iconic villain isn't in Denis Villeneuve's movie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220601140815/https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/feyd-rautha-dune-villain-denis-villeneuve","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F06E2D71238F937A25751C1A962948260","external_links_name":"\"Movie Review: Dune (1984)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311010339/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F06E2D71238F937A25751C1A962948260","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/dune-2-austin-butler-denis-villeneuve-director-response/","external_links_name":"\"Dune 2's Feyd Actor Talks Working with Denis Villeneuve on Sci-Fi Sequel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220620175459/https://screenrant.com/dune-2-austin-butler-denis-villeneuve-director-response/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2019/01/casting-news-the-dune-remake-finds-its-villain-with-stellan-skarsgard","external_links_name":"\"Casting News: The Dune Remake Finds Its Villain with Stellan Skarsgård\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190326191807/http://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2019/01/casting-news-the-dune-remake-finds-its-villain-with-stellan-skarsgard","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2000/tv/reviews/frank-herbert-s-dune-1200465134/","external_links_name":"\"Frank Herbert's Dune\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211103173407/https://variety.com/2000/tv/reviews/frank-herbert-s-dune-1200465134/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.tor.com/2017/05/09/syfys-dune-miniseries-is-the-most-okay-adaptation-of-the-book-to-date/","external_links_name":"\"Syfy's Dune Miniseries is the Most Okay Adaptation of the Book to Date\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190223074241/https://www.tor.com/2017/05/09/syfys-dune-miniseries-is-the-most-okay-adaptation-of-the-book-to-date/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://comicbook.com/movies/news/dune-part-two-confirmation-has-fans-speculating-on-feyd-casting/","external_links_name":"\"Dune Part Two Confirmation Has Fans Speculating on Feyd Casting\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211027024258/https://comicbook.com/movies/news/dune-part-two-confirmation-has-fans-speculating-on-feyd-casting/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2021/10/23/dune-review-a-space-opera-masterpiece/","external_links_name":"\"Dune Review: A Space Opera Masterpiece With One Big Problem\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211027011556/https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2021/10/23/dune-review-a-space-opera-masterpiece/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/dune-spoiler-interview-denis-villeneuve-ending-paul-dreams-and-part-two/","external_links_name":"\"Dune Spoiler Interview: Denis Villeneuve on the Ending, Paul's Dreams, and What's Coming in Part Two\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211116163833/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/dune-spoiler-interview-denis-villeneuve-ending-paul-dreams-and-part-two/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/03/dune-part-two-austin-butler-feyd-rautha-1234975465/","external_links_name":"\"Dune: Part Two: Austin Butler Eyed to Play Feyd-Rautha in Upcoming Sequel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220311005947/https://deadline.com/2022/03/dune-part-two-austin-butler-feyd-rautha-1234975465/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/christopher-walken-dune-two-1235144841/","external_links_name":"\"Christopher Walken Joins Timothee Chalamet, Zendaya in Dune: Part Two\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220512235549/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/christopher-walken-dune-two-1235144841/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/25/movies/austin-butler-elvis.html","external_links_name":"\"He's Playing Elvis Presley. But Who Is Austin Butler?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220526194822/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/25/movies/austin-butler-elvis.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/dune-austin-butler-feyd-rautha-casting-conditon-rockstar/","external_links_name":"\"Austin Butler's Dune Role Continues a Weird Feyd-Rautha Casting Trend That Began in the 70s\""},{"Link":"https://nerdbastards.com/2014/01/12/toys-we-miss-dune/","external_links_name":"\"Toys We Miss: The Long Forgotten Figures From Frank Herbert's Dune\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140129175036/https://nerdbastards.com/2014/01/12/toys-we-miss-dune/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.collectorsofdune.com/toys.asp","external_links_name":"\"Toys\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191030152955/https://www.collectorsofdune.com/toys.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/funko-dune-pops/","external_links_name":"\"Funko Adds Dune to its Pop! Line-up\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191030024933/https://www.cbr.com/funko-dune-pops/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.funko.com/blog/article/coming-soon-pop-movies-dune-classic","external_links_name":"\"Coming Soon: Pop! Movies—Dune Classic!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191030024947/https://www.funko.com/blog/article/coming-soon-pop-movies-dune-classic","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.funko.com/blog/article/2019-nycc-exclusive-reveals-dune-feyd-rautha","external_links_name":"\"2019 NYCC Exclusive Reveals: Dune!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191030153602/https://www.funko.com/blog/article/2019-nycc-exclusive-reveals-dune-feyd-rautha","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://comicbook.com/gaming/news/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-3-dune-2-timothee-chalamet-paul-atreides-skin/","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 Adding Dune 2's Timothee Chalamet Skin\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231201091546/https://comicbook.com/gaming/news/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-3-dune-2-timothee-chalamet-paul-atreides-skin/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Fullmer
|
Gene Fullmer
|
["1 Professional career","1.1 Middleweight champion","1.2 Losing the title","2 Professional boxing record","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
American boxer (1931–2015)
Gene FullmerBornLawrence Gene Fullmer(1931-07-21)July 21, 1931West Jordan, Utah, U.S.DiedApril 27, 2015(2015-04-27) (aged 83)West Jordan, Utah, U.S.NationalityAmericanOther namesCyclone The "Mormon Mauler"StatisticsWeight(s)MiddleweightHeight5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)Reach69 in (175 cm)StanceOrthodox
Boxing recordTotal fights64Wins55Wins by KO24Losses6Draws3
Lawrence Gene Fullmer (July 21, 1931 – April 27, 2015) was an American professional boxer and World Middleweight champion. He was known as The Utah Cyclone, The Mormon Mauler, and as "Cyclone" Gene Fullmer.
Professional career
Fullmer began his professional career in 1951 and won his first 29 fights, 19 by knockout. His manager during many years of his career was his mentor, Marv Jenson, who encouraged many youth in West Jordan, Utah, to enter boxing as amateurs.
Middleweight champion
Fullmer won the world middleweight championship on January 2, 1957, when he upset the legendary Sugar Ray Robinson by soundly winning a unanimous 15-round decision. On May 1, 1957 they fought a rematch. The fight began as expected, with Fullmer using his strength and awkwardness to bull into Robinson and really force him onto his heels. In the fifth round Robinson, while backing up, lashed out with what has been called the perfect left hook. It caught Fullmer flush on the chin and knocked him out.
In 1959, the National Boxing Association withdrew its recognition of Robinson as middleweight champion. Fullmer and fellow former middleweight champion Carmen Basilio fought for the vacant NBA title on August 28, 1959, and Fullmer won the crown when he TKOed Basilio in the 14th round. Meanwhile, Robinson was to lose his version of the middleweight championship to Paul Pender.
Fullmer and Pender never met to settle their claims to the middleweight title, and Pender eventually retired. Meanwhile, Fullmer fought and turned back the challenges of many top contenders, such as Basilio, Ellsworth "Spider" Webb, Florentino Fernández, and welterweight champion Benny "Kid" Paret. He narrowly escaped being dethroned when he was held to 15-round draws by Robinson and future titleholder Joey Giardello. The draw against Robinson was widely criticised by almost every ringside observer, who had Robinson winning 11-4 or 10-5 in rounds. In their final meeting, a title bout in 1961, Fullmer beat Robinson by unanimous decision.
Losing the title
Fullmer finally lost the middleweight title to Dick Tiger on October 23, 1962 in a unanimous decision. They fought a rematch on February 23, 1963, which resulted in a draw. Fullmer's attempts to regain the middleweight crown finally ended when he was TKOed in seven rounds by Tiger on August 10, 1963.
Fullmer's final record included 55 wins (24 by KO), 6 losses, and 3 draws.
Professional boxing record
64 fights
55 wins
6 losses
By knockout
24
2
By decision
31
4
Draws
3
No.
Result
Record
Opponent
Type
Round, time
Date
Location
Notes
64
Loss
55–6–3
Dick Tiger
RTD
7 (15), 3:00
Aug 10, 1963
Liberty Stadium, Ibadan, Nigeria
For WBA and The Ring middleweight titles;For inaugural WBC middleweight title
63
Draw
55–5–3
Dick Tiger
SD
15
Feb 23, 1963
Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, US
For WBA and NSYAC middleweight titles
62
Loss
55–5–2
Dick Tiger
UD
15
Oct 23, 1962
Candlestick Park, San Francisco, California, US
Lost WBA middleweight title
61
Win
55–4–2
Benny Paret
KO
10 (15), 2:30
Dec 9, 1961
Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, US
Retained NBA middleweight title
60
Win
54–4–2
Florentino Fernández
SD
15
Aug 5, 1961
Ogden Stadium, Ogden, Utah, US
Retained NBA middleweight title
59
Win
53–4–2
Sugar Ray Robinson
UD
15
Mar 4, 1961
Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, US
Retained NBA middleweight title
58
Draw
52–4–2
Sugar Ray Robinson
SD
15
Dec 3, 1960
Sports Arena, Los Angeles, California, US
Retained NBA middleweight title
57
Win
52–4–1
Carmen Basilio
TKO
12 (15)
Jun 29, 1960
Derks Field, Salt Lake City, Utah, US
Retained NBA middleweight title
56
Draw
51–4–1
Joey Giardello
SD
15
Apr 20, 1960
Montana St. College Fieldhouse, Bozeman, Montana, US
Retained NBA middleweight title
55
Win
51–4
Ellsworth Webb
UD
15
Dec 4, 1959
George Nelson Field House, Logan, Utah, US
Retained NBA middleweight title
54
Win
50–4
Carmen Basilio
TKO
14 (15), 0:39
Aug 28, 1959
Cow Palace, Daly City, California, US
Won vacant NBA middleweight title
53
Win
49–4
Wilf Greaves
MD
10
Feb 20, 1959
Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, US
52
Win
48–4
Milo Savage
UD
10
Jan 9, 1959
Freeman Coliseum, San Antonio, Texas, US
51
Win
47–4
Joe Miceli
KO
2 (10), 0:38
Nov 10, 1958
Fairgrounds Coliseum, Salt Lake City, Utah, US
50
Win
46–4
Ellsworth Webb
UD
10
Sep 11, 1958
Derks Field, Salt Lake City, Utah, US
49
Win
45–4
Jim Hegerle
UD
10
Jul 7, 1958
Arena, West Jordan, Utah, US
48
Win
44–4
Milo Savage
UD
10
Mar 3, 1958
Fairgrounds Coliseum, Salt Lake City, Utah, US
47
Win
43–4
Neal Rivers
MD
10
Nov 15, 1957
Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, US
46
Win
42–4
Chico Vejar
UD
10
Sep 4, 1957
Arena, West Jordan, Utah, US
45
Win
41–4
Ralph 'Tiger' Jones
UD
10
Jun 7, 1957
Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, US
44
Loss
40–4
Sugar Ray Robinson
KO
5 (15), 1:27
May 1, 1957
Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, US
Lost NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring middleweight titles
43
Win
40–3
Wilf Greaves
UD
10
Feb 18, 1957
City Auditorium, Denver, Colorado, US
42
Win
39–3
Wilf Greaves
UD
10
Jan 28, 1957
Fairgrounds Coliseum, Salt Lake City, Utah, US
41
Win
38–3
Sugar Ray Robinson
UD
15
Jan 2, 1957
Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, US
Won NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring middleweight titles
40
Win
37–3
Moses Ward
KO
3 (10)
Sep 22, 1956
Arena, West Jordan, Utah, US
39
Win
36–3
Charles Humez
UD
10
May 25, 1956
Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, US
38
Win
35–3
Ralph 'Tiger' Jones
UD
10
Apr 20, 1956
Public Hall, Cleveland, Ohio, US
37
Win
34–3
Gil Turner
SD
10
Feb 17, 1956
Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, US
36
Win
33–3
Rocky Castellani
SD
10
Jan 4, 1956
Arena, Cleveland, Ohio, US
35
Loss
32–3
Eduardo Lausse
UD
10
Nov 25, 1955
Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, US
34
Loss
32–2
Bobby Boyd
UD
10
Sep 28, 1955
Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, US
33
Win
32–1
Al Andrews
UD
10
Sep 12, 1955
Ogden Stadium, Ogden, Utah, US
32
Win
31–1
Del Flanagan
UD
10
Jul 26, 1955
Civic Center, Butte, Montana, US
31
Win
30–1
Gil Turner
PTS
10
Jun 20, 1955
West Jordan Park, West Jordan, Utah, US
30
Loss
29–1
Gil Turner
UD
10
Apr 4, 1955
Eastern Parkway Arena, New York, New York, US
29
Win
29–0
Govan Small
UD
10
Mar 21, 1955
Fairgrounds Coliseum, Salt Lake City, Utah, US
28
Win
28–0
Paul Pender
UD
10
Feb 14, 1955
Eastern Parkway Arena, New York, New York, US
27
Win
27–0
Marcel Assire
UD
10
Jan 31, 1955
Eastern Parkway Arena, New York, New York, US
26
Win
26–0
Peter Müller
UD
10
Nov 15, 1954
Eastern Parkway Arena, New York, New York, US
25
Win
25–0
Jackie LaBua
UD
10
Nov 8, 1954
Eastern Parkway Arena, New York, New York, US
24
Win
24–0
Dick Wolfe
KO
4 (10), 1:27
Aug 16, 1954
West Jordan Park, West Jordan, Utah, US
23
Win
23–0
Reno Abellira
UD
10
Jul 29, 1954
Arena, West Jordan, Utah, US
22
Win
22–0
Govan Small
PTS
10
Jul 12, 1954
West Jordan, Utah, US
21
Win
21–0
Rio Rico
TKO
1 (10)
Jun 5, 1954
Fairgrounds Coliseum, Salt Lake City, Utah, US
20
Win
20–0
Andy Anderson
RTD
7 (10)
May 17, 1954
Fairgrounds Coliseum, Salt Lake City, Utah, US
19
Win
19–0
Charley Cato
KO
1 (10), 1:43
Apr 26, 1954
Fairgrounds Coliseum, Salt Lake City, Utah, US
18
Win
18–0
Kid Leon
KO
1 (10)
Feb 6, 1954
West Jordan Junior High, West Jordan, Utah, US
17
Win
17–0
Armando Cotero
UD
6
Sep 20, 1952
Legion Stadium, Hollywood, California, US
16
Win
16–0
Mickey Rhodes
KO
6 (?)
Aug 8, 1952
Ogden Stadium, Ogden, Utah, US
15
Win
15–0
Baby Ray
KO
1 (?)
Oct 17, 1951
Vernal, Utah, US
14
Win
14–0
Rudy Zadell
PTS
6
Oct 10, 1951
Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US
13
Win
13–0
Gary Hanley
KO
1 (?)
Oct 3, 1951
West Jordan, Utah, US
12
Win
12–0
Garth Panther
MD
10
Sep 25, 1951
Fairgrounds Coliseum, Salt Lake City, Utah, US
11
Win
11–0
Sam Healy
TKO
4 (6)
Sep 14, 1951
Uintah High School Gym, Vernal, Utah, US
10
Win
10–0
Charley Cato
KO
4 (10)
Sep 7, 1951
West Jordan, Utah, US
9
Win
9–0
Buddy Sloan
KO
2 (?)
Aug 25, 1951
Hurricane, Utah, US
8
Win
8–0
Sam Healy
KO
1 (?)
Aug 24, 1951
Hurricane, Utah, US
7
Win
7–0
Carlos Martinez
TKO
1 (4)
Aug 1, 1951
Cow Palace, Daly City, California, US
6
Win
6–0
Lamar Peterson
KO
1 (?)
Jul 16, 1951
West Jordan, Utah, US
5
Win
5–0
Eddie Duffy
KO
2 (4)
Jul 9, 1951
Fairgrounds Coliseum, Salt Lake City, Utah, US
4
Win
4–0
Eddie Duffy
KO
1 (?)
Jul 2, 1951
Vernal, Utah, US
3
Win
3–0
Gary Carr
KO
3 (?)
Jun 23, 1951
Midvale, Utah, US
2
Win
2–0
Andy Jackson
KO
1 (?)
Jun 16, 1951
West Jordan, Utah, US
1
Win
1–0
Glen Peck
KO
1 (4), 1:52
Jun 9, 1951
George Nelson Field House, Logan, Utah, US
Personal life
Fullmer graduated from Jordan High School and worked at Kennecott Copper Mine for several years, he also served in the Korean War. He married Dolores Holt on October 13, 1955 in the Salt Lake Temple. They raised 2 daughters and 2 sons.
Fullmer had two younger brothers who boxed: Don Fullmer (February 21, 1939 - January 28, 2012), who twice challenged for the World Middleweight Title, and Jay Fullmer (March 9, 1937 - April 22, 2015), who boxed as a lightweight.
Fullmer was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and his living the tenets of his religion, especially the Word of Wisdom, was heavily covered in the press. It was also frequently mentioned that he was a father and that he paid tithing on his boxing winnings.
Fullmer appeared in a cameo role in the 1968 film The Devil's Brigade as a Montana bartender.
Fullmer is featured on the cover of the album Greatest Hits by Alice in Chains.
On January 21, 1962, Fullmer appeared on What's My Line? but not as a mystery guest. His line was that he was a mink rancher.
His fight with Dick Tiger appears prominently in the music video for the Iggy Pop song 'American Valhalla'.
On April 27, 2015, five days after younger brother Jay's death, Gene died at the age of 83 in his home surrounded by friends and family.
Filmography
The Devil's Brigade (1968) - The Bartender
See also
List of middleweight boxing champions
References
^ "Brad Rock: The Mormon Mauler Couldn't be Anything But Himself". Deseret News. Salt Lake City. April 28, 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
^ Carbert, Mike (10 August 2023). "Gene Fullmer". The Fight City.
^ "The Lineal Middleweight Champions". The Cyber Boxing Zone Encyclopedia.
^ a b "Former middleweight world champion boxer Gene Fullmer dead at 83". The Salt Lake Tribune. April 30, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
^ Haws, J. B. (2013). The Mormon Image in the American Mind. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-1998-9764-3.
^ Donaldson, Amy (April 27, 2015). "Former world middleweight champion Gene Fullmer dies at 83". Deseret News. Salt Lake City. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
Achievements
Preceded bySugar Ray Robinson
World Middleweight Champion 2 January 1957– 1 May 1957
Succeeded bySugar Ray Robinson
Preceded bySugar Ray RobinsonStripped
NBA World Middleweight ChampionLater WBA Title 28 August 1959– 23 October 1962
Succeeded byDick Tiger
External links
History of Gene Fullmer and Marvin Jensen, West Jordan History Pages
Biography and Fight-by-Fight Record, International Boxing Hall of Fame
Fullmer Brothers Boxing website
Photograph of Fullmer
Boxing record for Gene Fullmer from BoxRec (registration required)
vteSugar Ray Robinson Award
1938: Dempsey
1939: Conn
1940: Armstrong
1941: Louis
1942: Ross
1943: Boxers of the Armed Forces
1944: B. Leonard
1945: Walker
1946: Zale
1947: Lesnevich
1948: Williams
1949: Charles
1950: Robinson
1951: Walcott
1952: Marciano
1953: Gavilán
1954: Olson
1955: Basilio
1956: Patterson
1957: Basilio
1958: Moore
1959: Johansson
1960: Patterson
1961: Fullmer
1962: Tiger
1963: Griffith
1964: Pastrano
1965: Ali
1966: Tiger
1967: Ortiz
1968: Foster
1969: Frazier
1970: Buchanan
1971: Frazier
1972: Monzón
1973: Foreman
1974: Ali
1975: Ali & Frazier
1976: Davis Jr., S. R. Leonard, Randolph, L. Spinks & M. Spinks
1977: Norton
1978: Holmes
1979: S. R. Leonard
1980: Hearns
1981: S. R. Leonard
1982: Pryor
1983: Hagler
1984: Hearns
1985: Hagler
1986: Tyson
1987: Chávez
1988: Tyson
1989: Whitaker
1990: Holyfield
1991: Toney
1992: Bowe
1993: Whitaker
1994: Foreman
1995: De La Hoya
1996: Holyfield
1997: Holyfield
1998: Mosley
1999: Lewis
2000: Trinidad
2001: Hopkins
2002: Forrest
2003: Toney
2004: Johnson
2005: Hatton
2006: Pacquiao
2007: Mayweather Jr.
2008: Pacquiao
2009: Pacquiao
2010: Martínez
2011: Ward
2012: Donaire
2013: Mayweather Jr.
2014: Crawford
2015: Mayweather Jr.
2016: Frampton
2017: Lomachenko
2018: Usyk
2019: Álvarez
2020: López
2021: Álvarez
2022: Bivol
2023: Inoue
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"Middleweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleweight"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lawrence Gene Fullmer (July 21, 1931 – April 27, 2015) was an American professional boxer and World Middleweight champion. He was known as The Utah Cyclone,[2] The Mormon Mauler, and as \"Cyclone\" Gene Fullmer.","title":"Gene Fullmer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Jordan, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Jordan,_Utah"}],"text":"Fullmer began his professional career in 1951 and won his first 29 fights, 19 by knockout. His manager during many years of his career was his mentor, Marv Jenson, who encouraged many youth in West Jordan, Utah, to enter boxing as amateurs.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sugar Ray Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Boxing Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Boxing_Association"},{"link_name":"Carmen Basilio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Basilio"},{"link_name":"Paul Pender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pender"},{"link_name":"Florentino Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentino_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"welterweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welterweight"},{"link_name":"Benny \"Kid\" Paret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_%22Kid%22_Paret"},{"link_name":"Joey Giardello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Giardello"}],"sub_title":"Middleweight champion","text":"Fullmer won the world middleweight championship on January 2, 1957, when he upset the legendary Sugar Ray Robinson by soundly winning a unanimous 15-round decision. [3] On May 1, 1957 they fought a rematch. The fight began as expected, with Fullmer using his strength and awkwardness to bull into Robinson and really force him onto his heels. In the fifth round Robinson, while backing up, lashed out with what has been called the perfect left hook. It caught Fullmer flush on the chin and knocked him out.In 1959, the National Boxing Association withdrew its recognition of Robinson as middleweight champion. Fullmer and fellow former middleweight champion Carmen Basilio fought for the vacant NBA title on August 28, 1959, and Fullmer won the crown when he TKOed Basilio in the 14th round. Meanwhile, Robinson was to lose his version of the middleweight championship to Paul Pender.Fullmer and Pender never met to settle their claims to the middleweight title, and Pender eventually retired. Meanwhile, Fullmer fought and turned back the challenges of many top contenders, such as Basilio, Ellsworth \"Spider\" Webb, Florentino Fernández, and welterweight champion Benny \"Kid\" Paret. He narrowly escaped being dethroned when he was held to 15-round draws by Robinson and future titleholder Joey Giardello. The draw against Robinson was widely criticised by almost every ringside observer, who had Robinson winning 11-4 or 10-5 in rounds. In their final meeting, a title bout in 1961, Fullmer beat Robinson by unanimous decision.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dick Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Tiger"}],"sub_title":"Losing the title","text":"Fullmer finally lost the middleweight title to Dick Tiger on October 23, 1962 in a unanimous decision. They fought a rematch on February 23, 1963, which resulted in a draw. Fullmer's attempts to regain the middleweight crown finally ended when he was TKOed in seven rounds by Tiger on August 10, 1963.Fullmer's final record included 55 wins (24 by KO), 6 losses, and 3 draws.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional boxing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jordan High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_High_School_(Sandy,_Utah)"},{"link_name":"Kennecott Copper Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennecott_Copper_Mine"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_Temple"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLTrib-Obit-4"},{"link_name":"Don Fullmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Fullmer"},{"link_name":"Jay Fullmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jay_Fullmer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Word of Wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom"},{"link_name":"tithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Devil's Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Brigade_(film)"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(Alice_in_Chains_album)"},{"link_name":"Alice in Chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Chains"},{"link_name":"What's My Line?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_My_Line%3F"},{"link_name":"mink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mink"},{"link_name":"Dick Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Tiger"},{"link_name":"Iggy Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Pop"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLTrib-Obit-4"}],"text":"Fullmer graduated from Jordan High School and worked at Kennecott Copper Mine for several years, he also served in the Korean War. He married Dolores Holt on October 13, 1955 in the Salt Lake Temple. They raised 2 daughters and 2 sons.[4]Fullmer had two younger brothers who boxed: Don Fullmer (February 21, 1939 - January 28, 2012), who twice challenged for the World Middleweight Title, and Jay Fullmer (March 9, 1937 - April 22, 2015), who boxed as a lightweight.Fullmer was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and his living the tenets of his religion, especially the Word of Wisdom, was heavily covered in the press. It was also frequently mentioned that he was a father and that he paid tithing on his boxing winnings.[5]Fullmer appeared in a cameo role in the 1968 film The Devil's Brigade as a Montana bartender.Fullmer is featured on the cover of the album Greatest Hits by Alice in Chains.On January 21, 1962, Fullmer appeared on What's My Line? but not as a mystery guest. His line was that he was a mink rancher.His fight with Dick Tiger appears prominently in the music video for the Iggy Pop song 'American Valhalla'.On April 27, 2015, five days after younger brother Jay's death, Gene died at the age of 83 in his home surrounded by friends and family.[6][4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Devil's Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Brigade_(film)"}],"text":"The Devil's Brigade (1968) - The Bartender","title":"Filmography"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of middleweight boxing champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_middleweight_boxing_champions"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Brad Rock: The Mormon Mauler Couldn't be Anything But Himself\". Deseret News. Salt Lake City. April 28, 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deseret.com/2015/4/28/20563763/brad-rock-gene-fullmer-the-mormon-mauler-couldn-t-be-anything-but-himself","url_text":"\"Brad Rock: The Mormon Mauler Couldn't be Anything But Himself\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"Carbert, Mike (10 August 2023). \"Gene Fullmer\". The Fight City.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefightcity.com/august-10-1963-tiger-vs-fullmer-iii-carmen-basilio-sugar-ray-robinson-dick-tiger-gene-fullmer/","url_text":"\"Gene Fullmer\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Lineal Middleweight Champions\". The Cyber Boxing Zone Encyclopedia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/middle.htm","url_text":"\"The Lineal Middleweight Champions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former middleweight world champion boxer Gene Fullmer dead at 83\". The Salt Lake Tribune. April 30, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/saltlaketribune/obituary.aspx?n=l-gene-fullmer&pid=174748483&fhid=19572","url_text":"\"Former middleweight world champion boxer Gene Fullmer dead at 83\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune","url_text":"The Salt Lake Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Haws, J. B. (2013). The Mormon Image in the American Mind. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-1998-9764-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=feWdAAAAQBAJ&q=fullmer","url_text":"The Mormon Image in the American Mind"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1998-9764-3","url_text":"978-0-1998-9764-3"}]},{"reference":"Donaldson, Amy (April 27, 2015). \"Former world middleweight champion Gene Fullmer dies at 83\". Deseret News. Salt Lake City. Retrieved April 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865627434/Former-world-middleweight-champion-Gene-Fullmer-dies-at-83.html?pg=all","url_text":"\"Former world middleweight champion Gene Fullmer dies at 83\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.deseret.com/2015/4/28/20563763/brad-rock-gene-fullmer-the-mormon-mauler-couldn-t-be-anything-but-himself","external_links_name":"\"Brad Rock: The Mormon Mauler Couldn't be Anything But Himself\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefightcity.com/august-10-1963-tiger-vs-fullmer-iii-carmen-basilio-sugar-ray-robinson-dick-tiger-gene-fullmer/","external_links_name":"\"Gene Fullmer\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/middle.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Lineal Middleweight Champions\""},{"Link":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/saltlaketribune/obituary.aspx?n=l-gene-fullmer&pid=174748483&fhid=19572","external_links_name":"\"Former middleweight world champion boxer Gene Fullmer dead at 83\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=feWdAAAAQBAJ&q=fullmer","external_links_name":"The Mormon Image in the American Mind"},{"Link":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865627434/Former-world-middleweight-champion-Gene-Fullmer-dies-at-83.html?pg=all","external_links_name":"\"Former world middleweight champion Gene Fullmer dies at 83\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101118122527/http://www.wjhistory.org/","external_links_name":"History of Gene Fullmer and Marvin Jensen"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101224202627/http://hickoksports.com/biograph/fullmergene.shtml","external_links_name":"Biography and Fight-by-Fight Record"},{"Link":"http://www.fullmerbrothersboxing.com/","external_links_name":"Fullmer Brothers Boxing website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707145257/http://www.antekprizering.com/fullmerjensen5808.html","external_links_name":"Photograph of Fullmer"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/009707","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Gene Fullmer"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionheart_(Saxon_album)
|
Lionheart (Saxon album)
|
["1 Track listing","2 Lyrical concept","3 Personnel","4 Charts","5 References"]
|
2004 studio album by SaxonLionheartCover art by Paul R. GregoryStudio album by SaxonReleased20 September 2004Recorded2004StudioGems 24 Studio (Boston, Lincolnshire)GenreHeavy metalLength45:03LabelSPV/SteamhammerProducerCharlie BauerfeindSaxon chronology
Heavy Metal Thunder(2002)
Lionheart(2004)
The Eagle Has Landed – part 3(2006)
Alternative cover
CD + DVD edition cover
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic
Lionheart is the sixteenth studio album by English heavy metal band Saxon, released in 2004. It is the only studio album featuring drummer Jörg Michael.
The title is inspired from Richard the Lionheart, a 12th-century King of England. "Beyond the Grave" was released as a single and a video. The album was re-released on 17 February 2006 in digipak format (limited to 10,000 copies) with a bonus DVD-Audio featuring previously unreleased material, videos, rough mixes and a new 5.1 / 96 K mix of the whole album, as well as a Saxon keyholder and a patch.
Track listing
All tracks are written by SaxonNo.TitleLength1."Witchfinder General"4:492."Man and Machine"3:283."The Return"1:184."Lionheart"6:045."Beyond the Grave"4:556."Justice"4:267."To Live by the Sword"4:108."Jack Tars"0:579."English Man 'O' War"4:0810."Searching for Atlantis"5:5411."Flying on the Edge"4:54
Lyrical concept
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
"Witchfinder General" is about persecuting witches during the Interregnum era. The song also mentions methods of interrogation and execution favoured by 'Witchfinder General' Matthew Hopkins.
"Lionheart" is about Richard the Lionheart, King of England from 1189 to 1199.
"Beyond the Grave" is about death and afterlife.
"To Live by the Sword" is about the way of life of samurai.
Personnel
Biff Byford – lead vocals
Paul Quinn – guitars
Doug Scarratt – guitars
Nibbs Carter – bass, keyboards
Jörg Michael – drums
Chris Stubley – keyboards on "Lionheart"
Production
Charlie Bauerfeind – producer and engineer
Biff Byford – executive producer
Paul R. Gregory – cover design
Sandra Hiltmann, SPV graphics – booklet design
Charts
Chart (2004)
Peakposition
French Albums (SNEP)
103
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
44
Greek Albums (IFPI)
44
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
57
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
62
UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC)
22
References
^ Prato, Greg. "Saxon Lionheart". AllMusic. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
^ "Saxon – Lionheart". Encyclopaedia Metallum. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
^ "Lescharts.com – Saxon – Lionheart". Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Saxon – Lionheart" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
^ "Greekcharts.com – Saxon – Lionheart". Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
^ "Swedishcharts.com – Saxon – Lionheart". Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
^ "Swisscharts.com – Saxon – Lionheart". Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
^ "Official Rock & Metal Albums Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
vteSaxon
Biff Byford
Nibbs Carter
Doug Scarratt
Nigel Glockler
Brian Tatler
Graham Oliver
Steve Dawson
Pete Gill
Studio albums
Saxon
Wheels of Steel
Strong Arm of the Law
Denim and Leather
Power & the Glory
Crusader
Innocence Is No Excuse
Rock the Nations
Destiny
Solid Ball of Rock
Forever Free
Dogs of War
Unleash the Beast
Metalhead
Killing Ground
Lionheart
The Inner Sanctum
Into the Labyrinth
Call to Arms
Sacrifice
Battering Ram
Thunderbolt
Inspirations
Carpe Diem
More Inspirations
Hell, Fire and Damnation
Live albums
The Eagle Has Landed
Rock 'n' Roll Gypsies
Greatest Hits Live!
The Eagle Has Landed – Part II
Donnington: The Live Tracks
BBC Sessions / Live at Reading Festival '86
Live at Donnington 1980
The Eagle Has Landed – Part III
Let Me Feel Your Power
Compilation albums
Anthology
A Collection of Metal
Burrn! Presents: The Best of Saxon
Diamonds and Nuggets
Heavy Metal Thunder
Video albums
Live
Live Innocence!
Greatest Hits Live!
The Saxon Chronicles
Live Innocence – The Power & the Glory
A Night Out with the Boys
Let Me Feel Your Power
Related articles
Discography
Metal for Muthas Tour
Oliver/Dawson Saxon
New wave of British heavy metal
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
This 2000s metal album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_(band)"},{"link_name":"Richard the Lionheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"King of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England"},{"link_name":"digipak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digipak"},{"link_name":"DVD-Audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Audio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"2004 studio album by SaxonLionheart is the sixteenth studio album by English heavy metal band Saxon, released in 2004. It is the only studio album featuring drummer Jörg Michael.\nThe title is inspired from Richard the Lionheart, a 12th-century King of England. \"Beyond the Grave\" was released as a single and a video. The album was re-released on 17 February 2006 in digipak format (limited to 10,000 copies) with a bonus DVD-Audio featuring previously unreleased material, videos, rough mixes and a new 5.1 / 96 K mix of the whole album, as well as a Saxon keyholder and a patch.[2]","title":"Lionheart (Saxon album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_(band)"}],"text":"All tracks are written by SaxonNo.TitleLength1.\"Witchfinder General\"4:492.\"Man and Machine\"3:283.\"The Return\"1:184.\"Lionheart\"6:045.\"Beyond the Grave\"4:556.\"Justice\"4:267.\"To Live by the Sword\"4:108.\"Jack Tars\"0:579.\"English Man 'O' War\"4:0810.\"Searching for Atlantis\"5:5411.\"Flying on the Edge\"4:54","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interregnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregnum"},{"link_name":"Matthew Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Richard the Lionheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England"}],"text":"\"Witchfinder General\" is about persecuting witches during the Interregnum era. The song also mentions methods of interrogation and execution favoured by 'Witchfinder General' Matthew Hopkins.\n\"Lionheart\" is about Richard the Lionheart, King of England from 1189 to 1199.\n\"Beyond the Grave\" is about death and afterlife.\n\"To Live by the Sword\" is about the way of life of samurai.","title":"Lyrical concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biff Byford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biff_Byford"},{"link_name":"Charlie Bauerfeind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Bauerfeind"},{"link_name":"Biff Byford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biff_Byford"},{"link_name":"Paul R. Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Gregory"}],"text":"Biff Byford – lead vocals\nPaul Quinn – guitars\nDoug Scarratt – guitars\nNibbs Carter – bass, keyboards\nJörg Michael – drums\nChris Stubley – keyboards on \"Lionheart\"ProductionCharlie Bauerfeind – producer and engineer\nBiff Byford – executive producer\nPaul R. Gregory – cover design\nSandra Hiltmann, SPV graphics – booklet design","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Prato, Greg. \"Saxon Lionheart\". AllMusic. Retrieved 20 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/lionheart-r711925/review","url_text":"\"Saxon Lionheart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Saxon – Lionheart\". Encyclopaedia Metallum. Retrieved 27 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metal-archives.com/albums/Saxon/Lionheart/50065","url_text":"\"Saxon – Lionheart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Metallum","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Metallum"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/lionheart-r711925/review","external_links_name":"\"Saxon Lionheart\""},{"Link":"http://www.metal-archives.com/albums/Saxon/Lionheart/50065","external_links_name":"\"Saxon – Lionheart\""},{"Link":"https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Saxon&titel=Lionheart&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Lescharts.com – Saxon – Lionheart\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-5148","external_links_name":"\"Offiziellecharts.de – Saxon – Lionheart\""},{"Link":"http://greekcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Saxon&titel=Lionheart&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Greekcharts.com – Saxon – Lionheart\""},{"Link":"https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Saxon&titel=Lionheart&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Swedishcharts.com – Saxon – Lionheart\""},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Saxon&titel=Lionheart&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Swisscharts.com – Saxon – Lionheart\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/rock-and-metal-albums-chart/20040926/112/","external_links_name":"\"Official Rock & Metal Albums Chart Top 40\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/511a203b-0c02-3190-9050-46707996a433","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lionheart_(Saxon_album)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_Moisture
|
Shea Moisture
|
["1 History","2 Campaigns","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Shea MoistureVariety of SheaMoisture productsProduct typePersonal careOwnerUnileverCountryUnited States of AmericaIntroduced1991MarketsInternationalPrevious ownersNyema Tubman, Richelieu Dennis, and Mary DennisWebsitewww.sheamoisture.com
Shea Moisture is an American personal care company that focuses on shampoo, conditioner and body wash. It is owned by Unilever.
History
The company was founded in Harlem in 1991 by Liberians Nyema Tubman and Richelieu Dennis (and his mother Mary Dennis), who were part of the Liberian Diaspora to the United States. The company was inspired by Dennis' Sierra Leonean grandmother, Sofi Tucker, who sold shea butter at a village market in Bonthe, Sierra Leone in 1912.
In 2017, Unilever announced its intent to acquire Shea Moisture. In 2018, Davina Bennett (Miss Jamaica Universe 2017) was contracted as "the face of Shea Moisture", representing the company's Black Castor Oil product line.
Campaigns
In April 2016, the company launched the "#BreaktheWalls" campaign, which promoted more ethnic inclusion and empowerment. The next year, the company released another commercial with the message "Break free from hair hate", featuring mostly white women and one racially ambiguous woman. The commercial generated controversy for barely featuring the brand's original customer base, which were black women with diverse hair textures, including kinky and curly. The company issued an apology, saying that they "really f-ed this one up".
Awards
In 2015 and 2016, Shea Moisture was voted Overall Favorite Brand in Naturally Curly's annual Best of the Best survey.
For the company's national and international experience in sustainable development, and eco-friendly products, the Environment Possibility Award conferred the "Award of Earth Defender" to Shea Moisture in 2020.
References
^ Piepenburg, Erik (23 April 2015). "'Bad Jews' and Its Hair Club for Women". New York Times. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
^ Amber Kallor (2015-03-31). "Long Hair, Don't Care: Beyoncé, Madonna, Ciara, and More Take Their Tresses to Extremes". Style. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
^ Ireoluwa Ajayi (2015-03-27). "Natural hair care - The Rabbit Newspaper". The Rabbit Newspaper. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
^ Hazelwood, Janell (November 27, 2017). "UNILEVER ACQUIRES SUNDIAL BRANDS, OWNER OF SHEAMOISTURE, FOR AN UNDISCLOSED AMOUNT". Retrieved 17 September 2018.
^ Hudson, Tanay (25 Mar 2018). "Miss Jamaica Davina Bennett is now the face of Shea Moisture". MadameNoire. Retrieved 6 Apr 2018.
^ a b Williams, Jancie (April 25, 2017). "Shea Moisture just pissed off the people who've been buying their products from the start". Newsweek. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^ Harris, Chevonne (April 26, 2017). "Down Goes Frazier And Down Goes SheaMoisture". Huffington Post. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^ "SheaMoisture Apologizes for, Pulls Controversial Ad: 'We Really F--ked This One Up'". People. Retrieved 2019-05-16.
^ "The Most Popular Curly Hair Products of 2016". Naturally Curly. May 2, 2016.
^ "RAW SHEA BUTTER BODY WASH won the 2020 Award of Earth Defender". A.A. Environment Possibility Award. Retrieved 2020-12-27.
External links
Official website
This product article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever"}],"text":"Shea Moisture is an American personal care company that focuses on shampoo, conditioner and body wash. It is owned by Unilever.","title":"Shea Moisture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"Liberians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leonean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"shea butter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_butter"},{"link_name":"Bonthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonthe"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyti_Bad-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-styl_Long-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ther_Natu-3"},{"link_name":"Unilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnileverPurchaseProposal-4"},{"link_name":"Davina Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davina_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Miss Jamaica Universe 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Jamaica_Universe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The company was founded in Harlem in 1991 by Liberians Nyema Tubman and Richelieu Dennis (and his mother Mary Dennis), who were part of the Liberian Diaspora to the United States. The company was inspired by Dennis' Sierra Leonean grandmother, Sofi Tucker, who sold shea butter at a village market in Bonthe, Sierra Leone in 1912.[1][2][3]In 2017, Unilever announced its intent to acquire Shea Moisture.[4] In 2018, Davina Bennett (Miss Jamaica Universe 2017) was contracted as \"the face of Shea Moisture\", representing the company's Black Castor Oil product line.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hair-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hair-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In April 2016, the company launched the \"#BreaktheWalls\" campaign, which promoted more ethnic inclusion and empowerment.[6] The next year, the company released another commercial with the message \"Break free from hair hate\", featuring mostly white women and one racially ambiguous woman. The commercial generated controversy for barely featuring the brand's original customer base, which were black women with diverse hair textures, including kinky and curly. The company issued an apology, saying that they \"really f-ed this one up\".[6][7][8]","title":"Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 2015 and 2016, Shea Moisture was voted Overall Favorite Brand in Naturally Curly's annual Best of the Best survey.[9]For the company's national and international experience in sustainable development, and eco-friendly products, the Environment Possibility Award conferred the \"Award of Earth Defender\" to Shea Moisture in 2020.[10]","title":"Awards"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Piepenburg, Erik (23 April 2015). \"'Bad Jews' and Its Hair Club for Women\". New York Times. Retrieved 2015-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/theater/bad-jews-and-its-hair-club-for-women.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"'Bad Jews' and Its Hair Club for Women\""}]},{"reference":"Amber Kallor (2015-03-31). \"Long Hair, Don't Care: Beyoncé, Madonna, Ciara, and More Take Their Tresses to Extremes\". Style. Retrieved 2015-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.style.com/beauty/hair/2015/how-to-care-for-long-hair-ciara-beyonce-madonna","url_text":"\"Long Hair, Don't Care: Beyoncé, Madonna, Ciara, and More Take Their Tresses to Extremes\""}]},{"reference":"Ireoluwa Ajayi (2015-03-27). \"Natural hair care - The Rabbit Newspaper\". The Rabbit Newspaper. Retrieved 2015-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://therabbitnewspaper.com/2015/03/natural-hair-care/","url_text":"\"Natural hair care - The Rabbit Newspaper\""}]},{"reference":"Hazelwood, Janell (November 27, 2017). \"UNILEVER ACQUIRES SUNDIAL BRANDS, OWNER OF SHEAMOISTURE, FOR AN UNDISCLOSED AMOUNT\". Retrieved 17 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackenterprise.com/unilever-acquires-sundial-brands-owner-of-sheamoisture-in-for-undisclosed-amount","url_text":"\"UNILEVER ACQUIRES SUNDIAL BRANDS, OWNER OF SHEAMOISTURE, FOR AN UNDISCLOSED AMOUNT\""}]},{"reference":"Hudson, Tanay (25 Mar 2018). \"Miss Jamaica Davina Bennett is now the face of Shea Moisture\". MadameNoire. Retrieved 6 Apr 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://madamenoire.com/1019141/davina-bennett-shea-moisture/","url_text":"\"Miss Jamaica Davina Bennett is now the face of Shea Moisture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MadameNoire","url_text":"MadameNoire"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Jancie (April 25, 2017). \"Shea Moisture just pissed off the people who've been buying their products from the start\". Newsweek. Retrieved May 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsweek.com/shea-moisture-products-commerical-owners-shampoo-589825","url_text":"\"Shea Moisture just pissed off the people who've been buying their products from the start\""}]},{"reference":"Harris, Chevonne (April 26, 2017). \"Down Goes Frazier And Down Goes SheaMoisture\". Huffington Post. Retrieved May 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/down-goes-frazier-and-down-goes-shea-moisture_us_5900e767e4b00acb75f18413","url_text":"\"Down Goes Frazier And Down Goes SheaMoisture\""}]},{"reference":"\"SheaMoisture Apologizes for, Pulls Controversial Ad: 'We Really F--ked This One Up'\". People. Retrieved 2019-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/style/shea-moisture-pulls-controversial-ad/","url_text":"\"SheaMoisture Apologizes for, Pulls Controversial Ad: 'We Really F--ked This One Up'\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Most Popular Curly Hair Products of 2016\". Naturally Curly. May 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naturallycurly.com/curlreading/curl-products/the-most-popular-curly-hair-products-of-2016-hi/","url_text":"\"The Most Popular Curly Hair Products of 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"RAW SHEA BUTTER BODY WASH won the 2020 Award of Earth Defender\". A.A. Environment Possibility Award. Retrieved 2020-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ep-a.org/medal-2021/en/sheamoisture-raw-shea-butter-body-wash","url_text":"\"RAW SHEA BUTTER BODY WASH won the 2020 Award of Earth Defender\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.sheamoisture.com/","external_links_name":"www.sheamoisture.com"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/theater/bad-jews-and-its-hair-club-for-women.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"'Bad Jews' and Its Hair Club for Women\""},{"Link":"http://www.style.com/beauty/hair/2015/how-to-care-for-long-hair-ciara-beyonce-madonna","external_links_name":"\"Long Hair, Don't Care: Beyoncé, Madonna, Ciara, and More Take Their Tresses to Extremes\""},{"Link":"http://therabbitnewspaper.com/2015/03/natural-hair-care/","external_links_name":"\"Natural hair care - The Rabbit Newspaper\""},{"Link":"https://www.blackenterprise.com/unilever-acquires-sundial-brands-owner-of-sheamoisture-in-for-undisclosed-amount","external_links_name":"\"UNILEVER ACQUIRES SUNDIAL BRANDS, OWNER OF SHEAMOISTURE, FOR AN UNDISCLOSED AMOUNT\""},{"Link":"http://madamenoire.com/1019141/davina-bennett-shea-moisture/","external_links_name":"\"Miss Jamaica Davina Bennett is now the face of Shea Moisture\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsweek.com/shea-moisture-products-commerical-owners-shampoo-589825","external_links_name":"\"Shea Moisture just pissed off the people who've been buying their products from the start\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/down-goes-frazier-and-down-goes-shea-moisture_us_5900e767e4b00acb75f18413","external_links_name":"\"Down Goes Frazier And Down Goes SheaMoisture\""},{"Link":"https://people.com/style/shea-moisture-pulls-controversial-ad/","external_links_name":"\"SheaMoisture Apologizes for, Pulls Controversial Ad: 'We Really F--ked This One Up'\""},{"Link":"http://www.naturallycurly.com/curlreading/curl-products/the-most-popular-curly-hair-products-of-2016-hi/","external_links_name":"\"The Most Popular Curly Hair Products of 2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.ep-a.org/medal-2021/en/sheamoisture-raw-shea-butter-body-wash","external_links_name":"\"RAW SHEA BUTTER BODY WASH won the 2020 Award of Earth Defender\""},{"Link":"http://www.sheamoisture.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shea_Moisture&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pennell
|
William Pennell
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
American actor
William PennellBorn(1889-03-03)March 3, 1889Macon, GeorgiaDiedSeptember 5, 1956(1956-09-05) (aged 67) Blackpool, EnglandOccupation(s)Voice actor, singerYears active1931–1940
William Pennell (March 3, 1889 – September 5, 1956) was an American voice actor and baritone singer, who was the original voice of the character Bluto on the animated Popeye shorts produced by Fleischer Studios. At the time, Pennell sang in a vocal quartet which was used by Paramount Pictures. Gus Wickie replaced Pennell as Bluto in 1935.
References
^ a b c Tim Lawson, Alisa Persons (December 9, 2004). The Magic Behind the Voices: A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors. University Press of Mississippi. p. 26. ISBN 1-578-06696-4. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
External links
William Pennell at IMDb
This article about an American voice actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baritone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone"},{"link_name":"Bluto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluto"},{"link_name":"Popeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye"},{"link_name":"Fleischer Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleischer_Studios"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magic-1"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magic-1"},{"link_name":"Gus Wickie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Wickie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magic-1"}],"text":"William Pennell (March 3, 1889 – September 5, 1956) was an American voice actor and baritone singer, who was the original voice of the character Bluto on the animated Popeye shorts produced by Fleischer Studios.[1] At the time, Pennell sang in a vocal quartet which was used by Paramount Pictures.[1] Gus Wickie replaced Pennell as Bluto[1] in 1935.","title":"William Pennell"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Tim Lawson, Alisa Persons (December 9, 2004). The Magic Behind the Voices: A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors. University Press of Mississippi. p. 26. ISBN 1-578-06696-4. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0cEAOsLJad8C&dq=william+pennell+bluto&pg=PA26","url_text":"The Magic Behind the Voices: A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi","url_text":"University Press of Mississippi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-578-06696-4","url_text":"1-578-06696-4"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0cEAOsLJad8C&dq=william+pennell+bluto&pg=PA26","external_links_name":"The Magic Behind the Voices: A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0672080/","external_links_name":"William Pennell"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Pennell&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Li
|
Ye Li
|
["1 References"]
|
Chinese basketball player (born 1981)
Not to be confused with Li Ye.
In this Chinese name, the family name is Ye.
Ye Li叶莉Born (1981-11-20) November 20, 1981 (age 42)Shanghai, ChinaOccupationBasketball playerHeight190 cm (6 ft 3 in)Spouse
Yao Ming (m. 2007)Children1
Ye Li (simplified Chinese: 叶莉; traditional Chinese: 葉莉; pinyin: Yè Lì; born November 20, 1981) is a Chinese professional basketball player who played for the Shanghai Octopus of the Women's Chinese Basketball Association and the China women's national basketball team at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
Born in Shanghai, Ye Li attended the University of Houston, where she met Chinese basketball player Yao Ming at the age of seventeen in 1998. They married on August 6, 2007. Ye gave birth to their daughter Yao Qinlei (whose English name is Amy) in Houston, Texas on May 21, 2010.
References
^ "Ye Li Bio, Stats, and Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
^ Estudillo, Itiel (2022-12-08). "Who is Yao Ming's wife Ye Li? Taking a closer look at personal and professional life of Ye Li". www.sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
^ Bucher, Ric; Yao, Ming (2004). Yao: A Life in Two Worlds. Miramax Books. p. 237.
^ Zheng, Zen T.C.; Guy Jr, Andrew (2007-08-07). "Yao and Ye's wedding unites East and West". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
^ "Yao 'very excited' about arrival of new baby". ESPN.com. 2010-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
This biographical article relating to a basketball figure from the People's Republic of China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Li Ye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ye_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Ye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_(surname)"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Octopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Swordfish"},{"link_name":"Women's Chinese Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Chinese_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"China women's national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Yao Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yao_Ming"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Li Ye.In this Chinese name, the family name is Ye.Ye Li (simplified Chinese: 叶莉; traditional Chinese: 葉莉; pinyin: Yè Lì; born November 20, 1981) is a Chinese professional basketball player who played for the Shanghai Octopus of the Women's Chinese Basketball Association and the China women's national basketball team at the 2004 Summer Olympics.[1]Born in Shanghai, Ye Li attended the University of Houston,[2] where she met Chinese basketball player Yao Ming at the age of seventeen in 1998.[3] They married on August 6, 2007.[4] Ye gave birth to their daughter Yao Qinlei (whose English name is Amy) in Houston, Texas on May 21, 2010.[5]","title":"Ye Li"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Ye Li Bio, Stats, and Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2016-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418121238/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ye/ye-li-1.html","url_text":"\"Ye Li Bio, Stats, and Results\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ye/ye-li-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Estudillo, Itiel (2022-12-08). \"Who is Yao Ming's wife Ye Li? Taking a closer look at personal and professional life of Ye Li\". www.sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 2023-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/news-who-yao-ming-s-wife-ye-li-taking-closer-look-personal-professional-life-of-ye-li","url_text":"\"Who is Yao Ming's wife Ye Li? Taking a closer look at personal and professional life of Ye Li\""}]},{"reference":"Bucher, Ric; Yao, Ming (2004). Yao: A Life in Two Worlds. Miramax Books. p. 237.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Bucher","url_text":"Bucher, Ric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yao_Ming","url_text":"Yao, Ming"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/yao00yaom","url_text":"Yao: A Life in Two Worlds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramax_Books","url_text":"Miramax Books"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/yao00yaom/page/237","url_text":"237"}]},{"reference":"Zheng, Zen T.C.; Guy Jr, Andrew (2007-08-07). \"Yao and Ye's wedding unites East and West\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2016-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/5029484.html","url_text":"\"Yao and Ye's wedding unites East and West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yao 'very excited' about arrival of new baby\". ESPN.com. 2010-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=5209545","url_text":"\"Yao 'very excited' about arrival of new baby\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418121238/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ye/ye-li-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Ye Li Bio, Stats, and Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ye/ye-li-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/news-who-yao-ming-s-wife-ye-li-taking-closer-look-personal-professional-life-of-ye-li","external_links_name":"\"Who is Yao Ming's wife Ye Li? Taking a closer look at personal and professional life of Ye Li\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/yao00yaom","external_links_name":"Yao: A Life in Two Worlds"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/yao00yaom/page/237","external_links_name":"237"},{"Link":"http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/5029484.html","external_links_name":"\"Yao and Ye's wedding unites East and West\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=5209545","external_links_name":"\"Yao 'very excited' about arrival of new baby\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ye_Li&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narope
|
Narope
|
["1 Species","2 References"]
|
Genus of brush-footed butterflies
Narope
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Nymphalidae
Tribe:
Brassolini
Genus:
NaropeDoubleday,
Type species
Narope cyllastrosDoubleday,
Diversity
17 species
Narope is a genus of Neotropical butterflies in family Nymphalidae, and includes species that present inconspicuously marking patterns on the wings. The genus includes 16 species.
Species
Narope albopunctum (Stichel, 1904)
Narope anartes (Hewitson, 1874)
Narope cauca (Casagrande, 2002)
Narope cyllabarus (Westwood, 1851)
Narope cyllarus (Westwood, 1851)
Narope cyllastros (Doubleday, 1849)
Narope cyllene (C & R Felder, 1859)
Narope dentimaculatus (Talbot, 1928)
Narope guilhermei (Casagrande, 1989)
Narope marmorata (Schaus, 1902)
Narope minor (Casagrande, 2002)
Narope nesope (Hewitson, 1869)
Narope obidos (Casagrande, 2002)
Narope panniculus (Stichel, 1904)
Narope syllabus (Staudinger, 1887)
Narope testacea (Godman & Salvin, 1878)
Narope ybyra (Casagrande, 2002)
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Narope.
^ "Narope Doubleday, " at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
^ Casagrande, M. M. (2002). Naropini Stichel, taxonomia e imaturos (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolinae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 19(2), 467 - 569. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752002000200012.
Taxon identifiersNarope
Wikidata: Q3375348
Wikispecies: Narope
BioLib: 574854
BOLD: 3659
ButMoth: 18935.0
CoL: 92G7X
EoL: 18507
GBIF: 1895215
iNaturalist: 247882
IRMNG: 1266840
LepIndex: 146626
NCBI: 366113
Open Tree of Life: 841508
This Morphinae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neotropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotropical"},{"link_name":"Nymphalidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphalidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Narope is a genus of Neotropical butterflies in family Nymphalidae, and includes species that present inconspicuously marking patterns on the wings. The genus includes 16 species.[1][2]","title":"Narope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Narope albopunctum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope_albopunctum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narope anartes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope_anartes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narope cauca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope_cauca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narope cyllabarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope_cyllabarus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narope cyllarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope_cyllarus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narope cyllastros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope_cyllastros&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narope cyllene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope_cyllene&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narope dentimaculatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope_dentimaculatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narope guilhermei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope_guilhermei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narope marmorata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope_marmorata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narope minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope_minor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narope nesope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope_nesope&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narope obidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope_obidos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narope panniculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope_panniculus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narope syllabus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope_syllabus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narope testacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope_testacea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narope ybyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope_ybyra&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Narope albopunctum (Stichel, 1904)\nNarope anartes (Hewitson, 1874)\nNarope cauca (Casagrande, 2002)\nNarope cyllabarus (Westwood, 1851)\nNarope cyllarus (Westwood, 1851)\nNarope cyllastros (Doubleday, 1849)\nNarope cyllene (C & R Felder, 1859)\nNarope dentimaculatus (Talbot, 1928)\nNarope guilhermei (Casagrande, 1989)\nNarope marmorata (Schaus, 1902)\nNarope minor (Casagrande, 2002)\nNarope nesope (Hewitson, 1869)\nNarope obidos (Casagrande, 2002)\nNarope panniculus (Stichel, 1904)\nNarope syllabus (Staudinger, 1887)\nNarope testacea (Godman & Salvin, 1878)\nNarope ybyra (Casagrande, 2002)","title":"Species"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/morphinae/narope/","external_links_name":"\"Narope Doubleday, [1849]\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0101-81752002000200012","external_links_name":"10.1590/S0101-81752002000200012"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id574854","external_links_name":"574854"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=3659","external_links_name":"3659"},{"Link":"https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/buttmoth/resource/c1727662-2d1e-426f-818c-d144552a747c?q=18935.0+&view_id=3ae940ca-69b8-430b-9cb8-8b509cac5289&field=Author&value=","external_links_name":"18935.0"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/92G7X","external_links_name":"92G7X"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/18507","external_links_name":"18507"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/1895215","external_links_name":"1895215"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/247882","external_links_name":"247882"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1266840","external_links_name":"1266840"},{"Link":"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/detail/?taxonno=146626","external_links_name":"146626"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=366113","external_links_name":"366113"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=841508","external_links_name":"841508"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narope&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etsuko_Yakushimaru
|
Etsuko Yakushimaru
|
["1 Discography","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 Singles","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Etsuko Yakushimaruやくしまる えつこGenresPop, ambient, experimentalYears active2006–presentLabelsMirai Records, King, CommmonsMember ofSōtaisei RironWebsiteyakushimaruetsuko.comMusical artist
Etsuko Yakushimaru (やくしまる えつこ, Yakushimaru Etsuko) is a Japanese singer, producer, composer, lyricist, arranger and artist. She is broadly active, from pop music to experimental music and art. Her output has also included drawing, installation art, media art, poetry and other literature, and recitation. She also produces numerous projects and for artists, including her band, Sōtaisei Riron. Along with appearing in the Oricon charts with several hit songs, she has also created a project that involved the use of satellite, biological data and biotechnology, a song-generating robot powered by artificial intelligence and her own voice, an independently-developed VR system, and original electronic musical instruments. Major recent activities include exhibitions at Mori Art Museum, Toyota Municipal Museum of Art, KENPOKU ART 2016, and Yamaguchi Center for Arts and Media . Her Tensei Jingle and Flying Tentacles albums, both released in 2016, received praise from figures including Ryuichi Sakamoto, Jeff Mills, Fennesz, Penguin Cafe, Kiyoshi Kurosawa and Toh EnJoe. She is known for her solo works including theme songs in several anime series, such as The Tatami Galaxy, Arakawa Under The Bridge, Space Dandy, Sailor Moon Crystal, Hi Score Girl, Eureka Seven and Mawaru Penguindrum. As well as being the lead vocal of the rock band Sōtaisei Riron, she also works as a contemporary artist, illustrator and narrator. She also goes by the alias of Tica α (ティカ・α) when credited for lyrics and composing. In 2017 she won the STARTS Prize for Artistic Exploration for converting her pop song I’m Humanity into DNA.
Discography
See also: Sōtaisei Riron § Discography
Studio albums
Blu-Day (2010) (as Etsuko Yakushimaru & D.V.D)
Radio Onsen Eutopia (2013)
Flying Tentacles (2016) (as Yakushimaru Experiment)
Singles
2009
Oyasumi Paradox
Jenny wa Gokigen Naname
2010
Venus to Jesus
Kamisama no Iutōri (as Junji Ishiwatari, Yoshinori Sunahara & Etsuko Yakushimaru)
Cosmos vs Alien
2011
Adaptation 05.1 - eyrs ~ Adaptation 05.2 Ballet Mécanique - eyrs (as Ryuichi Sakamoto & Etsuko Yakushimaru)
Lulu/Tokimeki Hacker
Nornir/Shōnen yo Ware ni Kaere (as Etsuko Yakushimaru Metro Orchestra)
2012
Kiri Kiri Mai
Yami Yami
Lonely Planet
2013
Shōnen yo Ware ni Kaere (Radio Onsen Eutopia version)
2014
Welcome to the X Dimension (X次元へようこそ X Jigen e Yōkoso)/Absolute Monsieur
Chia・Chia (チア・チア)
2016
New moon ni Koishite/eternal eternity (opening and ending for Sailor Moon Crystal Season 3)
New moon ni Koishite/Zjo sensou (OST for Sailor Moon Crystal Season 3)
I'm Humanity (Watashi wa Jinrui)
2017
Flash of Dopamine
Hige The Cat
2018
AfterSchoolDi(e)stra(u)ction
Songs of Atarima Etsuko
Ballet Mécanique (as Etsuko Yakushimaru & Yoshinori Sunahara )
References
^ Sound and Recording Magazine, May 2010 edition
^ Website of the Ars Electronica STARTS Prize I’m Humanity Etsuko Yakushimaru
^ Video of the Prix Ars Electronica Gala 2017 I’m Humanity Etsuko Yakushimaru
^ Website of the Ars Electronica Center about the award ceremony
External links
Official website (in Japanese)
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
This article about a Japanese singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sōtaisei Riron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dtaisei_Riron"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"Mori Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mori_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ryuichi Sakamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto"},{"link_name":"Jeff Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Mills"},{"link_name":"Fennesz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennesz"},{"link_name":"Penguin Cafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Cafe"},{"link_name":"Kiyoshi Kurosawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoshi_Kurosawa"},{"link_name":"Toh EnJoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toh_EnJoe"},{"link_name":"The Tatami Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tatami_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Arakawa Under The Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakawa_Under_The_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Space Dandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Dandy"},{"link_name":"Sailor Moon Crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Moon_Crystal"},{"link_name":"Hi Score Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi_Score_Girl"},{"link_name":"Eureka Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_Seven"},{"link_name":"Mawaru Penguindrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawaru_Penguindrum"},{"link_name":"Sōtaisei Riron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dtaisei_Riron"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"STARTS Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STARTS_Prize"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Musical artistEtsuko Yakushimaru (やくしまる えつこ, Yakushimaru Etsuko) is a Japanese singer, producer, composer, lyricist, arranger and artist. She is broadly active, from pop music to experimental music and art. Her output has also included drawing, installation art, media art, poetry and other literature, and recitation. She also produces numerous projects and for artists, including her band, Sōtaisei Riron. Along with appearing in the Oricon charts with several hit songs, she has also created a project that involved the use of satellite, biological data and biotechnology, a song-generating robot powered by artificial intelligence and her own voice, an independently-developed VR system, and original electronic musical instruments. Major recent activities include exhibitions at Mori Art Museum, Toyota Municipal Museum of Art, KENPOKU ART 2016, and Yamaguchi Center for Arts and Media [YCAM]. Her Tensei Jingle and Flying Tentacles albums, both released in 2016, received praise from figures including Ryuichi Sakamoto, Jeff Mills, Fennesz, Penguin Cafe, Kiyoshi Kurosawa and Toh EnJoe. She is known for her solo works including theme songs in several anime series, such as The Tatami Galaxy, Arakawa Under The Bridge, Space Dandy, Sailor Moon Crystal, Hi Score Girl, Eureka Seven and Mawaru Penguindrum. As well as being the lead vocal of the rock band Sōtaisei Riron, she also works as a contemporary artist, illustrator and narrator. She also goes by the alias of Tica α (ティカ・α) when credited for lyrics and composing.[1] In 2017 she won the STARTS Prize for Artistic Exploration for converting her pop song I’m Humanity into DNA.[2][3][4]","title":"Etsuko Yakushimaru"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sōtaisei Riron § Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dtaisei_Riron#Discography"}],"text":"See also: Sōtaisei Riron § Discography","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Blu-Day (2010) (as Etsuko Yakushimaru & D.V.D)\nRadio Onsen Eutopia (2013)\nFlying Tentacles (2016) (as Yakushimaru Experiment)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Junji Ishiwatari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercar_(band)#Members"},{"link_name":"Yoshinori Sunahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshinori_Sunahara"},{"link_name":"Ryuichi Sakamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto"},{"link_name":"Yoshinori Sunahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshinori_Sunahara"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"2009Oyasumi Paradox\nJenny wa Gokigen Naname2010Venus to Jesus\nKamisama no Iutōri (as Junji Ishiwatari, Yoshinori Sunahara & Etsuko Yakushimaru)\nCosmos vs Alien2011Adaptation 05.1 - eyrs ~ Adaptation 05.2 Ballet Mécanique - eyrs (as Ryuichi Sakamoto & Etsuko Yakushimaru)\nLulu/Tokimeki Hacker\nNornir/Shōnen yo Ware ni Kaere (as Etsuko Yakushimaru Metro Orchestra)2012Kiri Kiri Mai\nYami Yami\nLonely Planet2013Shōnen yo Ware ni Kaere (Radio Onsen Eutopia version)2014Welcome to the X Dimension (X次元へようこそ X Jigen e Yōkoso)/Absolute Monsieur\nChia・Chia (チア・チア)2016New moon ni Koishite/eternal eternity (opening and ending for Sailor Moon Crystal Season 3)\nNew moon ni Koishite/Zjo sensou (OST for Sailor Moon Crystal Season 3)\nI'm Humanity (Watashi wa Jinrui)2017Flash of Dopamine\nHige The Cat2018AfterSchoolDi(e)stra(u)ction\nSongs of Atarima Etsuko\nBallet Mécanique (as Etsuko Yakushimaru & Yoshinori Sunahara )","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://yakushimaruetsuko.com/","external_links_name":"yakushimaruetsuko.com"},{"Link":"http://www.rittor-music.co.jp/magazine/sr/10121005.html","external_links_name":"Sound and Recording Magazine"},{"Link":"https://starts-prize.aec.at/en/im-humanity/","external_links_name":"Website"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WOkZ0cAv-Is","external_links_name":"Video"},{"Link":"https://www.aec.at/aeblog/en/2018/05/30/im-humanity/","external_links_name":"Website"},{"Link":"http://yakushimaruetsuko.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/31fd2274-d9a8-430d-9919-38d37206b491","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etsuko_Yakushimaru&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo_Falcomat%C3%A0
|
Italo Falcomatà
|
["1 Bibliography","2 References"]
|
Italian politician
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (September 2018) Click for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the Italian article.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|it|Italo Falcomatà}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Italo Falcomatà20th Mayor of Reggio CalabriaIn office23 November 1993 (1993-11-23) – 11 December 2001 (2001-12-11)Preceded byGiuseppe RealeSucceeded byGiuseppe Scopelliti
Personal detailsBorn(1943-10-08)8 October 1943Reggio Calabria, ItalyDied11 December 2001(2001-12-11) (aged 58)Reggio Calabria, ItalyCause of deathLeukemiaPolitical partyDemocrats of the Left (1998–2001)Other politicalaffiliationsItalian Communist Party (1970–1991), Democratic Party of the Left (1991–1998)ChildrenGiuseppe Falcomatà
Italo Falcomatà (1943 – 2001) was an Italian politician and school and university teacher. Three times mayor of Reggio Calabria, from 1993 to 2001, under his guidance a period known as the Reggio Spring began. From 1970 to 1971, the city of Reggio was the scene of a popular uprising – known as the Moti di Reggio – against the government choice of Catanzaro as capital of the newly instituted Region of Calabria; afterwards there was a period of social and urban deterioration which lasted until the Reggio Spring began. His youngest child Giuseppe Falcomatà is the current mayor of Reggio since 2014.
Bibliography
Vv. Aa. ...E a Reggio sbocciò la primavera. Italo Falcomatà, il primo dei cittadini, Città del Sole Edizioni, 2012, ISBN 8873516157
Oscar Gaspari, Rosario Forlenza, Sante Cruciani, Storie di sindaci per la storia d'Italia, Donzelli Editore, 2009
References
^ Loria, Danilo (25 July 2015). "Reggio: chi è stato Italo Falcomatà, il sindaco della "primavera reggina" " ]. strettoweb.com (in Italian).
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef
This article about a Calabria politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a mayor in Italy is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor of Reggio Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Reggio_Calabria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Moti di Reggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_revolt"},{"link_name":"Catanzaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catanzaro"},{"link_name":"Region of Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Falcomatà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Falcomat%C3%A0"}],"text":"Italo Falcomatà (1943 – 2001) was an Italian politician and school and university teacher. Three times mayor of Reggio Calabria, from 1993 to 2001,[1] under his guidance a period known as the Reggio Spring began. From 1970 to 1971, the city of Reggio was the scene of a popular uprising – known as the Moti di Reggio – against the government choice of Catanzaro as capital of the newly instituted Region of Calabria; afterwards there was a period of social and urban deterioration which lasted until the Reggio Spring began. His youngest child Giuseppe Falcomatà is the current mayor of Reggio since 2014.","title":"Italo Falcomatà"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8873516157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8873516157"},{"link_name":"Storie di sindaci per la storia d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=bQ8S427Nu9EC"}],"text":"Vv. Aa. ...E a Reggio sbocciò la primavera. Italo Falcomatà, il primo dei cittadini, Città del Sole Edizioni, 2012, ISBN 8873516157\nOscar Gaspari, Rosario Forlenza, Sante Cruciani, Storie di sindaci per la storia d'Italia, Donzelli Editore, 2009","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Loria, Danilo (25 July 2015). \"Reggio: chi è stato Italo Falcomatà, il sindaco della \"primavera reggina\" [BIOGRAFIA]\" [Reggio: who was Italo Falcomatà, the mayor of the \"spring of Reggio Calabria\" [BIOGRAPHY]]. strettoweb.com (in Italian).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.strettoweb.com/2015/07/reggio-italo-falcomata-sindaco-primavera-reggina-biografia/305382/","url_text":"\"Reggio: chi è stato Italo Falcomatà, il sindaco della \"primavera reggina\" [BIOGRAFIA]\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FItalo_Falcomat%C3%A0&sl=it&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bQ8S427Nu9EC","external_links_name":"Storie di sindaci per la storia d'Italia"},{"Link":"https://www.strettoweb.com/2015/07/reggio-italo-falcomata-sindaco-primavera-reggina-biografia/305382/","external_links_name":"\"Reggio: chi è stato Italo Falcomatà, il sindaco della \"primavera reggina\" [BIOGRAFIA]\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000004965468X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/59210619","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqk6fppb4VgBxKgGBxhpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12769165x","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12769165x","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1018826882","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V045812","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007383799505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr92038909","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/092660770","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italo_Falcomat%C3%A0&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italo_Falcomat%C3%A0&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Noche_Triste
|
La Noche Triste
|
["1 Prologue","1.1 Cortés heads off Spanish punitive expedition","1.2 Loss of control in Tenochtitlan","1.3 Spanish head for the causeway out","2 Aftermath","3 See also","4 Footnotes","5 References","5.1 Primary sources","5.2 Secondary sources","6 External links"]
|
Event during the Conquest of Mexico
La Noche Triste (The Night of Sorrows)Part of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec EmpireNoche TristeDateJune 30 – July 1, 1520LocationShores of Lake Texcoco, MexicoResult
Aztec victoryBelligerents
Crown of Castile Spanish EmpireConfederacy of Tlaxcala
Aztec Triple AllianceCommanders and leaders
Hernán Cortés (WIA)Pedro de Alvarado (WIA)
CuitláhuacStrength
Varies; likely 1,000–2,000 Spanish and 12,000 Tlaxcaltec native allies
20,000 Aztec warriors; likely more in reservesCasualties and losses
Between 400 and 800 Spanish killed, drowned, or captured; around 4,000 Tlaxcaltecs killed or captured
Unknown
vteSpanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Potonchan (1519)
Centla (1519)
Cempoala (1519)
Tlaxcala (1519)
Cholula (1519)
Nautla (1519)
Narvaez's Expedition (1520)
Tenochtitlan Massacre (1520)
La Noche Triste (1520)
Otumba (1520)
Colhuacatonco (1521)
Tenochtitlan (1521)
La Noche Triste ("The Night of Sorrows", literally "The Sad Night") was an important event during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, wherein Hernán Cortés, his army of Spanish conquistadors, and their native allies were driven out of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan.
Prologue
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "La Noche Triste" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Cortés' expedition arrived at Tenochtitlan on November 8, 1519, taking up residence in a specially designated compound in the city. Soon thereafter, suspecting treachery on the part of their hosts, the Spaniards took Moctezuma II, the Aztec king or Tlatoani, hostage. Though Moctezuma followed Cortés' instructions in continually assuring his subjects that he had been ordered by the gods to move in with the Spaniards and that he had done so willingly, the Aztecs suspected otherwise. During the following 98 days, Cortés and his native allies, the Tlaxcaltecs, were increasingly unwelcome guests in the capital.
Cortés heads off Spanish punitive expedition
In May 1520, news from the Gulf coast reached Cortés that a much larger party of Spaniards had been sent by Governor Velázquez of Cuba to arrest Cortés for insubordination. Leaving Tenochtitlan in the care of his trusted lieutenant, Pedro de Alvarado, Cortés marched to the coast, where he defeated the Cuban expedition led by Pánfilo de Narváez sent to capture him. When Cortés told the defeated soldiers about the riches of Tenochtitlan, they agreed to join him. Reinforced by Narvaez's men, Cortés headed back to Tenochtitlan.
Loss of control in Tenochtitlan
During Cortés's absence, Pedro de Alvarado oversaw a slaughter of Aztec nobles and priests celebrating a festival in the city's main temple due to fears of an Aztec revolt. In retaliation, the Aztecs laid siege to the Spanish compound, in which Moctezuma was still being held captive. By the time Cortés returned to Tenochtitlan in late June, the Aztecs had elected a new Tlatoani named Cuitláhuac.
Cortés ordered Moctezuma to address his people from a terrace in order to persuade them to stop fighting and to allow the Spaniards to leave the city in peace. The Aztecs, however, jeered at Moctezuma, and pelted him with stones and darts. By Spanish accounts, he was killed in this assault by the Aztecs, though the Aztecs claim he had been killed instead by the Spanish.: 294 : 90
A map of Tenochtitlan and its causeways leading out of the capital
Aztec civilization
Aztec society
Nahuatl language
Religion
Mythology
Philosophy
Calendar
Medicine
Human sacrifice
Tenochtitlan
Templo Mayor
Aztec history
Aztlán
Warfare
Codices
Aztec script
Aztec Empire
Tlaxcallan
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Moctezuma II
Fall of Tenochtitlan
vte
With Moctezuma dead, Cortés and Alvarado knew they were in a precarious position. Under constant attack, with gunpowder, food, and water in short supply, Cortés decided to break out of the city by night. In order to put the Aztecs off their guard, he sent messengers asking for a one-week ceasefire, at the end of which the Spaniards would return any treasure of which they were in possession and would be permitted to leave the city peacefully.: 296
Since the Aztecs had damaged bridges on four of the eight causeways into the island city, the Spaniards devised a portable bridge they could use in order to cross any unspanned sections of water. Cortés ordered that as much of the accumulated gold and other treasure as was feasible be packed and carried away, and invited the Spanish soldiers to take and carry away as much as they wished of the remainder. This invitation would lead to the demise of many soldiers who, overburdened with treasure, found it impossible to navigate the causeways and other obstacles encountered on the way out of the city.: 297, 306
Cortés ultimately would have to choose among three land routes: north to Tlatelolco, which was the least dangerous path but required the longest trip through the city; south to Coyohuacan and Iztapalapa, two towns that would not welcome the Spanish; or west to Tlacopan, which required the shortest trip through Tenochtitlan, though they would not be welcome there either. Cortés selected the western causeway to Tlacopan, needing the quickest route out of Tenochtitlan with all his provisions and people.
Spanish head for the causeway out
On the night of July 1, 1520, Cortez's large army left their compound and headed west, toward the Tlacopan causeway. The causeway was apparently unguarded, and the Spaniards made their way out of their complex unnoticed, winding their way through the sleeping city under the cover of a rainstorm. Before reaching the causeway, they were noticed by the elite Aztec soldiers known as the Eagle Warriors, who sounded the alarm.: 298, 305 The alarm was then shouted by others, first by a woman drawing water, and then by the priest of Huītzilōpōchtli from atop Templo Mayor.: 85
As the alarm spread, numerous Aztec warriors, noblemen and commoners alike, emerged from their houses and began attacking the Spaniards at every direction from their canoes or on the causeway with macuahuitl swords, spears, arrows, and stones thrown from slings. The fighting was ferocious. As the Spaniards and their native allies reached the causeway, hundreds of canoes appeared in the waters alongside to harry them. The Spaniards fought their way across the causeway in the rain. Weighed down by gold and equipment, some of the soldiers lost their footing, fell into the lake, and drowned. Amid a vanguard of horsemen, Cortés pressed ahead and reached dry land at Tacuba, leaving the rest of the expedition to fend for itself in the treacherous crossing. Díaz del Castillo later defended his action, stating that trying to stay and fight for the rest would have likely concluded with all of them wiped out.: 299–300
Seeing the wounded survivors straggle into the village, Cortés and his horsemen turned back to the causeway, where they encountered Pedro de Alvarado, unhorsed and badly wounded, in the company of a handful of Spaniards and Tlaxcaltecs. According to Bernal Díaz del Castillo, it was at this point that tears came to Cortés' eyes, as he realized the extent of the debacle.: 300
Cortés, Alvarado and the strongest and most skilled of the men had managed to fight their way out of Tenochtitlan, although they were all bloodied and exhausted. Cortés himself had been injured in the fighting. All of the artillery had been lost, as had most of the horses.: 302
The sources are not in agreement as to the total number of casualties suffered by the expedition. Cortés himself claimed that 154 Spaniards were lost along with over 2,000 native allies. Thoan Cano, another eyewitness to the event, said that 1170 Spaniards died, but this number probably exceeds the total number of Spaniards who took part in the expedition. Francisco López de Gómara, who was not himself an eyewitness, estimated that 450 Spaniards and 4,000 allies died. Díaz del Castillo, who was an eyewitness, talks about around 450 Spaniards and 1,000 allies killed.
Montezuma's son, Chimalpopoca was killed; Tepanec prince Tlaltecatzin,: 87 King Cacamatzin, his three sisters and two brothers were also killed.: 90
Diaz states the Spaniards suffered 860 soldiers killed, which included those from the later Battle of Otumba. The Tlaxcaltecs lost a thousand. The noncombatants attached to the expedition suffered terribly, 72 casualties, including five Spanish women. The few women who survived included La Malinche the interpreter, Doña Luisa, and María Estrada.: 302, 305–306 The event was named La Noche Triste ("The Night of Sorrows") on account of the sorrow that Cortés and his surviving followers felt and expressed at the loss of life and treasure incurred in the escape from Tenochtitlan.
Aftermath
Further battles awaited the Spaniards and their allies as they fought their way around the north end of Lake Zumpango. One week later, at the Battle of Otumba, not far from Teotihuacan, they turned to fight the pursuing Aztecs, decisively defeating them — according to Cortés, because he slew the Aztec commander — and giving the Spaniards a small respite that allowed them to reach Tlaxcala.: 303–305
It was in Tlaxcala that Cortés planned the siege of Tenochtitlan and the eventual destruction of the Aztec Empire.
See also
List of battles won by Indigenous peoples of the Americas
History of the Aztecs
History of Mexico
Juan Velazquez de Leon
Cristóbal de Olid
Gonzalo de Sandoval
Dona Marina
Footnotes
^ Teoría de la bandera.Guido Villa.1974 "The companies portentous discovery and conquest of the New World, met under the banners of Castile incarnate". Las portentosas empresas del descubrimiento y la conquista del Nuevo Mundo, se cumplieron bajo los encarnados pendones de Castilla.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 0140441239
^ a b c d León-Portilla, M. 1992, 'The Broken Spears: The Aztec Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico. Boston: Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0807055014
^ Various sources give dates ranging from June 30 to July 4, a problem further confounded by the use of the Julian calendar in Europe at this time, which had diverged from the true (solar) date by almost 12 days.
^ a b Hanson, Victor Davis (2007-12-18). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8.
^ Prescott, Appendix.
^ Prescott, Book 5, Chapter 3.
References
Primary sources
Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España ("True History of the Conquest of New Spain") by Bernal Díaz del Castillo. Bernal Díaz del Castillo served as a rodelero, or soldier armed with sword and buckler, in Cortés' expedition, and personally participated in the nocturnal battle known as "La noche triste." His Chapter CXXVIII ("How we agreed to flee from Mexico, and what we did about it") is an account of the event.
La Historia general de las Indias ("General History of the Indies") by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés. See Parsons (below), Volume III, p. 296-292. Oviedo, not himself a witness to La Noche Triste, claimed to have interviewed Thoan Cano, a member of Pánfilo Narváez' expedition who joined Cortés in his return to Mexico and who survived the escape from the city.
Secondary sources
Conquest: Cortés, and the Fall of Old Mexico by Hugh Thomas (1993) ISBN 0-671-51104-1.
Cortés and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire by Jon Manchip White (1971) ISBN 0-7867-0271-0.
History of the Conquest of Mexico. by William H. Prescott ISBN 0-375-75803-8.
The Rain God cries over Mexico by László Passuth.
Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest by Matthew Restall, Oxford University Press (2003) ISBN 0-19-516077-0.
The Conquest of America by Tzvetan Todorov (1996) ISBN 0-06-132095-1.
The Conquistadors by Michael Wood (2002) PBS.
External links
Página de relación
Hernando Cortes on the Web with thumbnail galleries
Catholic Encyclopedia (1911)
Conquistadors, with Michael Wood – 2001 PBS documentary
Ibero-American Electronic Text Series presented online by the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center.
vteSpanish EmpireTimeline–immersed
Catholic Monarchs
Conquest of the Americas, Asia and the Pacific
Treaty of Tordesillas
Italian Wars
Habsburgs
Golden Age
War of the League of Cognac
Encomiendas
New Laws in favour of the indigenous
Expulsion of the Moriscos
Ottoman–Habsburg wars
French Wars of Religion
Bruneian–Spanish conflict
Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
Piracy in the Caribbean
Eighty Years' War
Spanish–Moro conflict
Thirty Years' War
Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
Portuguese Restoration War
War of the Spanish Succession
Queen Anne's War
Bourbons
Bourbon Reforms
War of Jenkins' Ear
Treaty of Madrid (1750)
Seven Years' War
Nootka Convention
Napoleonic invasion
Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
Independence of Spanish continental Americas
Adams–Onís Treaty
Liberal constitution
Carlist Wars
Spanish–American War
German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
Spanish Civil War
Independence of Morocco
Independence of Equatorial Guinea
Western Sahara conflict
TerritoriesEurope
Spain
Crown of Castille
Crown of Aragon
Union with Portugal
Gibraltar
Southern Italy (Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia)
Milan
Union with Holy Roman Empire
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
Franche-Comté
Pyrénées-Orientales
Asia
Philippines
Pacific Islands (Guam, Mariana, Caroline, Micronesia, Palau)
Northern Taiwan
Tidore
North America
New Spain (Coastal Alaska, Central United States (Spanish Louisiana), Western United States (Spanish Texas), Florida, Mexico , Central America (Captaincy General of Yucatan), Spanish Caribbean)
Central America
Captaincy General of Guatemala
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Puerto Rico
Trinidad
Jamaica
Haiti
Aruba
Curazao
Bonaire
Belize
South America
New Granada (Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, part of Guyana, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
Peru (Peru, Acre, Chile)
Río de la Plata (Argentina, Paraguay, Charcas (Bolivia), Banda Oriental (Uruguay), Misiones Orientales, Malvinas)
Africa
Equatorial Guinea
Northern Africa (Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, Peñón of Algiers, Oran, Béjaïa, Ifni and Cape Juby)
Antarctica
Terra Australis
Administration
Archivo de Indias
Council of the Indies
Cabildo
Exequatur
Laws of the Indies
Papal bull
Royal Decree of Graces
Trial of residence
School of Salamanca
Administrative subdivisionsViceroyalties
Columbian
New Spain
New Granada
Perú
Río de la Plata
Captaincies General
Chile
Cuba
Guatemala
Philippines
Provincias Internas
Puerto Rico
Santo Domingo
Venezuela
Yucatán
Governorates
Castilla de Oro
Cuba
La Florida
La Luisiana
New Andalusia (1501–1513)
New Andalusia
New Castile
New Navarre
New Spain
New Toledo
Paraguay
Río de la Plata
Terra Australis
Audiencias
Bogotá
Buenos Aires
Caracas
Charcas
Concepción
Cusco
Guadalajara
Guatemala
Lima
Manila
Mexico
Panamá
Quito
Santiago
Santo Domingo
EconomyCurrencies
Dollar (Peso)
Real
Maravedí
Escudo
Columnario
Doubloon
Trade
Manila galleon
Spanish treasure fleet
Casa de Contratación
Spanish Road
Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
Barcelona Trading Company
Consulate of the Sea
Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
MilitaryArmies
Tercio
Army of Flanders
Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
Indian auxiliaries
Spanish Armada
Ships of the line
Royalists
Legión
Strategists
Duke of Alba
Antonio de Leyva
Martín de Goiti
Alfonso d'Avalos
García de Toledo Osorio
Duke of Savoy
Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
John of Austria
Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
Pedro de Zubiaur
Ambrosio Spinola
Blas de Lezo
Bernardo de Gálvez
Mariners
Christopher Columbus
Pinzón brothers
Ferdinand Magellan
Juan Sebastián Elcano
Juan de la Cosa
Juan Ponce de León
Miguel López de Legazpi
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
Sebastián de Ocampo
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
Alonso de Ojeda
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Alonso de Salazar
Andrés de Urdaneta
Antonio de Ulloa
Ruy López de Villalobos
Diego Columbus
Alonso de Ercilla
Nicolás de Ovando
Juan de Ayala
Sebastián Vizcaíno
Juan Fernández
Luis Fajardo
Felipe González de Ahedo
Conquistadors
Hernán Cortés
Francisco Pizarro
Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
Hernán Pérez de Quesada
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
Pedro de Valdivia
Gaspar de Portolà
Pere Fages i Beleta
Joan Orpí
Pedro de Alvarado
Martín de Ursúa
Diego de Almagro
Pánfilo de Narváez
Diego de Mazariegos
Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
García López de Cárdenas
Notable battlesOld WorldWon
Comuneros
Bicocca
Rome (1527)
Landriano
Pavia
Tunis
Mühlberg
St. Quentin
Gravelines
Malta
Lepanto
Antwerp
Azores
Mons
Gembloux
Ostend
English Armada
Cape Celidonia
White Mountain
Breda
Nördlingen
Valenciennes
Ceuta
Bitonto
Bailén
Vitoria
Tetouan
Alhucemas
Lost
Capo d'Orso
Vienna (1529)
Preveza
Siege of Castelnuovo
Algiers
Ceresole
Balearic Islands (1558)
Djerba
Tunis
Spanish Armada
Leiden
Rocroi
Downs
Montes Claros
Passaro
Manila Bay
Trafalgar
Somosierra
Annual
Mactan
New WorldWon
Tenochtitlan
Cajamarca
Cusco
Bogotá savanna
Penco
Mataquito
Guadalupe Island
Recife
San Juan (1595)
Bahia
Colonia del Sacramento
Comuneros (Paraguay)
Cartagena de Indias
Cuerno Verde
Túpac Amaru II
Túpac Katari
Pensacola
Newfoundland
San Juan (1797)
Lost
La Noche Triste
Iguape
Tucapel
Guiana
Curalaba
Comuneros (New Granada)
Trinidad (1797)
Chacabuco
Boyacá
Carabobo
Pichincha
Ayacucho
Guam
Santiago de Cuba
Asomante
Spanish conquests
Canary Islands
The Americas
Aztec
Maya
Chiapas
Yucatán
Guatemala
Petén
El Salvador
Honduras
Nicaragua
Chibchan Nations
Colombia
Chile
Inca
Philippines
Other civil topics
Spanish missions in the Americas
Architecture
Mesoamerican Codices
Cusco painting tradition
Indochristian painting in New Spain
Quito painting tradition
Tapada limeña
Academia Antártica
Colonial universities in Hispanic America
Colonial universities in the Philippines
General Archive of the Indies
Colonial Spanish Horse
Mustang
Castas
Criollos in the colonial society
Old inquisition
Slavery in Spanish Empire
Asiento
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Conquest_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Conquest_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conquest_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire"},{"link_name":"Potonchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potonchan"},{"link_name":"Centla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Centla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cempoala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cempoala"},{"link_name":"Tlaxcala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_(Nahua_state)"},{"link_name":"Cholula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholula_massacre"},{"link_name":"Nautla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nautla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narvaez's Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cempoala"},{"link_name":"Tenochtitlan Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_in_the_Great_Temple_of_Tenochtitlan"},{"link_name":"La Noche Triste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Otumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Otumba"},{"link_name":"Colhuacatonco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Colhuacatonco"},{"link_name":"Tenochtitlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan"},{"link_name":"Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hernán Cortés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"conquistadors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador"},{"link_name":"Aztec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tenochtitlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan"}],"text":"vteSpanish conquest of the Aztec Empire\nPotonchan (1519)\nCentla (1519)\nCempoala (1519)\nTlaxcala (1519)\nCholula (1519)\nNautla (1519)\nNarvaez's Expedition (1520)\nTenochtitlan Massacre (1520)\nLa Noche Triste (1520)\nOtumba (1520)\nColhuacatonco (1521)\nTenochtitlan (1521)La Noche Triste (\"The Night of Sorrows\", literally \"The Sad Night\") was an important event during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, wherein Hernán Cortés, his army of Spanish conquistadors, and their native allies were driven out of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan.","title":"La Noche Triste"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spaniards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniards"},{"link_name":"Moctezuma II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moctezuma_II"},{"link_name":"Aztec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztecs"},{"link_name":"Tlatoani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlatoani"},{"link_name":"Tlaxcaltecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcaltec"}],"text":"Cortés' expedition arrived at Tenochtitlan on November 8, 1519, taking up residence in a specially designated compound in the city. Soon thereafter, suspecting treachery on the part of their hosts, the Spaniards took Moctezuma II, the Aztec king or Tlatoani, hostage. Though Moctezuma followed Cortés' instructions in continually assuring his subjects that he had been ordered by the gods to move in with the Spaniards and that he had done so willingly, the Aztecs suspected otherwise. During the following 98 days, Cortés and his native allies, the Tlaxcaltecs, were increasingly unwelcome guests in the capital.","title":"Prologue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gulf coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Governor Velázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar"},{"link_name":"Pedro de Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"Pánfilo de Narváez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez"}],"sub_title":"Cortés heads off Spanish punitive expedition","text":"In May 1520, news from the Gulf coast reached Cortés that a much larger party of Spaniards had been sent by Governor Velázquez of Cuba to arrest Cortés for insubordination. Leaving Tenochtitlan in the care of his trusted lieutenant, Pedro de Alvarado, Cortés marched to the coast, where he defeated the Cuban expedition led by Pánfilo de Narváez sent to capture him. When Cortés told the defeated soldiers about the riches of Tenochtitlan, they agreed to join him. Reinforced by Narvaez's men, Cortés headed back to Tenochtitlan.","title":"Prologue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"slaughter of Aztec nobles and priests celebrating a festival in the city's main temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_in_the_Great_Temple_of_Tenochtitlan"},{"link_name":"Cuitláhuac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuitl%C3%A1huac"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miguel-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tenochtitlan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tenochtitlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"}],"sub_title":"Loss of control in Tenochtitlan","text":"During Cortés's absence, Pedro de Alvarado oversaw a slaughter of Aztec nobles and priests celebrating a festival in the city's main temple due to fears of an Aztec revolt. In retaliation, the Aztecs laid siege to the Spanish compound, in which Moctezuma was still being held captive. By the time Cortés returned to Tenochtitlan in late June, the Aztecs had elected a new Tlatoani named Cuitláhuac.Cortés ordered Moctezuma to address his people from a terrace in order to persuade them to stop fighting and to allow the Spaniards to leave the city in peace. The Aztecs, however, jeered at Moctezuma, and pelted him with stones and darts. By Spanish accounts, he was killed in this assault by the Aztecs, though the Aztecs claim he had been killed instead by the Spanish.[2]: 294 [3]: 90A map of Tenochtitlan and its causeways leading out of the capitalWith Moctezuma dead, Cortés and Alvarado knew they were in a precarious position. Under constant attack, with gunpowder, food, and water in short supply, Cortés decided to break out of the city by night. In order to put the Aztecs off their guard, he sent messengers asking for a one-week ceasefire, at the end of which the Spaniards would return any treasure of which they were in possession and would be permitted to leave the city peacefully.[2]: 296Since the Aztecs had damaged bridges on four of the eight causeways into the island city, the Spaniards devised a portable bridge they could use in order to cross any unspanned sections of water. Cortés ordered that as much of the accumulated gold and other treasure as was feasible be packed and carried away, and invited the Spanish soldiers to take and carry away as much as they wished of the remainder. This invitation would lead to the demise of many soldiers who, overburdened with treasure, found it impossible to navigate the causeways and other obstacles encountered on the way out of the city.[2]: 297, 306Cortés ultimately would have to choose among three land routes: north to Tlatelolco, which was the least dangerous path but required the longest trip through the city; south to Coyohuacan and Iztapalapa, two towns that would not welcome the Spanish; or west to Tlacopan, which required the shortest trip through Tenochtitlan, though they would not be welcome there either. Cortés selected the western causeway to Tlacopan, needing the quickest route out of Tenochtitlan with all his provisions and people.","title":"Prologue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calendar-4"},{"link_name":"Tlacopan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlacopan"},{"link_name":"Eagle Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:La_Noche_Triste"},{"link_name":"Huītzilōpōchtli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C4%ABtzil%C5%8Dp%C5%8Dchtli"},{"link_name":"Templo Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_Mayor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miguel-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Tacuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacuba,_Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"},{"link_name":"Pedro de Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Bernal Díaz del Castillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prescott-6"},{"link_name":"Francisco López de Gómara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_L%C3%B3pez_de_G%C3%B3mara"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"},{"link_name":"Chimalpopoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimalpopoca_(Moctezuma)"},{"link_name":"Tepanec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepanec"},{"link_name":"Tlaltecatzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaltecatzin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miguel-3"},{"link_name":"Cacamatzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacamatzin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miguel-3"},{"link_name":"Battle of Otumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Otumba"},{"link_name":"La Malinche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Malinche"},{"link_name":"María Estrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Estrada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"}],"sub_title":"Spanish head for the causeway out","text":"On the night of July 1, 1520,[4] Cortez's large army left their compound and headed west, toward the Tlacopan causeway. The causeway was apparently unguarded, and the Spaniards made their way out of their complex unnoticed, winding their way through the sleeping city under the cover of a rainstorm. Before reaching the causeway, they were noticed by the elite Aztec soldiers known as the Eagle Warriors, who sounded the alarm.[2]: 298, 305 [discuss] The alarm was then shouted by others, first by a woman drawing water, and then by the priest of Huītzilōpōchtli from atop Templo Mayor.[3][5]: 85As the alarm spread, numerous Aztec warriors, noblemen and commoners alike, emerged from their houses and began attacking the Spaniards at every direction from their canoes or on the causeway with macuahuitl swords, spears, arrows, and stones thrown from slings. The fighting was ferocious. As the Spaniards and their native allies reached the causeway, hundreds of canoes appeared in the waters alongside to harry them. The Spaniards fought their way across the causeway in the rain. Weighed down by gold and equipment, some of the soldiers lost their footing, fell into the lake, and drowned. Amid a vanguard of horsemen, Cortés pressed ahead and reached dry land at Tacuba, leaving the rest of the expedition to fend for itself in the treacherous crossing. Díaz del Castillo later defended his action, stating that trying to stay and fight for the rest would have likely concluded with all of them wiped out.[2]: 299–300Seeing the wounded survivors straggle into the village, Cortés and his horsemen turned back to the causeway, where they encountered Pedro de Alvarado, unhorsed and badly wounded, in the company of a handful of Spaniards and Tlaxcaltecs.[5] According to Bernal Díaz del Castillo, it was at this point that tears came to Cortés' eyes, as he realized the extent of the debacle.[2]: 300Cortés, Alvarado and the strongest and most skilled of the men had managed to fight their way out of Tenochtitlan, although they were all bloodied and exhausted. Cortés himself had been injured in the fighting. All of the artillery had been lost, as had most of the horses.[2]: 302The sources are not in agreement as to the total number of casualties suffered by the expedition. Cortés himself claimed that 154 Spaniards were lost along with over 2,000 native allies. Thoan Cano, another eyewitness to the event, said that 1170 Spaniards died, but this number probably exceeds the total number of Spaniards who took part in the expedition.[6] Francisco López de Gómara, who was not himself an eyewitness, estimated that 450 Spaniards and 4,000 allies died.[7] Díaz del Castillo, who was an eyewitness, talks about around 450 Spaniards and 1,000 allies killed.[2]Montezuma's son, Chimalpopoca was killed; Tepanec prince Tlaltecatzin,[3]: 87 King Cacamatzin, his three sisters and two brothers were also killed.[3]: 90Diaz states the Spaniards suffered 860 soldiers killed, which included those from the later Battle of Otumba. The Tlaxcaltecs lost a thousand. The noncombatants attached to the expedition suffered terribly, 72 casualties, including five Spanish women. The few women who survived included La Malinche the interpreter, Doña Luisa, and María Estrada.[2]: 302, 305–306 The event was named La Noche Triste (\"The Night of Sorrows\") on account of the sorrow that Cortés and his surviving followers felt and expressed at the loss of life and treasure incurred in the escape from Tenochtitlan.","title":"Prologue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Zumpango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Zumpango"},{"link_name":"Battle of Otumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Otumba"},{"link_name":"Teotihuacan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan"},{"link_name":"Tlaxcala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_(Nahua_state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"},{"link_name":"siege of Tenochtitlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tenochtitlan"}],"text":"Further battles awaited the Spaniards and their allies as they fought their way around the north end of Lake Zumpango. One week later, at the Battle of Otumba, not far from Teotihuacan, they turned to fight the pursuing Aztecs, decisively defeating them — according to Cortés, because he slew the Aztec commander — and giving the Spaniards a small respite that allowed them to reach Tlaxcala.[2]: 303–305It was in Tlaxcala that Cortés planned the siege of Tenochtitlan and the eventual destruction of the Aztec Empire.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Teoría de la bandera.Guido Villa.1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hInjAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA187"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diaz_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diaz_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diaz_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diaz_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diaz_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diaz_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diaz_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diaz_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diaz_2-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diaz_2-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0140441239","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140441239"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miguel_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miguel_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miguel_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miguel_3-3"},{"link_name":"Broken Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Spears"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0807055014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807055014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-calendar_4-0"},{"link_name":"Julian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_5-1"},{"link_name":"Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-307-42518-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42518-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Prescott_6-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ Teoría de la bandera.Guido Villa.1974 \"The companies portentous discovery and conquest of the New World, met under the banners of Castile incarnate\". Las portentosas empresas del descubrimiento y la conquista del Nuevo Mundo, se cumplieron bajo los encarnados pendones de Castilla.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 0140441239\n\n^ a b c d León-Portilla, M. 1992, 'The Broken Spears: The Aztec Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico. Boston: Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0807055014\n\n^ Various sources give dates ranging from June 30 to July 4, a problem further confounded by the use of the Julian calendar in Europe at this time, which had diverged from the true (solar) date by almost 12 days.\n\n^ a b Hanson, Victor Davis (2007-12-18). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8.\n\n^ Prescott, Appendix.\n\n^ Prescott, Book 5, Chapter 3.","title":"Footnotes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A map of Tenochtitlan and its causeways leading out of the capital","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tenochtitlan.jpg/250px-Tenochtitlan.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of battles won by Indigenous peoples of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_won_by_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"title":"History of the Aztecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Aztecs"},{"title":"History of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mexico"},{"title":"Juan Velazquez de Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Velazquez_de_Leon"},{"title":"Cristóbal de Olid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Olid"},{"title":"Gonzalo de Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_de_Sandoval"},{"title":"Dona Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dona_Marina"}]
|
[{"reference":"Hanson, Victor Davis (2007-12-18). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C","url_text":"Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42518-8","url_text":"978-0-307-42518-8"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22La+Noche+Triste%22","external_links_name":"\"La Noche Triste\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22La+Noche+Triste%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22La+Noche+Triste%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22La+Noche+Triste%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22La+Noche+Triste%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22La+Noche+Triste%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hInjAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA187","external_links_name":"Teoría de la bandera.Guido Villa.1974"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C","external_links_name":"Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power"},{"Link":"http://www.motecuhzoma.de/start-es.html","external_links_name":"Página de relación"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050630075920/http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/cortes/","external_links_name":"Hernando Cortes on the Web"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04397a.htm","external_links_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_flat.html","external_links_name":"Conquistadors, with Michael Wood"},{"Link":"http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/IbrAmerTxt","external_links_name":"Ibero-American Electronic Text Series"},{"Link":"http://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/","external_links_name":"University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanus_samarensis
|
Varanus samarensis
|
["1 References"]
|
Species of lizard
Varanus samarensis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Reptilia
Order:
Squamata
Family:
Varanidae
Genus:
Varanus
Species:
V. samarensis
Binomial name
Varanus samarensisKoch, Gaulke, & Böhme, 2010
Varanus samarensis, the Samar water monitor, is a species of lizard of Varanidae family. It is found in the Philippines.
References
^ Varanus samarensis at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 5 April 2022.
Taxon identifiersVaranus samarensis
Wikidata: Q18601080
Wikispecies: Varanus samarensis
CoL: 7FG6R
GBIF: 8552232
iNaturalist: 540314
IUCN: 83778695
NCBI: 2756164
Open Tree of Life: 4945875
RD: samarensis
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Varanidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanidae"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RDB-1"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"}],"text":"Varanus samarensis, the Samar water monitor, is a species of lizard of Varanidae family.[1] It is found in the Philippines.","title":"Varanus samarensis"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Varanus&species=samarensis","external_links_name":"Varanus samarensis"},{"Link":"http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/","external_links_name":"Reptarium.cz Reptile Database"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7FG6R","external_links_name":"7FG6R"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/8552232","external_links_name":"8552232"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/540314","external_links_name":"540314"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/83778695","external_links_name":"83778695"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2756164","external_links_name":"2756164"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4945875","external_links_name":"4945875"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?url_prefix=https%3A%2F%2Freptile-database.reptarium.cz%2Fspecies%3F&id=genus%3DVaranus%26species%3Dsamarensis","external_links_name":"samarensis"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Friebe
|
Helmut Friebe
|
[]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Helmut Friebe" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Helmut FriebeBorn(1894-11-04)4 November 1894Died14 January 1970(1970-01-14) (aged 75)Allegiance German Empire (to 1918) Weimar Republic (to 1933) Nazi GermanyService/branchArmyYears of service1914–45RankGeneralleutnantCommands held125th Infantry Division22nd Air Landing DivisionLXIV Army CorpsBattles/warsWorld War I
World War II
Invasion of Poland
Battle of Belgium
Battle of France
Operation Barbarossa
Battle of the Caucasus
Kerch–Eltigen Operation
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron CrossRelationsWerner Friebe
Helmut Friebe (4 November 1894 – 14 January 1970) was a German general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II who commanded the LXIV Army Corps. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. He took up his command in Crete in May 1944 after the kidnap of General Kreipe by Patrick Leigh Fermor and Bill Stanley Moss working with Cretan andartes.
Awards and decorations
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 August 1941 as Oberst and commander of Infanterie-Regiment 164
References
Citations
^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 156.
Bibliography
Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) . Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
Military offices
Preceded byGeneral der Infanterie Wilhelm Schneckenburger
Commander of 125. Infanterie-Division 24 December 1942 – 31 March 1944
Succeeded bynone
Preceded byGeneralmajor Heinrich Kreipe
Commander of 22. Infanterie-Division (Luftlande) 1 May 1944 – 4 April 1945
Succeeded byGeneralmajor Gerhard Kühne
Preceded byGeneral der Artillerie Maximilian Grimmeiß
Commander of LXIV. Armeekorps 15 April 1945 – April 1945
Succeeded byGeneral der Artillerie Rudolf Freiherr von Roman
Portal: Biography
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"kidnap of General Kreipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnap_of_General_Kreipe"},{"link_name":"Patrick Leigh Fermor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor"},{"link_name":"Bill Stanley Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Stanley_Moss"},{"link_name":"andartes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andartes"}],"text":"Helmut Friebe (4 November 1894 – 14 January 1970) was a German general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II who commanded the LXIV Army Corps. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. He took up his command in Crete in May 1944 after the kidnap of General Kreipe by Patrick Leigh Fermor and Bill Stanley Moss working with Cretan andartes.","title":"Helmut Friebe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"Oberst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberst"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 August 1941 as Oberst and commander of Infanterie-Regiment 164 [1]","title":"Awards and decorations"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther-Peer_Fellgiebel&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7909-0284-6","url_text":"978-3-7909-0284-6"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Helmut+Friebe%22","external_links_name":"\"Helmut Friebe\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Helmut+Friebe%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Helmut+Friebe%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Helmut+Friebe%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Helmut+Friebe%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Helmut+Friebe%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000376701340","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/253710843","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvMwfFdCQYHR8hgcg6Frq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1024686256","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1024686256.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Ryan
|
Helen Ryan
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Helen Ryan (born 16 June 1938, in Liverpool, Lancashire) is a British actress, who is notable for playing several royal roles.
The Liverpool native played Princess and then Queen Alexandra in the British television series Edward the Seventh, for which she received a BAFTA nomination in 1975. She also played Princess Alexandra in the 1980 movie The Elephant Man and the Sherlock Holmes story "The Mazarin Stone". She played another royal, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, in the 2002 television drama Bertie and Elizabeth. Her other credits include Madame Balzac in the TV series Prometheus: The Life of Balzac (1975), Mrs. McFarlane in the Sherlock Holmes story "The Norwood Builder", and films such as Clash of Loyalties (1983), Misunderstood (1984) and The Hawk (1993). More recently, Ryan has appeared as Peggy Roath, a personal aide to Queen Elizabeth II, in the fifth season of The Crown in 2022. In 2023, she appeared in the BBC soap opera Doctors as Thelma Scott.
She was formerly married to the theatre director Guy Slater, with whom she had a daughter, Rebecca, and a son, Daniel.
References
^ "Awards Database: Actress 1975". BAFTA. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
^ Timblick, Simon. "Doctors spoilers: Ruhma Carter gets some SURPRISE news..." What to Watch. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
External links
Helen Ryan at IMDb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
SNAC
This article about a United Kingdom film and television actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Queen Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Alexandra"},{"link_name":"Edward the Seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Seventh"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Elephant Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elephant_Man_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_(1984_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Bertie and Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_and_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"Prometheus: The Life of Balzac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prometheus:_The_Life_of_Balzac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_(1984_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Clash of Loyalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_of_Loyalties"},{"link_name":"Misunderstood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misunderstood_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"The Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hawk_(1993_film)"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"fifth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown_(season_5)"},{"link_name":"The Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_(2000_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Thelma Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Doctors_characters_(2023)#Thelma_Scott"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Liverpool native played Princess and then Queen Alexandra in the British television series Edward the Seventh, for which she received a BAFTA nomination in 1975.[1] She also played Princess Alexandra in the 1980 movie The Elephant Man and the Sherlock Holmes story \"The Mazarin Stone\". She played another royal, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, in the 2002 television drama Bertie and Elizabeth. Her other credits include Madame Balzac in the TV series Prometheus: The Life of Balzac (1975), Mrs. McFarlane in the Sherlock Holmes story \"The Norwood Builder\", and films such as Clash of Loyalties (1983), Misunderstood (1984) and The Hawk (1993). More recently, Ryan has appeared as Peggy Roath, a personal aide to Queen Elizabeth II, in the fifth season of The Crown in 2022. In 2023, she appeared in the BBC soap opera Doctors as Thelma Scott.[2]She was formerly married to the theatre director Guy Slater, with whom she had a daughter, Rebecca, and a son, Daniel.","title":"Helen Ryan"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Awards Database: Actress 1975\". BAFTA. Retrieved 24 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bafta.org/awards-database.html?year=1975&category=Television&award=Actress","url_text":"\"Awards Database: Actress 1975\""}]},{"reference":"Timblick, Simon. \"Doctors spoilers: Ruhma Carter gets some SURPRISE news...\" What to Watch. Retrieved 19 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whattowatch.com/spoilers/doctors-spoilers-ruhma-carter-gets-some-surprise-news","url_text":"\"Doctors spoilers: Ruhma Carter gets some SURPRISE news...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_to_Watch","url_text":"What to Watch"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.bafta.org/awards-database.html?year=1975&category=Television&award=Actress","external_links_name":"\"Awards Database: Actress 1975\""},{"Link":"https://www.whattowatch.com/spoilers/doctors-spoilers-ruhma-carter-gets-some-surprise-news","external_links_name":"\"Doctors spoilers: Ruhma Carter gets some SURPRISE news...\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0752571/","external_links_name":"Helen Ryan"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/78396346","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgMCfmmPVpTcHbxQfjXBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no98070067","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68d18dh","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helen_Ryan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Fest
|
Riot Fest
|
["1 History","2 2012","3 2013","4 2014","5 2015","6 2016","7 2017","8 2018","9 2019","10 2021","11 2022","12 2023","13 Cancellations","14 Controversy","15 See also","16 References","17 External links"]
|
Annual rock music festival
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Riot Fest" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (August 2023)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Riot FestJimmy Eat World at Riot Fest 2016GenrePunk rockDatesSeptember 20–22, 2024Location(s)SeatGeek Stadium, Bridgeview, Illinois, United StatesYears active2005–presentFounded byMike Petryshyn & Sean McKeoughWebsiteriotfest.org
Riot Fest is an annual three-day punk rock music festival based in Bridgeview, Illinois, at SeatGeek Stadium. It is known for booking reunions, guest performances, and full album performances. Riot Fest remains one of the largest independently owned music festivals in the United States.
History
Riot Fest was established in Chicago in 2005 by Mike Petryshyn and Sean McKeough, the latter who also co-produced Chicago's Motoblot annual motorcycle rally. Riot Fest spent seven years as a multi-venue festival, using the Metro, Subterranean, Double Door, Cobra Lounge and the Congress Theater to present bands over a three-day weekend.
Punk, rock, indie rock, alternative, psychobilly, metal, skate punk and ska are represented at Riot Fest along with reunion sets.
In 2012, Riot Fest moved from various venues around the city to an outdoor venue at Chicago's Humboldt Park and was marketed as Riot Fest & Carnival, with rides, games, wrestling, and food vendors. 2012 also saw the festival expand through North America with events staged in Brooklyn, Toronto, Dallas, and Denver soon after. Since the death of McKeough in 2016, Riot Fest has remained a once-a-year event in Chicago.
The festival played a key role in the reunions of Naked Raygun, The Replacements in 2013, the Misfits in 2016, and Jawbreaker in 2017, among others.
2012
The festival consisted of two days of music at Humboldt Park on Saturday, September 15 and Sunday, September 16 and a Friday night kickoff at the Congress Theater. The lineup for Riot Fest in 2012 included:
2013
Riot Fest & Carnival returned to Humboldt Park in Chicago in 2013 and included satellite festivals in Toronto (August 24–25) and Denver (September 21–22). The 2013 festival was noted for being the first performance by reunited punk legends the Replacements and notably the first performance by the band in Chicago since their very public breakup onstage at the Taste of Chicago in 1991. The 2013 Chicago lineup included:
2014
In September 2014 Riot Festival & Carnival returned to Humboldt Park for the last time. Roberto Maldonado, who had been a supporter of Riot Fest in the past, stated he would not have the fest back for 2015. This was due to damages to the park after heavy rain during the festival. The repairs cost $150,000.
Riot Fest 2014 included the inaugural "Riot Fest Speaks" panel, moderated by Henry Rollins. In addition, 2014 saw the return of Riot Fest in Denver and Toronto.
2015
Conflicts over the condition of the grass and negative effects on the Boricua community, including gentrification of Humboldt Park and lack of financial benefits to the residents of the area led to the festival being moved to Douglas Park. After settling on the new location, Saint Anthony Hospital filed a lawsuit against Riot Fest on September 4, arguing that the festival would be detrimental to their patients' health because of the "extreme noise" and the heavy traffic that would surround the hospital. The two sides reached an agreement which included "restoring parking on 19th Street in front of Saint Anthony Hospital, building pedestrian barricades on the west side of California Avenue and sound monitoring within the hospital to protect patients."
Saturday saw the return of the "Riot Fest Speaks" panel series, once again moderated by Henry Rollins. Sunday also featured an additional "Riot Fest Speaks" panel, entitled Basement Screams, on Chicago's independent and punk scenes.
2016
On May 12, 2016, it was announced that after 33 years, the Misfits lineup of Glenn Danzig, Jerry Only and Doyle Wolfgang von Frankenstein would reunite and headline the Riot Fest in Chicago and Denver in September 2016.
2017
On March 17, 2017, Riot Fest announced that the festival would not return to Denver, citing the death of co-founder Sean Mckeough the previous November as making it impossible to focus on more than one event in 2017. Despite this, the festival has expressed interest in eventually returning to Denver. In April 2017, it was announced that Jawbreaker was reuniting after 21 years and playing Riot Fest 2017.
2018
Riot Fest was again held in Douglas Park in Chicago, September 14–16. Behind the scenes issues led to the finalized lineup and schedule not being released until the week before the fest, leading many to assume the 2018 version would be the third iteration to be canceled. Blink-182 was originally set to headline the first night but dropped out after drummer Travis Barker was hospitalized for blood clots in his arms. The band was replaced with Weezer and Run the Jewels, and would ultimately be booked the next year.
2019
Douglas Park, Chicago, Illinois, September 13–15, 2019. This year marked the 15th anniversary of the festival.
2021
Riot Fest was held in Douglass Park, Chicago, Illinois, on September 17–19 with a preview party on the 16th.
My Chemical Romance was initially announced in January 2020 as the headliner for Riot Fest 2020. The event was then postponed in June 2020 due to COVID-19.
On April 16, 2021, My Chemical Romance announced the postponement of all shows until 2022. In response, Riot Fest confirmed the 2021 edition of the festival was still happening and shared a letter from founder Mike Petryshyn stating their intent to announce new headliners and a complete lineup in May 2021.
On August 19, 2021, Nine Inch Nails announced the cancellation of their 2021 dates. In response, Riot Fest booked Slipknot as a new headliner, and added a special 'preview party' on the 16th with Morrissey. Later, the Pixies also canceled their 2021 tour dates, with which on September 2, Riot Fest added The Flaming Lips on Sunday with Slipknot, and on the 16th added Alkaline Trio, Patti Smith, Joyce Manor and more. Around the same time, Dinosaur Jr. also canceled their dates until November, with Riot Fest adding Pinegrove soon after.
On September 14, both Faith No More and Mr. Bungle also announced the cancellation of each band's fall 2021 dates, including Riot Fest, citing vocalist Mike Patton's ongoing mental health issues. Riot Fest organizers booked Rise Against and Anthrax as replacements for both bands.
2022
Riot Fest was held in Douglass Park, Chicago, Illinois, on Friday, September 16 – Sunday, September 18.
The festival's 2022 lineup was announced on May 11. Placebo was initially announced to be playing on Friday, September 16, but had to withdraw from the festival when their planned North American tour was postponed due to visa and logistical issues. Bauhaus was scheduled to play on Saturday, September 17, but canceled their planned 2022 tour when lead singer Peter Murphy entered rehab. Placebo and Bauhaus were replaced in the lineup by Sparta and Gogol Bordello, respectively.
2023
It was announced on May 15, 2023 that Riot Fest would be returning to Douglass Park September 15–17. The lineup was announced on May 17. On Sunday, rainy conditions led to the festival's start time being delayed until 2:00 PM and the cancellation of all early sets scheduled for that day.
Cancellations
Three instances of Riot Fest have been canceled over the course of the festival's run. The first came in 2009 in the form of Riot Fest West, originally set to happen in November 2009 and postponed in September. The fest initially vowed to make up the dates in spring 2010 but the replacement fest did not materialize. The second cancellation came in 2012 when Riot Fest East in Philadelphia was again postponed, this time one week before the show's planned July 19 start date. Though a reschedule was initially promised a follow-up never emerged. The third cancellation came in 2020 when concerns due to the COVID-19 pandemic made the festival's cancellation inevitable. Organizers have called this a postponement, as a significant part of the 2020 lineup played in the 2021 festival.
Though not an outright cancellation, Riot Fest Brooklyn in 2012 was shut down early due to weather concerns.
Controversy
In 2023, residents of the Douglas Park neighborhood where Riot Fest had been held since 2015 protested the festival's plans to continue operating there. Discussions deteriorated into yelling at a community event between neighborhood residents and festival organizers, as community members complained that the music fest forces them out of large sections of the public park for weeks at a time so private events can be held, damages the park and has displaced youth sports teams that have had to find homes elsewhere. Community members had previously petitioned the Chicago Park District to remove Riot Fest and other music festivals from Douglass Park in 2022.
See also
Rock Music portalChicago portal
List of punk rock festivals
Ruido Fest – Latin American music festival, Chicago, IL, US
Spring Awakening Music Festival – Electronic music festival, Chicago, IL, US
References
^ a b "Riot Fest Lineup Announced". bookclubchicago.org. 11 May 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
^ Regan, Helen (May 28, 2015). "Riot Fest Announces Lineups Featuring Ice Cube, Snoop Dogg, and No Doubt". Time. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
^ "What Does It Mean to Be an Independent Festival in 2019?". Billboard. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
^ Lulay, Stephanie (November 30, 2016). "Riot Fest Founder, Cobra Lounge Owner Sean McKeough Dies". DNA info. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ "Riot Fest Organizer Sean McKeough Dead at 42". Rolling Stone. December 2016.
^ "Riot Fest Oral History: The unlikely story of punk rock's most beloved festival". Alternative Press Magazine. 2017-09-06. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
^ "Riot Fest Announces Two More Locations; Launch VIP Contest Prize Package". propertyofzack.com. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^ "Review: Sunday at Riot Fest". chicagoist. 16 September 2013. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
^ "A Complete History of Riot Fest 2015's Troubles". Chicago magazine. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
^ "Boricua Community against Riot Fest". DNA Info. Archived from the original on 2015-05-27.
^ "Riot Fest still on for the weekend after hospital drops lawsuit". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
^ "Riot Fest, Saint Anthony Hospital reach agreement".
^ "Riot Fest Brought Rowdy, Raging Fun This Weekend". 19 September 2016.
^ "At long last, the Riot Fest 2018 schedule has arrived". 11 September 2018.
^ "I'm just got me to assume riot fest is canceled". 3 September 2018.
^ "Riot Fest is happening — schedule expands to add Run the Jewels, Weezer". Chicago Tribune. 6 September 2018.
^ "Riot Fest full lineup, single ticket sales announced". 7 September 2018.
^ "My Chemical Romance To Headline Riot Fest 2020". GRAMMY.com. 2020-01-29. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
^ a b "My Chemical Romance Postpone Reunion Tour To 2022". Stereogum. 2021-04-16. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
^ "New Headliners Announced! Slipknot Headlines Sunday, Morrissey Headlines Thursday Preview Party". Riot Fest. 2021-08-19. Retrieved 2021-09-03.
^ "Alkaline Trio, Patti Smith, The Flaming Lips, and More Added to Riot Fest 2021". Riot Fest. 2021-09-02. Retrieved 2021-09-03.
^ "Just Added: Rise Against and Anthrax Join Riot Fest 2021". Riot Fest. 2021-09-14. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
^ "The Riot Fest 2022 Lineup is Here (Plus Single Day Tickets)". 11 May 2022.
^ "Placebo postpone first North American tour in 8 years due to "visa and logistical issues"". 3 September 2022.
^ "Bauhaus Cancel Remaining 2022 North American Dates as Peter Murphy Enters Rehab". Billboard.
^ "3-Day Passes Are Sold Out; Gogol Bordello, Sparta Added for Riot Fest 2022". 8 September 2022.
^ "Riot Fest makes 2 big announcements for 2023 event". 15 May 2023.
^ "The Riot Fest 2023 Lineup is Here". 16 May 2023.
^ White, Lisa (September 3, 2009). "Riot Fest West Postponed Until Spring 2010". Gapers Block. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
^ "Riot Fest East (Philly) postponed". Brooklyn Vegan. July 12, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
^ Williams, Kevin (16 June 2020). "Riot Fest makes its own way in 'postponing' the 2020 edition in the face of COVID-19, moving it to 2021 with many headliners already known". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
^ http://www.brooklynvegan.com/chicago/2012/09/riot_fest_brook.html
^ "Riot Fest Meeting Devolves Into Chaos As Hundreds Of Douglass Park Neighbors Make Their Voices Heard". Block Club Chicago. April 7, 2023. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
^ "Despite opposition, Riot Fest is on". Axios Chicago. September 16, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Riot Fest.
Conner, Thomas (October 6, 2011). "Riot Fest 2011 promises largest lineup ever". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
Downing, Andy (October 9, 2010). "30 years and counting: Bad Religion still on a mission". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
Grzelak, Heather (October 10, 2010). "Front Row Center: Riot Fest (Saturday @ Congress Theater)". Alternative Press. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
Kendrick, Monica (September 16, 2010). "Fall Arts Guide 2010: Riot Fest". Fall Arts Guide. Chicago Reader. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
vteRock festivalsSubtypes
List of folk festivals
List of gothic festivals
List of heavy metal festivals
List of industrial music festivals
List of jam band music festivals
List of punk rock festivals
Traveling(italics = ongoing)
Anger Management Tour
Area Festival
Big Day Out
California Jam
California Jam II
Crüe Fest
Deconstruction Tour
Doomination
Family Values Tour
Festival Express
Fuji Rock Festival
G3
Gigantour
Good Things
Hard Electric Tour
H.O.R.D.E.
Ilosaarirock
Knotfest
Kuopiorock
Lilith Fair
Mayhem Festival
Magic Circle Festival
Monsters of Rock
Montebello Rock
Nintendo Fusion Tour
Provinssirock
Qstock
Rock am Ring and Rock im Park
Rock in Rio
Rock in Roma
Rock Boat
Ruido Fest
Ruisrock
Ozzfest
Projekt Revolution
Rock Never Stops Tour
Sauna Open Air Metal Festival
Sonisphere Festival
Soundwave
Summer Sanitarium Tour
Taste of Chaos
Tuska Open Air Metal Festival
The Unholy Alliance Tour
Uproar Festival
Vive Latino
Wacken Open Air
Warped Tour
Culture
Deadheads
Heavy metal
Hippies
La Onda
Moshing
Pogo (dance)
Punk rock
Headbanging
Stage diving
Crowd surfing
Sign of the horns
Summer of Love
Rivethead
Related events
Rock concert
Concert tour
vtePunk rockPrecursors
Garage rock
Proto-punk
Glam punk
Subgenres and fusion genres
Anarcho-punk
Crust punk
D-beat
Art punk
Avant-punk
Christian punk
Christian hardcore
Cowpunk
Dance-punk
Egg punk
Emo
Emo rap
Folk punk
Anti-folk
Celtic punk
Gypsy punk
Garage punk
Hardcore punk
Beatdown hardcore
Crossover thrash
Digital hardcore
Krishnacore
Melodic hardcore
Metalcore
Deathcore
Electronicore
Crunkcore
Nintendocore
Mathcore
Melodic metalcore
Progressive metalcore
Queercore
Riot grrrl
Taqwacore
Thrashcore
Horror punk
Latino punk
Nazi punk
Oi!
Street punk
Pop-punk
2 Tone
Skate punk
Post-hardcore
Psychobilly
Punk blues
Punk jazz
Punk pathetique
Punk rap
Emo rap
Reggae punk
Ska punk
Street punk
Surf punk
Related genres
Alternative rock
Gothic rock
Grebo
Grunge
Industrial
New wave
Noise rock
Post-punk
Scene
Speed metal
Thrash metal
Visual kei
By country
Australia
Brazil
Canada
Estonia
List of bands
France
Germany
Greece
Netherlands
Spain
Sweden
Könsrock
Trallpunk
United Kingdom
Celtic punk
Scottish Gaelic punk
United States (California)
Yugoslavia
People and groups
First wave punk musicians
Second wave punk musicians
List of punk bands
#–K
L–Z
Punk filmmakers
Women in punk rock
Related articles
List of punk compilation albums
List of punk rock festivals
Afro-punk
Animal rights and punk subculture
Conservative Punk
Death of Brian Deneke
DIY ethic
Moshing
Poseur
Punk subculture
Punk fashion
Punk ideologies
Punk visual art
Punk literature
Punk zine
Puntala-rock
Straight edge
Punk films (List of punk films)
Timeline of punk rock
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bridgeview, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeview,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"SeatGeek Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeatGeek_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book_Club_Chicago-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Riot Fest is an annual three-day punk rock music festival based in Bridgeview, Illinois, at SeatGeek Stadium.[1] It is known for booking reunions, guest performances, and full album performances.[2] Riot Fest remains one of the largest independently owned music festivals in the United States.[3]","title":"Riot Fest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Motoblot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motoblot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNA2-4"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Double Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Door"},{"link_name":"Congress Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Theater"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Naked Raygun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_Raygun"},{"link_name":"The Replacements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Replacements_(band)"},{"link_name":"Misfits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misfits_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jawbreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawbreaker_(band)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Riot Fest was established in Chicago in 2005 by Mike Petryshyn and Sean McKeough, the latter who also co-produced Chicago's Motoblot annual motorcycle rally.[4] Riot Fest spent seven years as a multi-venue festival, using the Metro, Subterranean, Double Door, Cobra Lounge and the Congress Theater to present bands over a three-day weekend.Punk, rock, indie rock, alternative, psychobilly, metal, skate punk and ska are represented at Riot Fest along with reunion sets.In 2012, Riot Fest moved from various venues around the city to an outdoor venue at Chicago's Humboldt Park and was marketed as Riot Fest & Carnival, with rides, games, wrestling, and food vendors. 2012 also saw the festival expand through North America with events staged in Brooklyn, Toronto, Dallas, and Denver soon after. Since the death of McKeough in 2016, Riot Fest has remained a once-a-year event in Chicago.[5]The festival played a key role in the reunions of Naked Raygun, The Replacements in 2013, the Misfits in 2016, and Jawbreaker in 2017, among others.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congress Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Theater"}],"text":"The festival consisted of two days of music at Humboldt Park on Saturday, September 15 and Sunday, September 16 and a Friday night kickoff at the Congress Theater. The lineup for Riot Fest in 2012 included:","title":"2012"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"the Replacements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Replacements_(band)"},{"link_name":"Taste of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Riot Fest & Carnival returned to Humboldt Park in Chicago in 2013 and included satellite festivals in Toronto (August 24–25) and Denver (September 21–22).[7] The 2013 festival was noted for being the first performance by reunited punk legends the Replacements and notably the first performance by the band in Chicago since their very public breakup onstage at the Taste of Chicago in 1991.[8] The 2013 Chicago lineup included:","title":"2013"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roberto Maldonado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Maldonado"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Henry Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rollins"}],"text":"In September 2014 Riot Festival & Carnival returned to Humboldt Park for the last time. Roberto Maldonado, who had been a supporter of Riot Fest in the past, stated he would not have the fest back for 2015. This was due to damages to the park after heavy rain during the festival. The repairs cost $150,000.[9]Riot Fest 2014 included the inaugural \"Riot Fest Speaks\" panel, moderated by Henry Rollins. In addition, 2014 saw the return of Riot Fest in Denver and Toronto.","title":"2014"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boricua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boricua"},{"link_name":"gentrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification"},{"link_name":"Douglas Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglass_Park"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Henry Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rollins"}],"text":"Conflicts over the condition of the grass and negative effects on the Boricua community, including gentrification of Humboldt Park and lack of financial benefits to the residents of the area led to the festival being moved to Douglas Park.[10] After settling on the new location, Saint Anthony Hospital filed a lawsuit against Riot Fest on September 4, arguing that the festival would be detrimental to their patients' health because of the \"extreme noise\" and the heavy traffic that would surround the hospital.[11] The two sides reached an agreement which included \"restoring parking on 19th Street in front of Saint Anthony Hospital, building pedestrian barricades on the west side of California Avenue and sound monitoring within the hospital to protect patients.\"[12]Saturday saw the return of the \"Riot Fest Speaks\" panel series, once again moderated by Henry Rollins. Sunday also featured an additional \"Riot Fest Speaks\" panel, entitled Basement Screams, on Chicago's independent and punk scenes.","title":"2015"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Misfits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misfits_(band)"},{"link_name":"Glenn Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Danzig"},{"link_name":"Jerry Only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Only"},{"link_name":"Doyle Wolfgang von Frankenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyle_Wolfgang_von_Frankenstein"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"On May 12, 2016, it was announced that after 33 years, the Misfits lineup of Glenn Danzig, Jerry Only and Doyle Wolfgang von Frankenstein would reunite and headline the Riot Fest in Chicago and Denver in September 2016.[13]","title":"2016"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jawbreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawbreaker_(band)"}],"text":"On March 17, 2017, Riot Fest announced that the festival would not return to Denver, citing the death of co-founder Sean Mckeough the previous November as making it impossible to focus on more than one event in 2017. Despite this, the festival has expressed interest in eventually returning to Denver. In April 2017, it was announced that Jawbreaker was reuniting after 21 years and playing Riot Fest 2017.","title":"2017"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglass_Park"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Blink-182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink-182"},{"link_name":"Travis Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Barker"},{"link_name":"Weezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weezer"},{"link_name":"Run the Jewels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_the_Jewels"}],"text":"Riot Fest was again held in Douglas Park in Chicago, September 14–16. Behind the scenes issues led to the finalized lineup and schedule not being released until the week before the fest,[14] leading many to assume the 2018 version would be the third iteration to be canceled.[15][16][17] Blink-182 was originally set to headline the first night but dropped out after drummer Travis Barker was hospitalized for blood clots in his arms. The band was replaced with Weezer and Run the Jewels, and would ultimately be booked the next year.","title":"2018"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglass_Park"}],"text":"Douglas Park, Chicago, Illinois, September 13–15, 2019. This year marked the 15th anniversary of the festival.","title":"2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglass Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglass_Park"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-My_Chemical_Romance_Reschedule_Tour_Dates,_Will_Headline_Riot_Fest_2022-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-My_Chemical_Romance_Reschedule_Tour_Dates,_Will_Headline_Riot_Fest_2022-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"mental health issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Riot Fest was held in Douglass Park, Chicago, Illinois, on September 17–19 with a preview party on the 16th.My Chemical Romance was initially announced in January 2020 as the headliner for Riot Fest 2020.[18] The event was then postponed in June 2020 due to COVID-19.[19]On April 16, 2021, My Chemical Romance announced the postponement of all shows until 2022. In response, Riot Fest confirmed the 2021 edition of the festival was still happening and shared a letter from founder Mike Petryshyn stating their intent to announce new headliners and a complete lineup in May 2021.[19]On August 19, 2021, Nine Inch Nails announced the cancellation of their 2021 dates. In response, Riot Fest booked Slipknot as a new headliner, and added a special 'preview party' on the 16th with Morrissey.[20] Later, the Pixies also canceled their 2021 tour dates, with which on September 2, Riot Fest added The Flaming Lips on Sunday with Slipknot, and on the 16th added Alkaline Trio, Patti Smith, Joyce Manor and more.[21] Around the same time, Dinosaur Jr. also canceled their dates until November, with Riot Fest adding Pinegrove soon after.On September 14, both Faith No More and Mr. Bungle also announced the cancellation of each band's fall 2021 dates, including Riot Fest, citing vocalist Mike Patton's ongoing mental health issues. Riot Fest organizers booked Rise Against and Anthrax as replacements for both bands.[22]","title":"2021"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglass Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglass_Park"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Placebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo_(band)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus_(band)"},{"link_name":"Peter Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Murphy_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta_(band)"},{"link_name":"Gogol Bordello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogol_Bordello"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Riot Fest was held in Douglass Park, Chicago, Illinois, on Friday, September 16 – Sunday, September 18.The festival's 2022 lineup was announced on May 11.[23] Placebo was initially announced to be playing on Friday, September 16, but had to withdraw from the festival when their planned North American tour was postponed due to visa and logistical issues.[24] Bauhaus was scheduled to play on Saturday, September 17, but canceled their planned 2022 tour when lead singer Peter Murphy entered rehab.[25] Placebo and Bauhaus were replaced in the lineup by Sparta and Gogol Bordello, respectively.[26]","title":"2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"It was announced on May 15, 2023 that Riot Fest would be returning to Douglass Park September 15–17.[27] The lineup was announced on May 17.[28] On Sunday, rainy conditions led to the festival's start time being delayed until 2:00 PM and the cancellation of all early sets scheduled for that day.","title":"2023"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Three instances of Riot Fest have been canceled over the course of the festival's run. The first came in 2009 in the form of Riot Fest West, originally set to happen in November 2009 and postponed in September. The fest initially vowed to make up the dates in spring 2010 but the replacement fest did not materialize.[29] The second cancellation came in 2012 when Riot Fest East in Philadelphia was again postponed, this time one week before the show's planned July 19 start date. Though a reschedule was initially promised a follow-up never emerged.[30] The third cancellation came in 2020 when concerns due to the COVID-19 pandemic made the festival's cancellation inevitable. Organizers have called this a postponement, as a significant part of the 2020 lineup played in the 2021 festival.[31]Though not an outright cancellation, Riot Fest Brooklyn in 2012 was shut down early due to weather concerns.[32]","title":"Cancellations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"In 2023, residents of the Douglas Park neighborhood where Riot Fest had been held since 2015 protested the festival's plans to continue operating there.[33] Discussions deteriorated into yelling at a community event between neighborhood residents and festival organizers, as community members complained that the music fest forces them out of large sections of the public park for weeks at a time so private events can be held, damages the park and has displaced youth sports teams that have had to find homes elsewhere. Community members had previously petitioned the Chicago Park District to remove Riot Fest and other music festivals from Douglass Park in 2022.[34]","title":"Controversy"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Rock Music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Rock_Music"},{"title":"Chicago portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Chicago"},{"title":"List of punk rock festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_festivals"},{"title":"Ruido Fest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruido_Fest"},{"title":"Spring Awakening Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Awakening_Music_Festival"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Riot Fest Lineup Announced\". bookclubchicago.org. 11 May 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://blockclubchicago.org/2022/05/11/riot-fest-lineup-announced-nine-inch-nails-the-misfits-my-chemical-romance-and-more/","url_text":"\"Riot Fest Lineup Announced\""}]},{"reference":"Regan, Helen (May 28, 2015). \"Riot Fest Announces Lineups Featuring Ice Cube, Snoop Dogg, and No Doubt\". Time. Retrieved 12 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/3899378/music-riot-fest-festival-2015-line-up-chicago-denver-toronto/","url_text":"\"Riot Fest Announces Lineups Featuring Ice Cube, Snoop Dogg, and No Doubt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"\"What Does It Mean to Be an Independent Festival in 2019?\". Billboard. Retrieved 2021-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/festivals/8516745/independent-music-festivals-2019-report/","url_text":"\"What Does It Mean to Be an Independent Festival in 2019?\""}]},{"reference":"Lulay, Stephanie (November 30, 2016). \"Riot Fest Founder, Cobra Lounge Owner Sean McKeough Dies\". DNA info. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170406111451/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20161130/near-west-side/sean-mckeough-dead-riot-fest-cobra-lounge-all-rise-brewing","url_text":"\"Riot Fest Founder, Cobra Lounge Owner Sean McKeough Dies\""},{"url":"https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20161130/near-west-side/sean-mckeough-dead-riot-fest-cobra-lounge-all-rise-brewing","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Riot Fest Organizer Sean McKeough Dead at 42\". Rolling Stone. December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/riot-fest-organizer-sean-mckeough-dead-at-42-107687/","url_text":"\"Riot Fest Organizer Sean McKeough Dead at 42\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"Riot Fest Oral History: The unlikely story of punk rock's most beloved festival\". Alternative Press Magazine. 2017-09-06. Retrieved 2022-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altpress.com/features/riot_fest_oral_history_interview_naked_ray_gun/","url_text":"\"Riot Fest Oral History: The unlikely story of punk rock's most beloved festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riot Fest Announces Two More Locations; Launch VIP Contest Prize Package\". propertyofzack.com. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://propertyofzack.com/post/51075030071/riot-fest-announces-two-more-locations-launch-vip","url_text":"\"Riot Fest Announces Two More Locations; Launch VIP Contest Prize Package\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Sunday at Riot Fest\". chicagoist. 16 September 2013. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150510195927/http://chicagoist.com/2013/09/16/review_sunday_at_riot_fest_2013.php#photo-1","url_text":"\"Review: Sunday at Riot Fest\""},{"url":"http://chicagoist.com/2013/09/16/review_sunday_at_riot_fest_2013.php#photo-1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Complete History of Riot Fest 2015's Troubles\". Chicago magazine. Retrieved 2016-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagomag.com/arts-culture/September-2015/A-Brief-History-of-Riot-Fest-2015s-Troubles/","url_text":"\"A Complete History of Riot Fest 2015's Troubles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boricua Community against Riot Fest\". DNA Info. Archived from the original on 2015-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150527133838/http://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20150508/humboldt-park/puerto-rican-fest-committee-reverses-riot-fest-support-now-fierce-opponent","url_text":"\"Boricua Community against Riot Fest\""},{"url":"http://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20150508/humboldt-park/puerto-rican-fest-committee-reverses-riot-fest-support-now-fierce-opponent","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Riot Fest still on for the weekend after hospital drops lawsuit\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2016-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-riot-fest-st-anthony-lawsuit-0906-20150908-story.html","url_text":"\"Riot Fest still on for the weekend after hospital drops lawsuit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riot Fest, Saint Anthony Hospital reach agreement\".","urls":[{"url":"https://abc7chicago.com/riot-fest-saint-anthony-hospital-chicago-2015-douglas-park/974524/","url_text":"\"Riot Fest, Saint Anthony Hospital reach agreement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riot Fest Brought Rowdy, Raging Fun This Weekend\". 19 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://urbanmatter.com/chicago/riot-fest-recap/","url_text":"\"Riot Fest Brought Rowdy, Raging Fun This Weekend\""}]},{"reference":"\"At long last, the Riot Fest 2018 schedule has arrived\". 11 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/chicago/news/at-long-last-the-riot-fest-2018-schedule-has-arrived-091118","url_text":"\"At long last, the Riot Fest 2018 schedule has arrived\""}]},{"reference":"\"I'm just got me to assume riot fest is canceled\". 3 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/RiotFest/comments/9cikjs/im_just_got_me_to_assume_riot_fest_is_canceled/","url_text":"\"I'm just got me to assume riot fest is canceled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riot Fest is happening — schedule expands to add Run the Jewels, Weezer\". Chicago Tribune. 6 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-riot-fest-happening-douglas-park-0906-story.html","url_text":"\"Riot Fest is happening — schedule expands to add Run the Jewels, Weezer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Riot Fest full lineup, single ticket sales announced\". 7 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/riot-fest-full-lineup-schedule-single-tickets-douglas-park-music-things-to-do/","url_text":"\"Riot Fest full lineup, single ticket sales announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"My Chemical Romance To Headline Riot Fest 2020\". GRAMMY.com. 2020-01-29. Retrieved 2021-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/my-chemical-romance-headline-chicagos-riot-fest-2020","url_text":"\"My Chemical Romance To Headline Riot Fest 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"My Chemical Romance Postpone Reunion Tour To 2022\". Stereogum. 2021-04-16. Retrieved 2021-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/2144471/my-chemical-romance-postpone-reunion-tour-to-2022/news/","url_text":"\"My Chemical Romance Postpone Reunion Tour To 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Headliners Announced! Slipknot Headlines Sunday, Morrissey Headlines Thursday Preview Party\". Riot Fest. 2021-08-19. Retrieved 2021-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://riotfest.org/2021/08/new-headliners-21/","url_text":"\"New Headliners Announced! Slipknot Headlines Sunday, Morrissey Headlines Thursday Preview Party\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alkaline Trio, Patti Smith, The Flaming Lips, and More Added to Riot Fest 2021\". Riot Fest. 2021-09-02. Retrieved 2021-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://riotfest.org/2021/09/band-additions/","url_text":"\"Alkaline Trio, Patti Smith, The Flaming Lips, and More Added to Riot Fest 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Just Added: Rise Against and Anthrax Join Riot Fest 2021\". Riot Fest. 2021-09-14. Retrieved 2021-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://riotfest.org/2021/09/rise-against-anthrax/","url_text":"\"Just Added: Rise Against and Anthrax Join Riot Fest 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Riot Fest 2022 Lineup is Here (Plus Single Day Tickets)\". 11 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://riotfest.org/2022/05/11/the-riot-fest-2022-lineup-is-here-plus-single-day-tickets/","url_text":"\"The Riot Fest 2022 Lineup is Here (Plus Single Day Tickets)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Placebo postpone first North American tour in 8 years due to \"visa and logistical issues\"\". 3 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brooklynvegan.com/placebo-postpone-first-north-american-tour-in-8-years-due-to-visa-and-logistical-issues/","url_text":"\"Placebo postpone first North American tour in 8 years due to \"visa and logistical issues\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bauhaus Cancel Remaining 2022 North American Dates as Peter Murphy Enters Rehab\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/bauhaus-cancel-2022-north-american-tour-peter-murphy-rehab-1235133439/","url_text":"\"Bauhaus Cancel Remaining 2022 North American Dates as Peter Murphy Enters Rehab\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"3-Day Passes Are Sold Out; Gogol Bordello, Sparta Added for Riot Fest 2022\". 8 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://riotfest.org/2022/09/08/3-day-passes-are-sold-out-gogol-bordello-sparta-added-for-riot-fest-2022/","url_text":"\"3-Day Passes Are Sold Out; Gogol Bordello, Sparta Added for Riot Fest 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riot Fest makes 2 big announcements for 2023 event\". 15 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://wgntv.com/news/deans-list/riot-fest-makes-2-big-announcements-for-2023-event/","url_text":"\"Riot Fest makes 2 big announcements for 2023 event\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Riot Fest 2023 Lineup is Here\". 16 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://riotfest.org/2023/05/16/the-riot-fest-2023-lineup-is-here/","url_text":"\"The Riot Fest 2023 Lineup is Here\""}]},{"reference":"White, Lisa (September 3, 2009). \"Riot Fest West Postponed Until Spring 2010\". Gapers Block. Retrieved January 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://gapersblock.com/transmission/2009/09/03/riot_fest_west_postponed_until_spring_2010/","url_text":"\"Riot Fest West Postponed Until Spring 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapers_Block","url_text":"Gapers Block"}]},{"reference":"\"Riot Fest East (Philly) postponed\". Brooklyn Vegan. July 12, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brooklynvegan.com/archives/2012/07/riot_fest_east.html","url_text":"\"Riot Fest East (Philly) postponed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Vegan","url_text":"Brooklyn Vegan"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Kevin (16 June 2020). \"Riot Fest makes its own way in 'postponing' the 2020 edition in the face of COVID-19, moving it to 2021 with many headliners already known\". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2020-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-riot-fest-canceled-until-2021-0615-20200616-gsse4kyjjfghdcqsemshngpug4-story.html","url_text":"\"Riot Fest makes its own way in 'postponing' the 2020 edition in the face of COVID-19, moving it to 2021 with many headliners already known\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riot Fest Meeting Devolves Into Chaos As Hundreds Of Douglass Park Neighbors Make Their Voices Heard\". Block Club Chicago. April 7, 2023. Retrieved May 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://blockclubchicago.org/2023/04/07/riot-fest-meeting-devolves-into-chaos-as-hundreds-of-douglass-park-neighbors-make-their-voices-heard/","url_text":"\"Riot Fest Meeting Devolves Into Chaos As Hundreds Of Douglass Park Neighbors Make Their Voices Heard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Club_Chicago","url_text":"Block Club Chicago"}]},{"reference":"\"Despite opposition, Riot Fest is on\". Axios Chicago. September 16, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.axios.com/local/chicago/2022/09/16/riot-fest-rolls-into-douglass-park","url_text":"\"Despite opposition, Riot Fest is on\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axios_Chicago&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Axios Chicago"}]},{"reference":"Conner, Thomas (October 6, 2011). \"Riot Fest 2011 promises largest lineup ever\". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 13 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/music/8068274-421/its-a-punk-party-weekend.html","url_text":"\"Riot Fest 2011 promises largest lineup ever\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"}]},{"reference":"Downing, Andy (October 9, 2010). \"30 years and counting: Bad Religion still on a mission\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 13 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-10-09/entertainment/ct-live-1011-bad-religion-20101009_1_bad-religion-brooks-wackerman-greg-graffin","url_text":"\"30 years and counting: Bad Religion still on a mission\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Grzelak, Heather (October 10, 2010). \"Front Row Center: Riot Fest (Saturday @ Congress Theater)\". Alternative Press. Retrieved 13 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.altpress.com/gallery/entry/front_row_center_riot_fest_saturday_congress_theater/","url_text":"\"Front Row Center: Riot Fest (Saturday @ Congress Theater)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(music_magazine)","url_text":"Alternative Press"}]},{"reference":"Kendrick, Monica (September 16, 2010). \"Fall Arts Guide 2010: Riot Fest\". Fall Arts Guide. Chicago Reader. Retrieved 13 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/fall-arts-guide-2010-riot-fest/Content?oid=2423261","url_text":"\"Fall Arts Guide 2010: Riot Fest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Reader","url_text":"Chicago Reader"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Riot+Fest%22","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Riot+Fest%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Riot+Fest%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Riot+Fest%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Riot+Fest%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Riot+Fest%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riot_Fest&action=edit","external_links_name":"You can help"},{"Link":"http://riotfest.org/","external_links_name":"riotfest.org"},{"Link":"https://blockclubchicago.org/2022/05/11/riot-fest-lineup-announced-nine-inch-nails-the-misfits-my-chemical-romance-and-more/","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest Lineup Announced\""},{"Link":"http://time.com/3899378/music-riot-fest-festival-2015-line-up-chicago-denver-toronto/","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest Announces Lineups Featuring Ice Cube, Snoop Dogg, and No Doubt\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/festivals/8516745/independent-music-festivals-2019-report/","external_links_name":"\"What Does It Mean to Be an Independent Festival in 2019?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170406111451/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20161130/near-west-side/sean-mckeough-dead-riot-fest-cobra-lounge-all-rise-brewing","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest Founder, Cobra Lounge Owner Sean McKeough Dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20161130/near-west-side/sean-mckeough-dead-riot-fest-cobra-lounge-all-rise-brewing","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/riot-fest-organizer-sean-mckeough-dead-at-42-107687/","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest Organizer Sean McKeough Dead at 42\""},{"Link":"https://www.altpress.com/features/riot_fest_oral_history_interview_naked_ray_gun/","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest Oral History: The unlikely story of punk rock's most beloved festival\""},{"Link":"http://propertyofzack.com/post/51075030071/riot-fest-announces-two-more-locations-launch-vip","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest Announces Two More Locations; Launch VIP Contest Prize Package\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150510195927/http://chicagoist.com/2013/09/16/review_sunday_at_riot_fest_2013.php#photo-1","external_links_name":"\"Review: Sunday at Riot Fest\""},{"Link":"http://chicagoist.com/2013/09/16/review_sunday_at_riot_fest_2013.php#photo-1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chicagomag.com/arts-culture/September-2015/A-Brief-History-of-Riot-Fest-2015s-Troubles/","external_links_name":"\"A Complete History of Riot Fest 2015's Troubles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150527133838/http://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20150508/humboldt-park/puerto-rican-fest-committee-reverses-riot-fest-support-now-fierce-opponent","external_links_name":"\"Boricua Community against Riot Fest\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20150508/humboldt-park/puerto-rican-fest-committee-reverses-riot-fest-support-now-fierce-opponent","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-riot-fest-st-anthony-lawsuit-0906-20150908-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest still on for the weekend after hospital drops lawsuit\""},{"Link":"https://abc7chicago.com/riot-fest-saint-anthony-hospital-chicago-2015-douglas-park/974524/","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest, Saint Anthony Hospital reach agreement\""},{"Link":"https://urbanmatter.com/chicago/riot-fest-recap/","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest Brought Rowdy, Raging Fun This Weekend\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeout.com/chicago/news/at-long-last-the-riot-fest-2018-schedule-has-arrived-091118","external_links_name":"\"At long last, the Riot Fest 2018 schedule has arrived\""},{"Link":"https://www.reddit.com/r/RiotFest/comments/9cikjs/im_just_got_me_to_assume_riot_fest_is_canceled/","external_links_name":"\"I'm just got me to assume riot fest is canceled\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-riot-fest-happening-douglas-park-0906-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest is happening — schedule expands to add Run the Jewels, Weezer\""},{"Link":"https://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/riot-fest-full-lineup-schedule-single-tickets-douglas-park-music-things-to-do/","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest full lineup, single ticket sales announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/my-chemical-romance-headline-chicagos-riot-fest-2020","external_links_name":"\"My Chemical Romance To Headline Riot Fest 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.stereogum.com/2144471/my-chemical-romance-postpone-reunion-tour-to-2022/news/","external_links_name":"\"My Chemical Romance Postpone Reunion Tour To 2022\""},{"Link":"https://riotfest.org/2021/08/new-headliners-21/","external_links_name":"\"New Headliners Announced! Slipknot Headlines Sunday, Morrissey Headlines Thursday Preview Party\""},{"Link":"https://riotfest.org/2021/09/band-additions/","external_links_name":"\"Alkaline Trio, Patti Smith, The Flaming Lips, and More Added to Riot Fest 2021\""},{"Link":"https://riotfest.org/2021/09/rise-against-anthrax/","external_links_name":"\"Just Added: Rise Against and Anthrax Join Riot Fest 2021\""},{"Link":"https://riotfest.org/2022/05/11/the-riot-fest-2022-lineup-is-here-plus-single-day-tickets/","external_links_name":"\"The Riot Fest 2022 Lineup is Here (Plus Single Day Tickets)\""},{"Link":"https://www.brooklynvegan.com/placebo-postpone-first-north-american-tour-in-8-years-due-to-visa-and-logistical-issues/","external_links_name":"\"Placebo postpone first North American tour in 8 years due to \"visa and logistical issues\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/bauhaus-cancel-2022-north-american-tour-peter-murphy-rehab-1235133439/","external_links_name":"\"Bauhaus Cancel Remaining 2022 North American Dates as Peter Murphy Enters Rehab\""},{"Link":"https://riotfest.org/2022/09/08/3-day-passes-are-sold-out-gogol-bordello-sparta-added-for-riot-fest-2022/","external_links_name":"\"3-Day Passes Are Sold Out; Gogol Bordello, Sparta Added for Riot Fest 2022\""},{"Link":"https://wgntv.com/news/deans-list/riot-fest-makes-2-big-announcements-for-2023-event/","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest makes 2 big announcements for 2023 event\""},{"Link":"https://riotfest.org/2023/05/16/the-riot-fest-2023-lineup-is-here/","external_links_name":"\"The Riot Fest 2023 Lineup is Here\""},{"Link":"http://gapersblock.com/transmission/2009/09/03/riot_fest_west_postponed_until_spring_2010/","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest West Postponed Until Spring 2010\""},{"Link":"http://www.brooklynvegan.com/archives/2012/07/riot_fest_east.html","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest East (Philly) postponed\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-riot-fest-canceled-until-2021-0615-20200616-gsse4kyjjfghdcqsemshngpug4-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest makes its own way in 'postponing' the 2020 edition in the face of COVID-19, moving it to 2021 with many headliners already known\""},{"Link":"http://www.brooklynvegan.com/chicago/2012/09/riot_fest_brook.html","external_links_name":"http://www.brooklynvegan.com/chicago/2012/09/riot_fest_brook.html"},{"Link":"https://blockclubchicago.org/2023/04/07/riot-fest-meeting-devolves-into-chaos-as-hundreds-of-douglass-park-neighbors-make-their-voices-heard/","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest Meeting Devolves Into Chaos As Hundreds Of Douglass Park Neighbors Make Their Voices Heard\""},{"Link":"https://www.axios.com/local/chicago/2022/09/16/riot-fest-rolls-into-douglass-park","external_links_name":"\"Despite opposition, Riot Fest is on\""},{"Link":"http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/music/8068274-421/its-a-punk-party-weekend.html","external_links_name":"\"Riot Fest 2011 promises largest lineup ever\""},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-10-09/entertainment/ct-live-1011-bad-religion-20101009_1_bad-religion-brooks-wackerman-greg-graffin","external_links_name":"\"30 years and counting: Bad Religion still on a mission\""},{"Link":"http://www.altpress.com/gallery/entry/front_row_center_riot_fest_saturday_congress_theater/","external_links_name":"\"Front Row Center: Riot Fest (Saturday @ Congress Theater)\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/fall-arts-guide-2010-riot-fest/Content?oid=2423261","external_links_name":"\"Fall Arts Guide 2010: Riot Fest\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesar-e_Babaganjeh
|
Hesar-e Babaganjeh
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 37°43′00″N 45°04′00″E / 37.71667°N 45.06667°E / 37.71667; 45.06667Village in West Azerbaijan, IranHesar-e Babaganjeh
حصارباباگنجهvillageHesar-e BabaganjehCoordinates: 37°43′00″N 45°04′00″E / 37.71667°N 45.06667°E / 37.71667; 45.06667Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyUrmiaBakhshNazluRural DistrictNazlu-e ShomaliPopulation (2006) • Total72Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Hesar-e Babaganjeh (Persian: حصارباباگنجه, also Romanized as Ḩeşār-e Bābāganjeh) is a village in Nazlu-e Shomali Rural District, Nazlu District, Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 72, in 15 families.
References
^ Hesar-e Babaganjeh can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3812336" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Urmia CountyCapital
Urmia
DistrictsCentralCities
Urmia
Rural districts and villagesBakeshluchay
Aghcheh Qaleh
Almanabad
Aydinlu
Balderlu
Barajuq
Birlan
Burashan
Chehreh Gosha
Darghalu
Dehkadeh-ye Asayesh
Dizaj-e Naqaleh
Elyasabad
Emamzadeh
Eslamlu
Gabaran
Gol Pashin
Golmankhaneh
Hajji Pirlu
Hasbestan
Hesar-e Hajjilar
Hesar-e Tarmani
Igdir
Jarchelu
Kashtiban
Kordlar
Lashenlu
Marajul
Mashkabad-e Olya
Mashkabad-e Sofla
Miavaq
Posht-e Gol
Qalilu
Qamat
Qarah Aghaj-e Olya
Qarah Hasanlu-ye Khvajeh Pasha
Qarajalu
Qeshlaq-e Mirza Ali
Qeshlaq-e Mohammad Qoli
Qoturlar
Reyhanabad
Rikan
Sadaqeh
Salehabad
Sangar-e Mir Abdollah
Tarmani
Vazirabad
Yengejeh-ye Qazi
Yuvalar
Baranduz
Aliabad-e Baran Duz
Angaman
Band
Baran Duz
Bozveh
Chavrash
Didan-e Olya
Didan-e Sofla
Dizaj-e Fathi
Dizaj-e Rahim Pur
Gazanehkesh
Hasu Kandi
Havanduk
Heydarlu
Jafarian
Janvislu
Jowrni
Kelisay-e Sir
Khataylu
Khorramabad
Narlar
Saatluy Kuh
Sari Beygluy-e Musai
Shamlakan
Sheykh Mazari
Sidak
Sir
Varmazyar
Baranduzchay-ye Jonubi(South Baranduzchay)
Aghbolagh
Balanej
Barbaran
Baruzh
Bayat
Bozorgabad
Darin Qaleh
Dulama
Fuladlu
Goldanlu
Hesar-e Agh Bolagh
Ilazgi
Isalu
Karvansara
Kukiya
Kurani
Mahmudabad
Mobarakabad
Nivlu
Qaleh Juq
Qasemlu
Rahimabad
Seylaneh
Shaban Kandi
Shiru Kandi
Tappeh Maki
Tarzelu
Tazeh Kand-e Jamalkhan
Tulkan
Tumatar
Tupuzabad
Uzan Malek
Zovik
Baranduzchay-ye Shomali(North Baranduzchay)
Borhanlu
Dizaj-e Takyeh
Faqih Beyglu
Gug Tappeh
Qarah Aghaj
Qaralar-e Kuh
Qotlu
Qurshalu
Saralan
Sari Beygluy-e Moin
Satlu
Shams-e Hajjian
Vandai
Bash Qaleh
Ayeblu
Berenjabad
Burbur
Chichagluy-e Mansur
Chichakluy-e Bash Qaleh
Dadeh Saqi
Danqaralu
Eslampanahabadi Jadid
Gaznaq
Guyj Ali Tappeh
Guyjeh Ali Aslan
Isaluy-e Heydarlu
Isaluy-e Zemi
Kechah Bash
Mazraeh-ye Owj Ovlar
Qahremanluy-e Olya
Qahremanluy-e Sofla
Qaleh-ye Azizbeyg
Qarabqolu
Qazan Ali
Qezel Hajjilu
Qosur
Safarbehi
Safarqoli Khan Kandi
Sari Beygluy-e Araliq
Sarijalu
Shahrak-e Golmarz
Sheykh Teymur
Shur Kand
Takalu
Tupraq Qaleh
Urmia Industrial Estate
Yaghmur Ali
Yurqunabad-e Olya
Yurqunabad-e Sofla
Yusefabad-e Shah Mirza Kandi
Dul
Balestan
Bardeh Kish
Cement Cooperative
Dalow
Darband
Dash Aghol
Dizaj-e Dowl
Eslamabad
Jolbar
Kamaneh
Kanan-e Olya
Kanan-e Sofla
Nanas
Nari
Nasirabad
Naznaz
Pirali
Qameshlu
Rashkan
Samartu
Shahrak-e Rustayi-ye Naser
Soltanabad
Zharabad
Ziveh
Nazluy-ye Jonubi (South Nazluy)
Abbasabad
Arabluy-e Bisheh
Arabluy-e Darreh
Arabluy-e Yekan
Asgarabad Tappeh
Barbin
Bozlu
Chichakluy-e Hajji Aqa
Chonqeraluy-e Yekan
Dastjerd
Daylaq
Faqibeyglu
Gardabad
Ghaffar Behi
Irvanlu
Kakalar
Marangaluy-e Kuchek
Owzarlu
Qaraguz-e Hajji Baba
Qaraguz-e Salimaqa
Qaralar-e Lotfollah
Qareh Guz-e Il
Qerekhlu
Saidlu
Salim Kandi
Sam Salu
Sheykh Sar Mast
Tazeh Kand-e Afshar
Tazeh Kand-e Qeshlaq
Urmia Airport
Zaiyeh Kandi
Rowzeh Chay
Aliabad
Alvach
Anhar-e Olya
Anhar-e Sofla
Ashnaabad
Badaki
Balaji
Balu
Darazam
Gajin
Ganjabad
Golhar
Gowzgavand
Jehatlu
Kani Quzan
Kavalaq
Khalifatan
Khanqah-e Alvaj
Kutalan
Lerni
Lur
Mazraeh-ye Nasrabad
Mirabad
Pir Morad
Qarah Hasanlu
Qasrik
Qeshlaq-e Tarazlu
Qezel Asheq
Tazeh Kand-e Anhar
Tezkharab
Valindeh-ye Olya
Valindeh-ye Sofla
Yowrqanlu
Zeynalu
Torkaman
Alqian
Arablu
Babarud
Chub Tarash
Darbarud
Gharib Kandi
Hasanabad
Hesar-e Gapuchi
Hesar-e Torkaman
IRIB Broadcasting Station
Jabalkandi
Jeyran-e Olya
Jeyran-e Sofla
Khanjar Qeshlaqi
Khezrabad
Kusehabad
Mirshekarlu
Moqaddam
Morad Ali-ye Olya
Morad Ali-ye Sofla
Moradkandi
Naybin
Nazarabad Qaleh
Nazarabad-e Eftekhar
Ordushahi
Owch Ovlar
Qaralar-e Aqataqi
Qaralar-e Hajjqasem
Qurt Tappeh
Sarajuq
Sardrud
Shahinabad
Tabbat
Takah
Tappeh
Tappeh Torkaman
Tasmalu
Tazeh Kand
Tizkharab
Torkaman
Uzan Eskandari
AnzalCities
Qushchi
Rural districts and villagesAnzal-e Jonubi(South Anzal)
Ali Kan
Bahleh
Bolarghu
Deladar
Emam Kandi
Gavlan
Gol Tappeh
Golanik-e Olya
Golanik-e Sofla
Hajji Bayram
Hammamlar
Jabal Kandi
Kahriz
Kani Shurik
Kaseb
Khorramabad
Kureh-ye Olya
Kureh-ye Sofla
Mahmudan
Maku Kandi
Meshik
Nur ol Dinabad
Pirgol
Qahraman
Qulonji
Quyujoq
Senjilik
Shahid Ab Shanasan Garrison
Sharifabad
Shirakan
Soltanabad
Tandarak
Zangabad
Anzal-e Shomali(North Anzal)
Bari
Gurchin Qaleh
Jamalabad
Moqitalu
Najafabad
Qalqachi
Qarah Bagh
NazluCities
Nushin
Rural districts and villagesNazluchay
Armudaghaj
Azadegan
Badelbu
Bahlulabad
Department of Agriculture
Hajjiabad
Hesar Kharabeh
Janizeh
Kavsi
Kharabeh-ye Senji
Kuseh Ahmad
Nazlu
Qaleh Sardar
Qaleh-ye Esmail Aqa
Qaralar-e Tasuji
Senji
Tamtaman
Tapik
Tazeh Kand
Tazeh Kand-e Janizeh
Tazeh Kand-e Qaterchi
Yowrqanlu-ye Janizeh
Nazlu-e Shomali(North Nazlu)
Abajaluy-e Olya
Ali Kandi
Alibeyglu
Angeneh
Arnesa
Asgarabad-e Kuh
Babaganjeh
Baghestan
Bashlan Beshlu
Chanaqlu
Cher
Chonqeraluy-e Pol
Dowyran
Guyjeh Yaran
Hesar-e Babaganjeh
Hesar-e Bahram Khan
Heydarlu
Heydarluy-e Beyglar
Kalvan
Karimabad
Khaledabad
Khaneqah Sorkh
Lak
Lalahluy-e Torab
Lulham
Marangaluy-e Bozorg
Meskin
Nakhjavan Tappeh
Owkhchilar
Par
Qarah Qiz
Qarah Quyunlu
Qareh Jalu
Qelinjlu
Qeshlaq-e Shakur
Rahimabad
Saatluy-e Beyglar
Sari Beygluy-e Cheragh
Shirabad
Tappeh-ye Babaganjeh
Taqlidabad
Tazeh Kand-e Baba Ganjeh
Vaqasluy-e Olya
Vaqasluy-e Sofla
Zadehlu
Zonbalan
Tala Tappeh
Abajaluy-e Sofla
Adeh
Chamaki
Hesar-e Sopurghan
Khaneshan
Khodaverdi Khan Kandi
Owsaluy-e Allahverdi Khan
Owsaluy-e Kazem
Sopurghan
Tala Tappeh
Yengejeh
Zirmanlu
SilvanehCities
Silvaneh
Rural districts and villagesDasht
Bardehsur
Chaman
Darband
Dareh Senji
Dazgir
Dowla Pasan
Gowjar
Halafaleh
Kay
Khvoshaku
Mirabad
Nushan-e Olya
Nushan-e Sofla
Owali
Peshkeleh
Pirhadi
Qarayi
Qasrik
Razhan
Salim Beyg
Sulik
Tui
Tuli
Zanglan
Margavar
Aleyh
Aversi
Bavan
Berasb
Berazan
Best
Bi Bakran
Cherikabad
Dizaj
Dowkana
Felekan
Galleh Behi
Gerdevan
Gerdik
Gerdik Naser
Golestaneh
Haftabad
Halaj
Hasanabad
Hashemabad
Kachaleh
Kani Dastar
Kani Tayer
Kasian
Kayer
Kelasi
Khurasb
Lajani
Lowrzini
Mamakan
Mansurabad
Mirabad
Molla Basak
Nari
Nergi
Nuy
Qaraneh
Razgeh
Sehgergan
Shahrak-e Ziveh
Shaklabad
Sheykh Zard
Shirakan
Sudinabad
Suleh Dugal
Surkan
Susanabad
Tupuzabad
Zharabad
Zharazhi
Ziveh
Targavar
Anbi
Arzin
Ashki
Avdi
Balowlan
Bani
Basrik
Biquz
Do Bareh
Dustalan
Gerdah Belij
Haki
Halulan
Karimabad
Khaneqah
Kuraneh
Kurteh Kavil
Mavana
Pesan
Shahr-e Viran
Sheyban
Sheykh Shamzin
Surbani
Talin
Tibatan
Towlaki
Sumay-ye BeradustCities
Serow
Rural districts and villagesBeradust
Akhyan-e Bozorg
Akhyan-e Kuchek
Asengaran
Avdelan-e Olya
Avdelan-e Sofla
Bardehzi-ye Olya
Chareh
Emam Kandi
Eskandarabad
Firuzian
Gangachin
Gol-e Sheykhan
Gonbad
Gundak-e Molla
Guranabad
Haftsaran
Halah Qush
Hangravan
Ishgeh Su
Kanespi
Kani Shurik
Kanisi
Khalyan
Khanik
Khvoshalan
Kulgani
Kuraneh
Mafaran
Majruseh
Maluneh
Margarash
Mastakan
Neychalan
Omarabad
Post
Qareh Aghaj
Qarnesa
Qasrik
Rabat
Ravand-e Olya
Ravand-e Sofla
Shegaftik-e Olya
Shegaftik-e Sofla
Siarak
Sufi Kani
Tazeh Kand-e Sheshmal
Zangakan
Sumay-ye Jonubi(South Sumay)
Abdi Beyg
Aghsaqal
Bardeh Rash
Barduk
Bavan
Gachi
Gowdal
Hasanlu
Hashtian
Hovarsin
Jalqaran
Juhni
Jujahi
Kanespi
Kani Miran
Kharah Gush
Kuran
Marnah
Piranjuq
Qasrik
Sinabad
Soltani
Sufian
Sumay-ye Shomali(North Sumay)
Bachehjik
Baraspi
Bardian
Bastakabad
Bazhergah
Galeh Khar
Ghazan
Goli Suyi
Hasanabad
Jatar
Kani Rash
Khanik
Mamakan
Mastakan
Mingol
Mirabad
Oskandrian
Quni
Qurmik
Rigabad
Sakan
Seydan
Surmanabad
Yengejeh
Iran portal
This Urmia County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nazlu-e Shomali Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazlu-e_Shomali_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Nazlu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazlu_District"},{"link_name":"Urmia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmia_County"},{"link_name":"West Azerbaijan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in West Azerbaijan, IranHesar-e Babaganjeh (Persian: حصارباباگنجه, also Romanized as Ḩeşār-e Bābāganjeh)[1] is a village in Nazlu-e Shomali Rural District, Nazlu District, Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 72, in 15 families.[2]","title":"Hesar-e Babaganjeh"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hesar-e_Babaganjeh¶ms=37_43_00_N_45_04_00_E_region:IR_type:city(72)","external_links_name":"37°43′00″N 45°04′00″E / 37.71667°N 45.06667°E / 37.71667; 45.06667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hesar-e_Babaganjeh¶ms=37_43_00_N_45_04_00_E_region:IR_type:city(72)","external_links_name":"37°43′00″N 45°04′00″E / 37.71667°N 45.06667°E / 37.71667; 45.06667"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hesar-e_Babaganjeh&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubodino
|
Lubodino
|
["1 Geography","2 References"]
|
Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaLubodino
ЛубодиноVillageLubodinoShow map of Vologda OblastLubodinoShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 59°37′N 40°52′E / 59.617°N 40.867°E / 59.617; 40.867CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictSokolsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00
Lubodino (Russian: Лубодино) is a rural locality (a village) in Vorobyovskoye Rural Settlement, Sokolsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 22 as of 2002.
Geography
Lubodino is located 64 km northeast of Sokol (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novoye is the nearest rural locality.
References
^ Деревня Лубодино на карте
^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004.
^ Расстояние от Сокола до Лубодина
vteRural localities in Sokolsky District
Agafonovo
Alekino
Aleksino
Alexeyevo
Alferovskoye
Andreyevskoye
Andronovo
Antufyevo
Arkhangelskoye
Bakulino
Barskoye
Beketovo
Bekrenevo
Berezino
Berezov Pochinok
Berkovo
Bessolovo
Bilnovo
Biryakovo
Bolshiye Ivanovskiye
Bolshiye Ozerki
Bolshoy Krivets
Bolshoye Petrakovo
Bolshoye Yakovkovo
Boriskovo
Borisovo
Borshchevo
Borshchovka
Boyarskoye
Bratskoye
Bryukhovo
Burtsevo
Chekshino
Chepurovo
Chuchkovo
Derevenka
Dmitrikovo
Dyakovo
Dyurbenikha
Fedyayevo
Fefilovo
Filyayevo
Frolovo
Georgiyevskoye
Gerasimovo
Gladkino
Glebovo
Golodeyevo
Gololitsyno
Gorbovo
Gribanovo
Gribtsovo
Guriyevo
Istominskoye
Ivanikha
Ivankovo
Ivanovo
Ivkovo
Kachalka
Kalinovo
Kalitino
Kamskoye
Kapustino
Karpovskoye
Kazarinovo
Kazarnoye
Kaznakuryevo
Khaminovo
Kharlushino
Klokovo
Knyazhevo
Kolotovye
Komarovo
Konanikha
Konanovo
Koposikha
Kopylovo
Korino
Korzha
Kotlaksa
Kozhukovo
Kozlovo
Krinkino
Kromovesovo
Kulseyevo
Kurya
Kuvayevo
Kuvshinovo
Kuzminskoye
Lebechikha
Lendobovo
Levkovo
Lipovitsa
Litega
Lodeyshchik
Loginovo
Lubodino
Malakhovo
Malaya Murga
Maloye Petrakovo
Maloye Zalesye
Maly Krivets
Malye Goritsy
Malye Ivanovskiye
Malye Ozerki
Mamonkino
Marfinskoye
Markovskoye
Medvedkovo
Melenka
Melino
Mikheyevo
Mishutkino
Mortkino
Morzhenga
Myalitsyno
Nadeyevo
Naliskoye
Naumovskoye
Navalkino
Nekrasovo
Nelidovo
Nesterovo
Nikolskaya
Nikolskoye
Nikulinskoye
Novy
Obrosovo
Ogarovo
Okulikha
Okulovskoye
Olarevo
Opalevo
Osanovo
Osipikha
Osipovo
Ostrilovo
Ovsyannikovo
Ozerko
Pakhino
Pakhtalka
Panyutino
Pashenino
Pashikovo
Pepelnikovo
Perevoz
Perkhurovo
Petrovskoye
Petryayevo
Pirogovo
Plishkino
Podolnoye
Podyelnoye
Pogost Ilyinsky
Popovo
Preobrazhenskoye
Prisedkino
Prokopovo
Prokshino
Prudovka
Pustoshka
Pyatino
Pykhmarevo
Repnoye
Rodionovo
Rodyukino
Rogozkino
Rostovka
Ryazanka
Rykulya
Rylovo
Savkino
Selishche
Seltso
Semakino
Semenkovo
Semenovo
Senino
Shachino
Shadrino
Shastovo
Shastovo-Zabereznoye
Shchekotovo
Shchurikha
Shera
Shiblovka
Shipunovo
Shishkino
Shitrobovo
Shulepovo
Sidorkovo
Skomorokhovo
Sloboda
Slobodishchevo
Sonikha
Sosnovaya Roshcha
Sosnovets
Spitsyno
Staroye
Stepanovo
Sudoverf
Sverchkovo
Tataurov Pochinok
Telyachye
Tenkovo
Timoninskoye
Titovskoye
Tokhmarevo
Tolstoumovo
Treparevo
Trukhinka
Tupitsyno
Turbayevo
Tureyevo
Turovo
Tyrykovo
Ugol
Ugolskoye
Varushino
Vasilevo
Vasilyevskoye
Vaskovo
Vasyutino
Veretye
Verkhnyaya Storona
Vitoryevo
Vlasovo
Voksino
Vorobyovo
Vyazovoye
Vysokaya
Yadrovo
Yakovlevo
Yertebino
Yesipovo
Zabereznichye
Zabolotka
Zadneye
Zakharovo
Zakurskoye
Zaledeyevo
Zalesye
Zamoshye
Zavrazhye
Zhikharevo
Zhilino
Zuyevo
This Sokolsky District, Vologda Oblast location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Sokolsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokolsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lubodino (Russian: Лубодино) is a rural locality (a village) in Vorobyovskoye Rural Settlement, Sokolsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 22 as of 2002.[2]","title":"Lubodino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sokol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokol,_Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Lubodino is located 64 km northeast of Sokol (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novoye is the nearest rural locality.[3]","title":"Geography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lubodino¶ms=59_37_N_40_52_E_type:city_region:RU-VLG","external_links_name":"59°37′N 40°52′E / 59.617°N 40.867°E / 59.617; 40.867"},{"Link":"https://mapdata.ru/vologodskaya-oblast/sokolskiy-rayon/derevnya-lubodino/","external_links_name":"Деревня Лубодино на карте"},{"Link":"http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_sokol-35_lubodino","external_links_name":"Расстояние от Сокола до Лубодина"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lubodino&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seroa_language
|
Seroa language
|
["1 Doculects","2 References"]
|
Extinct ǃKwi language of Southern Africa
SeroaǃUiRegionSouth AfricaExtinct1870s (Traill 2002)Language familyTuu
ǃKwiEasternSeroaLanguage codesISO 639-3kquLinguist ListkquGlottologsero1239
Seroa, or ǃUi, is a ǃKwi language or dialect of South Africa that went extinct in the 19th century. It was spoken in the area of Bloemfontein. Seroa is the Sesotho name, literally "language of the Baroa (Bushmen)"; the people called themselves ǃUi (that is, ǃKwi), which just means 'people'. The language is labeled SIId in Dorothea Bleek's classification.
Doculects
Güldemann (2019) lists the following doculects.
Label
Researcher
Date
Origin
Notes
ǃUi
Wuras
> 1836
Bethany
Bleek label SIId.
ǃUi
Arbousset
1836
Mokhasi/Puchane
Bleek label SIId.
Seroa was closely related to ǁŨǁʼe and Boshof ǃUi, but analysis of the recorded data has not been enough to determine the boundary between language and dialect.
References
^ Seroa at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ Tom Güldemann. 2019. Toward a subclassification of the ǃUi branch of Tuu. Paper presented at Afrikalinguistisches Forschungskolloquium at Humboldt Universiät zu Berlin, 8 January 2019. 10pp.
vteKhoisan languagesKhoe–KwadiKhoe
Eini
Gǁana (Gǀwi)
ǂHaba
Khoekhoe
Khwe
Korana/Griqua
Naro
Shua
Tshwa
KwadiKwadiKxʼaǃKung
Sekele / Northern ǃKung (Ekoka)
Central ǃKung
Juǀʼhoan / Southern ǃKung (ǂKxʼaoǁʼae)
ǂʼAmkoeǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan)TuuTaa
Lower Nossob
Taa (ǃXoon)
ǃKwi
Boshof ǃUi
ǃGãǃne
ǁKā
Nǁng (Nǀuu)
Seroa
ǁŨǁʼe
ǂUngkue
ǀXam
ǁXegwi
Isolates
Sandawe
Hadza
This language-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ǃKwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuu_languages"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Bloemfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemfontein"},{"link_name":"Sesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesotho"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Bleek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Bleek"}],"text":"Seroa, or ǃUi, is a ǃKwi language or dialect of South Africa that went extinct in the 19th century. It was spoken in the area of Bloemfontein. Seroa is the Sesotho name, literally \"language of the Baroa (Bushmen)\"; the people called themselves ǃUi (that is, ǃKwi), which just means 'people'. The language is labeled SIId in Dorothea Bleek's classification.","title":"Seroa language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G%C3%BCldemann2019-2"},{"link_name":"ǁŨǁʼe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%81%C5%A8%C7%81%CA%BCe_language"},{"link_name":"Boshof ǃUi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boshof_%C7%83Ui"}],"text":"Güldemann (2019) lists the following doculects.[2]Seroa was closely related to ǁŨǁʼe and Boshof ǃUi, but analysis of the recorded data has not been enough to determine the boundary between language and dialect.","title":"Doculects"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/kqu","external_links_name":"kqu"},{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sero1239","external_links_name":"sero1239"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/kqu","external_links_name":"Seroa"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seroa_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS_Service_Center_NYC
|
Alliance for Positive Change
|
["1 History","2 References"]
|
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Alliance for Positive Change (formerly AIDS Service Center NYC)Founded1990FounderSharen DukeFocusHIV/AIDSLocationNew York CityEmployees 95Websitealliance.nyc
Alliance for Positive Change - formerly known as AIDS Service Center NYC (ASCNYC) - is a community organization that helps New Yorkers living with HIV and other chronic illnesses. Founded in 1990 by CEO Sharen Duke, Alliance provides direct services to over 1,800 New Yorkers per year, while its peer education programs and community outreach initiatives reach an additional 18,000. In 2017, the organization formally changed its name to The Alliance for Positive Change. This change came as the nonprofit expanded to help more New Yorkers with substance use and mental health issues, and program participants with chronic illnesses such as hepatitis, diabetes, and heart disease.
Alliance for Positive Change transforms lives of New Yorkers living with HIV/AIDS and other chronic illnesses. It helps people access medical care, manage and overcome addiction, escape homelessness, get back to work, and find community. By addressing the underlying issues that contribute to poor health, the Alliance's individualized, full-service approach and harm reduction philosophy help New Yorkers lead healthier, more self-sufficient lives.
History
Based in midtown New York, Alliance partnered with the Keith Haring Foundation to open the Keith Haring ASC Harlem Center in 2010 and opened CASA Washington Heights to serve New York's Washington Heights community in 2011. In 2016, the Lower East Side Harm Reduction Center joined Alliance. Alliance currently has six locations, which includes: Pelham Grand Supportive Housing in the Bronx and the Luis & Lillian Outreach Center in the Lower East Side.
Alliance partners with New York hospitals, such as Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, and New York-Presbyterian Hospital for care coordination and case management for patients with HIV/AIDS. Alliance is a member of the Federation of Protestant Welfare Agencies.
In 2009, singer John Legend gave Alliance permission to remix his song "If You're Out There" to create a music video promoting HIV/AIDS awareness and testing. The video was launched at Alliance's annual Safer Sex in the City fundraiser.
Alliance programs and services promote the well-being, empowerment, and stability of persons living with HIV/AIDS and other chronic illnesses. Program highlights include:
Peer Training Institute annually trains over 350 people affected by HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis C, and substance use to be prevention and harm reduction Peer Interns
Comprehensive care coordination for 3,983 people living with chronic conditions in 2021, including medical, housing, substance abuse treatment, translation assistance, mental health services, entitlements advocacy, and childcare aid
LES Harm Reduction Center provides harm reduction services for over 1,500 individuals and distributed almost 203,000 sterile syringes in 2021.
Reentry support services for over 214 men and women in 2021
Basic needs program that provides over 30,000 meals, as well as clothes, hygiene kits, food pantry items, and emergency aid to individuals and families annually
Specialized support and care navigation services for 1,582 women in 2021
25 weekly support groups, educational workshops, and recreational activities
Alliance regularly participates in Dining Out For Life each April, partnering with restaurants to raise funds to support HIV/AIDS-focused organizations. In 2019, Alliance launched Manhattan HOPE in partnership with the NYPD and New York County District Attorney's Office. Under the program, persons arrested for possessing a controlled substance can avoid prosecution if they complete minimal requirements through our free diversion program. And in June 2019, Alliance launched, Alliance on the Move, a mobile van that heads to communities across the city to provide free, life-saving HIV testing, prevention, health care, and harm reduction services.
References
^ "AIDS Service Center NYC - Message from the Executive Director". Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
^ West, Melanie Grayce (2017-10-16). "New York HIV Nonprofits Expand Services to Other Health Issues". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2018-02-08.
^ "Overview". The Alliance. Retrieved 2018-02-08.
^ "Keith Haring website, list of Keith Haring Foundation Grants". Archived from the original on November 24, 2010.
^ "Passport Magazine - Gay Travel, Culture, Style, Adventure and Romance". passportmagazine.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011.
^ "Poz Magazine, June 2010". Archived from the original on March 24, 2012.
^ Rep. Charles B. Rangel website: Rangel Welcomes New AIDS Services In East Harlem Archived February 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ "The Federation of Protestant Welfare Agencies, list of member agencies". Archived from the original on 2011-06-24. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
^ "New York Daily News, June 22, 2009". New York Daily News.
vteHIV/AIDS topicsHIV
HIV
Lentivirus
structure and genome
subtypes
CDC classification
disease progression rates
National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program
HIV/AIDS
diagnosis
management
pathophysiology
prevention
research
vaccination
PrEP
WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease
Children
Teens / Adults
Countries by AIDS prevalence rate
Conditions
Signs and symptoms
AIDS-defining clinical condition
Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
Lipodystrophy
Nephropathy
Neurocognitive disorders
Pruritus
Opportunistic infection
Superinfection
Tuberculosis co-infection
HIV Drug Resistance Database
Innate resistance to HIV
Serostatus
HIV-positive people
Nutrition
Pregnancy
History
History
Epidemiology
Multiple sex partners
Timeline
World AIDS Museum
Timothy Ray Brown
Berlin Patient
The London Patient
City of Hope Patient
Women and HIV/AIDS
HIV and homosexual men
Social
AIDS orphan
Religion
Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS
Circumcision and HIV
Criminal transmission
Discrimination against people
Economic impact
Cost of treatment
HIV-affected community
HIV/AIDS activism
HIV/AIDS denialism
Red ribbon
Safe sex
Sex education
List of HIV-positive people
People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement
HIV/AIDS in the porn industry
HIV.gov
AIDS Memorial Quilt
Product Red
Culture
Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
Elton John AIDS Foundation
International AIDS Conference
International AIDS Society
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS
Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
The SING Campaign
Solidays
Treatment Action Campaign
The Global Fund
World AIDS Day
YAA/Youthforce
"Free Me"
Larry Kramer
Gay Men's Health Crisis
ACT UP
Reports from the Holocaust
AIDS–Holocaust metaphor
Silence=Death Project
Day Without Art
The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert
Ayds
LocationsAfrica
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Egypt
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Ghana
Guinea
Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
Kenya
Lesotho
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Tanzania
South Africa
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Cambodia
China (PRC)
Yunnan
East Timor
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Jordan
North Korea
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar (Burma)
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Saudi Arabia
Sri Lanka
Taiwan (ROC)
Thailand
United Arab Emirates
Turkey
Vietnam
Europe
United Kingdom
Russia
Ukraine
North America
Canada
Mexico
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
United States
New York City
Caribbean
Haiti
Jamaica
Dominican Republic
South America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Colombia
Guyana
Peru
Uruguay
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Alliance for Positive Change.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//alliance.nyc/"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Alliance for Positive Change - formerly known as AIDS Service Center NYC (ASCNYC) - is a community organization that helps New Yorkers living with HIV and other chronic illnesses. Founded in 1990[1] by CEO Sharen Duke, Alliance provides direct services to over 1,800 New Yorkers per year, while its peer education programs and community outreach initiatives reach an additional 18,000. In 2017, the organization formally changed its name to The Alliance for Positive Change. This change came as the nonprofit expanded to help more New Yorkers with substance use and mental health issues, and program participants with chronic illnesses such as hepatitis, diabetes, and heart disease.[2]Alliance for Positive Change transforms lives of New Yorkers living with HIV/AIDS and other chronic illnesses. It helps people access medical care, manage and overcome addiction, escape homelessness, get back to work, and find community. By addressing the underlying issues that contribute to poor health, the Alliance's individualized, full-service approach and harm reduction philosophy help New Yorkers lead healthier, more self-sufficient lives.[3]","title":"Alliance for Positive Change"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keith Haring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Haring"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mount Sinai Hospital, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Hospital,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York-Presbyterian Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York-Presbyterian_Hospital"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"Federation of Protestant Welfare Agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Protestant_Welfare_Agencies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"John Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Legend"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dining Out For Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.diningoutforlife.com/city/newyorkcity/"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Based in midtown New York, Alliance partnered with the Keith Haring Foundation[4][5] to open the Keith Haring ASC Harlem Center in 2010 [6][7] and opened CASA Washington Heights to serve New York's Washington Heights community in 2011. In 2016, the Lower East Side Harm Reduction Center joined Alliance. Alliance currently has six locations, which includes: Pelham Grand Supportive Housing in the Bronx and the Luis & Lillian Outreach Center in the Lower East Side.[citation needed]Alliance partners with New York hospitals, such as Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, and New York-Presbyterian Hospital for care coordination and case management for patients with HIV/AIDS. Alliance is a member of the Federation of Protestant Welfare Agencies.[8]In 2009, singer John Legend gave Alliance permission to remix his song \"If You're Out There\" to create a music video promoting HIV/AIDS awareness and testing.[9] The video was launched at Alliance's annual Safer Sex in the City fundraiser.Alliance programs and services promote the well-being, empowerment, and stability of persons living with HIV/AIDS and other chronic illnesses. Program highlights include:[citation needed]Peer Training Institute annually trains over 350 people affected by HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis C, and substance use to be prevention and harm reduction Peer Interns\nComprehensive care coordination for 3,983 people living with chronic conditions in 2021, including medical, housing, substance abuse treatment, translation assistance, mental health services, entitlements advocacy, and childcare aid\nLES Harm Reduction Center provides harm reduction services for over 1,500 individuals and distributed almost 203,000 sterile syringes in 2021.\nReentry support services for over 214 men and women in 2021\nBasic needs program that provides over 30,000 meals, as well as clothes, hygiene kits, food pantry items, and emergency aid to individuals and families annually\nSpecialized support and care navigation services for 1,582 women in 2021\n25 weekly support groups, educational workshops, and recreational activitiesAlliance regularly participates in Dining Out For Life each April, partnering with restaurants to raise funds to support HIV/AIDS-focused organizations. In 2019, Alliance launched Manhattan HOPE in partnership with the NYPD and New York County District Attorney's Office. Under the program, persons arrested for possessing a controlled substance can avoid prosecution if they complete minimal requirements through our free diversion program. And in June 2019, Alliance launched, Alliance on the Move, a mobile van that heads to communities across the city to provide free, life-saving HIV testing, prevention, health care, and harm reduction services.[citation needed]","title":"History"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"AIDS Service Center NYC - Message from the Executive Director\". Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2010-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110212005417/http://ascnyc.org/eng/message-from-the-executive-director/","url_text":"\"AIDS Service Center NYC - Message from the Executive Director\""},{"url":"http://www.ascnyc.org/eng/message-from-the-executive-director/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"West, Melanie Grayce (2017-10-16). \"New York HIV Nonprofits Expand Services to Other Health Issues\". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2018-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-hiv-nonprofits-expand-services-to-other-health-issues-1508112785","url_text":"\"New York HIV Nonprofits Expand Services to Other Health Issues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"\"Overview\". The Alliance. Retrieved 2018-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://alliance.nyc/about-overview/","url_text":"\"Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keith Haring website, list of Keith Haring Foundation Grants\". Archived from the original on November 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101124040522/http://www.haring.com/foundation/grants/index.html","url_text":"\"Keith Haring website, list of Keith Haring Foundation Grants\""},{"url":"http://www.haring.com/foundation/grants/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Passport Magazine - Gay Travel, Culture, Style, Adventure and Romance\". passportmagazine.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715051544/http://www.passportmagazine.com/blog/archives/974-AIDS-Service-Center-NYC-to-Open-Keith-Haring-ASC-Harlem-Center.html","url_text":"\"Passport Magazine - Gay Travel, Culture, Style, Adventure and Romance\""},{"url":"https://passportmagazine.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Poz Magazine, June 2010\". Archived from the original on March 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324192851/http://www.poz.com/archive/June_2010_2296.shtml","url_text":"\"Poz Magazine, June 2010\""},{"url":"http://www.poz.com/archive/June_2010_2296.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Federation of Protestant Welfare Agencies, list of member agencies\". Archived from the original on 2011-06-24. Retrieved 2011-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110624195421/http://www.fpwa.org/cgi-bin/iowa/about/member_agencies/index.html","url_text":"\"The Federation of Protestant Welfare Agencies, list of member agencies\""},{"url":"http://www.fpwa.org/cgi-bin/iowa/about/member_agencies/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New York Daily News, June 22, 2009\". New York Daily News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2009/06/22/2009-06-22_singer_gives_soul_to_help_battle_aids.html","url_text":"\"New York Daily News, June 22, 2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliance_for_Positive_Change&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://alliance.nyc/","external_links_name":"alliance.nyc"},{"Link":"http://alliance.nyc/","external_links_name":"The Alliance for Positive Change."},{"Link":"https://www.diningoutforlife.com/city/newyorkcity/","external_links_name":"Dining Out For Life"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110212005417/http://ascnyc.org/eng/message-from-the-executive-director/","external_links_name":"\"AIDS Service Center NYC - Message from the Executive Director\""},{"Link":"http://www.ascnyc.org/eng/message-from-the-executive-director/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-hiv-nonprofits-expand-services-to-other-health-issues-1508112785","external_links_name":"\"New York HIV Nonprofits Expand Services to Other Health Issues\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"},{"Link":"http://alliance.nyc/about-overview/","external_links_name":"\"Overview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101124040522/http://www.haring.com/foundation/grants/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Keith Haring website, list of Keith Haring Foundation Grants\""},{"Link":"http://www.haring.com/foundation/grants/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715051544/http://www.passportmagazine.com/blog/archives/974-AIDS-Service-Center-NYC-to-Open-Keith-Haring-ASC-Harlem-Center.html","external_links_name":"\"Passport Magazine - Gay Travel, Culture, Style, Adventure and Romance\""},{"Link":"https://passportmagazine.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324192851/http://www.poz.com/archive/June_2010_2296.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Poz Magazine, June 2010\""},{"Link":"http://www.poz.com/archive/June_2010_2296.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://rangel.house.gov/2010/01/rangel-asc-keithhardingcenter.html","external_links_name":"Rep. Charles B. Rangel website: Rangel Welcomes New AIDS Services In East Harlem"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110203111025/http://rangel.house.gov/2010/01/rangel-asc-keithhardingcenter.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110624195421/http://www.fpwa.org/cgi-bin/iowa/about/member_agencies/index.html","external_links_name":"\"The Federation of Protestant Welfare Agencies, list of member agencies\""},{"Link":"http://www.fpwa.org/cgi-bin/iowa/about/member_agencies/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2009/06/22/2009-06-22_singer_gives_soul_to_help_battle_aids.html","external_links_name":"\"New York Daily News, June 22, 2009\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazdi_cake
|
Yazdi cake
|
["1 References"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Yazdi cake" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Yazdi cake
Yazdi cake is a cake native to Yazd in central Iran and is mostly used in Yazd Province itself for different ceremonies.
Its main ingredients are egg, sugar, solid oil or butter, white flour, sodium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, baking powder, yogurt, milk, cardamom and if needed raisins and sliced up pistachio.
References
^ "تبیان: کیک یزدی". Tebyan (in Persian). Retrieved 6 August 2021.
This Persian cuisine-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyzd.jpg"},{"link_name":"cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cake"},{"link_name":"Yazd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazd"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Yazd Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazd_Province"},{"link_name":"sodium citrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_citrate"},{"link_name":"sodium bicarbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate"},{"link_name":"baking powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baking_powder"},{"link_name":"yogurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogurt"},{"link_name":"milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk"},{"link_name":"cardamom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom"},{"link_name":"raisins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisins"},{"link_name":"pistachio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistachio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Yazdi cakeYazdi cake is a cake native to Yazd in central Iran and is mostly used in Yazd Province itself for different ceremonies.Its main ingredients are egg, sugar, solid oil or butter, white flour, sodium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, baking powder, yogurt, milk, cardamom and if needed raisins and sliced up pistachio.[1]","title":"Yazdi cake"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Yazdi cake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cyzd.jpg/250px-Cyzd.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"تبیان: کیک یزدی\". Tebyan (in Persian). Retrieved 6 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tebyan.net/index.aspx?pid=1869","url_text":"\"تبیان: کیک یزدی\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yazdi+cake%22","external_links_name":"\"Yazdi cake\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yazdi+cake%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yazdi+cake%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yazdi+cake%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yazdi+cake%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yazdi+cake%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.tebyan.net/index.aspx?pid=1869","external_links_name":"\"تبیان: کیک یزدی\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yazdi_cake&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Belgium
|
Philippe of Belgium
|
["1 Early life","2 Education","3 Marriage","4 Foreign trade","5 Reign","6 Honours and arms","6.1 National honours","6.2 Foreign honours","6.3 Arms","7 Ancestry","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"]
|
King of the Belgians since 2013
PhilippeKing Philippe in 2021King of the BelgiansReign21 July 2013 – presentPredecessorAlbert IIHeiress apparentElisabethPrime MinistersElio Di RupoCharles MichelSophie WilmèsAlexander De CrooBorn (1960-04-15) 15 April 1960 (age 64)Belvédère Château, Laeken, Brussels, BelgiumSpouse
Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz
(m. 1999)IssueDetail
Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant
Prince Gabriel
Prince Emmanuel
Princess Eléonore
NamesDutch: Filip Leopold Lodewijk MariaFrench: Philippe Léopold Louis MarieGerman: Philipp Leopold Ludwig MariaHouseBelgiumFatherAlbert II of BelgiumMotherPaola Ruffo di CalabriaReligionRoman CatholicismSignature
Belgian royal family
The KingThe Queen
The Duchess of Brabant
Prince Gabriel
Prince Emmanuel
Princess Eléonore
King Albert IIQueen Paola
Princess AstridPrince Lorenz
Prince AmedeoPrincess Elisabetta
Princess Maria Laura
Prince Joachim
Princess Luisa Maria
Princess Laetitia Maria
Prince LaurentPrincess Claire
Princess Louise
Prince Nicolas
Prince Aymeric
Princess Delphine
Princess Joséphine
Prince Oscar
Princess Léa
Princess Marie-Christine, Mrs Gourges
Princess Marie-Esméralda, Lady Moncada
vte
Philippe (born 15 April 1960) is King of the Belgians. He is the eldest child of King Albert II and Queen Paola. He succeeded his father upon the former’s abdication for health reasons on 21 July 2013. He married Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz in 1999, with whom he has four children. Their eldest child, Princess Elisabeth, is first in the line of succession.
Early life
Philippe was born on 15 April 1960 at the Belvédère Château in Laeken, northern Brussels. His father, Prince Albert, Prince of Liège (later King Albert II), was the second son of King Leopold III of Belgium and a younger brother of Baudouin. His mother, Paola, Princess of Liège (later Queen Paola), is a daughter of the Italian aristocrat Fulco VIII, Prince Ruffo di Calabria, 6th Duke of Guardia Lombarda. His mother descends from the French House of La Fayette, and the king is a descendant of Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, and Marie Adrienne Françoise de Noailles.
Philippe was baptised one month later at the Church of St. James on Coudenberg in Brussels on 17 May, and named Philippe after his great-great-grandfather Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders. His godparents were his paternal grandfather, King Leopold III, and his maternal grandmother, Donna Luisa, Princess Ruffo di Calabria.
Albert and Paola's marriage was unhappy, and they were usually absent from Philippe's life. The child neglect was so severe that child psychologist Peter Adriaenssens described it as justifying intervention by social workers.
Philippe has a half-sibling, Princess Delphine of Belgium (born 1968).
He was also the fifth cousin of the late Queen Elizabeth II since they share a common ancestor, Francis (he was the grandfather of Queen Victoria and one of his sons, Leopold I would become the first King of the Belgians). Queen Elizabeth II and King Philippe had been 3rd cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark.
Education
As a child the future king was required to move from a French-language school which he liked to a secondary school in Flanders, where he found it difficult to make friends. "In my youth, I had many problems at school", Philippe told teenage dropouts in 2019. "I felt badly treated. It was not easy for me". From 1978 to 1981, Philippe was educated at the Belgian Royal Military Academy in the 118th "Promotion Toutes Armes" (Promotion All Weapons). On 26 September 1980, he was appointed second lieutenant and took the officer's oath.
Philippe continued his education at Trinity College, Oxford, and he attended graduate school at Stanford University, California, where he graduated in 1985 with an MA degree in political science.
He obtained his fighter pilot's wings and his certificates as a parachutist and a commando. In 1989, he attended a series of special sessions at the Royal Higher Defence Institute. The same year, he was promoted to colonel.
In 1993, King Baudouin died in Spain, Albert became the new king, and Philippe became the new heir apparent, titled Duke of Brabant.
On 25 March 2001, Philippe was appointed to the rank of major-general in the Land Component and the Air Component and to the rank of rear-admiral in the Naval Component.
Marriage
Main article: Wedding of Prince Philippe and Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz
King Philippe and Queen Mathilde wave to crowds in Brussels after his swearing in as the new Belgian monarch.
Philippe married Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz, daughter of a Walloon count of a Belgian noble family and female line descendant of Polish noble families such as the princes Sapieha and counts Komorowski, on 4 December 1999 in Brussels, in a civil ceremony at the Brussels Town Hall and a religious ceremony at the Cathedral of Saint Michel and Saint Gudule in Brussels. They have four children who were all born at Erasmus Hospital in Anderlecht, Brussels:
Princess Elisabeth (born 25 October 2001)
Prince Gabriel (born 20 August 2003)
Prince Emmanuel (born 4 October 2005)
Princess Eléonore (born 16 April 2008)
Foreign trade
On 6 August 1993, the government named Philippe as honorary chairman of the Belgian Foreign Trade Board (BFTB). He succeeded his father, who had been honorary chairman of the BFTB since 1962. On 3 May 2003, he was appointed honorary chairman of the board of the Foreign Trade Agency, replacing the BFTB.
In this capacity, Philippe has headed more than 60 economic missions. Upon his accession as seventh King of the Belgians, this role was taken over by his sister Princess Astrid.
Reign
Philippe in Antwerp, 2013
King Albert II announced on 3 July 2013 that he would abdicate in favour of Philippe on 21 July 2013. Approximately one hour after King Albert II's abdication, Prince Philippe was sworn in as King of the Belgians. His eldest child, Princess Elisabeth, became his heir apparent and is expected to become Belgium's first queen regnant.
Philippe played a role in forming a coalition government after the 2014 Belgian federal election. Political meetings with the King were moved from the Palace of Laeken to the Royal Palace of Brussels. In May 2019, Philippe met with Vlaams Belang President Tom Van Grieken, the first time the party had received a royal audience.
In 2020, Philippe announced regret for the "acts of violence and cruelty" committed in the Congo Free State.
Honours and arms
Personal Standard of Philippe, King of the Belgians
National honours
Grand Master of the Order of Leopold (21 July 2013)
Grand Master of the Order of the African Star (21 July 2013)
Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Lion (21 July 2013)
Grand Master of the Order of the Crown (21 July 2013)
Grand Master of the Order of Leopold II (21 July 2013)
Foreign honours
Argentina: Grand Cross of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín (6 May 1994)
Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (21 March 2022)
Bolivia: Grand Cross of the Order of the Condor of the Andes (9 September 1996)
Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant (28 May 2002)
Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (30 March 2004)
France: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour (6 February 2014)
Germany: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (6 March 2016)
Greece:
Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (2 May 2022)
Grand Cross of the Order of Honour (1 February 2005)
Holy See: Knight of the Collar of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre (17 November 2015)
Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (18 April 2008)
Italy: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (25 October 2021)
Japan: Collar and Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (9 October 2016)
Jordan: Collar of the Order of al-Hussein bin Ali (18 May 2016)
Lithuania: Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great (24 October 2022)
Luxembourg: Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (15 March 1999)
Netherlands:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (28 November 2016)
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau (6 May 1993)
Recipient of the King Willem-Alexander Inauguration Medal (30 April 2013)
Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (20 May 2003)
Oman: Member of the Order of Oman (3 February 2022)
Poland:
Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (13 October 2015)
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (18 October 2004)
Portugal:
Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (22 October 2018)
Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ (18 October 2005)
Grand Cross of the Military Order of Aviz (18 September 1997)
Spain: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (16 May 2000)
Sweden:
Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (7 May 2001)
Recipient of the 50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf (30 April 1996)
Recipient of the 70th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf (30 April 2016)
Turkey: Member of the Order of the State of Republic of Turkey (4 October 2015)
Arms
Coat of arms of Philippe of Belgium
Notes
In 2019 the king codified the coats of arms of himself and those of his family through a Royal Decree. The arms of the reigning monarch was modified to include the Saxonian escutcheon. The arms of other members of the royal family was similarly modified. The reinstatement of the shield of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha into the royal arms occurred shortly after the visit of the king and queen to the ancestral Friedenstein Castle. The latest royal decree therefore reverses previous changes made to the Royal versions of the coat arms which removed the armorial bearings of Saxony during the First World War. By including the three official languages in the motto it reflects his wish "to be the King of the whole Kingdom and of all Belgians".
Adopted
12 July 2019
Coronet
Royal crown of Belgium
Helm
A golden royal helm with the visor open
Escutcheon
Sable, a lion rampant or, armed and langued gules (Belgium), on the shoulder an escutcheon barry of ten sable and or, a crancelin vert (Wettin), with two crossed sceptres (a hand of justice and a lion) or behind a shield.
Supporters
Two lions guardant proper each supporting a lance or with two National Flags of Belgium (Tierced per pale Sable, Or and Gules).
Motto
French: L'union fait la forceDutch: Eendracht maakt machtGerman: Einigkeit macht stark
Orders
Order of Leopold
Other elements
The whole is placed on a mantle purpure with ermine lining, fringes and tassels or and ensigned with the Royal crown of Belgium.
Previous versions
Previously as monarch, Philippe used the royal coat of arms of Belgium undifferenced.
Ancestry
See also: Kings of Belgium family tree
Ancestors of Philippe of Belgium 8. Albert I of Belgium 4. Leopold III of Belgium 9. Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria 2. Albert II of Belgium 10. Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland 5. Princess Astrid of Sweden 11. Princess Ingeborg of Denmark 1. Philippe of Belgium 12. Fulco VII, Prince Ruffo di Calabria 6. Fulco VIII, Prince Ruffo di Calabria 13. Laura Mosselman du Chenoy 3. Paola Ruffo di Calabria 14. Augusto Gazelli dei Conti di Rossana 7. Luisa Gazelli dei Conti di Rossana e di Sebastiano 15. Maria dei Conti Rignon
See also
Biography portalBelgium portal
Line of succession to the Belgian throne
Prince Philippe Fund
Notes
^ French: Philippe Léopold Louis Marie ; Dutch: Filip Leopold Lodewijk Maria
References
^ J.M. (8 May 2001). "Le baptême en l'église royale..." dh.be (in French). Retrieved 11 December 2015.
^ "Prince Philippe : la ligne du temps d'une vie passée devant les caméras". RTBF.be (in French). Retrieved 11 December 2015.
^ a b Moens, Barbara (21 July 2022). "Belgian king prepares to hand his daughter the curse of the crown". Politico. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
^ a b c "The Belgian Monarchy". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ "The Belgian Monarchy". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ Agence pour le Commerce extérieur, Missions antérieures Archived 10 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Official Royal Website Archives". Monarchie.be. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
^ Price, Matthew (3 July 2013). "Belgium's King Albert II announces abdication". BBC News. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
^ "Belgium's King Albert II gives up throne to son". CNN. 21 July 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
^ a b c d Moens, Barbara; Gijs, Camille (6 July 2020). "Of race and royalty: How the king surprised Belgium". Politico.
^ "Belgian far-right leader in landmark audience with the king". The Public's Radio. Associated Press. 29 May 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Biographies of Members of the Belgian Senate" (PDF). Belgian Senate. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
^ "Modtagere af danske dekorationer". kongehuset.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 5 May 2019.
^ "Συνάντηση με τον Βασιλιά και την Βασίλισσα των Βέλγων – Προεδρία της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας".
^ "Le Roi et la Reine sont devenus chevaliers de collier". Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
^ Sito web del Quirinale: dettaglio decorato.
^ "President Mattarella receives the King of the Belgians". twitter.com. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
^ "Lithuanian president confers state awards to King and Queen of Belgium ahead of visit".
^ "Order of Oman for the King of the Belgians". twitter.com. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
^ "Le Moniteur belge". www.ejustice.just.fgov.be. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
^ "Royal Decree of July 12, 2019". Moniteur Belge. 19 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
^ Philippe, Koning der Belgen (12 July 2019). "Koninklijk besluit houdende vaststelling van het wapen van het Koninklijk Huis en van zijn leden" (PDF). Belgisch Staatsblad. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
^ "Belgian royal coat of arms gets a 'modern' update". Brussel Times. 1 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Philippe of Belgium.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philippe of Belgium.
Official biography from the Belgian Royal Family website
DHnet Article (French) about Prince Philippe's education and military career.
Philippe of Belgium House of Saxe-Coburg and GothaBorn: 15 April 1960
Belgian royalty
VacantTitle last held byBaudouin
Duke of Brabant 1993–2013
Succeeded byElisabeth
Regnal titles
Preceded byAlbert II
King of the Belgians 2013–present
IncumbentHeir apparent:Elisabeth
vteMonarchs of Belgium
Baron Surlet de Chokier (Regent)
Leopold I
Leopold II
Albert I
Leopold III
Charles (Prince Regent)
Baudouin
Albert II
Philippe
vteDukes and Duchesses of Brabant
Leopold (1840–1865)
Leopold (1865–1869)
Leopold (1909–1934)
Baudouin (1934–1951)
Philippe (1993–2013)
Elisabeth (2013–present)
Coat of arms of Duke of Brabant
vteBelgian royal princesGenerations are numbered by descent from King Leopold I of Belgium.1st generation
Crown Prince Louis-Philippe
King Leopold II
Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders
2nd generation
Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant
Prince Baudouin
King Albert I
3rd generation
King Leopold III
Prince Charles, Count of Flanders
4th generation
King Baudouin
King Albert II
Prince Alexandre
5th generation
King Philippe
Prince Lorenz, Archduke of Austria-Este*
Prince Laurent
6th generation
Prince Gabriel
Prince Emmanuel
Prince Amedeo*
Prince Joachim*
*The Royal Decree of 2 December 1991 gave titles to husbands and children of any Princess of Belgium by birth
vtePrinces of Saxe-Coburg and GothaForefatherDuke Francis I*1st generation
Duke Ernest I*
Prince Ferdinand*
King Leopold I of the Belgians*
2nd generationDucal
Duke Ernest II*
Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom*
Koháry
King Ferdinand II of Portugal and the Algarves*
Prince August*
Prince Leopold*
Belgium
Crown Prince Louis Philippe
King Leopold II
Prince Philippe
3rd generationUnited Kingdom
King Edward VII
Duke Alfred I
Prince Arthur
Prince Leopold
Portugal
King Pedro V
King Luís I
Infante João
Infante Fernando
Infante Augusto
Koháry
Prince Philipp
Prince Ludwig August
Tsar Ferdinand I of the Bulgarians
Belgium
Prince Leopold
Prince Baudouin
King Albert I
4th generationUnited Kingdom
Prince Albert Victor
King George V
Hereditary Prince Alfred
Prince Arthur
Duke Charles Edward I
Portugal
King Carlos I
Infante Afonso
Koháry
Prince Leopold Clement
Prince Pedro Augusto
Prince August Leopold
Prince Joseph Ferdinand
Prince Ludwig Gaston
Bulgaria
Tsar Boris III
Prince Kiril
Belgium
King Leopold III
Prince Charles
5th generationUnited Kingdom
King Edward VIII
King George VI
Prince Henry
Prince George
Prince John
Prince Alastair
Ducal
Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold
Prince Hubertus
Prince Friedrich Josias
Portugal
Prince Luís Filipe
King Manuel II
Koháry
Prince Rainer
Prince Philipp
Bulgaria
Tsar Simeon II
Belgium
King Baudouin I
King Albert II
Prince Alexandre
6th generationDucal
Prince Andreas
Koháry
Prince Johannes Heinrich
Bulgaria
Prince Kardam
Prince Kyril
Belgium
King Philippe I
Prince Laurent
7th generationDucalPrince HubertusBulgaria
Prince Boris
Belgium
Prince Gabriel
Prince Emmanuel
Prince Nicolas
Prince Aymeric
*Titled as Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld before 11 February 1826
vteCurrent monarchs of sovereign statesAfrica
Mswati III
Letsie III
Mohammed VI
Americas
Charles III
Asia
Hamad
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
Hassanal Bolkiah
Norodom Sihamoni
Naruhito
Abdullah II
Mishal
Ibrahim Iskandar
Haitham
Tamim
Salman
Vajiralongkorn
Mohamed
Europe
Joan Enric Vives i Sicília and Emmanuel Macron
Philippe
Frederik X
Hans-Adam II
Henri
Albert II
Willem-Alexander
Harald V
Felipe VI
Carl XVI Gustaf
Charles III
Francis
Oceania
Charles III
Tupou VI
See also: Current heirs of sovereign monarchies
vteHeads of state of the European Union member states
Van der Bellen
Philippe
Radev
Milanović
Christodoulides
Pavel
Frederik X
Karis
Stubb
Macron
Steinmeier
Sakellaropoulou
Sulyok
Higgins
Mattarella
Rinkēvičs
Nausėda
Henri
Spiteri Debono
Willem-Alexander
Duda
Rebelo de Sousa
Iohannis
Pellegrini
Pirc Musar
Felipe VI
Carl XVI Gustaf
EU portal
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Belgium
United States
Netherlands
People
Deutsche Biographie
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"King of the Belgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"King Albert II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_II_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Queen Paola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Paola"},{"link_name":"Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mathilde_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Princess Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth,_Duchess_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"line of succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_to_the_Belgian_throne"}],"text":"Philippe[a] (born 15 April 1960) is King of the Belgians. He is the eldest child of King Albert II and Queen Paola. He succeeded his father upon the former’s abdication for health reasons on 21 July 2013. He married Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz in 1999, with whom he has four children. Their eldest child, Princess Elisabeth, is first in the line of succession.","title":"Philippe of Belgium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belvédère Château","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belv%C3%A9d%C3%A8re_Ch%C3%A2teau"},{"link_name":"Laeken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laeken"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_II_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Prince of Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Leopold III of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Baudouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Paola, Princess of Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Paola_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Fulco VIII, Prince Ruffo di Calabria, 6th Duke of Guardia Lombarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulco_Ruffo_di_Calabria"},{"link_name":"House of La Fayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_La_Fayette"},{"link_name":"Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_marquis_de_Lafayette"},{"link_name":"Marie Adrienne Françoise de Noailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_de_La_Fayette"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"baptised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"Church of St. James on Coudenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._James_on_Coudenberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"King Leopold III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"child neglect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_neglect"},{"link_name":"Peter Adriaenssens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Adriaenssens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Adriaenssens"},{"link_name":"social workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_worker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moens20220721-4"},{"link_name":"Princess Delphine of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Delphine_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Leopold I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Christian IX of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark"}],"text":"Philippe was born on 15 April 1960 at the Belvédère Château in Laeken, northern Brussels. His father, Prince Albert, Prince of Liège (later King Albert II), was the second son of King Leopold III of Belgium and a younger brother of Baudouin. His mother, Paola, Princess of Liège (later Queen Paola), is a daughter of the Italian aristocrat Fulco VIII, Prince Ruffo di Calabria, 6th Duke of Guardia Lombarda. His mother descends from the French House of La Fayette, and the king is a descendant of Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, and Marie Adrienne Françoise de Noailles.[citation needed]Philippe was baptised one month later at the Church of St. James on Coudenberg in Brussels on 17 May,[1] and named Philippe after his great-great-grandfather Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders. His godparents were his paternal grandfather, King Leopold III, and his maternal grandmother, Donna Luisa, Princess Ruffo di Calabria.[2]Albert and Paola's marriage was unhappy, and they were usually absent from Philippe's life. The child neglect was so severe that child psychologist Peter Adriaenssens [nl] described it as justifying intervention by social workers.[3]Philippe has a half-sibling, Princess Delphine of Belgium (born 1968).He was also the fifth cousin of the late Queen Elizabeth II since they share a common ancestor, Francis (he was the grandfather of Queen Victoria and one of his sons, Leopold I would become the first King of the Belgians). Queen Elizabeth II and King Philippe had been 3rd cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moens20220721-4"},{"link_name":"Belgian Royal Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"second lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official-5"},{"link_name":"Trinity College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official-5"},{"link_name":"pilot's wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot%27s_wings"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"King Baudouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_II_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"Duke of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"major-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-general"},{"link_name":"Land Component","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Land_Component"},{"link_name":"Air Component","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Air_Component"},{"link_name":"rear-admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-admiral"},{"link_name":"Naval Component","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Naval_Component"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official-5"}],"text":"As a child the future king was required to move from a French-language school which he liked to a secondary school in Flanders, where he found it difficult to make friends. \"In my youth, I had many problems at school\", Philippe told teenage dropouts in 2019. \"I felt badly treated. It was not easy for me\".[3] From 1978 to 1981, Philippe was educated at the Belgian Royal Military Academy in the 118th \"Promotion Toutes Armes\" (Promotion All Weapons). On 26 September 1980, he was appointed second lieutenant and took the officer's oath.[4]Philippe continued his education at Trinity College, Oxford, and he attended graduate school at Stanford University, California, where he graduated in 1985 with an MA degree in political science.[4]\nHe obtained his fighter pilot's wings and his certificates as a parachutist and a commando. In 1989, he attended a series of special sessions at the Royal Higher Defence Institute. The same year, he was promoted to colonel.In 1993, King Baudouin died in Spain, Albert became the new king, and Philippe became the new heir apparent, titled Duke of Brabant.On 25 March 2001, Philippe was appointed to the rank of major-general in the Land Component and the Air Component and to the rank of rear-admiral in the Naval Component.[4]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belgian_King_Philippe_and_Queen_Mathilde.JPG"},{"link_name":"Queen Mathilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mathilde_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathilde_d%27Udekem_d%27Acoz"},{"link_name":"Walloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloons"},{"link_name":"noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"noble families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"Sapieha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapieha"},{"link_name":"Komorowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komorowski_(Korczak)_family"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Brussels Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Saint Michel and Saint Gudule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michael_and_St._Gudula_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Erasmus Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"Princess Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth,_Duchess_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Prince Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Gabriel_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Prince Emmanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Emmanuel_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Princess Eléonore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_El%C3%A9onore_of_Belgium"}],"text":"King Philippe and Queen Mathilde wave to crowds in Brussels after his swearing in as the new Belgian monarch.Philippe married Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz, daughter of a Walloon count of a Belgian noble family and female line descendant of Polish noble families such as the princes Sapieha and counts Komorowski, on 4 December 1999 in Brussels, in a civil ceremony at the Brussels Town Hall and a religious ceremony at the Cathedral of Saint Michel and Saint Gudule in Brussels. They have four children who were all born at Erasmus Hospital in Anderlecht, Brussels:Princess Elisabeth (born 25 October 2001)\nPrince Gabriel (born 20 August 2003)\nPrince Emmanuel (born 4 October 2005)\nPrincess Eléonore (born 16 April 2008)","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Princess Astrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Astrid_of_Belgium,_Archduchess_of_Austria-Este"}],"text":"On 6 August 1993, the government named Philippe as honorary chairman of the Belgian Foreign Trade Board (BFTB). He succeeded his father, who had been honorary chairman of the BFTB since 1962. On 3 May 2003, he was appointed honorary chairman of the board of the Foreign Trade Agency, replacing the BFTB.[5]In this capacity, Philippe has headed more than 60 economic missions.[6][7] Upon his accession as seventh King of the Belgians, this role was taken over by his sister Princess Astrid.","title":"Foreign trade"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koning_Filip_van_Belgi%C3%AB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"queen regnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_regnant"},{"link_name":"2014 Belgian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Belgian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-politico-11"},{"link_name":"Palace of Laeken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Laeken"},{"link_name":"Royal Palace of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Brussels"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-politico-11"},{"link_name":"Vlaams Belang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaams_Belang"},{"link_name":"Tom Van Grieken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Van_Grieken"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-politico-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Congo Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-politico-11"}],"text":"Philippe in Antwerp, 2013King Albert II announced on 3 July 2013 that he would abdicate in favour of Philippe on 21 July 2013.[8] Approximately one hour after King Albert II's abdication, Prince Philippe was sworn in as King of the Belgians.[9] His eldest child, Princess Elisabeth, became his heir apparent and is expected to become Belgium's first queen regnant.Philippe played a role in forming a coalition government after the 2014 Belgian federal election.[10] Political meetings with the King were moved from the Palace of Laeken to the Royal Palace of Brussels.[10] In May 2019, Philippe met with Vlaams Belang President Tom Van Grieken, the first time the party had received a royal audience.[10][11]In 2020, Philippe announced regret for the \"acts of violence and cruelty\" committed in the Congo Free State.[10]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_King_Philippe_of_Belgium.svg"},{"link_name":"Personal Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Belgian_flags"}],"text":"Personal Standard of Philippe, King of the Belgians","title":"Honours and arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BEL_-_Order_of_Leopold_-_Grand_Cordon_bar.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BEL_Order_of_the_African_Star_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png"},{"link_name":"Order of the African Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_African_Star"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BEL_Royal_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png"},{"link_name":"Royal Order of the Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Lion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BEL_Kroonorde_Grootkruis_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Belgium)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BEL_Order_of_Leopold_II_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png"},{"link_name":"Order of Leopold II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_II"}],"sub_title":"National honours","text":"Grand Master of the Order of Leopold (21 July 2013)\n Grand Master of the Order of the African Star (21 July 2013)\n Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Lion (21 July 2013)\n Grand Master of the Order of the Crown (21 July 2013)\n Grand Master of the Order of Leopold II (21 July 2013)","title":"Honours and arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Order of the Liberator General San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Liberator_General_San_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateBio-13"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Order of the Condor of the Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Condor_of_the_Andes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateBio-13"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Order of the Elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateBio-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Order of the White Rose of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Rose_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateBio-13"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"National Order of the Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Order of the Redeemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Order of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Honour_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateBio-13"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Order of the Holy Sepulchre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateBio-13"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Italian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Order of al-Hussein bin Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_al-Hussein_bin_Ali"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Order of Vytautas the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Gold_Lion_of_the_House_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateBio-13"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Order of the Netherlands Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion"},{"link_name":"Order of Orange-Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Orange-Nassau"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateBio-13"},{"link_name":"King Willem-Alexander Inauguration Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorations_and_medals_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Olav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateBio-13"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Order of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Oman"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Order of the White Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateBio-13"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Order of Prince Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry"},{"link_name":"Military Order of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateBio-13"},{"link_name":"Military Order of Aviz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Order_of_Aviz"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Order of Isabella the Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateBio-13"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Royal Order of the Seraphim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Seraphim"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateBio-13"},{"link_name":"50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Royal_Jubilee_Commemorative_Medals"},{"link_name":"70th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Royal_Jubilee_Commemorative_Medals"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Order of the State of Republic of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_State_of_Republic_of_Turkey"}],"sub_title":"Foreign honours","text":"Argentina: Grand Cross of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín (6 May 1994)[12]\n Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (21 March 2022)\n Bolivia: Grand Cross of the Order of the Condor of the Andes (9 September 1996)[12]\n Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant (28 May 2002)[12][13]\n Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (30 March 2004)[12]\n France: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour (6 February 2014)\n Germany: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (6 March 2016)\n Greece:\nGrand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (2 May 2022)[14]\nGrand Cross of the Order of Honour (1 February 2005)[12]\n Holy See: Knight of the Collar of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre (17 November 2015)[15]\n Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (18 April 2008)[12]\n Italy: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (25 October 2021)[16][17]\n Japan: Collar and Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (9 October 2016)\n Jordan: Collar of the Order of al-Hussein bin Ali (18 May 2016)\n Lithuania: Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great (24 October 2022)[18]\n Luxembourg: Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (15 March 1999)[12]\n Netherlands:\nKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (28 November 2016)\nKnight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau (6 May 1993)[12]\nRecipient of the King Willem-Alexander Inauguration Medal (30 April 2013)\n Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (20 May 2003)[12]\n Oman: Member of the Order of Oman (3 February 2022)[19]\n Poland:\nKnight of the Order of the White Eagle (13 October 2015)\nGrand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (18 October 2004)[12]\n Portugal:\nGrand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (22 October 2018)\nGrand Cross of the Military Order of Christ (18 October 2005)[12]\nGrand Cross of the Military Order of Aviz (18 September 1997)\n Spain: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (16 May 2000)[12]\n Sweden:\nKnight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (7 May 2001)[12]\nRecipient of the 50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf (30 April 1996)\nRecipient of the 70th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf (30 April 2016)\n Turkey: Member of the Order of the State of Republic of Turkey (4 October 2015)","title":"Honours and arms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Arms","title":"Honours and arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kings of Belgium family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Belgium_family_tree"},{"link_name":"Albert I of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Leopold III of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Bavaria,_Queen_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Albert II of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_II_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Carl,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland"},{"link_name":"Princess Astrid of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Astrid_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Princess Ingeborg of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Ingeborg_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Fulco VIII, Prince Ruffo di Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulco_Ruffo_di_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Paola Ruffo di Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Paola_of_Belgium"}],"text":"See also: Kings of Belgium family treeAncestors of Philippe of Belgium 8. Albert I of Belgium 4. Leopold III of Belgium 9. Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria 2. Albert II of Belgium 10. Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland 5. Princess Astrid of Sweden 11. Princess Ingeborg of Denmark 1. Philippe of Belgium 12. Fulco VII, Prince Ruffo di Calabria 6. Fulco VIII, Prince Ruffo di Calabria 13. Laura Mosselman du Chenoy 3. Paola Ruffo di Calabria 14. Augusto Gazelli dei Conti di Rossana 7. Luisa Gazelli dei Conti di Rossana e di Sebastiano 15. Maria dei Conti Rignon","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[filip leɔpɔld lwi maʁi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈfilɪp ˈleːjoːpɔlt ˈloːdəʋɛik maːˈrijaː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"}],"text":"^ French: Philippe Léopold Louis Marie [filip leɔpɔld lwi maʁi]; Dutch: Filip Leopold Lodewijk Maria [ˈfilɪp ˈleːjoːpɔlt ˈloːdəʋɛik maːˈrijaː]","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"King Philippe and Queen Mathilde wave to crowds in Brussels after his swearing in as the new Belgian monarch.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Belgian_King_Philippe_and_Queen_Mathilde.JPG/250px-Belgian_King_Philippe_and_Queen_Mathilde.JPG"},{"image_text":"Philippe in Antwerp, 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Koning_Filip_van_Belgi%C3%AB.jpg/156px-Koning_Filip_van_Belgi%C3%AB.jpg"},{"image_text":"Personal Standard of Philippe, King of the Belgians","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Royal_Standard_of_King_Philippe_of_Belgium.svg/220px-Royal_Standard_of_King_Philippe_of_Belgium.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Duke of Brabant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Arms_of_the_Duchess_of_Brabant.svg/90px-Arms_of_the_Duchess_of_Brabant.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"Belgium portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Belgium"},{"title":"Line of succession to the Belgian throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Belgian_throne"},{"title":"Prince Philippe Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philippe_Fund"}]
|
[{"reference":"J.M. (8 May 2001). \"Le baptême en l'église royale...\" dh.be (in French). Retrieved 11 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dhnet.be/archive/le-bapteme-en-l-eglise-royale-51b86e81e4b0de6db9a5324a","url_text":"\"Le baptême en l'église royale...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prince Philippe : la ligne du temps d'une vie passée devant les caméras\". RTBF.be (in French). Retrieved 11 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtbf.be/info/belgique/detail_qui-est-philippe-le-futur-roi-des-belges?id=8032718","url_text":"\"Prince Philippe : la ligne du temps d'une vie passée devant les caméras\""}]},{"reference":"Moens, Barbara (21 July 2022). \"Belgian king prepares to hand his daughter the curse of the crown\". Politico. Retrieved 20 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.eu/article/belgian-king-prepare-hand-daughter-curse-crown/","url_text":"\"Belgian king prepares to hand his daughter the curse of the crown\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Belgian Monarchy\". Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://monarchie.be/royal-family/king-philippe","url_text":"\"The Belgian Monarchy\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Belgian Monarchy\". Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.monarchie.be/royal-family/prince-philippe","url_text":"\"The Belgian Monarchy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Royal Website Archives\". Monarchie.be. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130718123251/http://www.monarchie.be/fr/actuel/archives/all/Economical+mission+-+BFTB/all/all","url_text":"\"Official Royal Website Archives\""},{"url":"http://www.monarchie.be/fr/actuel/archives/all/Economical+mission+-+BFTB/all/all","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Price, Matthew (3 July 2013). \"Belgium's King Albert II announces abdication\". BBC News. Retrieved 3 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-23167525","url_text":"\"Belgium's King Albert II announces abdication\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belgium's King Albert II gives up throne to son\". CNN. 21 July 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/21/world/europe/belgium-new-king/index.html?hpt=hp_t2","url_text":"\"Belgium's King Albert II gives up throne to son\""}]},{"reference":"Moens, Barbara; Gijs, Camille (6 July 2020). \"Of race and royalty: How the king surprised Belgium\". Politico.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.eu/article/of-race-and-royalty-how-the-king-philippe-surprised-belgium-leopold-statue-black-lives-matter-flanders-wallonia/","url_text":"\"Of race and royalty: How the king surprised Belgium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico","url_text":"Politico"}]},{"reference":"\"Belgian far-right leader in landmark audience with the king\". The Public's Radio. Associated Press. 29 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://thepublicsradio.org/article/belgian-far-right-leader-in-landmark-audience-with-the-king","url_text":"\"Belgian far-right leader in landmark audience with the king\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Public%27s_Radio","url_text":"The Public's Radio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Biographies of Members of the Belgian Senate\" (PDF). Belgian Senate. Retrieved 20 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.senate.be/doc/books/Senat_Complet_2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Biographies of Members of the Belgian Senate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Modtagere af danske dekorationer\". kongehuset.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 5 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://kongehuset.dk/modtagere-af-danske-dekorationer","url_text":"\"Modtagere af danske dekorationer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Συνάντηση με τον Βασιλιά και την Βασίλισσα των Βέλγων – Προεδρία της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.presidency.gr/synantisi-me-ton-vasilia-kai-tin-vasilissa-ton-velgon//","url_text":"\"Συνάντηση με τον Βασιλιά και την Βασίλισσα των Βέλγων – Προεδρία της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας\""}]},{"reference":"\"Le Roi et la Reine sont devenus chevaliers de collier\". Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220227110658/https://ordredusaintsepulcre.be/Le-Roi-et-la-Reine-sont-devenus-chevaliers-de-collier","url_text":"\"Le Roi et la Reine sont devenus chevaliers de collier\""},{"url":"https://ordredusaintsepulcre.be/Le-Roi-et-la-Reine-sont-devenus-chevaliers-de-collier/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"President Mattarella receives the King of the Belgians\". twitter.com. Retrieved 1 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/InigoNYC/status/1466017560445571079","url_text":"\"President Mattarella receives the King of the Belgians\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lithuanian president confers state awards to King and Queen of Belgium ahead of visit\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltictimes.com/lithuanian_president_confers_state_awards_to_king_and_queen_of_belgium_ahead_of_visit/","url_text":"\"Lithuanian president confers state awards to King and Queen of Belgium ahead of visit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Order of Oman for the King of the Belgians\". twitter.com. Retrieved 3 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/MonarchieBe/status/1489171392721563651/photo/1","url_text":"\"Order of Oman for the King of the Belgians\""}]},{"reference":"\"Le Moniteur belge\". www.ejustice.just.fgov.be. Retrieved 23 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/doc/rech_f.htm","url_text":"\"Le Moniteur belge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Decree of July 12, 2019\". Moniteur Belge. 19 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/eli/arrete/2019/07/12/2019030777/moniteur","url_text":"\"Royal Decree of July 12, 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Philippe, Koning der Belgen (12 July 2019). \"Koninklijk besluit houdende vaststelling van het wapen van het Koninklijk Huis en van zijn leden\" (PDF). Belgisch Staatsblad. Retrieved 24 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/mopdf/2019/07/19_2.pdf","url_text":"\"Koninklijk besluit houdende vaststelling van het wapen van het Koninklijk Huis en van zijn leden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belgian royal coat of arms gets a 'modern' update\". Brussel Times. 1 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brusselstimes.com/all-news/art-culture/62381/belgian-royal-coat-of-arms-gets-a-modern-update/","url_text":"\"Belgian royal coat of arms gets a 'modern' update\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.dhnet.be/archive/le-bapteme-en-l-eglise-royale-51b86e81e4b0de6db9a5324a","external_links_name":"\"Le baptême en l'église royale...\""},{"Link":"http://www.rtbf.be/info/belgique/detail_qui-est-philippe-le-futur-roi-des-belges?id=8032718","external_links_name":"\"Prince Philippe : la ligne du temps d'une vie passée devant les caméras\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.eu/article/belgian-king-prepare-hand-daughter-curse-crown/","external_links_name":"\"Belgian king prepares to hand his daughter the curse of the crown\""},{"Link":"http://monarchie.be/royal-family/king-philippe","external_links_name":"\"The Belgian Monarchy\""},{"Link":"http://www.monarchie.be/royal-family/prince-philippe","external_links_name":"\"The Belgian Monarchy\""},{"Link":"http://www.abh-ace.be/fr/missions_economiques/missions_anterieures/","external_links_name":"Missions antérieures"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150210100800/http://www.abh-ace.be/fr/missions_economiques/missions_anterieures/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130718123251/http://www.monarchie.be/fr/actuel/archives/all/Economical+mission+-+BFTB/all/all","external_links_name":"\"Official Royal Website Archives\""},{"Link":"http://www.monarchie.be/fr/actuel/archives/all/Economical+mission+-+BFTB/all/all","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-23167525","external_links_name":"\"Belgium's King Albert II announces abdication\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/21/world/europe/belgium-new-king/index.html?hpt=hp_t2","external_links_name":"\"Belgium's King Albert II gives up throne to son\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.eu/article/of-race-and-royalty-how-the-king-philippe-surprised-belgium-leopold-statue-black-lives-matter-flanders-wallonia/","external_links_name":"\"Of race and royalty: How the king surprised Belgium\""},{"Link":"https://thepublicsradio.org/article/belgian-far-right-leader-in-landmark-audience-with-the-king","external_links_name":"\"Belgian far-right leader in landmark audience with the king\""},{"Link":"http://www.senate.be/doc/books/Senat_Complet_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Biographies of Members of the Belgian Senate\""},{"Link":"http://kongehuset.dk/modtagere-af-danske-dekorationer","external_links_name":"\"Modtagere af danske dekorationer\""},{"Link":"https://www.presidency.gr/synantisi-me-ton-vasilia-kai-tin-vasilissa-ton-velgon//","external_links_name":"\"Συνάντηση με τον Βασιλιά και την Βασίλισσα των Βέλγων – Προεδρία της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220227110658/https://ordredusaintsepulcre.be/Le-Roi-et-la-Reine-sont-devenus-chevaliers-de-collier","external_links_name":"\"Le Roi et la Reine sont devenus chevaliers de collier\""},{"Link":"https://ordredusaintsepulcre.be/Le-Roi-et-la-Reine-sont-devenus-chevaliers-de-collier/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/370369","external_links_name":"Sito web del Quirinale: dettaglio decorato."},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/InigoNYC/status/1466017560445571079","external_links_name":"\"President Mattarella receives the King of the Belgians\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltictimes.com/lithuanian_president_confers_state_awards_to_king_and_queen_of_belgium_ahead_of_visit/","external_links_name":"\"Lithuanian president confers state awards to King and Queen of Belgium ahead of visit\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/MonarchieBe/status/1489171392721563651/photo/1","external_links_name":"\"Order of Oman for the King of the Belgians\""},{"Link":"https://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/doc/rech_f.htm","external_links_name":"\"Le Moniteur belge\""},{"Link":"http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/eli/arrete/2019/07/12/2019030777/moniteur","external_links_name":"\"Royal Decree of July 12, 2019\""},{"Link":"http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/mopdf/2019/07/19_2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Koninklijk besluit houdende vaststelling van het wapen van het Koninklijk Huis en van zijn leden\""},{"Link":"https://www.brusselstimes.com/all-news/art-culture/62381/belgian-royal-coat-of-arms-gets-a-modern-update/","external_links_name":"\"Belgian royal coat of arms gets a 'modern' update\""},{"Link":"https://www.monarchie.be/en/royal-family/the-king","external_links_name":"Official biography from the Belgian Royal Family website"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130115033253/http://www.dhnet.be/infos/societe/article/16449/philippe-prend-du-grade.html","external_links_name":"DHnet Article"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1732273/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108022931","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/81603937","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJymvWpbFywkwRyyHCV6Kd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/137408641","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/19872063","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95028540","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p162631634","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd137408641.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiac
|
Maiac
|
["1 Transmitter","2 Notes","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 47°14′15″N 29°23′9″E / 47.23750°N 29.38583°E / 47.23750; 29.38583City in Transnistria, MoldovaMaiac
MayakCityMaiacLocation within MoldovaCoordinates: 47°14′15″N 29°23′9″E / 47.23750°N 29.38583°E / 47.23750; 29.38583Country (de jure) MoldovaCountry (de facto) TransnistriaDistrictGrigoriopol DistrictTime zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)ClimateDfb
Maiac (Moldovan Cyrillic: Маяк; Russian: Мая́к, romanized: Mayak; Ukrainian: Маяк, romanized: Maiak) is an urban-type settlement (according to Transnistrian legislation) or town (according to Moldovan legislation) in the Grigoriopol District, Transnistria, Moldova, eleven kilometres (seven miles) northeast of Grigoriopol, on the Ukrainian border. According to the unofficial census of 2004, the population of the town was 1,221 inhabitants, of which: 351 (28.74%) Moldovans (Romanians), 582 (47.66%) Ukrainians and 239 (19.57%) Russians.
Transmitter
Main article: Grigoriopol transmitter
The Transnistrian Radio and Television Center (TRTC) is located in Maiac. It is a large broadcasting centre for short- and mediumwave, which was built up in the years between 1968 and 1975. It covers an area of 8.2 square kilometres (3+3⁄16 sq mi), and housed at the end of 1980s 20 transmitters. In 1997 two masts – one 350 metres (1,150 ft) and the other 250 m (820 ft) – of the facility used for medium wave broadcasting collapsed as a result of icing.
In October 2007, the Russian unitary enterprise Russian Television and Radio Networks acquired 100% of shares of the TRTC for $3,314,388.
The Grigoriopol transmission station in Pridnestrovje/Transnistru only transmits programs from Trans World Radio at 1548 kHz. Instead, Radio Rossii from Moscow is now broadcasting on the 999 kHz frequency, since April 5, 2022, around the clock and with a transmission power of 1000 kW.
Notes
^ Transnistria's political status is disputed. It considers itself to be an independent state, but this is not recognised by any UN member state. The Moldovan government and the international community consider Transnistria a part of Moldova's territory.
References
^ Administration Mayak village
^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/pmr-ethnic-loc2004.htm
^ "www.panoramio.com". Archived from the original on 2017-10-17. Retrieved 2017-10-27.
^ "The New Owner of the Transnistrian Radio and TV Center Intends to Make it Work Successful", November 14, 2007 (in Russian)
^ Radio Rossii statt Trans World Radio radioeins.de April, 06 2022 (in German)
vteSubdivisions and localities of Transnistria (Moldova)
Transnistria
Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester
Municipalities
Tiraspol (capital)
Bender
Cities and towns
Camenca
Crasnoe
Dnestrovsc
Dubăsari
Grigoriopol
Maiac
Rîbnița
Slobozia
Tiraspolul Nou
Communes
Andreevca
Beloci
Bîcioc
Blijnii Hutor
Broșteni
Butor
Butuceni
Caragaș
Caterinovca
Carmanova
Cioburciu
Cobasna
Colosova
Comisarovca Nouă
Corotna
Crasnencoe
Crasnîi Octeabri
Crasnîi Vinogradari
Crasnogorca
Cuzmin
Delacău
Doibani I
Dubău
Dzerjinscoe
Frunză
Ghidirim
Goian
Haraba
Harmațca
Hîrjău
Hîrtop
Hlinaia, Grigoriopol
Hlinaia, Slobozia
Hristovaia
Hrușca
Jura
Lenin
Lunga
Mălăiești
Mihailovca
Mocra
Molochișul Mare
Nezavertailovca
Ocnița
Ofatinți
Parcani
Pervomaisc
Plopi
Podoima
Popencu
Rașcov
Rotari
Severinovca
Slobozia-Rașcov
Sovetscoe
Speia
Stroiești
Sucleia
Șipca
Tașlîc
Teiu
Tîrnauca
Țîbuleuca
Ulmu
Vadul Turcului
Valea Adîncă
Vărăncău
Vinogradnoe
Vladimirovca
Villages of sub-city or sub-commune level
Solnecinoe
Crasnoe
Pîcalova
Șmalena
Novovladimirovca
India
Sadchi
Cotovca
Fedoseevca
Mocearovca
Suhaia Rîbnița
Cobasna, loc. st. cf
Crasnaia Besarabia
Pobeda
Bosca
Coșnița Nouă
Pohrebea Nouă
Dimitrova
Ivanovca
Alexandrovca
Afanasievca
Alexandrovca Nouă
Calinovca
Lunga Nouă
Voitovca
Crasnaia Gorca
Doibani II
Coicova
Goianul Nou
Andriașevca Nouă
Andriașevca Veche
Novocotovsc
Prioziornoe
Uiutnoe
Novosavițcaia, loc. st. c. f.
Iagorlîc
Mihailovca Nouă
Sărăței
Bruslachi
Marian
Mocreachi
Frunzăuca
Pervomaisc
Pobeda
Stanislavca
Cernița
Basarabca
Șevcenco
Zaporojeț
Novaia Jizni
Podoimița
Chirov
Vladimirovca
Zăzuleni
Iantarnoe
Bodeni
Socolovca
Vasilievca
Vesioloe
Tocmagiu
Ulmul Mic
Lîsaia Gora
Molochișul Mic
Constantinovca
Buschi
Gherșunovca
Constantinovca
Nicolscoe
Districts1
Camenca
Dubăsari
Grigoriopol
Rîbnița
Slobozia
1 Unofficial in Moldova, and official in the unrecognized republic of Transnistria
vteCities and towns of MoldovaMunicipalities
Chișinău (national capital)
Tiraspol1
Bălți
Bender (Tighina)2
Comrat
Cahul
Ceadîr-Lunga
Edineț
Hîncești
Orhei
Soroca
Strășeni
Ungheni
Capitals ofautonomous units
Comrat3
Tiraspol1,3
District seats4
Anenii Noi
Basarabeasca
Briceni
Cahul
Cantemir
Călărași
Căușeni
Cimișlia
Criuleni
Dondușeni
Drochia
Edineț
Fălești
Florești
Glodeni
Hîncești
Ialoveni
Leova
Nisporeni
Ocnița
Orhei
Rezina
Rîșcani
Sîngerei
Soroca
Strășeni
Șoldănești
Ștefan Vodă
Taraclia
Telenești
Ungheni
Other towns
Biruința
Bucovăț
Căinari
Camenca1
Ceadîr-Lunga
Codru
Cornești
Costești
Crasnoe1
Cricova
Cupcini
Dnestrovsc1
Dubăsari1
Durlești
Frunză
Ghindești
Grigoriopol1
Iargara
Lipcani
Maiac1
Mărculești
Otaci
Rîbnița1
Sîngera
Slobozia1
Tiraspolul Nou1
Tvardița
Vadul lui Vodă
Vatra
Vulcănești
1 In Transnistria. 2 Controlled by the Transnistrian authorities. 3 Also a municipality. 4 The seat of Dubăsari District is the commune of Cocieri (not a city).
This Transnistria-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moldovan Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"urban-type settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban-type_settlement"},{"link_name":"Transnistrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"Moldovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Grigoriopol District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigoriopol_District"},{"link_name":"Transnistria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Grigoriopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigoriopol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"City in Transnistria, MoldovaMaiac (Moldovan Cyrillic: Маяк; Russian: Мая́к, romanized: Mayak; Ukrainian: Маяк, romanized: Maiak) is an urban-type settlement (according to Transnistrian legislation[1]) or town (according to Moldovan legislation) in the Grigoriopol District, Transnistria, Moldova, eleven kilometres (seven miles) northeast of Grigoriopol, on the Ukrainian border. According to the unofficial census of 2004, the population of the town was 1,221 inhabitants, of which: 351 (28.74%) Moldovans (Romanians), 582 (47.66%) Ukrainians and 239 (19.57%) Russians.[2]","title":"Maiac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"unitary enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_enterprise"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regnum-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Transnistrian Radio and Television Center (TRTC) is located in Maiac. It is a large broadcasting centre for short- and mediumwave, which was built up in the years between 1968 and 1975. It covers an area of 8.2 square kilometres (3+3⁄16 sq mi), and housed at the end of 1980s 20 transmitters. In 1997 two masts – one 350 metres (1,150 ft) and the other 250 m (820 ft) – of the facility used for medium wave broadcasting collapsed as a result of icing.[3]In October 2007, the Russian unitary enterprise Russian Television and Radio Networks acquired 100% of shares of the TRTC for $3,314,388.[4]The Grigoriopol transmission station in Pridnestrovje/Transnistru only transmits programs from Trans World Radio at 1548 kHz. Instead, Radio Rossii from Moscow is now broadcasting on the 999 kHz frequency, since April 5, 2022, around the clock and with a transmission power of 1000 kW.[5]","title":"Transmitter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Transnistria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria"},{"link_name":"political status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Transnistria"},{"link_name":"UN member state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Moldovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"}],"text":"^ Transnistria's political status is disputed. It considers itself to be an independent state, but this is not recognised by any UN member state. The Moldovan government and the international community consider Transnistria a part of Moldova's territory.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"www.panoramio.com\". Archived from the original on 2017-10-17. Retrieved 2017-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171017181704/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/2753512","url_text":"\"www.panoramio.com\""},{"url":"https://www.panoramio.com/photo/2753512","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maiac¶ms=47_14_15_N_29_23_9_E_region:MD_type:city","external_links_name":"47°14′15″N 29°23′9″E / 47.23750°N 29.38583°E / 47.23750; 29.38583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maiac¶ms=47_14_15_N_29_23_9_E_region:MD_type:city","external_links_name":"47°14′15″N 29°23′9″E / 47.23750°N 29.38583°E / 47.23750; 29.38583"},{"Link":"https://maik-possovet.jimdofree.com/","external_links_name":"Administration Mayak village"},{"Link":"http://pop-stat.mashke.org/pmr-ethnic-loc2004.htm","external_links_name":"http://pop-stat.mashke.org/pmr-ethnic-loc2004.htm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171017181704/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/2753512","external_links_name":"\"www.panoramio.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.panoramio.com/photo/2753512","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.regnum.ru/news/915329.html","external_links_name":"\"The New Owner of the Transnistrian Radio and TV Center Intends to Make it Work Successful\""},{"Link":"https://www.radioeins.de/programm/sendungen/medienmagazin/radio_news/beitraege/2022/pridnestrowje_grigoriopol.html","external_links_name":"Radio Rossii statt Trans World Radio"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maiac&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnarly_Barley_Brewing_Company
|
Gnarly Barley Brewing Company
|
["1 History","2 Brewing operation and distribution","3 Beers","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 30°29′49″N 90°28′53″W / 30.4969727°N 90.4812695°W / 30.4969727; -90.4812695Brewery in Hammond, Louisiana, U.S.
Gnarly Barley Brewing CompanyIndustryAlcoholic beverageFounded2014Headquarters1709 Corbin Road, Hammond, LouisianaUnited States 70403ProductsBeerOwnerZac Caramonta, PresidentCari Caramonta, Vice-presidentWebsitegnarlybeer.com
The Gnarly Barley Brewing Company is a brewery in Hammond, Louisiana. The brewery consists of a brewhouse and an open air taproom named the Gnar Bar.
History
The Brewery
Gnarly Barley's homebrewed beer debuted at the New Orleans on Tap Beer Festival in 2011 with the Korova Milk Porter and Hoppopotamus IPA. In 2014, Gnarley Barley Brewing Company was established with the opening of a 14,000 square foot facility in Hammond, Louisiana. In 2017 and 2018, the Brewers Association named Gnarly Barley among the top 50 fastest growing breweries in the United States.
Brewing operation and distribution
The brewery hosts a two-vessel 30bbl Brewhouse consisting of one hot and one cold liquor tank and a 690bbl cellar.
Current distribution is in southern Louisiana and includes the Greater New Orleans area, the Northshore area of Louisiana, the Greater Baton Rouge area, Lafayette/Acadiana and the Houma/Bayou Parishes region of Louisiana. Distributors for Gnarly Barley are Buquet Distributing, Champagne Beverage, Mockler Beverage Company, Schilling Distributing Company and Southern Eagle Distributing.
Beers
Gnar Bar
Gnarly Barley Brewing produces four year-round flagship beers and nine limited release beers. Gnarley Barley beers are available on draft and in cans.
See also
List of breweries in Louisiana
List of microbreweries
References
^ a b c d "Hammond's Gnarly Barley brewery was born on a kitchen stove -- during the Saints Super Bowl". The Times-Picayune. June 15, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
^ a b "Hammond-based Gnarly Barley, one of U.S.' fastest-growing breweries, shows no signs of slowing down". The Baton Rouge Advocate. May 20, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
^ a b "Hammond's Gnarly Barley Brewing in national top 50 again". WAFB-9 louisianaweekend.com. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
^ "New Orleans Beer: A Hoppy History of Big Easy Brewing". The Advocate/Gambit Magazine. March 18, 2014. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
^ a b c d e "About Gnarley Barley". gnarlybeer.com. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
^ "A Gnarly Calling". Brewer Magazine-brewermagazine.com. May 29, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
^ "Craft beer production in Louisiana now generates more than $462 million in economic activity". Greater Baton Rouge Business Report. August 19, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
^ "The Most Underrated Brewery in Every State:Louisiana-Gnarly Barley Brewing Co., Hammond". thrillist.com. January 25, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
^ "The best local breweries in each state". policygenius.com. September 19, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
^ "23 Best Louisiana Breweries". vacationidea.com. October 29, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
^ a b "Enjoy Gnarley Barley". gnarlybeer.com. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
^ "Hammond's Gnarly Barley Brewing Co. Coming to Acadiana". developinglafayette.com. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
^ "Our Brews". gnarlybeer.com. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gnarly Barley Brewing Company.
Official website
Louisiana Brewery Trail
Portals: Beer Companies
vteHammond, LouisianaEducation
Tangipahoa Parish School Board
Hammond High Magnet School
Saint Thomas Aquinas Regional Catholic High School
Southeastern Louisiana University
Template
Landmarks
Gnarly Barley Brewing Company
Tangipahoa African American Heritage Museum
Transportation
Hammond Amtrak Station
Hammond Northshore Regional Airport
Shopping mall
Hammond Square
Media
Daily Star
KSLU
This list is incomplete.Italics: Both high schools are outside of the Hammond city limits.
30°29′49″N 90°28′53″W / 30.4969727°N 90.4812695°W / 30.4969727; -90.4812695
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hammond, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T-P_June_2019-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR_Advocate_May_2018-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Weekend-WAFB-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T-P_June_2019-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Brewery in Hammond, Louisiana, U.S.The Gnarly Barley Brewing Company is a brewery in Hammond, Louisiana.[1][2][3] The brewery consists of a brewhouse and an open air taproom named the Gnar Bar.[1][4]","title":"Gnarly Barley Brewing Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gnarly_Barley_Brewing_Company_(Hammond,_LA).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T-P_June_2019-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR_Advocate_May_2018-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Gnarley_Barley-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brewer_Magazine-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Gnarley_Barley-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Brewers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewers_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T-P_June_2019-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Weekend-WAFB-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Gnarley_Barley-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The BreweryGnarly Barley's homebrewed beer debuted at the New Orleans on Tap Beer Festival in 2011 with the Korova Milk Porter and Hoppopotamus IPA.[1][2][5][6][7] In 2014, Gnarley Barley Brewing Company was established with the opening of a 14,000 square foot facility in Hammond, Louisiana.[5][8][9] In 2017 and 2018, the Brewers Association named Gnarly Barley among the top 50 fastest growing breweries in the United States.[1][3][5][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cold liquor tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_liquor_tank"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Gnarley_Barley-5"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Acadiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadiana"},{"link_name":"Houma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Gnarley_Barley-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enjoy_Gnarley_Barley-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The brewery hosts a two-vessel 30bbl Brewhouse consisting of one hot and one cold liquor tank and a 690bbl cellar.[5]Current distribution is in southern Louisiana and includes the Greater New Orleans area, the Northshore area of Louisiana, the Greater Baton Rouge area, Lafayette/Acadiana and the Houma/Bayou Parishes region of Louisiana.[5] Distributors for Gnarly Barley are Buquet Distributing, Champagne Beverage, Mockler Beverage Company, Schilling Distributing Company and Southern Eagle Distributing.[11][12]","title":"Brewing operation and distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gnarly_Barley_Brewing_Company,_Gnar_Bar_(Hammond,_Louisiana).jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gnarley_Barley_Brews-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enjoy_Gnarley_Barley-11"}],"text":"Gnar BarGnarly Barley Brewing produces four year-round flagship beers and nine limited release beers.[13] Gnarley Barley beers are available on draft and in cans.[11]","title":"Beers"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Brewery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gnarly_Barley_Brewing_Company_%28Hammond%2C_LA%29.jpg/225px-Gnarly_Barley_Brewing_Company_%28Hammond%2C_LA%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gnar Bar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gnarly_Barley_Brewing_Company%2C_Gnar_Bar_%28Hammond%2C_Louisiana%29.jpg/250px-Gnarly_Barley_Brewing_Company%2C_Gnar_Bar_%28Hammond%2C_Louisiana%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of breweries in Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_breweries_in_Louisiana"},{"title":"List of microbreweries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_microbreweries"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Hammond's Gnarly Barley brewery was born on a kitchen stove -- during the Saints Super Bowl\". The Times-Picayune. June 15, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/news/northshore/article_38f1d9c5-7ba8-5864-80ed-91852102424d.html","url_text":"\"Hammond's Gnarly Barley brewery was born on a kitchen stove -- during the Saints Super Bowl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hammond-based Gnarly Barley, one of U.S.' fastest-growing breweries, shows no signs of slowing down\". The Baton Rouge Advocate. May 20, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/business/article_2d681c86-5885-11e8-9fb9-2bd66ba1f057.html","url_text":"\"Hammond-based Gnarly Barley, one of U.S.' fastest-growing breweries, shows no signs of slowing down\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hammond's Gnarly Barley Brewing in national top 50 again\". WAFB-9 louisianaweekend.com. Retrieved November 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thelouisianaweekend.com/hammonds-gnarly-barley-brewing-in-national-top-50-again/","url_text":"\"Hammond's Gnarly Barley Brewing in national top 50 again\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Orleans Beer: A Hoppy History of Big Easy Brewing\". The Advocate/Gambit Magazine. March 18, 2014. Retrieved November 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theadvocate.com/gambit/new_orleans/food_drink/food_news/article_adcf6bda-b86b-59e1-88cf-2ee844330e3f.html","url_text":"\"New Orleans Beer: A Hoppy History of Big Easy Brewing\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Gnarley Barley\". gnarlybeer.com. Retrieved November 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://gnarlybeer.com/about.html","url_text":"\"About Gnarley Barley\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Gnarly Calling\". Brewer Magazine-brewermagazine.com. May 29, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://thebrewermagazine.com/gnarly-calling/","url_text":"\"A Gnarly Calling\""}]},{"reference":"\"Craft beer production in Louisiana now generates more than $462 million in economic activity\". Greater Baton Rouge Business Report. August 19, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessreport.com/business/news-brewbrew-market","url_text":"\"Craft beer production in Louisiana now generates more than $462 million in economic activity\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Most Underrated Brewery in Every State:Louisiana-Gnarly Barley Brewing Co., Hammond\". thrillist.com. January 25, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thrillist.com/drink/nation/craft-beer-the-most-underrated-brewery-in-every-state","url_text":"\"The Most Underrated Brewery in Every State:Louisiana-Gnarly Barley Brewing Co., Hammond\""}]},{"reference":"\"The best local breweries in each state\". policygenius.com. September 19, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.policygenius.com/blog/the-best-local-breweries-in-each-state-for-drink-beer-day/","url_text":"\"The best local breweries in each state\""}]},{"reference":"\"23 Best Louisiana Breweries\". vacationidea.com. October 29, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://vacationidea.com/louisiana/best-louisiana-breweries.html#slide10","url_text":"\"23 Best Louisiana Breweries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enjoy Gnarley Barley\". gnarlybeer.com. Retrieved November 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://gnarlybeer.com/enjoyhere.html","url_text":"\"Enjoy Gnarley Barley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hammond's Gnarly Barley Brewing Co. Coming to Acadiana\". developinglafayette.com. Retrieved November 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://developinglafayette.com/wp/hammonds-gnarly-barley-brewing-co-coming-to-acadiana/","url_text":"\"Hammond's Gnarly Barley Brewing Co. Coming to Acadiana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Brews\". gnarlybeer.com. Retrieved November 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://gnarlybeer.com/brews.html","url_text":"\"Our Brews\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gnarly_Barley_Brewing_Company¶ms=30.4969727_N_90.4812695_W_type:landmark_globe:earth_region:US-LA","external_links_name":"30°29′49″N 90°28′53″W / 30.4969727°N 90.4812695°W / 30.4969727; -90.4812695"},{"Link":"https://gnarlybeer.com/home.html","external_links_name":"gnarlybeer.com"},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/news/northshore/article_38f1d9c5-7ba8-5864-80ed-91852102424d.html","external_links_name":"\"Hammond's Gnarly Barley brewery was born on a kitchen stove -- during the Saints Super Bowl\""},{"Link":"https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/business/article_2d681c86-5885-11e8-9fb9-2bd66ba1f057.html","external_links_name":"\"Hammond-based Gnarly Barley, one of U.S.' fastest-growing breweries, shows no signs of slowing down\""},{"Link":"http://www.thelouisianaweekend.com/hammonds-gnarly-barley-brewing-in-national-top-50-again/","external_links_name":"\"Hammond's Gnarly Barley Brewing in national top 50 again\""},{"Link":"https://www.theadvocate.com/gambit/new_orleans/food_drink/food_news/article_adcf6bda-b86b-59e1-88cf-2ee844330e3f.html","external_links_name":"\"New Orleans Beer: A Hoppy History of Big Easy Brewing\""},{"Link":"https://gnarlybeer.com/about.html","external_links_name":"\"About Gnarley Barley\""},{"Link":"http://thebrewermagazine.com/gnarly-calling/","external_links_name":"\"A Gnarly Calling\""},{"Link":"https://www.businessreport.com/business/news-brewbrew-market","external_links_name":"\"Craft beer production in Louisiana now generates more than $462 million in economic activity\""},{"Link":"https://www.thrillist.com/drink/nation/craft-beer-the-most-underrated-brewery-in-every-state","external_links_name":"\"The Most Underrated Brewery in Every State:Louisiana-Gnarly Barley Brewing Co., Hammond\""},{"Link":"https://www.policygenius.com/blog/the-best-local-breweries-in-each-state-for-drink-beer-day/","external_links_name":"\"The best local breweries in each state\""},{"Link":"https://vacationidea.com/louisiana/best-louisiana-breweries.html#slide10","external_links_name":"\"23 Best Louisiana Breweries\""},{"Link":"https://gnarlybeer.com/enjoyhere.html","external_links_name":"\"Enjoy Gnarley Barley\""},{"Link":"https://developinglafayette.com/wp/hammonds-gnarly-barley-brewing-co-coming-to-acadiana/","external_links_name":"\"Hammond's Gnarly Barley Brewing Co. Coming to Acadiana\""},{"Link":"https://gnarlybeer.com/brews.html","external_links_name":"\"Our Brews\""},{"Link":"https://gnarlybeer.com/home.html","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://breweries.louisianatravel.com/","external_links_name":"Louisiana Brewery Trail"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gnarly_Barley_Brewing_Company¶ms=30.4969727_N_90.4812695_W_type:landmark_globe:earth_region:US-LA","external_links_name":"30°29′49″N 90°28′53″W / 30.4969727°N 90.4812695°W / 30.4969727; -90.4812695"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favez
|
Favez
|
["1 Current lineup","2 Discography","3 External links"]
|
Favez is a rock band from Lausanne, Switzerland.
On their first three albums (prior to 1997) they were called Favez Disciples, after a figure from the movie Le Mans with Steve McQueen
Current lineup
As of 2007, their lineup is:
Chris Wicky — vocals, guitar
Guy Borel — guitar
Yvan Lechef — bass guitar
Fabrice Marguerat — drums
Maude Oswald - Hammond
Jeff Albelda - Rhodes, piano
Discography
Always Satisfied (1992)
And the World Don't Care (1993)
Arrogance (1995)
The Eloquence of the Favez Disciples (1997)
A Sad Ride on the Line Again (1999)
Gentlemen Start Your Engines (2000)
From Lausanne, Switzerland (2002)
Bellefontaine Avenue (2003)
Old and Strong in the Modern Times (2005)
Bigger Mountains Higher Flags (2007)
En Garde! (2011)
External links
Official website
Short biography from Allmusic
Interview and live video snippets at wenn's rockt! WebTV
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Artists
MusicBrainz
This article about a European band or other musical ensemble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Favez"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"}],"text":"As of 2007, their lineup is:Chris Wicky — vocals, guitar\nGuy Borel — guitar\nYvan Lechef — bass guitar\nFabrice Marguerat — drums\nMaude Oswald - Hammond\nJeff Albelda - Rhodes, piano","title":"Current lineup"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Always Satisfied (1992)\nAnd the World Don't Care (1993)\nArrogance (1995)\nThe Eloquence of the Favez Disciples (1997)\nA Sad Ride on the Line Again (1999)\nGentlemen Start Your Engines (2000)\nFrom Lausanne, Switzerland (2002)\nBellefontaine Avenue (2003)\nOld and Strong in the Modern Times (2005)\nBigger Mountains Higher Flags (2007)\nEn Garde! (2011)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.favez.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p380196","external_links_name":"Short biography"},{"Link":"http://wennsrockt.de/favez","external_links_name":"Interview and live video snippets at wenn's rockt! WebTV"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000010663773X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/135663865","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14039668s","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14039668s","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5f357111-4d0b-4f88-814b-c89d878911ae","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Favez&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Derby_(hundred)
|
West Derby Hundred
|
["1 History","1.1 Domesday Book","1.2 Expansion of the boundaries","1.3 Court and laws on the hundred","1.4 Land changes hands","1.5 19th Century","2 Places encompassed by the hundred of West Derby","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Not to be confused with West Derbyshire (UK Parliament constituency) or West Derby.
Hundred of West DerbyLancashire HundredWest Derby Hundred depicted in John Speed's 1610 map of LancashireHistory • Created11th century
Subdivisions • TypeParish(es) • UnitsWalton • Halsall • Aughton • Liverpool • Sefton • Altcar • Warrington • Wigan • Childwall • North Meols • Prescot • Winwick • Huyton • Ormskirk • Leigh
Lonsdale
Lonsdale
Amounderness
Blackburn
Leyland
Salford
West Derby
Hundreds of Lancashire
The West Derby Hundred (also known as West Derbyshire) is one of the six subdivisions of the historic county of Lancashire, in northern England. Its name alludes to its judicial centre being the township of West Derby (the suffix -shire meaning the territory was appropriated to the prefixed settlement).
It covered the southwest of Lancashire, containing the ancient ecclesiastical parishes of Walton, Sefton, Childwall, Huyton, Halsall, Altcar, North Meols, Ormskirk, Aughton, Warrington, Prescot, Wigan, Leigh, Liverpool, and Winwick. It corresponds roughly to areas of Merseyside north of the River Mersey and also covered parts of modern West Lancashire Borough, Wigan borough, Warrington Borough and Halton Borough.
History
Domesday Book
When the Domesday Book was compiled, this hundred was composed of three separate hundreds of West Derby, Warrington and Newton-in-Makerfield. The hundreds possibly united in the reign of Henry I. The hundred is surrounded on the west by the Irish Sea and in the south west and south by the River Mersey and Glazebrook, to the east is Salford Hundred and to the north east the River Douglas and Leyland Hundred. Apart from the manor which contained West Derby Castle, said to have been built by Roger of Poitou, there were several other manors which were owned by the Lord of the manor for his own use. At the time of the Conquest these manors incorporated six berewicks encompassing the villages of Thingwall, Liverpool, Great Crosby, Aintree, Everton, Garston and Hale. The main landowner at the time is listed as Uhtred (sometimes spelt Uchtred or Uhtræd)
Expansion of the boundaries
By the end of the 12th century the three separate hundreds had united and West Derby Castle was an important administrative centre rivalling Lancaster in the north of the county. Its position was strengthened by its proximity to the Port of Liverpool, which was founded by King John, trade with Cheshire and the passage of ferries from Liverpool to Birkenhead. By 1327 West Derby Castle was reported to be in ruins.
Court and laws on the hundred
A Wapentake court was held every three weeks with the steward of the hundred officiating. There had been a courthouse in West Derby for over 1000 years since the time of the Vikings. The present courthouse situated in West Derby is from a building which was constructed during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. The court was used for the presentation of minor offences, or breaches of any laws within the hundred. The King, or lord of the manor had his own bailiff, who was the officer to the sheriff, who had the duty to ensure peace within the hundred and collect any taxes or levys from the people. From the reign of Stephen of England to that of Henry IV this office was a hereditary title held by members of the Walton family of Walton-on-the-Hill. By the fifteenth century the master of the forest was held by members of the Molyneux family, who also held the title of steward of the hundred.
Land changes hands
On 18 October 1229, Henry III granted all land from the Ribble to the Mersey, including West Derby, Liverpool, the village of Salford, and the wapentake of Leyland to Ranulf Earl of Chester and Lincoln. When he died in 1232 without any heir the land was inherited by William de Ferrers, through his wife Agnes, sister of the late earl. The land was then passed on to his son William, and then to his son Robert. In 1263, Robert held court against several people who had committed offences against the deer of his forest. In 1266 he rebelled against the rule of the King Henry III and was beaten at the Battle of Chesterfield, following this he was stripped of his title and land, which returned to the hands of the Crown, which was then given to Edmund, the King's second son, who was later created Earl of Lancaster. The title and land followed the line of descent of honour of Lancaster from Edmund until it was merged into the Crown in 1413, and is vested in the reigning monarch.
19th Century
In 1835 and 1895, Liverpool expanded to include West Derby. In 1889, all remaining administrative functions of historic counties were replaced by Administrative counties of England.
Places encompassed by the hundred of West Derby
Aintree
Ashton-in-Makerfield
Astley
Atherton
Aughton
Bootle
Childwall
Crosby
Eccleston
Everton
Hardshaw within Windle
Ince-in-Makerfield
Formby
Huyton
Kirkby
Knowsley
Leigh
Litherland
Lunt
Lydiate
Maghull
Newton Le Willows
North Meols
Ormskirk
Pemberton
Prescot
Rainford
Rainhill
St Helens
Sefton
Skelmersdale
Southport
Tyldesley
Toxteth
Warrington
West Derby
Wigan
Widnes
Windle
Woolton
References
^ Open Domesday Online: (West) Derby Hundred, accessed July 2018.
^ Open Domesday Online: Warrington Hundred, accessed July 2018.
^ Open Domesday Online: Newton Hundred, accessed July 2022.
^ a b c "'Hundred of West Derby: Introduction', A History of the County of Lancashire: Volume 3 (1907), pp. 1-4". British History Online. Retrieved 10 October 2006.
^ "West Derby Hundred in Domesday Book". Retrieved 4 April 2021.
^ Fishwick, Lieut-Colonel; Ditchfield, Rev PH (1909). Memorials of Old Lancashire, Vol 2. London: Bemrose and Sons. p. 17.
External links
History Of Liverpool- West Derby Hundred Domesday Book Page
English Translation of West Derby Domesday Book Page
vte Hundreds of Lancashire
Amounderness
Blackburn
Leyland
Lonsdale
Salford
West Derby
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Derbyshire (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Derbyshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"West Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Derby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lancashire_hundreds.svg"},{"link_name":"Lonsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonsdale_Hundred"},{"link_name":"Lonsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonsdale_Hundred"},{"link_name":"Amounderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amounderness_Hundred"},{"link_name":"Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Hundred"},{"link_name":"Leyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyland_Hundred"},{"link_name":"Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Hundred"},{"link_name":"West Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lancashire_hundreds.svg"},{"link_name":"historic county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"northern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"West Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Derby"},{"link_name":"shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_parish"},{"link_name":"Merseyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyside"},{"link_name":"River Mersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mersey"},{"link_name":"West Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Wigan borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wigan"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington"},{"link_name":"Halton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Halton"}],"text":"Not to be confused with West Derbyshire (UK Parliament constituency) or West Derby.Lonsdale\nLonsdale\nAmounderness\nBlackburn\nLeyland\nSalford\nWest Derby\n\n Hundreds of LancashireThe West Derby Hundred (also known as West Derbyshire) is one of the six subdivisions of the historic county of Lancashire, in northern England. Its name alludes to its judicial centre being the township of West Derby (the suffix -shire meaning the territory was appropriated to the prefixed settlement).It covered the southwest of Lancashire, containing the ancient ecclesiastical parishes of Walton, Sefton, Childwall, Huyton, Halsall, Altcar, North Meols, Ormskirk, Aughton, Warrington, Prescot, Wigan, Leigh, Liverpool, and Winwick. It corresponds roughly to areas of Merseyside north of the River Mersey and also covered parts of modern West Lancashire Borough, Wigan borough, Warrington Borough and Halton Borough.","title":"West Derby Hundred"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODOderbei-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODOwh-2"},{"link_name":"Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton-le-Willows"},{"link_name":"Makerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makerfield"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Henry I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Irish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea"},{"link_name":"River Mersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mersey"},{"link_name":"Salford Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_(hundred)"},{"link_name":"River Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Douglas,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Leyland Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyland_(hundred)"},{"link_name":"Roger of Poitou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_of_Poitou"},{"link_name":"Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England"},{"link_name":"berewicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berewick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Great Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Aintree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aintree"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Garston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garston,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale,_Halton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hundred-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Derby_Hundred_in_Domesday_Book-5"}],"sub_title":"Domesday Book","text":"When the Domesday Book was compiled, this hundred was composed of three separate hundreds of West Derby,[1] Warrington[2] and Newton-in-Makerfield.[3] The hundreds possibly united in the reign of Henry I. The hundred is surrounded on the west by the Irish Sea and in the south west and south by the River Mersey and Glazebrook, to the east is Salford Hundred and to the north east the River Douglas and Leyland Hundred. Apart from the manor which contained West Derby Castle, said to have been built by Roger of Poitou, there were several other manors which were owned by the Lord of the manor for his own use. At the time of the Conquest these manors incorporated six berewicks encompassing the villages of Thingwall, Liverpool, Great Crosby, Aintree, Everton, Garston and Hale.[4] The main landowner at the time is listed as Uhtred (sometimes spelt Uchtred or Uhtræd) [5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Port of Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"King John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_England"},{"link_name":"Birkenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Expansion of the boundaries","text":"By the end of the 12th century the three separate hundreds had united and West Derby Castle was an important administrative centre rivalling Lancaster in the north of the county. Its position was strengthened by its proximity to the Port of Liverpool, which was founded by King John, trade with Cheshire and the passage of ferries from Liverpool to Birkenhead. By 1327 West Derby Castle was reported to be in ruins.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wapentake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapentake"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking"},{"link_name":"West Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Derby"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hundred-4"},{"link_name":"Stephen of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_of_England"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England"},{"link_name":"Molyneux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Sefton"}],"sub_title":"Court and laws on the hundred","text":"A Wapentake court was held every three weeks with the steward of the hundred officiating. There had been a courthouse in West Derby for over 1000 years since the time of the Vikings. The present courthouse situated in West Derby is from a building which was constructed during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. The court was used for the presentation of minor offences, or breaches of any laws within the hundred.[4] The King, or lord of the manor had his own bailiff, who was the officer to the sheriff, who had the duty to ensure peace within the hundred and collect any taxes or levys from the people. From the reign of Stephen of England to that of Henry IV this office was a hereditary title held by members of the Walton family of Walton-on-the-Hill. By the fifteenth century the master of the forest was held by members of the Molyneux family, who also held the title of steward of the hundred.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Ranulf Earl of Chester and Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulph_de_Blondeville,_4th_Earl_of_Chester"},{"link_name":"William de Ferrers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Ferrers,_4th_Earl_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hundred-4"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Ferrers,_5th_Earl_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Ferrers,_6th_Earl_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"Edmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback,_1st_Earl_of_Lancaster"}],"sub_title":"Land changes hands","text":"On 18 October 1229, Henry III granted all land from the Ribble to the Mersey, including West Derby, Liverpool, the village of Salford, and the wapentake of Leyland to Ranulf Earl of Chester and Lincoln. When he died in 1232 without any heir the land was inherited by William de Ferrers, through his wife Agnes, sister of the late earl.[4] The land was then passed on to his son William, and then to his son Robert. In 1263, Robert held court against several people who had committed offences against the deer of his forest. In 1266 he rebelled against the rule of the King Henry III and was beaten at the Battle of Chesterfield, following this he was stripped of his title and land, which returned to the hands of the Crown, which was then given to Edmund, the King's second son, who was later created Earl of Lancaster. The title and land followed the line of descent of honour of Lancaster from Edmund until it was merged into the Crown in 1413, and is vested in the reigning monarch.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Administrative counties of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_counties_of_England"}],"sub_title":"19th Century","text":"In 1835 and 1895, Liverpool expanded to include West Derby. In 1889, all remaining administrative functions of historic counties were replaced by Administrative counties of England.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aintree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aintree"},{"link_name":"Ashton-in-Makerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton-in-Makerfield"},{"link_name":"Astley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astley,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Atherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherton,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Aughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aughton,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Bootle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootle"},{"link_name":"Childwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childwall"},{"link_name":"Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Eccleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccleston,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Hardshaw within Windle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Ince-in-Makerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ince-in-Makerfield"},{"link_name":"Formby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formby"},{"link_name":"Huyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huyton"},{"link_name":"Kirkby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkby"},{"link_name":"Knowsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowsley,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Litherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litherland"},{"link_name":"Lunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunt"},{"link_name":"Lydiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydiate"},{"link_name":"Maghull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghull"},{"link_name":"Newton Le Willows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Le_Willows"},{"link_name":"North Meols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Meols"},{"link_name":"Ormskirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormskirk"},{"link_name":"Pemberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberton,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Prescot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescot"},{"link_name":"Rainford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainford"},{"link_name":"Rainhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhill"},{"link_name":"St Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Sefton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefton,_Sefton"},{"link_name":"Skelmersdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelmersdale"},{"link_name":"Southport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport"},{"link_name":"Tyldesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyldesley"},{"link_name":"Toxteth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxteth"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington"},{"link_name":"West Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Derby"},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan"},{"link_name":"Widnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widnes"},{"link_name":"Windle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windle,_St_Helens"},{"link_name":"Woolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolton"}],"text":"Aintree\nAshton-in-Makerfield\nAstley\nAtherton\nAughton\nBootle\nChildwall\nCrosby\nEccleston\nEverton\nHardshaw within Windle\nInce-in-Makerfield\nFormby\nHuyton\nKirkby\nKnowsley\nLeigh\nLitherland\nLunt\nLydiate\nMaghull\nNewton Le Willows\nNorth Meols\nOrmskirk\nPemberton\nPrescot\nRainford\nRainhill\nSt Helens\nSefton\nSkelmersdale\nSouthport\nTyldesley\nToxteth\nWarrington\nWest Derby\nWigan\nWidnes\nWindle\nWoolton","title":"Places encompassed by the hundred of West Derby"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"'Hundred of West Derby: Introduction', A History of the County of Lancashire: Volume 3 (1907), pp. 1-4\". British History Online. Retrieved 10 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=41279","url_text":"\"'Hundred of West Derby: Introduction', A History of the County of Lancashire: Volume 3 (1907), pp. 1-4\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Derby Hundred in Domesday Book\". Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyofliverpool.com/liverpool-domesday-book-record-translated/","url_text":"\"West Derby Hundred in Domesday Book\""}]},{"reference":"Fishwick, Lieut-Colonel; Ditchfield, Rev PH (1909). Memorials of Old Lancashire, Vol 2. London: Bemrose and Sons. p. 17.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://opendomesday.org/hundred/west-derby/","external_links_name":"Open Domesday Online: (West) Derby Hundred"},{"Link":"http://opendomesday.org/hundred/warrington/","external_links_name":"Open Domesday Online: Warrington Hundred"},{"Link":"https://opendomesday.org/hundred/newton/","external_links_name":"Open Domesday Online: Newton Hundred"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=41279","external_links_name":"\"'Hundred of West Derby: Introduction', A History of the County of Lancashire: Volume 3 (1907), pp. 1-4\""},{"Link":"https://www.historyofliverpool.com/liverpool-domesday-book-record-translated/","external_links_name":"\"West Derby Hundred in Domesday Book\""},{"Link":"http://historyofliverpool.com/liverpool-domesday-book-the-norman-conquest/","external_links_name":"History Of Liverpool- West Derby Hundred Domesday Book Page"},{"Link":"http://historyofliverpool.com/liverpool-domesday-book-record-translated/","external_links_name":"English Translation of West Derby Domesday Book Page"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibi_Shigeaki
|
Hibi Kimei
|
["1 References","2 Further reading"]
|
Governor of Okinawa Prefecture from 1908 to 1913
In this Japanese name, the surname is Hibi.
Hibi Kimei日比 重明Governor of Okinawa PrefectureIn officeApril 6, 1908 – June 1, 1913Preceded byNarahara ShigeruSucceeded byTakahashi Takuya
Personal detailsBorn(1848-06-26)June 26, 1848Ise Province, JapanDiedAugust 2, 1926(1926-08-02) (aged 78)OccupationPolitician
Hibi Kimei (日比 重明, June 26, 1848 – August 2, 1926) was Governor of Okinawa Prefecture (1908–1913).
References
^ Cabinet of Japan, "高知県属日比重明同県書記官ニ被任ノ件" (Concerning the Appointment of Hibi Kimei of Kochi Prefecture as Secretary in that Prefecture), 1886.
^ Jinji Kōshinjo, ed. "人事興信録 第3版" (Who's Who Volume 3), 1911. (page 14 lists birth date as May 27 Kaei 1 under the old calendar)
^ Prefectural Governors Editorial Committee, ed. "新編日本の歴代知事" (Japan's Prefectural Governors, New Edition), Nihontoshosentā, 1991, p.1124.
^ "官報 第6142号 - 叙任及辞令" (Government Gazette #6142 – Appointments and Commissions), December 21, 1903
^ Jinji Kōshinjo, ed. "人事興信録 第6版" (Who's Who Volume 6), 1921, p.4.
Further reading
Hata Ikuhiko, ed. "日本官僚制総合事典：1868 – 2000" (Comprehensive Encyclopedia of the Japanese Bureaucracy), Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai, 2001.
vte Governors of Okinawa Prefecture Empire of Japan1879–1945
Nabeshima
Uesugi
Iwamura
Nishimura
Ōsako
Fukuhara
Maruoka
Narahara
Hibi
Takahashi
Ōmi
Otagiri
Suzuki
Kawagoe
Wada
Iwamoto
Kamei
Imashuku
Iio
Hosokawa
Moriya
Ino
Kurashige
Fuchigami
Hayakawa
Izumi
Shimada
State of Japansince 1972
Yara
Taira
Nishime
Ōta
Inamine
Nakaima
Onaga
Jahana
Tomikawa
Tamaki
This article about a Japanese politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Governor of Okinawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In this Japanese name, the surname is Hibi.Hibi Kimei (日比 重明, June 26, 1848 – August 2, 1926) was Governor of Okinawa Prefecture (1908–1913).[1][2][3][4][5]","title":"Hibi Kimei"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Nabeshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabeshima_Naoyoshi"},{"link_name":"Uesugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uesugi_Mochinori"},{"link_name":"Iwamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwamura_Michitoshi"},{"link_name":"Nishimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishimura_Sutez%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Ōsako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Csako_Sadakiyo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fukuhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fukuhara_Minoru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maruoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruoka_Kanji"},{"link_name":"Narahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narahara_Shigeru"},{"link_name":"Hibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibi_Shigeaki"},{"link_name":"Takahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takuya_Takahashi_(governor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ōmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Cmi_Ky%C5%ABgor%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Otagiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otagiri_Iwatar%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuniyoshi_Suzuki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kawagoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kawagoe_S%C5%8Dsuke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wada_Jun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iwamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iwamoto_Ki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kamei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamei_Mitsumasa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Imashuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imashuku_Tsuguo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C5%8Djiro_Iio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hosokawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%C5%8Dhei_Hosokawa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moriya_Masao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ino_Jir%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kurashige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hisashi_Kurashige&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fuchigami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuchigami_Fusatar%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hayakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hajime_Hayakawa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Izumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shuki_Izumi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shimada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Shimada"},{"link_name":"Yara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dby%C5%8D_Yara"},{"link_name":"Taira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dichi_Taira"},{"link_name":"Nishime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junji_Nishime"},{"link_name":"Ōta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahide_%C5%8Cta"},{"link_name":"Inamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiichi_Inamine"},{"link_name":"Nakaima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirokazu_Nakaima"},{"link_name":"Onaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeshi_Onaga"},{"link_name":"Jahana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiichiro_Jahana"},{"link_name":"Tomikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moritake_Tomikawa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tamaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Tamaki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_personal.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibi_Kimei&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Japan-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Japan-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan-politician-stub"}],"text":"Hata Ikuhiko, ed. \"日本官僚制総合事典：1868 – 2000\" (Comprehensive Encyclopedia of the Japanese Bureaucracy), Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai, 2001.vte Governors of Okinawa Prefecture Empire of Japan1879–1945\nNabeshima\nUesugi\nIwamura\nNishimura\nŌsako\nFukuhara\nMaruoka\nNarahara\nHibi\nTakahashi\nŌmi\nOtagiri\nSuzuki\nKawagoe\nWada\nIwamoto\nKamei\nImashuku\nIio\nHosokawa\nMoriya\nIno\nKurashige\nFuchigami\nHayakawa\nIzumi\nShimada\nState of Japansince 1972\nYara\nTaira\nNishime\nŌta\nInamine\nNakaima\nOnaga\nJahana\nTomikawa\nTamakiThis article about a Japanese politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibi_Kimei&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Valentine
|
Bryan Valentine
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
English cricketer
Bryan ValentineValentine in 1933Personal informationFull nameBryan Herbert ValentineBorn(1908-01-17)17 January 1908Blackheath, Kent, EnglandDied2 February 1983(1983-02-02) (aged 75)Otford, Kent, EnglandBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm mediumRelationsCarol Valentine (sister)International information
National sideEnglandTest debut (cap 272)15 December 1933 v IndiaLast Test14 March 1939 v South Africa
Domestic team information
YearsTeam1927–1948Kent1928–1929Cambridge University
Career statistics
Competition
Test
First-class
Matches
7
399
Runs scored
454
18,306
Batting average
64.85
30.15
100s/50s
2/1
35/90
Top score
136
242
Balls bowled
0
1,933
Wickets
–
27
Bowling average
–
41.66
5 wickets in innings
–
0
10 wickets in match
–
0
Best bowling
–
3/58
Catches/stumpings
2/–
289/–Source: CricInfo, 19 July 2009
Bryan Herbert Valentine MC (17 January 1908 – 2 February 1983) was an English cricketer who played in seven Test matches between 1933 and 1939. He was born at Blackheath, London and died at Otford, Kent.
Although he played only seven Tests, his Test batting average of 64.85, including two centuries and one fifty, is twice his overall first-class cricket record of 30.15 with 35 centuries and 90 fifties in 399 first-class matches. He played in just two Test series, scoring 179 runs in two tests against India on the 1933/34 tour with a best of 136 in less than 3 hours on debut in Bombay. He amassed 275 runs in 5 matches against South Africa on the 1938/39 MCC tour, including a score of 112 in 2 hours, 40 minutes in Cape Town in the Second Test of the series. His final Test was the famous 'timeless test' in Durban which saw England's last innings cut short at 654/5 when they were forced to catch the boat home after 10 days of cricket. Valentine ended the match on 4 not out.
Valentine was educated at Repton School and Pembroke College, Cambridge. He represented Cambridge University at cricket in 1928 and 1929, and also won a Blue for soccer. His long career at Kent County Cricket Club as a right-handed batsman and occasional medium pacer spanned two decades from 1927 to 1948. He was awarded his Kent cap in 1931 and captained the county on occasion during the 1930s in the absence of Percy Chapman; in 1937 he shared the captaincy with Ronnie Bryan. Following Gerry Chalk's death in World War II Valentine captained Kent again between 1946 and 1948 before being succeeded by David Clark.
An attacking batsman whose defence improved with experience in the first-class arena, he was particularly strong through the leg side but his Test appearances were limited by the strength of the England team at the time. His highest score, 242, was made for Kent against Leicestershire at Oakham in 1938. A limited bowler, he was an excellent all round fielder equally at home in the covers or catching close to the wicket.
During World War II Valentine served with the Royal West Kent Regiment and was awarded the Military Cross "in recognition of gallant and distinguished services in North Africa". He returned to cricket despite being badly wounded during hostilities. He was President of Kent County Cricket Club in 1967 and served on the cricket committee for many years.
His sister, Carol, also played test cricket for England women's cricket team.
References
^ Bryan Valentine, CricInfo. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
^ Carlaw D (2020) Kent County Cricketers A to Z. Part Two: 1919–1939, pp. 150–156. (Available online at the Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians. Retrieved 2020-07-01.)
^ "Freshmen's Match At Cambridge". The Times. No. 44883. London. 3 May 1928. p. 7.
^ "No. 36180". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 September 1943. p. 4217.
External links
Media related to Bryan Valentine at Wikimedia Commons
Bryan Herbert Valentine (obituary), Kent Cricket
Sporting positions
Preceded byGeoffrey Legge
Kent County Cricket Club captain 1931–1937 Captaincy shared with Percy Chapman until 1936,Ian Akers-Douglas in 1936 and Ronnie Bryan in 1937
Succeeded byGerry Chalk
Preceded byGerry Chalk
Kent County Cricket Club captain 1946–1948
Succeeded byDavid Clark
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Test matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Blackheath, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackheath,_London"},{"link_name":"Otford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otford"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carlaw-2"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Repton School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repton_School"},{"link_name":"Pembroke College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_(university_sport)"},{"link_name":"Kent County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Bryan"},{"link_name":"Gerry Chalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Chalk"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"David Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Clark_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Royal West Kent Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_West_Kent_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Military Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Valentine"},{"link_name":"England women's cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"}],"text":"Bryan Herbert Valentine MC (17 January 1908 – 2 February 1983) was an English cricketer who played in seven Test matches between 1933 and 1939.[1] He was born at Blackheath, London and died at Otford, Kent.[2]Although he played only seven Tests, his Test batting average of 64.85, including two centuries and one fifty, is twice his overall first-class cricket record of 30.15 with 35 centuries and 90 fifties in 399 first-class matches. He played in just two Test series, scoring 179 runs in two tests against India on the 1933/34 tour with a best of 136 in less than 3 hours on debut in Bombay. He amassed 275 runs in 5 matches against South Africa on the 1938/39 MCC tour, including a score of 112 in 2 hours, 40 minutes in Cape Town in the Second Test of the series. His final Test was the famous 'timeless test' in Durban which saw England's last innings cut short at 654/5 when they were forced to catch the boat home after 10 days of cricket. Valentine ended the match on 4 not out.Valentine was educated at Repton School and Pembroke College, Cambridge.[3] He represented Cambridge University at cricket in 1928 and 1929, and also won a Blue for soccer. His long career at Kent County Cricket Club as a right-handed batsman and occasional medium pacer spanned two decades from 1927 to 1948. He was awarded his Kent cap in 1931 and captained the county on occasion during the 1930s in the absence of Percy Chapman; in 1937 he shared the captaincy with Ronnie Bryan. Following Gerry Chalk's death in World War II Valentine captained Kent again between 1946 and 1948 before being succeeded by David Clark.An attacking batsman whose defence improved with experience in the first-class arena, he was particularly strong through the leg side but his Test appearances were limited by the strength of the England team at the time. His highest score, 242, was made for Kent against Leicestershire at Oakham in 1938. A limited bowler, he was an excellent all round fielder equally at home in the covers or catching close to the wicket.During World War II Valentine served with the Royal West Kent Regiment and was awarded the Military Cross \"in recognition of gallant and distinguished services in North Africa\".[4] He returned to cricket despite being badly wounded during hostilities. He was President of Kent County Cricket Club in 1967 and served on the cricket committee for many years.His sister, Carol, also played test cricket for England women's cricket team.","title":"Bryan Valentine"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Freshmen's Match At Cambridge\". The Times. No. 44883. London. 3 May 1928. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 36180\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 September 1943. p. 4217.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36180/supplement/4217","url_text":"\"No. 36180\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/22173.html","external_links_name":"CricInfo"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/22173.html","external_links_name":"Bryan Valentine"},{"Link":"https://archive.acscricket.com/books/Kent_Cricketers_A_to_Z_Part_Two.pdf","external_links_name":"Available online"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36180/supplement/4217","external_links_name":"\"No. 36180\""},{"Link":"http://www.kentcricket.co.uk/profile/bryan-herbert-valentine/","external_links_name":"Bryan Herbert Valentine"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Jamahiriya_Broadcasting_Corporation
|
Libyan Jamahiriya Broadcasting Corporation
|
["1 Organization","2 Stations","2.1 Television","2.2 Radio","3 Al-Jamahiriya TV","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
State-run broadcasting organization in Libya under the rule of Muammar Gaddafi
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2013)
Libyan Jamahiriya Broadcasting CorporationCountryLibyan Arab JamahiriyaOwnerGovernment of LibyaFormer namesPeople's Revolutionary Broadcasting CorporationAl-Jamahiriya TVTelevisionLJBC RadioRadioAl-Madina TVTelevisionOfficial websitehttps://www.tvlibya.net
Libyan Jamahiriya Broadcasting Corporation (LJBC) (Arabic: الهيئة العامة لإذاعات الجماهيرية العظمى) was the state-run broadcasting organization in Libya under the rule of Muammar Gaddafi. It distributed news in coordination with the Jamahiriya News Agency in accordance with state laws controlling Libya media.
On 22 August 2011, the organization was rendered defunct when its channels were taken off-air by anti-Gaddafi fighters, which had entered Tripoli the previous day.
Organization
The corporation's website and online presence was serviced by fifty employees, mostly journalists. They were organized into four departments; news editing, programming, design, and maintenance and operations, based in offices in Tripoli.
Stations
Television
Stations run by the LJBC include:
Al-Jamahiriya TV – the official state television channel with news and entertainment
Al-Madina TV – an entertainment channel
Al-Jamahiriya Satellite Channel – international satellite channel
Al Mounawaa
Al Hidaya Al Libiya
Al Shababiyah – youth programming
Al Libiya (formerly Al Jamahiriya 2) – a general entertainment channel
Al Badeel
Al Jamahiriya TV English – English speaking channel
Libya Al Riadhiya – Sports channel
Radio
Radio Jamahirya 103.4 MHz – generalist program in Arabic
Voice of the Libyan People – international shortwave radio broadcasts
Al-Jamahiriya TV
This article is about the Libyan state television associated with the Gaddafi government. For an anti-Gaddafi television with "Libya" in its name, see Libya TV.
Television channel
Al-Jamahiriya TVCountryLibyaBroadcast areaInternationalNetworkLibyan Jamahiriya Broadcasting CorporationProgrammingLanguage(s)Arabic, English, French, ChinesePicture formatPALHistoryLaunchedDecember 1968 (original date)2014 (relaunch)Former namesLibyan Television Service (1968-1971)Libyan Arab Republic Television (1972-1977)People's Revolutionary Broadcasting Corp. Television (1977-2001)
Al-Jamahiriya TV was a television channel broadcast by the Libyan Jamahiriya Broadcasting Corporation. The channel broadcast mainly Libyan Aljamahiriya discussions, cultural programs and news bulletins. It was available in three languages: Arabic, English and French.
Emphasis was left to the official Libyan political and government activities, with live coverage of sessions of the People's Congress, speeches of the "Guide of the Revolution" (the official position held by Colonel Gaddafi) and readings of The Green Book, written by the Libyan leader, and published in 1975.
The channel started in the morning and ended in the evening by reading verses of the Quran followed by the national anthem, before giving way to a focus and national radio.
The Libyan national television was broadcast via satellite to the Arab world and Europe via the satellites Arabsat and Hot Bird from 1997.
On 22 August 2011, the station was taken off-air by the National Transitional Council forces, which had entered Tripoli the previous day.
The channel was relaunched in 2012 by the Libyan diaspora from a studio in Cairo, Egypt, but broadcasts were sporadic. Regular broadcasts resumed after Russian oligarch Yevgeny Prigozhin purchased new technical equipments for the TV studio and paid off debts to satellite providers and staff.
See also
Media in Libya
Hala Misrati
References
^ "Libya: Political forces | The Economist". The Economist. 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
^ "Libya rebels say they seize control of state TV". Reuters. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
^ "Around LJBC". Archived from the original on January 15, 2010. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
^ "Television Factbook" (PDF). 1970–71. p. 1048-b. Retrieved 5 May 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
^ "Television Factbook" (PDF). 1972–73. p. 1082-b. Retrieved 5 May 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
^ "Television Factbook" (PDF). 1977. p. 1116-b. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
^ "Television Factbook" (PDF). 1997. p. B-370. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
^ Halliday, Joshua (22 August 2011). "Blank pictures from Libyan state TV augurs moment of change". Guardian. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
^ Vaux, Michael Weiss,Pierre (2019-09-12). "Russia's Wagner Mercenaries Have Moved Into Libya. Good Luck With That". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2023-03-21.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Jamahiriya TV". www.interpretermag.com. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
External links
LJBC homepage (Internet Archive copy as of July 23, 2011: original site is no longer live)
vteMembers of the European Broadcasting UnionActivemembersCurrent
ARD
BR
DLR
DW
HR
MDR
NDR
RB
RBB
SR
SWR
WDR
ARMR
ARMTV
BBC
BHRT
BNR
BNT
ČRo
ČT
CyBC
DR
ENRS
EPTV
ERR
ER
ETV
ERSL
ERT
ERA
GPB
GRF
FMM
FTV
RF
HRT
HR
İCTI
İR
İTV
JRTV
KAN
LNC
LRT
LSM
LR
LTV
MMD
MRT
MTVA
Duna
NPO
AVROTROS
BNNVARA
EO
HUMAN
KRO-NCRV
MAX
NOS
NTR
ON
PowNed
Ster
VPRO
WNL
Zwart
NRK
NTU
ORF
PBS
PR
RAI
ROR
RTBF
RTCG
RTÉ
RTL
RTP
RTS
RTSH
RTT
RT
TT
RTVA
RTVE
RNE
TVE
RTVS
RTVSLO
RÚV
SMRTV
SNRT
SRG SSR
SRT
SR
SVT
UR
SU
TDA
TG4
TL
TRM
TRT
TVM (MC)
TV 2 (DK)
TV 2 (NO)
TVP
TVR
UKIB
C4
ITV
S4C
STV
VR
VRT
Yle
ZDF
Suspended
BTRC
C1R
RDO
MK
OP
VGTRK
Former
A3R
C+
C1O
COPE
CRCA
ČST
E1
ERTT
GRMC
RMC
TMC
IBA (GB)
IBA (IL)
ITA
ITCA
JRT
LJBC
MBA
MR
MTV (FI)
MTV (HU)
NERIT
OFRT
ORTF
RTF
SER
SRo
STV
TDF
TF1
TMC
TV4
UJRT
Associate membersCurrent
ABC (AU)
ABC (US)
ACORAB
APM
C13 (CL)
CBC/SRC (CA)
CBS
CMG
CCTV
CGTN
CNR
CRI
FPA
Free
ICRT
IRIB
KA
KBS
MBC (MU)
NBAB
NBC (US)
NHK
NPR
ORTAS
PART
RB
RNZ
RTHK
RTM
SBS
SMG
TBS
TEME
TVNZ
WFMT
Former
4TA
ABERT
AFMN
AIR
AMÉRICA
ANB
ATEC
ATV
BCB
C7
C12
C13 (AR)
CBC (BB)
CBC (LK)
CMRT
CNN
CPB
CTV
DA
EBC
EMI
EURT
FTN
GBC
GBS
GLOBO
GRTS
IBB
IRV
JBC
JCC
IBTE
KBTS
KNR
LBC
MBC (MW)
MBC (KR)
MBS
MPR
NACB
NAEB
NBC (NG)
NBC (PNG)
NET
NTV
NTVC
NYPR
ORTN
PANTEL
PBC
PTV
QR
QTBC
RCR
RCTV
RD
REI
RN
RNT
RP
RRI
RTC
RTG
RTI
RTM
RTS
RTV
SABC
SABTVS
SLBC
STS
T2
TBC
TCM
TFM/JOAU-FM
TH
TIM
TIME
TSM
TSN
TVA
TVB
TVM (MR)
TVN
TVRI
UAERTVD
USIA
VK
VV
VZ
WGBH
ZBC
ApprovedparticipantsCurrent
Arte
CAT
Cellnex
Euronews
JPMRD
RTV
TV5Monde
Former
Abertis
AH
MEBC
RETE
RTRN
SNTC
URTI
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"Jamahiriya News Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamahiriya_News_Agency"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlLibya:_Political_forces_|_The_Economist-1"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Libyan Jamahiriya Broadcasting Corporation (LJBC) (Arabic: الهيئة العامة لإذاعات الجماهيرية العظمى) was the state-run broadcasting organization in Libya under the rule of Muammar Gaddafi. It distributed news in coordination with the Jamahiriya News Agency in accordance with state laws controlling Libya media.[1]On 22 August 2011, the organization was rendered defunct when its channels were taken off-air by anti-Gaddafi fighters, which had entered Tripoli the previous day.[2]","title":"Libyan Jamahiriya Broadcasting Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlAround_LJBC-3"}],"text":"The corporation's website and online presence was serviced by fifty employees, mostly journalists. They were organized into four departments; news editing, programming, design, and maintenance and operations, based in offices in Tripoli.[3]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Stations run by the LJBC include:Al-Jamahiriya TV – the official state television channel with news and entertainment\nAl-Madina TV – an entertainment channel\nAl-Jamahiriya Satellite Channel – international satellite channel\nAl Mounawaa\nAl Hidaya Al Libiya\nAl Shababiyah – youth programming\nAl Libiya (formerly Al Jamahiriya 2) – a general entertainment channel\nAl Badeel\nAl Jamahiriya TV English – English speaking channel\nLibya Al Riadhiya – Sports channel","title":"Stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"generalist program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalist_channel"}],"sub_title":"Radio","text":"Radio Jamahirya 103.4 MHz – generalist program in Arabic\nVoice of the Libyan People – international shortwave radio broadcasts","title":"Stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaddafi government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Libya#Great_Socialist_People's_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya"},{"link_name":"Libya TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya_TV"},{"link_name":"People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Libya)"},{"link_name":"The Green Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Libya)"},{"link_name":"Arabsat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization"},{"link_name":"Hot Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Bird"},{"link_name":"National Transitional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transitional_Council"},{"link_name":"which had entered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(2011)"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Yevgeny Prigozhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Prigozhin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"This article is about the Libyan state television associated with the Gaddafi government. For an anti-Gaddafi television with \"Libya\" in its name, see Libya TV.Television channelAl-Jamahiriya TV was a television channel broadcast by the Libyan Jamahiriya Broadcasting Corporation. The channel broadcast mainly Libyan Aljamahiriya discussions, cultural programs and news bulletins. It was available in three languages: Arabic, English and French.Emphasis was left to the official Libyan political and government activities, with live coverage of sessions of the People's Congress, speeches of the \"Guide of the Revolution\" (the official position held by Colonel Gaddafi) and readings of The Green Book, written by the Libyan leader, and published in 1975.The channel started in the morning and ended in the evening by reading verses of the Quran followed by the national anthem, before giving way to a focus and national radio.The Libyan national television was broadcast via satellite to the Arab world and Europe via the satellites Arabsat and Hot Bird from 1997.On 22 August 2011, the station was taken off-air by the National Transitional Council forces, which had entered Tripoli the previous day.[8]The channel was relaunched in 2012 by the Libyan diaspora from a studio in Cairo, Egypt, but broadcasts were sporadic. Regular broadcasts resumed after Russian oligarch Yevgeny Prigozhin purchased new technical equipments for the TV studio and paid off debts to satellite providers and staff.[9][10]","title":"Al-Jamahiriya TV"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Media in Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Libya"},{"title":"Hala Misrati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hala_Misrati"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Libya: Political forces | The Economist\". The Economist. 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2011-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.economist.com/node/12717157","url_text":"\"Libya: Political forces | The Economist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist","url_text":"The Economist"}]},{"reference":"\"Libya rebels say they seize control of state TV\". Reuters. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-tripoli-tv-idUSTRE77L3BG20110822","url_text":"\"Libya rebels say they seize control of state TV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Around LJBC\". Archived from the original on January 15, 2010. Retrieved 2011-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100115005202/https://www.tvlibya.net","url_text":"\"Around LJBC\""},{"url":"https://www.tvlibya.net/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Television Factbook\" (PDF). 1970–71. p. 1048-b. Retrieved 5 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1970-71-TV-Factbook/TV-Factbook-1970-71.pdf","url_text":"\"Television Factbook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Television Factbook\" (PDF). 1972–73. p. 1082-b. Retrieved 5 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1972-73-TV-Factbook/Television-Factbook-1972-73.pdf","url_text":"\"Television Factbook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Television Factbook\" (PDF). 1977. p. 1116-b. Retrieved 5 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1977-TV-Factbook/1977-TV-Factbook.pdf","url_text":"\"Television Factbook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Television Factbook\" (PDF). 1997. p. B-370. Retrieved 5 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1997-TV-Factbook/Television-Factbook-1997-ALL-OTHER.pdf","url_text":"\"Television Factbook\""}]},{"reference":"Halliday, Joshua (22 August 2011). \"Blank pictures from Libyan state TV augurs moment of change\". Guardian. Retrieved 22 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/aug/22/blank-pictures-libya-state-tv","url_text":"\"Blank pictures from Libyan state TV augurs moment of change\""}]},{"reference":"Vaux, Michael Weiss,Pierre (2019-09-12). \"Russia's Wagner Mercenaries Have Moved Into Libya. Good Luck With That\". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2023-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/russias-wagner-mercenaries-have-moved-into-libya-good-luck-with-that","url_text":"\"Russia's Wagner Mercenaries Have Moved Into Libya. Good Luck With That\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jamahiriya TV\". www.interpretermag.com. Retrieved 2023-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interpretermag.com/jamahiriya-tv/","url_text":"\"Jamahiriya TV\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.tvlibya.net/","external_links_name":"https://www.tvlibya.net"},{"Link":"http://www.economist.com/node/12717157","external_links_name":"\"Libya: Political forces | The Economist\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-tripoli-tv-idUSTRE77L3BG20110822","external_links_name":"\"Libya rebels say they seize control of state TV\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100115005202/https://www.tvlibya.net","external_links_name":"\"Around LJBC\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvlibya.net/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1970-71-TV-Factbook/TV-Factbook-1970-71.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Television Factbook\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1972-73-TV-Factbook/Television-Factbook-1972-73.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Television Factbook\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1977-TV-Factbook/1977-TV-Factbook.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Television Factbook\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1997-TV-Factbook/Television-Factbook-1997-ALL-OTHER.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Television Factbook\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/aug/22/blank-pictures-libya-state-tv","external_links_name":"\"Blank pictures from Libyan state TV augurs moment of change\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/russias-wagner-mercenaries-have-moved-into-libya-good-luck-with-that","external_links_name":"\"Russia's Wagner Mercenaries Have Moved Into Libya. Good Luck With That\""},{"Link":"https://www.interpretermag.com/jamahiriya-tv/","external_links_name":"\"Jamahiriya TV\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723184538/https://www.tvlibya.net","external_links_name":"LJBC homepage"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baumea_juncea
|
Machaerina juncea
|
["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","3 Distribution","4 References"]
|
Species of grass-like plant
Bare twig-rush
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Monocots
Clade:
Commelinids
Order:
Poales
Family:
Cyperaceae
Genus:
Machaerina
Species:
M. juncea
Binomial name
Machaerina juncea(R.Br.) T.Koyama
Synonyms
Baumea juncea (R.Br.) Palla
Chapelliera juncea (R.Br.) Nees
Cladium junceum R.Br.
Cladium ouveanum (Däniker) Guillaumin
Gahnia juncea (R.Br.) F.Muell.
Lepidosperma colensoi Boeckeler
Mariscus junceus (R.Br.) Kuntze
Mariscus ouveanus Däniker
Machaerina juncea, commonly known as bare twig-rush or tussock swamp twig rush, is a sedge in the sedge family, Cyperaceae, that is native to Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia.
Description
The grass-like sedge is rhizomatous and perennial. It typically grows to a height of 0.2 to 1.2 metres (0.7 to 3.9 ft) and colonises easily. The woody and shortly creeping rhizome has a diameter of 3 to 10 millimetres (0.118 to 0.394 in) and is covered in light brown papery, loose, imbricate bracts. The terete, rigid, erect, smooth, glaucous culms arise as crowded tufts along rhizome and have one to two distant nodes. The leaves are light brown or reddish sheathing bracts. It blooms between October and March producing brown flowers. Each stiff, erect, spike-like and sparingly branched inflorescence has a length of 25 to 100 mm (1.0 to 3.9 in) and has a much shorter sheathing bract underneath. The red-brown coloured spikelets have a length of 4 to 5 mm (0.157 to 0.197 in) and contain one or two flowers. The oblong to ovoid shaped nut that forms later has a length of 2.5 to 3 mm (0.098 to 0.118 in) and is dark brown to black and orange near the base.
Taxonomy
The species was first formally described by the botanist Tetsuo Koyama in 1956 as part of the work Taxonomic Study of Cyperaceae as published in Botanical Magazine (Tokyo). Many synonyms are known including; Baumea juncea, Chapelliera juncea, Cladium junceum, Cladium ouveanum, Gahnia juncea, Lepidosperma colensoi, Mariscus junceus and Mariscus ouveanus.
Distribution
It is found in New Zealand, commonly found on the North Island and less frequently on the South Island. It is found in coastal areas to lower montane in and around swamps, salt marshes, lake margins and river estuaries.
It is found in coastal areas in all the states of Australia. In Western Australia it is found along coastal areas in the Mid West, Wheatbelt, Peel, South West, Great Southern and Goldfields-Esperance where it grows in water-logged sandy soils.
References
^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 20 February 2018
^ Catalogue of Life, retrieved 21 February 2018
^ a b c "Baumea juncea". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
^ a b c "Machaerina juncea". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
^ "Machaerina juncea (R.Br.) T.Koyama (accepted name Baumea juncea) Baumea juncea (R.Br.) Palla". Alas of Living Australia. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
Taxon identifiersMachaerina juncea
Wikidata: Q15549904
Wikispecies: Machaerina juncea
APNI: 57624
CoL: 3WY7W
EoL: 1116699
GBIF: 5291100
iNaturalist: 323898
IPNI: 310378-1
NSWFlora: Machaerina~juncea
NZOR: ccb0b291-7677-4bcc-a1f2-9ee6046e12c6
NZPCN: 2067
Open Tree of Life: 832048
Plant List: kew-252792
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:310378-1
Tropicos: 100218874
VicFlora: dca31da8-8410-4091-84b5-4fcdf604b057
WFO: wfo-0000464094
Cladium junceum
Wikidata: Q38660634
APNI: 70443
CoL: VNJ2
GBIF: 2709475
IPNI: 303472-1
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:303472-1
Tropicos: 100169148
WFO: wfo-0000356373
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyperaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperaceae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Machaerina juncea, commonly known as bare twig-rush or tussock swamp twig rush, is a sedge in the sedge family, Cyperaceae, that is native to Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia.[2]","title":"Machaerina juncea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FloraBase-3"},{"link_name":"imbricate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"bracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract"},{"link_name":"terete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terete"},{"link_name":"glaucous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucous"},{"link_name":"culms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culm_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FloraBase-3"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ-4"}],"text":"The grass-like sedge is rhizomatous and perennial. It typically grows to a height of 0.2 to 1.2 metres (0.7 to 3.9 ft) and colonises easily.[3] The woody and shortly creeping rhizome has a diameter of 3 to 10 millimetres (0.118 to 0.394 in) and is covered in light brown papery, loose, imbricate bracts. The terete, rigid, erect, smooth, glaucous culms arise as crowded tufts along rhizome and have one to two distant nodes. The leaves are light brown or reddish sheathing bracts.[4] It blooms between October and March producing brown flowers.[3] Each stiff, erect, spike-like and sparingly branched inflorescence has a length of 25 to 100 mm (1.0 to 3.9 in) and has a much shorter sheathing bract underneath. The red-brown coloured spikelets have a length of 4 to 5 mm (0.157 to 0.197 in) and contain one or two flowers. The oblong to ovoid shaped nut that forms later has a length of 2.5 to 3 mm (0.098 to 0.118 in) and is dark brown to black and orange near the base.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tetsuo Koyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetsuo_Koyama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The species was first formally described by the botanist Tetsuo Koyama in 1956 as part of the work Taxonomic Study of Cyperaceae as published in Botanical Magazine (Tokyo).[5] Many synonyms are known including; Baumea juncea, Chapelliera juncea, Cladium junceum, Cladium ouveanum, Gahnia juncea, Lepidosperma colensoi, Mariscus junceus and Mariscus ouveanus.","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ-4"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Mid West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_West_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Wheatbelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatbelt_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"South West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Great Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Southern_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Goldfields-Esperance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfields-Esperance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FloraBase-3"}],"text":"It is found in New Zealand, commonly found on the North Island and less frequently on the South Island. It is found in coastal areas to lower montane in and around swamps, salt marshes, lake margins and river estuaries.[4]It is found in coastal areas in all the states of Australia. In Western Australia it is found along coastal areas in the Mid West, Wheatbelt, Peel, South West, Great Southern and Goldfields-Esperance where it grows in water-logged sandy soils.[3]","title":"Distribution"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 20 February 2018","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-252792","url_text":"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"}]},{"reference":"Catalogue of Life, retrieved 21 February 2018","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/849224f87486307acc64e082911ce4f9/synonym/e5c409f313e0704b4cd70c835f1acbe2","url_text":"Catalogue of Life"}]},{"reference":"\"Baumea juncea\". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.","urls":[{"url":"https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/743","url_text":"\"Baumea juncea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FloraBase","url_text":"FloraBase"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Biodiversity,_Conservation_and_Attractions","url_text":"Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions"}]},{"reference":"\"Machaerina juncea\". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 6 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?id=2067","url_text":"\"Machaerina juncea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Machaerina juncea (R.Br.) T.Koyama (accepted name Baumea juncea) Baumea juncea (R.Br.) Palla\". Alas of Living Australia. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 6 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/943975#names","url_text":"\"Machaerina juncea (R.Br.) T.Koyama (accepted name Baumea juncea) Baumea juncea (R.Br.) Palla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility","url_text":"Global Biodiversity Information Facility"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-252792","external_links_name":"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"},{"Link":"http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/849224f87486307acc64e082911ce4f9/synonym/e5c409f313e0704b4cd70c835f1acbe2","external_links_name":"Catalogue of Life"},{"Link":"https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/743","external_links_name":"\"Baumea juncea\""},{"Link":"http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?id=2067","external_links_name":"\"Machaerina juncea\""},{"Link":"https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/943975#names","external_links_name":"\"Machaerina juncea (R.Br.) T.Koyama (accepted name Baumea juncea) Baumea juncea (R.Br.) Palla\""},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/57624","external_links_name":"57624"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3WY7W","external_links_name":"3WY7W"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1116699","external_links_name":"1116699"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5291100","external_links_name":"5291100"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/323898","external_links_name":"323898"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/310378-1","external_links_name":"310378-1"},{"Link":"https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Machaerina~juncea","external_links_name":"Machaerina~juncea"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/ccb0b291-7677-4bcc-a1f2-9ee6046e12c6","external_links_name":"ccb0b291-7677-4bcc-a1f2-9ee6046e12c6"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=2067","external_links_name":"2067"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=832048","external_links_name":"832048"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-252792","external_links_name":"kew-252792"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A310378-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:310378-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/100218874","external_links_name":"100218874"},{"Link":"https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/dca31da8-8410-4091-84b5-4fcdf604b057","external_links_name":"dca31da8-8410-4091-84b5-4fcdf604b057"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000464094","external_links_name":"wfo-0000464094"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/70443","external_links_name":"70443"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/VNJ2","external_links_name":"VNJ2"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2709475","external_links_name":"2709475"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/303472-1","external_links_name":"303472-1"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A303472-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:303472-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/100169148","external_links_name":"100169148"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000356373","external_links_name":"wfo-0000356373"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglamphu
|
Bang Lamphu
|
["1 History","2 Surrounding places","3 Transportation","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 13°45′8.93″N 100°30′4.1″E / 13.7524806°N 100.501139°E / 13.7524806; 100.501139Neighborhood in Bangkok, Thailand
The last mangrove apple in Bangkok, its name is the origin of Bang LamphuPhra Sumen Fort, one of Bang Lamphu's landmarks located beside to Santi Chai Prakan Park on Phra Athit Road
Bang Lamphu or spelled Banglampoo and Banglamphu (Thai: บางลำพู, pronounced ; in the past, it was often misspelled บางลำภู) is a neighbourhood in Bangkok located in Phra Nakhon District. The history of the Bang Lamphu community dates to the establishment of the Rattanakosin Kingdom, or earlier. Bang Lamphu covers an area north of Phra Nakhon both inside and outside Rattanakosin Island from Phra Athit to Samsen Roads, which leads toward Dusit District. Most of the area of Bang Lamphu is in Talat Yot Subdistrict, some have spread to various nearby subdistricts including Chana Songkhram, Bowon Niwet, Ban Phan Thom up till Wat Sam Phraya.
History
The name "Bang Lamphu" can mean area of mangrove apple (lamphu is Thai for mangrove apple). Mangrove apples (Sonneratia caseolaris) once flourished along waterways in the area, including the Khlong Bang Lamphu and Chao Phraya River. There are no more mangrove apple trees in the local Santi Chai Prakan Park, since the last one died in 2012 from 2011 Thailand floods, but the name Bang Lamphu is still commonly used to describe the area.
Bang Lamphu became a community prior to the Rattanakosin period. It was the residence of royalty, courtiers, vassals and citizens of many ethnic groups, including Thai, Chinese, Mon and Muslims who settled in the vicinity. Once the Khlong Rop Krung canal was excavated, a pier was established at Bang Lamphu by which goods such as vegetables and fruits could be transported from the Thonburi side. Bang Lamphu also became a major market for overland trade via the Khaosan Road and a number of other roads.
The community was home to likay dancers and Thai musicians and was the birthplace of Montri Tramote, a Thai musician recognized as "master of Thai classical music" and National Artist of Performing arts (Thai music).
Bang Lamphu has become a popular tourist destination, especially for Westerners. The Khaosan and Rambuttri Roads feature tourist attractions. Accommodations and dining are available including guest houses, hostels, restaurants, street foods, bars, cafés, clothes, and travel agencies including Thai massage services. For Thai people, Bang Lamphu is also considered to be a hub for notable school uniform stores.
Bang Lamphu, especially Sip Sam Hang Road, the area opposite Wat Bowonniwet Vihara considered as a center of teenagers in 1950s–60s, like Wang Burapha. Since it was home to many restaurants including cafés and ice cream parlours that offer jukebox and television, which were rare appliances in those days. Hence, Bang Lamphu and Sip Sam Hang Road were cited in the 1997 Thai heroic bloodshed film Dang Bireley's and Young Gangsters as a backdrop for the characters in street gang battles.
Surrounding places
Khaosan Road in daytimeKing Taksin Shrine by the Khlong Bang Lamphu
Wat Bowonniwet Vihara
Wat Chana Songkhram
Santi Chai Prakan Park
Phra Sumen Fort
Palace Gate Remnants
Pipit Banglamphu Museum
Maliwan Palace (now the office of FAO)
Phra Athit Palace (now the head office of Manager Daily)
Chao Phraya Palace (now the head office of Manager Daily like Phra Athit Palace)
Wat Sangwet Witsayaram
Hong Uthit Bridge
Duriya Praneet Foundation
Wan Chart Bridge
Khuru Sapha Print Shop
Sor Vorapin Muaythai and Boxing Gym (now closed)
New World Department Store (famous as "Fish Sanctum" in Bangkok, now closed)
Tang Hua Seng Department Store
Masjid Chakkaphong
Norarat Sathan Bridge
Chao Por Nu Joss House
King Taksin Shrine (the only King Taksin shrine in Phra Nakhon side)
BMA Local Museum Phra Nakhon District
Wat Trithotsathep
Ban Phan Thom (the last community of silversmith in Bangkok)
Chana Songkhram Metropolitan Police Station
Coin Museum
National Gallery
Transportation
MRT Purple Line: Bang Khun Phrom Station (PP21) and Democracy Monument Station (PP22) (future extension)
BMTA bus: route A4, S1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 30, 32, 33, 43, 47, 53, 56, 59, 64, 65, 68, 70, 82, 127, 503, 516, 524
Khlong Bang Lamphu Boat Service: Bang Lamphu Pier (under Norarat Sathan Bridge)
Chao Phraya Express Boat: Phra Arthit Pier (N13)
References
^ "จังหวัด"ภูเก็ต"หรือ"ภูเก็จ" ชื่อนั้นสำคัญไฉน?" . Manager Daily (in Thai). 2009-10-12.
^ Meesomsueb, Saksiri (2012-07-22). "ศิลป์แห่งแผ่นดิน : ลำพูต้นสุดท้ายตายแล้ว" . Komchadluek (in Thai).
^ Pralongchoeng, Kilane (2017-10-18). "ลำพู ต้นนั้น" . Thairath (in Thai).
^ Roasa, Dustin (2012-08-10). "The Return of Bangkok's Old Town". The Washington Post.
^ Tiamsoon Sirisrisak and Natsuko Akagawa. "Cultural Rights and Conservation of Old Bangkok" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 100.
^ "Cultural overload in Bangkok's historic districts". Into Asia.
^ "Bangkok river and canal boats". Into Asia.
^ "Khao San Road". Thailand Travel Hub.
^ "พินิจนคร (Season 1) ตอน คลองรอบกรุง" . TPBS (in Thai). 2009-03-23.
^ "Khao San Road". Hotels.com.
^ Thaisuang, Pilan (2016-04-26). ""บางลำพูในความทรงจำ" จากย่านตลาดเก่าสู่สวรรค์ราคาถูกของนักท่องเที่ยว" . Lek-Prapai Viriyaphan Foundation (in Thai).
^ "บรรยากาศการซื้อชุดนักเรียนย่านบางลำพูปีนี้ไม่คึกคัก(คลิป)" . PPTV (in Thai). 2016-05-06.
^ Kasetsiri, Charnvit (2012). Thailand Timeline 1942-2011 (in Thai). Bangkok: Post Books. ISBN 9789742280703.
^ Kongsai, Tanatpong (2015-01-19). "Fish being moved from abandoned department store in Bang Lamphu". The Nation.
^ "ย้อนอดีต 'คลองบางลำพู' เที่ยวคูเมืองคู่กรุงเทพ" . Manager Online (in Thai). 2017-06-13.
External links
Banglamphu in Lonely Planet
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bang Lamphu.
13°45′8.93″N 100°30′4.1″E / 13.7524806°N 100.501139°E / 13.7524806; 100.501139
vteTourist attractions in BangkokPlaces of WorshipBuddhist temples (Wats)
Wat Arun (Temple of Dawn)
Wat Benchamabophit (Marble Temple)
Wat Bowonniwet
Wat Champa
Wat Chana Songkram
Wat Hong Rattanaram
Wat Ko
Wat Kalayanamitr (Big Buddha)
Wat Mahathat
Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen
Wat Pathum Khongkha
Wat Pathum Wanaram
Wat Pho (Reclining Buddha)
Wat Phra Kaew (Emerald Buddha)
Wat Prayurawongsawat
Wat Rakhangkhositaram
Wat Ratchabophit
Wat Ratchaburana (Wat Liap)
Wat Ratchanatdaram
Wat Ratchapradit
Wat Saket (Golden Mount)
Wat Suthat (Giant Swing)
Wat Suwannaram
Wat Traimit (Golden Buddha)
Wat Yannawa
Churches
Holy Rosary Church
Assumption Cathedral
Holy Redeemer Church
Immaculate Conception Church
Santa Cruz Church
Other religious buildings
Bang Luang Mosque (Kudi Khao)
Devasathan
Erawan Shrine
Giant Swing (Sao Chingcha)
Guan Yu Shrine
Guanyin Shrine
Kian Un Keng Shrine
Lak Mueang (City Pillar Shrine)
Leng Buai Ia Shrine
Mariamman Temple
Tiger God Shrine
Ton Son Mosque
Wat Dibayavari Vihara (Kham Low Yi)
Wat Mangkon Kamalawat (Leng Noei Yi)
Wat Bamphen Chin Phrot (Yong Hok Yi)
Palaces
Bang Khun Phrom Palace
Dusit Palace
Grand Palace
Phaya Thai Palace
Suan Pakkad Palace
Thonburi Palace
Museums and Cultural performances
Ban Bu Community
Bangkok Aquarium
Bangkok Art and Culture Centre
Bangkok Folk Museum
Bangkok National Museum
Bank of Thailand Museum
Ban Mo Wan
ChangChui Creative Park
Coin Museum
Jim Thompson House
Khlong Bang Luang Artist House
King Prajadhipok Museum
Lhong 1919
Madame Tussauds Bangkok
M.R. Kukrit's House
Museum of Contemporary Art
Museum Siam
Pavilion of Regalia, Royal Decorations and Coins
Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute
Sala Chalermkrung Royal Theatre
Sea Life Bangkok Ocean World
Siam Commercial Bank, Talat Noi Branch
Silpa Bhirasri National Museum
Siriraj Medical Museum
So Heng Tai Mansion
Thailand Cultural Centre
National Gallery
National Museum of Royal Barges
Markets and Malls
Asiatique
Central Embassy
CentralWorld
Chatuchak Weekend Market
Emporium
EmQuartier
Gaysorn Village
Iconsiam
Khlong Lat Mayom Floating Market
Khlong Toei Market
Kwan Riam Floating Market
MBK Center
Pak Khlong Talat Market (Flower Market)
Pantip Plaza
Patpong Night Market
Pratunam Market (Clothing Market)
River City Shopping Complex
Sampheng
Samyan Mitrtown
Saphan Han (Toys and Ladies Market)
Siam Center
Siam Discovery
Siam Paragon
Siam Square
Soi Lalai Sap
Suan Lum Night Bazaar Ratchadaphisek
Talat Nang Loeng
Talat Phlu
Talat Rotfai
Taling Chan Floating Market
Terminal 21
Tha Din Daeng
Thonburi Market (Sanam Luang II)
Trok Mo Market
Wang Lang Market
Yodpiman River Walk
Bridges, streets and transport facilities
Bangkok railway station (Hua Lamphong)
Bhumibol Bridge (Mega Bridge)
BTS Skytrain
Captain Bush Lane
Chaloem La 56 Bridge (Elephant's Heads Bridge)
Charoen Krung Road
Dinso Road
Don Mueang Airport
Khaosan Road
Krungthep Bridge
Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal
Krung Thon Bridge (Sang Hi Bridge)
Makkhawan Rangsan Bridge
Memorial Bridge (Phut Bridge)
MRT
Odeon Circle
Patpong
Rama VIII Bridge
Ram Buttri Road
Ratchadamnoen Avenue
Royal Plaza
Utthayan Road (Axis Road)
Area and neighbourhoods
Ban Khrua
Ban Lao
Bang Lamphu
Yaowarat (Chinatown)
Dusit
Hua Takhe
Kudi Chin
Nana (Little Arabia)
Phahurat (Little India)
Pratunam
Rattanakosin Island (Old Town Zone)
Royal City Avenue (RCA)
Sam Phraeng
Silom
Soi Cowboy
Talat Noi
Tha Chang
Tha Phra Chan (Amulet Market)
Tha Tian
Thonburi
Thong Lo
Wang Burapha
Parks and gardens
Benchasiri Park
Benjakitti Park
Chatuchak Park
Chulalongkorn University Centenary Park
Lumphini Park
Nagaraphirom Park
Princess Mother Memorial Park
Queen Sirikit Park
Rommaninat Park
Sanam Luang
Santichaiprakarn Park
Suan Luang Rama IX
Suan Luang Rama VIII
Wachirabenchathat Park
World Siam Stadium
Sport venues
Indoor Stadium Huamark
Lumpinee Boxing Stadium
National Stadium
Rajadamnern Stadium
Rajamangala Stadium
Bangkok Arena
Monuments and Memorials
Democracy Monument
Equestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn
Giant Swing
Pig Memorial and Pi Kun Bridge
Victory Monument
Wongwian Yai
Skyscrapers and architectural buildings
Baiyoke Tower II
Bangkok City Library
Customs House
Drum Tower and Clock Tower
Fortifications of Bangkok
General Post Office
King Power MahaNakhon
Ministry of Defence headquarters
Others
Pata Zoo
Safari World
Siam Park City
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BANGKOK_THAILAND_FEB_2012_(6987090673).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Phra_Sumen_(II).jpg"},{"link_name":"Phra Athit Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Athit_Road"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"[bāːŋ lām.pʰūː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Phra Nakhon District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_District"},{"link_name":"Rattanakosin Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Rattanakosin Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattanakosin_Island"},{"link_name":"Phra Athit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Athit_Road"},{"link_name":"Samsen Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsen_Road"},{"link_name":"Dusit District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusit_District"},{"link_name":"Talat Yot Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talat_Yot_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Chana Songkhram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chana_Songkhram_subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Bowon Niwet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowon_Niwet_subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Ban Phan Thom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Phan_Thom"},{"link_name":"Wat Sam Phraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Sam_Phraya_subdistrict"}],"text":"Neighborhood in Bangkok, ThailandThe last mangrove apple in Bangkok, its name is the origin of Bang LamphuPhra Sumen Fort, one of Bang Lamphu's landmarks located beside to Santi Chai Prakan Park on Phra Athit RoadBang Lamphu or spelled Banglampoo and Banglamphu (Thai: บางลำพู, pronounced [bāːŋ lām.pʰūː]; in the past, it was often misspelled บางลำภู)[1] is a neighbourhood in Bangkok located in Phra Nakhon District. The history of the Bang Lamphu community dates to the establishment of the Rattanakosin Kingdom, or earlier. Bang Lamphu covers an area north of Phra Nakhon both inside and outside Rattanakosin Island from Phra Athit to Samsen Roads, which leads toward Dusit District. Most of the area of Bang Lamphu is in Talat Yot Subdistrict, some have spread to various nearby subdistricts including Chana Songkhram, Bowon Niwet, Ban Phan Thom up till Wat Sam Phraya.","title":"Bang Lamphu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mangrove apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove_apple"},{"link_name":"Sonneratia caseolaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonneratia_caseolaris"},{"link_name":"Khlong Bang Lamphu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khlong_Bang_Lamphu"},{"link_name":"Chao Phraya River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River"},{"link_name":"Santi Chai Prakan Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santi_Chai_Prakan_Park"},{"link_name":"2011 Thailand floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Thailand_floods"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_people"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Mon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_people"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Thonburi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thonburi"},{"link_name":"Khaosan Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaosan_Road"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"likay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likay"},{"link_name":"Thai musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Montri Tramote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montri_Tramote"},{"link_name":"National Artist of Performing arts (Thai music)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Artist_(Thailand)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"tourist destination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_destination"},{"link_name":"Westerners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerners"},{"link_name":"Rambuttri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambuttri"},{"link_name":"guest houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_houses"},{"link_name":"hostels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostels"},{"link_name":"restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurants"},{"link_name":"street foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_food_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"cafés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"clothes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes"},{"link_name":"travel agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_agencies"},{"link_name":"Thai massage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_massage"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"school uniform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_uniforms_in_Thailand"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bang-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sip Sam Hang Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sip_Sam_Hang_Road"},{"link_name":"Wat Bowonniwet Vihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Bowonniwet_Vihara"},{"link_name":"Wang Burapha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Burapha"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_film"},{"link_name":"heroic bloodshed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed"},{"link_name":"Dang Bireley's and Young Gangsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dang_Bireley%27s_and_Young_Gangsters"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The name \"Bang Lamphu\" can mean area of mangrove apple (lamphu is Thai for mangrove apple). Mangrove apples (Sonneratia caseolaris) once flourished along waterways in the area, including the Khlong Bang Lamphu and Chao Phraya River. There are no more mangrove apple trees in the local Santi Chai Prakan Park, since the last one died in 2012 from 2011 Thailand floods, but the name Bang Lamphu is still commonly used to describe the area.[2][3]Bang Lamphu became a community prior to the Rattanakosin period. It was the residence of royalty, courtiers, vassals[4] and citizens of many ethnic groups, including Thai, Chinese, Mon and Muslims who settled in the vicinity.[5][6] Once the Khlong Rop Krung canal was excavated, a pier was established at Bang Lamphu[7] by which goods such as vegetables and fruits could be transported from the Thonburi side. Bang Lamphu also became a major market for overland trade via the Khaosan Road[8] and a number of other roads.The community was home to likay dancers and Thai musicians and was the birthplace of Montri Tramote, a Thai musician recognized as \"master of Thai classical music\" and National Artist of Performing arts (Thai music).[9]Bang Lamphu has become a popular tourist destination, especially for Westerners. The Khaosan and Rambuttri Roads feature tourist attractions. Accommodations and dining are available including guest houses, hostels, restaurants, street foods, bars, cafés, clothes, and travel agencies including Thai massage services.[10] For Thai people, Bang Lamphu is also considered to be a hub for notable school uniform stores.[11][12]Bang Lamphu, especially Sip Sam Hang Road, the area opposite Wat Bowonniwet Vihara considered as a center of teenagers in 1950s–60s, like Wang Burapha. Since it was home to many restaurants including cafés and ice cream parlours that offer jukebox and television, which were rare appliances in those days. Hence, Bang Lamphu and Sip Sam Hang Road were cited in the 1997 Thai heroic bloodshed film Dang Bireley's and Young Gangsters as a backdrop for the characters in street gang battles.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KhaoSanRoad.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KING_TAKSIN_SHRINE_STEPS_TO_BANGLUMPOO_CANAL_-_panoramio_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Khlong Bang Lamphu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khlong_Bang_Lamphu"},{"link_name":"Wat Chana Songkhram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Chana_Songkhram"},{"link_name":"Santi Chai Prakan Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santi_Chai_Prakan_Park"},{"link_name":"Phra Sumen Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Sumen_Fort"},{"link_name":"FAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO"},{"link_name":"Manager Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_Daily"},{"link_name":"Wan Chart Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan_Chart_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Sor Vorapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sor_Vorapin"},{"link_name":"New World Department Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Department_Store_(Bangkok)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Masjid Chakkaphong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid_Chakkaphong"},{"link_name":"King Taksin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Taksin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ban Phan Thom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Phan_Thom"},{"link_name":"silversmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silversmith"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_(Thailand)"}],"text":"Khaosan Road in daytimeKing Taksin Shrine by the Khlong Bang LamphuWat Bowonniwet Vihara\nWat Chana Songkhram\nSanti Chai Prakan Park\nPhra Sumen Fort\nPalace Gate Remnants\nPipit Banglamphu Museum\nMaliwan Palace (now the office of FAO)\nPhra Athit Palace (now the head office of Manager Daily)\nChao Phraya Palace (now the head office of Manager Daily like Phra Athit Palace)\nWat Sangwet Witsayaram\nHong Uthit Bridge\nDuriya Praneet Foundation\nWan Chart Bridge\nKhuru Sapha Print Shop\nSor Vorapin Muaythai and Boxing Gym (now closed)\nNew World Department Store (famous as \"Fish Sanctum\" in Bangkok, now closed[14])\nTang Hua Seng Department Store\nMasjid Chakkaphong\nNorarat Sathan Bridge\nChao Por Nu Joss House\nKing Taksin Shrine (the only King Taksin shrine in Phra Nakhon side[15])\nBMA Local Museum Phra Nakhon District\nWat Trithotsathep\nBan Phan Thom (the last community of silversmith in Bangkok)\nChana Songkhram Metropolitan Police Station\nCoin Museum\nNational Gallery","title":"Surrounding places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MRT Purple Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRT_Purple_Line"},{"link_name":"BMTA bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Mass_Transit_Authority"},{"link_name":"route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_bus_routes_in_Bangkok&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khlong Bang Lamphu Boat Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khlong_Saen_Saep_boat_service"},{"link_name":"Chao Phraya Express Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Phraya_Express_Boat"}],"text":"MRT Purple Line: Bang Khun Phrom Station (PP21) and Democracy Monument Station (PP22) (future extension)\nBMTA bus: route A4, S1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 30, 32, 33, 43, 47, 53, 56, 59, 64, 65, 68, 70, 82, 127, 503, 516, 524\nKhlong Bang Lamphu Boat Service: Bang Lamphu Pier (under Norarat Sathan Bridge)\nChao Phraya Express Boat: Phra Arthit Pier (N13)","title":"Transportation"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"จังหวัด\"ภูเก็ต\"หรือ\"ภูเก็จ\" ชื่อนั้นสำคัญไฉน?\" [Province of \"Phuket\" or \"Phukej\", Why are these names important?]. Manager Daily (in Thai). 2009-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manager.co.th/Travel/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9520000120890","url_text":"\"จังหวัด\"ภูเก็ต\"หรือ\"ภูเก็จ\" ชื่อนั้นสำคัญไฉน?\""}]},{"reference":"Meesomsueb, Saksiri (2012-07-22). \"ศิลป์แห่งแผ่นดิน : ลำพูต้นสุดท้ายตายแล้ว\" [National arts : the last mangrove apple is dead]. Komchadluek (in Thai).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.komchadluek.net/news/knowledge/135763","url_text":"\"ศิลป์แห่งแผ่นดิน : ลำพูต้นสุดท้ายตายแล้ว\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komchadluek","url_text":"Komchadluek"}]},{"reference":"Pralongchoeng, Kilane (2017-10-18). \"ลำพู ต้นนั้น\" [That mangrove apple]. Thairath (in Thai).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thairath.co.th/content/1100519","url_text":"\"ลำพู ต้นนั้น\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thairath","url_text":"Thairath"}]},{"reference":"Roasa, Dustin (2012-08-10). \"The Return of Bangkok's Old Town\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/travel/the-return-of-bangkoks-old-town/2012/08/09/c563898e-d821-11e1-b360-33e7ac84e003_story.html","url_text":"\"The Return of Bangkok's Old Town\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Tiamsoon Sirisrisak and Natsuko Akagawa. \"Cultural Rights and Conservation of Old Bangkok\" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 100.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/2011/JSS_100_0k_TiamsoonAkagawa_CulturalRightsAndConservationOfOldBangkok.pdf","url_text":"\"Cultural Rights and Conservation of Old Bangkok\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cultural overload in Bangkok's historic districts\". Into Asia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.into-asia.com/bangkok-historic-districts-cultural-overload","url_text":"\"Cultural overload in Bangkok's historic districts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bangkok river and canal boats\". Into Asia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.into-asia.com/bangkok/boats","url_text":"\"Bangkok river and canal boats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Khao San Road\". Thailand Travel Hub.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thailandtravelhub.com/bangkok/places/khaosan-road/","url_text":"\"Khao San Road\""}]},{"reference":"\"พินิจนคร (Season 1) ตอน คลองรอบกรุง\" [Pinijnakorn (Season 1) ep Khlong Rop Krung]. TPBS (in Thai). 2009-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sanfah.com/portfolio/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3-season-1-%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87","url_text":"\"พินิจนคร (Season 1) ตอน คลองรอบกรุง\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Public_Broadcasting_Service","url_text":"TPBS"}]},{"reference":"\"Khao San Road\". Hotels.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bangkok.com/area-khao-san-road/","url_text":"\"Khao San Road\""}]},{"reference":"Thaisuang, Pilan (2016-04-26). \"\"บางลำพูในความทรงจำ\" จากย่านตลาดเก่าสู่สวรรค์ราคาถูกของนักท่องเที่ยว\" [\"Bang Lumphu in memory\" from the old market neighbourhood to the cheap paradise of tourists]. Lek-Prapai Viriyaphan Foundation (in Thai).","urls":[{"url":"http://lek-prapai.org/home/view.php?id=662","url_text":"\"\"บางลำพูในความทรงจำ\" จากย่านตลาดเก่าสู่สวรรค์ราคาถูกของนักท่องเที่ยว\""}]},{"reference":"\"บรรยากาศการซื้อชุดนักเรียนย่านบางลำพูปีนี้ไม่คึกคัก(คลิป)\" [Atmosphere of buying school uniforms in Bang Lamphu neighbourhood of this year was not bustling (clip)]. PPTV (in Thai). 2016-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pptvhd36.com/news/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99/26839","url_text":"\"บรรยากาศการซื้อชุดนักเรียนย่านบางลำพูปีนี้ไม่คึกคัก(คลิป)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPTV_(Thailand)","url_text":"PPTV"}]},{"reference":"Kasetsiri, Charnvit (2012). Thailand Timeline 1942-2011 (in Thai). Bangkok: Post Books. ISBN 9789742280703.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789742280703","url_text":"9789742280703"}]},{"reference":"Kongsai, Tanatpong (2015-01-19). \"Fish being moved from abandoned department store in Bang Lamphu\". The Nation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Fish-being-moved-from-abandoned-department-store-i-30252160.html","url_text":"\"Fish being moved from abandoned department store in Bang Lamphu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation_(Thailand)","url_text":"The Nation"}]},{"reference":"\"ย้อนอดีต 'คลองบางลำพู' เที่ยวคูเมืองคู่กรุงเทพ\" [Retrace 'Khlong Bang Lamphu' travel to Bangkok city moat]. Manager Online (in Thai). 2017-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://mgronline.com/travel/detail/9600000060323","url_text":"\"ย้อนอดีต 'คลองบางลำพู' เที่ยวคูเมืองคู่กรุงเทพ\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bang_Lamphu¶ms=13_45_8.93_N_100_30_4.1_E_","external_links_name":"13°45′8.93″N 100°30′4.1″E / 13.7524806°N 100.501139°E / 13.7524806; 100.501139"},{"Link":"http://www.manager.co.th/Travel/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9520000120890","external_links_name":"\"จังหวัด\"ภูเก็ต\"หรือ\"ภูเก็จ\" ชื่อนั้นสำคัญไฉน?\""},{"Link":"http://www.komchadluek.net/news/knowledge/135763","external_links_name":"\"ศิลป์แห่งแผ่นดิน : ลำพูต้นสุดท้ายตายแล้ว\""},{"Link":"https://www.thairath.co.th/content/1100519","external_links_name":"\"ลำพู ต้นนั้น\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/travel/the-return-of-bangkoks-old-town/2012/08/09/c563898e-d821-11e1-b360-33e7ac84e003_story.html","external_links_name":"\"The Return of Bangkok's Old Town\""},{"Link":"http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/2011/JSS_100_0k_TiamsoonAkagawa_CulturalRightsAndConservationOfOldBangkok.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cultural Rights and Conservation of Old Bangkok\""},{"Link":"https://www.into-asia.com/bangkok-historic-districts-cultural-overload","external_links_name":"\"Cultural overload in Bangkok's historic districts\""},{"Link":"https://www.into-asia.com/bangkok/boats","external_links_name":"\"Bangkok river and canal boats\""},{"Link":"https://www.thailandtravelhub.com/bangkok/places/khaosan-road/","external_links_name":"\"Khao San Road\""},{"Link":"http://www.sanfah.com/portfolio/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3-season-1-%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87","external_links_name":"\"พินิจนคร (Season 1) ตอน คลองรอบกรุง\""},{"Link":"http://www.bangkok.com/area-khao-san-road/","external_links_name":"\"Khao San Road\""},{"Link":"http://lek-prapai.org/home/view.php?id=662","external_links_name":"\"\"บางลำพูในความทรงจำ\" จากย่านตลาดเก่าสู่สวรรค์ราคาถูกของนักท่องเที่ยว\""},{"Link":"https://www.pptvhd36.com/news/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99/26839","external_links_name":"\"บรรยากาศการซื้อชุดนักเรียนย่านบางลำพูปีนี้ไม่คึกคัก(คลิป)\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Fish-being-moved-from-abandoned-department-store-i-30252160.html","external_links_name":"\"Fish being moved from abandoned department store in Bang Lamphu\""},{"Link":"https://mgronline.com/travel/detail/9600000060323","external_links_name":"\"ย้อนอดีต 'คลองบางลำพู' เที่ยวคูเมืองคู่กรุงเทพ\""},{"Link":"https://www.lonelyplanet.com/thailand/bangkok/banglamphu","external_links_name":"Banglamphu"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bang_Lamphu¶ms=13_45_8.93_N_100_30_4.1_E_","external_links_name":"13°45′8.93″N 100°30′4.1″E / 13.7524806°N 100.501139°E / 13.7524806; 100.501139"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153796093","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007489420005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2001057663","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoba_Yul%C3%BC
|
Tuoba Yulü
|
["1 References"]
|
Prince of Dai
Tuoba Yulü拓跋鬱律Prince of DaiPrince of DaiReign316–321PredecessorUnnamed son of Tuoba PugenSuccessorTuoba HeruDied321Full nameFamily name: Tuòbá (拓跋)Given name: Yùlǜ (鬱律)Regnal namePrince of Dai (代王)Posthumous nameEmperor Pingwen (平文皇帝, honored by Northern Wei)Temple nameTaizu (太祖, honored by Northern Wei)DynastyDai
Tuoba Yulü (Chinese: 拓跋鬱律; pinyin: Tuòbá Yùlǜ; died 321) ruled as prince of the Tuoba Dai 316 to 321.
He was the son of Tuoba Fu, and the father of Tuoba Yihuai and Tuoba Shiyijian. In 310, Tuoba Yulü was ordered by Tuoba Yilu to assist Liu Kun, the Governor of Bingzhou (并州) (modern Shanxi province), to fight the Xiongnu Tiefu chieftain Liu Hu. In 316, Tuoba Yulü became the Prince of Dai upon the death of Tuoba Pugen's unnamed infant son. In 318, he defeated the Tiefu chieftain Liu Hu and also captured some territory from the Wusun. In 321 he was killed in a coup d'état launched by Pugen's widow, Lady Qi. She then installed her son, Tuoba Heru, as the new Prince of Dai.
Yulü at least had two daughters: one married He He (贺纥) the Helan chieftain, one gave birth to Liu Kuren (刘库仁) the future Dugu chieftain.
References
History of the Northern Dynasties
Emperor Pingwen of DaiHouse of Tuoba Died: 321
Chinese royalty
Preceded bySon of Tuoba Pugen
Prince of Dai 316–321
Succeeded byTuoba Heru
vteMonarchs of the Sixteen KingdomsCheng-Han (304–347)
(Li Te)
(Li Liu)
Li Xiong
Li Ban
Li Qi
Li Shou
Li Shi
(Fan Ben)
Han-Zhao (304–329)
Liu Yuan
(Liu He)
Liu Cong
Liu Can
(Jin Zhun)
Liu Yao
(Liu Xi)
Former Liang (318–376)
(Zhang Gui)
Zhang Shi
Zhang Mao
Zhang Jun
Zhang Chonghua
Zhang Yaoling
Zhang Zuo
Zhang Xuanjing
Zhang Tianxi
Later Zhao (319–351)
Shi Le
Shi Hong
Shi Hu
Shi Shi
Shi Zun
Shi Jian
Shi Zhi
(Liu Xian)
Former Yan (337–370)
Murong Huang
Murong Jun
Murong Wei
Former Qin (351–394)
Fu Jiàn
Fu Sheng
Fu Jiān
Fu Pi
Fu Deng
(Dou Chong)
Fu Chong
Later Yan (384–409)
Murong Chui
Murong Bao
(Murong Xiang
Murong Lin
Lan Han)
Murong Sheng
Murong Xi
Murong Yun
Later Qin (384–417)
Yao Chang
Yao Xing
Yao Hong
Western Qin (385–431)
Qifu Guoren
Qifu Qiangui
Qifu Chipan
Qifu Mumo
Later Liang (386–403)
Lü Guang
(Lü Shao)
Lü Zuan
Lü Long
Southern Liang (397–414)
Tufa Wugu
Tufa Lilugu
Tufa Rutan
Northern Liang (397–460)
Duan Ye
Juqu Mengxun
Juqu Mujian
(Juqu Wuhui)
(Juqu Anzhou)
Southern Yan (398–410)
Murong De
Murong Chao
Western Liang (400–421)
Li Gao
Li Xin
Li Xun
Xia (407–431)
Helian Bobo
Helian Chang
Helian Ding
Northern Yan (407–436)
Gao Yun
Feng Ba
Feng Hong
Chouchi (296–443)
Yang Maosou
Yang Nandi
Yang Yi
Yang Chu
Yang Guo
Yang Jun
Yang Shi
(Yang Tong)
Yang Cuan
Yang Ding
Yang Sheng
Yang Xuan
Yang Baozong
Yang Nandang
Yang Baochi
Dai (310–376)
Tuoba Yilu
Tuoba Pugen
Son of Tuoba Pugen
Tuoba Yulü
Tuoba Heru
Tuoba Hena
Tuoba Yihuai
Tuoba Hena (2nd reign)
Tuoba Yihuai (2nd reign)
Tuoba Shiyijian
Ran Wei (350–352)
Ran Min
(Ran Zhi)
Duan Qi (350–356)
Duan Kan
Western Yan (384–394)
Murong Hong
Murong Chong
Duan Sui
Murong Yi
Murong Yao
Murong Zhong
Murong Yong
Zhai Wei (388–392)
Zhai Liao
Zhai Zhao
Huan Chu (403–404)
Huan Xuan
Western Shu (405–413)
Qiao Zong
Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → ROC / PRC
vteEmperors of Northern Wei, Eastern Wei and Western Wei (includes chieftains of the Tuoba clan and rulers of the state of Dai)Chieftains of the Tuoba clanUnified rule
Tuoba Mao
Tuoba Huo
Tuoba Guan
Tuoba Lou
Tuoba Yue
Tuoba Tuiyin
Tuoba Li
Tuoba Qi
Tuoba Si
Tuoba Ji
Tuoba Gai
Tuoba Kuai
Tuoba Lin
Tuoba Jiefen
Tuoba Liwei
Tuoba Shamohan
Tuoba Xilu
Tuoba Chuo
Tuoba Fu
Divided ruleEastern areaTuoba LuguanCentral area
Tuoba Yituo
Tuoba Pugen
Western areaTuoba YiluRe-unified ruleTuoba YiluRulers of Dai
Tuoba Yilu
Tuoba Pugen
Son of Tuoba Pugen
Tuoba Yulü
Tuoba Heru
Tuoba Hena
Tuoba Yihuai
Tuoba Hena (re-succession)
Tuoba Yihuai (restoration)
Tuoba Shiyijian
Emperor Daowu
Emperors of Northern WeiPosthumouslyhonouredHonoured
Tuoba Shi
Tuoba Huang
Yuan Shao
Yuan Yu
Yuan Huai
Honoured then posthumousand temple name retractedYuan XieRuling
Emperor Daowu
Emperor Mingyuan
Emperor Taiwu
Prince Yin of Nan'an
Emperor Wencheng
Emperor Xianwen
Emperor Xiaowen
Emperor Xuanwu
Emperor Xiaoming
Daughter
Youzhu
Emperor Xiaozhuang
Prince of Changguang
Emperor Jiemin
Emperor Houfei
Emperor Xiaowu
Self-proclaimed
Yuan Yu
Yuan Faseng
Yuan Hao
Yuan Yue
Emperors of Eastern WeiEmperor XiaojingEmperors of Western WeiPosthumouslyhonouredYuan YuRuling
Emperor Wen
Emperor Fei
Emperor Gong
This biography of a member of a noble house or article about nobility is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Tuoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoba"},{"link_name":"Dai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)"},{"link_name":"Tuoba Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoba_Fu"},{"link_name":"Tuoba Yihuai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoba_Yihuai"},{"link_name":"Tuoba Shiyijian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoba_Shiyijian"},{"link_name":"Tuoba Yilu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoba_Yilu"},{"link_name":"Liu Kun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Kun_(Jin_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Tiefu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiefu"},{"link_name":"Liu Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Hu"},{"link_name":"Tuoba Pugen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoba_Pugen"},{"link_name":"unnamed infant son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Tuoba_Pugen"},{"link_name":"Wusun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wusun"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Lady Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Dowager_Qi"},{"link_name":"Tuoba Heru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoba_Heru"},{"link_name":"He He","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=He_He&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BA%E7%BA%A5"},{"link_name":"Helan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helan_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%80%E8%98%AD%E9%83%A8"},{"link_name":"Liu Kuren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liu_Kuren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%81"},{"link_name":"Dugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugu_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E5%AD%A4%E9%83%A8"}],"text":"Tuoba Yulü (Chinese: 拓跋鬱律; pinyin: Tuòbá Yùlǜ; died 321) ruled as prince of the Tuoba Dai 316 to 321.He was the son of Tuoba Fu, and the father of Tuoba Yihuai and Tuoba Shiyijian. In 310, Tuoba Yulü was ordered by Tuoba Yilu to assist Liu Kun, the Governor of Bingzhou (并州) (modern Shanxi province), to fight the Xiongnu Tiefu chieftain Liu Hu. In 316, Tuoba Yulü became the Prince of Dai upon the death of Tuoba Pugen's unnamed infant son. In 318, he defeated the Tiefu chieftain Liu Hu and also captured some territory from the Wusun. In 321 he was killed in a coup d'état launched by Pugen's widow, Lady Qi. She then installed her son, Tuoba Heru, as the new Prince of Dai.Yulü at least had two daughters: one married He He [zh] (贺纥) the Helan [zh] chieftain, one gave birth to Liu Kuren [zh] (刘库仁) the future Dugu [zh] chieftain.","title":"Tuoba Yulü"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuoba_Yul%C3%BC&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s_1984_Olympics_promotion
|
McDonald's 1984 Olympics promotion
|
["1 History","2 Cultural references","3 References"]
|
1984 marketing promotion by McDonald's
Several restaurants struggled to keep up with customers trading in their promotion cards for Big Macs, as the American Olympic Team raked in gold medals.
The McDonald's 1984 Olympics promotion was a food giveaway blunder that ended up costing the fast-food restaurant chain much more than expected, when the Soviet Union and their Eastern Bloc countries boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.
History
With a history of using athletic prowess to sell fast food products, American restaurant chain McDonald's purchased major sponsor status for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, in addition to sponsoring several American teams competing at the event. McDonald's also invested in a major advertising campaign around the event. In addition to the sponsorships and advertising, McDonald's prepared to repeat a successful giveaway promotion they deployed during the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montréal, Quebec, Canada, where customers were offered a chance to win products when the American team won a medal.
In preparation for the promotion, McDonald's had scratch-off cards printed with different Olympic events. The cards were handed to customers at concessions in the United States and they could be redeemed for a specific food item if the American Olympic Team won a medal at that specific event. A gold medal was worth a Big Mac, silver an order of french fries, and bronze a Coca-Cola. The slogan "When the U.S. Wins, You Win." was adopted for the campaign. McDonald's had made their cost estimates for the promotion based on the American medal count at the 1976 Montreal Olympics, which was 94 medals, this included 34 gold medals.
McDonald's promotion campaign was given an unexpected boost when the Soviet Union, along with the thirteen Eastern Bloc countries, boycotted the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics in retaliation for the United States' boycotting of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Russia as a protest against the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. Iran and Libya also declined to participate for other reasons. With several of the Olympic powerhouse teams absent, the U.S. easily dominated the Olympic Games and walked away with 174 medals, 83 of them gold.
As the Games started and the American teams conquered podiums, customers were enthusiastic about exchanging their cards for free food. More cards were being handed out with each new order, offering more giveaway opportunities. Some 6,600 outlets reportedly faced shortages of the promoted items, especially the Big Macs.
McDonald's have been discreet about the cost of the promotion, saying only it was the most expensive promotion in the franchise's history to date. Marketing experts estimate it in the millions of dollars, especially since the chain normally makes a generous profit on each of the Big Macs it was now handing out for free.
Despite the financial costs incurred in 1984, McDonald's repeated the "When the U.S. Wins, You Win" food prize promotion using the same game-piece format in both 1988 and 1996. McDonald's would continue its partnership with the Olympic Games until 2017.
Cultural references
The Simpsons parodied the McDonald's campaign in the 1992 episode "Lisa's First Word". In the episode, which involves a flashback to 1984, Krusty the Clown's Krusty Burger chain holds a promotion for the 1984 Olympic Games. The promotion involves "scratch-and-win" cards which reveal an event. Like the McDonald's game, if the U.S. Olympic Team won gold in that event, the card could be redeemed for a free Krusty Burger. But unknown to the public, the cards were rigged on events that athletes from Communist countries are most likely to win. However, when Krusty receives word of the Soviet boycott, his promotional scheme backfires and he ended up losing $44 million from all the free Krusty Burgers given to the citizens of Springfield. On the final day of the Olympic Games, a furious Krusty appears on live TV, smoking and crying, calling his customers "pigs" and vows to personally spit in every fiftieth burger, to which Homer Simpson replies, "I like those odds!".
References
^ a b c d e f O'Reilly, Terry (6 April 2013). "Famous Marketing Blunders". CBC. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^ a b c d e f Hollie, Pamela G. (10 August 1984). "Big Mac's Olympic Giveaway". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-05-18. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
^ a b c d e f g Loc, Tim (11 October 2016). "Let's Remember McDonald's Marketing Disaster In The 1984 Olympics". LAist. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^ a b c Kirk, Ian (18 March 2015). "Fantastically Flawed Marketing Campaigns: McDonald's, 1984 Olympics". Opportunity Marketing. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^ a b c Wharton, David (16 June 2017). "Remember when McDonald's lost big at 1984 Los Angeles Games?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^ a b "1988 McDonald's television advertisement". YouTube. Leo Burnett. 1988. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^ a b "1988 McDonald's television advertisement". YouTube. Leo Burnett. 1988. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^ a b "1996 McDonald's television advertisement". YouTube. Leo Burnett. 1996. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
vteMcDonald's
History
Advertising
marketing campaigns
Countries with franchises
Legal cases
Product list
International availability
McDonald's and unions
People
Richard and Maurice McDonald
Ray Kroc
Joan Kroc
Ralph Alvarez
Charlie Bell
Al Bernardin
Jim Cantalupo
George Cohon
Dan Coudreaut
Steve Easterbrook
Janice L. Fields
Den Fujita
Don Gorske
Jack M. Greenberg
Eikō Harada
Chris Kempczinski
June Martino
Herb Peterson
Michael R. Quinlan
Ed Rensi
Willard Scott
James A. Skinner
Donald N. Smith
Harry J. Sonneborn
Don Thompson
Fred L. Turner
George T. Yang
Company
Hamburger University
Leaps and Bounds
McBarge
McCafé
CosMc's
McDonald's Chicago Flagship
McDonald's #1 Store Museum
McDonald's at the Will Rogers Archway
McDonaldland
Oldest McDonald's restaurant
PlayPlace
Ronald McDonald
Ronald McDonald House Charities
World's Largest Entertainment McDonald's
eCrew Development Program
Ice cream machine
ProductsBeef
Big Mac
Big N' Tasty
Deluxe line
Kiwiburger
Quarter Pounder (McRoyal)
McDouble
Chicken
Chicken McNuggets
McChicken
Snack Wrap
Other
McDonald's french fries
BTS Meal
Filet-O-Fish
Georgie Pie
Happy Meal
McArabia
McFlurry
McGriddles
McMuffin
McPlant
McRib
McVegan
McVeggie
Premium line
Shamrock Shake
Grimace Shake
Former
Arch Deluxe
Buttermilk Crispy Tenders
Fruit and Walnut Salad
McAfrika
AdvertisingCampaigns
Changeables
Donald Land
Global Gladiators
Golden Arches
Mac Tonight
McDonald's Monopoly
McDonald's Treasure Land Adventure
M.C. Kids
McKids
Teenie Beanies
The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald
Grimace's Birthday
Sponsorships
Bubba Wallace (NASCAR)
Graham Rahal (IndyCar Series)
McDonald's 1984 Olympics promotion
McDonald's All-American Game
McDonald's Championship
McDonald's Championship (golf)
McDonald's Cycle Center
McDonald's Gospelfest
McDonald's Super Smash
McDonald's Olympic Swim Stadium
Related
Burger wars
Dreaming in Mono
Fast food advertising
Mac and Me (1988 film)
McDonald's sign (Pine Bluff, Arkansas)
Supersize
Branches
Canada
France
Israel
New Zealand
Pakistan
Philippines
Russia (Vkusno i tochka)
Arcos Dorados Holdings
Westlife Foodworld (India)
Criticism
Fast Food Nation (film)
McDonaldization
McDonald's Video Game
McDonald's and unions
McJob
McRefugee
McLibel
Maxime, McDuff & McDo
Super Size Me
Don't Eat This Book
Legal cases
Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants
Magee v. McDonald's
McDonald's Restaurants v. Morris & Steel
Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald's Corp.
Related
Attacks
San Ysidro McDonald's massacre (1984)
Taiwan McDonald's bombings (1992)
Sydney River McDonald's murders (1992)
Murder of Wu Shuoyan (2014)
Munich shooting (2016)
Magnificent Mile shooting (2022)
McDelivery
Big Mac Index
McDonald's Young Entertainers
McWords
"Seriously McDonalds"
Statue of a Quarter Pounder
Taylor Company
Urban legends
"Boom, Like That"
The Founder (2016 film)
McMillions (2020 documentary series)
List of nicknames for McDonald's
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McDonald%27s_Big_Mac_(23083531891).jpg"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Eastern Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc"},{"link_name":"boycotted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott"},{"link_name":"1984 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"}],"text":"Several restaurants struggled to keep up with customers trading in their promotion cards for Big Macs, as the American Olympic Team raked in gold medals.The McDonald's 1984 Olympics promotion was a food giveaway blunder that ended up costing the fast-food restaurant chain much more than expected, when the Soviet Union and their Eastern Bloc countries boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.","title":"McDonald's 1984 Olympics promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fast food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_food"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"sponsor status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)"},{"link_name":"American teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terry-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"1976 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"scratch-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch-off"},{"link_name":"Big Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mac"},{"link_name":"french fries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_fries"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terry-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laist-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OM-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OM-4"},{"link_name":"94 medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"boycotting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott"},{"link_name":"1980 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terry-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laist-3"},{"link_name":"174 medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terry-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laist-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laist-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terry-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laist-3"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1988ad1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1988ad2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1996ad-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-5"}],"text":"With a history of using athletic prowess to sell fast food products, American restaurant chain McDonald's purchased major sponsor status for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, in addition to sponsoring several American teams competing at the event. McDonald's also invested in a major advertising campaign around the event.[1][2] In addition to the sponsorships and advertising, McDonald's prepared to repeat a successful giveaway promotion they deployed during the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montréal, Quebec, Canada, where customers were offered a chance to win products when the American team won a medal.[2]In preparation for the promotion, McDonald's had scratch-off cards printed with different Olympic events. The cards were handed to customers at concessions in the United States and they could be redeemed for a specific food item if the American Olympic Team won a medal at that specific event. A gold medal was worth a Big Mac, silver an order of french fries, and bronze a Coca-Cola.[1][3][2][4] The slogan \"When the U.S. Wins, You Win.\" was adopted for the campaign.[2][4] McDonald's had made their cost estimates for the promotion based on the American medal count at the 1976 Montreal Olympics, which was 94 medals, this included 34 gold medals.McDonald's promotion campaign was given an unexpected boost when the Soviet Union, along with the thirteen Eastern Bloc countries, boycotted the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics in retaliation for the United States' boycotting of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Russia as a protest against the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. Iran and Libya also declined to participate for other reasons.[1][3] With several of the Olympic powerhouse teams absent, the U.S. easily dominated the Olympic Games and walked away with 174 medals, 83 of them gold.[1][3]As the Games started and the American teams conquered podiums, customers were enthusiastic about exchanging their cards for free food. More cards were being handed out with each new order, offering more giveaway opportunities. Some 6,600 outlets reportedly faced shortages of the promoted items, especially the Big Macs.[3][2]McDonald's have been discreet about the cost of the promotion, saying only it was the most expensive promotion in the franchise's history to date.[5] Marketing experts estimate it in the millions of dollars, especially since the chain normally makes a generous profit on each of the Big Macs it was now handing out for free.[1][3]Despite the financial costs incurred in 1984, McDonald's repeated the \"When the U.S. Wins, You Win\" food prize promotion using the same game-piece format in both 1988 and 1996.[6][7][8] McDonald's would continue its partnership with the Olympic Games until 2017.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"Lisa's First Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%27s_First_Word"},{"link_name":"Krusty the Clown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krusty_the_Clown"},{"link_name":"Krusty Burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krusty_Burger"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_(The_Simpsons)"},{"link_name":"Homer Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_Simpson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laist-3"}],"text":"The Simpsons parodied the McDonald's campaign in the 1992 episode \"Lisa's First Word\". In the episode, which involves a flashback to 1984, Krusty the Clown's Krusty Burger chain holds a promotion for the 1984 Olympic Games. The promotion involves \"scratch-and-win\" cards which reveal an event. Like the McDonald's game, if the U.S. Olympic Team won gold in that event, the card could be redeemed for a free Krusty Burger. But unknown to the public, the cards were rigged on events that athletes from Communist countries are most likely to win. However, when Krusty receives word of the Soviet boycott, his promotional scheme backfires and he ended up losing $44 million from all the free Krusty Burgers given to the citizens of Springfield. On the final day of the Olympic Games, a furious Krusty appears on live TV, smoking and crying, calling his customers \"pigs\" and vows to personally spit in every fiftieth burger, to which Homer Simpson replies, \"I like those odds!\".[3]","title":"Cultural references"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Several restaurants struggled to keep up with customers trading in their promotion cards for Big Macs, as the American Olympic Team raked in gold medals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/McDonald%27s_Big_Mac_%2823083531891%29.jpg/220px-McDonald%27s_Big_Mac_%2823083531891%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"O'Reilly, Terry (6 April 2013). \"Famous Marketing Blunders\". CBC. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/radio/undertheinfluence/famous-marketing-blunders-1.2801816","url_text":"\"Famous Marketing Blunders\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170912194143/http://www.cbc.ca/radio/undertheinfluence/famous-marketing-blunders-1.2801816","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hollie, Pamela G. (10 August 1984). \"Big Mac's Olympic Giveaway\". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-05-18. Retrieved 18 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210518191055/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/10/business/advertising-big-mac-s-olympic-giveaway.html","url_text":"\"Big Mac's Olympic Giveaway\""},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/10/business/advertising-big-mac-s-olympic-giveaway.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Loc, Tim (11 October 2016). \"Let's Remember McDonald's Marketing Disaster In The 1984 Olympics\". LAist. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://laist.com/news/food/mcdonalds-olympics","url_text":"\"Let's Remember McDonald's Marketing Disaster In The 1984 Olympics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210526124841if_/https://laist.com/news/food/mcdonalds-olympics","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kirk, Ian (18 March 2015). \"Fantastically Flawed Marketing Campaigns: McDonald's, 1984 Olympics\". Opportunity Marketing. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://opportunitymarketing.co.uk/blog/fantastically-flawed-marketing-campaigns-mcdonalds-1984-olympics","url_text":"\"Fantastically Flawed Marketing Campaigns: McDonald's, 1984 Olympics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210228013212/https://opportunitymarketing.co.uk/blog/fantastically-flawed-marketing-campaigns-mcdonalds-1984-olympics","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wharton, David (16 June 2017). \"Remember when McDonald's lost big at 1984 Los Angeles Games?\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210730140938/https://www.latimes.com/sports/olympics/la-sp-mcdonalds-olympics-20170616-story.html","url_text":"\"Remember when McDonald's lost big at 1984 Los Angeles Games?\""},{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/sports/olympics/la-sp-mcdonalds-olympics-20170616-story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1988 McDonald's television advertisement\". YouTube. Leo Burnett. 1988. Retrieved 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uCUxz124n4","url_text":"\"1988 McDonald's television advertisement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Burnett_Worldwide","url_text":"Leo Burnett"}]},{"reference":"\"1988 McDonald's television advertisement\". YouTube. Leo Burnett. 1988. Retrieved 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jeHjYr2GBD8","url_text":"\"1988 McDonald's television advertisement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Burnett_Worldwide","url_text":"Leo Burnett"}]},{"reference":"\"1996 McDonald's television advertisement\". YouTube. Leo Burnett. 1996. Retrieved 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbO_dgySwEE","url_text":"\"1996 McDonald's television advertisement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Burnett_Worldwide","url_text":"Leo Burnett"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/radio/undertheinfluence/famous-marketing-blunders-1.2801816","external_links_name":"\"Famous Marketing Blunders\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170912194143/http://www.cbc.ca/radio/undertheinfluence/famous-marketing-blunders-1.2801816","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210518191055/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/10/business/advertising-big-mac-s-olympic-giveaway.html","external_links_name":"\"Big Mac's Olympic Giveaway\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/10/business/advertising-big-mac-s-olympic-giveaway.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://laist.com/news/food/mcdonalds-olympics","external_links_name":"\"Let's Remember McDonald's Marketing Disaster In The 1984 Olympics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210526124841if_/https://laist.com/news/food/mcdonalds-olympics","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://opportunitymarketing.co.uk/blog/fantastically-flawed-marketing-campaigns-mcdonalds-1984-olympics","external_links_name":"\"Fantastically Flawed Marketing Campaigns: McDonald's, 1984 Olympics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210228013212/https://opportunitymarketing.co.uk/blog/fantastically-flawed-marketing-campaigns-mcdonalds-1984-olympics","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210730140938/https://www.latimes.com/sports/olympics/la-sp-mcdonalds-olympics-20170616-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Remember when McDonald's lost big at 1984 Los Angeles Games?\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/sports/olympics/la-sp-mcdonalds-olympics-20170616-story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uCUxz124n4","external_links_name":"\"1988 McDonald's television advertisement\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jeHjYr2GBD8","external_links_name":"\"1988 McDonald's television advertisement\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbO_dgySwEE","external_links_name":"\"1996 McDonald's television advertisement\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-12_Coast-to-Coast_Challenge
|
Coast-to-Coast Challenge
|
["1 Men's Matchups","1.1 2021 Matchup","1.2 2022 Matchups","1.3 2023 Matchups","2 Women's Matchups","2.1 2021 Matchup","2.2 2022 Matchups","3 References"]
|
Collegiate basketball tournament
US LBM Coast-to-Coast ChallengeSportCollege basketballConferencePac-12Big 12Number of teams4 (2 Men's and 2 Women's, 2021)8 (4 Men's and 4 Women's, 2022)6 (Men's, 2023)Current stadiumDickies ArenaCurrent locationFort Worth, TXPlayed2021–presentLast contest2023Most championshipsTexas Longhorns (2) (both Men's and Women's)TV partner(s)ABC (2021)ESPN (2021-2022)ESPN2 (2022)ESPNU (2023)ESPN+ (2023)SponsorsMGM Resorts International (2021)US LBM (2022–2023)Host stadiumsT-Mobile Arena (2021)American Airlines Center (2022)Dickies Arena (2023)Host locationsParadise, Nevada (2021)Dallas, Texas (2022)Fort Worth, Texas (2023)
The Coast-to-Coast Challenge (currently known as the US LBM Coast-to-Coast Challenge for sponsorship reasons and formerly known as the Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge) is an annual set of basketball games played in a neutral stadium. The Challenge was set to launch in 2020, but was postponed a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Challenge is a small-scale spiritual successor to the Big 12/Pac-10 Hardwood Series, which ran from 2007 to 2010. As such, it was originally contested by both men's and women's teams of the Pac-12 and Big 12 conferences, but has since been open to men's basketball teams of all conferences, with the Pac-12 and Big 12 as the main conferences represented. Every match-up within the Challenge has featured a team from Texas.
Men's Matchups
2021 Matchup
Date
Time
Pac-12 team
Big 12 team
Score
Location
Television
Attendance
Dec 19
12:00 p.m.
Stanford
#17 Texas
60–53
T-Mobile Arena • Paradise, Nevada
ABC
1600
WINNER IS IN BOLD.Game Time in Pacific Time.
2022 Matchups
Date
Time
Pac-12 team
Big 12 team
Score
Location
Television
Attendance
Dec 18
12:00 p.m.
Stanford
#7 Texas
72–62
American Airlines Center • Dallas, Texas
ESPN
4700
9:00 p.m.
Washington State
#11 Baylor
65–59
ESPN2
4200
WINNERS ARE IN BOLD.Game Time in Central Time.
2023 Matchups
Date
Time
Pac-12/SEC/MW team
Big 12/WAC team
Score
Location
Television
Attendance
Dec 16
4:00 p.m.
Air Force
UT Arlington
76–73
Dickies Arena • Fort Worth, Texas
ESPN+
3,752
6:30 p.m.
Vanderbilt
Texas Tech
76–54
7,219
9:00 p.m.
Arizona State
TCU
79–59
ESPNU
4,890
WINNERS ARE IN BOLD.Game Time in Central Time.
Women's Matchups
2021 Matchup
Date
Time
Pac-12 team
Big 12 team
Score
Location
Television
Attendance
Dec 19
2:30 p.m.
San Diego(West Coast Conference Team)
#11 Texas
74–58
T-Mobile Arena • Paradise, Nevada
ESPN
WINNER IS IN BOLD.Game Times in Pacific Time.
2022 Matchups
Date
Time
Pac-12 team
Big 12 team
Score
Location
Television
Attendance
Dec 18
2:30 p.m.
USC
Texas
62–48
American Airlines Center • Dallas, Texas
ESPN2
4700
6:30 p.m.
#20 Arizona
#18 Baylor
75–54
WINNERS ARE IN BOLD.Game Time in Central Time.
References
^ "Oregon-Baylor women's matchup added to inaugural Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge".
^ "Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge". MGMResorts.com. MGM Resorts International. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
^ "Matchups announced for inaugural Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge presented by MGM Resorts International".
^ "Quadruple-header set for second annual Pac-12 US LBM Coast-to-Coast Challenge in Dallas".
^ "U.S. LBM Coast to Coast Challenge".
^ "Oregon-Baylor women's matchup added to inaugural Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge". Pac-12.com. Pac-12 Conference. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
^ "Oregon to play Baylor in inaugural Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge". ESPN.com. ESPN. 6 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
vtePac-12 Conference men's basketballTeams
Arizona Wildcats (leaving in 2024)
Arizona State Sun Devils (leaving in 2024)
California Golden Bears
Colorado Buffaloes (leaving in 2024)
Oregon Ducks (leaving in 2024)
Oregon State Beavers
Stanford Cardinal
UCLA Bruins (leaving in 2024)
USC Trojans (leaving in 2024)
Utah Utes (leaving in 2024)
Washington Huskies (leaving in 2024)
Washington State Cougars
Championships & awards
Pac-12 Tournament
Player of the Year
Coach of the Year
Defensive Player of the Year
Freshman of the Year
Most Improved Player of the Year
Sixth Man of the Year
All-Pac-12
Conference challenges
Big 12/Pac-10 Hardwood Series (2007–2010)
Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge (2021–present)
Seasons
1915–16
1916–17
1917–18
1918–19
1919–20
1920–21
1921–22
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
1944–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
vtePac-12 Conference women's basketballTeams
Arizona Wildcats (leaving in 2024)
Arizona State Sun Devils (leaving in 2024)
California Golden Bears (leaving in 2024)
Colorado Buffaloes (leaving in 2024)
Oregon Ducks (leaving in 2024)
Oregon State Beavers
Stanford Cardinal (leaving in 2024)
UCLA Bruins (leaving in 2024)
USC Trojans (leaving in 2024)
Utah Utes (leaving in 2024)
Washington Huskies (leaving in 2024)
Washington State Cougars
Championships & awards
Pac-12 Tournament
Coach of the Year
Player of the Year
All-Pac-12 Teams
Conference challenges
Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge (2021–2022)
Seasons
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
vteBig 12 Conference men's basketballCurrent teams
Baylor Bears
BYU Cougars
Cincinnati Bearcats
Houston Cougars
Iowa State Cyclones
Kansas Jayhawks
Kansas State Wildcats
Oklahoma Sooners (leaving in 2024)
Oklahoma State Cowboys
TCU Horned Frogs
Texas Longhorns (leaving in 2024)
Texas Tech Red Raiders
UCF Knights
West Virginia Mountaineers
Future teams
Arizona Wildcats
Arizona State Sun Devils
Colorado Buffaloes
Utah Utes (all joining in 2024)
Championships & awards
Big 12 men's basketball tournament
Coach of the Year
Player of the Year
Conference challenges
Big 12/Pac-10 Hardwood Series (2007–2010)
Big 12/SEC Challenge (2013–2023)
Big East–Big 12 Battle (2019–present)
Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge (2021–present)
Seasons
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
vteBig 12 Conference women's basketballCurrent teams
Baylor Bears
BYU Cougars
Cincinnati Bearcats
Houston Cougars
Iowa State Cyclones
Kansas Jayhawks
Kansas State Wildcats
Oklahoma Sooners (leaving in 2024)
Oklahoma State Cowgirls
TCU Horned Frogs
Texas Longhorns (leaving in 2024)
Texas Tech Lady Raiders
UCF Knights
West Virginia Mountaineers
Future teams
Arizona Wildcats
Arizona State Sun Devils
Colorado Buffaloes
Utah Utes (all joining in 2024)
Championships & awards
Big 12 Conference women's basketball tournament
Player of the Year
Conference challenges
Big 12/SEC Women's Challenge (2013–2023)
Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge (2021–2022)
Seasons
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
vteNCAA men's college basketball showcasesDivision INeutral
Armed Forces Classic
Atlantis Showcase
Baltimore Showcase
Ball Dawgs Classic
BB&T Classic
Basketball Hall of Fame Invitational
Basketball Hall of Fame Shootout
Big 4 Classic
Big Five Showcase
B1G Super Saturday
Birmingham Showcase
Braggin' Rights
Brooklyn Hoops Winter Festival
CBS Sports Classic
Champions Classic
Chicago Legends
Crossover Classic
Crossroads Classic
Dakota Showcase
Denver Showcase
Empire Classic
Fort Hood Showcase
Glens Falls Showcase
Golden 1 Showcase
Greensboro Showcase
Hall of Fame's Birthday of Basketball
Huntsville Showcase
HoopHall LA
Hoophall Miami Invitational
Hy-Vee Classic
Indianapolis Showcase
InTrust Arena Showcase
Jackson Showcase
Jacksonville Showcase No. 1 & 2
Jersey Mike's Classic
Jayhawk Shootout
Jerry Colangelo Classic
Jimmy V Classic
Kansas City Wildcat Showcase
Kennewick Showcase
Lakeland Showcase
Las Vegas Showcase
Lone Star Shootout
MGM Grand Showcase
Nashville Showcase
Never Forget Tribute Classic
New York Showcase
North Little Rock Showcase
Northeast Ohio Doubleheader Benefitting Coaches vs. Cancer
Oklahoma City Showcase
Orange Bowl Classic
Pac-12 China Game
Palestra Big Ten Showcase
Phil Knight Invitational
Portland Showcase
PPG Paints Arena A 10 Showcase
PPG Paints Arena Showcase
Roc City Hoops Classic
Salt Lake City Showcase
Sanford Pentagon Showcase
The City Game
Under Armour Reunion
Veterans Classic
Wooden Classic
Wooden Tradition
Worcester Showcase
Campus
Bluegrass Showcase
California Bears Classic
Charleston Showcase
Global Sports Invitational
Global Sports Shootout
Golden Gopher Showcase
Gotham Classic
Hardwood Showcase
Orange Express Showcase
Rainbow Classic
Scarlet Knight Showcase
Campus &neutralExempt
Acrisure Classic
Bill Frack Tournament
Brooklyn Hoops Holiday Invitational
Challenge In Music City
Fordham Showcase
High Point University Classic
Holy City Hoops Classic
Indiana Classic
Lone Star Showcase
Men vs. Cancer Classic
MSG Holiday Festival
NIU Showcase
Red Diamond Roundball Classic
San Diego Classic
Sanford Pentagon Showcase
Steve Wright Classic
Tarkett Sports Classic
Non-exempt
Cable Car Classic
EWU Men's Basketball Classic
Fox Sports Pearl Harbor Invitational
South Point Holiday Hoops Classic
Sun Bowl Classic
ConferenceChallengesActive
ACC–SEC Challenge
Big East–Big 12 Battle
Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge
Pac-12/SWAC Legacy Series
Big Sky–Summit Challenge
MAC–SBC Challenge
Defunct
ACC–Big Ten Challenge
Big 12/SEC Challenge
Big 12/Pac-10 Hardwood Series
Gavitt Tipoff Games
Mountain West–Missouri Valley Challenge
SEC–Big East Challenge
Summit League/WAC Challenge
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Big 12/Pac-10 Hardwood Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12/Pac-10_Hardwood_Series"},{"link_name":"Pac-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-12_Conference"},{"link_name":"Big 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12_Conference"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Coast-to-Coast Challenge (currently known as the US LBM Coast-to-Coast Challenge for sponsorship reasons and formerly known as the Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge) is an annual set of basketball games played in a neutral stadium. The Challenge was set to launch in 2020,[1] but was postponed a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The Challenge is a small-scale spiritual successor to the Big 12/Pac-10 Hardwood Series, which ran from 2007 to 2010. As such, it was originally contested by both men's and women's teams of the Pac-12 and Big 12 conferences, but has since been open to men's basketball teams of all conferences, with the Pac-12 and Big 12 as the main conferences represented.[2] Every match-up within the Challenge has featured a team from Texas.","title":"Coast-to-Coast Challenge"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Men's Matchups"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2021 Matchup","title":"Men's Matchups"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2022 Matchups","title":"Men's Matchups"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2023 Matchups","title":"Men's Matchups"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Women's Matchups"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2021 Matchup","title":"Women's Matchups"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2022 Matchups","title":"Women's Matchups"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Oregon-Baylor women's matchup added to inaugural Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge\".","urls":[{"url":"https://pac-12.com/article/2020/03/04/oregon-baylor-womens-matchup-added-inaugural-pac-12-coast-coast-challenge","url_text":"\"Oregon-Baylor women's matchup added to inaugural Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge\". MGMResorts.com. MGM Resorts International. Retrieved 6 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mgmresorts.com/en/entertainment/t-mobile-arena/pac-12-coast-to-coast-challenge.html","url_text":"\"Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matchups announced for inaugural Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge presented by MGM Resorts International\".","urls":[{"url":"https://pac-12.com/article/2021/08/23/matchups-announced-inaugural-pac-12-coast-coast-challenge-presented-mgm-resorts","url_text":"\"Matchups announced for inaugural Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge presented by MGM Resorts International\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quadruple-header set for second annual Pac-12 US LBM Coast-to-Coast Challenge in Dallas\".","urls":[{"url":"https://pac-12.com/article/2022/08/01/quadruple-header-set-second-annual-pac-12-us-lbm-coast-coast-challenge-dallas","url_text":"\"Quadruple-header set for second annual Pac-12 US LBM Coast-to-Coast Challenge in Dallas\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. LBM Coast to Coast Challenge\".","urls":[{"url":"https://dickiesarena.com/event/2023-12-16-us-lbm-coast-to-coast-challenge/","url_text":"\"U.S. LBM Coast to Coast Challenge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oregon-Baylor women's matchup added to inaugural Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge\". Pac-12.com. Pac-12 Conference. Retrieved 6 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pac-12.com/article/2020/03/04/oregon-baylor-womens-matchup-added-inaugural-pac-12-coast-coast-challenge","url_text":"\"Oregon-Baylor women's matchup added to inaugural Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oregon to play Baylor in inaugural Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge\". ESPN.com. ESPN. 6 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/womens-college-basketball/story/_/id/28851203/oregon-play-baylor-inaugural-pac-12-coast-coast-challenge","url_text":"\"Oregon to play Baylor in inaugural Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://pac-12.com/article/2020/03/04/oregon-baylor-womens-matchup-added-inaugural-pac-12-coast-coast-challenge","external_links_name":"\"Oregon-Baylor women's matchup added to inaugural Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge\""},{"Link":"https://www.mgmresorts.com/en/entertainment/t-mobile-arena/pac-12-coast-to-coast-challenge.html","external_links_name":"\"Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge\""},{"Link":"https://pac-12.com/article/2021/08/23/matchups-announced-inaugural-pac-12-coast-coast-challenge-presented-mgm-resorts","external_links_name":"\"Matchups announced for inaugural Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge presented by MGM Resorts International\""},{"Link":"https://pac-12.com/article/2022/08/01/quadruple-header-set-second-annual-pac-12-us-lbm-coast-coast-challenge-dallas","external_links_name":"\"Quadruple-header set for second annual Pac-12 US LBM Coast-to-Coast Challenge in Dallas\""},{"Link":"https://dickiesarena.com/event/2023-12-16-us-lbm-coast-to-coast-challenge/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. LBM Coast to Coast Challenge\""},{"Link":"https://pac-12.com/article/2020/03/04/oregon-baylor-womens-matchup-added-inaugural-pac-12-coast-coast-challenge","external_links_name":"\"Oregon-Baylor women's matchup added to inaugural Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/womens-college-basketball/story/_/id/28851203/oregon-play-baylor-inaugural-pac-12-coast-coast-challenge","external_links_name":"\"Oregon to play Baylor in inaugural Pac-12 Coast-to-Coast Challenge\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Atkins
|
Garrett Atkins
|
["1 Amateur career","1.1 High school career","1.2 College career","2 Professional career","2.1 Colorado Rockies","2.2 Baltimore Orioles","2.3 Pittsburgh Pirates","3 Awards and honors","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American baseball player (born 1979)
Baseball player
Garrett AtkinsAtkins with the Colorado Rockies in 2008Third basemanBorn: (1979-12-12) December 12, 1979 (age 44)Orange, California, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutAugust 3, 2003, for the Colorado RockiesLast MLB appearanceJune 25, 2010, for the Baltimore OriolesMLB statisticsBatting average.285Home runs99Runs batted in488
Teams
Colorado Rockies (2003–2009)
Baltimore Orioles (2010)
Garrett Bernard Atkins (born December 12, 1979) is an American former Major League Baseball third baseman. Between 2003 and 2010, he played for the Colorado Rockies and Baltimore Orioles.
Amateur career
High school career
Atkins attended University High School in Irvine, California. As a senior, he was named the Irvine World News All-City MVP, after posting a .557 batting average, along with a school single-season record 13 home runs.
College career
After being drafted by the New York Mets in 1997 out of high school, Atkins elected to attend college. He was recruited by Pepperdine, USC, Oklahoma State, Cal State Fullerton and UCLA, choosing the Bruins. At UCLA, Atkins majored in sociology and became the first three-time All-American. He began as a first baseman before converting to third base, where he made 51 starts in 1998. However, in 1999, his sophomore campaign, Atkins played first base again and led the team in hits. He was a teammate and roommate of Philadelphia Phillies' second baseman Chase Utley, and along with him, was one of only two Bruins to start every game.
In 1998 and 1999, Atkins played collegiate summer baseball for the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL). He hit .383 in 1998, and in 1999 he was named playoff MVP as he led the Kettleers to the league title. Atkins was inducted into the CCBL Hall of Fame in 2013.
Atkins was drafted in 2000 by the Colorado Rockies in the fifth round (137th overall).
Professional career
Colorado Rockies
Atkins made his Major League debut in 2003 and hit .159 with 0 home runs and 4 RBIs. He fared better in his second stint in the Major Leagues in 2004 hitting .357 with 1 home run and 8 RBIs. Atkins won the Rockies' third base job in 2005 but was placed on the DL with a strained hamstring before the season started. He returned in April and finished 4th in the Rookie of the Year voting after a season in which he topped NL rookies with 221 total bases, 31 doubles, 45 walks, and 45 extra-base hits. He also finished the year with a 16-game hitting streak in September. His final stat line was impressive: .287 batting average, 13 homers, and 89 RBIs. Atkins followed with two strong seasons in 2006 and 2007, where he hit a combined 54 HR and 231 RBI and took part in his only World Series, where the Rockies fell in four games to the Boston Red Sox.
In 2008, Atkins spent much of the season playing first base in the absence of injured teammate Todd Helton, marking a defensive transition to "a more natural position for him." Prior to the start of the 2009 season, Atkins accepted a one-year $7 million contract from the Rockies. He struggled, hitting .226 with nine home runs, and 48 RBIs. With the emergence of Ian Stewart, Atkins became less of a priority in the Rockies long-term plans and was non-tendered on December 12, 2009, officially making him a free agent.
Baltimore Orioles
Atkins agreed to a one-year, $4 million deal with the Baltimore Orioles for 2010. On June 27, the Orioles designated Atkins for assignment. On July 6, he was released.
Pittsburgh Pirates
Atkins agreed to a minor league deal with the Pirates on December 23, 2010. In March 2011, Atkins was released.
Awards and honors
2005 Topps Major League Rookie All-Star Team; 3B
National League Rookie of the Month (June 2005)
References
^ a b c Troy E. Renck (March 18, 2007). "With this sweet swing, hits just keep comin' - The Denver Post". Archived from the original on March 27, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
^ "Q & A with Garrett Atkins". ColoradoRockies.com. July 24, 2006. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
^ a b Fraley, Gerry (October 5, 2007). "The friendship baseball made : rockymountainnews.com". Archived from the original on November 25, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
^ "1999 Cotuit Kettleers". thebaseballcube.com. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
^ "Cape Cod Times: Cape Cod Baseball League inducts eight". capecodbaseball.org. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
^ Thomas Harding (August 18, 2008). "Helton's injury leaves void in clubhouse : mlb.com". Retrieved August 18, 2008.
^ Thomas Harding (December 12, 2009). "Rockies part ways with Atkins : mlb.com".
^ "Orioles Sign INF Garrett Atkins | orioles.com: Official Info". Archived from the original on April 6, 2012.
^ Ghiroli, Brittany (June 27, 2010). "Orioles designate Atkins for assignment". MLB.com. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Garrett Atkins.
Biography portalBaseball portal
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
Awards
Preceded byRyan Church
National League Rookie of the Month June 2005
Succeeded byZach Duke
Preceded byChad Tracy
Topps Rookie All-Star Third Baseman 2005
Succeeded byRyan Zimmerman
vteNorthwest League Most Valuable Player
1981: Kevin Coughlon & Tony Gwynn
1982: Phi Strom
1983: Bert Martinez
1984: Sam Haley
1985: Jerald Clark
1986: Dave Nash
1987: Steve Hendricks
1988: Stan Royer
1989: Dave Staton
1990: Matt Mieske
1991: Joe Randa
1992: Larry Sutton
1993: Todd Greene
1994: John Donati
1995: Danny Buxbaum
1996: Robert Zachmann
1997: Dee Brown
1998: Jason Hart
1999: Robb Quinlan
2000: Garrett Atkins & Jamal Strong
2001: J. J. Johnson
2002: Ismael Castro
2003: Conor Jackson
2004: Javier Herrera
2005: Steve Murphy
2006: Cyle Hankerd
2007: Matt Downs & Luis Durango
2008: Daniel Robertson
2009: Drew Biery
2010: Jared Hoying
2011: Joe Panik
2012: Patrick Kivlehan
2013: L. B. Dantzler
2014: Franklin Barreto
2015: Drew Jackson
2016: Eric Filia
2017: Ryan Kirby
2018: Curtis Terry
2019: Blaine Crim
2020: none
2021: Andy Pages
2022: Zac Veen
2023: Jordan Beck
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"third baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_baseman"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rockies"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"}],"text":"Baseball playerGarrett Bernard Atkins (born December 12, 1979) is an American former Major League Baseball third baseman. Between 2003 and 2010, he played for the Colorado Rockies and Baltimore Orioles.","title":"Garrett Atkins"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_High_School_(Irvine,_California)"},{"link_name":"Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlWith_this_sweet_swing,_hits_just_keep_comin_-_The_Denver_Post-1"}],"sub_title":"High school career","text":"Atkins attended University High School in Irvine, California.[1] As a senior, he was named the Irvine World News All-City MVP, after posting a .557 batting average, along with a school single-season record 13 home runs.","title":"Amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drafted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlWith_this_sweet_swing,_hits_just_keep_comin_-_The_Denver_Post-1"},{"link_name":"Pepperdine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepperdine_Waves"},{"link_name":"USC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_Trojans_baseball"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Cowboys_baseball"},{"link_name":"Cal State Fullerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_State_Fullerton_Titans_baseball"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_baseball"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlQ_&_A_with_Garrett_Atkins_|_ColoradoRockies.com:_News-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlWith_this_sweet_swing,_hits_just_keep_comin_-_The_Denver_Post-1"},{"link_name":"first baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"second baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_baseman"},{"link_name":"Chase Utley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Utley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlThe_friendship_baseball_made_:_rockymountainnews.com-3"},{"link_name":"collegiate summer baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_summer_baseball"},{"link_name":"Cotuit Kettleers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotuit_Kettleers"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"CCBL Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Baseball_League#Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"drafted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rockies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlThe_friendship_baseball_made_:_rockymountainnews.com-3"}],"sub_title":"College career","text":"After being drafted by the New York Mets in 1997 out of high school, Atkins elected to attend college.[1] He was recruited by Pepperdine, USC, Oklahoma State, Cal State Fullerton and UCLA, choosing the Bruins. At UCLA, Atkins majored in sociology[2] and became the first three-time All-American.[1] He began as a first baseman before converting to third base, where he made 51 starts in 1998. However, in 1999, his sophomore campaign, Atkins played first base again and led the team in hits. He was a teammate and roommate of Philadelphia Phillies' second baseman Chase Utley,[3] and along with him, was one of only two Bruins to start every game.In 1998 and 1999, Atkins played collegiate summer baseball for the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL). He hit .383 in 1998, and in 1999 he was named playoff MVP as he led the Kettleers to the league title. Atkins was inducted into the CCBL Hall of Fame in 2013.[4][5]Atkins was drafted in 2000 by the Colorado Rockies in the fifth round (137th overall).[3]","title":"Amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Todd Helton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Helton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlHelton's_injury_leaves_void_in_clubhouse_:_mlb.com-6"},{"link_name":"Ian Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Stewart_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agent"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlRockies_part_ways_with_Atkins_:_mlb.com-7"}],"sub_title":"Colorado Rockies","text":"Atkins made his Major League debut in 2003 and hit .159 with 0 home runs and 4 RBIs. He fared better in his second stint in the Major Leagues in 2004 hitting .357 with 1 home run and 8 RBIs. Atkins won the Rockies' third base job in 2005 but was placed on the DL with a strained hamstring before the season started. He returned in April and finished 4th in the Rookie of the Year voting after a season in which he topped NL rookies with 221 total bases, 31 doubles, 45 walks, and 45 extra-base hits. He also finished the year with a 16-game hitting streak in September. His final stat line was impressive: .287 batting average, 13 homers, and 89 RBIs. Atkins followed with two strong seasons in 2006 and 2007, where he hit a combined 54 HR and 231 RBI and took part in his only World Series, where the Rockies fell in four games to the Boston Red Sox.In 2008, Atkins spent much of the season playing first base in the absence of injured teammate Todd Helton, marking a defensive transition to \"a more natural position for him.\"[6] Prior to the start of the 2009 season, Atkins accepted a one-year $7 million contract from the Rockies. He struggled, hitting .226 with nine home runs, and 48 RBIs. With the emergence of Ian Stewart, Atkins became less of a priority in the Rockies long-term plans and was non-tendered on December 12, 2009, officially making him a free agent.[7]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Baltimore Orioles","text":"Atkins agreed to a one-year, $4 million deal with the Baltimore Orioles for 2010.[8] On June 27, the Orioles designated Atkins for assignment.[9] On July 6, he was released.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pittsburgh Pirates","text":"Atkins agreed to a minor league deal with the Pirates on December 23, 2010. In March 2011, Atkins was released.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2005 Topps Major League Rookie All-Star Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topps_All-Star_Rookie_Rosters"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"}],"text":"2005 Topps Major League Rookie All-Star Team; 3B\nNational League Rookie of the Month (June 2005)","title":"Awards and honors"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Troy E. Renck (March 18, 2007). \"With this sweet swing, hits just keep comin' - The Denver Post\". Archived from the original on March 27, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070327212134/http://www.denverpost.com/rockies/ci_5462488","url_text":"\"With this sweet swing, hits just keep comin' - The Denver Post\""},{"url":"http://www.denverpost.com/rockies/ci_5462488","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Q & A with Garrett Atkins\". ColoradoRockies.com. July 24, 2006. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120310084849/http://colorado.rockies.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060724&content_id=1572615&vkey=news_col&fext=.jsp&c_id=col","url_text":"\"Q & A with Garrett Atkins\""},{"url":"http://colorado.rockies.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060724&content_id=1572615&vkey=news_col&fext=.jsp&c_id=col","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fraley, Gerry (October 5, 2007). \"The friendship baseball made : rockymountainnews.com\". Archived from the original on November 25, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Fraley","url_text":"Fraley, Gerry"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091125021620/http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2007/oct/05/the-friendship-baseball-made/?printer=1%2F","url_text":"\"The friendship baseball made : rockymountainnews.com\""},{"url":"http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2007/oct/05/the-friendship-baseball-made/?printer=1/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1999 Cotuit Kettleers\". thebaseballcube.com. Retrieved September 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebaseballcube.com/college/summer/stats.asp?Y=1999&T=Cotuit%20Kettleers","url_text":"\"1999 Cotuit Kettleers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cape Cod Times: Cape Cod Baseball League inducts eight\". capecodbaseball.org. Retrieved September 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://capecodbaseball.org/news/hofnews/?article_id=1652","url_text":"\"Cape Cod Times: Cape Cod Baseball League inducts eight\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas Harding (August 18, 2008). \"Helton's injury leaves void in clubhouse : mlb.com\". Retrieved August 18, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://colorado.rockies.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080818&content_id=3329539&vkey=news_col&fext=.jsp&c_id=col","url_text":"\"Helton's injury leaves void in clubhouse : mlb.com\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas Harding (December 12, 2009). \"Rockies part ways with Atkins : mlb.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://colorado.rockies.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091211&content_id=7802094&vkey=news_col&fext=.jsp&c_id=col","url_text":"\"Rockies part ways with Atkins : mlb.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orioles Sign INF Garrett Atkins | orioles.com: Official Info\". Archived from the original on April 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120406212505/http://baltimore.orioles.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20091222&content_id=7843838&vkey=pr_bal&fext=.jsp&c_id=bal","url_text":"\"Orioles Sign INF Garrett Atkins | orioles.com: Official Info\""},{"url":"http://baltimore.orioles.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20091222&content_id=7843838&vkey=pr_bal&fext=.jsp&c_id=bal","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ghiroli, Brittany (June 27, 2010). \"Orioles designate Atkins for assignment\". MLB.com. Retrieved June 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20100627&content_id=11642170&vkey=news_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb","url_text":"\"Orioles designate Atkins for assignment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070327212134/http://www.denverpost.com/rockies/ci_5462488","external_links_name":"\"With this sweet swing, hits just keep comin' - The Denver Post\""},{"Link":"http://www.denverpost.com/rockies/ci_5462488","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120310084849/http://colorado.rockies.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060724&content_id=1572615&vkey=news_col&fext=.jsp&c_id=col","external_links_name":"\"Q & A with Garrett Atkins\""},{"Link":"http://colorado.rockies.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060724&content_id=1572615&vkey=news_col&fext=.jsp&c_id=col","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091125021620/http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2007/oct/05/the-friendship-baseball-made/?printer=1%2F","external_links_name":"\"The friendship baseball made : rockymountainnews.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2007/oct/05/the-friendship-baseball-made/?printer=1/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thebaseballcube.com/college/summer/stats.asp?Y=1999&T=Cotuit%20Kettleers","external_links_name":"\"1999 Cotuit Kettleers\""},{"Link":"http://capecodbaseball.org/news/hofnews/?article_id=1652","external_links_name":"\"Cape Cod Times: Cape Cod Baseball League inducts eight\""},{"Link":"http://colorado.rockies.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080818&content_id=3329539&vkey=news_col&fext=.jsp&c_id=col","external_links_name":"\"Helton's injury leaves void in clubhouse : mlb.com\""},{"Link":"http://colorado.rockies.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091211&content_id=7802094&vkey=news_col&fext=.jsp&c_id=col","external_links_name":"\"Rockies part ways with Atkins : mlb.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120406212505/http://baltimore.orioles.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20091222&content_id=7843838&vkey=pr_bal&fext=.jsp&c_id=bal","external_links_name":"\"Orioles Sign INF Garrett Atkins | orioles.com: Official Info\""},{"Link":"http://baltimore.orioles.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20091222&content_id=7843838&vkey=pr_bal&fext=.jsp&c_id=bal","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20100627&content_id=11642170&vkey=news_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb","external_links_name":"\"Orioles designate Atkins for assignment\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/player/425548","external_links_name":"MLB"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/_/id/5507","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/a/atkinga01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=1790","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=atkins001gar","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Sleepers
|
Winter Sleepers
|
["1 Plot","2 Production","3 References","4 External links"]
|
1997 German filmWintersleepersTheatrical release posterDirected byTom TykwerWritten byTom TykwerScreenplay byAnne-Françoise PyszoraBased onExpense of Spiritby Anne-Françoise PyszoraProduced byStefan ArndtStarring
Ulrich Matthes
Heino Ferch
Floriane Daniel
Marie-Lou Sellem
Josef Bierbichler
Agathe Taffertshofer
Laura Tonke
Sofia Dirscherl
Werner Schnitzer
Sebastian Schipper
CinematographyFrank GriebeEdited byKatja DringenbergMusic byReinhold HeilTom TykwerJohnny KlimekDistributed byProkino FilmverleihBavaria Film InternationalRelease date
30 October 1997 (1997-10-30)
Running time124 minutesCountryGermanyLanguageGerman
Winter Sleepers (German: Winterschläfer meaning "hibernators") is a 1997 German film directed by Tom Tykwer. It was premiered at the Locarno International Film Festival.
Plot
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The film is set in the deeply snowy alpine winter resort of Berchtesgaden in Bavaria; the story begins shortly after Christmas Day, with five people returning, not all of whom are connected.
Laura, a surgical nurse, and Rebecca, a translator, live together in the house that Laura inherited from her great aunt. René is a projectionist in a cinema. Marco, Rebecca's boyfriend, is a skiing instructor who drives an expensive Alfa Romeo. Theo is a middle-aged farmer who lives with his wife Edith, their daughter, and two sons on a poor farm nearby.
When Marco arrives, he is greeted passionately by Rebecca, and tugged into the house. He leaves his car open outside, with the key still in the ignition. It is the early morning, and René, walking drunkenly home, passes the house, taking pictures, among other things, of Rebecca and Marco having sex inside. Finally, he climbs into the car and drives away. Theo, meanwhile, is taking his horse to the veterinarian, but doesn't let his daughter come with him. He doesn't notice when she sneaks into the horse trailer with the animal. Theo, distracted by his sons calling him on a walkie-talkie and driving on the wrong side of the road, almost collides with René. The Alfa Romeo crashes off the road and into a snowdrift and Rene is not hurt; however, the horse trailer is flipped over and the girl and horse badly injured. Theo is dazed, but René, rather than helping, takes a photo of him, and as he walks off, Theo is stricken by a strange snake-like scar on the back of René's head. When Theo is helped out of his truck by a passing driver, he shoots the injured horse on the spot and takes his daughter to the hospital where Laura works.
There, Laura hears Theo becoming obsessed with finding the man who caused the accident, to prove his own innocence: no-one believes that there was another car, because it is buried under snow. All he remembers was the shape of René's scar. The young girl is operated-on and is in a coma, between life and death.
Meanwhile, Marco reports the car theft to the police and becomes exasperated by their lack of progress, claiming they aren't taking the theft seriously. Rebecca is becoming discontent with her relationship with him; she sees him as taking her for granted, jealous without cause, and lacking ambition. Outside of their passionate sex life, they argue constantly. Laura befriends René after a play in which she was performing; he gives her a free pass for the cinema where he works, and eventually he shows her his photos, which he keeps in an album with numbers and dates. The reason he takes them is his short-term memory problems which were caused by a head injury while serving in the Army; without photos he would have no way of remembering places or people.
Theo and Edith have to shut the farm down because of debt and move to a smaller place near the resort. Theo draws a picture of the shape he remembers, copies it and sticks them up around town, appealing for anyone to come forward if they recognize the scar on the back of the head (like that of René). But Edith takes down all his posters, believing he is only trying to escape his own guilt and explaining that she's ashamed.
Marco has started an affair with Nina, a young student from the skiing class he teaches. He invites her to his boss's house one evening while his boss is out of town, pretending it is his. Later, he has to go to the hospital after burning himself on the coffee machine and is treated by Laura. While he is there, Theo's daughter dies.
Theo, investigating the site of the car crash again, finds the buried car and comes across documents showing Marco to be the owner. Theo goes to Marco's workplace (the ski area) and is told Marco is skiing in the mountains, with Nina. They become separated in fog, and Nina injures herself by falling off a ledge and onto a tree. After falling out of the tree, Nina staggers to Theo's new residence and is tended to by Edith. Desperately trying to find Nina, Marco meets Theo on the mountainside where Theo sets his dog onto Marco. When Marco demands to know what's happening, Theo explains only "You killed her." Not knowing about Theo's daughter, Marco starts to panic about losing Nina. After injuring Theo's aggressive German shepherd, Marco manages to ski hurriedly away before going over the edge of a cliff, and he falls, seemingly forever, into a crevasse in the valley, to his death.
In another coincidence, Rebecca and the injured Nina depart on the same train, but don't know each other. The film ends with the birth of René and Laura's child.
Production
The film is based on the novel Expense of Spirit by Anne-Françoise Pyszora; however, this original story does not contain the character of Theo, and takes place in summer: Tykwer felt the film would be more attractive in a snowy winter setting. The story of the two couples is faithful to the novel.
The soundtrack album was released on 3 November 1997 on Ariola Records/BMG. It contains the songs "Untitled #1" by Spain and Fratres by Arvo Pärt. The CD is no longer in print.
References
^ "Winterschläfer: Filmessay von Tobias Kniebe". Archived from the original on 17 May 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
^ "Winterschläfer". Amazon Germany.
External links
Wintersleepers at IMDb
Wintersleepers at AllMovie
Entry at TomTykwer.com
vteWorks by Tom TykwerFeature films
Deadly Maria (1993)
Winter Sleepers (1997)
Run Lola Run (1998)
The Princess and the Warrior (2000)
Heaven (2002)
Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006)
The International (2009)
Three (2010)
Cloud Atlas (2012)
A Hologram for the King (2016)
Short films
True (2004)
Paris, je t'aime (2006; segment "Faubourg Saint-Denis")
Germany 09: 13 Short Films About the State of the Nation (2009; segment "Feierlich reist")
60 Seconds of Solitude in Year Zero (2011; segment)
Writer only
Life Is All You Get (1997)
Producer only
Absolute Giganten (1999)
Soundless (2004)
A Friend of Mine (2006)
Soul Boy (2010)
Nairobi Half Life (2012)
Veve (2014)
Television
Sense8 (2015–2018)
Babylon Berlin (2017–present)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Tom Tykwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Tykwer"},{"link_name":"Locarno International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locarno_International_Film_Festival"}],"text":"1997 German filmWinter Sleepers (German: Winterschläfer meaning \"hibernators\") is a 1997 German film directed by Tom Tykwer. It was premiered at the Locarno International Film Festival.","title":"Winter Sleepers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Berchtesgaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchtesgaden"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Christmas Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Day"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo"},{"link_name":"horse trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_trailer"},{"link_name":"coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma"},{"link_name":"short-term memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_memory"}],"text":"The film is set in the deeply snowy alpine winter resort of Berchtesgaden in Bavaria; the story begins shortly after Christmas Day, with five people returning, not all of whom are connected.Laura, a surgical nurse, and Rebecca, a translator, live together in the house that Laura inherited from her great aunt. René is a projectionist in a cinema. Marco, Rebecca's boyfriend, is a skiing instructor who drives an expensive Alfa Romeo. Theo is a middle-aged farmer who lives with his wife Edith, their daughter, and two sons on a poor farm nearby.When Marco arrives, he is greeted passionately by Rebecca, and tugged into the house. He leaves his car open outside, with the key still in the ignition. It is the early morning, and René, walking drunkenly home, passes the house, taking pictures, among other things, of Rebecca and Marco having sex inside. Finally, he climbs into the car and drives away. Theo, meanwhile, is taking his horse to the veterinarian, but doesn't let his daughter come with him. He doesn't notice when she sneaks into the horse trailer with the animal. Theo, distracted by his sons calling him on a walkie-talkie and driving on the wrong side of the road, almost collides with René. The Alfa Romeo crashes off the road and into a snowdrift and Rene is not hurt; however, the horse trailer is flipped over and the girl and horse badly injured. Theo is dazed, but René, rather than helping, takes a photo of him, and as he walks off, Theo is stricken by a strange snake-like scar on the back of René's head. When Theo is helped out of his truck by a passing driver, he shoots the injured horse on the spot and takes his daughter to the hospital where Laura works.There, Laura hears Theo becoming obsessed with finding the man who caused the accident, to prove his own innocence: no-one believes that there was another car, because it is buried under snow. All he remembers was the shape of René's scar. The young girl is operated-on and is in a coma, between life and death.Meanwhile, Marco reports the car theft to the police and becomes exasperated by their lack of progress, claiming they aren't taking the theft seriously. Rebecca is becoming discontent with her relationship with him; she sees him as taking her for granted, jealous without cause, and lacking ambition. Outside of their passionate sex life, they argue constantly. Laura befriends René after a play in which she was performing; he gives her a free pass for the cinema where he works, and eventually he shows her his photos, which he keeps in an album with numbers and dates. The reason he takes them is his short-term memory problems which were caused by a head injury while serving in the Army; without photos he would have no way of remembering places or people.Theo and Edith have to shut the farm down because of debt and move to a smaller place near the resort. Theo draws a picture of the shape he remembers, copies it and sticks them up around town, appealing for anyone to come forward if they recognize the scar on the back of the head (like that of René). But Edith takes down all his posters, believing he is only trying to escape his own guilt and explaining that she's ashamed.Marco has started an affair with Nina, a young student from the skiing class he teaches. He invites her to his boss's house one evening while his boss is out of town, pretending it is his. Later, he has to go to the hospital after burning himself on the coffee machine and is treated by Laura. While he is there, Theo's daughter dies.Theo, investigating the site of the car crash again, finds the buried car and comes across documents showing Marco to be the owner. Theo goes to Marco's workplace (the ski area) and is told Marco is skiing in the mountains, with Nina. They become separated in fog, and Nina injures herself by falling off a ledge and onto a tree. After falling out of the tree, Nina staggers to Theo's new residence and is tended to by Edith. Desperately trying to find Nina, Marco meets Theo on the mountainside where Theo sets his dog onto Marco. When Marco demands to know what's happening, Theo explains only \"You killed her.\" Not knowing about Theo's daughter, Marco starts to panic about losing Nina. After injuring Theo's aggressive German shepherd, Marco manages to ski hurriedly away before going over the edge of a cliff, and he falls, seemingly forever, into a crevasse in the valley, to his death.In another coincidence, Rebecca and the injured Nina depart on the same train, but don't know each other. The film ends with the birth of René and Laura's child.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anne-Françoise Pyszora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne-Fran%C3%A7oise_Pyszora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Ariola Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariola_Records"},{"link_name":"BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Untitled #1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untitled_*1_(Spain_song)"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_(band)"},{"link_name":"Fratres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fratres"},{"link_name":"Arvo Pärt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The film is based on the novel Expense of Spirit by Anne-Françoise Pyszora; however, this original story does not contain the character of Theo, and takes place in summer: Tykwer felt the film would be more attractive in a snowy winter setting. The story of the two couples is faithful to the novel.[1]The soundtrack album was released on 3 November 1997 on Ariola Records/BMG. It contains the songs \"Untitled #1\" by Spain and Fratres by Arvo Pärt. The CD is no longer in print.[2]","title":"Production"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Winterschläfer: Filmessay von Tobias Kniebe\". Archived from the original on 17 May 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070517153557/http://tomtykwer.de/03_filmographie/35_winterschlaefer/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Winterschläfer: Filmessay von Tobias Kniebe\""},{"url":"http://www.tomtykwer.de/03_filmographie/35_winterschlaefer/index.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Winterschläfer\". Amazon Germany.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.de/dp/B000026G0E","url_text":"\"Winterschläfer\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Sleepers&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070517153557/http://tomtykwer.de/03_filmographie/35_winterschlaefer/index.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Winterschläfer: Filmessay von Tobias Kniebe\""},{"Link":"http://www.tomtykwer.de/03_filmographie/35_winterschlaefer/index.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.de/dp/B000026G0E","external_links_name":"\"Winterschläfer\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120522/","external_links_name":"Wintersleepers"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v158671","external_links_name":"Wintersleepers"},{"Link":"http://www.tomtykwer.com/14-winterschlaefer","external_links_name":"Entry at TomTykwer.com"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_Welsh
|
History of the Welsh language
|
["1 Origins","2 Primitive Welsh (550–800)","3 Old Welsh (800–1150)","4 Middle Welsh (12th–14th centuries)","5 Early Modern Welsh (1500–1588)","6 Late Modern Welsh begins (1588)","7 18th century","8 19th century","9 20th century","9.1 Early census findings","9.2 1921 census and the founding of Plaid Cymru","9.3 Tân yn Llŷn","9.4 Broadcasting in Welsh and the 1931 census","9.5 First Welsh-medium schools","9.6 Welsh Courts Act 1942","9.7 Tynged yr Iaith and the 1961 census","9.8 Flooding of the Tryweryn valley","9.9 Last of the Welsh monoglots","9.10 Influence of Gwynfor Evans","9.11 Welsh Language Act 1993","10 21st century","10.1 Plaid Cymru","10.2 Census data","10.3 Second-home crisis","10.4 Granting of official status","10.5 Negative attitudes in the English media","11 References","11.1 Bibliography"]
|
Development of Welsh language to present day
The history of the Welsh language (Welsh: hanes yr iaith Gymraeg) spans over 1400 years, encompassing the stages of the language known as Primitive Welsh, Old Welsh, Middle Welsh, and Modern Welsh.
Origins
Welsh evolved from British, the Celtic language spoken by the ancient Britons. Alternatively classified as Insular Celtic or P-Celtic, it probably arrived in Britain during the Bronze Age or Iron Age and was probably spoken throughout the island south of the Firth of Forth. During the Early Middle Ages, the British language began to fragment due to increased dialect differentiation, evolving into Welsh and the other Brythonic languages (Breton, Cornish, and the extinct Cumbric). It is not clear when Welsh became distinct.
Primitive Welsh (550–800)
Kenneth H. Jackson suggested that the evolution in syllabic structure and sound pattern was complete by around 550, and labelled the period between then and about 800 "Primitive Welsh". This Primitive Welsh may have been spoken in both Wales and the Hen Ogledd ('Old North'), the Brythonic-speaking areas of what is now northern England and southern Scotland, and may therefore have been the ancestor of Cumbric as well as Welsh. Jackson, however, believed that the two varieties were already distinct by that time.
Old Welsh (800–1150)
Main article: Old Welsh
The Welsh language in documents predating around 1150. The earliest Welsh poetry – that attributed to the Cynfeirdd or 'Early Poets' – is generally considered to date to the Primitive Welsh period. However, much of this poetry was supposedly composed in the Hen Ogledd, raising further questions about the dating of the material and language in which it was originally composed.
Middle Welsh (12th–14th centuries)
Main article: Middle Welsh
Middle Welsh (Cymraeg Canol) is the label attached to the Welsh of the 12th to 14th centuries, of which much more remains than for any earlier period. This is the language of nearly all surviving early manuscripts of the Mabinogion, although the tales themselves are certainly much older. It is also the language of the existing manuscripts of Welsh law. Middle Welsh is reasonably intelligible, albeit with some work, to a modern-day Welsh speaker.
The famous cleric Gerald of Wales tells the story of King Henry II of England. During one of the King's many raids in the 12th century, Henry asked an old man of Pencader, Carmarthenshire, whether he thought the Welsh language had any chance:
My Lord king, this nation may now be harassed, weakened and decimated by your soldiery, as it has so often been by others in former times; but it will never be totally destroyed by the wrath of man, unless at the same time it is punished by the wrath of God. Whatever else may come to pass, I do not think that on the Day of Direst Judgement any race other than the Welsh, or any other language, will give answer to the Supreme Judge of all for this small corner of the earth.
Early Modern Welsh (1500–1588)
Modern Welsh can be divided into two periods. The first, Early Modern Welsh, ran from the early 15th century to roughly the end of the 16th century.
In the Early Modern Welsh Period use of the Welsh language began to be restricted, such as with the passing of Henry VIII's 1536 Act of Union. Through this Act Wales was governed solely under English law. Only 150 words of this Act were concerned with the use of the Welsh language. Section 20 of the Act banned the use of the language in court proceedings and those who solely spoke Welsh and did not speak English could not hold government office. Wales was to be represented by 26 members of parliament who spoke English. Outside certain areas in Wales such as South Pembrokeshire, the majority of those living in Wales did not speak English, meaning that interpreters were regularly needed in order to conduct hearings. Before passing the Act many gentry and government officials already spoke English; however, the Act codified the class ruling of the English language, with numbers who were fluent in English rising significantly after its passing. The Act's primary function was to create uniform control over the now united England and Wales; however, it laid a foundation for the superiority of classes through the use of language. Welsh was now seen as a language spoken by the lower working classes, with those from higher classes seen superior and given roles in government for choosing to speak English over Welsh. This part of the Act was not repealed until 1993 under the Welsh Languages Act.
Late Modern Welsh begins (1588)
Late Modern Welsh began with the publication of William Morgan's translation of the Bible in 1588. Like its English counterpart, the King James Version, this proved to have a strong stabilizing effect on the language, and indeed the language today still bears the same Late Modern label as Morgan's language. Of course, many changes have occurred since then.
Languages of Wales 1750–1900
1750
1800
1850
1900
Key: • Welsh • Bilingual • English
18th century
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2022)
19th century
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "History of the Welsh language" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The 19th century was a critical period in the history of the language and one that encompassed many contradictions. In 1800 Welsh was the main spoken language of the vast majority of Wales, with the only exceptions being some border areas and other places which had seen significant settlement, such as south Pembrokeshire; by the 1901 census, this proportion had declined to a little over half of the population, though the large increase in the total population over the century (due to the effects of industrialisation and in-migration) meant that the total number of Welsh speakers grew throughout the 19th century, peaking in the 1911 census at over one million even as the proportion of the Welsh population that could speak Welsh fell below 50% for the first time.
Especially when compared to other stateless languages in Europe, Welsh boasted an extraordinarily active press, with poetry, religious writing, biography, translations, and, by the end of the century, novels all appearing in the language, as well as countless newspapers, journals and periodicals. An ongoing interest in antiquarianism ensured the dissemination of the language's medieval poetry and prose (such as the Mabinogion). A further development was the publication of some of the first complete and concise Welsh dictionaries. Early work by Welsh lexicographic pioneers such as Daniel Silvan Evans ensured that the language was documented as accurately as possible. Modern dictionaries such as Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru (the University of Wales Dictionary) are direct descendants of these dictionaries.
Despite these outward signs of health, it was during the nineteenth century that English replaced Welsh as the most widely spoken language within the country. Wales, particularly the South Wales Coalfield, experienced significant population growth and in-migration (primarily from England and Ireland), which changed the linguistic profile of some areas (though other areas would remain Welsh-speaking despite the changes).
Welsh held no official recognition and had limited status under the British state. It did not become officially recognised as the language of Wales until the passing of the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011. Learning English was enthusiastically encouraged; in contrast, Welsh was not taught or used as a medium of instruction in schools, many of which actively discouraged the use of Welsh using measures such as the Welsh Not. Welsh was increasingly restricted in scope to the non-conformist religious chapels, who would teach children to read and write in Sunday schools. Individuals such as Matthew Arnold championed the virtues of Welsh literature whilst simultaneously advocating the replacement of Welsh as the everyday language of the country with English, and many Welsh speakers themselves such as David Davies and John Ceiriog Hughes advocated bilingualism, if not necessarily the extinction of Welsh.
By the end of the nineteenth century, English came to prevail in the large cities of south-east Wales. Welsh remained strong in the north-west and in parts of mid-Wales and south-west Wales. Rural Wales was a stronghold of the Welsh language, and so also were the industrial slate-quarrying communities of Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire. Many of the nonconformist churches throughout Wales were strongly associated with the Welsh language.
20th century
Early census findings
By the 20th century, the numbers of Welsh speakers were shrinking at a rate which suggested that the language would be extinct within a few generations.
Welsh-language poster for the First World War-era Derby Scheme (1915)
According to the 1911 census, out of a population of just under 2.5 million, 43.5% of those aged three years and upwards in Wales and Monmouthshire spoke Welsh (8.5% monoglot Welsh speakers, 35% bilingual in English and Welsh). This was a decrease from the 1891 census with 49.9% speaking Welsh out of a population of 1.5 million (15.1% monoglot, 34.8% bilingual). The distribution of those speaking the language however was unevenly distributed with five counties remaining overwhelmingly and predominantly Welsh-speaking:
Anglesey: 88.7% spoke Welsh while 61.0% spoke English
Cardiganshire: 89.6% spoke Welsh while 64.1% could speak English
Caernarfonshire: 85.6% spoke Welsh while 62.2% could speak English
Carmarthenshire: 84.9% spoke Welsh while 77.8% could speak English
Merionethshire: 90.3% spoke Welsh while 61.3% could speak English
Outside these five counties, a further two areas were noted as having a majority who spoke Welsh, those being:
Denbighshire: 56.7% could speak Welsh while 88.3% could speak English
Merthyr Tydfil County Borough 50.2% while 94.8% could speak English
1921 census and the founding of Plaid Cymru
The 1921 census recorded that of the population of Wales (including Monmouthshire), 38.7% of the population could speak Welsh while 6.6% of the overall population were Welsh monoglots. In the five predominantly Welsh-speaking counties, Welsh was spoken by more than 75% of the population, and was more widely understood than English:
Anglesey: 87.8% could speak Welsh while 67.9% could speak English
Cardiganshire: 86.8% could speak Welsh, 72.4% could speak English
Carmarthenshire: 84.5% could speak Welsh while 83.1% could speak English
Merioneth: 84.3% could speak Welsh while 69.5% could speak English
Carnarvonshire: 76.5% could speak Welsh while 73.3% could speak English
Denbighshire was the only other county where a majority could still speak Welsh; here, 51.0% could speak Welsh and 94.0% could speak English. As for larger urban areas, Aberdare was the only one where a majority could still speak Welsh, here 59.0% could speak Welsh while 95.4% could speak English. In Cardiff, Wales's largest city, 5.2% of people could speak Welsh, while 99.7% of people could speak English. At a district level, Llanfyrnach rural district in Pembrokeshire had the highest percentage of Welsh speakers at 97.5%, while Penllyn rural district in Merioneth had the highest percentage of Welsh monoglots, at 57.3%. Bethesda urban district in Caernarfonshire was the most Welsh-speaking urban district in Wales; 96.6% of the district's population could speak Welsh.
The Welsh nationalist party Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru ('the National Party of Wales'; later abbreviated to Plaid Cymru, 'the Party of Wales') was founded at a meeting in the 1925 National Eisteddfod in Pwllheli, Gwynedd, with the primary aim of promoting the Welsh language.
Tân yn Llŷn
Concern for the Welsh language was ignited in 1936 when the British government decided to build an RAF training camp and aerodrome at Penyberth on the Llŷn Peninsula in Gwynedd. The events surrounding the protest became known as Tân yn Llŷn ('Fire in Llŷn'). The government had settled on Llŷn as the location for this military site after plans for similar bases in the English counties of Northumberland and Dorset had met with protests. The prime minister Stanley Baldwin refused to hear the case against basing this RAF establishment in Wales, despite a deputation claiming to represent half a million Welsh protesters. The opposition against "British" military usage of this site in Wales was summed up by Saunders Lewis when he wrote that the government was intent upon turning one of the "essential homes of Welsh culture, idiom, and literature" into a place for promoting a barbaric method of warfare.
On 8 September 1936, the building was set on fire, and the Welsh nationalists Saunders Lewis, Lewis Valentine and D. J. Williams claimed responsibility for the arson. The case was tried at Caernarfon, where the jury failed to reach a verdict. It was then sent to the Old Bailey in London, where the "Three" were convicted and sentenced to nine months' imprisonment. On their release from Wormwood Scrubs they were greeted as heroes by a crowd of 15,000 people at a pavilion in Caernarfon.
Broadcasting in Welsh and the 1931 census
With the advent of broadcasting in Wales, Plaid Cymru protested against the lack of Welsh-language programming and launched a campaign to withhold licence fees. The pressure was successful, and by the mid-1930s more programmes in Welsh were broadcast, with the formal establishment of a Welsh regional broadcasting channel by 1937. However, no dedicated Welsh-language television channel would be established until 1982.
According to the 1931 census, out of a population of just over 2.5 million, the percentage of Welsh speakers in Wales had dropped to 36.8%, with Anglesey recording the highest concentration of speakers at 87.4%, followed by Cardigan at 87.1%, Merionethshire at 86.1%, and Carmarthen at 82.3%. Caernarfon listed 79.2%. Radnorshire and Monmouthshire ranked lowest with a concentration of Welsh speakers less than 6% of the population.
First Welsh-medium schools
See also: Welsh-medium education
The first Welsh-medium primary school was established in Aberystwyth in 1939 by Ifan ab Owen Edwards. Originally a private school named Ysgol Gymraeg yr Urdd composed of only seven children, it later became Ysgol Gymraeg Aberystwyth and now teaches over 400 children. Ysgol Glan Clwyd was opened in 1956 with 94 pupils in Rhyl, becoming the first secondary school with a formal remit to teach through the medium of Welsh. It moved to St Asaph in 1969. In 1949 Cardiff gained its first Welsh medium primary school, Ysgol Gymraeg Caerdydd, renamed Ysgol Bryntaf and moved to Llandaf in 1952. In 1978 Ysgol Glantaf opened, Cardiff's first Welsh-medium secondary school. In 1962 Rhydfelen secondary school was founded, the first Welsh medium secondary school in South Wales (later Ysgol Garth Olwg).
Welsh Courts Act 1942
The Welsh Courts Act was passed in 1942, repealing Henry VIII's earlier laws; this finally permitted limited use of the Welsh language in courts of law.
Tynged yr Iaith and the 1961 census
In 1962 Saunders Lewis gave a radio speech entitled Tynged yr Iaith ('The Fate of the Language'), in which he predicted the extinction of the Welsh language unless direct action was taken. Lewis was responding to the 1961 census, which showed a decrease in the number of Welsh speakers from 36% in 1931 to 26% in 1961, out of a population of about 2.5 million. Meirionnydd, Anglesey, Carmarthen, and Caernarfon averaged a 75% concentration of Welsh speakers, but the most significant decrease was in the counties of Glamorgan, Flint, and Pembroke.
Lewis's intent was to motivate Plaid Cymru to take more direct action to promote the language; however, it led to the formation of Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (the Welsh Language Society) later that year at a Plaid Cymru summer school held in Pontardawe in Glamorgan.
Flooding of the Tryweryn valley
Cofiwch Dryweryn graffiti at Llanrhystud, Ceredigion, on the site of the slogan's first appearance
In 1965 the village of Capel Celyn was drowned in the Tryweryn valley. This created tension between natural resources provision and the protection of cultural identity. This event is commemorated in Wales with the graffitied slogan Cofiwch Dryweryn ('Remember Tryweryn'). The flooding of Tryweryn continues to influence debates on forced removal even today. Songs and poems also pay tribute to the loss and shame of the event.
Last of the Welsh monoglots
In a 1968 newspaper report the existence of a small number of elderly Welsh monoglots in the Llŷn Peninsula of North Wales was described.
Influence of Gwynfor Evans
The leader of Plaid Cymru, Gwynfor Evans, won the party's first ever Parliamentary seat in Carmarthen in 1966, which "helped change the course of a nation". This, paired with the Scottish National Party's Winnie Ewing's winning a seat in 1967, may have contributed to pressure on the Labour prime minister Harold Wilson to form the Kilbrandon Commission. This event may have also contributed to the passing of the Welsh Language Act 1967. The act repealed a provision in the Wales and Berwick Act 1746 that the term "England" should include Wales, thus defining Wales to be a separate entity from England within the United Kingdom. The act allowed the use of Welsh alongside English in courts of law in Wales, partly based on the Hughes Parry Report.
Following the defeat of the "Yes Campaign" for a Welsh Assembly in 1979, and believing Welsh nationalism to be "in a paralysis of helplessness", the Conservative Home Secretary announced in September 1979 that the government would not honour its pledge to establish a Welsh-language television channel, much to widespread anger and resentment in Wales.
In early 1980 over two thousand members of Plaid Cymru pledged to go to prison rather than pay the television licence fees, and by that spring Gwynfor Evans announced his intention to go on hunger strike if a Welsh-language television channel was not established. In early September 1980, Evans addressed thousands at a gathering in which "passions ran high", according to the historian John Davies. The government yielded by 17 September, and the Welsh Fourth Channel (S4C) was launched on 2 November 1982.
Welsh Language Act 1993
The Welsh Language Act 1993 provided a new law for public organisations in Wales to have bilingual schemes, which would be supervised by the Welsh Language Board. Some private sector companies, including British Telecom and British Gas, had already included Welsh-language schemes in company policies before this Act.
21st century
Plaid Cymru
In a speech at the 2000 National Eisteddfod at Llanelli, the Plaid Cymru Assembly Member Cynog Dafis called for a new Welsh-language movement with greater powers to lobby for the language at the Assembly, UK, and EU levels. Dafis felt the needs of the Welsh language were ignored during the first year of the Assembly, and that to ensure the language's dynamic growth a properly resourced strategy was needed. In his speech Dafis encouraged other Welsh-language advocacy groups to work more closely together to create a more favourable climate in which the use of Welsh was "attractive, exciting, a source of pride and a sign of strength". Additionally, Dafis pointed towards efforts in areas such as Catalonia and the Basque Country as successful examples to emulate.
Lord Elis-Thomas, the former president of Plaid Cymru, disagreed with Dafis's assessment, however. At the Urdd Eisteddfod, Elis-Thomas said that there was no need for another Welsh language act, citing that there was "enough goodwill to safeguard the language's future". His comments prompted Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg and many others to call for his resignation as the Assembly's presiding officer.
Census data
See also: Welsh-speaking population
In the 1991 census, the Welsh language stabilised at the 1981 level of 18.7%.
According to the 2001 census, the number of Welsh speakers in Wales increased for the first time in over 100 years, with 20.8% in a population of over 2.9 million claiming fluency in Welsh. Further, 28% of the population of Wales claimed to understand Welsh. The census revealed that the increase was most significant in urban areas, such as Cardiff with an increase from 6.6% in 1991 to 10.9% in 2001, and Rhondda Cynon Taf with an increase from 9% in 1991 to 12.3% in 2001. However, the number of Welsh speakers declined in Gwynedd from 72.1% in 1991 to 68.7%, and in Ceredigion from 59.1% in 1991 to 51.8%. Ceredigion, in particular, experienced the greatest fluctuation with a 19.5% influx of new residents since 1991.
The 2011 census government speaker targets (a 5% increase) were missed and the proportion of Welsh speakers decreased, causing much concern, from 21% in 2001 to 19% in 2011.
For October 2020 to 30 September 2021, the Annual Population Survey showed that 29.5% of people aged three or older were able to speak Welsh, which equates to approximately 892,500 people. However, when the results of the 2021 census were published, they showed a further decrease to 17.8%, equating to 538,000 speakers.
Second-home crisis
The decline in Welsh speakers in Gwynedd and Anglesey (Ynys Môn) may be attributable to non–Welsh-speaking people moving to North Wales, driving up property prices to levels that local Welsh speakers cannot afford, according to Seimon Glyn, a former Gwynedd county councillor with Plaid Cymru. Glyn was commenting on a report underscoring the dilemma of rocketing house prices outstripping what locals could pay, with the report warning that "traditional Welsh communities could die out" as a consequence.
Much of the rural Welsh property market was driven by buyers looking for second homes for use as holiday homes or for retirement. Many buyers were drawn to Wales from England because of relatively inexpensive house prices in Wales as compared to those in England. The rise in house prices outpaced the average earned income in Wales and meant that many local people could not afford to purchase their first home or compete with second-home buyers.
In 2001 nearly a third of all properties sold in Gwynedd were bought by buyers from out of the county, and some communities reported as many as a third of local homes used as holiday homes. Holiday homeowners spend less than six months of the year in the local community.
The issue of locals being priced out of the local housing market is common to many rural communities throughout the United Kingdom, but in Wales, the added dimension of language further complicates the issue, as many new residents do not learn the Welsh language.
Concern for the Welsh language under these pressures prompted Glyn to say "Once you have more than 50% of anybody living in a community that speaks a foreign language, then you lose your indigenous tongue almost immediately".
Plaid Cymru had long advocated controls on second homes, and a 2001 task force headed by Dafydd Wigley recommended that land should be allocated for affordable local housing, called for grants for locals to buy houses, and recommended that council tax on holiday homes should double, following similar measures in the Scottish Highlands.
However, the Welsh Labour–Liberal Democrat Assembly coalition rebuffed these proposals, with the Assembly housing spokesman Peter Black stating that "we frame our planning laws around the Welsh language", adding "Nor can we take punitive measures against second homeowners in the way that they propose as these will have an impact on the value of the homes of local people".
In contrast, by autumn 2001 the Exmoor National Park authority in England began to consider limiting second home ownership there, which was also driving up local housing prices by as much as 31%. Elfyn Llwyd, Plaid Cymru's Parliamentary Group Leader, said that the issues in Exmoor National Park were the same as those in Wales, however, in Wales, there is the added dimension of language and culture. Reflecting on the controversy Glyn's comments caused earlier in the year, Llwyd observed "What is interesting is, of course, it is fine for Exmoor to defend their community but in Wales when you try to say these things it is called racist". Llwyd called on other parties to join in a debate to bring the Exmoor experience to Wales when he said "I really do ask them and I plead with them to come around the table and talk about the Exmoor suggestion and see if we can now bring it into Wales".
By spring 2002 both the Snowdonia National Park (Welsh: Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri) and Pembrokeshire Coast National Park (Welsh: Parc Cenedlaethol Arfordir Penfro) authorities began limiting second home ownership within the parks, following the example set by Exmoor. According to planners in Snowdonia and the Pembrokeshire Coast, applicants for new homes must demonstrate a proven local need or that the applicant had strong links with the area.
Granting of official status
The Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 modernised the 1993 Welsh Language Act and gave Welsh an official status in Wales for the first time, a major landmark for the language. Welsh is the only official de jure language of any country in the UK. The Measure was also responsible for creating the post of Welsh Language Commissioner, replacing the Welsh Language Board. Following the referendum in 2011, the Official Languages Act became the first Welsh law to be created in 600 years, according to the First Minister at the time, Carwyn Jones. This law was passed by Welsh Assembly members only and made Welsh an official language of the National Assembly.
Negative attitudes in the English media
Despite recent progress in recognising the Welsh language, celebrating its use and making it equal to the English language, prejudice still exists towards its use. Many still view it as a working-class language. As the Welsh language is closely tied with Wales's intangible cultural heritage, the Welsh as a people have been targeted. Rod Liddle in The Spectator in 2010 stated that the Welsh are "miserable, seaweed munching, sheep-bothering pinch-faced hill-tribes". In 2018, the same writer mocked the Welsh language in The Sunday Times after the renaming of the Severn crossing: "They would prefer it to be called something indecipherable with no real vowels, such as Ysgythysgymlngwchgwch Bryggy". A Welsh Member of Parliament for Dwyfor Meirionnydd Liz Saville Roberts expressed these concerns that the Welsh are still seen as lower-class citizens. She condemns Liddle's actions to BBC News, to go "out of his way, effectively, to mock Wales, he calls it poor compared to England and mocks that, and then goes on to mock our language". However, this is not the first time this opinion has been shared. In 1997, A. A. Gill expressed the same negative opinion of the Welsh, further describing them as "loquacious, dissemblers, immoral liars, stunted, bigoted, dark, ugly, pugnacious little trolls."
This sentiment has also been held by the TV presenters Anne Robinson and Jeremy Clarkson. Anne Robinson, referring to the Welsh, asked "what are they for?" and that she "never did like them" on the popular comedy programme Room 101 in 2001, at the time hosted by Paul Merton. The controversial ex–BBC presenter Jeremy Clarkson is infamous for his discriminatory remarks against the Welsh people and their language. In 2011, Clarkson expressed his opinion in his column in The Sun that "We are fast approaching the time when the United Nations should start to think seriously about abolishing other languages. What's the point of Welsh for example? All it does is provide a silly maypole around which a bunch of hotheads can get all nationalistic".Part of a series on theCulture of Wales
History
Timeline
Bibliography
Prehistory
Roman Era
Anglo-Welsh Wars
Early Middle Ages
Kingdom of Gwynedd
Kingdom of Powys
Deheubarth
Medieval Welsh law
Norman invasion
Edwardian conquest
Late Middle Ages
Statute of Rhuddlan
Glyndŵr rebellion
Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
Colonies
People
Languages
Welsh (Y Fro Gymraeg
History
Welsh placenames
Welsh surnames
Welsh-medium education)
Welsh English
Welsh Romani
Traditions
Traditional Welsh costume
Welsh law
Land division (Commote
Cantref
Historic counties)
Mythology and folklore
Arthurian legend
Matter of Britain
Mabinogion
Cuisine
Bara brith
Bara Lafwr
Cawl
Cawl Cennin
Crempog
Gower cuisine
Selsig Morgannwg
Tatws Pum Munud
Welsh breakfast
Welsh cake
Welsh rarebit
Welsh dishes
Restaurants
Food festivals
Festivals
Calennig
Dydd Santes Dwynwen
Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau
Saint David's Day
Calan Mai
Calan Awst
Calan Gaeaf
Gŵyl Mabsant
Gŵyl San Steffan
Eisteddfod
List of festivals in Wales
Religion
Religion in Wales
Christianity in Roman Britain
Catholic Church of England and Wales
Celtic Christianity
Celtic Rite
Saint David
Dubricius
Teilo
Welsh Bible
William Salesbury
William Morgan
Welsh Methodist revival
1904–1905 Welsh Revival
Disestablishment of Church in Wales
Art
Literature
in Welsh
in English
Medieval
Authors
Poets
Theatre
Welsh historical documents
Welsh-language comics
Music and performing arts
Theatre
Welsh folk music
Welsh dance
Welsh stepdance
Cerdd Dant
Crwth
Cymanfa Ganu
Cynghanedd
Noson Lawen
Pibgorn
Tabwrdd
Triple harp
Twmpath
Welsh bagpipes
Media
Radio
Television
Cinema
Sport
Bando
Boxing
Cnapan
Cricket
Football
Golf
Horse Racing
Pel-Fas
Pêl-Law
Rugby League
Rugby Union
Monuments
World Heritage Sites
Symbols
Flag
Coat of arms
National anthem
Flag of Saint David
Other flags
Welsh Dragon
Welsh heraldry
Celtic cross
Celtic knot
Inventions and discoveries
Wales portalvte
References
^ Koch, pp. 291–292.
^ a b c d Koch, p. 1757.
^ "Definition of OLD WELSH". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
^ "Old Man of Pencader – Pencader a'r cylch – Pencader & District". Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ a b c John, Davies. "The 1536 Act of Union". BBC. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021.
^ a b Davies, John (2007). A History of Wales. Penguin Adult.
^ J. W. Aitchison and H. Carter. Language, Economy and Society: The changing fortunes of the Welsh Language in the Twentieth Century. Cardiff. University of Wales Press. 2000.
^ "BBC Wales – History – Themes – Welsh language: The Welsh language in 19th century education".
^ See: R. Merfyn Jones, The North Wales Quarrymen, 1874–1922. Bethesda and Dinorwig were the largest slate quarries in the world and the largest industrial concerns in North Wales. Welsh was the working language of the quarries and of the North Wales Quarry Workers' Union. It was also the language of the quarry communities. Many of the leading Welsh literary figures of the late 19th and 20th centuries had their roots in these quarrying communities – e.g. Kate Roberts; T. H. Parry-Williams; R. Williams Parry; Thomas Parry; W. J. Gruffydd; R. Silyn Roberts; T. Rowland Hughes; Ifor Williams; Gwenlyn Parry – as did a number of leading Welsh-speaking Labour MPs, including Cledwyn Hughes and Goronwy Roberts. Even in the industrial south east, the continuing strength of the Welsh language led the Independent Labour Party in 1911 to include Welsh-language pages in the Merthyr Pioneer – edited at Keir Hardie's request by T. E. Nicholas (Niclas y Glais).
^ "HISTPOP.ORG – Search > Results > Census > 1911 > Language spoken in Wales, 1911 Page Page iv". www.histpop.org. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ Davies 1994, 547
^ Davies 1994, 593
^ a b c d e Davies 1994, 592
^ Davies 1994, 590
^ County map 1931 BBC Wales History Extracted 12-03-07
^ "Croeso". Ysgol Gymraeg Aberystwyth.
^ "Ysgol Glan Clwyd – History Points". historypoints.org. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ Wightwick, Abbie (29 May 2019). "What it was like to go to the first Welsh language school in Cardiff". WalesOnline. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ Khleif, Bud B. (22 July 2019). Language, Ethnicity, and Education in Wales. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 191. ISBN 978-3-11-080873-5.
^ Thomas, Huw; Williams, Colin H. (15 April 2013). Parents, Personalities and Power: Welsh-medium Schools in South-east Wales. University of Wales Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7083-2585-8.
^ "The law and the Welsh language". BBC. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
^ Morgan, Kenneth O., Rebirth of a Nation, (1981), OUP
^ Griffiths, Hywel M. (2014). "Water under the bridge? Nature, memory and hydropolitics". Cultural Geographies. 21 (3): 449–474. doi:10.1177/1474474013510109. ISSN 1474-4740. JSTOR 26168584. S2CID 145708071.
^ "Llŷn's Monoglots in 1968, Rhiw.com". www.rhiw.com. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "Remembering Gwynfor Evans' by-election which changed Welsh history". The National Wales. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ a b "Plaid Cymru's first MP 'helped change course of a nation'". BBC News. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ "The Constitution Series: 1 – Wales in the United Kingdom" (PDF). National Assembly for Wales. July 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
^ "The Welsh language Act of 1967". BBC. 26 July 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ "The Welsh language Act of 1967". BBC. 26 July 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
^ a b Davies 1994, 680
^ Davies 1994, 667
^ "Q&A: New Welsh language legislation". BBC News. 7 December 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
^ a b c d "BBC News | WALES | Call for new language movement". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ a b "BBC News | WALES | Elis-Thomas in language row". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ a b c d e "Census shows Welsh language rise". 14 February 2003. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "2011 Census: Theories on the decline in Welsh language". BBC News. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
^ "Welsh language data from the Annual Population Survey: October 2020 to September 2021". GOV.WALES. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ "'Racist' remarks lost Plaid votes". 3 September 2001. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "Property prices in England and Wales". 8 August 2001. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ a b "House prices outpacing incomes". 3 December 2001. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ a b "Apology over 'insults' to English". 19 January 2001. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ a b "BBC News | Wales | Plaid calls for second home controls". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ a b "BBC News | SCOTLAND | Double tax for holiday home owners". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ a b c d e "Controls on second homes reviewed". 5 September 2001. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "Gwynedd considers holiday home curb". 9 April 2002. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ a b c "Plaid plan 'protects' rural areas". 19 June 2001. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "Park to ban new holiday homes". 6 March 2002. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 | Law Wales". law.gov.wales. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
^ "First Welsh law 'for 600 years'". ITV News. 12 November 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
^ Liddle, Rodd (20 October 2010). "Sosban fach yn berwi ana tan". The Spectator. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
^ Liddle, Rod. "Burglary is old hat for the Old Bill — so defending your home is murder". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ "Sunday Times' Rod Liddle 'mocks Wales' over Severn crossing renaming". BBC News. 8 April 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
^ "BBC News | UK | Writer reported over 'ugly little trolls' Welsh jibe". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
^ "TV watchdog clears Anne Robinson over Welsh jibes". The Guardian. 16 April 2001. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
^ WalesOnline (3 September 2011). "Jeremy Clarkson under fire over call for Welsh language to be abolished". WalesOnline. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
Bibliography
Ballinger, John, The Bible in Wales: A Study in the History of the Welsh People, London, Henry Sotheran & Co., 1906.
Davies, John, A History of Wales, Penguin, 1994, ISBN 0-14-014581-8, Page 547
Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.
vteWelsh languageHistory
Common Brittonic
Old Welsh
Middle Welsh
Modern Welsh
Treachery of the Blue Books
Welsh Not
Linguistics
Grammar
Phonology
Morphology
colloquial
literary
Syntax
Numerals
Singulative number
Orthography
Welsh Braille
Ỽ
Y with loop
Dictionaries
Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru
Welsh Academy English–Welsh Dictionary
Toponymy
outside Wales
in the United States
on road signage
in English
Exonyms
Literature
Authors
Medieval Welsh literature
Welsh mythology
Welsh Triads
Mabinogion
Welsh-medium education
Mudiad Ysgolion Meithrin
Wlpan
Bible translations into Welsh
Comics
Magazines
Newspapers
Novels
Poetry
Demographics
Welsh-speaking population
Y Fro Gymraeg
by county or county borough in Wales
Landsker Line
Y Wladfa
Welsh Tract (historical)
Surnames
Politicians
Other occupations
Media
Programming
S4C
timeline
BBC Radio Cymru
Cymru 2
Capital Cymru
Golwg
Golwg360
Maes-e
Tafod y Ddraig
Y Cymro
Barn
Music and festivals
Celtic Media Festival
National Eisteddfod of Wales
Urdd National Eisteddfod
Sesiwn Fawr Dolgellau
Shwmae Sumae Day
Tafwyl
Y Selar Awards
Welsh Language Music Day
Welsh Learner of the Year
Nant Gwrtheyrn
Films
Dialects
Dyfedeg (south-western)
Gwenhwyseg (south-eastern)
Gwyndodeg (north-western)
Cofi
Powyseg (north/central-eastern)
Patagonian Welsh
Governance
Cabinet Secretary for Economy, Energy and Welsh Language
Welsh Language Commissioner
Welsh Language Board (defunct)
Groups
Arfor
Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol
Cymdeithas y Dysgwyr
Cymreigyddion y Fenni
Welsh Language Society
Cymuned
Dyfodol i'r Iaith
Menter Iaith
Mudiad Adfer
Urdd Gobaith Cymru
Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters
Wales Interpretation and Translation Service
Crachach
Legislation
Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
Welsh Courts Act 1942
Welsh Language Act 1967
Welsh Language Act 1993
Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011
National Assembly for Wales (Official Languages) Act 2012
Language
Wales
vteWales articles
List of topics
History
Timeline
Bibliography
Prehistory
Roman Era
Anglo-Welsh Wars
Early Middle Ages
Kingdom of Gwynedd
Kingdom of Powys
Deheubarth
Medieval Welsh law
Norman invasion
Edwardian conquest
Late Middle Ages
Statute of Rhuddlan
Glyndŵr rebellion
Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
Colonies
Geography
Biodiversity
Fauna
Flora
Climate
Geology
Islands
Lakes
Mountains and hills
Protected areas
National parks
AONBs
Rivers
Wales–England border
Waterfalls
PoliticsGovernmentPolitics
Devolution
Elections
First Minister
Government
Local government
History
Cities
Mayors
Local rulers
Nationalism
Political parties
Republicanism
Secretary of State
Senedd
Unionism
Wales Office
Law
Counsel General
Courts
Modern Welsh law
Police forces
British Armed Forces
Economy
Agriculture
Banking and finance
Coal mining
Companies
Forestry
Housing and construction
Power stations
Slate quarrying
Tourism
Transport
SocietyCulture
Art
Castles
Education
Eisteddfod
Gorsedd Cymru
Literature in Welsh / in English
Media
Music
Museums
Scheduled monuments
Sports
Theatre
DemographicsLanguages
Languages
Welsh
Welsh English
British Sign Language
People (list)
Actors
Welsh Americans
Architects
Artists
Women
Inventors
Musicians
Poets
Royalty
Scientists
Women
Writers
in Welsh
Women
Health
Healthcare
Healthcare service
Boards
Religion
Christianity
Anglicanism
Catholicism
Mormonism
Presbyterianism
Non-Christian belief systems
Bahá'ís
Buddhism
Hinduism
Islam
Judaism
Druidry
Sikhism
History
Saint David
Welsh Methodist revival
1904–1905 Welsh revival
Welsh Church Act 1914
Symbols
Anthem
Flags
national flag
Prince of Wales's feathers
Royal Badge
Welsh Dragon
Wales portal
vteHistories of the world's languagesIndo-EuropeanGermanic
Afrikaans
Danish
Dutch
English
German
Icelandic
Norwegian
Scots
Swedish
Yiddish
Celtic
Irish
Welsh
Italic
Catalan
French (Quebec)
Galician
Italian
Latin
Portuguese
Romanian
Spanish
Baltic
Latvian
Lithuanian
Slavic
Belarusian
Bosnian
Bulgarian
Czech
Macedonian
Polish
Russian (in Ukraine)
Slovak
Slovene
Ukrainian
Indo-Iranian
Hindustani
Nepali
Persian
other
Albanian
Greek
Uralic
Estonian
Finnish
Hungarian
Other European
Basque
Afroasiatic
Arabic
Aramaic
Hebrew
Dravidian
Kannada
Malayalam
Tamil
Telugu
Austroasiatic
Vietnamese
Austronesian
Tagalog
Filipino
Malay
Sundanese
Cebuano
Sino–Tibetan
Chinese
Gan Chinese
Standard Chinese
Japonic
Japanese
Koreanic
Korean
Iroquoian
Cherokee
Turkic
Azeri
Turkish
constructed
Esperanto
Interlingua
Interlingue
Ido
vteLanguages of the United KingdomOfficial languageEnglishRecognised regional languages
Cornish
Irish
Manx
Norman
Auregnais
Guernésiais
Jèrriais
Sercquiais
Scots
Ulster Scots
Scottish Gaelic
Welsh
Other languages
Angloromani
Beurla Reagaird
Cumbric
Llanito
Norn
Pictish
Scottish Cant
Shelta
Sign languages
British
Irish
Northern Irish
Old Kentish
Languages by region
Cornwall
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Old Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Welsh"},{"link_name":"Middle Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Welsh"},{"link_name":"Modern Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"}],"text":"The history of the Welsh language (Welsh: hanes yr iaith Gymraeg) spans over 1400 years, encompassing the stages of the language known as Primitive Welsh, Old Welsh, Middle Welsh, and Modern Welsh.","title":"History of the Welsh language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_language_(Celtic)"},{"link_name":"Celtic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languages"},{"link_name":"Britons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britons_(historical)"},{"link_name":"Insular Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages"},{"link_name":"P-Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Celtic_and_Q-Celtic"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Firth of Forth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Forth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KochBritons-1"},{"link_name":"Early Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Brythonic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languages"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"Cornish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_language"},{"link_name":"Cumbric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbric_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koch1757-2"}],"text":"Welsh evolved from British, the Celtic language spoken by the ancient Britons. Alternatively classified as Insular Celtic or P-Celtic, it probably arrived in Britain during the Bronze Age or Iron Age and was probably spoken throughout the island south of the Firth of Forth.[1] During the Early Middle Ages, the British language began to fragment due to increased dialect differentiation, evolving into Welsh and the other Brythonic languages (Breton, Cornish, and the extinct Cumbric). It is not clear when Welsh became distinct.[2]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenneth H. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_H._Jackson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koch1757-2"},{"link_name":"Hen Ogledd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen_Ogledd"},{"link_name":"northern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Cumbric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbric_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koch1757-2"}],"text":"Kenneth H. Jackson suggested that the evolution in syllabic structure and sound pattern was complete by around 550, and labelled the period between then and about 800 \"Primitive Welsh\".[2] This Primitive Welsh may have been spoken in both Wales and the Hen Ogledd ('Old North'), the Brythonic-speaking areas of what is now northern England and southern Scotland, and may therefore have been the ancestor of Cumbric as well as Welsh. Jackson, however, believed that the two varieties were already distinct by that time.[2]","title":"Primitive Welsh (550–800)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cynfeirdd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynfeirdd"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koch1757-2"}],"text":"The Welsh language in documents predating around 1150.[3] The earliest Welsh poetry – that attributed to the Cynfeirdd or 'Early Poets' – is generally considered to date to the Primitive Welsh period. However, much of this poetry was supposedly composed in the Hen Ogledd, raising further questions about the dating of the material and language in which it was originally composed.[2]","title":"Old Welsh (800–1150)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Welsh"},{"link_name":"Mabinogion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion"},{"link_name":"Welsh law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_law"},{"link_name":"Gerald of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Henry II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Pencader, Carmarthenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencader,_Carmarthenshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Middle Welsh (Cymraeg Canol) is the label attached to the Welsh of the 12th to 14th centuries, of which much more remains than for any earlier period. This is the language of nearly all surviving early manuscripts of the Mabinogion, although the tales themselves are certainly much older. It is also the language of the existing manuscripts of Welsh law. Middle Welsh is reasonably intelligible, albeit with some work, to a modern-day Welsh speaker.The famous cleric Gerald of Wales tells the story of King Henry II of England. During one of the King's many raids in the 12th century, Henry asked an old man of Pencader, Carmarthenshire, whether he thought the Welsh language had any chance:My Lord king, this nation may now be harassed, weakened and decimated by your soldiery, as it has so often been by others in former times; but it will never be totally destroyed by the wrath of man, unless at the same time it is punished by the wrath of God. Whatever else may come to pass, I do not think that on the Day of Direst Judgement any race other than the Welsh, or any other language, will give answer to the Supreme Judge of all for this small corner of the earth.[4]","title":"Middle Welsh (12th–14th centuries)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry VIII's 1536 Act of Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542"},{"link_name":"English law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Section 20 of the Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Welsh Languages Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1993"}],"text":"Modern Welsh can be divided into two periods. The first, Early Modern Welsh, ran from the early 15th century to roughly the end of the 16th century.In the Early Modern Welsh Period use of the Welsh language began to be restricted, such as with the passing of Henry VIII's 1536 Act of Union. Through this Act Wales was governed solely under English law. Only 150 words of this Act were concerned with the use of the Welsh language.[5] Section 20 of the Act banned the use of the language in court proceedings[6] and those who solely spoke Welsh and did not speak English could not hold government office. Wales was to be represented by 26 members of parliament who spoke English. Outside certain areas in Wales such as South Pembrokeshire, the majority of those living in Wales did not speak English, meaning that interpreters were regularly needed in order to conduct hearings.[5] Before passing the Act many gentry and government officials already spoke English; however, the Act codified the class ruling[clarification needed] of the English language, with numbers who were fluent in English rising significantly after its passing.[5] The Act's primary function was to create uniform control over the now united England and Wales; however, it laid a foundation for the superiority of classes through the use of language. Welsh was now seen as a language spoken by the lower working classes, with those from higher classes seen superior and given roles in government for choosing to speak English over Welsh.[6] This part of the Act was not repealed until 1993 under the Welsh Languages Act.","title":"Early Modern Welsh (1500–1588)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Late Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_modern_period"},{"link_name":"William Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morgan_(Bible_translator)"},{"link_name":"translation of the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Bible"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_(A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales)_-_1750.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_(A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales)_-_1800.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_(A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales)_-_1850.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_(A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales)_-_1900.svg"}],"text":"Late Modern Welsh began with the publication of William Morgan's translation of the Bible in 1588. Like its English counterpart, the King James Version, this proved to have a strong stabilizing effect on the language, and indeed the language today still bears the same Late Modern label as Morgan's language. Of course, many changes have occurred since then.Languages of Wales 1750–1900\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1750\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1800\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1850\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1900Key: • Welsh • Bilingual • English","title":"Late Modern Welsh begins (1588)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"18th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mabinogion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion"},{"link_name":"dictionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary"},{"link_name":"lexicographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicography"},{"link_name":"Daniel Silvan Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Silvan_Evans"},{"link_name":"Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiriadur_Prifysgol_Cymru"},{"link_name":"University of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"South Wales Coalfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Coalfield"},{"link_name":"Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Language_(Wales)_Measure_2011"},{"link_name":"Welsh Not","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Not"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Matthew Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Welsh literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_literature"},{"link_name":"David Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Davies_(industrialist)"},{"link_name":"John Ceiriog Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ceiriog_Hughes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"nonconformist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonconformity_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The 19th century was a critical period in the history of the language and one that encompassed many contradictions. In 1800 Welsh was the main spoken language of the vast majority of Wales, with the only exceptions being some border areas and other places which had seen significant settlement, such as south Pembrokeshire; by the 1901 census, this proportion had declined to a little over half of the population, though the large increase in the total population over the century (due to the effects of industrialisation and in-migration) meant that the total number of Welsh speakers grew throughout the 19th century, peaking in the 1911 census at over one million even as the proportion of the Welsh population that could speak Welsh fell below 50% for the first time.[7]Especially when compared to other stateless languages in Europe, Welsh boasted an extraordinarily active press, with poetry, religious writing, biography, translations, and, by the end of the century, novels all appearing in the language, as well as countless newspapers, journals and periodicals. An ongoing interest in antiquarianism ensured the dissemination of the language's medieval poetry and prose (such as the Mabinogion). A further development was the publication of some of the first complete and concise Welsh dictionaries. Early work by Welsh lexicographic pioneers such as Daniel Silvan Evans ensured that the language was documented as accurately as possible. Modern dictionaries such as Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru (the University of Wales Dictionary) are direct descendants of these dictionaries.Despite these outward signs of health, it was during the nineteenth century that English replaced Welsh as the most widely spoken language within the country. Wales, particularly the South Wales Coalfield, experienced significant population growth and in-migration (primarily from England and Ireland), which changed the linguistic profile of some areas (though other areas would remain Welsh-speaking despite the changes).Welsh held no official recognition and had limited status under the British state. It did not become officially recognised as the language of Wales until the passing of the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011. Learning English was enthusiastically encouraged; in contrast, Welsh was not taught or used as a medium of instruction in schools, many of which actively discouraged the use of Welsh using measures such as the Welsh Not.[8] Welsh was increasingly restricted in scope to the non-conformist religious chapels, who would teach children to read and write in Sunday schools. Individuals such as Matthew Arnold championed the virtues of Welsh literature whilst simultaneously advocating the replacement of Welsh as the everyday language of the country with English, and many Welsh speakers themselves such as David Davies and John Ceiriog Hughes advocated bilingualism, if not necessarily the extinction of Welsh.[citation needed]By the end of the nineteenth century, English came to prevail in the large cities of south-east Wales. Welsh remained strong in the north-west and in parts of mid-Wales and south-west Wales. Rural Wales was a stronghold of the Welsh language, and so also were the industrial slate-quarrying communities of Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire.[9] Many of the nonconformist churches throughout Wales were strongly associated with the Welsh language.[citation needed]","title":"19th century"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Welsh_poster_for_Derby_Scheme_Dec_1915.jpg"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Derby Scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Scheme"},{"link_name":"monoglot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoglot"},{"link_name":"Anglesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglesey"},{"link_name":"Cardiganshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiganshire"},{"link_name":"Caernarfonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfonshire"},{"link_name":"Carmarthenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire"},{"link_name":"Merionethshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merionethshire"},{"link_name":"Denbighshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denbighshire"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census-Report-10"}],"sub_title":"Early census findings","text":"By the 20th century, the numbers of Welsh speakers were shrinking at a rate which suggested that the language would be extinct within a few generations.Welsh-language poster for the First World War-era Derby Scheme (1915)According to the 1911 census, out of a population of just under 2.5 million, 43.5% of those aged three years and upwards in Wales and Monmouthshire spoke Welsh (8.5% monoglot Welsh speakers, 35% bilingual in English and Welsh). This was a decrease from the 1891 census with 49.9% speaking Welsh out of a population of 1.5 million (15.1% monoglot, 34.8% bilingual). The distribution of those speaking the language however was unevenly distributed with five counties remaining overwhelmingly and predominantly Welsh-speaking:Anglesey: 88.7% spoke Welsh while 61.0% spoke English\nCardiganshire: 89.6% spoke Welsh while 64.1% could speak English\nCaernarfonshire: 85.6% spoke Welsh while 62.2% could speak English\nCarmarthenshire: 84.9% spoke Welsh while 77.8% could speak English\nMerionethshire: 90.3% spoke Welsh while 61.3% could speak EnglishOutside these five counties, a further two areas were noted as having a majority who spoke Welsh, those being:Denbighshire: 56.7% could speak Welsh while 88.3% could speak English\nMerthyr Tydfil County Borough 50.2% while 94.8% could speak English [10]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberdare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdare"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Llanfyrnach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanfyrnach"},{"link_name":"Penllyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penllyn,_Gwynedd"},{"link_name":"Bethesda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda,_Gwynedd"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Welsh nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Genedlaethol_Cymru"},{"link_name":"National Eisteddfod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Eisteddfod"},{"link_name":"Pwllheli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwllheli"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"1921 census and the founding of Plaid Cymru","text":"The 1921 census recorded that of the population of Wales (including Monmouthshire), 38.7% of the population could speak Welsh while 6.6% of the overall population were Welsh monoglots. In the five predominantly Welsh-speaking counties, Welsh was spoken by more than 75% of the population, and was more widely understood than English:Anglesey: 87.8% could speak Welsh while 67.9% could speak English\nCardiganshire: 86.8% could speak Welsh, 72.4% could speak English\nCarmarthenshire: 84.5% could speak Welsh while 83.1% could speak English\nMerioneth: 84.3% could speak Welsh while 69.5% could speak English\nCarnarvonshire: 76.5% could speak Welsh while 73.3% could speak EnglishDenbighshire was the only other county where a majority could still speak Welsh; here, 51.0% could speak Welsh and 94.0% could speak English. As for larger urban areas, Aberdare was the only one where a majority could still speak Welsh, here 59.0% could speak Welsh while 95.4% could speak English. In Cardiff, Wales's largest city, 5.2% of people could speak Welsh, while 99.7% of people could speak English. At a district level, Llanfyrnach rural district in Pembrokeshire had the highest percentage of Welsh speakers at 97.5%, while Penllyn rural district in Merioneth had the highest percentage of Welsh monoglots, at 57.3%. Bethesda urban district in Caernarfonshire was the most Welsh-speaking urban district in Wales; 96.6% of the district's population could speak Welsh.[citation needed]The Welsh nationalist party Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru ('the National Party of Wales'; later abbreviated to Plaid Cymru, 'the Party of Wales') was founded at a meeting in the 1925 National Eisteddfod in Pwllheli, Gwynedd, with the primary aim of promoting the Welsh language.[11]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF"},{"link_name":"Penyberth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyberth"},{"link_name":"Llŷn Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ll%C5%B7n_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daviesp592-13"},{"link_name":"Stanley Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daviesp592-13"},{"link_name":"Saunders Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Welsh culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_culture"},{"link_name":"idiom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_Wales_(Welsh_language)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daviesp592-13"},{"link_name":"Saunders Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Lewis Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Valentine"},{"link_name":"D. J. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._J._Williams_(Welsh_nationalist)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daviesp592-13"},{"link_name":"Old Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Wormwood Scrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormwood_Scrubs_(HM_Prison)"},{"link_name":"Caernarfon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daviesp592-13"}],"sub_title":"Tân yn Llŷn","text":"Concern for the Welsh language was ignited in 1936 when the British government decided to build an RAF training camp and aerodrome at Penyberth on the Llŷn Peninsula in Gwynedd. The events surrounding the protest became known as Tân yn Llŷn ('Fire in Llŷn').[12] The government had settled on Llŷn as the location for this military site after plans for similar bases in the English counties of Northumberland and Dorset had met with protests.[13] The prime minister Stanley Baldwin refused to hear the case against basing this RAF establishment in Wales, despite a deputation claiming to represent half a million Welsh protesters.[13] The opposition against \"British\" military usage of this site in Wales was summed up by Saunders Lewis when he wrote that the government was intent upon turning one of the \"essential homes of Welsh culture, idiom, and literature\" into a place for promoting a barbaric method of warfare.[13]On 8 September 1936, the building was set on fire, and the Welsh nationalists Saunders Lewis, Lewis Valentine and D. J. Williams claimed responsibility for the arson.[13] The case was tried at Caernarfon, where the jury failed to reach a verdict. It was then sent to the Old Bailey in London, where the \"Three\" were convicted and sentenced to nine months' imprisonment. On their release from Wormwood Scrubs they were greeted as heroes by a crowd of 15,000 people at a pavilion in Caernarfon.[13]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"broadcasting in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Wales"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Anglesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglesey"},{"link_name":"Cardigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardigan,_Ceredigion"},{"link_name":"Merionethshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merionethshire"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen"},{"link_name":"Caernarfon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1931CountyMap-15"},{"link_name":"Radnorshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radnorshire"},{"link_name":"Monmouthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouthshire"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Broadcasting in Welsh and the 1931 census","text":"With the advent of broadcasting in Wales, Plaid Cymru protested against the lack of Welsh-language programming and launched a campaign to withhold licence fees. The pressure was successful, and by the mid-1930s more programmes in Welsh were broadcast, with the formal establishment of a Welsh regional broadcasting channel by 1937.[14] However, no dedicated Welsh-language television channel would be established until 1982.According to the 1931 census, out of a population of just over 2.5 million, the percentage of Welsh speakers in Wales had dropped to 36.8%, with Anglesey recording the highest concentration of speakers at 87.4%, followed by Cardigan at 87.1%, Merionethshire at 86.1%, and Carmarthen at 82.3%. Caernarfon listed 79.2%.[15] Radnorshire and Monmouthshire ranked lowest with a concentration of Welsh speakers less than 6% of the population.[citation needed]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh-medium education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh-medium_education"},{"link_name":"Ifan ab Owen Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifan_ab_Owen_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Ysgol Gymraeg Aberystwyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysgol_Gymraeg_Aberystwyth"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-croeso-16"},{"link_name":"Ysgol Glan Clwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysgol_Glan_Clwyd"},{"link_name":"Rhyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyl"},{"link_name":"St Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Asaph"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Llandaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandaf"},{"link_name":"Ysgol Glantaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysgol_Gyfun_Gymraeg_Glantaf"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ysgol Garth Olwg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysgol_Garth_Olwg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"First Welsh-medium schools","text":"See also: Welsh-medium educationThe first Welsh-medium primary school was established in Aberystwyth in 1939 by Ifan ab Owen Edwards. Originally a private school named Ysgol Gymraeg yr Urdd composed of only seven children, it later became Ysgol Gymraeg Aberystwyth and now teaches over 400 children.[16] Ysgol Glan Clwyd was opened in 1956 with 94 pupils in Rhyl, becoming the first secondary school with a formal remit to teach through the medium of Welsh. It moved to St Asaph in 1969.[17] In 1949 Cardiff gained its first Welsh medium primary school, Ysgol Gymraeg Caerdydd, renamed Ysgol Bryntaf and moved to Llandaf in 1952. In 1978 Ysgol Glantaf opened, Cardiff's first Welsh-medium secondary school.[18] In 1962 Rhydfelen secondary school was founded, the first Welsh medium secondary school in South Wales (later Ysgol Garth Olwg).[19][20]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Welsh Courts Act 1942","text":"The Welsh Courts Act was passed in 1942, repealing Henry VIII's earlier laws; this finally permitted limited use of the Welsh language in courts of law.[21]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saunders Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Tynged yr Iaith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynged_yr_Iaith"},{"link_name":"direct action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_action"},{"link_name":"Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flintshire"},{"link_name":"Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymdeithas_yr_Iaith_Gymraeg"},{"link_name":"Pontardawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontardawe"},{"link_name":"Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Tynged yr Iaith and the 1961 census","text":"In 1962 Saunders Lewis gave a radio speech entitled Tynged yr Iaith ('The Fate of the Language'), in which he predicted the extinction of the Welsh language unless direct action was taken. Lewis was responding to the 1961 census, which showed a decrease in the number of Welsh speakers from 36% in 1931 to 26% in 1961, out of a population of about 2.5 million. Meirionnydd, Anglesey, Carmarthen, and Caernarfon averaged a 75% concentration of Welsh speakers, but the most significant decrease was in the counties of Glamorgan, Flint, and Pembroke.[citation needed]Lewis's intent was to motivate Plaid Cymru to take more direct action to promote the language; however, it led to the formation of Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (the Welsh Language Society) later that year at a Plaid Cymru summer school held in Pontardawe in Glamorgan.[22]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cofiwch_Dryweryn_(Llanrhystud)_2022_wal_a_murlun_-_wall_and_mural,_Ceredigion,_Cymru_09.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cofiwch Dryweryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofiwch_Dryweryn"},{"link_name":"Llanrhystud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanrhystud"},{"link_name":"Capel Celyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capel_Celyn"},{"link_name":"drowned in the Tryweryn valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryweryn_flooding"},{"link_name":"Cofiwch Dryweryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofiwch_Dryweryn"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Flooding of the Tryweryn valley","text":"Cofiwch Dryweryn graffiti at Llanrhystud, Ceredigion, on the site of the slogan's first appearanceIn 1965 the village of Capel Celyn was drowned in the Tryweryn valley. This created tension between natural resources provision and the protection of cultural identity. This event is commemorated in Wales with the graffitied slogan Cofiwch Dryweryn ('Remember Tryweryn'). The flooding of Tryweryn continues to influence debates on forced removal even today. Songs and poems also pay tribute to the loss and shame of the event.[23]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Last of the Welsh monoglots","text":"In a 1968 newspaper report the existence of a small number of elderly Welsh monoglots in the Llŷn Peninsula of North Wales was described.[24]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gwynfor Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwynfor_Evans"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Winnie Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Harold Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Kilbrandon Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Constitution_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.com-26"},{"link_name":"Welsh Language Act 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1967"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.com-26"},{"link_name":"Wales and Berwick Act 1746","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_and_Berwick_Act_1746"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daviesp680-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daviesp680-30"},{"link_name":"television licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_licence"},{"link_name":"hunger strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_strike"},{"link_name":"John Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"S4C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S4C"}],"sub_title":"Influence of Gwynfor Evans","text":"The leader of Plaid Cymru, Gwynfor Evans, won the party's first ever Parliamentary seat in Carmarthen in 1966, which \"helped change the course of a nation\". This, paired with the Scottish National Party's Winnie Ewing's winning a seat in 1967, may have contributed to pressure on the Labour prime minister Harold Wilson to form the Kilbrandon Commission.[25][26] This event may have also contributed to the passing of the Welsh Language Act 1967.[26] The act repealed a provision in the Wales and Berwick Act 1746 that the term \"England\" should include Wales, thus defining Wales to be a separate entity from England within the United Kingdom.[27][28] The act allowed the use of Welsh alongside English in courts of law in Wales, partly based on the Hughes Parry Report.[29]Following the defeat of the \"Yes Campaign\" for a Welsh Assembly in 1979, and believing Welsh nationalism to be \"in a paralysis of helplessness\", the Conservative Home Secretary announced in September 1979 that the government would not honour its pledge to establish a Welsh-language television channel,[30] much to widespread anger and resentment in Wales.[30]In early 1980 over two thousand members of Plaid Cymru pledged to go to prison rather than pay the television licence fees, and by that spring Gwynfor Evans announced his intention to go on hunger strike if a Welsh-language television channel was not established. In early September 1980, Evans addressed thousands at a gathering in which \"passions ran high\", according to the historian John Davies.[31] The government yielded by 17 September, and the Welsh Fourth Channel (S4C) was launched on 2 November 1982.","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh Language Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board"},{"link_name":"British Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Telecom"},{"link_name":"British Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Gas"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Welsh Language Act 1993","text":"The Welsh Language Act 1993 provided a new law for public organisations in Wales to have bilingual schemes, which would be supervised by the Welsh Language Board. Some private sector companies, including British Telecom and British Gas, had already included Welsh-language schemes in company policies before this Act.[32]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Llanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli"},{"link_name":"Cynog Dafis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynog_Dafis"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languagemovement-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languagemovement-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languagemovement-33"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languagemovement-33"},{"link_name":"Lord Elis-Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafydd_Elis-Thomas"},{"link_name":"Urdd Eisteddfod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdd_National_Eisteddfod"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languagerow-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languagerow-34"}],"sub_title":"Plaid Cymru","text":"In a speech at the 2000 National Eisteddfod at Llanelli, the Plaid Cymru Assembly Member Cynog Dafis called for a new Welsh-language movement with greater powers to lobby for the language at the Assembly, UK, and EU levels.[33] Dafis felt the needs of the Welsh language were ignored during the first year of the Assembly, and that to ensure the language's dynamic growth a properly resourced strategy was needed.[33] In his speech Dafis encouraged other Welsh-language advocacy groups to work more closely together to create a more favourable climate in which the use of Welsh was \"attractive, exciting, a source of pride and a sign of strength\".[33] Additionally, Dafis pointed towards efforts in areas such as Catalonia and the Basque Country as successful examples to emulate.[33]Lord Elis-Thomas, the former president of Plaid Cymru, disagreed with Dafis's assessment, however. At the Urdd Eisteddfod, Elis-Thomas said that there was no need for another Welsh language act, citing that there was \"enough goodwill to safeguard the language's future\".[34] His comments prompted Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg and many others to call for his resignation as the Assembly's presiding officer.[34]","title":"21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh-speaking population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh-speaking_population"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censusrise-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censusrise-35"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Rhondda Cynon Taf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_Cynon_Taf"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censusrise-35"},{"link_name":"Gwynedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwynedd"},{"link_name":"Ceredigion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceredigion"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censusrise-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censusrise-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Census data","text":"See also: Welsh-speaking populationIn the 1991 census, the Welsh language stabilised at the 1981 level of 18.7%.According to the 2001 census, the number of Welsh speakers in Wales increased for the first time in over 100 years, with 20.8% in a population of over 2.9 million claiming fluency in Welsh.[35] Further, 28% of the population of Wales claimed to understand Welsh.[35] The census revealed that the increase was most significant in urban areas, such as Cardiff with an increase from 6.6% in 1991 to 10.9% in 2001, and Rhondda Cynon Taf with an increase from 9% in 1991 to 12.3% in 2001.[35] However, the number of Welsh speakers declined in Gwynedd from 72.1% in 1991 to 68.7%, and in Ceredigion from 59.1% in 1991 to 51.8%.[35] Ceredigion, in particular, experienced the greatest fluctuation with a 19.5% influx of new residents since 1991.[35]The 2011 census government speaker targets (a 5% increase) were missed and the proportion of Welsh speakers decreased, causing much concern, from 21% in 2001 to 19% in 2011.[36]For October 2020 to 30 September 2021, the Annual Population Survey showed that 29.5% of people aged three or older were able to speak Welsh, which equates to approximately 892,500 people.[37] However, when the results of the 2021 census were published, they showed a further decrease to 17.8%, equating to 538,000 speakers.","title":"21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seimon Glyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seimon_Glyn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"holiday homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_homes"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Houseprices-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Outstripped-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Outstripped-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apology-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SecondHome-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apology-41"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Highlands-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HousingReview-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Protects-46"},{"link_name":"Dafydd Wigley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafydd_Wigley"},{"link_name":"Scottish Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Highlands"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SecondHome-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Highlands-43"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Protects-46"},{"link_name":"Welsh Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Labour"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Liberal_Democrats"},{"link_name":"Assembly coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Peter Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Black_(Welsh_politician)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Protects-46"},{"link_name":"Exmoor National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmoor_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HousingReview-44"},{"link_name":"Elfyn Llwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfyn_Llwyd"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HousingReview-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HousingReview-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HousingReview-44"},{"link_name":"Snowdonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowdonia"},{"link_name":"Pembrokeshire Coast National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrokeshire_Coast_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParkBan-47"}],"sub_title":"Second-home crisis","text":"The decline in Welsh speakers in Gwynedd and Anglesey (Ynys Môn) may be attributable to non–Welsh-speaking people moving to North Wales, driving up property prices to levels that local Welsh speakers cannot afford, according to Seimon Glyn, a former Gwynedd county councillor with Plaid Cymru. Glyn was commenting on a report underscoring the dilemma of rocketing house prices outstripping what locals could pay, with the report warning that \"traditional Welsh communities could die out\" as a consequence.[38]Much of the rural Welsh property market was driven by buyers looking for second homes for use as holiday homes or for retirement. Many buyers were drawn to Wales from England because of relatively inexpensive house prices in Wales as compared to those in England.[39][40] The rise in house prices outpaced the average earned income in Wales and meant that many local people could not afford to purchase their first home or compete with second-home buyers.[40]In 2001 nearly a third of all properties sold in Gwynedd were bought by buyers from out of the county, and some communities reported as many as a third of local homes used as holiday homes.[41][42] Holiday homeowners spend less than six months of the year in the local community.The issue of locals being priced out of the local housing market is common to many rural communities throughout the United Kingdom, but in Wales, the added dimension of language further complicates the issue, as many new residents do not learn the Welsh language.[41][43][44][45]Concern for the Welsh language under these pressures prompted Glyn to say \"Once you have more than 50% of anybody living in a community that speaks a foreign language, then you lose your indigenous tongue almost immediately\".[46]Plaid Cymru had long advocated controls on second homes, and a 2001 task force headed by Dafydd Wigley recommended that land should be allocated for affordable local housing, called for grants for locals to buy houses, and recommended that council tax on holiday homes should double, following similar measures in the Scottish Highlands.[42][43][46]However, the Welsh Labour–Liberal Democrat Assembly coalition rebuffed these proposals, with the Assembly housing spokesman Peter Black stating that \"we [cannot] frame our planning laws around the Welsh language\", adding \"Nor can we take punitive measures against second homeowners in the way that they propose as these will have an impact on the value of the homes of local people\".[46]In contrast, by autumn 2001 the Exmoor National Park authority in England began to consider limiting second home ownership there, which was also driving up local housing prices by as much as 31%.[44] Elfyn Llwyd, Plaid Cymru's Parliamentary Group Leader, said that the issues in Exmoor National Park were the same as those in Wales, however, in Wales, there is the added dimension of language and culture.[44] Reflecting on the controversy Glyn's comments caused earlier in the year, Llwyd observed \"What is interesting is, of course, it is fine for Exmoor to defend their community but in Wales when you try to say these things it is called racist\".[44] Llwyd called on other parties to join in a debate to bring the Exmoor experience to Wales when he said \"I really do ask them and I plead with them to come around the table and talk about the Exmoor suggestion and see if we can now bring it into Wales\".[44]By spring 2002 both the Snowdonia National Park (Welsh: Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri) and Pembrokeshire Coast National Park (Welsh: Parc Cenedlaethol Arfordir Penfro) authorities began limiting second home ownership within the parks, following the example set by Exmoor.[47] According to planners in Snowdonia and the Pembrokeshire Coast, applicants for new homes must demonstrate a proven local need or that the applicant had strong links with the area.","title":"21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Language_(Wales)_Measure_2011"},{"link_name":"Welsh Language Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Language_Commissioner"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"First Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Carwyn Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carwyn_Jones"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Granting of official status","text":"The Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 modernised the 1993 Welsh Language Act and gave Welsh an official status in Wales for the first time, a major landmark for the language. Welsh is the only official de jure language of any country in the UK. The Measure was also responsible for creating the post of Welsh Language Commissioner, replacing the Welsh Language Board.[48] Following the referendum in 2011, the Official Languages Act became the first Welsh law to be created in 600 years, according to the First Minister at the time, Carwyn Jones. This law was passed by Welsh Assembly members only and made Welsh an official language of the National Assembly.[49]","title":"21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intangible cultural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage"},{"link_name":"Rod Liddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Liddle"},{"link_name":"The Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"Severn crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_crossing"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Dwyfor Meirionnydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwyfor_Meirionnydd_(Senedd_Cymru_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Liz Saville Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Saville_Roberts"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_News-52"},{"link_name":"A. A. Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._A._Gill"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Anne Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"Anne Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Room 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_101_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"The Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Negative attitudes in the English media","text":"Despite recent progress in recognising the Welsh language, celebrating its use and making it equal to the English language, prejudice still exists towards its use. Many still view it as a working-class language. As the Welsh language is closely tied with Wales's intangible cultural heritage, the Welsh as a people have been targeted. Rod Liddle in The Spectator in 2010 stated that the Welsh are \"miserable, seaweed munching, sheep-bothering pinch-faced hill-tribes\".[50] In 2018, the same writer mocked the Welsh language in The Sunday Times after the renaming of the Severn crossing: \"They would prefer it to be called something indecipherable with no real vowels, such as Ysgythysgymlngwchgwch Bryggy\".[51] A Welsh Member of Parliament for Dwyfor Meirionnydd Liz Saville Roberts expressed these concerns that the Welsh are still seen as lower-class citizens. She condemns Liddle's actions to BBC News, to go \"out of his way, effectively, to mock Wales, he calls it poor compared to England and mocks that, and then goes on to mock our language\".[52] However, this is not the first time this opinion has been shared. In 1997, A. A. Gill expressed the same negative opinion of the Welsh, further describing them as \"loquacious, dissemblers, immoral liars, stunted, bigoted, dark, ugly, pugnacious little trolls.\"[53]This sentiment has also been held by the TV presenters Anne Robinson and Jeremy Clarkson. Anne Robinson, referring to the Welsh, asked \"what are they for?\" and that she \"never did like them\"[54] on the popular comedy programme Room 101 in 2001, at the time hosted by Paul Merton. The controversial ex–BBC presenter Jeremy Clarkson is infamous for his discriminatory remarks against the Welsh people and their language. In 2011, Clarkson expressed his opinion in his column in The Sun that \"We are fast approaching the time when the United Nations should start to think seriously about abolishing other languages. What's the point of Welsh for example? All it does is provide a silly maypole around which a bunch of hotheads can get all nationalistic\".[55]","title":"21st century"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Welsh-language poster for the First World War-era Derby Scheme (1915)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Welsh_poster_for_Derby_Scheme_Dec_1915.jpg/220px-Welsh_poster_for_Derby_Scheme_Dec_1915.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cofiwch Dryweryn graffiti at Llanrhystud, Ceredigion, on the site of the slogan's first appearance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cofiwch_Dryweryn_%28Llanrhystud%29_2022_wal_a_murlun_-_wall_and_mural%2C_Ceredigion%2C_Cymru_09.jpg/220px-Cofiwch_Dryweryn_%28Llanrhystud%29_2022_wal_a_murlun_-_wall_and_mural%2C_Ceredigion%2C_Cymru_09.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Definition of OLD WELSH\". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 15 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Old+Welsh","url_text":"\"Definition of OLD WELSH\""}]},{"reference":"\"Old Man of Pencader – Pencader a'r cylch – Pencader & District\". Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pencader.org.uk/en_GB/old-man-pencader/","url_text":"\"Old Man of Pencader – Pencader a'r cylch – Pencader & District\""}]},{"reference":"John, Davies. \"The 1536 Act of Union\". BBC. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210124102909/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/tudors_04.shtml","url_text":"\"The 1536 Act of Union\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/tudors_04.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Davies, John (2007). A History of Wales. Penguin Adult.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Adult","url_text":"Penguin Adult"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Wales – History – Themes – Welsh language: The Welsh language in 19th century education\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/language_education.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC Wales – History – Themes – Welsh language: The Welsh language in 19th century education\""}]},{"reference":"\"HISTPOP.ORG – Search > Results > Census > 1911 > Language spoken in Wales, 1911 Page Page iv\". www.histpop.org. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/PageBrowser2?ResourceType=Census&ResourceType=Legislation&SearchTerms=welsh%20speakers%201911&simple=yes&path=Results/Census/1911&active=yes&treestate=expandnew&titlepos=0&mno=156&tocstate=expandnew&tocseq=300&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&pageseq=first-nonblank","url_text":"\"HISTPOP.ORG – Search > Results > Census > 1911 > Language spoken in Wales, 1911 Page Page iv\""}]},{"reference":"\"Croeso\". Ysgol Gymraeg Aberystwyth.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ysgolgymraeg.ceredigion.sch.uk/croeso.html","url_text":"\"Croeso\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ysgol Glan Clwyd – History Points\". historypoints.org. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://historypoints.org/index.php?page=ysgol-glan-clwyd","url_text":"\"Ysgol Glan Clwyd – History Points\""}]},{"reference":"Wightwick, Abbie (29 May 2019). \"What it was like to go to the first Welsh language school in Cardiff\". WalesOnline. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/education/what-like-go-first-welsh-16324579","url_text":"\"What it was like to go to the first Welsh language school in Cardiff\""}]},{"reference":"Khleif, Bud B. (22 July 2019). Language, Ethnicity, and Education in Wales. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 191. ISBN 978-3-11-080873-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=csDtDwAAQBAJ&dq=rhydfelen+first+welsh+school&pg=PA191","url_text":"Language, Ethnicity, and Education in Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080873-5","url_text":"978-3-11-080873-5"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Huw; Williams, Colin H. (15 April 2013). Parents, Personalities and Power: Welsh-medium Schools in South-east Wales. University of Wales Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7083-2585-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IFeuBwAAQBAJ&dq=rhydfelen+first+welsh+school&pg=PA33","url_text":"Parents, Personalities and Power: Welsh-medium Schools in South-east Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2585-8","url_text":"978-0-7083-2585-8"}]},{"reference":"\"The law and the Welsh language\". BBC. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/entries/020f5be9-73a7-3491-a4dd-57fc6875eade","url_text":"\"The law and the Welsh language\""}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, Hywel M. (2014). \"Water under the bridge? Nature, memory and hydropolitics\". Cultural Geographies. 21 (3): 449–474. doi:10.1177/1474474013510109. ISSN 1474-4740. JSTOR 26168584. S2CID 145708071.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26168584","url_text":"\"Water under the bridge? Nature, memory and hydropolitics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1474474013510109","url_text":"10.1177/1474474013510109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1474-4740","url_text":"1474-4740"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26168584","url_text":"26168584"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145708071","url_text":"145708071"}]},{"reference":"\"Llŷn's Monoglots in 1968, Rhiw.com\". www.rhiw.com. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhiw.com/hanes_02/llyn_monoglots/monoglots.htm","url_text":"\"Llŷn's Monoglots in 1968, Rhiw.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering Gwynfor Evans' by-election which changed Welsh history\". The National Wales. Retrieved 10 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenational.wales/news/19426429.remembering-gwynfor-evans-by-election-changed-welsh-history/","url_text":"\"Remembering Gwynfor Evans' by-election which changed Welsh history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plaid Cymru's first MP 'helped change course of a nation'\". BBC News. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-36772269","url_text":"\"Plaid Cymru's first MP 'helped change course of a nation'\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Constitution Series: 1 – Wales in the United Kingdom\" (PDF). National Assembly for Wales. July 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160420062743/http://www.assembly.wales/Research%20Documents/The%20Constitution%20Wales%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20-%20Quick%20guide-22072011-217207/qg07-0001-English.pdf","url_text":"\"The Constitution Series: 1 – Wales in the United Kingdom\""},{"url":"http://www.assembly.wales/Research%20Documents/The%20Constitution%20Wales%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20-%20Quick%20guide-22072011-217207/qg07-0001-English.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Welsh language Act of 1967\". BBC. 26 July 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/entries/fe99df6b-bf61-3cb0-a695-fa76c013fc98","url_text":"\"The Welsh language Act of 1967\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Welsh language Act of 1967\". BBC. 26 July 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/entries/fe99df6b-bf61-3cb0-a695-fa76c013fc98","url_text":"\"The Welsh language Act of 1967\""}]},{"reference":"\"Q&A: New Welsh language legislation\". BBC News. 7 December 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-11932770","url_text":"\"Q&A: New Welsh language legislation\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC News | WALES | Call for new language movement\". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/871220.stm","url_text":"\"BBC News | WALES | Call for new language movement\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC News | WALES | Elis-Thomas in language row\". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/776895.stm","url_text":"\"BBC News | WALES | Elis-Thomas in language row\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census shows Welsh language rise\". 14 February 2003. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/2755217.stm","url_text":"\"Census shows Welsh language rise\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Census: Theories on the decline in Welsh language\". BBC News. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-20701119","url_text":"\"2011 Census: Theories on the decline in Welsh language\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welsh language data from the Annual Population Survey: October 2020 to September 2021\". GOV.WALES. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gov.wales/welsh-language-data-annual-population-survey-october-2020-september-2021","url_text":"\"Welsh language data from the Annual Population Survey: October 2020 to September 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Racist' remarks lost Plaid votes\". 3 September 2001. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1521881.stm","url_text":"\"'Racist' remarks lost Plaid votes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Property prices in England and Wales\". 8 August 2001. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1480685.stm","url_text":"\"Property prices in England and Wales\""}]},{"reference":"\"House prices outpacing incomes\". 3 December 2001. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1688974.stm","url_text":"\"House prices outpacing incomes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apology over 'insults' to English\". 19 January 2001. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1123782.stm","url_text":"\"Apology over 'insults' to English\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC News | Wales | Plaid calls for second home controls\". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/524419.stm","url_text":"\"BBC News | Wales | Plaid calls for second home controls\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC News | SCOTLAND | Double tax for holiday home owners\". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/567938.stm","url_text":"\"BBC News | SCOTLAND | Double tax for holiday home owners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Controls on second homes reviewed\". 5 September 2001. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1527298.stm","url_text":"\"Controls on second homes reviewed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gwynedd considers holiday home curb\". 9 April 2002. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1918383.stm","url_text":"\"Gwynedd considers holiday home curb\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plaid plan 'protects' rural areas\". 19 June 2001. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1397281.stm","url_text":"\"Plaid plan 'protects' rural areas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Park to ban new holiday homes\". 6 March 2002. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1857381.stm","url_text":"\"Park to ban new holiday homes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 | Law Wales\". law.gov.wales. Retrieved 3 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.gov.wales/culture/welsh-language/welsh-language-wales-measure-2011","url_text":"\"Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 | Law Wales\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Welsh law 'for 600 years'\". ITV News. 12 November 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2012-11-12/first-welsh-law-for-600-years","url_text":"\"First Welsh law 'for 600 years'\""}]},{"reference":"Liddle, Rodd (20 October 2010). \"Sosban fach yn berwi ana tan\". The Spectator. Retrieved 10 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/sosban-fach-yn-berwi-ana-tan","url_text":"\"Sosban fach yn berwi ana tan\""}]},{"reference":"Liddle, Rod. \"Burglary is old hat for the Old Bill — so defending your home is murder\". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/burglary-is-old-hat-for-the-old-bill-so-defending-your-home-is-murder-nmv0ps95s","url_text":"\"Burglary is old hat for the Old Bill — so defending your home is murder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunday Times' Rod Liddle 'mocks Wales' over Severn crossing renaming\". BBC News. 8 April 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-43691081","url_text":"\"Sunday Times' Rod Liddle 'mocks Wales' over Severn crossing renaming\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC News | UK | Writer reported over 'ugly little trolls' Welsh jibe\". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 10 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/44283.stm","url_text":"\"BBC News | UK | Writer reported over 'ugly little trolls' Welsh jibe\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV watchdog clears Anne Robinson over Welsh jibes\". The Guardian. 16 April 2001. Retrieved 10 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/apr/16/race.world","url_text":"\"TV watchdog clears Anne Robinson over Welsh jibes\""}]},{"reference":"WalesOnline (3 September 2011). \"Jeremy Clarkson under fire over call for Welsh language to be abolished\". WalesOnline. Retrieved 10 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/jeremy-clarkson-under-fire-over-1808877","url_text":"\"Jeremy Clarkson under fire over call for Welsh language to be abolished\""}]},{"reference":"Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Welsh_language&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+the+Welsh+language%22","external_links_name":"\"History of the Welsh language\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+the+Welsh+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+the+Welsh+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+the+Welsh+language%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+the+Welsh+language%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+the+Welsh+language%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Old+Welsh","external_links_name":"\"Definition of OLD WELSH\""},{"Link":"https://pencader.org.uk/en_GB/old-man-pencader/","external_links_name":"\"Old Man of Pencader – Pencader a'r cylch – Pencader & District\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210124102909/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/tudors_04.shtml","external_links_name":"\"The 1536 Act of Union\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/tudors_04.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/language_education.shtml","external_links_name":"\"BBC Wales – History – Themes – Welsh language: The Welsh language in 19th century education\""},{"Link":"http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/PageBrowser2?ResourceType=Census&ResourceType=Legislation&SearchTerms=welsh%20speakers%201911&simple=yes&path=Results/Census/1911&active=yes&treestate=expandnew&titlepos=0&mno=156&tocstate=expandnew&tocseq=300&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&pageseq=first-nonblank","external_links_name":"\"HISTPOP.ORG – Search > Results > Census > 1911 > Language spoken in Wales, 1911 Page Page iv\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/language/pages/1931.shtml","external_links_name":"County map 1931 BBC Wales History Extracted 12-03-07"},{"Link":"http://www.ysgolgymraeg.ceredigion.sch.uk/croeso.html","external_links_name":"\"Croeso\""},{"Link":"https://historypoints.org/index.php?page=ysgol-glan-clwyd","external_links_name":"\"Ysgol Glan Clwyd – History Points\""},{"Link":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/education/what-like-go-first-welsh-16324579","external_links_name":"\"What it was like to go to the first Welsh language school in Cardiff\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=csDtDwAAQBAJ&dq=rhydfelen+first+welsh+school&pg=PA191","external_links_name":"Language, Ethnicity, and Education in Wales"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IFeuBwAAQBAJ&dq=rhydfelen+first+welsh+school&pg=PA33","external_links_name":"Parents, Personalities and Power: Welsh-medium Schools in South-east Wales"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/entries/020f5be9-73a7-3491-a4dd-57fc6875eade","external_links_name":"\"The law and the Welsh language\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26168584","external_links_name":"\"Water under the bridge? Nature, memory and hydropolitics\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1474474013510109","external_links_name":"10.1177/1474474013510109"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1474-4740","external_links_name":"1474-4740"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26168584","external_links_name":"26168584"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145708071","external_links_name":"145708071"},{"Link":"https://www.rhiw.com/hanes_02/llyn_monoglots/monoglots.htm","external_links_name":"\"Llŷn's Monoglots in 1968, Rhiw.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenational.wales/news/19426429.remembering-gwynfor-evans-by-election-changed-welsh-history/","external_links_name":"\"Remembering Gwynfor Evans' by-election which changed Welsh history\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-36772269","external_links_name":"\"Plaid Cymru's first MP 'helped change course of a nation'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160420062743/http://www.assembly.wales/Research%20Documents/The%20Constitution%20Wales%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20-%20Quick%20guide-22072011-217207/qg07-0001-English.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Constitution Series: 1 – Wales in the United Kingdom\""},{"Link":"http://www.assembly.wales/Research%20Documents/The%20Constitution%20Wales%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20-%20Quick%20guide-22072011-217207/qg07-0001-English.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/entries/fe99df6b-bf61-3cb0-a695-fa76c013fc98","external_links_name":"\"The Welsh language Act of 1967\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/entries/fe99df6b-bf61-3cb0-a695-fa76c013fc98","external_links_name":"\"The Welsh language Act of 1967\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-11932770","external_links_name":"\"Q&A: New Welsh language legislation\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/871220.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC News | WALES | Call for new language movement\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/776895.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC News | WALES | Elis-Thomas in language row\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/2755217.stm","external_links_name":"\"Census shows Welsh language rise\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-20701119","external_links_name":"\"2011 Census: Theories on the decline in Welsh language\""},{"Link":"https://gov.wales/welsh-language-data-annual-population-survey-october-2020-september-2021","external_links_name":"\"Welsh language data from the Annual Population Survey: October 2020 to September 2021\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1521881.stm","external_links_name":"\"'Racist' remarks lost Plaid votes\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1480685.stm","external_links_name":"\"Property prices in England and Wales\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1688974.stm","external_links_name":"\"House prices outpacing incomes\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1123782.stm","external_links_name":"\"Apology over 'insults' to English\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/524419.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC News | Wales | Plaid calls for second home controls\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/567938.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC News | SCOTLAND | Double tax for holiday home owners\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1527298.stm","external_links_name":"\"Controls on second homes reviewed\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1918383.stm","external_links_name":"\"Gwynedd considers holiday home curb\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1397281.stm","external_links_name":"\"Plaid plan 'protects' rural areas\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1857381.stm","external_links_name":"\"Park to ban new holiday homes\""},{"Link":"https://law.gov.wales/culture/welsh-language/welsh-language-wales-measure-2011","external_links_name":"\"Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 | Law Wales\""},{"Link":"https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2012-11-12/first-welsh-law-for-600-years","external_links_name":"\"First Welsh law 'for 600 years'\""},{"Link":"https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/sosban-fach-yn-berwi-ana-tan","external_links_name":"\"Sosban fach yn berwi ana tan\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/burglary-is-old-hat-for-the-old-bill-so-defending-your-home-is-murder-nmv0ps95s","external_links_name":"\"Burglary is old hat for the Old Bill — so defending your home is murder\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-43691081","external_links_name":"\"Sunday Times' Rod Liddle 'mocks Wales' over Severn crossing renaming\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/44283.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC News | UK | Writer reported over 'ugly little trolls' Welsh jibe\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/apr/16/race.world","external_links_name":"\"TV watchdog clears Anne Robinson over Welsh jibes\""},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/jeremy-clarkson-under-fire-over-1808877","external_links_name":"\"Jeremy Clarkson under fire over call for Welsh language to be abolished\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Clark_(English_footballer)
|
Jordan Clark (English footballer)
|
["1 Career","1.1 Barnsley","1.2 Shrewsbury Town","1.3 Accrington Stanley","1.4 Luton Town","2 Career statistics","3 Honours","4 References"]
|
English footballer
For the Oldham Athletic player, see Jordan Clarke (footballer).
Jordan Clark
Clark in 2023Personal informationFull name
Jordan Charles ClarkDate of birth
(1993-09-22) 22 September 1993 (age 30)Place of birth
Hoyland, South Yorkshire, EnglandHeight
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)Position(s)
MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team
Luton TownNumber
18Youth career
BarnsleySenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2011–2014
Barnsley
6
(0)2013
→ Chesterfield (loan)
2
(0)2013
→ Scunthorpe United (loan)
1
(0)2014
→ Hyde (loan)
16
(1)2014–2016
Shrewsbury Town
47
(5)2016–2020
Accrington Stanley
162
(20)2020–
Luton Town
120
(6)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 17:12, 19 May 2024 (UTC)
Jordan Charles Clark (born 22 September 1993) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for EFL Championship club Luton Town.
Career
Barnsley
Clark won Barnsley's 'Most Promising Academy Player' award for the 2009–10 season, and signed a scholarship deal with the club in July 2010. He signed his first professional contract in March 2011, alongside Danny Rose. He made his senior debut for Barnsley on 12 April 2011, in a 1–0 defeat at home to Queens Park Rangers. On 11 September 2012, Clark signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him at Barnsley until 2014.
On 22 February 2013, Clark was loaned out to Chesterfield on an initial one-month deal. He made his Chesterfield debut the following day, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute for Neal Trotman, in a 1–0 loss against Gillingham. Clark made one more appearance, playing 90 minutes, in a 0–0 draw against Aldershot Town before being recalled by Barnsley on 26 March 2013.
On 2 August 2013, Clark went on loan again to Scunthorpe United. He made his debut the next day, coming on as a late substitute for Andy Welsh, in a 2–0 win over Mansfield Town, returning to his parent club on 11 September 2013.
In February 2014 he joined Hyde on another loan deal, making his Hyde debut as a second-half substitute for David Poole, in a 4–3 loss against Lincoln City. On 22 February 2014, Clark scored his first professional career goal, in a 2–2 draw against Aldershot Town.
Clark was released by Barnsley at the end of the 2013–14 season.
Shrewsbury Town
Following a trial spell, Clark went on to join League Two side Shrewsbury Town on 17 July 2014, re-uniting with new Shrewsbury manager Micky Mellon who had previously been assistant, and later caretaker-manager at Barnsley.
Clark made his Shrewsbury Town debut in a 2–2 draw against Wimbledon on the opening day of the season. On 30 August 2014, Clark scored his first goals for the club, both in a 2–0 win over Luton Town. His third goal of the season, against Bury, described as a "superb angled volley", was awarded the winner of the club's Goal of the Month competition for October 2014.
Clark found his playing role reduced in the second half of the season, mostly used as a substitute. However, he contributed two assists, in a 4–0 win over Exeter City on 11 April 2015, as Shrewsbury closed in on promotion to League One. At the end of the season, Clark signed a one-year contract extension.
On 5 September 2015, he scored a last-minute winning goal in a 2–1 win at former club Barnsley, Town's first win of the League One season. It was announced Clark was to be released by the club in May 2016.
Accrington Stanley
After leaving Shrewsbury, he signed for Accrington Stanley in August 2016. He scored his first goal for Accrington in an EFL Trophy tie against Chesterfield on 4 October 2016.
He was offered a new contract by the club at the end of the 2019–20 season.
Luton Town
On 5 August 2020 Clark signed for Luton Town on a free transfer after his Accrington contract expired.
On 27 May 2023, he scored the goal in regular time and a penalty in the penalty shoot-out for Luton in the EFL Championship play-off final against Coventry City, which ended 1–1 after extra time. Luton won on penalties, ensuring they would play in the Premier League in the 2023–24 season.
On 6 April 2024, Clark scored his first Premier League goal in a 2–1 win over Bournemouth.
Career statistics
As of match played 19 May 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Other
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Barnsley
2010–11
Championship
4
0
0
0
0
0
—
4
0
2011–12
Championship
2
0
0
0
0
0
—
2
0
2012–13
Championship
0
0
0
0
1
0
—
1
0
2013–14
Championship
0
0
0
0
—
—
0
0
Total
6
0
0
0
1
0
—
7
0
Chesterfield (loan)
2012–13
League Two
2
0
—
—
—
2
0
Scunthorpe United (loan)
2013–14
League Two
1
0
—
0
0
0
0
1
0
Hyde (loan)
2013–14
Conference Premier
16
1
—
—
—
16
1
Shrewsbury Town
2014–15
League Two
27
3
2
0
3
0
1
0
33
3
2015–16
League One
20
2
4
0
0
0
2
0
26
2
Total
47
5
6
0
3
0
3
0
59
5
Accrington Stanley
2016–17
League Two
42
1
4
1
2
0
2
1
50
3
2017–18
League Two
43
8
1
0
2
1
2
0
48
9
2018–19
League One
43
5
4
1
1
0
5
3
53
9
2019–20
League One
34
6
1
0
1
0
4
2
40
8
Total
162
20
10
2
6
1
13
6
191
29
Luton Town
2020–21
Championship
34
1
2
1
3
1
—
39
3
2021–22
Championship
25
2
1
0
0
0
2
0
28
2
2022–23
Championship
38
2
3
1
0
0
3
1
44
4
2023–24
Premier League
23
1
3
2
0
0
—
26
3
Total
120
6
9
4
3
1
5
1
137
12
Career total
354
32
25
6
13
2
21
7
413
47
^ a b c d e f Appearance(s) in Football League Trophy/EFL Trophy
^ a b Appearances in Championship play-offs
Honours
Luton Town
EFL Championship play-offs: 2023
References
^ "Notification of shirt numbers: Luton Town" (PDF). English Football League. p. 39. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
^ "Jordan Clark". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
^ "Jordan Clark". Luton Town F.C. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
^ "Jordan Lands Most Promising Academy Player Award". Barnsley F.C. 24 April 2010. Archived from the original on 28 April 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
^ "Academy Delight As Jordan Signs On". Barnsley F.C. 6 July 2010. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
^ "Clark and Rose Sign New Barnsley Deal". Barnsley F.C. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 20 November 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
^ "Barnsley 0 – 1 QPR". BBC Sport. 12 April 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
^ "Clark Completes Contract Extension". Barnsley F.C. 26 April 2015. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ "Chesterfield sign Jordan Clark and Alex Henshall on loan". BBC Sport. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
^ "Chesterfield 0 – 1 Gillingham". BBC Sport. 23 February 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ "Clark Completes 90 Minutes". Barnsley F.C. 27 February 2013. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ "Clark Returns to Barnsley". Chesterfield F.C. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ "Scunthorpe bring in Barnsley winger Jordan Clark". BBC Sport. 2 August 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
^ "Scunthorpe United 2 – 0 Mansfield Town". BBC Sport. 3 August 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ "Teenager returns to Tykes". Sky Sports. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ "Jordan Clark: Hyde sign Barnsley midfielder on loan". BBC Sport. 8 February 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
^ "Hyde FC 3 Lincoln City 4: Match report". Lincolnshire Echo. 8 February 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ "Hyde 2 – 2 Aldershot Town". BBC Sport. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ "Barnsley release defender Bobby Hassell after 10 years". BBC Sport. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
^ "Shrewsbury sign up two of their trialists". Shropshire Star. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
^ "New-boy Clark salutes Mellon". Sky Sports. 18 July 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ "AFC Wimbledon 2 – 2 Shrewsbury Town". BBC Sport. 9 August 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ "Shrewsbury Town 2–0 Luton Town". BBC Sport. 30 August 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ "Clark Wins Goal of the Month For October". Shrewsbury Town F.C. 24 November 2014. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ "Shrewsbury Town 5 – 0 Bury". BBC Sport. 21 October 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ "Town boss Micky Mellon backs striker Scott Vernon to keep up good form". Shropshire Star. 21 February 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ "Shrewsbury Town 4–0 Exeter City". BBC Sport. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ "Jordan Clark: Shrewsbury Town midfielder signs new contract". BBC Sport. 15 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
^ "Barnsley 1-2 Shrewsbury". BBC Sport. 5 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
^ "Town announce retain list". Shrewsweb. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
^ "Jordan Clark: Accrington Stanley sign ex-Shrewsbury midfielder". BBC Sport. 2 August 2016.
^ "Gary Taylor-Fletcher scores on debut as Accrington Stanley beat Chesterfield in EFL Trophy". lancashiretelegraph.co.uk. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
^ "Retained List". www.accringtonstanley.co.uk.
^ "NEW SIGNING | JORDAN CLARK JOINS THE HATTERS!". www.lutontown.co.uk.
^ "Championship play-off final: Coventry and Luton go to penalty shootout". BBC Sport. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
^ Abraham, Timothy (6 April 2024). "Luton Town 2-1 Bournemouth: Carlton Morris' dramatic late winner boosted Luton's Premier League survival hopes as they came from behind to beat Bournemouth". BBC News. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
^ "Games played by Jordan Clark in 2010/2011". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ "Games played by Jordan Clark in 2011/2012". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ a b "Games played by Jordan Clark in 2012/2013". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ a b "Games played by Jordan Clark in 2013/2014". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ "J. Clark: Summary". Soccerway. Perform Group. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ "Games played by Jordan Clark in 2014/2015". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ "Games played by Jordan Clark in 2015/2016". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ "Games played by Jordan Clark in 2016/2017". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ "Games played by Jordan Clark in 2017/2018". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ "Games played by Jordan Clark in 2018/2019". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ "Games played by Jordan Clark in 2019/2020". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ "Games played by Jordan Clark in 2020/2021". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
^ "Games played by Jordan Clark in 2021/2022". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
^ "Games played by Jordan Clark in 2022/2023". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
^ "Games played by Jordan Clark in 2023/2024". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
^ "Luton win shootout to reach Premier League". BBC Sport. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
vteLuton Town F.C. – current squad
1 Shea
2 Osho
3 Potts
4 Lockyer
5 Andersen
6 Barkley
7 Ogbene
8 Berry
9 Morris
10 Woodrow
11 Adebayo
12 Kaboré
13 Nakamba
14 Chong
15 Mengi
16 Burke
17 Mpanzu
18 Clark
19 Brown
23 Krul
24 Kaminski
26 Giles
27 Hashioka
28 Lokonga
29 Bell
30 Townsend
32 Onyedinma
38 Johnson
43 Nelson
45 Doughty
Manager: Edwards
vteAccrington Stanley F.C. Player of the Year
1999: O'Callaghan
2000: Shirley
2001: Mullin
2002: Mullin
2003: Smith
2004: Mullin
2005: Mullin
2006: Craney
2007: Todd
2008: Edwards
2009: Ryan
2010: Edwards & Symes
2011: Ryan
2012: Amond
2013: Molyneux
2014: Aldred
2015: Mingoia
2016: Kee
2017: Pearson
2018: Kee
2019: Clark
2020: N/A
2021: Conneely
2022: Nottingham
2023: Leigh
2024: Hills
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jordan Clarke (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Clarke_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"EFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Luton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C."}],"text":"For the Oldham Athletic player, see Jordan Clarke (footballer).Jordan Charles Clark (born 22 September 1993) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for EFL Championship club Luton Town.","title":"Jordan Clark (English footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barnsley's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Danny Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Rose_(footballer_born_1993)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Queens Park Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chesterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield_F.C."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Neal Trotman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Trotman"},{"link_name":"Gillingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillingham_F.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Aldershot Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Scunthorpe United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scunthorpe_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Andy Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Welsh"},{"link_name":"Mansfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"David Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Poole_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Lincoln City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Aldershot Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Barnsley","text":"Clark won Barnsley's 'Most Promising Academy Player' award for the 2009–10 season,[4] and signed a scholarship deal with the club in July 2010.[5] He signed his first professional contract in March 2011, alongside Danny Rose.[6] He made his senior debut for Barnsley on 12 April 2011, in a 1–0 defeat at home to Queens Park Rangers.[7] On 11 September 2012, Clark signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him at Barnsley until 2014.[8]On 22 February 2013, Clark was loaned out to Chesterfield on an initial one-month deal.[9] He made his Chesterfield debut the following day, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute for Neal Trotman, in a 1–0 loss against Gillingham.[10] Clark made one more appearance, playing 90 minutes, in a 0–0 draw against Aldershot Town before being recalled by Barnsley on 26 March 2013.[11][12]On 2 August 2013, Clark went on loan again to Scunthorpe United.[13] He made his debut the next day, coming on as a late substitute for Andy Welsh, in a 2–0 win over Mansfield Town,[14] returning to his parent club on 11 September 2013.[15]In February 2014 he joined Hyde on another loan deal,[16] making his Hyde debut as a second-half substitute for David Poole, in a 4–3 loss against Lincoln City.[17] On 22 February 2014, Clark scored his first professional career goal, in a 2–2 draw against Aldershot Town.[18]Clark was released by Barnsley at the end of the 2013–14 season.[19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Micky Mellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micky_Mellon"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Wimbledon"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Luton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Bury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_F.C."},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Exeter City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retained_List-30"}],"sub_title":"Shrewsbury Town","text":"Following a trial spell, Clark went on to join League Two side Shrewsbury Town on 17 July 2014,[20] re-uniting with new Shrewsbury manager Micky Mellon who had previously been assistant, and later caretaker-manager at Barnsley.[21]Clark made his Shrewsbury Town debut in a 2–2 draw against Wimbledon on the opening day of the season.[22] On 30 August 2014, Clark scored his first goals for the club, both in a 2–0 win over Luton Town.[23] His third goal of the season, against Bury, described as a \"superb angled volley\", was awarded the winner of the club's Goal of the Month competition for October 2014.[24][25]Clark found his playing role reduced in the second half of the season, mostly used as a substitute.[26] However, he contributed two assists, in a 4–0 win over Exeter City on 11 April 2015, as Shrewsbury closed in on promotion to League One.[27] At the end of the season, Clark signed a one-year contract extension.[28]On 5 September 2015, he scored a last-minute winning goal in a 2–1 win at former club Barnsley, Town's first win of the League One season.[29] It was announced Clark was to be released by the club in May 2016.[30]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accrington Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accrington_Stanley_F.C."},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"EFL Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Chesterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield_F.C."},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Accrington Stanley","text":"After leaving Shrewsbury, he signed for Accrington Stanley in August 2016.[31] He scored his first goal for Accrington in an EFL Trophy tie against Chesterfield on 4 October 2016.[32]He was offered a new contract by the club at the end of the 2019–20 season.[33]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"EFL Championship play-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship_play-offs"},{"link_name":"Coventry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Luton Town","text":"On 5 August 2020 Clark signed for Luton Town on a free transfer after his Accrington contract expired.[34]On 27 May 2023, he scored the goal in regular time and a penalty in the penalty shoot-out for Luton in the EFL Championship play-off final against Coventry City, which ended 1–1 after extra time. Luton won on penalties, ensuring they would play in the Premier League in the 2023–24 season.[35]On 6 April 2024, Clark scored his first Premier League goal in a 2–1 win over Bournemouth.[36]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_43-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_43-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_43-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_43-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_43-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_43-5"},{"link_name":"Football League Trophy/EFL Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Trophy"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EFLP_51-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EFLP_51-1"},{"link_name":"Championship play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship_play-offs"}],"text":"As of match played 19 May 2024^ a b c d e f Appearance(s) in Football League Trophy/EFL Trophy\n\n^ a b Appearances in Championship play-offs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EFL Championship play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship_play-offs"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_EFL_Championship_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Luton TownEFL Championship play-offs: 2023[52]","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Notification of shirt numbers: Luton Town\" (PDF). English Football League. p. 39. Retrieved 23 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.efl.com/siteassets/efl-documents/202021/efl-squad-numbering-11.09.2020.pdf","url_text":"\"Notification of shirt numbers: Luton Town\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jordan Clark\". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 18 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/22587","url_text":"\"Jordan Clark\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jordan Clark\". Luton Town F.C. Retrieved 28 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lutontown.co.uk/teams/first-team/midfielder/jordan-clark/","url_text":"\"Jordan Clark\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jordan Lands Most Promising Academy Player Award\". Barnsley F.C. 24 April 2010. Archived from the original on 28 April 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100428080517/http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10309~2033386%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Jordan Lands Most Promising Academy Player Award\""},{"url":"http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10309~2033386,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Academy Delight As Jordan Signs On\". Barnsley F.C. 6 July 2010. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/page/ClubStatements/0,,10309~2085637,00.html","url_text":"\"Academy Delight As Jordan Signs On\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111194843/http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/page/ClubStatements/0%2C%2C10309~2085637%2C00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Clark and Rose Sign New Barnsley Deal\". Barnsley F.C. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 20 November 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111120172203/http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/page/ClubStatements/0%2C%2C10309~2296405%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Clark and Rose Sign New Barnsley Deal\""},{"url":"http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/page/ClubStatements/0,,10309~2296405,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Barnsley 0 – 1 QPR\". BBC Sport. 12 April 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/12968169.stm","url_text":"\"Barnsley 0 – 1 QPR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clark Completes Contract Extension\". Barnsley F.C. 26 April 2015. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/article/clark-completes-contract-extension-363260.aspx","url_text":"\"Clark Completes Contract Extension\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150426160434/http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/article/clark-completes-contract-extension-363260.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chesterfield sign Jordan Clark and Alex Henshall on loan\". BBC Sport. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21548387","url_text":"\"Chesterfield sign Jordan Clark and Alex Henshall on loan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chesterfield 0 – 1 Gillingham\". BBC Sport. 23 February 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21482735","url_text":"\"Chesterfield 0 – 1 Gillingham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clark Completes 90 Minutes\". Barnsley F.C. 27 February 2013. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/article/clark-completes-90-minutes-27022013-683961.aspx","url_text":"\"Clark Completes 90 Minutes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150426161211/http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/article/clark-completes-90-minutes-27022013-683961.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Clark Returns to Barnsley\". Chesterfield F.C. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chesterfield-fc.co.uk/news/article/20130326-clark-returns-to-barnsley-735865.aspx","url_text":"\"Clark Returns to Barnsley\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150426161216/http://www.chesterfield-fc.co.uk/news/article/20130326-clark-returns-to-barnsley-735865.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Scunthorpe bring in Barnsley winger Jordan Clark\". BBC Sport. 2 August 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23548354","url_text":"\"Scunthorpe bring in Barnsley winger Jordan Clark\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scunthorpe United 2 – 0 Mansfield Town\". BBC Sport. 3 August 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23474860","url_text":"\"Scunthorpe United 2 – 0 Mansfield Town\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teenager returns to Tykes\". Sky Sports. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11761/8916756/teenager-returns-to-tykes","url_text":"\"Teenager returns to Tykes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jordan Clark: Hyde sign Barnsley midfielder on loan\". BBC Sport. 8 February 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26100227","url_text":"\"Jordan Clark: Hyde sign Barnsley midfielder on loan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hyde FC 3 Lincoln City 4: Match report\". Lincolnshire Echo. 8 February 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lincolnshireecho.co.uk/Hyde-FC-3-Lincoln-City-4-Match-report/story-20590609-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Hyde FC 3 Lincoln City 4: Match report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hyde 2 – 2 Aldershot Town\". BBC Sport. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26202733","url_text":"\"Hyde 2 – 2 Aldershot Town\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barnsley release defender Bobby Hassell after 10 years\". BBC Sport. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27310352","url_text":"\"Barnsley release defender Bobby Hassell after 10 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shrewsbury sign up two of their trialists\". Shropshire Star. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140720003103/http://www.shropshirestar.com/sport/shrewsbury-town-fc/2014/07/17/shrewsbury-sign-up-two-of-their-trialists/","url_text":"\"Shrewsbury sign up two of their trialists\""},{"url":"http://www.shropshirestar.com/sport/shrewsbury-town-fc/2014/07/17/shrewsbury-sign-up-two-of-their-trialists/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New-boy Clark salutes Mellon\". Sky Sports. 18 July 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11761/9385332/new-boy-clark-salutes-mellon","url_text":"\"New-boy Clark salutes Mellon\""}]},{"reference":"\"AFC Wimbledon 2 – 2 Shrewsbury Town\". BBC Sport. 9 August 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28646853","url_text":"\"AFC Wimbledon 2 – 2 Shrewsbury Town\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shrewsbury Town 2–0 Luton Town\". BBC Sport. 30 August 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28906440","url_text":"\"Shrewsbury Town 2–0 Luton Town\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clark Wins Goal of the Month For October\". Shrewsbury Town F.C. 24 November 2014. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shrewsburytown.com/news/article/jordan-clark-shrewsbury-town-goal-of-the-month-2101302.aspx","url_text":"\"Clark Wins Goal of the Month For October\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150426165419/http://www.shrewsburytown.com/news/article/jordan-clark-shrewsbury-town-goal-of-the-month-2101302.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Shrewsbury Town 5 – 0 Bury\". BBC Sport. 21 October 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29608617","url_text":"\"Shrewsbury Town 5 – 0 Bury\""}]},{"reference":"\"Town boss Micky Mellon backs striker Scott Vernon to keep up good form\". Shropshire Star. 21 February 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shropshirestar.com/sport/shrewsbury-town-fc/2015/02/21/town-boss-micky-mellon-backs-striker-scott-vernon-to-keep-up-good-form/","url_text":"\"Town boss Micky Mellon backs striker Scott Vernon to keep up good form\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shrewsbury Town 4–0 Exeter City\". BBC Sport. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/32179888","url_text":"\"Shrewsbury Town 4–0 Exeter City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jordan Clark: Shrewsbury Town midfielder signs new contract\". BBC Sport. 15 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/32758645","url_text":"\"Jordan Clark: Shrewsbury Town midfielder signs new contract\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barnsley 1-2 Shrewsbury\". BBC Sport. 5 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34093743","url_text":"\"Barnsley 1-2 Shrewsbury\""}]},{"reference":"\"Town announce retain list\". Shrewsweb. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shrewsburytown.com/news/article/town-announce-retain-list-3120828.aspx","url_text":"\"Town announce retain list\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jordan Clark: Accrington Stanley sign ex-Shrewsbury midfielder\". BBC Sport. 2 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36951959","url_text":"\"Jordan Clark: Accrington Stanley sign ex-Shrewsbury midfielder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gary Taylor-Fletcher scores on debut as Accrington Stanley beat Chesterfield in EFL Trophy\". lancashiretelegraph.co.uk. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/sport/14781711.Gary_Taylor_Fletcher_scores_on_debut_as_Accrington_Stanley_beat_Chesterfield_in_EFL_Trophy/","url_text":"\"Gary Taylor-Fletcher scores on debut as Accrington Stanley beat Chesterfield in EFL Trophy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Retained List\". www.accringtonstanley.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.accringtonstanley.co.uk/news/2020/june/retained-list/","url_text":"\"Retained List\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEW SIGNING | JORDAN CLARK JOINS THE HATTERS!\". www.lutontown.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lutontown.co.uk/news/2020/august/jordan-clark-signs/","url_text":"\"NEW SIGNING | JORDAN CLARK JOINS THE HATTERS!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Championship play-off final: Coventry and Luton go to penalty shootout\". BBC Sport. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/live/football/65526232","url_text":"\"Championship play-off final: Coventry and Luton go to penalty shootout\""}]},{"reference":"Abraham, Timothy (6 April 2024). \"Luton Town 2-1 Bournemouth: Carlton Morris' dramatic late winner boosted Luton's Premier League survival hopes as they came from behind to beat Bournemouth\". BBC News. Retrieved 6 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68697129","url_text":"\"Luton Town 2-1 Bournemouth: Carlton Morris' dramatic late winner boosted Luton's Premier League survival hopes as they came from behind to beat Bournemouth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2010/2011\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=140","url_text":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2010/2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2011/2012\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=141","url_text":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2011/2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2012/2013\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=142","url_text":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2012/2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2013/2014\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=143","url_text":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2013/2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"J. Clark: Summary\". Soccerway. Perform Group. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.soccerway.com/players/jordan-clarke/185845/","url_text":"\"J. Clark: Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2014/2015\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=144","url_text":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2014/2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2015/2016\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=145","url_text":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2015/2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2016/2017\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=149","url_text":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2016/2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2017/2018\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=150","url_text":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2017/2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2018/2019\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=151","url_text":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2018/2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2019/2020\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=152","url_text":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2019/2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2020/2021\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 24 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=153","url_text":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2020/2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2021/2022\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 7 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=154","url_text":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2021/2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2022/2023\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 27 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=155","url_text":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2022/2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2023/2024\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 6 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=156","url_text":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2023/2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luton win shootout to reach Premier League\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 27 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/65654937","url_text":"\"Luton win shootout to reach Premier League\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.efl.com/siteassets/efl-documents/202021/efl-squad-numbering-11.09.2020.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Notification of shirt numbers: Luton Town\""},{"Link":"http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/22587","external_links_name":"\"Jordan Clark\""},{"Link":"https://www.lutontown.co.uk/teams/first-team/midfielder/jordan-clark/","external_links_name":"\"Jordan Clark\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100428080517/http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10309~2033386%2C00.html","external_links_name":"\"Jordan Lands Most Promising Academy Player Award\""},{"Link":"http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10309~2033386,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/page/ClubStatements/0,,10309~2085637,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Academy Delight As Jordan Signs On\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111194843/http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/page/ClubStatements/0%2C%2C10309~2085637%2C00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111120172203/http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/page/ClubStatements/0%2C%2C10309~2296405%2C00.html","external_links_name":"\"Clark and Rose Sign New Barnsley Deal\""},{"Link":"http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/page/ClubStatements/0,,10309~2296405,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/12968169.stm","external_links_name":"\"Barnsley 0 – 1 QPR\""},{"Link":"http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/article/clark-completes-contract-extension-363260.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Clark Completes Contract Extension\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150426160434/http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/article/clark-completes-contract-extension-363260.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21548387","external_links_name":"\"Chesterfield sign Jordan Clark and Alex Henshall on loan\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21482735","external_links_name":"\"Chesterfield 0 – 1 Gillingham\""},{"Link":"http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/article/clark-completes-90-minutes-27022013-683961.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Clark Completes 90 Minutes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150426161211/http://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/article/clark-completes-90-minutes-27022013-683961.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.chesterfield-fc.co.uk/news/article/20130326-clark-returns-to-barnsley-735865.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Clark Returns to Barnsley\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150426161216/http://www.chesterfield-fc.co.uk/news/article/20130326-clark-returns-to-barnsley-735865.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23548354","external_links_name":"\"Scunthorpe bring in Barnsley winger Jordan Clark\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23474860","external_links_name":"\"Scunthorpe United 2 – 0 Mansfield Town\""},{"Link":"http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11761/8916756/teenager-returns-to-tykes","external_links_name":"\"Teenager returns to Tykes\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26100227","external_links_name":"\"Jordan Clark: Hyde sign Barnsley midfielder on loan\""},{"Link":"http://www.lincolnshireecho.co.uk/Hyde-FC-3-Lincoln-City-4-Match-report/story-20590609-detail/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Hyde FC 3 Lincoln City 4: Match report\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26202733","external_links_name":"\"Hyde 2 – 2 Aldershot Town\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27310352","external_links_name":"\"Barnsley release defender Bobby Hassell after 10 years\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140720003103/http://www.shropshirestar.com/sport/shrewsbury-town-fc/2014/07/17/shrewsbury-sign-up-two-of-their-trialists/","external_links_name":"\"Shrewsbury sign up two of their trialists\""},{"Link":"http://www.shropshirestar.com/sport/shrewsbury-town-fc/2014/07/17/shrewsbury-sign-up-two-of-their-trialists/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11761/9385332/new-boy-clark-salutes-mellon","external_links_name":"\"New-boy Clark salutes Mellon\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28646853","external_links_name":"\"AFC Wimbledon 2 – 2 Shrewsbury Town\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28906440","external_links_name":"\"Shrewsbury Town 2–0 Luton Town\""},{"Link":"http://www.shrewsburytown.com/news/article/jordan-clark-shrewsbury-town-goal-of-the-month-2101302.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Clark Wins Goal of the Month For October\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150426165419/http://www.shrewsburytown.com/news/article/jordan-clark-shrewsbury-town-goal-of-the-month-2101302.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29608617","external_links_name":"\"Shrewsbury Town 5 – 0 Bury\""},{"Link":"http://www.shropshirestar.com/sport/shrewsbury-town-fc/2015/02/21/town-boss-micky-mellon-backs-striker-scott-vernon-to-keep-up-good-form/","external_links_name":"\"Town boss Micky Mellon backs striker Scott Vernon to keep up good form\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/32179888","external_links_name":"\"Shrewsbury Town 4–0 Exeter City\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/32758645","external_links_name":"\"Jordan Clark: Shrewsbury Town midfielder signs new contract\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34093743","external_links_name":"\"Barnsley 1-2 Shrewsbury\""},{"Link":"http://www.shrewsburytown.com/news/article/town-announce-retain-list-3120828.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Town announce retain list\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36951959","external_links_name":"\"Jordan Clark: Accrington Stanley sign ex-Shrewsbury midfielder\""},{"Link":"http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/sport/14781711.Gary_Taylor_Fletcher_scores_on_debut_as_Accrington_Stanley_beat_Chesterfield_in_EFL_Trophy/","external_links_name":"\"Gary Taylor-Fletcher scores on debut as Accrington Stanley beat Chesterfield in EFL Trophy\""},{"Link":"https://www.accringtonstanley.co.uk/news/2020/june/retained-list/","external_links_name":"\"Retained List\""},{"Link":"https://www.lutontown.co.uk/news/2020/august/jordan-clark-signs/","external_links_name":"\"NEW SIGNING | JORDAN CLARK JOINS THE HATTERS!\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/live/football/65526232","external_links_name":"\"Championship play-off final: Coventry and Luton go to penalty shootout\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68697129","external_links_name":"\"Luton Town 2-1 Bournemouth: Carlton Morris' dramatic late winner boosted Luton's Premier League survival hopes as they came from behind to beat Bournemouth\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=140","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2010/2011\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=141","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2011/2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=142","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2012/2013\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=143","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2013/2014\""},{"Link":"https://uk.soccerway.com/players/jordan-clarke/185845/","external_links_name":"\"J. Clark: Summary\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=144","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2014/2015\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=145","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2015/2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=149","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2016/2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=150","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2017/2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=151","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2018/2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=152","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2019/2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=153","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2020/2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=154","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2021/2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=155","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2022/2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=59377&season_id=156","external_links_name":"\"Games played by Jordan Clark in 2023/2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/65654937","external_links_name":"\"Luton win shootout to reach Premier League\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbatija_Tad-Dejr
|
Abbatija Tad-Dejr
|
["1 History","2 Uses","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Paleochristian burial site in Rabat, Malta
Abbatija Tad-DejrAn outside view of Abbatija Tad-Dejr catacombsLocationRabat, MaltaTypeHypogeumWebsitewww.heritagemalta.org
The Abbatija Tad-Dejr hypogeal complex is a paleochristian burial site in Rabat, Malta.
Although much smaller in size than those of Rome, the catacombs in Malta, especially the ones in Rabat, are among the most important early Christian burial sites south of Rome.
The site is managed by Heritage Malta and is currently closed for conservation.
History
The early catacombs comprised a singular shaft and chamber tombs dug from the vertical face of a quarry. Between the fourth and the ninth centuries AD, four larger complexes were added.
The most important of the four small catacombs is the largest one; with its rows of carefully placed baldacchino tombs, it is possibly one of the few catacombs that saw some sort of pre-planning during excavations. Baldacchino tombs are often considered to be the richest out of the array of tomb types found in Maltese catacombs; at least three of such tombs in this complex are heavily decorated with reliefs.
In the post-Roman period, the largest catacomb was enlarged and turned into a small church.
Uses
The presence in the hypogeum of a stone altar and the number of crosses carved into the rock surface suggest early Christian use. A fresco that, until recently, decorated the apse over the supposed location of the original altar is now housed in the National Museum of Fine Arts.
The catacombs underwent various other phases of use. Amongst other uses, they were used as cow pens and for the quarrying of stone used in the production of lime. The latter has resulted in extensive damage. Some of the truncated shaft and chamber burials can be viewed from the low roof of the quarry.
References
^ "'A better future for Abbatija Tad-Dejr Catacombs'" (PDF). Heritage Malta Update. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
External links
Heritage Malta
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hypogeal complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypogeum"},{"link_name":"paleochristian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleochristian"},{"link_name":"Rabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat,_Malta"},{"link_name":"catacombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Heritage Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Malta"}],"text":"The Abbatija Tad-Dejr hypogeal complex is a paleochristian burial site in Rabat, Malta.Although much smaller in size than those of Rome, the catacombs in Malta, especially the ones in Rabat, are among the most important early Christian burial sites south of Rome.[1]The site is managed by Heritage Malta and is currently closed for conservation.","title":"Abbatija Tad-Dejr"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baldacchino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldachin"},{"link_name":"reliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"}],"text":"The early catacombs comprised a singular shaft and chamber tombs dug from the vertical face of a quarry. Between the fourth and the ninth centuries AD, four larger complexes were added.The most important of the four small catacombs is the largest one; with its rows of carefully placed baldacchino tombs, it is possibly one of the few catacombs that saw some sort of pre-planning during excavations. Baldacchino tombs are often considered to be the richest out of the array of tomb types found in Maltese catacombs; at least three of such tombs in this complex are heavily decorated with reliefs.In the post-Roman period, the largest catacomb was enlarged and turned into a small church.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stone altar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar"},{"link_name":"early Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity"},{"link_name":"fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"apse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Malta"},{"link_name":"lime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(material)"}],"text":"The presence in the hypogeum of a stone altar and the number of crosses carved into the rock surface suggest early Christian use. A fresco that, until recently, decorated the apse over the supposed location of the original altar is now housed in the National Museum of Fine Arts.The catacombs underwent various other phases of use. Amongst other uses, they were used as cow pens and for the quarrying of stone used in the production of lime. The latter has resulted in extensive damage. Some of the truncated shaft and chamber burials can be viewed from the low roof of the quarry.","title":"Uses"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"'A better future for Abbatija Tad-Dejr Catacombs'\" (PDF). Heritage Malta Update. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726145412/http://www.heritagemalta.org/onlineresources/newsletters/pdf/Heritage%20Malta%20Magazine%20Issue%203.pdf","url_text":"\"'A better future for Abbatija Tad-Dejr Catacombs'\""},{"url":"http://www.heritagemalta.org/onlineresources/newsletters/pdf/Heritage%20Malta%20Magazine%20Issue%203.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.heritagemalta.org/","external_links_name":"www.heritagemalta.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726145412/http://www.heritagemalta.org/onlineresources/newsletters/pdf/Heritage%20Malta%20Magazine%20Issue%203.pdf","external_links_name":"\"'A better future for Abbatija Tad-Dejr Catacombs'\""},{"Link":"http://www.heritagemalta.org/onlineresources/newsletters/pdf/Heritage%20Malta%20Magazine%20Issue%203.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.heritagemalta.org/","external_links_name":"Heritage Malta"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_football_subassociation
|
Belgrade Football Subassociation
|
["1 History","2 Creation of further Subassociations","3 BLP First Division","3.1 Seasons and champions","4 BSK vs Jugoslavija rivalry","5 Legacy and aftermath","6 References"]
|
The Belgrade Football Subassociation, commonly known by its initials, BLP (Serbo-Croato-Slovenian: Beogradski loptački podsavez / Београдски лоптачки подсавез - БЛП) was one of the regional football governing bodies under the tutorial of the Football Association of Yugoslavia. It was formed on 12 March 1920, and included the clubs from the geographical territories of Vojvodina, Central Serbia, Old Serbia (Kosovo) and South Serbia (Macedonia). The increase of number of clubs made that progressively other subassociations become formed by separating them from Belgrade's one. By 1932 its territory included beside Belgrade metropolitan area only the districts of Kolubara, Braničevo, Podunavlje and Jasenica-Kosmaj.
Its main role was to organise and control the league competition which consisted in interconnected leagues in a hierarchical format with promotion and relegation between leagues at different levels.
At the top of the hierarchy was the First Division of the BLP (1. razred BLP / 1. разред БПЛ), often known simply as Belgrade Football Subassociation League and the winner had direct access to the Yugoslav Championship while the second placed had to play a qualifying round. The Second and Third Divisions were divided in groups.
History
Before the formation of the BLP, football clubs in Serbia lacked an organised competition and limited to play friendly or exhibition matches. Occasionally, tournaments were organised in major urban centers. Football was characterised as an amateur leisure activity. The formation of BLP joined a number of willingfull and passionate people who will improve the management and organisation of football in Serbia, turning it into a more developed and professionalised activity. This greatly contributed for the mass popularisation of football and the quality gap that existed in comparison to other footballistically more developed countries started to be diminish. In a relatively brief period, football went from being a marginal students leisure activity to become the most popular sports activity in the country. The press passed from an attitude of total ignorance towards full coverage, and most important, it became subject of interest from the lowest working and peasantry classes, to the Belgrade high society, with the royal family itself frequently attending the most important matches.
However at beginning it was the individuals with their own initiative and good-will that mostly contributed to the development of the clubs and the competition. The first president of the BLP was Dragutin Kostić. In 1921 he is replaced by Žika Simonović. That year the subassociation counted with only 66 clubs, 19 of which in the city of Belgrade itself, 9 in the district (župa - administrative unit) of Banat, 3 in Brčko, 4 in Bijeljina, 4 in Leskovac, 3 in Vranje, 2 in Skoplje, 3 in Zemun, 1 in Šabac, 2 in Sremska Mitrovica, 2 in Užice, 1 in Požega, 1 in Jagodina, 2 in Čačak, 1 in Ruma, 1 in Negotin, 1 in Kruševac and 1 in Veles. In the third general assembly hold that year, it was decided that Politika would become the official media of the BLP. The conference from 15 January 1922 was marked by the decision to strengthen the relations with the peripheral provincial clubs, and the territory was divided among Župa's, administrative units corresponding in English language to parishes or districts.
In the general assembly held on 2 July 1922, a new administration was elected with Danilo Stojanović, popularly named as Čika Dača (Unckle Dacha) as its president. As one of the pioneers of football in Serbia and the founder of a number of clubs, he was highly regarded for that position. However, in the fourth general assembly held on 31 December 1922 the administration headed by Janko Šafarik is elected with him becoming the new president. The BLP was steadily growing and in 1923 it counted two main leagues, the First League of BLP (1. razred BLP) and Second League of BLP (2. razred BLP), and the leagues of the districts (župa's) which were 12, some counting 2 levels, a and b: Belgrade, Banat (a and b), Posavina, Bosnia, Kolubara, Šumadija, Krajina, Jelica, Morava and Skoplje.
In 1925, Mata Miodragović was elected president in a general assembly held on 17 August 1925. The assembly unilaterally declared the support for the seat of the Football Association of Yugoslavia to be moved from Zagreb to Belgrade. In 1926 Zarija Marković was elected president and will stay until 1929 when Svetislav Živković replaced him. Milan Bogdanović would be elected in 1931 and a year later Dimitrije Bojić will take his place. In 1933 Milan Bogdanović retook his position, and in 1934 Bojić succeeded him once again. This period was marked by the leadership of people well familiarised with the needs and problems of the organisation, so it is not unusual to see presidents being reelected or returning to the leadership position, as happened with Svetislav Živković who was president between 1929 and 1931 and was elected again in 1936. Jovan Spasojević, a physician by profession, took control in July 1937, and he was re-elected twice, in 1938 and 1940.
Creation of further Subassociations
With the development and expansion of football, its proliferation into provincial areas, the increase of competitions and the growing number of new clubs, a number of new subassociations was created within the initial territory of the Belgrade Football Subassociation.
The Skoplje Football Subassociation was formed on 18 December 1926 and included most of the territory which was by then known as the Southern and Old Serbia, namely the clubs from the districts of Skoplje, Bregalnica, Bitola, Kosovo and Vranje.
The Novi Sad Football Subassociation was formed on 13 April 1930 and included the clubs from the districts of Novi Sad, Sremska Mitrovica, Ruma and Šabac.
The Veliki Bečkerek Football Subassociation was formed on 11 May 1930 and included the clubs from the district of Banat including the municipalities of Veliki Bečkerek (city was renamed to Petrovgrad in 1935, known as Zrenjanin nowadays), Vršac, Kikinda, Novi Bečej and Pančevo.
The Niš Football Subassociation was formed on 8 March 1931 and included much of the territory of the Morava district. Includes the clubs from the municipalities of Niš, Kruševac, Zaječar, Negotin, Bor, Knjaževac and Leskovac, which was part of the Skoplje subassociation.
The Kragujevac Football Subassociation was formed on 20 December 1931 and included the clubs from the former province of Šumadija, which included the municipalities of Kragujevac, Kraljevo and Jagodina, and in 1933 they are joined by the clubs of the municipalities of Čačak and Užice which were part of the Sarajevo Subassociation until then.
BLP First Division
The first edition was played in 1920 and the first two editions were colloquially known as the Serbian Championship's. Until 1927 the champion gets automatically qualified to the Yugoslav Championship, but since that year, the second placed teams of the leagues of Belgrade and Zagreb also get a chance to play on the national highest level by participating in one elimination round. By the mid 1930s the league system suffered numerous alterations, often on a year-to-year basis, however since then the subassociation leagues became a way for clubs to qualify to a group phase which was the intermediate level to reach the national top level, although the BLP and Zagreb champions still qualified directly. By the late 1930s the clubs playing in the Yugoslav Championship did not play any more in the Subassociation leagues. In 1939 the league system is modified in a way that it is introduced the Serbian League, an intermediate level between the BLP and the Yugoslav Championship. After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941 and the creation by the occupying German authorities of the puppet Serbian state the Serbian League will become the top-level league during the Second World War in Serbia, having its last edition in 1944. The Serbian League was organised by the Belgrade Football Subassociation.
Seasons and champions
1920: 1st - BSK Belgrade
1921: 1st - BSK Belgrade
1923: 1st - SK Jugoslavija
1924: 1st - SK Jugoslavija
1925: 1st - SK Jugoslavija
1926: 1st - SK Jugoslavija
1927: 1st - BSK Belgrade; 2nd - SK Jugoslavija
1928: 1st - SK Jugoslavija; 2nd - BSK Belgrade
1929: 1st - BSK Belgrade; 2nd - SK Jugoslavija
1930: 1st - BSK Belgrade; 2nd - SK Jugoslavija
1931: The season was not finished as the entire league system modified.
1932: 1st - SK Jugoslavija; 2nd - BSK Belgrade; 3rd - BASK; Provincial champion: Sparta Zemun. Note: The clubs were separated in two leagues, the metropolitan, and the provincial.
1933: 1st - Sparta Zemun. Note: The clubs that played in the 1932–33 Yugoslav Football Championship did not participated, as the two leagues were played simultaneously and the BLP had a qualifying character for the next season.
1934: 1st - BSK Belgrade; 2nd - SK Jugoslavija; 3rd - BASK; 4th - Sparta Zemun
1935:
1936: 1st - BSK Belgrade
1937: Note: It was adopted a system where the clubs competing in the national championship do not compete at subassociation level as well.
1938: 1st - Jedinstvo Belgrade
1939: 1st - Sparta Zemun
1940: 1st - Čukarički SK
1941: 1st - VSK Valjevo
BSK vs Jugoslavija rivalry
This period was marked by the fierce rivalry between the two most ambitious clubs, BSK and Jugoslavija, respectively named the Blues and the Reds. At the time the press referred to their matches as the Eternal derby. During most of the period when the football season was divided into two halves, the first one being played on subassociation level and the second half at the national one, the BLP League usually served for BSK and Jugoslavija to measure strength between them, although the derby matches would repeat themselves as both usually took place at the national level. There they would face another aspect of Yugoslav football of the era, the equally fierce rivalry between the Belgrade teams and those from Zagreb. Those were usually the championship deciding matches.
Legacy and aftermath
At the end of the Second World War the monarchy was abolished and the country became a federal people's republic, FPRY. The entire football system was restructured. The sub-associations ceased to exist and they gave place to the republics, one of six federal units, associations, although same as before, all of them were under the national Yugoslav Football Association (FSJ). Numerous clubs were disbanded, mostly the ones which had a monarchic or bourgeois connotations, among them Jugoslavija and BSK.
SK Jugoslavija was completely disbanded with most of its property and players, including the field, handed over to the newly formed Red Star Belgrade, while BSK, although initially also disbanded, it ended being restored as OFK Beograd, a medium-small size club with obviously lower ambitions than BSK, and even so their right to assume and claim the continuity was only accepted after the socialist regime ended.
The BSK vs Jugoslavija derby was succeeded by an equally intense Partizan vs Red Star Eternal derby.
References
^ Milorad Sijić: "Football in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia" Archived 2012-05-12 at the Wayback Machine, pags. 135-140 (in Serbian)
^ Monografija 85. godina SD Čukarički Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine pag. 46
^ Sijić, pag. 135
^ Sijić, pag. 136
^ Sijić, pag. 136
^ Sijić, pag. 136
^ Sijić, pag. 137
^ Sijić, pg. 137
^ Sijić, pg. 138
^ Sijić, pag. 139
^ Sijić, pag. 140
^ Sijić, pag. 142
^ Sijić, pag. 142
^ Sijić, pag. 143
^ Sijić, pag. 142
^ Sijić, pag. 146
^ Yugoslavia/Serbia (and Montenegro) - List of Champions at RSSSF
^ Serbia 1919/20 Archived June 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine at RSSSF
^ Serbia 1920/21 Archived June 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine at RSSSF
^ Sijić, pag. 50
^ Sijić, pag. 51
^ Sijić, pag. 52
^ Sijić, pag. 54
^ Sijić, pag. 55
^ Sijić, pag. 57
^ Sijić, pag. 60
^ Sijić, pag. 65
^ Sijić, pag. 68
^ Monografija 85. godina SD Čukarički Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine pag. 47
^ Sijić, pag. 74
^ Sijić, pag. 84
^ Sijić, pag. 87
^ Sijić, pag. 97
^ Sijić, pag. 98
^ Sijić, pag. 101
^ Sijić, pag. 105
^ Sijić, pag. 111
^ Sijić, pag. 117
^ Sijić, pag. 126
vte Football in YugoslaviaFootball Association of YugoslaviaNational teams
National team
Olympic
U-21
U-20
U-19
U-17
Women's National team
League system
First League
Second League
Third League (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia (North and South), Slovenia, Vojvodina)
Domestic cups
Yugoslav Cup
Yugoslav Super Cup
Subassociations
Banja Luka
Belgrade
Cetinje
Kragujevac
Ljubljana
Niš
Novi Sad
Osijek
Sarajevo
Skoplje
Split
Subotica
Veliki Bečkerek
Zagreb
National league system
Clubs and list
List of footballers
Foreign players
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interconnected leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_system"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_First_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Its main role was to organise and control the league competition which consisted in interconnected leagues in a hierarchical format with promotion and relegation between leagues at different levels.At the top of the hierarchy was the First Division of the BLP (1. razred BLP / 1. разред БПЛ), often known simply as Belgrade Football Subassociation League and the winner had direct access to the Yugoslav Championship while the second placed had to play a qualifying round. The Second and Third Divisions were divided in groups.[2]","title":"Belgrade Football Subassociation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Brčko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko_(town)"},{"link_name":"Bijeljina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijeljina"},{"link_name":"Leskovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leskovac"},{"link_name":"Vranje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vranje"},{"link_name":"Skoplje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoplje"},{"link_name":"Zemun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemun"},{"link_name":"Šabac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abac"},{"link_name":"Sremska Mitrovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica"},{"link_name":"Užice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BEice"},{"link_name":"Požega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BEega,_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Jagodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagodina"},{"link_name":"Čačak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dak"},{"link_name":"Ruma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruma"},{"link_name":"Negotin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotin"},{"link_name":"Kruševac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evac"},{"link_name":"Veles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veles_(city)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Politika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Danilo Stojanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_Stojanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Before the formation of the BLP, football clubs in Serbia lacked an organised competition and limited to play friendly or exhibition matches. Occasionally, tournaments were organised in major urban centers. Football was characterised as an amateur leisure activity. The formation of BLP joined a number of willingfull and passionate people who will improve the management and organisation of football in Serbia, turning it into a more developed and professionalised activity. This greatly contributed for the mass popularisation of football and the quality gap that existed in comparison to other footballistically more developed countries started to be diminish. In a relatively brief period, football went from being a marginal students leisure activity to become the most popular sports activity in the country. The press passed from an attitude of total ignorance towards full coverage, and most important, it became subject of interest from the lowest working and peasantry classes, to the Belgrade high society, with the royal family itself frequently attending the most important matches.However at beginning it was the individuals with their own initiative and good-will that mostly contributed to the development of the clubs and the competition. The first president of the BLP was Dragutin Kostić. In 1921 he is replaced by Žika Simonović.[3] That year the subassociation counted with only 66 clubs, 19 of which in the city of Belgrade itself, 9 in the district (župa - administrative unit) of Banat, 3 in Brčko, 4 in Bijeljina, 4 in Leskovac, 3 in Vranje, 2 in Skoplje, 3 in Zemun, 1 in Šabac, 2 in Sremska Mitrovica, 2 in Užice, 1 in Požega, 1 in Jagodina, 2 in Čačak, 1 in Ruma, 1 in Negotin, 1 in Kruševac and 1 in Veles.[4] In the third general assembly hold that year, it was decided that Politika would become the official media of the BLP.[5] The conference from 15 January 1922 was marked by the decision to strengthen the relations with the peripheral provincial clubs, and the territory was divided among Župa's, administrative units corresponding in English language to parishes or districts.[6]In the general assembly held on 2 July 1922, a new administration was elected with Danilo Stojanović, popularly named as Čika Dača (Unckle Dacha) as its president.[7] As one of the pioneers of football in Serbia and the founder of a number of clubs, he was highly regarded for that position. However, in the fourth general assembly held on 31 December 1922 the administration headed by Janko Šafarik is elected with him becoming the new president.[8] The BLP was steadily growing and in 1923 it counted two main leagues, the First League of BLP (1. razred BLP) and Second League of BLP (2. razred BLP), and the leagues of the districts (župa's) which were 12, some counting 2 levels, a and b: Belgrade, Banat (a and b), Posavina, Bosnia, Kolubara, Šumadija, Krajina, Jelica, Morava and Skoplje.[9]In 1925, Mata Miodragović was elected president in a general assembly held on 17 August 1925. The assembly unilaterally declared the support for the seat of the Football Association of Yugoslavia to be moved from Zagreb to Belgrade. In 1926 Zarija Marković was elected president and will stay until 1929 when Svetislav Živković replaced him. Milan Bogdanović would be elected in 1931 and a year later Dimitrije Bojić will take his place.[10] In 1933 Milan Bogdanović retook his position, and in 1934 Bojić succeeded him once again. This period was marked by the leadership of people well familiarised with the needs and problems of the organisation, so it is not unusual to see presidents being reelected or returning to the leadership position, as happened with Svetislav Živković who was president between 1929 and 1931 and was elected again in 1936. Jovan Spasojević, a physician by profession, took control in July 1937, and he was re-elected twice, in 1938 and 1940.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skoplje Football Subassociation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoplje_Football_Subassociation"},{"link_name":"Skoplje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoplje"},{"link_name":"Bregalnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregalnica"},{"link_name":"Bitola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitola"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Vranje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vranje"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Novi Sad Football Subassociation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Sad_Football_Subassociation"},{"link_name":"Novi Sad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Sad"},{"link_name":"Sremska Mitrovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica"},{"link_name":"Ruma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruma"},{"link_name":"Šabac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abac"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Veliki Bečkerek Football Subassociation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Be%C4%8Dkerek_Football_Subassociation"},{"link_name":"Veliki Bečkerek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Be%C4%8Dkerek"},{"link_name":"Vršac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C5%A1ac"},{"link_name":"Kikinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikinda"},{"link_name":"Novi Bečej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Be%C4%8Dej"},{"link_name":"Pančevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%8Devo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Niš Football Subassociation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Football_Subassociation"},{"link_name":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Kruševac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evac"},{"link_name":"Zaječar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaje%C4%8Dar"},{"link_name":"Negotin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotin"},{"link_name":"Bor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor,_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Knjaževac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knja%C5%BEevac"},{"link_name":"Leskovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leskovac"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kragujevac Football Subassociation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragujevac_Football_Subassociation"},{"link_name":"Kragujevac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragujevac"},{"link_name":"Kraljevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevo"},{"link_name":"Jagodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagodina"},{"link_name":"Čačak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dak"},{"link_name":"Užice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BEice"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"With the development and expansion of football, its proliferation into provincial areas, the increase of competitions and the growing number of new clubs, a number of new subassociations was created within the initial territory of the Belgrade Football Subassociation.The Skoplje Football Subassociation was formed on 18 December 1926 and included most of the territory which was by then known as the Southern and Old Serbia, namely the clubs from the districts of Skoplje, Bregalnica, Bitola, Kosovo and Vranje.[12]\nThe Novi Sad Football Subassociation was formed on 13 April 1930 and included the clubs from the districts of Novi Sad, Sremska Mitrovica, Ruma and Šabac.[13]\nThe Veliki Bečkerek Football Subassociation was formed on 11 May 1930 and included the clubs from the district of Banat including the municipalities of Veliki Bečkerek (city was renamed to Petrovgrad in 1935, known as Zrenjanin nowadays), Vršac, Kikinda, Novi Bečej and Pančevo.[14]\nThe Niš Football Subassociation was formed on 8 March 1931 and included much of the territory of the Morava district. Includes the clubs from the municipalities of Niš, Kruševac, Zaječar, Negotin, Bor, Knjaževac and Leskovac, which was part of the Skoplje subassociation.[15]\nThe Kragujevac Football Subassociation was formed on 20 December 1931 and included the clubs from the former province of Šumadija, which included the municipalities of Kragujevac, Kraljevo and Jagodina, and in 1933 they are joined by the clubs of the municipalities of Čačak and Užice which were part of the Sarajevo Subassociation until then.[16]","title":"Creation of further Subassociations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_First_League"},{"link_name":"Axis invasion of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_invasion_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Serbian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_under_German_occupation"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"}],"text":"The first edition was played in 1920 and the first two editions were colloquially known as the Serbian Championship's.[17] Until 1927 the champion gets automatically qualified to the Yugoslav Championship, but since that year, the second placed teams of the leagues of Belgrade and Zagreb also get a chance to play on the national highest level by participating in one elimination round. By the mid 1930s the league system suffered numerous alterations, often on a year-to-year basis, however since then the subassociation leagues became a way for clubs to qualify to a group phase which was the intermediate level to reach the national top level, although the BLP and Zagreb champions still qualified directly. By the late 1930s the clubs playing in the Yugoslav Championship did not play any more in the Subassociation leagues. In 1939 the league system is modified in a way that it is introduced the Serbian League, an intermediate level between the BLP and the Yugoslav Championship. After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941 and the creation by the occupying German authorities of the puppet Serbian state the Serbian League will become the top-level league during the Second World War in Serbia, having its last edition in 1944. The Serbian League was organised by the Belgrade Football Subassociation.","title":"BLP First Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919%E2%80%9320_Serbian_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"BSK Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFK_Beograd"},{"link_name":"1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920%E2%80%9321_Serbian_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"SK Jugoslavija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Jugoslavija"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"BASK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_BASK"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"1932–33 Yugoslav Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932%E2%80%9333_Yugoslav_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Jedinstvo Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Jedinstvo_Beograd"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Čukarički SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_%C4%8Cukari%C4%8Dki_Stankom"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Seasons and champions","text":"1920:[18] 1st - BSK Belgrade\n1921:[19] 1st - BSK Belgrade\n1923:[20] 1st - SK Jugoslavija\n1924:[21] 1st - SK Jugoslavija\n1925:[22] 1st - SK Jugoslavija\n1926:[23] 1st - SK Jugoslavija\n1927:[24] 1st - BSK Belgrade; 2nd - SK Jugoslavija\n1928:[25] 1st - SK Jugoslavija; 2nd - BSK Belgrade\n1929:[26] 1st - BSK Belgrade; 2nd - SK Jugoslavija\n1930:[27] 1st - BSK Belgrade; 2nd - SK Jugoslavija\n1931:[28] The season was not finished as the entire league system modified.[29]\n1932:[30] 1st - SK Jugoslavija; 2nd - BSK Belgrade; 3rd - BASK; Provincial champion: Sparta Zemun. Note: The clubs were separated in two leagues, the metropolitan, and the provincial.\n1933:[31] 1st - Sparta Zemun. Note: The clubs that played in the 1932–33 Yugoslav Football Championship did not participated, as the two leagues were played simultaneously and the BLP had a qualifying character for the next season.\n1934:[32] 1st - BSK Belgrade; 2nd - SK Jugoslavija; 3rd - BASK; 4th - Sparta Zemun\n1935:[33]\n1936:[34] 1st - BSK Belgrade\n1937:[35] Note: It was adopted a system where the clubs competing in the national championship do not compete at subassociation level as well.\n1938:[36] 1st - Jedinstvo Belgrade\n1939:[37] 1st - Sparta Zemun\n1940:[38] 1st - Čukarički SK\n1941:[39] 1st - VSK Valjevo","title":"BLP First Division"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This period was marked by the fierce rivalry between the two most ambitious clubs, BSK and Jugoslavija, respectively named the Blues and the Reds. At the time the press referred to their matches as the Eternal derby. During most of the period when the football season was divided into two halves, the first one being played on subassociation level and the second half at the national one, the BLP League usually served for BSK and Jugoslavija to measure strength between them, although the derby matches would repeat themselves as both usually took place at the national level. There they would face another aspect of Yugoslav football of the era, the equally fierce rivalry between the Belgrade teams and those from Zagreb. Those were usually the championship deciding matches.","title":"BSK vs Jugoslavija rivalry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"FPRY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPR_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Socialist_Republics"},{"link_name":"Red Star Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"OFK Beograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFK_Beograd"},{"link_name":"Partizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Partizan"},{"link_name":"Eternal derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_derby_(Serbia)"}],"text":"At the end of the Second World War the monarchy was abolished and the country became a federal people's republic, FPRY. The entire football system was restructured. The sub-associations ceased to exist and they gave place to the republics, one of six federal units, associations, although same as before, all of them were under the national Yugoslav Football Association (FSJ). Numerous clubs were disbanded, mostly the ones which had a monarchic or bourgeois connotations, among them Jugoslavija and BSK.SK Jugoslavija was completely disbanded with most of its property and players, including the field, handed over to the newly formed Red Star Belgrade, while BSK, although initially also disbanded, it ended being restored as OFK Beograd, a medium-small size club with obviously lower ambitions than BSK, and even so their right to assume and claim the continuity was only accepted after the socialist regime ended.The BSK vs Jugoslavija derby was succeeded by an equally intense Partizan vs Red Star Eternal derby.","title":"Legacy and aftermath"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.ofkbeograd.net/index.php?id=199","external_links_name":"Milorad Sijić: \"Football in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120512115722/http://www.ofkbeograd.net/index.php?id=199","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pageflip-flap.com/read?r=tOqdiQoYQtfej3f5jl","external_links_name":"Monografija 85. godina SD Čukarički"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080415/http://www.pageflip-flap.com/read?r=tOqdiQoYQtfej3f5jl","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesj/joegchamp.html","external_links_name":"Yugoslavia/Serbia (and Montenegro) - List of Champions"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/serv-wom20.html","external_links_name":"Serbia 1919/20"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604113323/http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/serv-wom20.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/serv-wom21.html","external_links_name":"Serbia 1920/21"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604113315/http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/serv-wom21.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pageflip-flap.com/read?r=tOqdiQoYQtfej3f5jl","external_links_name":"Monografija 85. godina SD Čukarički"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080415/http://www.pageflip-flap.com/read?r=tOqdiQoYQtfej3f5jl","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_RFS
|
FK RFS
|
["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 The settling in (2016–2017)","1.3 The first glance at silverware (2018–2020)","1.4 Viktors Morozs' era (2020–present)","1.4.1 The double (2021)","1.4.2 \"Fight for the Dream 2022\" – The first appearance on the European stage","1.4.3 UECL Group stage","1.4.4 Regaining the Title (2023)","2 Grounds","3 Records and statistics","4 Rivalries","4.1 Riga Derby","5 \"Fight for the Dream\"","6 European record","7 Honours","8 Players","8.1 Current squad","8.2 Out on loan","9 Personnel","9.1 Current technical staff","9.2 Management","10 References","11 External links"]
|
Association football club
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Football clubRFSFull nameFK RFSFounded2016GroundLNK Sporta ParksCapacity1737ChairmanArtjoms MilovsManagerViktors MorozsLeagueVirsliga2024Virsliga, 1st of 10WebsiteClub website
Home colours
Away colours
FK RFS is a professional Latvian football club based in Riga. The club competes in Virsliga, the top tier of Latvian football.
Founded in 2016, the club has worn a blue home kit and a white away kit since its inception. Since the start of playing in the Latvian higher league in 2016, RFS played their home matches in Jānis Skredelis' stadium for almost 6 years, before moving to LNK Sporta Parks in the summer of 2022.
The club has been crowned as Latvian champions twice in 2021 and 2023, and has also won the Latvian cup on two occasions – in 2019 and 2021. RFS were named as the Best Sports Club in Riga of the year 2022. In 2022, RFS became only the 2nd Latvian club to qualify for European group stages since FK Ventspils in the 2009/10 season, after beating Linfield in a dramatic play-off tie.
As of February 2024, RFS are ranked 171st in the UEFA club rankings.
History
Origins
Until 2003, the current club was a team of boys born in 1990 and 1991 under the auspices of JFK Skonto, the youth club of the Latvian powerhouse FK Skonto, led by Vladimirs Beļajevs. In 2003 Beļajevs quit JFK Skonto together with his students and founded the Daugava Football Sports School.
Two years later, on 19 May 2005, the semi-professional football club FSK Daugava 90 was established. The new club united students born from 1989 to 1999. In 2007 the club enrolled in the Latvian First League in 2007 and changed their name to FK Daugava before the 2008 season. The team won promotion to the Latvian Higher League in 2008, but was relegated the next year. In 2011, the club's name was changed to Rīgas Futbola Skola.
In 2015, Rīgas Futbola Skola ranked 3rd in the 1. līga, which was not enough to return to the Virslīga. However, in early 2016 the Latvian Football Federation revoked the league licence of Skonto FC and awarded it to the club, which re-branded itself to RFS and returned to the top flight once again.
The settling in (2016–2017)
The new club had new management as its general sponsor became the Latvian company LNK Group which is run by the Latvian businessman Artjoms Milovs. He became the club's president. Learning that they’re going to play in the higher league less than a month before the kickoff of the new season, the club had to act fast by bringing in experienced players, mostly from the Skonto themselves. The most notable arrivals were the center-back Ritus Krjauklis from FK Ventspils and the forward Aleksejs Višņakovs from Skonto.
RFS' sporting director Aleksandrs Usovs, general director Maksims Krivuņecs, head coach Jurijs Popkovs, and player Aleksejs Višņakovs ahead of the 2016 Virsliga season.
With completely new management and identity, RFS started their first official season in the Virsliga with a finish in 6th place, just 5 points ahead of the relegation play-off spot. Over the course of the season, RFS won 9, drew 8, and lost 11 games, scoring only 22 goals, which was the 2nd lowest result in the league. RFS also secured their place in the 2016–17 Latvian Cup quarterfinal after a trashing 7–0 victory over FK Ogre. During the season, RFS changed their manager twice, but at the end decided to go with Jurijs Ševļakovs.
In the 2017 season, Andrejs Kaļiņins took over as manager as RFS brought in more new faces, including former Watford and CSKA Moscow midfielder Aleksandrs Cauņa, Liepaja's Roberts Savaļnieks, and Georgian defender Lasha Shergelashvili. They also permanently signed the club's top scorer from last season – Igors Kozlovs. Experienced Ritus Krjauklis left after just one season alongside Raivis Jurkovskis, whose loan deal at RFS had ended. But in their place came more promising players, as well as young Latvian stars like Roberts Uldriķis and Marko Regža.
On the opening matchday, RFS defeated the title holders Jūrmalas Spartaks 2–1 thanks to Roberts Uldriķis' debut brace. RFS proved to be the underdogs that year as they finished 5th in the league, just off the Europa League qualification spot, after not winning against FK Jelgava on the final matchday, meaning that they finished behind Ventspils just because of goal difference.
In the 2016–17 Latvian Cup once again, thanks to Roberts Uldriķis, RFS managed to beat FK Metta 1–0 to advance into the semi-final, but suffered a defeat in a two-legged tie (1–2) to FK Ventspils after Aleksejs Višņakovs did not convert the penalty in the dying minutes of the match in the 2nd leg.
Just 2 months later, the 2017 Latvian Cup kicked off, in which RFS once again managed to reach the semi-final, but this time fell 4–1 to FK Liepāja.
Overall, in just their second season in the highest tier, RFS had already proved that they could challenge the big guns and fight for a spot in Europe, and that was exactly what happened the next season.
The first glance at silverware (2018–2020)
On 6 December 2017, RFS appointed the former Vilnius Žalgiris head coach Valdas Dambrauskas. RFS won the Virsliga pre-season tournament, which included all Virsliga clubs. They managed to defeat FK Ventspils in the quarters, FK Jelgava in the semis, and FK Spartaks in the final.
Valdas Dambrauskas led RFS to their first ever trophy.
In terms of the regular season, RFS recorded their highest league finish yet, finishing 3rd, only behind the eventual champions Riga FC and FK Ventspils, meaning that they’ll participate in European competition qualifiers for the first time next season. RFS under Dambrauskas showed very good attacking football, scoring 57 goals in 28 games that season, which was the highest ratio in the league. Players like Roberts Savaļnieks and Roberts Uldriķis played a big part in the system, both making a total of 27 goal contributions throughout the season. However, the signing of Ukrainian forward Maksym Marusych proved to be important as well as the forward scored 15 goals that season. The most out of any RFS player.
In the Latvian Cup, RFS once again got knocked out in the semi-finals after losing 2–1 to FK Ventspils.
Having had an excellent transfer window, RFS were considered the favorites to win the title in the 2019 season. In the outgoing Kaspars Dubra and Lasha Seregashvili's places came the center-back partnership of Vitālijs Jagodinskis and Nauris Bulvītis from FK Ventspils. Ivorian forward Cedric Kouadio arrived from BFC Daugavpils and from Dambrauskas former team Vilnius Žalgiris midfielders Tomáš Šimkovič and Slavko Blagojević, and forward Tomáš Malec all joined the club as well.
RFS lifting the 2019 Latvian Cup.
The board's ambitions were seemingly high, as they had a goal of winning the league. In the summer transfer window, RFS also managed to sign their rival's top scorer for the last two seasons – Serbian striker Darko Lemajič – who managed to score 16 goals in the remaining 19 matches for RFS that season.
At the end, it turned out to be a two-man race in the Virsliga, as RFS finished 2nd, 7 points behind Riga FC. Nevertheless, RFS won their first ever title that year, after finally overcoming their curse of being knocked out in the Latvian Cup semi-finals as they defeated FK Jelgava 3–2 in the final, thanks to an extra-time winner by Tomas Šimkovic.
That same season, RFS also made their debut on the European stage as they faced the Slovenian Cup winners NK Olimpija Ljubljana in the Europa League 1st qualifying round. Despite them being the favorites of this tie, RFS managed to snatch a 3–2 win away in Slovenia after a 93rd minute winner from Tin Vukmanić. However, the second leg at home did not go quite as planned, as Olimpija scored twice to advance with an aggregate win of 4–3 and knock RFS out.
In January 2020, RFS extended Dambrauskas’ contract ‘til 2022 and released and sold many regular team players.
Viktors Morozs' era (2020–present)
Despite extending his contract until 2022, just a month later, Valdas Dambrauskas left the club for Croatian First Division side HNK Gorica, so the club's new head coach became Valdas Dambrauskas’ assistant coach Viktors Morozs. However, following the COVID-19 breakout, the season in Latvia kicked off in June instead of March, and instead of 4 rounds, 3 were played instead.
During his 4 years at the club, Morozs has won 3 trophies with RFS.
In the market, RFS saw the signing of Slovenian defender Žiga Lipušček, midfielders Leonel Strumia and Tomislav Šarić, and a young Brazilian prospect forward Emerson Deocleciano on loan from NK Lokomotiva. Players like Maksym Marusych and Vitālijs Jagodinskis also left the club for other Virsliga sides.
Once again, RFS were unlucky to finish second in the league, just 3 points behind the eventual champions Riga FC. RFS also did not succeed in keeping hold of the Latvian Cup after they fell out in the semi-finals to FK Jelgava.
The same went for European competition qualifiers, as once again RFS did not get past the first qualifying round due to a 1–0 loss to Serbian side Partizan.
Nevertheless, this was a breakout season for the Brazilian loanee Emerson, who managed to find the back of the net 11 times for RFS, also becoming Virsliga's top scorer that year.
The double (2021)
Following Chinonso Offor's 760k transfer to Chicago Fire, RFS had funds to not only secure the signing of Emerson on a permanent deal ahead of the new season but also players like Lucas Villela, Elvis Stuglis, Petr Mareš, and Alfusainey Jatta, who later played an important part in RFS’ success. Another notable player who left the squad was Latvian winger Jānis Ikaunieks, who joined Finnish side KuPS on a free transfer. Vitālijs Jagodinskis returned from Valmiera after just one season, following a conflict with Valmiera's head coach Tamaz Pertia.
Despite starting their season with a 3–2 loss to Valmiera FC, RFS then went on a 12-match unbeaten run, before eventually losing to Valmiera again.
With summer approaching also came the qualifying stages for European club competitions, as RFS faced Faroese side KI Klaksvik in the 1st qualification round, snatching a 6–5 win on aggregate thanks to Tomislav Šarić's winner away from home in extra time. Next up followed Hungarian club Puskas Akademia, which RFS, against all odds, swept aside with a thrashing 5–0 victory on aggregate.
In 2021 RFS won a domestic double – the league and the cup.
But then came their toughest challenge yet – Belgian giants KAA Gent. However, RFS scored two goals inside 30 minutes to shock the Ghelamco Arena crowd. Unfortunately, Gent later equalized and, in the return game, got away with a 1–0 win (3–2 on aggregate), knocking RFS out of the competition.
The relationship with Gent did not end there for RFS, as just 12 days after the 2nd leg, RFS’ all-time top scorer, Darko Lemajic, left the club and joined the Belgian side on a club's record transfer fee of 900k. The Serbian striker had impressed the Belgian opposition, having scored five goals in six UECL qualification games. With some of these funds, RFS brought in forward Kevin Friesenbichler, Deniss Rakels, and a young Serbian striker Andrej Ilić to hopefully replace him.
RFS did not stop in both the league and the cup, as they reached the Latvian Cup final for the second year in a row, this time facing FK Liepaja. And thanks to a single goal from Brazilian midfielder Lucas Villela, RFS lifted the Latvian Cup trophy for the second year in a row.
However, just 3 days later, RFS secured an important win against BFC Daugavpils to stay ahead of the reigning champions Riga FC. Then, with just two league matches yet to be played for both capital clubs, they faced each other in a duel, which could have potentially decided the outcome of the 2021 Virsliga season. The game, however, ended in a draw, leaving it all on the last day of the season.
In the last matchday away to Daugavpils, with goals from Andrej Ilić and Tomáš Šimkovič, RFS became the champions of Latvia for the first time in their history, which eventually also completed a continental double.
"Fight for the Dream 2022" – The first appearance on the European stage
The 2022 season arrived with RFS eager to defend their title and make their Champions League qualifier debut.
At the start of the 2022 season, Roberts Savaļnieks’ left RFS for FK Liepāja alongside Leon Strumia. Marko Regža and Lucas Villela were released. Also, captain Tomáš Šimkovič, who was named the best Virsliga player in the 2021 season, left for Austrian side First Vienna.
With the summer transfer window approaching, RFS lacked the leader in the locker room, which was seen on the pitch. So, they brought in experienced Latvian goalkeeper Pāvels Šteinbors, who played a big role for the team later on in the season.
With the summer window also came the European competition qualifiers, as RFS were drawn with Finnish champions HJK Helsinki in the Champions League 1st qualifying round. RFS lost the first leg 1–0 away but were able to overcome the deficit in the return leg (2–1). However, HJK managed to equalize and win it on penalties. This elimination made RFS fall to the Conference League qualifiers.
Kevin Friesenbichler played a big role in RFS' road to the UECL group stage, as he scored twice in the play-off tie versus Linfield and in the group phase was involved in both goals RFS scored.
In the Conference League 3rd qualifier round, they were drawn together with Maltese champions Hibernians, and in the 1st leg in Riga, despite the away team going down to 10 men, RFS were unable to take the lead as they eventually conceded, but a goal from Andrej Ilić managed to scrape a late draw.
Following this draw, morale was at its lowest, and it was proven once again as in their opening game in their new training and facility complex LNK Sporta Parks they lost 3–2 to relegation candidates SK Super Nova.
With summer came new arrivals. They consisted of a Latvian player from an academy in Italy, Dmitrijs Zelenkovs, alongside Brazilian winger Bill, who was loaned in from Ukrainian side Dnipro-1. And, surprisingly enough, club legend and former captain Tomáš Šimkovič made a surprising return to the club in the hope that he could motivate the team in this tough moment of the season. And it certainly worked, as in the return leg in Malta, RFS won 3–1 to secure their place in the play-off round.
In the deciding play-off round, RFS had to face Northern Irish champions Linfield. In the first leg at home, RFS started well, but a missed penalty from Petr Mareš loosened the team's confidence, and it backfired as Linfield scored two goals. With 2 minutes remaining and some fans leaving the stadium early, RFS got one back, and in the 6th added minute, they equalized (2–2).
In the return leg at Linfield, RFS once again went behind in the 104th minute of extra time, but once again, in the added time, RFS scored to take the game into penalties, which they eventually won and secured their place in the Conference League group stage.
However, in the league, RFS failed to beat league leaders Valmiera FC at home (2–2) and were now 3rd – 8 points off the top. Following their qualification to the UECL, things went downhill back in the league and the cup as they won only 6 out of their remaining 11 league games and lost in the Latvian Cup final to FK Auda (0–1). Following this drop in form and players losing their fitness, RFS just slightly clinched 3rd place in the league and secured their place in the European competition qualifiers for next year.
UECL Group stage
Andrej Ilic became the first RFS player to score in the group phase of a European competition.
Following their entry into their first ever European group stage, RFS traveled away to Florence, where they managed a surprising 1–1 draw with Fiorentina as Andrej Ilić became the first RFS player to score in European group stage matches. It was followed by a 2–0 loss to Hearts at home and a 0–0 draw against Istanbul Basaksehir.
As injuries started to kick in, RFS lost the return match against Basaksehir 3–0 and then to Hearts 2–1, despite Friesenbichler's wonderful goal from outside the box. At last came the last group match at home versus Fiorentina, but despite scoring a goal, which was later disallowed, RFS lost 3–0 as their first ever European run came to an end.
Regaining the Title (2023)
At the start of the 2023 season, RFS ambitions were higher than ever, as they were hungry for silverware and Europe. Tomáš Šimkovič, Kevin Friesenbichler, and Tomislav Šarić all left the club as many experienced Latvian players arrived – Mārcis Ošs, Roberts Savaļnieks, and Jānis Ikaunieks. The club also signed a new sponsorship deal with Tonybet Fan at the start of the season.
They kicked off the season slow with just 2 wins in their 5 matches, but slowly gained form and were the only unbeaten side in the league even when the European qualifiers came around. However, despite not having lost a single match, they were sitting second, a few points behind their rivals Riga FC.
Meanwhile, in the UECL qualifiers, RFS advanced into the 2nd round after defeating Macedonian side Makedonija GP 5–1 on aggregate. However, in the 2nd round, RFS were knocked out by Azerbaijani side FK Sabah after suffering an unlucky 2–0 loss at home and then a 2–1 loss away from home, which brought their European journey to an end.
RFS defeated Metta to clinch the 2023 Virsliga title on the final matchday of the season.
In the summer transfer window, Andrej Ilić finally moved on as he was signed by Norwegian higher division side Vålerenga. In his place came club legend and another Serb striker – Darko Lemajič.
Although in the league, RFS were flying as they had not lost a single league game since August 2022. That run was broken by Latvian champions Valmiera FC by then, as they brought RFS’ 39-match unbeaten run to an end. This made matters even worse, as with a win, RFS could have finally moved to the top of the table as Riga lost to FS Jelgava in the same gameweek.
With just 8 Gameweeks to go, the next match between RFS and Riga FC was considered the title decider as both teams faced each other for the fourth time this season and once again drew. RFS, as well as Riga, won their next 5 matches in the league before meeting each other again in the Latvian Cup final, in which finally one side came out victorious as Riga won on penalties (1–1 after extra time). That was the second season in a row in which RFS had lost the final.
However, back in the league, Riga finally dropped points following their 1–1 draw with SK Super Nova, and RFS took advantage of that by scoring 2 injury-time goals against FK Tukums to win 5–4 in a 9-goal thriller and to clinch an important 3 points. Both teams won their next two matches as it all came down to the last matchday, with RFS still being 1 point behind.
RFS faced Metta, while Riga FC faced the current title holders Valmiera FC away. The home advantage paid off as Valmiera managed to draw, leaving it all in RFS’ hands to get the title. Back in Riga, RFS got the penalty, which was converted by Jānis Ikaunieks as the full-time whistle was blown, and RFS, at the last grasp, had become the Latvian champions once again.
Grounds
In their first ever season, RFS moved across various stadiums before eventually locating at Jānis Skredelis' stadium in Riga, which was their home stadium from 2016 ‘til the summer of 2022.
LNK Sporta Parks – The home stadium of RFS.
However, after that period, RFS moved to their new ground called LNK Sporta Parks, which was built by the RFS chairman's company – LNK Properties.
The sports complex includes two natural grass grounds – one for matches, one for training sessions – and three artificial grass grounds – one for matches, where RFS host their home games at the start of the season, and two for training sessions.
The main natural grass stadium holds 700 people, whose capacity is set to be doubled soon by building a new opposite stand, including a VIP area and new dressing rooms, as well as the establishment of a new year-round café. The second ground with an artificial pitch holds around 400 people.
However, for now, the qualifying stages of European competitions are still being held at either Sloka Stadium in Jūrmala, which has a capacity of 2,500, and Skonto Stadium, which has a capacity of over 8,000 people.
Records and statistics
Roberts Savaļnieks is RFS' all-time leader in appearances.
Roberts Savaļnieks holds the record for most RFS appearances, having played 199 first-team matches from 2016 to 2024. Vladislavs Sorokins comes in second with 184 appearances, followed by Emerson, who has played 165 times for the club. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Kaspars Ikstens, with 69 appearances. With 78 caps for Latvia, Aleksejs Višņakovs is RFS’ most capped international player of all time. Meanwhile, of the players that are currently at the club, Roberts Savaļnieks has accumulated 61.
Emerson is RFS' all-time leading goalscorer with 50 goals.
Emerson Deocleciano (2020–present) is RFS’ all-time leading goalscorer, with 50 goals in 165 matches, alongside being RFS’ top goalscorer of all time in Virsliga history with 44 goals. Behind him in 2nd and 3rd are Darko Lemajič (2019–2021; 2023–present), who has scored 48 goals in 90 appearances, and Andrej Ilic (2021-2023) with 42 goals in 87 appearances for the club. Andrej Ilić also holds the record for the most goals scored in one season (21 in 2022). Meanwhile, Robers Savaļnieks holds the record for most assists – 45.
The club also holds the record for the longest unbeaten run in Virsliga in the 21st century, having gone unbeaten for 38 matches (390 days).
In 2022, they also became only the second Latvian side to qualify for European competitions after defeating Linfield in the UECL play-off round and securing their place in the group phase.
The club's record sale is Andrej Ilic, who was sold to Vålerenga for 1.6 million in the summer of 2023.
Rivalries
Riga Derby
Riga Derby is the most attended game in Latvian club sport.
There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league, and this is particularly the case in the Virsliga, as in recent years the game between both leading clubs in the country and the capital city of Latvia, RFS and Riga FC, is known as "The Riga Derby" (Rīgas Derbijs). Since 2016, the rivalry has been between Riga FC and RFS, as both clubs made their debuts in the Virsliga at the same time. Both teams slowly became the leading sides of the league, as in this 8-year period, RFS won 2 league titles while Riga FC won 3. Over the years, the head-to-head record between RFS and Riga FC is 14 victories for RFS, 14 victories for Riga FC, and 13 draws.
The Riga Derby is also the most attended game in Latvian club sport, averaging around 3 thousand fans per game; however, last season, even reached 5 thousand spectators in some games.
"Fight for the Dream"
"Fight for the Dream 22′" is a documentary series created by the Lithuanian director Rimvydas Čekavičius, which reflects the incredible journey of RFS in Europe in the 2022 season, when RFS became only the 2nd club in the history of Latvia to enter the group stage of European competitions.
The Lithuanian filming team spent almost the entire 2022 season with RFS, being together not only in training and games but also outside the football field. The series consist of a total of six episodes, each lasting one hour and are all available for free on RFS official YouTube channel.
European record
As of match played 2 August 2023
Competition
GP
W
D
L
GF
GA
+/-
UEFA Champions League
2
1
0
1
2
2
0
UEFA Europa League
3
1
0
2
3
5
−2
UEFA Europa Conference League
20
6
6
8
28
29
−1
Total
25
8
6
11
33
36
–3
Season
Competition
Round
Club
Home
Away
Agg.
2019–20
UEFA Europa League
1QR
Olimpija Ljubljana
0–2
3–2
3–4
2020–21
UEFA Europa League
1QR
Partizan
—
0–1
—
2021–22
UEFA Europa Conference League
1QR
KÍ
2–3
4–2 (a.e.t.)
6–5
2QR
Puskás Akadémia
3–0
2–0
5–0
3QR
Gent
0–1
2–2
2–3
2022–23
UEFA Champions League
1QR
HJK
2–1 (a.e.t.)
0–1
2–2 (4–5 p)
UEFA Europa Conference League
3QR
Hibernians
1–1
3–1
4–2
PO
Linfield
2–2
1–1 (a.e.t.)
3–3 (4–2 p)
GS
Başakşehir
0–0
0–3
4th
Fiorentina
0–3
1–1
Hearts
0–2
1–2
2023–24
UEFA Europa Conference League
1QR
Makedonija GP
4–1
1–0
5–1
2QR
Sabah
0–2
1–2
1–4
2024–25
UEFA Champions League
1QR
Larne
Notes
QR: Qualifying round
GS: Group stage
Honours
Latvian Higher League
Champions: 2021, 2023
Runners-up: 2019, 2020
Third place: 2018, 2022
Latvian Cup
Winners: 2019, 2021
Runners-up: 2022, 2023
Players
Current squad
As of 16 March 2024
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
1
GK
LVA
Pāvels Šteinbors
6
MF
GAM
Alfusainey Jatta
7
FW
CIV
Ismaël Diomandé
8
FW
GEO
Lasha Odisharia
9
MF
LVA
Jānis Ikaunieks
10
FW
BRA
Emerson Deocleciano
11
DF
LVA
Roberts Savaļnieks
12
GK
LVA
Jānis Beks
13
GK
LVA
Jevgēņijs Ņerugals
15
FW
CMR
Rostand Ndjiki
17
FW
CIV
Cedric Kouadio
18
MF
LVA
Dmitrijs Zelenkovs
19
FW
CIV
Mohamed Koné
21
DF
LVA
Elvis Stuglis
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
22
FW
SRB
Darko Lemajič
23
DF
ALB
Herdi Prenga
24
FW
JPN
Mikaze Nagasawa
25
DF
CZE
Petr Mareš
26
MF
SRB
Stefan Panić
27
MF
FIN
Adam Markhiyev
28
MF
LVA
Dāvis Sedols
30
MF
GAM
Rasid Njie
33
DF
LVA
Dāvis Cucurs
43
DF
SVN
Žiga Lipušček
49
MF
LVA
Mārtiņš Ķigurs
52
DF
LVA
Mārcis Ošs
70
FW
SRB
Dragoljub Savić
99
MF
LVA
Gļebs Žaleiko
Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
GK
LVA
Sergejs Vilkovs (at Tukums 2000 until 31 December 2024)
—
GK
LVA
Frenks Orols (at Daugavpils until 31 December 2024)
—
MF
LVA
Jevgenijs Miņins (at Daugavpils until 31 December 2024)
—
FW
LVA
Valerijs Lizunovs (at Tukums 2000 until 31 December 2024)
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
FW
LVA
Rodrigo Gaucis (at Grobiņa until 31 December 2024)
—
FW
BIH
Aleksej Golijanin (at Tukums 2000 until 31 December 2024)
—
FW
JAM
Kenroy Campbell (at Tukums 2000 until 31 December 2024)
Personnel
Current technical staff
Position
Staff
Head coach
Viktors Morozs
Assistant coach
Vladimirs Žavoronkovs
Goalkeeping coach
Anton Savchenkov
Fitness coach
Oļegs Semjonovs
Sports therapist
Dmitrijs Jefremenkovs
Sports therapist
Rihards Ūdris
Tehnical analyst
Iļja Ščaņicins
Head of media &
communications
Paulius Jakelis
Video content creator
Edgars Vērpe
Photographer
Sanita Ieva Sparāne
Management
Position
Staff
President
Artjoms Milovs
General director
Māris Verpakovskis
Director of Football
Aleksandrs Usovs
Executive director
Nikolajs Kulmanakovs
Team administrator
Kirils Butovskis
References
^ Karel Stokkermans (14 April 2016). "Pirma Liga". Latvia 2015. RSSSF. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
^ #fb (7 March 2023). ""Tonybet" uzsāk sadarbību ar pērn Eiropu iekarojušo RFS". TonybetFan (in Latvian). Retrieved 8 April 2024.
^ "Komanda – FK RFS". FK RFS. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
External links
(in Latvian) Official website
(in Latvian) RFS news on Tonybet Fan
vte2024 Latvian Higher League
Auda
Daugavpils
Grobiņas
Jelgava
Liepāja
Metta
RFS
Riga
Tukums 2000
Valmiera
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"Virsliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"Jānis Skredelis' stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Skredelis%27_stadium"},{"link_name":"LNK Sporta Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNK_Sporta_Parks"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"Latvian cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"FK Ventspils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Ventspils"},{"link_name":"2009/10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Linfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linfield_F.C."}],"text":"Football clubFK RFS is a professional Latvian football club based in Riga. The club competes in Virsliga, the top tier of Latvian football.Founded in 2016, the club has worn a blue home kit and a white away kit since its inception. Since the start of playing in the Latvian higher league in 2016, RFS played their home matches in Jānis Skredelis' stadium for almost 6 years, before moving to LNK Sporta Parks in the summer of 2022.The club has been crowned as Latvian champions twice in 2021 and 2023, and has also won the Latvian cup on two occasions – in 2019 and 2021. RFS were named as the Best Sports Club in Riga of the year 2022. In 2022, RFS became only the 2nd Latvian club to qualify for European group stages since FK Ventspils in the 2009/10 season, after beating Linfield in a dramatic play-off tie.As of February 2024, RFS are ranked 171st in the UEFA club rankings.","title":"FK RFS"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JFK Skonto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JFK_Skonto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FK Skonto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skonto_FC"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Latvian_First_League"},{"link_name":"Latvian First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_First_League"},{"link_name":"FK Daugava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Daugava"},{"link_name":"2008 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_Latvian_First_League&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Latvian Higher League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"the next year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Latvian_First_League"},{"link_name":"Latvian Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Until 2003, the current club was a team of boys born in 1990 and 1991 under the auspices of JFK Skonto, the youth club of the Latvian powerhouse FK Skonto, led by Vladimirs Beļajevs. In 2003 Beļajevs quit JFK Skonto together with his students and founded the Daugava Football Sports School.Two years later, on 19 May 2005, the semi-professional football club FSK Daugava 90 was established. The new club united students born from 1989 to 1999. In 2007 the club enrolled in the Latvian First League in 2007 and changed their name to FK Daugava before the 2008 season. The team won promotion to the Latvian Higher League in 2008, but was relegated the next year. In 2011, the club's name was changed to Rīgas Futbola Skola.In 2015, Rīgas Futbola Skola ranked 3rd in the 1. līga, which was not enough to return to the Virslīga. However, in early 2016 the Latvian Football Federation revoked the league licence of Skonto FC and awarded it to the club, which re-branded itself to RFS and returned to the top flight once again.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LNK Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LNK_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Artjoms Milovs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artjoms_Milovs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ritus Krjauklis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritus_Krjauklis"},{"link_name":"Aleksejs Višņakovs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksejs_Vi%C5%A1%C5%86akovs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Press_conference_in_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"2016–17 Latvian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"FK Ogre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Ogre"},{"link_name":"Jurijs Ševļakovs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurijs_%C5%A0ev%C4%BCakovs"},{"link_name":"2017 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"Andrejs Kaļiņins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrejs_Ka%C4%BCi%C5%86ins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Watford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_F.C."},{"link_name":"CSKA Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Aleksandrs Cauņa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrs_Cau%C5%86a"},{"link_name":"Liepaja's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Liep%C4%81ja"},{"link_name":"Roberts Savaļnieks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Sava%C4%BCnieks"},{"link_name":"Lasha Shergelashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasha_Shergelashvili"},{"link_name":"Igors Kozlovs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igors_Kozlovs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Raivis Jurkovskis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raivis_Jurkovskis"},{"link_name":"Roberts Uldriķis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Uldri%C4%B7is"},{"link_name":"Marko Regža","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Reg%C5%BEa"},{"link_name":"Jūrmalas Spartaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Spartaks_J%C5%ABrmala"},{"link_name":"Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"FK Jelgava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FS_Jelgava"},{"link_name":"FK Metta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Metta"},{"link_name":"2017 Latvian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Latvian_Football_Cup"}],"sub_title":"The settling in (2016–2017)","text":"The new club had new management as its general sponsor became the Latvian company LNK Group which is run by the Latvian businessman Artjoms Milovs. He became the club's president. Learning that they’re going to play in the higher league less than a month before the kickoff of the new season, the club had to act fast by bringing in experienced players, mostly from the Skonto themselves. The most notable arrivals were the center-back Ritus Krjauklis from FK Ventspils and the forward Aleksejs Višņakovs from Skonto.RFS' sporting director Aleksandrs Usovs, general director Maksims Krivuņecs, head coach Jurijs Popkovs, and player Aleksejs Višņakovs ahead of the 2016 Virsliga season.With completely new management and identity, RFS started their first official season in the Virsliga with a finish in 6th place, just 5 points ahead of the relegation play-off spot. Over the course of the season, RFS won 9, drew 8, and lost 11 games, scoring only 22 goals, which was the 2nd lowest result in the league. RFS also secured their place in the 2016–17 Latvian Cup quarterfinal after a trashing 7–0 victory over FK Ogre. During the season, RFS changed their manager twice, but at the end decided to go with Jurijs Ševļakovs.In the 2017 season, Andrejs Kaļiņins took over as manager as RFS brought in more new faces, including former Watford and CSKA Moscow midfielder Aleksandrs Cauņa, Liepaja's Roberts Savaļnieks, and Georgian defender Lasha Shergelashvili. They also permanently signed the club's top scorer from last season – Igors Kozlovs. Experienced Ritus Krjauklis left after just one season alongside Raivis Jurkovskis, whose loan deal at RFS had ended. But in their place came more promising players, as well as young Latvian stars like Roberts Uldriķis and Marko Regža.On the opening matchday, RFS defeated the title holders Jūrmalas Spartaks 2–1 thanks to Roberts Uldriķis' debut brace. RFS proved to be the underdogs that year as they finished 5th in the league, just off the Europa League qualification spot, after not winning against FK Jelgava on the final matchday, meaning that they finished behind Ventspils just because of goal difference.In the 2016–17 Latvian Cup once again, thanks to Roberts Uldriķis, RFS managed to beat FK Metta 1–0 to advance into the semi-final, but suffered a defeat in a two-legged tie (1–2) to FK Ventspils after Aleksejs Višņakovs did not convert the penalty in the dying minutes of the match in the 2nd leg.Just 2 months later, the 2017 Latvian Cup kicked off, in which RFS once again managed to reach the semi-final, but this time fell 4–1 to FK Liepāja.Overall, in just their second season in the highest tier, RFS had already proved that they could challenge the big guns and fight for a spot in Europe, and that was exactly what happened the next season.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vilnius Žalgiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_%C5%BDalgiris"},{"link_name":"Valdas Dambrauskas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdas_Dambrauskas"},{"link_name":"Virsliga pre-season tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Virsligas_Winter_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valdas_Dambrauskas_RFS.jpg"},{"link_name":"Valdas Dambrauskas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdas_Dambrauskas"},{"link_name":"Riga FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga_FC"},{"link_name":"Maksym Marusych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksym_Marusych"},{"link_name":"Latvian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"Kaspars Dubra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspars_Dubra"},{"link_name":"Vitālijs Jagodinskis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C4%81lijs_Jagodinskis"},{"link_name":"Nauris Bulvītis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauris_Bulv%C4%ABtis"},{"link_name":"Cedric Kouadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cedric_Kouadio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"BFC Daugavpils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFC_Daugavpils"},{"link_name":"Tomáš Šimkovič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_%C5%A0imkovi%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Slavko Blagojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavko_Blagojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Tomáš Malec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Malec_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RFS_lifting_the_cup.jpg"},{"link_name":"Darko Lemajič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darko_Lemaji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"Slovenian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"NK Olimpija Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Olimpija_Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Tin Vukmanić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Vukmani%C4%87"}],"sub_title":"The first glance at silverware (2018–2020)","text":"On 6 December 2017, RFS appointed the former Vilnius Žalgiris head coach Valdas Dambrauskas. RFS won the Virsliga pre-season tournament, which included all Virsliga clubs. They managed to defeat FK Ventspils in the quarters, FK Jelgava in the semis, and FK Spartaks in the final.Valdas Dambrauskas led RFS to their first ever trophy.In terms of the regular season, RFS recorded their highest league finish yet, finishing 3rd, only behind the eventual champions Riga FC and FK Ventspils, meaning that they’ll participate in European competition qualifiers for the first time next season. RFS under Dambrauskas showed very good attacking football, scoring 57 goals in 28 games that season, which was the highest ratio in the league. Players like Roberts Savaļnieks and Roberts Uldriķis played a big part in the system, both making a total of 27 goal contributions throughout the season. However, the signing of Ukrainian forward Maksym Marusych proved to be important as well as the forward scored 15 goals that season. The most out of any RFS player.In the Latvian Cup, RFS once again got knocked out in the semi-finals after losing 2–1 to FK Ventspils.Having had an excellent transfer window, RFS were considered the favorites to win the title in the 2019 season. In the outgoing Kaspars Dubra and Lasha Seregashvili's places came the center-back partnership of Vitālijs Jagodinskis and Nauris Bulvītis from FK Ventspils. Ivorian forward Cedric Kouadio arrived from BFC Daugavpils and from Dambrauskas former team Vilnius Žalgiris midfielders Tomáš Šimkovič and Slavko Blagojević, and forward Tomáš Malec all joined the club as well.RFS lifting the 2019 Latvian Cup.The board's ambitions were seemingly high, as they had a goal of winning the league. In the summer transfer window, RFS also managed to sign their rival's top scorer for the last two seasons – Serbian striker Darko Lemajič – who managed to score 16 goals in the remaining 19 matches for RFS that season.\nAt the end, it turned out to be a two-man race in the Virsliga, as RFS finished 2nd, 7 points behind Riga FC. Nevertheless, RFS won their first ever title that year, after finally overcoming their curse of being knocked out in the Latvian Cup semi-finals as they defeated FK Jelgava 3–2 in the final, thanks to an extra-time winner by Tomas Šimkovic.That same season, RFS also made their debut on the European stage as they faced the Slovenian Cup winners NK Olimpija Ljubljana in the Europa League 1st qualifying round. Despite them being the favorites of this tie, RFS managed to snatch a 3–2 win away in Slovenia after a 93rd minute winner from Tin Vukmanić. However, the second leg at home did not go quite as planned, as Olimpija scored twice to advance with an aggregate win of 4–3 and knock RFS out.In January 2020, RFS extended Dambrauskas’ contract ‘til 2022 and released and sold many regular team players.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croatian First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"HNK Gorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Gorica"},{"link_name":"Viktors Morozs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktors_Morozs"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viktors_Morozs.jpg"},{"link_name":"Žiga Lipušček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiga_Lipu%C5%A1%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"Leonel Strumia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonel_Strumia"},{"link_name":"Tomislav Šarić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomislav_%C5%A0ari%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Emerson Deocleciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Deocleciano"},{"link_name":"NK Lokomotiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Lokomotiva_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"semi-finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"Partizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Partizan"}],"sub_title":"Viktors Morozs' era (2020–present)","text":"Despite extending his contract until 2022, just a month later, Valdas Dambrauskas left the club for Croatian First Division side HNK Gorica, so the club's new head coach became Valdas Dambrauskas’ assistant coach Viktors Morozs. However, following the COVID-19 breakout, the season in Latvia kicked off in June instead of March, and instead of 4 rounds, 3 were played instead.During his 4 years at the club, Morozs has won 3 trophies with RFS.In the market, RFS saw the signing of Slovenian defender Žiga Lipušček, midfielders Leonel Strumia and Tomislav Šarić, and a young Brazilian prospect forward Emerson Deocleciano on loan from NK Lokomotiva. Players like Maksym Marusych and Vitālijs Jagodinskis also left the club for other Virsliga sides.Once again, RFS were unlucky to finish second in the league, just 3 points behind the eventual champions Riga FC. RFS also did not succeed in keeping hold of the Latvian Cup after they fell out in the semi-finals to FK Jelgava.The same went for European competition qualifiers, as once again RFS did not get past the first qualifying round due to a 1–0 loss to Serbian side Partizan.Nevertheless, this was a breakout season for the Brazilian loanee Emerson, who managed to find the back of the net 11 times for RFS, also becoming Virsliga's top scorer that year.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinonso Offor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinonso_Offor"},{"link_name":"Chicago Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Fire_FC"},{"link_name":"Lucas Villela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Villela&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elvis Stuglis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Stuglis"},{"link_name":"Petr Mareš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Mare%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Alfusainey Jatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfusainey_Jatta"},{"link_name":"Jānis Ikaunieks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Ikaunieks_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"KuPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopion_Palloseura"},{"link_name":"Valmiera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmiera_FC"},{"link_name":"Tamaz Pertia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaz_Pertia"},{"link_name":"KI Klaksvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaksv%C3%ADkar_%C3%8Dtr%C3%B3ttarfelag"},{"link_name":"Puskas Akademia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusk%C3%A1s_Akad%C3%A9mia_FC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C4%8CempioniRFS.jpg"},{"link_name":"KAA Gent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.A.A._Gent"},{"link_name":"Ghelamco Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghelamco_Arena"},{"link_name":"UECL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_Conference_League"},{"link_name":"Kevin Friesenbichler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Friesenbichler"},{"link_name":"Deniss Rakels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniss_Rakels"},{"link_name":"Andrej Ilić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej_Ili%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Latvian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"2021 Virsliga season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Latvian_Higher_League"}],"sub_title":"Viktors Morozs' era (2020–present) - The double (2021)","text":"Following Chinonso Offor's 760k transfer to Chicago Fire, RFS had funds to not only secure the signing of Emerson on a permanent deal ahead of the new season but also players like Lucas Villela, Elvis Stuglis, Petr Mareš, and Alfusainey Jatta, who later played an important part in RFS’ success. Another notable player who left the squad was Latvian winger Jānis Ikaunieks, who joined Finnish side KuPS on a free transfer. Vitālijs Jagodinskis returned from Valmiera after just one season, following a conflict with Valmiera's head coach Tamaz Pertia.Despite starting their season with a 3–2 loss to Valmiera FC, RFS then went on a 12-match unbeaten run, before eventually losing to Valmiera again.With summer approaching also came the qualifying stages for European club competitions, as RFS faced Faroese side KI Klaksvik in the 1st qualification round, snatching a 6–5 win on aggregate thanks to Tomislav Šarić's winner away from home in extra time. Next up followed Hungarian club Puskas Akademia, which RFS, against all odds, swept aside with a thrashing 5–0 victory on aggregate.In 2021 RFS won a domestic double – the league and the cup.But then came their toughest challenge yet – Belgian giants KAA Gent. However, RFS scored two goals inside 30 minutes to shock the Ghelamco Arena crowd. Unfortunately, Gent later equalized and, in the return game, got away with a 1–0 win (3–2 on aggregate), knocking RFS out of the competition.The relationship with Gent did not end there for RFS, as just 12 days after the 2nd leg, RFS’ all-time top scorer, Darko Lemajic, left the club and joined the Belgian side on a club's record transfer fee of 900k. The Serbian striker had impressed the Belgian opposition, having scored five goals in six UECL qualification games. With some of these funds, RFS brought in forward Kevin Friesenbichler, Deniss Rakels, and a young Serbian striker Andrej Ilić to hopefully replace him.\nRFS did not stop in both the league and the cup, as they reached the Latvian Cup final for the second year in a row, this time facing FK Liepaja. And thanks to a single goal from Brazilian midfielder Lucas Villela, RFS lifted the Latvian Cup trophy for the second year in a row.However, just 3 days later, RFS secured an important win against BFC Daugavpils to stay ahead of the reigning champions Riga FC. Then, with just two league matches yet to be played for both capital clubs, they faced each other in a duel, which could have potentially decided the outcome of the 2021 Virsliga season. The game, however, ended in a draw, leaving it all on the last day of the season.In the last matchday away to Daugavpils, with goals from Andrej Ilić and Tomáš Šimkovič, RFS became the champions of Latvia for the first time in their history, which eventually also completed a continental double.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"First Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vienna_FC"},{"link_name":"Pāvels Šteinbors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81vels_%C5%A0teinbors"},{"link_name":"HJK Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingin_Jalkapalloklubi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kevin_Friesenbichler.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hibernians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernians_F.C."},{"link_name":"LNK Sporta Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNK_Sporta_Parks"},{"link_name":"SK Super Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Super_Nova"},{"link_name":"Dmitrijs Zelenkovs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dmitrijs_Zelenkovs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dnipro-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Dnipro-1"},{"link_name":"play-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playoffs"},{"link_name":"Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_UEFA_Europa_Conference_League"},{"link_name":"Valmiera FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmiera_FC"},{"link_name":"Latvian Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Latvian_Football_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Viktors Morozs' era (2020–present) - \"Fight for the Dream 2022\" – The first appearance on the European stage","text":"The 2022 season arrived with RFS eager to defend their title and make their Champions League qualifier debut.At the start of the 2022 season, Roberts Savaļnieks’ left RFS for FK Liepāja alongside Leon Strumia. Marko Regža and Lucas Villela were released. Also, captain Tomáš Šimkovič, who was named the best Virsliga player in the 2021 season, left for Austrian side First Vienna.With the summer transfer window approaching, RFS lacked the leader in the locker room, which was seen on the pitch. So, they brought in experienced Latvian goalkeeper Pāvels Šteinbors, who played a big role for the team later on in the season.\nWith the summer window also came the European competition qualifiers, as RFS were drawn with Finnish champions HJK Helsinki in the Champions League 1st qualifying round. RFS lost the first leg 1–0 away but were able to overcome the deficit in the return leg (2–1). However, HJK managed to equalize and win it on penalties. This elimination made RFS fall to the Conference League qualifiers.Kevin Friesenbichler played a big role in RFS' road to the UECL group stage, as he scored twice in the play-off tie versus Linfield and in the group phase was involved in both goals RFS scored.In the Conference League 3rd qualifier round, they were drawn together with Maltese champions Hibernians, and in the 1st leg in Riga, despite the away team going down to 10 men, RFS were unable to take the lead as they eventually conceded, but a goal from Andrej Ilić managed to scrape a late draw.Following this draw, morale was at its lowest, and it was proven once again as in their opening game in their new training and facility complex LNK Sporta Parks they lost 3–2 to relegation candidates SK Super Nova.With summer came new arrivals. They consisted of a Latvian player from an academy in Italy, Dmitrijs Zelenkovs, alongside Brazilian winger Bill, who was loaned in from Ukrainian side Dnipro-1. And, surprisingly enough, club legend and former captain Tomáš Šimkovič made a surprising return to the club in the hope that he could motivate the team in this tough moment of the season. And it certainly worked, as in the return leg in Malta, RFS won 3–1 to secure their place in the play-off round.In the deciding play-off round, RFS had to face Northern Irish champions Linfield. In the first leg at home, RFS started well, but a missed penalty from Petr Mareš loosened the team's confidence, and it backfired as Linfield scored two goals. With 2 minutes remaining and some fans leaving the stadium early, RFS got one back, and in the 6th added minute, they equalized (2–2).\nIn the return leg at Linfield, RFS once again went behind in the 104th minute of extra time, but once again, in the added time, RFS scored to take the game into penalties, which they eventually won and secured their place in the Conference League group stage.However, in the league, RFS failed to beat league leaders Valmiera FC at home (2–2) and were now 3rd – 8 points off the top. Following their qualification to the UECL, things went downhill back in the league and the cup as they won only 6 out of their remaining 11 league games and lost in the Latvian Cup final to FK Auda (0–1). Following this drop in form and players losing their fitness, RFS just slightly clinched 3rd place in the league and secured their place in the European competition qualifiers for next year.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrej_Ilic_vs_Fiorentina.jpg"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Fiorentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina"},{"link_name":"Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Istanbul Basaksehir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9Fehir_F.K."}],"sub_title":"Viktors Morozs' era (2020–present) - UECL Group stage","text":"Andrej Ilic became the first RFS player to score in the group phase of a European competition.Following their entry into their first ever European group stage, RFS traveled away to Florence, where they managed a surprising 1–1 draw with Fiorentina as Andrej Ilić became the first RFS player to score in European group stage matches. It was followed by a 2–0 loss to Hearts at home and a 0–0 draw against Istanbul Basaksehir.As injuries started to kick in, RFS lost the return match against Basaksehir 3–0 and then to Hearts 2–1, despite Friesenbichler's wonderful goal from outside the box. At last came the last group match at home versus Fiorentina, but despite scoring a goal, which was later disallowed, RFS lost 3–0 as their first ever European run came to an end.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"Mārcis Ošs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81rcis_O%C5%A1s"},{"link_name":"Jānis Ikaunieks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Ikaunieks_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Makedonija GP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Makedonija_G.P."},{"link_name":"FK Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_FC_(Azerbaijan)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RFS_fans.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vålerenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5lerenga_Fotball"},{"link_name":"Latvian Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"FK Tukums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Tukums_2000"}],"sub_title":"Viktors Morozs' era (2020–present) - Regaining the Title (2023)","text":"At the start of the 2023 season, RFS ambitions were higher than ever, as they were hungry for silverware and Europe. Tomáš Šimkovič, Kevin Friesenbichler, and Tomislav Šarić all left the club as many experienced Latvian players arrived – Mārcis Ošs, Roberts Savaļnieks, and Jānis Ikaunieks. The club also signed a new sponsorship deal with Tonybet Fan at the start of the season.[2]They kicked off the season slow with just 2 wins in their 5 matches, but slowly gained form and were the only unbeaten side in the league even when the European qualifiers came around. However, despite not having lost a single match, they were sitting second, a few points behind their rivals Riga FC.Meanwhile, in the UECL qualifiers, RFS advanced into the 2nd round after defeating Macedonian side Makedonija GP 5–1 on aggregate. However, in the 2nd round, RFS were knocked out by Azerbaijani side FK Sabah after suffering an unlucky 2–0 loss at home and then a 2–1 loss away from home, which brought their European journey to an end.RFS defeated Metta to clinch the 2023 Virsliga title on the final matchday of the season.In the summer transfer window, Andrej Ilić finally moved on as he was signed by Norwegian higher division side Vålerenga. In his place came club legend and another Serb striker – Darko Lemajič.Although in the league, RFS were flying as they had not lost a single league game since August 2022. That run was broken by Latvian champions Valmiera FC by then, as they brought RFS’ 39-match unbeaten run to an end. This made matters even worse, as with a win, RFS could have finally moved to the top of the table as Riga lost to FS Jelgava in the same gameweek.\nWith just 8 Gameweeks to go, the next match between RFS and Riga FC was considered the title decider as both teams faced each other for the fourth time this season and once again drew. RFS, as well as Riga, won their next 5 matches in the league before meeting each other again in the Latvian Cup final, in which finally one side came out victorious as Riga won on penalties (1–1 after extra time). That was the second season in a row in which RFS had lost the final.However, back in the league, Riga finally dropped points following their 1–1 draw with SK Super Nova, and RFS took advantage of that by scoring 2 injury-time goals against FK Tukums to win 5–4 in a 9-goal thriller and to clinch an important 3 points. Both teams won their next two matches as it all came down to the last matchday, with RFS still being 1 point behind.RFS faced Metta, while Riga FC faced the current title holders Valmiera FC away. The home advantage paid off as Valmiera managed to draw, leaving it all in RFS’ hands to get the title. Back in Riga, RFS got the penalty, which was converted by Jānis Ikaunieks as the full-time whistle was blown, and RFS, at the last grasp, had become the Latvian champions once again.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jānis Skredelis' stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Skredelis%27_stadium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LNK_Sporta_Parks.jpg"},{"link_name":"LNK Sporta Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNK_Sporta_Parks"},{"link_name":"LNK Properties.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LNK_Properties.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sloka Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloka_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Jūrmala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABrmala"},{"link_name":"Skonto Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skonto_Stadium"}],"text":"In their first ever season, RFS moved across various stadiums before eventually locating at Jānis Skredelis' stadium in Riga, which was their home stadium from 2016 ‘til the summer of 2022.LNK Sporta Parks – The home stadium of RFS.However, after that period, RFS moved to their new ground called LNK Sporta Parks, which was built by the RFS chairman's company – LNK Properties.The sports complex includes two natural grass grounds – one for matches, one for training sessions – and three artificial grass grounds – one for matches, where RFS host their home games at the start of the season, and two for training sessions.\nThe main natural grass stadium holds 700 people, whose capacity is set to be doubled soon by building a new opposite stand, including a VIP area and new dressing rooms, as well as the establishment of a new year-round café. The second ground with an artificial pitch holds around 400 people.However, for now, the qualifying stages of European competitions are still being held at either Sloka Stadium in Jūrmala, which has a capacity of 2,500, and Skonto Stadium, which has a capacity of over 8,000 people.","title":"Grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sava%C4%BCnieks1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roberts Savaļnieks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Sava%C4%BCnieks"},{"link_name":"Vladislavs Sorokins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislavs_Sorokins"},{"link_name":"Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Deocleciano"},{"link_name":"Kaspars Ikstens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspars_Ikstens"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Aleksejs Višņakovs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksejs_Vi%C5%A1%C5%86akovs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emerson_playing_for_RFS.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emerson Deocleciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Deocleciano"},{"link_name":"Virsliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"Darko Lemajič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darko_Lemaji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Andrej Ilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej_Ili%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Linfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linfield_F.C."},{"link_name":"UECL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_Conference_League"},{"link_name":"Vålerenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5lerenga_Fotball"}],"text":"Roberts Savaļnieks is RFS' all-time leader in appearances.Roberts Savaļnieks holds the record for most RFS appearances, having played 199 first-team matches from 2016 to 2024. Vladislavs Sorokins comes in second with 184 appearances, followed by Emerson, who has played 165 times for the club. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Kaspars Ikstens, with 69 appearances. With 78 caps for Latvia, Aleksejs Višņakovs is RFS’ most capped international player of all time. Meanwhile, of the players that are currently at the club, Roberts Savaļnieks has accumulated 61.Emerson is RFS' all-time leading goalscorer with 50 goals.Emerson Deocleciano (2020–present) is RFS’ all-time leading goalscorer, with 50 goals in 165 matches, alongside being RFS’ top goalscorer of all time in Virsliga history with 44 goals. Behind him in 2nd and 3rd are Darko Lemajič (2019–2021; 2023–present), who has scored 48 goals in 90 appearances, and Andrej Ilic (2021-2023) with 42 goals in 87 appearances for the club. Andrej Ilić also holds the record for the most goals scored in one season (21 in 2022). Meanwhile, Robers Savaļnieks holds the record for most assists – 45.The club also holds the record for the longest unbeaten run in Virsliga in the 21st century, having gone unbeaten for 38 matches (390 days).In 2022, they also became only the second Latvian side to qualify for European competitions after defeating Linfield in the UECL play-off round and securing their place in the group phase.The club's record sale is Andrej Ilic, who was sold to Vålerenga for 1.6 million in the summer of 2023.","title":"Records and statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Riga_derby.jpg"},{"link_name":"Virsliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Riga FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga_FC"}],"sub_title":"Riga Derby","text":"Riga Derby is the most attended game in Latvian club sport.There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league, and this is particularly the case in the Virsliga, as in recent years the game between both leading clubs in the country and the capital city of Latvia, RFS and Riga FC, is known as \"The Riga Derby\" (Rīgas Derbijs). Since 2016, the rivalry has been between Riga FC and RFS, as both clubs made their debuts in the Virsliga at the same time. Both teams slowly became the leading sides of the league, as in this 8-year period, RFS won 2 league titles while Riga FC won 3. Over the years, the head-to-head record between RFS and Riga FC is 14 victories for RFS, 14 victories for Riga FC, and 13 draws.The Riga Derby is also the most attended game in Latvian club sport, averaging around 3 thousand fans per game; however, last season, even reached 5 thousand spectators in some games.","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rimvydas Čekavičius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rimvydas_%C4%8Cekavi%C4%8Dius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2022 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_UEFA_Europa_Conference_League"}],"text":"\"Fight for the Dream 22′\" is a documentary series created by the Lithuanian director Rimvydas Čekavičius, which reflects the incredible journey of RFS in Europe in the 2022 season, when RFS became only the 2nd club in the history of Latvia to enter the group stage of European competitions.The Lithuanian filming team spent almost the entire 2022 season with RFS, being together not only in training and games but also outside the football field. The series consist of a total of six episodes, each lasting one hour and are all available for free on RFS official YouTube channel.","title":"\"Fight for the Dream\""},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of match played 2 August 2023NotesQR: Qualifying round\nGS: Group stage","title":"European record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latvian Higher League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Latvian_Higher_League"},{"link_name":"Latvian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Latvian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Latvian_Football_Cup"}],"text":"Latvian Higher League\nChampions: 2021, 2023\nRunners-up: 2019, 2020\nThird place: 2018, 2022\nLatvian Cup\nWinners: 2019, 2021\nRunners-up: 2022, 2023","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 16 March 2024[3]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current technical staff","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Management","title":"Personnel"}]
|
[{"image_text":"RFS' sporting director Aleksandrs Usovs, general director Maksims Krivuņecs, head coach Jurijs Popkovs, and player Aleksejs Višņakovs ahead of the 2016 Virsliga season.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Press_conference_in_2016.jpg/256px-Press_conference_in_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Valdas Dambrauskas led RFS to their first ever trophy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Valdas_Dambrauskas_RFS.jpg/190px-Valdas_Dambrauskas_RFS.jpg"},{"image_text":"RFS lifting the 2019 Latvian Cup.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/RFS_lifting_the_cup.jpg/269px-RFS_lifting_the_cup.jpg"},{"image_text":"During his 4 years at the club, Morozs has won 3 trophies with RFS.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Viktors_Morozs.jpg/257px-Viktors_Morozs.jpg"},{"image_text":"In 2021 RFS won a domestic double – the league and the cup.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%C4%8CempioniRFS.jpg/244px-%C4%8CempioniRFS.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kevin Friesenbichler played a big role in RFS' road to the UECL group stage, as he scored twice in the play-off tie versus Linfield and in the group phase was involved in both goals RFS scored.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kevin_Friesenbichler.jpg/229px-Kevin_Friesenbichler.jpg"},{"image_text":"Andrej Ilic became the first RFS player to score in the group phase of a European competition.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Andrej_Ilic_vs_Fiorentina.jpg/220px-Andrej_Ilic_vs_Fiorentina.jpg"},{"image_text":"RFS defeated Metta to clinch the 2023 Virsliga title on the final matchday of the season.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/RFS_fans.jpg/277px-RFS_fans.jpg"},{"image_text":"LNK Sporta Parks – The home stadium of RFS.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LNK_Sporta_Parks.jpg/325px-LNK_Sporta_Parks.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roberts Savaļnieks is RFS' all-time leader in appearances.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sava%C4%BCnieks1.jpg/220px-Sava%C4%BCnieks1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Emerson is RFS' all-time leading goalscorer with 50 goals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Emerson_playing_for_RFS.jpg/229px-Emerson_playing_for_RFS.jpg"},{"image_text":"Riga Derby is the most attended game in Latvian club sport.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Riga_derby.jpg/248px-Riga_derby.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Karel Stokkermans (14 April 2016). \"Pirma Liga\". Latvia 2015. RSSSF. Retrieved 24 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesl/let2015.html","url_text":"\"Pirma Liga\""}]},{"reference":"#fb (7 March 2023). \"\"Tonybet\" uzsāk sadarbību ar pērn Eiropu iekarojušo RFS\". TonybetFan (in Latvian). Retrieved 8 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tonybetfan.com/rfs/tonybet-uzsak-sadarbibu-ar-rfs/","url_text":"\"\"Tonybet\" uzsāk sadarbību ar pērn Eiropu iekarojušo RFS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Komanda – FK RFS\". FK RFS. Retrieved 30 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://fkrfs.lv/lv/komanda","url_text":"\"Komanda – FK RFS\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://fkrfs.lv/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesl/let2015.html","external_links_name":"\"Pirma Liga\""},{"Link":"https://tonybetfan.com/rfs/tonybet-uzsak-sadarbibu-ar-rfs/","external_links_name":"\"\"Tonybet\" uzsāk sadarbību ar pērn Eiropu iekarojušo RFS\""},{"Link":"https://fkrfs.lv/lv/komanda","external_links_name":"\"Komanda – FK RFS\""},{"Link":"https://fkrfs.lv/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://tonybetfan.com/rfs/tonybet-uzsak-sadarbibu-ar-rfs/","external_links_name":"RFS news on Tonybet Fan"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Rama_VI_Museum
|
King Rama VI Museum
|
["1 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 13°44′48″N 100°29′43″E / 13.746555°N 100.495141°E / 13.746555; 100.495141King Rama VI Museum is a military history museum in Phra Nakhon District, Bangkok, Thailand, located within the Territorial Defense Command. The museum is dedicated to King Vajiravudh.
External links
Tour Bangkok Legacies on King Rama VI Museum
13°44′48″N 100°29′43″E / 13.746555°N 100.495141°E / 13.746555; 100.495141
This Thai museum-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
vteMuseums and art galleries in BangkokMuseums
Bang Khun Thien Museum
Bangkok Folk Museum
Bangkok Noi Museum
Bank of Thailand Museum
Children's Discovery Museum
Museum of Counterfeit Goods
Golden Jubilee Museum of Agriculture
King Prajadhipok Museum
King Rama VI Museum
Museum of Imagery Technology
National Museum Bangkok
Plai Nern Palace
Prasart Museum
Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre
Queen Sirikit Gallery
Royal Barge National Museum
Royal Elephant National Museum
Royal Thai Air Force Museum
Siriraj Medical Museum
Thai Human Imagery Museum
Thai Labour Museum
Thai Philatelic Museum
Science Centre for Education
National Science Museum
Museum Siam
Yaowarat Chinatown Heritage Center
National Memorial
Art galleries andcraft museums
Abhisek Dusit Throne Hall (Handicraft)
Bangkok Art and Culture Centre
Bangkok Doll Museum
Bangkok University Gallery
Benchamabophit National Museum
Gem and Jewelry Museum
H Gallery
Jamjuree Art Gallery
Museum of Buddhist Art
Museum of Contemporary Art
National Gallery
Rare Stone Museum
Silpa Bhirasri National Museum
Southeast Asian Ceramics Museum
Span's Cultural Gallery
Suan Dusit Art Gallery
Tadu Art Gallery
Tang's Gallery
Silapakorn University Art Gallery
Wat Phra Keo Gallery
Thai Life Permanent Exhibition Hall
Heritagebuildings
Bangkok Corrections Museum
Hall of Railway Heritage
Jim Thompson House
Kamthieng House Museum
M.R. Kukrit's House
Suan Pakkad Palace
Varadis Palace
Vimanmek Mansion
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum"},{"link_name":"Phra Nakhon District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_District"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Territorial Defense Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Defense_Command"},{"link_name":"King Vajiravudh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajiravudh"}],"text":"King Rama VI Museum is a military history museum in Phra Nakhon District, Bangkok, Thailand, located within the Territorial Defense Command. The museum is dedicated to King Vajiravudh.","title":"King Rama VI Museum"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=King_Rama_VI_Museum¶ms=13.746555_N_100.495141_E_","external_links_name":"13°44′48″N 100°29′43″E / 13.746555°N 100.495141°E / 13.746555; 100.495141"},{"Link":"http://www.tour-bangkok-legacies.com/king-rama-vi-museum.html","external_links_name":"Tour Bangkok Legacies on King Rama VI Museum"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=King_Rama_VI_Museum¶ms=13.746555_N_100.495141_E_","external_links_name":"13°44′48″N 100°29′43″E / 13.746555°N 100.495141°E / 13.746555; 100.495141"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Rama_VI_Museum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Haltof
|
Marek Haltof
|
["1 Books","2 References"]
|
Marek Haltof (Józef Marek Haltof, born 1957 in Cieszyn, Poland,) is a professor (dr.hab.) of film studies. specializing in the cultural histories of Polish and Australian film.
He studied at the University of Silesia (Uniwersytet Śląski) in Poland and at Flinders University of South Australia in Adelaide.
He received his Ph.D. degree in 1995 from the University of Alberta with a Ph.D. dissertation When Cultures Collide: The Cinema of Peter Weir. He received his habilitation in 2001 for Autor i kino artystyczne. Przypadek Paula Coxa (Author and Art Cinema: The Case of Paul Cox) from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.
For several years he has taught at universities in Canada, including the University of Alberta and the University of Calgary, and since 2001 he is a professor at Northern Michigan University in Marquette, Michigan. He is the recipient of several grants and awards, including the 2012 Choice Award for Outstanding Academic Book in Film Studies for his Polish Film and the Holocaust: Politics and Memory (2012. In 2018 he was honored for Excellence in Scholarship at NMU.
Haltof established himself as one of the leading voices on Polish cinema. Film critic Michał Oleszczyk writes that Haltof is one of the two Polish-born scholars leading the field of Polish films studies outside Poland (with the other one being Ewa Mazierska). According to Oleszczyk, Haltof's Polish Cinema: A History (2019) is a "comprehensive, reliable" and "groundbreaking work," which "delivers rich, basic information in ways that are both enjoyable and intelligible for foreign readers." The same critic describes Haltof's Screening Auschwitz (2018) as "one of the finest single film monographs on the subject of Polish film - and perhaps one of the finest monographs on any significant work of cinema." Screening Auschwitz received the 2019 Waclaw Lednicki Humanities Award from the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America.
Books
Polish Cinema: A History. Berghahn Books, 2019. ISBN 978-1785339721 A revised, updated, and expanded version of the 2002 book, which, as film critic Michał Oleszczyk wrote, "has become a staple in English-language teaching of Polish film".
Screening Auschwitz: Wanda Jakubowska's The Last Stage and the Politics of Commemoration. Northwestern University Press, 2018. ISBN 978-0810136106.
Historical Dictionary of Polish Cinema: Second Edition, Rowman and Littlefield, 2014. ASIN: B00T9911N8
Polish Film and the Holocaust: Politics and Memory, Berghahn Books, 2012. ISBN 978-0857453563.
The book provides a comprehensive survey of Polish Holocaust films, which uses, in part, archival materials that clarify production and reception contexts. It covers 46 feature films and 68 documentaries, shorts and TV films, although misses some important ones (which were released during the preparation of the book). Magdalena Saryusz-Wolska remarks that the book is obviously not directed to Polish readers, because most of the covered issues may be found in Polish literature. Probably for this reason the author packed the book with a large number of films sacrificing the amount of individual coverage.
The A to Z of Polish Cinema. Scarecrow Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0810876170.
Historical Dictionary of Polish Cinema, Scarecrow Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8108-5566-3
Kino australijskie. O ekranowej konstrukcji Antypodów (The Cinema of Australia: On the Screen Construction of Australia). słowo/obraz terytoria, 2005. ISBN 83-7453-670-5.
The Cinema of Krzysztof Kieślowski: Variations on Destiny and Chance, Wallflower Press/Columbia University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-1903364925. Translated into Czech, Japanese, and Chinese.
New Polish Cinema, Flicks Books, 2003. Co-editor with Janina Falkowska. ISBN 978-1862360020
Polish National Cinema, Berghahn Books, 2002. ISBN 978-1571812759. The book was translated into Chinese (2011), Japanese (2006), and Polish (2004).
Autor i kino artystyczne. Przypadek Paula Coxa (Author and Art Cinema: The Case of Paul Cox). Rabid, 2001. ISBN 978-83-88668-11-1.
Kino Australii: o ekranowej konstrukcji Australii (Australian Cinema: The Screen Construction of Australia). PWSFTviT (Lodz Film School Press), 1996. ISBN 83-900788-8-0.
Peter Weir: When Cultures Collide. Twayne Publishers, 1996. ISBN 0-8057-7843-8.
Duo Nowak, 1996, a novel in Polish. ISBN 83-7164-013-7
Kino lęków (The Cinema of Fears), Szumacher, 1992. ISBN 83-900332-7-5, a collection of essays
Maks jest wielki (Max is Great), 1988, a novel in Polish. ISBN 83-216-0654-7
References
^ a b c d "dr hab. Józef Marek Haltof"
^ a b c "Dwudniowy cykl nt. Holocaustu w Książnicy Cieszyńskiej"
^ a b c d "J. Marek Haltof, Professor"
^ "Polish Film and the Holocaust: Politics and Memory".
^ "NMU Faculty Receive Awards"
^ a b c Michał Oleszczyk, "Reviewed Work: Polish Cinema: A History", Cinéaste, vol. 44, no. 4, 2019, pp.73-75, JSTOR 26754292
^ Michal Oleszczyk, "On Haltof's Screening Auschwitz", Jewish Film & New Media: An International Journal, vol. 8 no. 1, 2020, p. 104-107.
^ "Haltof's Book About Holocaust Film Honored"
^ "PIASA 2019 Award Recipients"
^ Marek Haltof, Polish Cinema: A History, 2019, JSTOR j.ctvw04fdg
^ "Pytka on Haltof, 'Screening Auschwitz: Wanda Jakubowska's The Last Stage and the Politics of Commemoration'" (book review)
^ Annette Insdorf, Screening Aushwitz book review, Slavic Review, Volume 78, Issue 2, 2019 , pp. 567 - 568 doi:10.1017/slr.2019.137
^ Michał Oleszczyk , ""On Haltof's Screening Auschwitz", Jewish Film & New Media: An International Journal, vol. 8 no. 1, 2020, p. 104-107.
^ Matilda Mroz, "Review: Marek Haltof (2012), Polish Film and the Holocaust: Politics and Memory", Film-Philosophy, 19 (2015) doi:10.3366/film.2015.0028, also here
^ Paul Coates, "Into That Darkness: Polish Film and the Holocaust book review", Studies in Eastern European Cinema, vol. 4, no, 1, 2013, doi:10.1386/seec.4.1.101_5
^ Magdalena Saryusz-Wolska, Recenzja publikacji: Marek Haltof, Polish Film and the Holocaust. Politics and Memory, 2015, doi:10.11584/opus4-835, also here
^ Steven Woodward, "The Cinema of Krzysztof Kieslowski book review", Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 23:5, 466-472, doi:10.1080/10509200690902296
^ Daniel J. Goulding, "The Cinema of Krzysztof Kieslowski book review", Slavic Review , Volume 64 , Issue 3 , Fall 2005 , pp. 642 - 644 doi:10.2307/3650160
^ Philip Cavendish, "The Cinema of Krzysztof Kieslowski book review", The Slavonic and East European Review,
Vol. 84, No. 1 (Jan., 2006), pp. 129-131 JSTOR 4214223
^ Stuart Liebman, Reviewed Work: The Cinema of Krzysztof Kieślowski. Variations on Destiny and Chance, The Polish Review, Vol. 50, No. 4 (2005), pp. 492-495JSTOR 25779575
^ "The cinema that is. Marek Haltof's Polish National Cinema" (book review), also in Journal of Visual Culture, April 1, 2003, doi:10.1177/147041290300200109
^ Maria Kornatowska , "Reviewed Work: Polish National Cinema by Marek Haltof", 2003, JSTOR 25779396
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Japan
Czech Republic
Australia
Netherlands
Poland
Academics
CiNii
People
Trove
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uniwersytet Śląski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersytet_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski"},{"link_name":"Flinders University of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_University_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaco-2"},{"link_name":"University of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-napo-1"},{"link_name":"habilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation"},{"link_name":"Paula Coxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cox_(director)"},{"link_name":"Jagiellonian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_University"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-napo-1"},{"link_name":"University of Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calgary"},{"link_name":"Northern Michigan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Michigan_University"},{"link_name":"Marquette, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaco-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmu-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ewa Mazierska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewa_Mazierska"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miole-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz"},{"link_name":"Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Institute_of_Arts_and_Sciences_of_America"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"He studied at the University of Silesia (Uniwersytet Śląski) in Poland and at Flinders University of South Australia in Adelaide.[2]\nHe received his Ph.D. degree in 1995 from the University of Alberta with a Ph.D. dissertation When Cultures Collide: The Cinema of Peter Weir.[1] He received his habilitation in 2001 for Autor i kino artystyczne. Przypadek Paula Coxa (Author and Art Cinema: The Case of Paul Cox) from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.[1]For several years he has taught at universities in Canada, including the University of Alberta and the University of Calgary, and since 2001 he is a professor at Northern Michigan University in Marquette, Michigan.[2][3] He is the recipient of several grants and awards, including the 2012 Choice Award for Outstanding Academic Book in Film Studies for his Polish Film and the Holocaust: Politics and Memory (2012.[4] In 2018 he was honored for Excellence in Scholarship at NMU.[5]Haltof established himself as one of the leading voices on Polish cinema. Film critic Michał Oleszczyk writes that Haltof is one of the two Polish-born scholars leading the field of Polish films studies outside Poland (with the other one being Ewa Mazierska). According to Oleszczyk, Haltof's Polish Cinema: A History (2019) is a \"comprehensive, reliable\" and \"groundbreaking work,\" which \"delivers rich, basic information in ways that are both enjoyable and intelligible for foreign readers.\"[6] The same critic describes Haltof's Screening Auschwitz (2018) as \"one of the finest single film monographs on the subject of Polish film - and perhaps one of the finest monographs on any significant work of cinema.\"[7] Screening Auschwitz received the 2019 Waclaw Lednicki Humanities Award from the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America.[8][9]","title":"Marek Haltof"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1785339721","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785339721"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miole-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Polish film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_film"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miole-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmu-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmu-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmu-3"}],"text":"Polish Cinema: A History. Berghahn Books, 2019. ISBN 978-1785339721[6] A revised, updated, and expanded version of the 2002 book,[10] which, as film critic Michał Oleszczyk wrote, \"has become a staple in English-language teaching of Polish film\".[6]\nScreening Auschwitz: Wanda Jakubowska's The Last Stage and the Politics of Commemoration. Northwestern University Press, 2018. ISBN 978-0810136106.[11][12][13]\nHistorical Dictionary of Polish Cinema: Second Edition, Rowman and Littlefield, 2014. ASIN: B00T9911N8\nPolish Film and the Holocaust: Politics and Memory, Berghahn Books, 2012. ISBN 978-0857453563.\nThe book provides a comprehensive survey of Polish Holocaust films, which uses, in part, archival materials that clarify production and reception contexts.[14] It covers 46 feature films and 68 documentaries, shorts and TV films, although misses some important ones (which were released during the preparation of the book).[15] Magdalena Saryusz-Wolska remarks that the book is obviously not directed to Polish readers, because most of the covered issues may be found in Polish literature. Probably for this reason the author packed the book with a large number of films sacrificing the amount of individual coverage.[16]\nThe A to Z of Polish Cinema. Scarecrow Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0810876170.\nHistorical Dictionary of Polish Cinema, Scarecrow Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8108-5566-3\nKino australijskie. O ekranowej konstrukcji Antypodów (The Cinema of Australia: On the Screen Construction of Australia). słowo/obraz terytoria, 2005. ISBN 83-7453-670-5.\nThe Cinema of Krzysztof Kieślowski: Variations on Destiny and Chance, Wallflower Press/Columbia University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-1903364925. Translated into Czech, Japanese, and Chinese.[17][18][19][20]\nNew Polish Cinema, Flicks Books, 2003. Co-editor with Janina Falkowska. ISBN 978-1862360020\nPolish National Cinema, Berghahn Books, 2002. ISBN 978-1571812759.[21][22] The book was translated into Chinese (2011), Japanese (2006), and Polish (2004).\nAutor i kino artystyczne. Przypadek Paula Coxa (Author and Art Cinema: The Case of Paul Cox). Rabid, 2001. ISBN 978-83-88668-11-1.\nKino Australii: o ekranowej konstrukcji Australii (Australian Cinema: The Screen Construction of Australia). PWSFTviT (Lodz Film School Press), 1996. ISBN 83-900788-8-0.\nPeter Weir: When Cultures Collide. Twayne Publishers, 1996. ISBN 0-8057-7843-8.\nDuo Nowak, 1996, a novel in Polish. ISBN 83-7164-013-7[3]\nKino lęków (The Cinema of Fears), Szumacher, 1992. ISBN 83-900332-7-5, a collection of essays[3]\nMaks jest wielki (Max is Great), 1988, a novel in Polish. ISBN 83-216-0654-7[3]","title":"Books"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Polish Film and the Holocaust: Politics and Memory\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/HaltofPolishFilm","url_text":"\"Polish Film and the Holocaust: Politics and Memory\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://nauka-polska.pl/#/profile/scientist?id=109514&_k=5fiw8f","external_links_name":"\"dr hab. Józef Marek Haltof\""},{"Link":"http://gazetacodzienna.pl/artykul/kultura/dwudniowy-cykl-nt-holocaustu-w-ksiaznicy-cieszynskiej","external_links_name":"\"Dwudniowy cykl nt. Holocaustu w Książnicy Cieszyńskiej\""},{"Link":"https://nmu.edu/english/j-marek-haltof","external_links_name":"\"J. Marek Haltof, Professor\""},{"Link":"https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/HaltofPolishFilm","external_links_name":"\"Polish Film and the Holocaust: Politics and Memory\""},{"Link":"https://www.upmatters.com/news/nmu-faculty-receive-awards/","external_links_name":"\"NMU Faculty Receive Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26754292","external_links_name":"26754292"},{"Link":"https://news.nmu.edu/haltofs-book-about-holocaust-film-honored","external_links_name":"\"Haltof's Book About Holocaust Film Honored\""},{"Link":"https://networks.h-net.org/node/9669/discussions/5641297/piasa-2019-award-recipients","external_links_name":"\"PIASA 2019 Award Recipients\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvw04fdg","external_links_name":"j.ctvw04fdg"},{"Link":"https://networks.h-net.org/node/9669/reviews/7359075/pytka-haltof-screening-auschwitz-wanda-jakubowskas-last-stage-and","external_links_name":"\"Pytka on Haltof, 'Screening Auschwitz: Wanda Jakubowska's The Last Stage and the Politics of Commemoration'\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fslr.2019.137","external_links_name":"10.1017/slr.2019.137"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/772056","external_links_name":"\"On Haltof's Screening Auschwitz\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3366%2Ffilm.2015.0028","external_links_name":"10.3366/film.2015.0028"},{"Link":"https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/pdfplus/10.3366/film.2015.0028","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fseec.4.1.101_5","external_links_name":"10.1386/seec.4.1.101_5"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.11584%2Fopus4-835","external_links_name":"10.11584/opus4-835"},{"Link":"https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-euv/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/835/file/Saryusz-Wolska_Polish_Film_Holocaust_2015.pdf","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10509200690902296","external_links_name":"10.1080/10509200690902296"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3650160","external_links_name":"10.2307/3650160"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4214223","external_links_name":"4214223"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25779575","external_links_name":"25779575"},{"Link":"https://www.kinoeye.org/02/14/skaff14.php","external_links_name":"\"The cinema that is. Marek Haltof's Polish National Cinema\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F147041290300200109","external_links_name":"10.1177/147041290300200109"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25779396","external_links_name":"25779396"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000112608855","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/39677095","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvXhQpbMFM9c9jvykHBfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/99062338","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15123330x","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15123330x","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1154495256","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007298982505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14041025","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96073336","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01049345","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0091102&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35733406","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p284182524","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810646099405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15692553?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1062819","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/080143326","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balding_Avenue_Historic_District
|
Balding Avenue Historic District
|
["1 Geography","2 History","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 41°22′29″N 73°55′35″W / 41.37472°N 73.92639°W / 41.37472; -73.92639Historic district in New York, United States
United States historic placeBalding Avenue Historic DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district
Houses on west side of street, 2008Show map of New YorkShow map of the United StatesLocationPoughkeepsie, New YorkCoordinates41°22′29″N 73°55′35″W / 41.37472°N 73.92639°W / 41.37472; -73.92639Area4 acres (1.6 ha)Built1872–1905ArchitectPercival M. LloydArchitectural styleVarious Victorian stylesMPSPoughkeepsie MRANRHP reference No.82001120Added to NRHP1982
The Balding Avenue Historic District is located along the street of the same name, between Mansion and Marshall streets, in Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. These four acres (1.6 ha) include 27 houses mostly built in the late 19th century.
Unlike some of the city's other residential historic districts, Balding Avenue was a middle class neighborhood, and its houses still reflect that. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
Geography
The district consists of Balding Avenue between its southern end at Mansion Street and the next intersection to the north at Marshall Street, and the lots of every house with a Balding address in that corridor. The southern end is just at the northern boundary of downtown Poughkeepsie, with several other historic buildings. The Queen Anne Style house at 73 Mansion is right on the corner (it was excluded from the district because it was a different size and shape from the Balding houses), and next to it is the Poughkeepsie post office. Across Mansion are the offices of the Poughkeepsie Journal. This block of Balding is shaded with large trees along the side of the street.
Within the district, the houses are of similar designs, ranging from two-and-a-half to three-and-a-half stories in height. All have clapboard siding. Various Victorian-era architectural styles are in evidence, from Second Empire to Queen Anne. Four houses in the Hudson River bracketed style are arranged in a row from 6-12 Balding.
All these houses exhibit a modest amount of ornament. Poughkeepsie's other historic districts recognize the homes of the wealthy (Academy Street, Garfield Place) or the working class (Union Street, Mill Street-North Clover Street). This is the only one in a middle-class neighborhood, as suggested by the minimal use of decorative detailing on the houses.
Only one home, at 1 Balding, is not considered a contributing property to the district. It was built in 1924, after the district's period of significance, two decades after all of the other houses had been completed.
History
An 1867 map of the city lists Balding Avenue as a proposed street. It must have been built shortly thereafter, as the first houses on it, 14 and 27 Balding, both in the Second Empire style, were built in 1872. Six more followed, mainly in the middle of the block, during the rest of the 1870s. Most of the district was built out over the 1880s and '90s. Local architect Percival M. Lloyd, designed the classically detailed 32 Balding, the only house on the street for whom the architect is known, in 1896.
In the 1900s, 4 and 11 Balding closed out this building boom. The other corner lot at Mansion Street, 1 Balding, was finally built on in 1924. There has been no significant construction or modification since.
References
Hudson Valley portal
^ a b c d e f g h Sharp, Townley (August 10, 1980). "National Register of Historic Places nomination, Balding Avenue Historic District". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved May 15, 2009.
vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in New YorkTopics
Contributing property
Keeper of the Register
Historic district
History of the National Register of Historic Places
National Park Service
Property types
Listsby county
Albany
Allegany
Bronx
Broome
Cattaraugus
Cayuga
Chautauqua
Chemung
Chenango
Clinton
Columbia
Cortland
Delaware
Dutchess
Erie
Essex
Franklin
Fulton
Genesee
Greene
Hamilton
Herkimer
Jefferson
Kings (Brooklyn)
Lewis
Livingston
Madison
Monroe
Montgomery
Nassau
New York (Manhattan)
Niagara
Oneida
Onondaga
Ontario
Orange
Orleans
Oswego
Otsego
Putnam
Queens
Rensselaer
Richmond (Staten Island)
Rockland
Saratoga
Schenectady
Schoharie
Schuyler
Seneca
St. Lawrence
Steuben
Suffolk
Sullivan
Tioga
Tompkins
Ulster
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Westchester
Northern
Southern
Wyoming
Yates
Listsby city
Albany
Buffalo
New Rochelle
New York City
Bronx
Brooklyn
Queens
Staten Island
Manhattan
Below 14th St.
14th–59th St.
59th–110th St.
Above 110th St.
Minor islands
Niagara Falls
Peekskill
Poughkeepsie
Rhinebeck
Rochester
Syracuse
Yonkers
Other lists
Bridges and tunnels
National Historic Landmarks
Category
List
National Register of Historic Places Portal
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poughkeepsie, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poughkeepsie_(city),_New_York"},{"link_name":"historic districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_district_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}],"text":"Historic district in New York, United StatesUnited States historic placeThe Balding Avenue Historic District is located along the street of the same name, between Mansion and Marshall streets, in Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. These four acres (1.6 ha) include 27 houses mostly built in the late 19th century.Unlike some of the city's other residential historic districts, Balding Avenue was a middle class neighborhood, and its houses still reflect that. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.","title":"Balding Avenue Historic District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot_(real_estate)"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"house at 73 Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_at_73_Mansion_Street"},{"link_name":"Poughkeepsie post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Post_Office_(Poughkeepsie,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"offices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poughkeepsie_Journal_Building"},{"link_name":"Poughkeepsie Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poughkeepsie_Journal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-1"},{"link_name":"clapboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapboard_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"siding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siding_(construction)"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture"},{"link_name":"architectural styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_style"},{"link_name":"Second Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-1"},{"link_name":"ornament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Academy Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Street_Historic_District_(Poughkeepsie,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Garfield Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Place_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"working class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class"},{"link_name":"Union Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Street_Historic_District_(Poughkeepsie,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Mill Street-North Clover Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Street-North_Clover_Street_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-1"},{"link_name":"contributing property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributing_property"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-1"}],"text":"The district consists of Balding Avenue between its southern end at Mansion Street and the next intersection to the north at Marshall Street, and the lots of every house with a Balding address in that corridor. The southern end is just at the northern boundary of downtown Poughkeepsie, with several other historic buildings. The Queen Anne Style house at 73 Mansion is right on the corner (it was excluded from the district because it was a different size and shape from the Balding houses), and next to it is the Poughkeepsie post office. Across Mansion are the offices of the Poughkeepsie Journal. This block of Balding is shaded with large trees along the side of the street.[1]Within the district, the houses are of similar designs, ranging from two-and-a-half to three-and-a-half stories in height. All have clapboard siding. Various Victorian-era architectural styles are in evidence, from Second Empire to Queen Anne. Four houses in the Hudson River bracketed style are arranged in a row from 6-12 Balding.[1]All these houses exhibit a modest amount of ornament. Poughkeepsie's other historic districts recognize the homes of the wealthy (Academy Street, Garfield Place) or the working class (Union Street, Mill Street-North Clover Street). This is the only one in a middle-class neighborhood, as suggested by the minimal use of decorative detailing on the houses.[1]Only one home, at 1 Balding, is not considered a contributing property to the district. It was built in 1924, after the district's period of significance, two decades after all of the other houses had been completed.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Percival M. Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_M._Lloyd"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-1"}],"text":"An 1867 map of the city lists Balding Avenue as a proposed street. It must have been built shortly thereafter, as the first houses on it, 14 and 27 Balding, both in the Second Empire style, were built in 1872. Six more followed, mainly in the middle of the block, during the rest of the 1870s. Most of the district was built out over the 1880s and '90s. Local architect Percival M. Lloyd, designed the classically detailed 32 Balding, the only house on the street for whom the architect is known, in 1896.[1]In the 1900s, 4 and 11 Balding closed out this building boom. The other corner lot at Mansion Street, 1 Balding, was finally built on in 1924. There has been no significant construction or modification since.[1]","title":"History"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Sharp, Townley (August 10, 1980). \"National Register of Historic Places nomination, Balding Avenue Historic District\". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved May 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=1757","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places nomination, Balding Avenue Historic District\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation","url_text":"New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Balding_Avenue_Historic_District¶ms=41_22_29_N_73_55_35_W_type:landmark_region:US-NY","external_links_name":"41°22′29″N 73°55′35″W / 41.37472°N 73.92639°W / 41.37472; -73.92639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Balding_Avenue_Historic_District¶ms=41_22_29_N_73_55_35_W_type:landmark_region:US-NY","external_links_name":"41°22′29″N 73°55′35″W / 41.37472°N 73.92639°W / 41.37472; -73.92639"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/82001120","external_links_name":"82001120"},{"Link":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=1757","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places nomination, Balding Avenue Historic District\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRM_II
|
FRM II
|
["1 Overview","2 Usage","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 48°15′58″N 11°40′34″E / 48.266°N 11.676°E / 48.266; 11.676German nuclear research reactor
Science with neutrons
Foundations
Neutron temperature
Flux, Radiation, Transport
Cross section, Absorption, Activation
Neutron scattering
Neutron diffraction
Small-angle neutron scattering
GISANS
Reflectometry
Inelastic neutron scattering
Triple-axis spectrometer
Time-of-flight spectrometer
Backscattering spectrometer
Spin-echo spectrometer
Other applications
Neutron tomography
Activation analysis, Prompt gamma activation analysis
Fundamental research with neutrons: Ultracold neutrons, Interferometry
Fast neutron therapy
Neutron capture therapy
Infrastructure
Neutron sources: Research reactor, Spallation, Neutron moderator
Neutron optics: Reflector, Supermirror
Detection
Neutron facilities
America: HFIR, LANSCE, NIST CNR -SNS
Australia: OPAL
Asia: J-PARC, HANARO
Europe: BER II, FRM II, ILL, ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, JINR, SINQ
Historic: IPNS, HFBR
Under construction: ESS
vte
The Research Neutron Source Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (Forschungsreaktor München II or FRM II) (German: Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz) is a leading German research reactor and neutron source, named in honor of the physicist Heinz Maier-Leibnitz who had conducted a highly successful research program at its predecessor, the FRM I . Operated by the Technical University of Munich, it is located on its campus in Garching.
Overview
Research reactor Munich I (foreground) and II (background)
The FRM II is located in the immediate neighbourhood of FRM I, on the research and university campus near Garching (18 km north of Munich). It is operated by the Technical University of Munich. Several other universities and research institutions are taking part in the scientific use.
The reactor was built by Siemens. It went critical on March 2, 2004, and reached the full power of 20 MW on August, 24. Since April 2005, it is in routine operation. The regular schedule comprises 4 reactor cycles per year, with 60 days per cycle.
Highly enriched uranium in a high-density uranium silicide-aluminium dispersion fuel element yields an excellent ratio of neutron flux to thermal power. A liquid deuterium moderator ("cold source") gives a world-leading cold-neutron flux density.
Usage
The FRM II is optimized for neutron scattering experiments at beam tubes and neutron guides. Furthermore, there are irradiation facilities, for example to produce medically used radioisotopes (as Lu-177), and a tumour treatment facility.
The more than 25 scientific instruments are operated by different chairs of the TU München, other universities, Helmholtz Centres and Max-Planck Institutes. The Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) of the Forschungszentrum Jülich operates its own outstation at the FRM II.
Each instrument offers 2/3 of its beam time for scientists from all over the world. 30 percent is foreseen for industrial use.
References
^ http://cdn.frm2.tum.de/fileadmin/stuff/instruments/BlueBook/exp-fac_cs4_Januar2011_verlinkt2.pdf
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Forschungsreaktor München II.
http://www.frm2.tum.de website
48°15′58″N 11°40′34″E / 48.266°N 11.676°E / 48.266; 11.676
vteTechnical University of MunichSchools
School of Computation, Information and Technology (CIT)
School of Engineering and Design (ED)
School of Natural Sciences (NAT)
School of Life Sciences (LS)
School of Management (MGT)
School of Social Sciences and Technology (SOT)
School of Medicine and Health (MED)
Rechts der Isar Hospital
Research centers
FRM II (Research Neutron Source)
Walter Schottky Institute (WSI)
Student initiatives
WARR
Campuses
Munich
Garching
Weihenstephan
Singapore (TUM Asia)
Other
TUM Fire Department
Munich School of Politics and Public Policy
Institute for Advanced Study (IAS)
Oskar von Miller Tower
Summer School Marktoberdorf
Center for Digital Technology and Management
Visio.M
Academic staff
Alumni
Presidents
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
This article about a scientific organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Munich district location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"research reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_reactor"},{"link_name":"neutron source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_source"},{"link_name":"Heinz Maier-Leibnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Maier-Leibnitz"},{"link_name":"FRM I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FRM_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forschungsreaktor_M%C3%BCnchen"},{"link_name":"Technical University of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"campus in Garching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_Garching"}],"text":"German nuclear research reactorThe Research Neutron Source Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (Forschungsreaktor München II or FRM II) (German: Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz) is a leading German research reactor and neutron source, named in honor of the physicist Heinz Maier-Leibnitz who had conducted a highly successful research program at its predecessor, the FRM I [de]. Operated by the Technical University of Munich, it is located on its campus in Garching.","title":"FRM II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fmr.jpg"},{"link_name":"Garching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garching"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Technical University of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"}],"text":"Research reactor Munich I (foreground) and II (background)The FRM II is located in the immediate neighbourhood of FRM I, on the research and university campus near Garching (18 km north of Munich). It is operated by the Technical University of Munich. Several other universities and research institutions are taking part in the scientific use.The reactor was built by Siemens. It went critical on March 2, 2004, and reached the full power of 20 MW on August, 24. Since April 2005, it is in routine operation. The regular schedule comprises 4 reactor cycles per year, with 60 days per cycle.Highly enriched uranium in a high-density uranium silicide-aluminium dispersion fuel element yields an excellent ratio of neutron flux to thermal power. A liquid deuterium moderator (\"cold source\") gives a world-leading cold-neutron flux density.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The FRM II is optimized for neutron scattering experiments at beam tubes and neutron guides. Furthermore, there are irradiation facilities, for example to produce medically used radioisotopes (as Lu-177), and a tumour treatment facility. \nThe more than 25 scientific instruments are operated by different chairs of the TU München, other universities, Helmholtz Centres and Max-Planck Institutes. The Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) of the Forschungszentrum Jülich operates its own outstation at the FRM II. \nEach instrument offers 2/3 of its beam time for scientists from all over the world. 30 percent is foreseen for industrial use.[1]","title":"Usage"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Research reactor Munich I (foreground) and II (background)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Fmr.jpg/220px-Fmr.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=FRM_II¶ms=48.266_N_11.676_E_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"48°15′58″N 11°40′34″E / 48.266°N 11.676°E / 48.266; 11.676"},{"Link":"http://www.nist.gov/ncnr/","external_links_name":"NIST CNR"},{"Link":"http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/history/HFBR_main.asp","external_links_name":"HFBR"},{"Link":"https://cdn.frm2.tum.de/fileadmin/stuff/instruments/BlueBook/exp-fac_cs4_Januar2011_verlinkt2.pdf","external_links_name":"http://cdn.frm2.tum.de/fileadmin/stuff/instruments/BlueBook/exp-fac_cs4_Januar2011_verlinkt2.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.frm2.tum.de/","external_links_name":"http://www.frm2.tum.de"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=FRM_II¶ms=48.266_N_11.676_E_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"48°15′58″N 11°40′34″E / 48.266°N 11.676°E / 48.266; 11.676"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/249392809","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1122601174","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FRM_II&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FRM_II&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Conference_Premier_play-off_final
|
2013 Conference Premier play-off final
|
["1 Match","1.1 Summary","1.2 Details","2 References"]
|
Football match2013 Conference Premier play-off finalNewport County lift the Conference Premier play-off winners' trophyEvent2012–13 Football Conference
Wrexham
Newport County
0
2
Date5 May 2013VenueWembley Stadium, LondonMan of the MatchChristian Jolley (Newport County)RefereeMichael BullAttendance36,346← 2012 2014 →
The 2013 Conference Premier play-off final, known as the 2013 Blue Square Bet Premier play-off final for sponsorship purposes, was a football match between Wrexham and Newport County on 5 May 2013 at Wembley Stadium in London. It was the eleventh Conference Premier play-off final and the first ever Wembley Final to feature two teams from Wales.
After not having played in Wembley for 149 years the match represented the second time in the 2012–13 season for Wrexham who reached the final with a 5–2 aggregate win over Kidderminster Harriers following their appearance in the 2013 FA Trophy Final. The final also represented Newport County's second trip to Wembley in less than a year having played in the 2012 FA Trophy Final. Newport had beaten Grimsby Town 2–0 over two legs to reach the play-off final.
The attendance of the match was 36,346. One of the highest attendances in a non league play-off final. Around 25,000 of the fans were supporting Wrexham.
Newport County won the match 2–0 to secure promotion to League Two, re-entering the Football League after a 25-year absence. It was the first time in Conference history that a team had not conceded a single goal in the play-offs.
Whereas the players in the Wrexham team were new to the play-off final, the County team had seven players with previous play-off final experience: Alan Julian had featured for Stevenage Borough in the 2005 final. It was the second successive final for Aaron O'Connor who had featured for Luton Town in the 2012 final. Danny Crow had featured in both the 2009 final for Cambridge United and the 2011 final for Luton Town. It was the fourth final for Robbie Willmott who had featured for Cambridge United in 2009 and Luton Town in the 2011 and 2012 finals. Winning the final for a second time were Ismail Yakubu, Lee Minshull and Christian Jolley who were all part of the victorious Wimbledon team in the 2011 final.
The sides next meeting in a league fixture would not come until the 2023-24 EFL League 2 season. With Wrexham taking a 2-0 win at the Stōk Cae Râs and Newport County taking a 1-0 win at Rodney Parade. Despite County’s win over Wrexham, they did not achieve promotion to the EFL League 1. Wrexham, however, finished 2nd in the league and gained back to back promotions after winning the National League title in the 2022-23 season.
11 years after this final, Newport County remain in League 2 and Wrexham are now in League 1 after only spending 1 season in League 2.
Match
Summary
Both teams started the game nervously with Wrexham having the better of the opening exchanges. On 15 minutes Brett Ormerod saw an effort at goal dragged wide of the near post. A cross from Johnny Hunt in the 21st minute was met by Ormerod but his shot went over the bar. Towards the end of the first half Newport gained momentum with Christian Jolley's curled shot just wide of goal. The score remained 0–0 at half time.
In the second half Wrexham stepped up their game and nearly took the lead in the 59th minute when an initial shot from Andy Morrell was palmed by Lenny Pidgeley into the path of Ormerod who blasted over from six yards. Shortly afterwards Newport's Danny Crow was replaced with their leading goalscorer Aaron O'Connor. Wrexham's player-manager Morrell then replaced himself with Adrian Cieslewicz. As the game wore on both teams made further substitutions with Newport's Michael Flynn making way for Scott Donnelly in the 74th minute and Wrexham's Glen Little coming on for captain Dean Keates in the 80th minute.
As the game looked certain to go into extra time Jolley headed a warning shot just wide of goal in the 83rd minute. Wrexham failed to heed the warning and in the 86th minute a long up-field pass from Andy Sandell was headed backwards by Wrexham's David Artell into the path of Jolley who made no mistake in lifting it over the on-rushing Chris Maxwell and into the goal.
Wrexham replaced Jay Harris with Dele Adebola in the 89th minute and pushed every player up front, including goalkeeper Maxwell. They managed to force a number of corners in injury time but were caught on the break by Jolley who fed O'Connor. His initial left-footed shot was saved but he made no mistake with his right-footed follow-up to make the score 2–0 to County in the 4th minute of injury time. Two minutes later and the game was over.
Details
5 May 201315:00 BST
Wrexham0–2Newport County
ReportReportReportReportReportReport
Jolley 86'O'Connor 90+4'
Wembley Stadium, LondonAttendance: 16,346Referee: Michael Bull
Wrexham
Newport County
GK
24
Chris Maxwell
RB
2
Stephen Wright
CB
32
David Artell
CB
6
Martin Riley
LB
3
Neil Ashton
RM
8
Jay Harris
89'
CM
12
Dean Keates (C)
80'
CM
14
Joe Clarke
LM
16
Johnny Hunt
CF
10
Brett Ormerod
64'
CF
11
Andy Morrell
69'
Substitutes:
GK
13
Andy Coughlin
DF
23
Chris Westwood
MF
17
Glen Little
80'
FW
7
Adrian Cieslewicz
69'
FW
31
Dele Adebola
89'
Manager:
Andy Morrell
GK
40
Lenny Pidgeley
CB
5
Tony James
CB
6
Ismail Yakubu
CB
21
Byron Anthony
RM
2
David Pipe (C)
CM
8
Lee Minshull
CM
30
Alex Gilbey
79'
CM
17
Michael Flynn
74'
LM
13
Andy Sandell
CF
23
Christian Jolley
CF
9
Danny Crow
63'
Substitutes:
GK
1
Alan Julian
DF
3
Andrew Hughes
MF
26
Scott Donnelly
74'
FW
7
Aaron O'Connor
63'
FW
24
Robbie Willmott
Manager:
Justin Edinburgh
Match rules:
90 minutes.
30 minutes of extra time if necessary.
Penalty shoot-out if scores still level.
Five named substitutes
Maximum of three substitutions.
References
^ "Wrexham 0–2 Newport". BBC Sport. 5 May 2013.
^ "Newport County victory over Wrexham puts them back into Football League". The Guardian. London. 5 May 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
vteNational League play-off finals
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
vte2012–13 in English football « 2011–12 2013–14 » National teams
2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (Group H)
League competitionsLevel 1
Premier League
Levels 2–4
Football League (Championship, League One, League Two, play-offs)
Levels 5–6
Football Conference (Premier, North, South)
Levels 7–8
Isthmian League (Premier, North, South)
Northern Premier League (Premier, North, South)
Southern Football League (Premier, Central, South & West)
Levels 9–10
Combined Counties League (Premier, One)
East Midlands Counties League (level 10 only)
Eastern Counties League (Premier, One)
Essex Senior League (level 9 only)
Hellenic League (Premier, One East, One West)
Kent League (level 9 only)
Kent Invicta League (level 10 only)
Midland Alliance (level 9 only)
Midland Combination (level 10 only)
North West Counties League (Premier, One)
Northern Counties East League (Premier, One)
Northern League (One, Two)
South West Peninsula League (level 10 only)
Spartan South Midlands League (Premier, One)
Sussex County League (One, Two)
United Counties League (Premier, One)
Wessex League (Premier, One)
West Midlands (Regional) League (level 10 only)
Western League (Premier, One)
Cup competitionsFA cups
FA Cup (Qualifying rounds, Final)
FA Community Shield
FA Trophy (Final)
FA Vase (Final)
Football League cups
Football League Cup (Final)
Football League Trophy (Final)
Youth competitionsUnder 21
Professional U21 Development League (League 1, League 2)
Under 18
Professional U18 Development League (League 1, League 2, League 3)
FA Youth Cup
Women's competitions
FA Women's Premier League
Super League ('12, '13)
FA Women's Cup (Final)
FA WSL Cup
'12
final
'13
final
Club seasonsPremier League
Arsenal
Aston Villa
Chelsea
Everton
Fulham
Liverpool
Manchester City
Manchester United
Newcastle United
Norwich City
Queens Park Rangers
Reading
Southampton
Stoke City
Sunderland
Swansea City
Tottenham Hotspur
West Bromwich Albion
West Ham United
Wigan Athletic
Championship
Barnsley
Birmingham City
Blackburn Rovers
Blackpool
Bolton Wanderers
Brighton & Hove Albion
Bristol City
Burnley
Cardiff City
Charlton Athletic
Crystal Palace
Derby County
Huddersfield Town
Hull City
Ipswich Town
Leeds United
Leicester City
Middlesbrough
Millwall
Nottingham Forest
Peterborough United
Sheffield Wednesday
Watford
Wolverhampton Wanderers
League One
AFC Bournemouth
Brentford
Bury
Carlisle United
Colchester United
Coventry City
Crawley Town
Crewe Alexandra
Doncaster Rovers
Hartlepool United
Leyton Orient
Milton Keynes Dons
Notts County
Oldham Athletic
Portsmouth
Preston North End
Scunthorpe United
Sheffield United
Shrewsbury Town
Stevenage
Swindon Town
Tranmere Rovers
Walsall
Yeovil Town
League Two
Accrington Stanley
AFC Wimbledon
Aldershot Town
Barnet
Bradford City
Bristol Rovers
Burton Albion
Cheltenham Town
Chesterfield
Dagenham & Redbridge
Exeter City
Fleetwood Town
Gillingham
Morecambe
Northampton Town
Oxford United
Plymouth Argyle
Port Vale
Rochdale
Rotherham United
Southend United
Torquay United
Wycombe Wanderers
York City
Conference Premier
Luton Town
Newport County
Summer 2012 transfers
Winter 2012–13 transfers
Summer 2013 transfers
vteNewport County A.F.C. matchesFA Trophy Finals
2012
Play-off Finals
2013 Conference Premier
2019 EFL League Two
2021 EFL League Two
FAW Premier Cup Finals
2003
2007
2008
Welsh Cup Finals
1963
1987
1980
Association football portal
English football portal
Sports portal
Wales portal
vte Wrexham A.F.C. matchesWelsh Cup Finals
1878
1879
1883
1890
1891
1893
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1902
1903
1905
1909
1910
1911
1914
1915
1920
1921
1924
1925
1931
1932
1933
1950
1957
1958
1960
1962
1965
1967
1971
1972
1975
1978
1979
1983
1984
1986
1988
1990
1991
1995
Football League Trophy Final
2005
FA Trophy Finals
2013
2015
2022
Play-off finals
1989 Fourth Division
2013 Conference Premier
Other matches
Wrexham 2–1 Arsenal (1992)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Newport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_County_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Kidderminster Harriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidderminster_Harriers_F.C."},{"link_name":"2013 FA Trophy Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_FA_Trophy_Final"},{"link_name":"2012 FA Trophy Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_FA_Trophy_Final"},{"link_name":"Grimsby Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimsby_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alan Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Julian"},{"link_name":"Stevenage Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage_F.C."},{"link_name":"2005 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Conference_National_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"Aaron O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"2012 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Conference_Premier_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"Danny Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Crow"},{"link_name":"2009 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Conference_Premier_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"Cambridge United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"2011 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Conference_Premier_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"Luton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Robbie Willmott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Willmott"},{"link_name":"Ismail Yakubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Yakubu"},{"link_name":"Lee Minshull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Minshull"},{"link_name":"Christian Jolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Jolley"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Wimbledon"}],"text":"Football matchThe 2013 Conference Premier play-off final, known as the 2013 Blue Square Bet Premier play-off final for sponsorship purposes, was a football match between Wrexham and Newport County on 5 May 2013 at Wembley Stadium in London. It was the eleventh Conference Premier play-off final and the first ever Wembley Final to feature two teams from Wales.After not having played in Wembley for 149 years the match represented the second time in the 2012–13 season for Wrexham who reached the final with a 5–2 aggregate win over Kidderminster Harriers following their appearance in the 2013 FA Trophy Final. The final also represented Newport County's second trip to Wembley in less than a year having played in the 2012 FA Trophy Final. Newport had beaten Grimsby Town 2–0 over two legs to reach the play-off final.The attendance of the match was 36,346. One of the highest attendances in a non league play-off final. Around 25,000 of the fans were supporting Wrexham.Newport County won the match 2–0 to secure promotion to League Two, re-entering the Football League after a 25-year absence.[1] It was the first time in Conference history that a team had not conceded a single goal in the play-offs.[2]Whereas the players in the Wrexham team were new to the play-off final, the County team had seven players with previous play-off final experience: Alan Julian had featured for Stevenage Borough in the 2005 final. It was the second successive final for Aaron O'Connor who had featured for Luton Town in the 2012 final. Danny Crow had featured in both the 2009 final for Cambridge United and the 2011 final for Luton Town. It was the fourth final for Robbie Willmott who had featured for Cambridge United in 2009 and Luton Town in the 2011 and 2012 finals. Winning the final for a second time were Ismail Yakubu, Lee Minshull and Christian Jolley who were all part of the victorious Wimbledon team in the 2011 final.The sides next meeting in a league fixture would not come until the 2023-24 EFL League 2 season. With Wrexham taking a 2-0 win at the Stōk Cae Râs and Newport County taking a 1-0 win at Rodney Parade. Despite County’s win over Wrexham, they did not achieve promotion to the EFL League 1. Wrexham, however, finished 2nd in the league and gained back to back promotions after winning the National League title in the 2022-23 season.11 years after this final, Newport County remain in League 2 and Wrexham are now in League 1 after only spending 1 season in League 2.","title":"2013 Conference Premier play-off final"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brett Ormerod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Ormerod"},{"link_name":"Christian Jolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Jolley"},{"link_name":"Andy Morrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Morrell"},{"link_name":"Lenny Pidgeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Pidgeley"},{"link_name":"Danny Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Crow"},{"link_name":"Aaron O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Michael Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Flynn_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Scott Donnelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Donnelly"},{"link_name":"Glen Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Little"},{"link_name":"Dean Keates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Keates"},{"link_name":"Andy Sandell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Sandell"},{"link_name":"David Artell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Artell"},{"link_name":"Chris Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Maxwell_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Jay Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Harris_(footballer,_born_1987)"},{"link_name":"Dele Adebola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dele_Adebola"}],"sub_title":"Summary","text":"Both teams started the game nervously with Wrexham having the better of the opening exchanges. On 15 minutes Brett Ormerod saw an effort at goal dragged wide of the near post. A cross from Johnny Hunt in the 21st minute was met by Ormerod but his shot went over the bar. Towards the end of the first half Newport gained momentum with Christian Jolley's curled shot just wide of goal. The score remained 0–0 at half time.In the second half Wrexham stepped up their game and nearly took the lead in the 59th minute when an initial shot from Andy Morrell was palmed by Lenny Pidgeley into the path of Ormerod who blasted over from six yards. Shortly afterwards Newport's Danny Crow was replaced with their leading goalscorer Aaron O'Connor. Wrexham's player-manager Morrell then replaced himself with Adrian Cieslewicz. As the game wore on both teams made further substitutions with Newport's Michael Flynn making way for Scott Donnelly in the 74th minute and Wrexham's Glen Little coming on for captain Dean Keates in the 80th minute.As the game looked certain to go into extra time Jolley headed a warning shot just wide of goal in the 83rd minute. Wrexham failed to heed the warning and in the 86th minute a long up-field pass from Andy Sandell was headed backwards by Wrexham's David Artell into the path of Jolley who made no mistake in lifting it over the on-rushing Chris Maxwell and into the goal.Wrexham replaced Jay Harris with Dele Adebola in the 89th minute and pushed every player up front, including goalkeeper Maxwell. They managed to force a number of corners in injury time but were caught on the break by Jolley who fed O'Connor. His initial left-footed shot was saved but he made no mistake with his right-footed follow-up to make the score 2–0 to County in the 4th minute of injury time. Two minutes later and the game was over.","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Newport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_County_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22335600"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//footballbookreviews.com/football-features/201213-blue-square-bet-premier-conference-play-off-final-newport-county-afc-v-wrexham"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.southwalesargus.co.uk/sport/10401279.Christian_Jolley_and_Aaron_O___Connor_now_Exiles_legends/"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/football/football-match-reports/newport-county-2-v-0-3412749"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.leaderlive.co.uk/news/122443/play-off-final-wrexham-0-newport-county-2.aspx"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dailypost.co.uk/sport/football/match-reports/wrexham-fc-0-newport-county-3412719"},{"link_name":"Jolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Jolley"},{"link_name":"O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Michael Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Bull_(referee)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Details","text":"5 May 201315:00 BST\nWrexham0–2Newport County\n\nReportReportReportReportReportReport\nJolley 86'O'Connor 90+4'\nWembley Stadium, LondonAttendance: 16,346Referee: Michael Bull","title":"Match"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Wrexham 0–2 Newport\". BBC Sport. 5 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22335600","url_text":"\"Wrexham 0–2 Newport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newport County victory over Wrexham puts them back into Football League\". The Guardian. London. 5 May 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/may/05/wrexham-newport-county-blue-square-premier","url_text":"\"Newport County victory over Wrexham puts them back into Football League\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22335600","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://footballbookreviews.com/football-features/201213-blue-square-bet-premier-conference-play-off-final-newport-county-afc-v-wrexham","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/sport/10401279.Christian_Jolley_and_Aaron_O___Connor_now_Exiles_legends/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/football/football-match-reports/newport-county-2-v-0-3412749","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://www.leaderlive.co.uk/news/122443/play-off-final-wrexham-0-newport-county-2.aspx","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://www.dailypost.co.uk/sport/football/match-reports/wrexham-fc-0-newport-county-3412719","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22335600","external_links_name":"\"Wrexham 0–2 Newport\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/may/05/wrexham-newport-county-blue-square-premier","external_links_name":"\"Newport County victory over Wrexham puts them back into Football League\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabathymyrus
|
Parabathymyrus
|
["1 Species","2 References"]
|
Genus of fishes
Parabathymyrus
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Anguilliformes
Family:
Congridae
Subfamily:
Bathymyrinae
Genus:
ParabathymyrusKamohara, 1938
Parabathymyrus is a genus of eels in the family Congridae.
Species
There are currently 6 recognized species in this genus:
Parabathymyrus brachyrhynchus (Fowler, 1934)
Parabathymyrus fijiensis Karmovskaya, 2004
Parabathymyrus karrerae Karmovskaya, 1991
Parabathymyrus macrophthalmus Kamohara, 1938
Parabathymyrus oregoni D. G. Smith & Kanazawa, 1977 (Flap-nose conger)
Parabathymyrus philippinensis H. C. Ho, D. G. Smith & K. T. Shao, 2015
References
^ Ho, H.-C.; Smith, D.G.; Shao, K.-T. (2015). "Notes on the congrid eel genus Parabathymyrus from the western Pacific Ocean, with the description of a new species (Pisces: Anguilliformes: Congridae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 4060 (1): 131–139. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4060.1.15. PMID 26701597.
Taxon identifiersParabathymyrus
Wikidata: Q2685240
Wikispecies: Parabathymyrus
ADW: Parabathymyrus
AFD: Parabathymyrus
BOLD: 203085
CoL: 6DN5
GBIF: 2403475
iNaturalist: 90664
IRMNG: 1209110
ITIS: 161401
NCBI: 189927
Open Tree of Life: 747283
WoRMS: 270183
ZooBank: E1117966-AD43-4BDC-A857-DAB9A9FBD60C
This Anguilliformes article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"eels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Congridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congridae"}],"text":"Parabathymyrus is a genus of eels in the family Congridae.","title":"Parabathymyrus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parabathymyrus brachyrhynchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabathymyrus_brachyrhynchus"},{"link_name":"Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Weed_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Parabathymyrus fijiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabathymyrus_fijiensis"},{"link_name":"Karmovskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emma_Stanislavovna_Karmovskaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parabathymyrus karrerae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabathymyrus_karrerae"},{"link_name":"Karmovskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emma_Stanislavovna_Karmovskaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parabathymyrus macrophthalmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabathymyrus_macrophthalmus"},{"link_name":"Kamohara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toshiji_Kamohara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parabathymyrus oregoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabathymyrus_oregoni"},{"link_name":"D. G. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_G._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kanazawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_H._Kanazawa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parabathymyrus philippinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parabathymyrus_philippinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"H. C. Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ho_Hsuan-Ching&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D. G. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_G._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"K. T. Shao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shao_Kwang-Tsao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ho2015-1"}],"text":"There are currently 6 recognized species in this genus:Parabathymyrus brachyrhynchus (Fowler, 1934)\nParabathymyrus fijiensis Karmovskaya, 2004\nParabathymyrus karrerae Karmovskaya, 1991\nParabathymyrus macrophthalmus Kamohara, 1938\nParabathymyrus oregoni D. G. Smith & Kanazawa, 1977 (Flap-nose conger)\nParabathymyrus philippinensis H. C. Ho, D. G. Smith & K. T. Shao, 2015[1]","title":"Species"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Ho, H.-C.; Smith, D.G.; Shao, K.-T. (2015). \"Notes on the congrid eel genus Parabathymyrus from the western Pacific Ocean, with the description of a new species (Pisces: Anguilliformes: Congridae)\" (PDF). Zootaxa. 4060 (1): 131–139. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4060.1.15. PMID 26701597.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2015/f/zt04060p139.pdf","url_text":"\"Notes on the congrid eel genus Parabathymyrus from the western Pacific Ocean, with the description of a new species (Pisces: Anguilliformes: Congridae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4060.1.15","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.4060.1.15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26701597","url_text":"26701597"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2015/f/zt04060p139.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Notes on the congrid eel genus Parabathymyrus from the western Pacific Ocean, with the description of a new species (Pisces: Anguilliformes: Congridae)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4060.1.15","external_links_name":"10.11646/zootaxa.4060.1.15"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26701597","external_links_name":"26701597"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Parabathymyrus/","external_links_name":"Parabathymyrus"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Parabathymyrus","external_links_name":"Parabathymyrus"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=203085","external_links_name":"203085"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6DN5","external_links_name":"6DN5"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2403475","external_links_name":"2403475"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/90664","external_links_name":"90664"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1209110","external_links_name":"1209110"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161401","external_links_name":"161401"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=189927","external_links_name":"189927"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=747283","external_links_name":"747283"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=270183","external_links_name":"270183"},{"Link":"https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/E1117966-AD43-4BDC-A857-DAB9A9FBD60C","external_links_name":"E1117966-AD43-4BDC-A857-DAB9A9FBD60C"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parabathymyrus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Briggs_(Royal_Navy_officer)
|
Charles Briggs (Royal Navy officer)
|
["1 Naval career","2 Family","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Sir Charles BriggsBorn15 July 1858Brentford, Essex, EnglandDied16 July 1951 (1951-07-17) (aged 93)Chippenham, Wiltshire, EnglandBurialBiddestone, Wiltshire, EnglandAllegiance United KingdomService/branch Royal NavyRankAdmiralCommands heldHMS VulcanBattles/warsWorld War IAwardsKnight Commander of the Order of the Bath
Admiral Sir Charles John Briggs KCB (15 July 1858 – 16 July 1951) was a Royal Navy officer who went on to be Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy.
Naval career
Briggs joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in 1872. He was promoted to the rank of Captain on 22 June 1897, and appointed in command of the torpedo boat depot ship HMS Vulcan on 12 December 1901.
He was appointed Rear Admiral in the First Division of the Home Fleet in 1909 before becoming Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy in 1910 and then being given command of the 4th Battle Squadron in the Home Fleet in 1913. He retired in 1917.
Family
In 1901 he married Frances Mary Wilson; they had three sons and three daughters.
References
^ "Royal Navy Flag Officers 1904-1945". Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36638. London. 14 December 1901. p. 12.
^ Lt Maurice John Bethell, RN (1894–1916) at Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives
^ "No. 30161". The London Gazette. 3 July 1917. p. 6549.
^ Roots.web
External links
Charles John Briggs at The Dreadnought Project
Military offices
Preceded bySir John Jellicoe
Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy 1910–1912
Succeeded bySir Gordon Moore
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"KCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Sea_Lord"}],"text":"Admiral Sir Charles John Briggs KCB (15 July 1858 – 16 July 1951) was a Royal Navy officer who went on to be Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy.","title":"Charles Briggs (Royal Navy officer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"cadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"torpedo boat depot ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat_tender"},{"link_name":"HMS Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Vulcan_(1889)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Home Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Sea_Lord"},{"link_name":"4th Battle Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Battle_Squadron_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Home Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Briggs joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in 1872.[1] He was promoted to the rank of Captain on 22 June 1897, and appointed in command of the torpedo boat depot ship HMS Vulcan on 12 December 1901.[2]He was appointed Rear Admiral in the First Division of the Home Fleet in 1909 before becoming Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy in 1910 and then being given command of the 4th Battle Squadron in the Home Fleet in 1913.[3] He retired in 1917.[4]","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1901 he married Frances Mary Wilson; they had three sons and three daughters.[5]","title":"Family"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Royal Navy Flag Officers 1904-1945\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304210921/http://www.admirals.org.uk/admirals/individual.php?RecNo=511","url_text":"\"Royal Navy Flag Officers 1904-1945\""},{"url":"http://www.admirals.org.uk/admirals/individual.php?RecNo=511","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Naval & Military intelligence\". The Times. No. 36638. London. 14 December 1901. p. 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 30161\". The London Gazette. 3 July 1917. p. 6549.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30161/page/6549","url_text":"\"No. 30161\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304210921/http://www.admirals.org.uk/admirals/individual.php?RecNo=511","external_links_name":"\"Royal Navy Flag Officers 1904-1945\""},{"Link":"http://www.admirals.org.uk/admirals/individual.php?RecNo=511","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130704042627/http://www.kingscollections.org/catalogues/lhcma/collection/a-e/be70-001","external_links_name":"Lt Maurice John Bethell, RN (1894–1916) at Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30161/page/6549","external_links_name":"\"No. 30161\""},{"Link":"https://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=sshawcross&id=I7764","external_links_name":"Roots.web"},{"Link":"http://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Charles_John_Briggs","external_links_name":"Charles John Briggs at The Dreadnought Project"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceria_fraxini
|
Aceria fraxini
|
["1 Ecology","2 References"]
|
Species of mite
Aceria fraxini
galls on a leaf, upperside
galls on a leaf, underside
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:
Chelicerata
Class:
Arachnida
Family:
Eriophyidae
Genus:
Aceria
Species:
A. fraxini
Binomial name
Aceria fraxini(Garman, 1883)
Aceria fraxini, the ash bead gall mite, is a species of mites in the family Eriophyidae, the gall mites.
Ecology
Range is North America, including southern Canada and most of the continental United States.
Mites form numerous capsule galls, greenish-yellow in color, between leaf veins of Ash trees in the genus Fraxinus, including Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus latifolia, Fraxinus nigra, and Fraxinus pennsylvanica.
The mites stay in the galls until late summer when host leaves mature.: 50
The life cycle is a form of alternation of generations. An over-wintering generation consists only of females called deutogynes. The other generation consists of both sexes: females called protogynes as well as males.: 6
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aceria fraxini.
^ "Aceria fraxini (Ash Bead Gall Mite)". iNaturalist. California Academy of Sciences.
^ a b "Aceria fraxini (Garman, 1883)". Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
^ "Species Aceria fraxini". BugGuide.net.
^ "Aceria fraxini". Gallformers.
^ a b Keifer HH, Baker EW, Kono T, Delfinado M, Styer WE (1982). An Illustrated Guide to Plant Abnormalities Caused by Eriophyid Mites in North America (Agriculture Handbook Number 573). USDA Agricultural Research Service.
Taxon identifiersAceria fraxini
Wikidata: Q50363813
BioLib: 637006
BugGuide: 392997
EUNIS: 98788
Fauna Europaea (new): cdae4148-3a0d-42a3-a819-45dd73786965
GBIF: 4544532
iNaturalist: 542186
NBN: NHMSYS0020703356
This article about a mite or tick is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"mites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mites"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Eriophyidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriophyidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inaturalist-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbif-2"}],"text":"Aceria fraxini, the ash bead gall mite, is a species of mites in the family Eriophyidae, the gall mites.[1][2]","title":"Aceria fraxini"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"continental United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbif-2"},{"link_name":"galls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galls"},{"link_name":"leaf veins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf#Veins"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Fraxinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus"},{"link_name":"Fraxinus americana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus_americana"},{"link_name":"Fraxinus latifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus_latifolia"},{"link_name":"Fraxinus nigra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus_nigra"},{"link_name":"Fraxinus pennsylvanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugguide-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gallformers-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA-5"},{"link_name":"alternation of generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_of_generations#Animals"},{"link_name":"deutogynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deutogyne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"protogynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protogyny"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA-5"}],"text":"Range is North America, including southern Canada and most of the continental United States.[2]Mites form numerous capsule galls, greenish-yellow in color, between leaf veins of Ash trees in the genus Fraxinus, including Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus latifolia, Fraxinus nigra, and Fraxinus pennsylvanica.[3][4]\nThe mites stay in the galls until late summer when host leaves mature.[5]: 50The life cycle is a form of alternation of generations. An over-wintering generation consists only of females called deutogynes. The other generation consists of both sexes: females called protogynes as well as males.[5]: 6","title":"Ecology"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Aceria fraxini (Ash Bead Gall Mite)\". iNaturalist. California Academy of Sciences.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/542186-Aceria-fraxini","url_text":"\"Aceria fraxini (Ash Bead Gall Mite)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aceria fraxini (Garman, 1883)\". Global Biodiversity Information Facility.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gbif.org/species/4544532","url_text":"\"Aceria fraxini (Garman, 1883)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility","url_text":"Global Biodiversity Information Facility"}]},{"reference":"\"Species Aceria fraxini\". BugGuide.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/392997","url_text":"\"Species Aceria fraxini\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aceria fraxini\". Gallformers.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gallformers.org/gall/561","url_text":"\"Aceria fraxini\""}]},{"reference":"Keifer HH, Baker EW, Kono T, Delfinado M, Styer WE (1982). An Illustrated Guide to Plant Abnormalities Caused by Eriophyid Mites in North America (Agriculture Handbook Number 573). USDA Agricultural Research Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/CAT87208955/PDF","url_text":"An Illustrated Guide to Plant Abnormalities Caused by Eriophyid Mites in North America (Agriculture Handbook Number 573)"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/542186-Aceria-fraxini","external_links_name":"\"Aceria fraxini (Ash Bead Gall Mite)\""},{"Link":"http://www.gbif.org/species/4544532","external_links_name":"\"Aceria fraxini (Garman, 1883)\""},{"Link":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/392997","external_links_name":"\"Species Aceria fraxini\""},{"Link":"https://www.gallformers.org/gall/561","external_links_name":"\"Aceria fraxini\""},{"Link":"https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/CAT87208955/PDF","external_links_name":"An Illustrated Guide to Plant Abnormalities Caused by Eriophyid Mites in North America (Agriculture Handbook Number 573)"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id637006","external_links_name":"637006"},{"Link":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/392997","external_links_name":"392997"},{"Link":"https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/98788","external_links_name":"98788"},{"Link":"https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/cdae4148-3a0d-42a3-a819-45dd73786965","external_links_name":"cdae4148-3a0d-42a3-a819-45dd73786965"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4544532","external_links_name":"4544532"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/542186","external_links_name":"542186"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0020703356","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0020703356"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aceria_fraxini&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_of_My_Lac%27
|
Back of My Lac'
|
["1 Background","2 Singles","3 Critical reception","4 Commercial performance","5 Track listing","6 Charts","6.1 Weekly charts","6.2 Year-end charts","7 Release history","8 Certifications and sales","9 References","10 External links"]
|
2007 studio album by J. HolidayBack of My Lac'Studio album by J. HolidayReleasedOctober 2, 2007Recorded2006–2007StudioStudio 13 (Washington D.C.),Signature Sound Studio, Music Line Studio, Triangle Sound Studio, The Red Room, J. Que's Crib, Phonix Ave Studio, DARP Studios (Atlanta, Georgia),The Gin House, (Hollywood, California),Dark Child Studios (Pleasantville, New Jersey)Genre
R&B
hip hop
Length57:17Label
Music Line
Capitol
Producer
Anthony "TA" Tate (exec.)
Corey Green (co-exec.)
Los Da Mystro
Darkchild
The-Dream
The Platinum Brothers
Donnie Scantz
Travis Cherry
J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League
Sean Garrett
Oak Felder
J. Holiday chronology
Back of My Lac'(2007)
Round 2(2009)
Deluxe edition cover
Singles from Back of My Lac'
"Be with Me"Released: October 31, 2006
"Bed"Released: June 19, 2007
"Suffocate"Released: October 2, 2007
"Come Here"Released: April 15, 2008
Back of My Lac' is the debut studio album from American R&B singer J. Holiday that was released in the United States on October 2, 2007, by Music Line Group and Capitol Records. Production for this album was handled by Los Da Mystro, Darkchild, The-Dream, The Platinum Brothers, Donnie Scantz, Travis Cherry, J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, Sean Garrett and Oak Felder
The album was supported by three singles, "Be with Me", "Bed" and "Suffocate".
Upon its release, Back of My Lac' received generally mixed reviews from music critics. The album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200, selling 105,000 copies in its first week. The album was nominated for Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 51st Grammy Awards, but lost to Mary J. Blige's Growing Pains.
Background
In early 2000s, he met Corey Green whom he found was in the same direction with him. Soon both formed a duo called 295 that experienced mild popularity. All the while Corey would hook them up with music executives that come to Washington just to watch their performances. They soon got frustrated for not getting discovered and eventually disbanded in 2003 while remaining friends until Holiday's solo career. Holiday would soon secure a record deal with Jazze Pha's Sho'nuff Records.
The album was originally meant to be released by the end of 2006, however it was pushed back to early 2007 and then pushed to its final release of October 2. J. Holiday worked with Ne-Yo on three songs between December 2005 and January 2006 that did not make the album.
Singles
The album's lead single, "Be with Me", was released on October 31, 2006. The song was produced by Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins. The song did not fare well commercially, failing to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 and has since peaked at #83 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.
The second single, "Bed", was released on June 19, 2007, it peaked at number 5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number one on Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs for five weeks total and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
The third single, "Suffocate" was released on October 2, 2007, the song has peaked at #2 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart and #18 on the Billboard Hot 100. The video for the single was shot in Paris, France and debuted on BET's 106 & Park on November 7, 2007.
"City Boy" featuring 8 Ball & MJG was released as a promotional single, the song was not included in the US version of the album, but is featured on the album only as a bonus track in several countries.
"Come Here" was released as a single but was ultimately canceled.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAbout.comAllMusicEntertainment WeeklyB−The GuardianRolling Stone
Back of My Lac' received mixed reviews from critics. Mark Edward Nero from About.com reviewed the album favorably, saying: "It's rare that young artist puts out such a well-rounded album, one that young men can totally relate to and that young women will be swept off their feet by, but Back of My Lac', is just such an album. It's charming, gritty, sensual, original and most of all-real. Ladies and gentlemen, J. Holiday has arrived. And he definitely is that dude."
Fan reviews remain highly favorable for the album, praising its overall consistency and well roundness. "Fatal", "Bed","Thank You" and "Suffocate" have been frequently referenced as favorites.
Commercial performance
The album debuted on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart at number 5, selling 105,000 copies in its first week. It debuted at #1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The album debuted in the Top 20 R&B/Hip Hop albums in Canada and charted within the Top 100 albums in Canada. It became a Top 10 R&B/Hip Hop album in the UK and a Top 40 UK album entry peaking at #32. In the U.S it also made it to #8 on the Tastemakers chart and #5 on the Top Digital Albums and Billboard Comprehensive Albums Chart.
Track listing
Back of My Lac' – Standard editionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Back of My Lac"Naham GrymesQuincy LoweWilliam RobinsonMarvin TarpinWilliam DeVaughnQuincy Lowe4:492."Ghetto"GrymesDonnie ScantzSam ThomasDonnie Scantz4:113."Thug Commandments"Neely DinkinsVito ColapiettoBalewa MuhammadFrank "Sekay" OliphantAnthony HesterThe Co-StarsBalewa Muhammad3:294."Bed"Carlos McKinneyTerius NashThe-DreamLos Da Mystro4:355."Betcha Never Had"Sean GarrettWarren FelderSean GarrettOak Felder3:016."Laa Laa"Adam GibbsMike ChesserGrymesNashThe Platinum Brothers4:317."Come Here"GibbsChesserRobert L. HuggarTravis CherryKarl AntoineThe Platinum Brothers, co-produced by Travis Cherry3:308."Be with Me"GrymesJerkinsAdonis ShropshireRodney "Darkchild" Jerkins3:589."Suffocate"StewartNashChristopher 'Tricky' Stewart3:4010."Fatal"PaulSmithP. SmithErika NuriKorran PaulGil Smith IIPatrick "J. Que" Smith (co.)5:1611."Without You"JerkinsGrymesShropshireMitchah WilliamsBurt BacharachHal DavidRodney "Darkchild" JerkinsMitchah "Genesis" Williams3:4712."Pimp In Me"Jasper CarmonJasper Cameron4:2513."Thank You"ShropshireE. VixonAdonis Shropshire4:2314."Fallin'"GrymesErik OrtizC. Brown IIIKevin CroweJ.U.S.T.I.C.E. League3:42
Back of My Lac' – Deluxe edition (bonus tracks)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length15."Sooner You Get to Love"Ned DohenyDonnie ScantzJames StuartNahum GrymesDonnie Scantz3:5616."I Know Love"Nahum GrymesGary CooperWilliam CollinsMike ChesserAdam GibbsGarry ShiderGeorge Clinton Jr.Dayton WellingtonThe Platinum Brothers3:4917."When You Get Home"Michael A. ChesserAdam M. GibbsKenny GambleLeon A. HuffNahum Thorton GrymesTravis Demond CherryThe Platinum Brothers, co-produced by Travis Cherry3:52
Back of My Lac' - International Bonus TrackNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length15."City Boy" (featuring 8Ball & MJG)C. Brown IIIE. OrtizK. CroweNahum GrymesJ.U.S.T.I.C.E. League3:42
Back of My Lac' - Japan Bonus TrackNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length15."Good for Each Other"C. Brown IIIE. OrtizK. CroweNahum GrymesJ.U.S.T.I.C.E. League3:33
Back of My Lac' - Brazil Bonus TrackNo.TitleProducer(s)Length15."Bed (Haji & Emanuel Remix)"The-Dream & Los Da Mystro4:35
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for Back of My Lac'
Chart (2007)
Peak position
UK R&B Albums (OCC)
33
US Billboard 200
5
US Digital Albums (Billboard)
5
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)
1
US Top Tastemaker Albums (Billboard)
8
Year-end charts
Chart (2007)
Position
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)
57
Chart (2008)
Position
US Billboard 200
109
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)
23
Release history
Region
Date
Version
Format(s)
Label
United States
October 2, 2007
Standard Edition
CD, digital download
Music Line, Capitol
February 5, 2008
Deluxe Edition
Certifications and sales
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United States (RIAA)
Gold
500,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
^ Where Is J. Holiday Now After He Gave Us Mega Hits “Bed” & "Suffocate" | #FindingBET. YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11.
^ a b c https://www.billboard.com/artist/j.-holiday/chart-history/
^ Video: J. Holiday - Suffocate Pop-Junkie.com (November 7, 2007). Accessed November 7, 2007.
^ a b Nero, Mark Edward. "Album Review: J. Holiday - "Back of My 'Lac". About.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
^ Kellman, Andy. "Back of My Lac' - J. Holiday". AllMusic. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
^ Vozick-Levinson, Simon (September 28, 2007). "Back of My Lac'". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
^ Macpherson, Alex (December 7, 2007). "Review: J Holiday, Back of My Lac'". The Guardian. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
^ Hoard, Christian (October 4, 2007). "Back Of My Lac L J. Holiday". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Archived from the original on April 1, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
^ Katie Hasty, "Springsteen Is Boss Of Album Chart With 'Magic'", Billboard.com, October 10, 2007.
^ "Back of My Lac' (Bonus Tack Version) by J. Holiday". iTunes. January 2008.
^ "J. Holiday – Back of My Lac' (2007, CD)". Discogs. 7 November 2007.
^ "J.holiday Back of My Lac Black Funk Pop Regaee Cd Lacrado - R$ 44,99".
^ "Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 30, 2023.
^ Billboard 200 – Week of October 20, 2007. Billboard. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
^ "J. Holiday Chart History (Digital Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved February 2015.
^ Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Week of October 20, 2007. Billboard. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
^ Top Tastemaker Albums – Week of October 20, 2007. Billboard. Archived from the original on March 18, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
^ "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2007". Billboard. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2008". Billboard. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
^ "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2008". Billboard. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
^
"Back of My Lac' by J. Holiday". iTunes Store (US). Apple. 2 October 2007. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
^ "American album certifications – J. Holiday – Back of My Lac". Recording Industry Association of America.
External links
J. Holiday's Official Site
J. Holiday's Myspace Page
J. Holiday Fan Site
J. Holiday Live Rooftop Show
J. Holiday Releases Third Single "Suffocate"
Back Of My 'Lac Cover, Tracklisting, and Chocolate City MixTape
Exclusive Interview with J. Holiday
J. Holiday - Suffocate Video
Video Stills of Suffocate Video
City Boy - Unreleased Track
vteJ. HolidayDiscographyStudio albums
Back of My Lac'
Round 2
Guilty Conscience
Singles
"Be with Me"
"Bed"
"Suffocate"
"It's Yours"
Featured singles
"I Won't Tell"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"J. Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Holiday"},{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"Darkchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Jerkins"},{"link_name":"The-Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The-Dream"},{"link_name":"The Platinum Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Platinum_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Travis Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Cherry"},{"link_name":"J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.U.S.T.I.C.E._League"},{"link_name":"Sean Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Garrett"},{"link_name":"Oak Felder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Felder"},{"link_name":"Be with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_with_Me_(J._Holiday_song)"},{"link_name":"Bed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_(J._Holiday_song)"},{"link_name":"Suffocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffocate_(J._Holiday_song)"},{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_critics"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Best Contemporary R&B Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Contemporary_R%26B_Album"},{"link_name":"51st Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Mary J. Blige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_J._Blige"},{"link_name":"Growing Pains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_Pains_(Mary_J._Blige_album)"}],"text":"Back of My Lac' is the debut studio album from American R&B singer J. Holiday that was released in the United States on October 2, 2007, by Music Line Group and Capitol Records. Production for this album was handled by Los Da Mystro, Darkchild, The-Dream, The Platinum Brothers, Donnie Scantz, Travis Cherry, J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, Sean Garrett and Oak FelderThe album was supported by three singles, \"Be with Me\", \"Bed\" and \"Suffocate\".Upon its release, Back of My Lac' received generally mixed reviews from music critics. The album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200, selling 105,000 copies in its first week. The album was nominated for Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 51st Grammy Awards, but lost to Mary J. Blige's Growing Pains.","title":"Back of My Lac'"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jazze Pha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazze_Pha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ne-Yo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne-Yo"}],"text":"In early 2000s, he met Corey Green whom he found was in the same direction with him. Soon both formed a duo called 295 that experienced mild popularity. All the while Corey would hook them up with music executives that come to Washington just to watch their performances. They soon got frustrated for not getting discovered and eventually disbanded in 2003 while remaining friends until Holiday's solo career. Holiday would soon secure a record deal with Jazze Pha's Sho'nuff Records.[1]The album was originally meant to be released by the end of 2006, however it was pushed back to early 2007 and then pushed to its final release of October 2. J. Holiday worked with Ne-Yo on three songs between December 2005 and January 2006 that did not make the album.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Be with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_with_Me_(J._Holiday_song)"},{"link_name":"Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Jerkins"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardsingles-2"},{"link_name":"Bed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_(J._Holiday_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardsingles-2"},{"link_name":"Suffocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffocate_(J._Holiday_song)"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardsingles-2"},{"link_name":"BET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television"},{"link_name":"106 & Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/106_%26_Park"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popjunkie-3"},{"link_name":"8 Ball & MJG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Ball_%26_MJG"}],"text":"The album's lead single, \"Be with Me\", was released on October 31, 2006. The song was produced by Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins. The song did not fare well commercially, failing to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 and has since peaked at #83 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.[2]The second single, \"Bed\", was released on June 19, 2007, it peaked at number 5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number one on Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs for five weeks total and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[2]The third single, \"Suffocate\" was released on October 2, 2007, the song has peaked at #2 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart and #18 on the Billboard Hot 100.[2] The video for the single was shot in Paris, France and debuted on BET's 106 & Park on November 7, 2007.[3]\"City Boy\" featuring 8 Ball & MJG was released as a promotional single, the song was not included in the US version of the album, but is featured on the album only as a bonus track in several countries.\"Come Here\" was released as a single but was ultimately canceled.","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"About.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-4"}],"text":"Back of My Lac' received mixed reviews from critics. Mark Edward Nero from About.com reviewed the album favorably, saying: \"It's rare that young artist puts out such a well-rounded album, one that young men can totally relate to and that young women will be swept off their feet by, but Back of My Lac', is just such an album. It's charming, gritty, sensual, original and most of all-real. Ladies and gentlemen, J. Holiday has arrived. And he definitely is that dude.\"[4]Fan reviews remain highly favorable for the album, praising its overall consistency and well roundness. \"Fatal\", \"Bed\",\"Thank You\" and \"Suffocate\" have been frequently referenced as favorites.","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tastemakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tastemakers"},{"link_name":"Billboard Comprehensive Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Comprehensive_Albums"}],"text":"The album debuted on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart at number 5, selling 105,000 copies in its first week.[9] It debuted at #1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The album debuted in the Top 20 R&B/Hip Hop albums in Canada and charted within the Top 100 albums in Canada.[citation needed] It became a Top 10 R&B/Hip Hop album in the UK and a Top 40 UK album entry peaking at #32.[citation needed] In the U.S it also made it to #8 on the Tastemakers chart and #5 on the Top Digital Albums and Billboard Comprehensive Albums Chart.","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naham Grymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Holiday"},{"link_name":"William Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokey_Robinson"},{"link_name":"William DeVaughn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_DeVaughn"},{"link_name":"Bed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_(J._Holiday_song)"},{"link_name":"The-Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The-Dream"},{"link_name":"Los Da Mystro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Da_Mystro"},{"link_name":"Sean Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Garrett"},{"link_name":"Oak Felder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Felder"},{"link_name":"The Platinum Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Platinum_Brothers"},{"link_name":"The Platinum Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Platinum_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Travis Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Cherry"},{"link_name":"Be with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_with_Me_(J._Holiday_song)"},{"link_name":"Adonis Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonis_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Jerkins"},{"link_name":"Suffocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffocate_(J._Holiday_song)"},{"link_name":"Christopher 'Tricky' Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Stewart_(music_producer)"},{"link_name":"Patrick \"J. Que\" Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_%22J._Que%22_Smith"},{"link_name":"Burt Bacharach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Bacharach"},{"link_name":"Hal David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_David"},{"link_name":"J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.U.S.T.I.C.E._League"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Platinum Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Platinum_Brothers"},{"link_name":"The Platinum Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Platinum_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Travis Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Cherry"},{"link_name":"8Ball & MJG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8Ball_%26_MJG"},{"link_name":"J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.U.S.T.I.C.E._League"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.U.S.T.I.C.E._League"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Bed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_(J._Holiday_song)"},{"link_name":"The-Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The-Dream"}],"text":"Back of My Lac' – Standard editionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Back of My Lac\"Naham GrymesQuincy LoweWilliam RobinsonMarvin TarpinWilliam DeVaughnQuincy Lowe4:492.\"Ghetto\"GrymesDonnie ScantzSam ThomasDonnie Scantz4:113.\"Thug Commandments\"Neely DinkinsVito ColapiettoBalewa MuhammadFrank \"Sekay\" OliphantAnthony HesterThe Co-StarsBalewa Muhammad3:294.\"Bed\"Carlos McKinneyTerius NashThe-DreamLos Da Mystro4:355.\"Betcha Never Had\"Sean GarrettWarren FelderSean GarrettOak Felder3:016.\"Laa Laa\"Adam GibbsMike ChesserGrymesNashThe Platinum Brothers4:317.\"Come Here\"GibbsChesserRobert L. HuggarTravis CherryKarl AntoineThe Platinum Brothers, co-produced by Travis Cherry3:308.\"Be with Me\"GrymesJerkinsAdonis ShropshireRodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins3:589.\"Suffocate\"StewartNashChristopher 'Tricky' Stewart3:4010.\"Fatal\"PaulSmithP. SmithErika NuriKorran PaulGil Smith IIPatrick \"J. Que\" Smith (co.)5:1611.\"Without You\"JerkinsGrymesShropshireMitchah WilliamsBurt BacharachHal DavidRodney \"Darkchild\" JerkinsMitchah \"Genesis\" Williams3:4712.\"Pimp In Me\"Jasper CarmonJasper Cameron4:2513.\"Thank You\"ShropshireE. VixonAdonis Shropshire4:2314.\"Fallin'\"GrymesErik OrtizC. Brown IIIKevin CroweJ.U.S.T.I.C.E. League3:42Back of My Lac' – Deluxe edition (bonus tracks)[10]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length15.\"Sooner You Get to Love\"Ned DohenyDonnie ScantzJames StuartNahum GrymesDonnie Scantz3:5616.\"I Know Love\"Nahum GrymesGary CooperWilliam CollinsMike ChesserAdam GibbsGarry ShiderGeorge Clinton Jr.Dayton WellingtonThe Platinum Brothers3:4917.\"When You Get Home\"Michael A. ChesserAdam M. GibbsKenny GambleLeon A. HuffNahum Thorton GrymesTravis Demond CherryThe Platinum Brothers, co-produced by Travis Cherry3:52Back of My Lac' - International Bonus TrackNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length15.\"City Boy\" (featuring 8Ball & MJG)C. Brown IIIE. OrtizK. CroweNahum GrymesJ.U.S.T.I.C.E. League3:42Back of My Lac' - Japan Bonus Track[11]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length15.\"Good for Each Other\"C. Brown IIIE. OrtizK. CroweNahum GrymesJ.U.S.T.I.C.E. League3:33Back of My Lac' - Brazil Bonus Track[12]No.TitleProducer(s)Length15.\"Bed (Haji & Emanuel Remix)\"The-Dream & Los Da Mystro4:35","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Back_of_My_Lac%27&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"UK R&B Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UKR&B_-13"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Digital Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardDigital_J._Holiday-15"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Top Tastemaker Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Tastemaker_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Back_of_My_Lac%27&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for Back of My Lac'\n\n\nChart (2007)\n\nPeak position\n\n\nUK R&B Albums (OCC)[13]\n\n33\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[14]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Digital Albums (Billboard)[15]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[16]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Top Tastemaker Albums (Billboard)[17]\n\n8\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2007)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[18]\n\n57\n\n\nChart (2008)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[19]\n\n109\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[20]\n\n23","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications and sales"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Where Is J. Holiday Now After He Gave Us Mega Hits “Bed” & \"Suffocate\" | #FindingBET. YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://youtube.com/watch?v=nR33sE_PMGg&t=423s","url_text":"Where Is J. Holiday Now After He Gave Us Mega Hits “Bed” & \"Suffocate\" | #FindingBET"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/nR33sE_PMGg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nero, Mark Edward. \"Album Review: J. Holiday - \"Back of My 'Lac\". About.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013100729/http://randb.about.com/od/reviews/fr/BackOfMyLac.htm","url_text":"\"Album Review: J. Holiday - \"Back of My 'Lac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com","url_text":"About.com"},{"url":"http://randb.about.com/od/reviews/fr/BackOfMyLac.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kellman, Andy. \"Back of My Lac' - J. Holiday\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1172063","url_text":"\"Back of My Lac' - J. Holiday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Vozick-Levinson, Simon (September 28, 2007). \"Back of My Lac'\". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved March 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/article/2007/09/28/back-my-lac","url_text":"\"Back of My Lac'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Inc.","url_text":"Time Inc."}]},{"reference":"Macpherson, Alex (December 7, 2007). \"Review: J Holiday, Back of My Lac'\". The Guardian. Retrieved July 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/dec/07/urban.shopping1","url_text":"\"Review: J Holiday, Back of My Lac'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Hoard, Christian (October 4, 2007). \"Back Of My Lac L J. Holiday\". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Archived from the original on April 1, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080401092628/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/16594164/review/16598939","url_text":"\"Back Of My Lac L J. Holiday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jann_Wenner","url_text":"Wenner Media"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/16594164/review/16598939","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Back of My Lac' (Bonus Tack Version) by J. Holiday\". iTunes. January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/back-my-lac-bonus-tack-version/id716149127","url_text":"\"Back of My Lac' (Bonus Tack Version) by J. Holiday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes","url_text":"iTunes"}]},{"reference":"\"J. Holiday – Back of My Lac' (2007, CD)\". Discogs. 7 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/J-Holiday-Back-Of-My-Lac/release/2701713","url_text":"\"J. Holiday – Back of My Lac' (2007, CD)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"\"J.holiday Back of My Lac Black Funk Pop Regaee Cd Lacrado - R$ 44,99\".","urls":[{"url":"https://produto.mercadolivre.com.br/MLB-909434742-cd-jholiday-back-of-my-lac-black-funk-pop-regaee-lacrado-_JM","url_text":"\"J.holiday Back of My Lac Black Funk Pop Regaee Cd Lacrado - R$ 44,99\""}]},{"reference":"Billboard 200 – Week of October 20, 2007. Billboard. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2007-10-20/","url_text":"Billboard 200 – Week of October 20, 2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231106011808/https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2007-10-20/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Week of October 20, 2007. Billboard. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/r-b-hip-hop-albums/2007-10-20/","url_text":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Week of October 20, 2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230423175842/https://www.billboard.com/charts/r-b-hip-hop-albums/2007-10-20/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Top Tastemaker Albums – Week of October 20, 2007. Billboard. Archived from the original on March 18, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/tastemaker-albums/2007-10-20/","url_text":"Top Tastemaker Albums – Week of October 20, 2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240318084409/https://www.billboard.com/charts/tastemaker-albums/2007-10-20/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2007\". Billboard. Retrieved October 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2007/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums","url_text":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2008\". Billboard. Retrieved October 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2008/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2008\". Billboard. Retrieved October 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2008/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums","url_text":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Back of My Lac' by J. Holiday\". iTunes Store (US). Apple. 2 October 2007. Retrieved September 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/back-of-my-lac/id716672470","url_text":"\"Back of My Lac' by J. Holiday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.","url_text":"Apple"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – J. Holiday – Back of My Lac\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=J.+Holiday&ti=Back+of+My+Lac&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – J. Holiday – Back of My Lac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://youtube.com/watch?v=nR33sE_PMGg&t=423s","external_links_name":"Where Is J. Holiday Now After He Gave Us Mega Hits “Bed” & \"Suffocate\" | #FindingBET"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/nR33sE_PMGg","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/j.-holiday/chart-history/","external_links_name":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/j.-holiday/chart-history/"},{"Link":"http://thepopculturejunkie.blogspot.com/2007/11/j-holiday-suffocate.html","external_links_name":"Video: J. Holiday - Suffocate"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013100729/http://randb.about.com/od/reviews/fr/BackOfMyLac.htm","external_links_name":"\"Album Review: J. Holiday - \"Back of My 'Lac\""},{"Link":"http://randb.about.com/od/reviews/fr/BackOfMyLac.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1172063","external_links_name":"\"Back of My Lac' - J. Holiday\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/article/2007/09/28/back-my-lac","external_links_name":"\"Back of My Lac'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/dec/07/urban.shopping1","external_links_name":"\"Review: J Holiday, Back of My Lac'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080401092628/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/16594164/review/16598939","external_links_name":"\"Back Of My Lac L J. Holiday\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/16594164/review/16598939","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1048343/springsteen-is-boss-of-album-chart-with-magic","external_links_name":"\"Springsteen Is Boss Of Album Chart With 'Magic'\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/back-my-lac-bonus-tack-version/id716149127","external_links_name":"\"Back of My Lac' (Bonus Tack Version) by J. Holiday\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/J-Holiday-Back-Of-My-Lac/release/2701713","external_links_name":"\"J. Holiday – Back of My Lac' (2007, CD)\""},{"Link":"https://produto.mercadolivre.com.br/MLB-909434742-cd-jholiday-back-of-my-lac-black-funk-pop-regaee-lacrado-_JM","external_links_name":"\"J.holiday Back of My Lac Black Funk Pop Regaee Cd Lacrado - R$ 44,99\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r-and-b-albums-chart/20071104/115/","external_links_name":"\"Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2007-10-20/","external_links_name":"Billboard 200 – Week of October 20, 2007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231106011808/https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2007-10-20/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/J.-Holiday/chart-history/digital-albums","external_links_name":"\"J. Holiday Chart History (Digital Albums)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/r-b-hip-hop-albums/2007-10-20/","external_links_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Week of October 20, 2007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230423175842/https://www.billboard.com/charts/r-b-hip-hop-albums/2007-10-20/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/tastemaker-albums/2007-10-20/","external_links_name":"Top Tastemaker Albums – Week of October 20, 2007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240318084409/https://www.billboard.com/charts/tastemaker-albums/2007-10-20/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2007/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums","external_links_name":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2007\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2008/top-billboard-200-albums","external_links_name":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2008\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2008/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums","external_links_name":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2008\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/back-of-my-lac/id716672470","external_links_name":"\"Back of My Lac' by J. Holiday\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=J.+Holiday&ti=Back+of+My+Lac&format=Album&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American album certifications – J. Holiday – Back of My Lac\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011034805/http://www.jholiday.com/","external_links_name":"J. Holiday's Official Site"},{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/jholiday","external_links_name":"J. Holiday's Myspace Page"},{"Link":"http://jholidayfan.net/","external_links_name":"J. Holiday Fan Site"},{"Link":"http://thepopculturejunkie.blogspot.com/2007/09/j-holiday-live-rooftop-show.html","external_links_name":"J. Holiday Live Rooftop Show"},{"Link":"http://thepopculturejunkie.blogspot.com/2007/09/just-in-case-you-missed-it-j-holiday.html","external_links_name":"J. Holiday Releases Third Single \"Suffocate\""},{"Link":"http://thepopculturejunkie.blogspot.com/2007/09/get-ready-for-back-of-my-lac.html","external_links_name":"Back Of My 'Lac Cover, Tracklisting, and Chocolate City MixTape"},{"Link":"http://thepopculturejunkie.blogspot.com/2007/08/get-caught-up-with-j-holiday.html","external_links_name":"Exclusive Interview with J. Holiday"},{"Link":"http://thepopculturejunkie.blogspot.com/2007/11/j-holiday-suffocate.html","external_links_name":"J. Holiday - Suffocate Video"},{"Link":"http://thepopculturejunkie.blogspot.com/2007/11/on-set-j-holidays-suffocate.html","external_links_name":"Video Stills of Suffocate Video"},{"Link":"http://thepopculturejunkie.blogspot.com/2007/11/check-it-j-holidays-city-boy.html","external_links_name":"City Boy - Unreleased Track"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/aed1d064-a58f-388e-8fa9-b8005c81adc0","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Glory
|
Gospel of John
|
["1 Authorship","1.1 Composition","1.2 Setting: the Johannine community debate","2 Structure and content","3 Theology","3.1 Christology","3.2 Logos","3.3 Cross","3.4 Sacraments","3.5 Individualism","3.6 John the Baptist","3.7 Gnosticism","4 Comparison with other writings","4.1 Synoptic gospels and Pauline literature","4.2 Johannine literature","4.3 Historical reliability","5 Representations","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","8.1 Citations","8.2 Sources","9 External links"]
|
Book of the New Testament
This article is about the book in the New Testament. For the films, see The Gospel of John (2003 film) and The Gospel of John (2014 film).
"John (book)" redirects here. For other uses, see John (disambiguation).
"Book of John" redirects here. For other uses, see Book of John (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Johannine epistles.
John 18:31–33 on Papyrus 52 (recto; c. AD 150).
Part of a series onBooks of theNew TestamentPapyrus 46, one of the oldest New Testament papyri, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9
Gospels and Acts
Four Evangelists
MatthewMarkLukeJohn
Lukan Acts
Acts of the Apostles
Epistles and Apocalypse
Pauline epistles
Romans
1 Corinthians2 Corinthians
GalatiansEphesians
PhilippiansColossians
1 Thessalonians2 Thessalonians
1 Timothy2 Timothy
TitusPhilemon
Hebrews
Catholic epistles
James
1 Peter2 Peter
1 John2 John3 John
Jude
Apocalypse
Book of Revelation
Authorship
Luke-ActsJohannine works
Pauline epistlesHebrews
Petrine epistles
Related topics
New Testament canon
New Testament manuscripts
Synoptic Gospels
Johannine literature (epistles)
Pastoral epistles
Bible portal Christianity portalvte
Part of a series of articles onJohn in the BibleSaint John the Evangelist, Domenichino
Johannine literature
Gospel
Epistles
First
Second
Third
Revelation
Events
Authorship
Apostle
Beloved disciple
Evangelist
Patmos
Presbyter
Related literature
Apocryphon
Acts
Signs Gospel
See also
Johannine community
Logos
Holy Spirit in Johannine literature
John's vision of the Son of Man
New Testament people named John
vte
The Gospel of John (Ancient Greek: Εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Ἰωάννην, romanized: Euangélion katà Iōánnēn) is the fourth of the four canonical gospels in the New Testament. It contains a highly schematic account of the ministry of Jesus, with seven "signs" culminating in the raising of Lazarus (foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus) and seven "I am" discourses (concerned with issues of the church–synagogue debate at the time of composition) culminating in Thomas' proclamation of the risen Jesus as "my Lord and my God". The gospel's concluding verses set out its purpose, "that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in his name."
John reached its final form around AD 90–110, although it contains signs of origins dating back to AD 70 and possibly even earlier. Like the three other gospels, it is anonymous, although it identifies an unnamed "disciple whom Jesus loved" as the source of its traditions. It most likely arose within a "Johannine community", and – as it is closely related in style and content to the three Johannine epistles – most scholars treat the four books, along with the Book of Revelation, as a single corpus of Johannine literature, albeit not from the same author.
Authorship
Main article: Authorship of the Johannine works § Gospel of John
Composition
The Gospel of John, like all the gospels, is anonymous. John 21:22 references a disciple whom Jesus loved and John 21:24–25 says: "This is the disciple who is testifying to these things and has written them, and we know that his testimony is true..." Early Christian tradition, first found in Irenaeus (c. 130 – c. 202 AD), identified this disciple with John the Apostle, but most scholars have abandoned this hypothesis or hold it only tenuously; there are multiple reasons for this conclusion, including, for example, the fact that the gospel is written in good Greek and displays sophisticated theology, and is therefore unlikely to have been the work of a simple fisherman. These verses imply, rather, that the core of the gospel relies on the testimony (perhaps written) of the "disciple who is testifying", as collected, preserved and reshaped by a community of followers (the "we" of the passage), and that a single follower (the "I") rearranged this material and perhaps added the final chapter and other passages to produce the final gospel. Most scholars estimate the final form of the text to be around AD 90–110. Given its complex history there may have been more than one place of composition, and while the author was familiar with Jewish customs and traditions, their frequent clarification of these implies that they wrote for a mixed Jewish/Gentile or Jewish context outside Palestine.
The author may have drawn on a "signs source" (a collection of miracles) for chapters 1–12, a "passion source" for the story of Jesus's arrest and crucifixion, and a "sayings source" for the discourses, but these hypotheses are much debated. The author seems to have known some version of Mark and Luke, as the Gospel of John shares with them some items of vocabulary and clusters of incidents arranged in the same order, but key terms from those gospels are absent or nearly so, implying that if the author did know them they felt free to write independently. The Hebrew scriptures were an important source, with 14 direct quotations (versus 27 in Mark, 54 in Matthew, 24 in Luke), and their influence is vastly increased when allusions and echoes are included, but the majority of John's direct quotations do not agree exactly with any known version of the Jewish scriptures. Recent arguments by Richard Bauckham and others that the Gospel of John preserves eyewitness testimony have not won general acceptance.
Setting: the Johannine community debate
For much of the 20th century, scholars interpreted the Gospel of John within the paradigm of a hypothetical "Johannine community", meaning that the gospel was held to have sprung from a late-1st-century Christian community excommunicated from the Jewish synagogue (probably meaning the Jewish community) on account of its belief in Jesus as the promised Jewish messiah. This interpretation, which saw the community as essentially sectarian and standing outside the mainstream of early Christianity, has been increasingly challenged in the first decades of the 21st century, and there is currently considerable debate over the social, religious and historical context of the gospel. Nevertheless, the Johannine literature as a whole (made up of the gospel, the three Johannine epistles, and Revelation), points to a community holding itself distinct from the Jewish culture from which it arose while cultivating an intense devotion to Jesus as the definitive revelation of a God with whom they were in close contact through the Paraclete.
Structure and content
Jesus giving the Farewell Discourse to his 11 remaining disciples, from the Maestà of Duccio, 1308–1311
Further information: Prologue to John, Book of Signs, and John 21
The majority of scholars see four sections in the Gospel of John: a prologue (1:1–18); an account of the ministry, often called the "Book of Signs" (1:19–12:50); the account of Jesus' final night with his disciples and the passion and resurrection, sometimes called the Book of Glory or Book of Exaltation (13:1–20:31); and a conclusion (20:30–31); to these is added an epilogue which most scholars believe did not form part of the original text (Chapter 21). Disagreement does exist; some scholars such as Richard Bauckham argue that John 21 was part of the original work, for example.
The prologue informs readers of the true identity of Jesus, the Word of God through whom the world was created and who took on human form; he came to the Jews and the Jews rejected him, but "to all who received him (the circle of Christian believers), who believed in his name, he gave power to become children of God."
Book of Signs (ministry of Jesus): Jesus calls his disciples and begins his earthly ministry. He travels from place to place informing his hearers about God the Father in long discourses, offering eternal life to all who will believe, and performing miracles which are signs of the authenticity of his teachings, but this creates tensions with the religious authorities (manifested as early as 5:17–18), who decide that he must be eliminated.
The Book of Glory tells of Jesus's return to his heavenly father: it tells how he prepares his disciples for their coming lives without his physical presence and his prayer for himself and for them, followed by his betrayal, arrest, trial, crucifixion and post-resurrection appearances.
The conclusion sets out the purpose of the gospel, which is "that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in his name."
Chapter 21, the addendum, tells of Jesus' post-resurrection appearances in Galilee, the miraculous catch of fish, the prophecy of the crucifixion of Peter, and the fate of the Beloved Disciple.
The structure is highly schematic: there are seven "signs" culminating in the raising of Lazarus (foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus), and seven "I am" sayings and discourses, culminating in Thomas's proclamation of the risen Jesus as "my Lord and my God" (the same title, dominus et deus, claimed by the Emperor Domitian, an indication of the date of composition).
Theology
The Rylands Papyrus is the oldest known New Testament fragment, dated to about 125–175 AD.
Christology
Further information: Christology
Scholars agree that while the Gospel of John clearly regards Jesus as divine, it just as clearly subordinates him to the one God. According to James Dunn, this Christology view in John, does not describe a subordinationist relation, but rather the authority and validity of the Son's "revelation" of the Father, the continuity between the Father and the Son. Dunn sees this view as intended to serve the Logos Christology, while others (e.g., Andrew Loke) see it as connected to the incarnation theme in John. The idea of the Trinity developed only slowly through the merger of Hebrew monotheism and the idea of the messiah, Greek ideas of the relationship between God, the world, and the mediating Saviour, and the Egyptian concept of the three-part divinity. However, while the developed doctrine of the Trinity is not explicit in the books that constitute the New Testament, the New Testament possesses a triadic understanding of God and contains a number of Trinitarian formulas. John's "high Christology" depicts Jesus as divine and pre-existent, defends him against Jewish claims that he was "making himself equal to God", and talks openly about his divine role and echoing Yahweh's "I Am that I Am" with seven "I Am" declarations of his own. At the same time there is a similar stress as in Luke on the physical continuity on Jesus' resurrected body, as Jesus asks Thomas to "Put your finger here; see my hands. Reach out your hand and put it into my side. Stop doubting and believe."
Logos
Main article: Logos (Christianity)
See also: John 1:1 and In the beginning (phrase)
In the prologue, the gospel identifies Jesus as the Logos or Word. In Ancient Greek philosophy, the term logos meant the principle of cosmic reason. In this sense, it was similar to the Hebrew concept of Wisdom, God's companion and intimate helper in creation. The Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo merged these two themes when he described the Logos as God's creator of and mediator with the material world. According to Stephen Harris, the gospel adapted Philo's description of the Logos, applying it to Jesus, the incarnation of the Logos.
Another possibility is that the title logos is based on the concept of the divine Word found in the Targums (Aramaic translation/interpretations recited in the synagogue after the reading of the Hebrew Scriptures). In the Targums (which all post-date the first century but which give evidence of preserving early material), the concept of the divine Word was used in a manner similar to Philo, namely, for God's interaction with the world (starting from creation) and especially with his people, e.g. Israel, was saved from Egypt by action of "the Word of the LORD," both Philo and the Targums envision the Word as being manifested between the cherubim and the Holy of Holies, etc.
Cross
The portrayal of Jesus' death in John is unique among the four gospels. It does not appear to rely on the kinds of atonement theology indicative of vicarious sacrifice but rather presents the death of Jesus as his glorification and return to the Father. Likewise, the three "passion predictions" of the Synoptic Gospels are replaced instead in John with three instances of Jesus explaining how he will be exalted or "lifted up". The verb for "lifted up" (Ancient Greek: ὑψωθῆναι, hypsōthēnai) reflects the double entendre at work in John's theology of the cross, for Jesus is both physically elevated from the earth at the crucifixion but also, at the same time, exalted and glorified.
Sacraments
Further information: Sacrament
Scholars disagree both on whether and how frequently John refers to sacraments, but current scholarly opinion is that there are very few such possible references, and that if they exist they are limited to baptism and the Eucharist. In fact, there is no institution of the Eucharist in John's account of the Last Supper (it is replaced with Jesus washing the feet of his disciples), and no New Testament text that unambiguously links baptism with rebirth.
Individualism
In comparison to the synoptic gospels, the fourth gospel is markedly individualistic, in the sense that it places emphasis more on the individual's relation to Jesus than on the corporate nature of the Church. This is largely accomplished through the consistently singular grammatical structure of various aphoristic sayings of Jesus throughout the gospel. Emphasis on believers coming into a new group upon their conversion is conspicuously absent from John, and there is a theme of "personal coinherence", that is, the intimate personal relationship between the believer and Jesus in which the believer "abides" in Jesus and Jesus in the believer. The individualistic tendencies of John could potentially give rise to a realized eschatology achieved on the level of the individual believer; this realized eschatology is not, however, to replace "orthodox", futurist eschatological expectations, but is to be "only correlative."
John the Baptist
Further information: John the Baptist
John's account of John the Baptist is different from that of the synoptic gospels. In this gospel, John is not called "the Baptist." John the Baptist's ministry overlaps with that of Jesus; his baptism of Jesus is not explicitly mentioned, but his witness to Jesus is unambiguous. The evangelist almost certainly knew the story of John's baptism of Jesus and he makes a vital theological use of it. He subordinates John to Jesus, perhaps in response to members of John's sect who regarded the Jesus movement as an offshoot of their movement.
In the Gospel of John, Jesus and his disciples go to Judea early in Jesus' ministry before John the Baptist was imprisoned and executed by Herod Antipas. He leads a ministry of baptism larger than John's own. The Jesus Seminar rated this account as black, containing no historically accurate information. According to the biblical historians at the Jesus Seminar, John likely had a larger presence in the public mind than Jesus.
Gnosticism
Further information: Christian Gnosticism
In the first half of the 20th century, many scholars, primarily including Rudolph Bultmann, forcefully argued that the Gospel of John has elements in common with Gnosticism. Christian Gnosticism did not fully develop until the mid-2nd century, and so 2nd-century Proto-Orthodox Christians concentrated much effort in examining and refuting it. To say the Gospel of John contained elements of Gnosticism is to assume that Gnosticism had developed to a level that required the author to respond to it. Bultmann, for example, argued that the opening theme of the Gospel of John, the pre-existing Logos, along with John's duality of light versus darkness in the gospel were originally Gnostic themes that John adopted. Other scholars (e.g., Raymond E. Brown) have argued that the pre-existing Logos theme arises from the more ancient Jewish writings in the eighth chapter of the Book of Proverbs, and was fully developed as a theme in Hellenistic Judaism by Philo Judaeus. The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumran verified the Jewish nature of these concepts. April DeConick has suggested reading John 8:56 in support of a Gnostic theology; however, recent scholarship has cast doubt on her reading.
Gnostics read John but interpreted it differently from the way non-Gnostics did. Gnosticism taught that salvation came from gnosis, secret knowledge, and Gnostics did not see Jesus as a savior but a revealer of knowledge. The gospel teaches that salvation can only be achieved through revealed wisdom, specifically belief in (literally belief into) Jesus. John's picture of a supernatural savior who promised to return to take those who believed in him to a heavenly dwelling could be fitted into Gnostic views. It has been suggested that similarities between the Gospel of John and Gnosticism may spring from common roots in Jewish Apocalyptic literature.
Comparison with other writings
A Syriac Christian rendition of St. John the Evangelist, from the Rabbula Gospels.
Synoptic gospels and Pauline literature
The Gospel of John is significantly different from the synoptic gospels in the selection of its material, its theological emphasis, its chronology, and literary style, with some of its discrepancies amounting to contradictions. The following are some examples of their differences in just one area, that of the material they include in their narratives:
Material unique to the synoptic gospels
Material unique to the fourth gospel
Narrative parables
Symbolic discourses
Logia and Chreia
Dialogues and Monologues
Messianic Secret
Overt messianism
Sadducees, elders, lawyers
"The Jews"
Lord's Supper
Washing of the Feet
Gospel of the Kingdom
Spiritual rebirth
Consistent eschatology of Olivet Discourse
Realized eschatology of Farewell Discourse
John baptizing Jesus
John witnessing Jesus
Exorcism of demons
Raising of Lazarus
Hades and Gehenna
No concept or mention of hell
Nativity of Jesus
"Hymn to the Word" prologue
Genealogy of Jesus
"The only-begotten god"
Temptation of Jesus
Lamb of God
Sermon on the Mount
Seven "I Am" declarations
Transfiguration of Jesus
Promise of the Paraclete
Ascension of Jesus
Doubting Thomas
In the Synoptics, the ministry of Jesus takes a single year, but in John it takes three, as evidenced by references to three Passovers. Events are not all in the same order: the date of the crucifixion is different, as is the time of Jesus' anointing in Bethany and the cleansing of the Temple, which occurs in the beginning of Jesus' ministry rather than near its end.
Many incidents from John, such as the wedding in Cana, the encounter of Jesus with the Samaritan woman at the well, and the raising of Lazarus, are not paralleled in the synoptics, and most scholars believe the author drew these from an independent source called the "signs gospel", the speeches of Jesus from a second "discourse" source, and the prologue from an early hymn. The gospel makes extensive use of the Jewish scriptures: John quotes from them directly, references important figures from them, and uses narratives from them as the basis for several of the discourses. The author was also familiar with non-Jewish sources: the Logos of the prologue (the Word that is with God from the beginning of creation), for example, was derived from both the Jewish concept of Lady Wisdom and from the Greek philosophers, John 6 alludes not only to the exodus but also to Greco-Roman mystery cults, and John 4 alludes to Samaritan messianic beliefs.
John lacks scenes from the Synoptics such as Jesus' baptism, the calling of the Twelve, exorcisms, parables, and the Transfiguration. Conversely, it includes scenes not found in the Synoptics, including Jesus turning water into wine at the wedding at Cana, the resurrection of Lazarus, Jesus washing the feet of his disciples, and multiple visits to Jerusalem.
In the fourth gospel, Jesus' mother Mary is mentioned in three passages, but not named. John does assert that Jesus was known as the "son of Joseph" in 6:42. For John, Jesus' town of origin is irrelevant, for he comes from beyond this world, from God the Father.
While John makes no direct mention of Jesus' baptism, he does quote John the Baptist's description of the descent of the Holy Spirit as a dove, as happens at Jesus' baptism in the Synoptics. Major synoptic speeches of Jesus are absent, including the Sermon on the Mount and the Olivet Discourse, and the exorcisms of demons are never mentioned as in the Synoptics. John never lists all of the Twelve Disciples and names at least one disciple, Nathanael, whose name is not found in the Synoptics. Thomas is given a personality beyond a mere name, described as "Doubting Thomas".
Jesus is identified with the Word ("Logos"), and the Word is identified with theos ("god" in Greek); no such identification is made in the Synoptics. In Mark, Jesus urges his disciples to keep his divinity secret, but in John he is very open in discussing it, even referring to himself as "I AM", the title God gives himself in Exodus at his self-revelation to Moses. In the Synoptics, the chief theme is the Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of Heaven (the latter specifically in Matthew), while John's theme is Jesus as the source of eternal life and the Kingdom is only mentioned twice. In contrast to the synoptic expectation of the Kingdom (using the term parousia, meaning "coming"), John presents a more individualistic, realized eschatology.
In the Synoptics, quotations from Jesus are usually in the form of short, pithy sayings; in John, longer quotations are often given. The vocabulary is also different, and filled with theological import: in John, Jesus does not work "miracles", but "signs" which unveil his divine identity. Most scholars consider John not to contain any parables. Rather it contains metaphorical stories or allegories, such as those of the Good Shepherd and of the True Vine, in which each individual element corresponds to a specific person, group, or thing. Other scholars consider stories like the childbearing woman or the dying grain to be parables.
According to the Synoptics, the arrest of Jesus was a reaction to the cleansing of the temple, while according to John it was triggered by the raising of Lazarus. The Pharisees, portrayed as more uniformly legalistic and opposed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels, are instead portrayed as sharply divided; they debate frequently in John's accounts. Some, such as Nicodemus, even go so far as to be at least partially sympathetic to Jesus. This is believed to be a more accurate historical depiction of the Pharisees, who made debate one of the tenets of their system of belief.
In place of the communal emphasis of the Pauline literature, John stresses the personal relationship of the individual to God.
Johannine literature
The Gospel of John and the three Johannine epistles exhibit strong resemblances in theology and style; the Book of Revelation has also been traditionally linked with these, but differs from the gospel and letters in style and even theology. The letters were written later than the gospel, and while the gospel reflects the break between the Johannine Christians and the Jewish synagogue, in the letters the Johannine community itself is disintegrating ("They went out from us, but they were not of us; for if they had been of us, they would have continued with us; but they went out..." - 1 John 2:19). This secession was over Christology, the "knowledge of Christ", or more accurately the understanding of Christ's nature, for the ones who "went out" hesitated to identify Jesus with Christ, minimising the significance of the earthly ministry and denying the salvific importance of Jesus's death on the cross. The epistles argue against this view, stressing the eternal existence of the Son of God, the salvific nature of his life and death, and the other elements of the gospel's "high" Christology.
Historical reliability
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Further information: Historicity of the Bible
Jesus' teachings in the Synoptics greatly differ from those in the fourth gospel. Since the 19th century, scholars have almost unanimously accepted that the Johannine discourses are less likely to be historical than the synoptic parables, and were likely written for theological purposes. Nevertheless, scholars generally agree that the fourth gospel is not without historical value. Some potential points of value include early provenance for some Johannine material, topographical references for Jerusalem and Judea, Jesus' crucifixion occurring prior to the Feast of Unleavened Bread, and Jesus' arrest in the garden occurring after the accompanying deliberation of Jewish authorities.
Recent scholarship has argued for a more favourable reappraisal of the historical value of the Gospel of John and its importance for the reconstruction of the historical Jesus, based on recent archaeological and literary studies.
Representations
Bede translating the Gospel of John on his deathbed, by James Doyle Penrose, 1902
The gospel has been depicted in live narrations and dramatized in productions, skits, plays, and Passion Plays, as well as in film. The most recent such portrayal is the 2014 film The Gospel of John, directed by David Batty and narrated by David Harewood and Brian Cox, with Selva Rasalingam as Jesus. The 2003 film The Gospel of John was directed by Philip Saville and narrated by Christopher Plummer, with Henry Ian Cusick as Jesus.
Parts of the gospel have been set to music. One such setting is Steve Warner's power anthem "Come and See", written for the 20th anniversary of the Alliance for Catholic Education and including lyrical fragments taken from the Book of Signs. Additionally, some composers have made settings of the Passion as portrayed in the gospel, most notably St John Passion composed by Johann Sebastian Bach, although some verses are borrowed from Matthew.
See also
Authorship of the Johannine works
Chronology of Jesus
Egerton Gospel
Farewell Discourse
Free Grace theology
Gospel harmony
Last Gospel
List of Bible verses not included in modern translations
List of Gospels
Reformed Christianity
Textual variants in the Gospel of John
Notes
^ The book is sometimes called the Gospel according to John, or simply John (which is also its most common form of abbreviation).
^ The declarations are:
"I am the bread of life"
"I am the light of the world"
"I am the gate for the sheep"
"I am the good shepherd"
"I am the resurrection and the life"
"I am the way and the truth and the life"
"I am the true vine".
^ Bauckham 2015a contrasts John's consistent use of the third person singular ("The one who..."; "If anyone..."; "Everyone who..."; "Whoever..."; "No one...") with the alternative third person plural constructions the author could have used instead ("Those who..."; "All those who..."; etc.). He also notes that the sole exception occurs in the prologue, serving a narrative purpose, whereas the later aphorisms serve a "paraenetic function".
^ See John 6:56, 10:14–15, 10:38, and 14:10, 17, 20, and 23.
^ Realized eschatology is a Christian eschatological theory popularized by C. H. Dodd (1884–1973). It holds that the eschatological passages in the New Testament do not refer to future events, but instead to the ministry of Jesus and his lasting legacy. In other words, it holds that Christian eschatological expectations have already been realized or fulfilled.
^ See Zimmermann 2015, pp. 333–60.
References
Citations
^ ESV Pew Bible. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2018. p. 886. ISBN 978-1-4335-6343-0. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021.
^ "Bible Book Abbreviations". Logos Bible Software. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
^ Lindars 1990, p. 53.
^ a b Witherington 2004, p. 83.
^ a b c Edwards 2015, p. 171.
^ Burkett 2002, p. 215.
^ a b Lincoln 2005, p. 18.
^ Hendricks 2007, p. 147.
^ Reddish 2011, pp. 13.
^ Burkett 2002, p. 214.
^ a b c Reddish 2011, p. 41.
^ Bynum 2012, p. 15.
^ Harris 2006, p. 479.
^ O'Day 1998, p. 381.
^ John 21:22
^ John 21:24–25
^ Lindars, Edwards & Court 2000, p. 41.
^ Kelly 2012, p. 115.
^ Reddish 2011, p. 187–188.
^ Lincoln 2005, pp. 29–30.
^ a b c Fredriksen 2008, p. unpaginated.
^ Valantasis, Bleyle & Haugh 2009, p. 14.
^ Yu Chui Siang Lau 2010, p. 159.
^ Menken 1996, p. 11–13.
^ Eve 2016, p. 135.
^ Porter & Fay 2018, p. 41.
^ Lamb 2014, p. 2.
^ Hurtado 2005, p. 70.
^ Köstenberger 2006, p. 72.
^ Lamb 2014, p. 2-3.
^ Bynum 2012, p. 7,12.
^ Attridge 2008, p. 125.
^ a b Moloney 1998, p. 23.
^ Köstenberger 2015, p. 168.
^ Bauckham 2008, p. 126.
^ Aune 2003, p. 245.
^ Aune 2003, p. 246.
^ a b Van der Watt 2008, p. 10.
^ a b Kruse 2004, p. 17.
^ Orsini, Pasquale, and Willy Clarisse (2012). "Early New Testament Manuscripts and Their Dates: A Critique of Theological Palaeography", in: Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 88/4 (2012), pp. 443-474, p. 470: "...Tab. 1, 𝔓52, 125-175 AD, Orsini–Clarysse..."
^ Hurtado 2005, pp. 53.
^ Dunn, James D. G. (2015). Neither Jew nor Greek: A Contested Identity (Christianity in the Making, Volume 3) (in Arabic). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 353. ISBN 978-1-4674-4385-2.
^ Loke, Andrew. "A Kryptic Model of the Incarnation." Ashgate Publishing, 2014, p. 28–30
^ Hillar 2012, pp. 132.
^ Hurtado 2010, pp. 99–110.
^ Januariy 2013, p. 99.
^
Januariy, Archimandrite (9 March 2013) . "The Elements of Triadology in the New Testament". In Stewart, Melville Y. (ed.). The Trinity: East/West Dialogue. Volume 24 of Studies in Philosophy and Religion. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media (published 2013). p. 100. ISBN 978-94-017-0393-2. Retrieved 21 December 2021. Trinitarian formulas are found in New Testament books such as 1 Peter 1:2; and 2 Cor 13:13. But the formula used by John the mystery-seer is unique. Perhaps it shows John's original adaptation of Paul's dual formula.
^ John 5:18
^ Hurtado 2005, p. 51.
^ Harris 2006, pp. 302–10.
^ 6:35
^ 8:12
^ 10:7
^ 10:11
^ 11:25
^ 14:6
^ 15:1
^ Cullmann 1965, p. 11.
^ John 20:27
^ Greene 2004, p. p37-.
^ Dunn 2015, p. 350-351.
^ Harris 2006, pp. 302–310.
^ Ronning 2010.
^ Mark 10:45, Romans 3:25
^ Mark 8:31, Mark 9:31, Mark 10:33–34 and pars.
^ John 3:14, John 8:28, John 12:32.
^ Kysar 2007a, p. 49–54.
^ Bauckham 2015b, p. 83–84.
^ Bauckham 2015b, p. 89,94.
^ a b c d e Bauckham 2015a.
^ a b Moule 1962, p. 172.
^ Moule 1962, p. 174.
^ a b Cross & Livingstone 2005.
^ Barrett 1978, p. 16.
^ a b Harris 2006.
^ Funk 1998, pp. 365–440.
^ Funk 1998, p. 268.
^ Olson 1999, p. 36.
^ Kysar 2005, pp. 88ff.
^ Brown 1997.
^ Charlesworth 2010, p. 42.
^ DeConick 2016, pp. 13-.
^ Llewelyn, Robinson & Wassell 2018, pp. 14–23.
^ Most 2005, pp. 121ff.
^ Skarsaune 2008, pp. 247ff.
^ Lindars 1990, p. 62.
^ Brown 1997, p. 375.
^ Kovacs 1995.
^ Burge 2014, pp. 236–237.
^ Köstenberger 2013, p. unpaginated.
^ a b c d e f Burge 2014, pp. 236–37.
^ a b Reinhartz 2017, p. 168.
^ Perkins 1993, p. 109.
^ Reinhartz 2017, p. 171.
^ a b c Funk & Hoover 1993, pp. 1–30.
^ Williamson 2004, p. 265.
^ Michaels 1971, p. 733.
^ John 6:42
^ Fredriksen 2008.
^ Zanzig 1999, p. 118.
^ Brown 1988, pp. 25–27.
^ Pagels 2003.
^ a b Thompson 2006, p. 184.
^ Most 2005, p. 80.
^ Ehrman 2005.
^ Carson 1991, p. 117.
^ Moule 1962, pp. 172–74.
^ Ladd & Hagner 1993, p. 56.
^ John 16:21
^ John 12:24
^ Neusner 2003, p. 8.
^ Van der Watt 2008, p. 1.
^ Moloney 1998, p. 4.
^ a b Watson 2014, p. 112.
^ Sanders 1995, pp. 57, 70–71.
^ Theissen & Merz 1998, pp. 36–37.
^ Brown, Fitzmyer & Murphy 1999, pp. 815, 1274.
^ Brown 1994.
^ Charlesworth & Pruszinski 2019, pp. 1–3.
^ Blomberg 2023, pp. 179ff.
Sources
Attridge, Harold W. (2008). "Part II: The Jesus Movements – Johannine Christianity". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 1: Origins to Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–143. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521812399.008. ISBN 978-1-139-05483-6.
Aune, David E. (2003). "John, Gospel of". The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature and Rhetoric. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-21917-8.
Barrett, C. K. (1978). The Gospel According to St. John: An Introduction with Commentary and Notes on the Greek Text (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22180-5.
Barton, Stephen C. (2008). Bauckham, Richard; Mosser, Carl (eds.). The Gospel of John and Christian Theology. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2717-3.
Bauckham, Richard (2008). "The Fourth Gospel as the Testimony of the Beloved Disciple". In Bauckham, Richard; Mosser, Carl (eds.). The Gospel of John and Christian Theology. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2717-3.
Bauckham, Richard (2007). The Testimony of the Beloved Disciple: Narrative, History, and Theology in the Gospel of John. Baker. ISBN 978-0-8010-3485-5.
Bauckham, Richard (2015a). Gospel of Glory: Major Themes in Johannine Theology. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. ISBN 978-1-4412-2708-9.
Bauckham, Richard (2015b). "Sacraments and the Gospel of John". In Boersma, Hans; Levering, Matthew (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Sacramental Theology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-163418-5.
Black, C. Clifton; Smith, D. Moody; Spivey, Robert A., eds. (2019) . "John: The Gospel of Jesus' Glory". Anatomy of the New Testament (8th ed.). Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. 129–156. doi:10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.15. ISBN 978-1-5064-5711-6. OCLC 1082543536. S2CID 242455133.
Blomberg, Craig (2011). The Historical Reliability of John's Gospel. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-3871-4.
Blomberg, Craig L. (2023). Jesus the Purifier: John's Gospel and the Fourth Quest for the Historical Jesus. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-1-4934-3996-6.
Bourgel, Jonathan (2018). "John 4: 4–42: Defining A Modus Vivendi Between Jews and the Samaritans". Journal of Theological Studies. 69 (1): 39–65. doi:10.1093/jts/flx215.
Brown, Raymond E. (1966). The Gospel According to John, Volume 1. Anchor Bible series. Vol. 29. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-01517-2.
Brown, Raymond E. (1988). The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-1283-5.
Brown, Raymond E. (1994). The Death of the Messiah: From Gethsemane to the Grave: a Commentary on the Passion Narratives in the Four Gospels. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14009-5.
Brown, Raymond E. (1997). An Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Anchor Bible. ISBN 0-385-24767-2.
Brown, Raymond E.; Fitzmyer, Joseph A.; Murphy, Roland Edmund (1999). The New Jerome Biblical Commentary. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-859836-5.
Burge, Gary M. (2014). "Gospel of John". In Evans, Craig A. (ed.). The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-72224-3.
Burkett, Delbert (2002). An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00720-7.
Bynum, Wm. Randolph (2012). The Fourth Gospel and the Scriptures: Illuminating the Form and Meaning of Scriptural Citation in John 19:37. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-22843-6.
Carson, D. A. (1991). The Pillar New Testament Commentary: The Gospel According to John. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eardmans.
Carson, D. A.; Moo, Douglas J. (2009). An Introduction to the New Testament. HarperCollins Christian Publishing. ISBN 978-0-310-53955-1.
Charlesworth, James H. (2010). "The Historical Jesus in the Fourth Gospel: A Paradigm Shift?" (PDF). Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 8 (1): 3–46. doi:10.1163/174551909X12607965419559. ISSN 1476-8690. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2020.
Charlesworth, James H.; Pruszinski, Jolyon G. R., eds. (2019). Jesus Research: The Gospel of John in Historical Inquiry. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-567-68135-5.
Chilton, Bruce; Neusner, Jacob (2006). Judaism in the New Testament: Practices and Beliefs. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-81497-8.
Combs, William W. (1987). "Nag Hammadi, Gnosticism and New Testament Interpretation". Grace Theological Journal. 8 (2): 195–212. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
Culpepper, R. Alan (2011). The Gospel and Letters of John. Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-1-4267-5005-2.
Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005). "John, Gospel of St.". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
Cullmann, Oscar (1965). "Immortality of the Soul or Resurrection of the Dead". In Stendahl, Krister (ed.). Immortality and Resurrection. Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 9–53. ISBN 978-0020895206.
DeConick, April D (2016). "Who is Hiding in the Gospel of John? Reconceptualizing Johannine Theology and the Roots of Gnosticism". In DeConick, April D; Adamson, Grant (eds.). Histories of the Hidden God: Concealment and Revelation in Western Gnostic, Esoteric, and Mystical Traditions. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-93599-4.
Denaux, Adelbert (1992). "The Q-Logion Mt 11, 27 / Lk 10, 22 and the Gospel of John". In Denaux, Adelbert (ed.). John and the Synoptics. Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium. Vol. 101. Leuven University Press. pp. 113–47. ISBN 978-90-6186-498-1.
Dunn, James D. G. (1992). The Question of Anti-Semitism in the New Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-4498-9.
Edwards, Ruth B. (2015). Discovering John: Content, Interpretation, Reception. Discovering Biblical Texts. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-7240-1.
Ehrman, Bart D. (1996). The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974628-6.
Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-073817-4.
Ehrman, Bart D. (2009). Jesus, Interrupted. HarperOne. ISBN 978-0-06-117393-6.
Eve, Eric (2016). Writing the Gospels: Composition and Memory. SPCK. ISBN 978-0-281-07341-2.
Fredriksen, Paula (2008). From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16410-7.
Funk, Robert Walter; Hoover, Roy W. (1993). The Five Gospels: The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus: New Translation and Commentary. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-541949-0 – via Jesus Seminar.
Funk, Robert Walter (1998). The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 978-0-06-062978-6 – via Jesus Seminar.
Greene, Colin J. D. (2004). Christology in Culture Perspective: Marking Out the Horizons. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-2792-0.
Harris, Stephen L. (2006). Understanding the Bible (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-296548-3.
Hendricks, Obrey M. Jr. (2007). "The Gospel According to John". In Coogan, Michael D.; Brettler, Marc Z.; Newsom, Carol A.; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible (3rd ed.). Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59856-032-9.
Hill, Charles E. (2005). "Part III: The Evidence for a Johannine Corpus". The Johannine Corpus in the Early Church. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 447–464. doi:10.1093/0199264589.003.0009. ISBN 978-0-19-926458-2. OCLC 475098055.
Hillar, Marian (2012). From Logos to Trinity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-50514-7.
Hurtado, Larry W. (2005). "How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Approaches to Jesus-Devotion in Earliest Christianity". How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus. Grand Rapids, Michigan and Cambridge, UK: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 13–55. ISBN 978-0-8028-2861-3.
Hurtado, Larry (2010). God in New Testament Theology. Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-1-4267-1954-7.
Keener, Craig S. (2019). Christobiography: Memory, History, and the Reliability of the Gospels. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-1-4674-5676-0.
Kelly, Joseph F. (2012). History and Heresy: How Historical Forces Can Create Doctrinal Conflicts. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5999-1.
Köstenberger, Andreas (2006). "Destruction of the Temple and the Composition of the Fourth Gospel". In Lierman, John (ed.). Challenging Perspectives on the Gospel of John. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-149113-9.
Köstenberger, Andreas (2013). Encountering John. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-1-4412-4485-7.
Köstenberger, Andreas J. (2015). A Theology of John's Gospel and Letters: The Word, the Christ, the Son of God. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-52326-0.
Kovacs, Judith L. (1995). "Now Shall the Ruler of This World Be Driven Out: Jesus' Death as Cosmic Battle in John 12:20–36". Journal of Biblical Literature. 114 (2): 227–47. doi:10.2307/3266937. JSTOR 3266937.
Kruse, Colin G. (2004). The Gospel According to John: An Introduction and Commentary. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2771-5.
Kysar, Robert (2005). Voyages with John: Charting the Fourth Gospel. Baylor University Press. ISBN 978-1-932792-43-0.
Kysar, Robert (2007a). John, the Maverick Gospel. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. ISBN 978-0-664-23056-2.
Kysar, Robert (2007b). "The Dehistoricizing of the Gospel of John". In Anderson, Paul N.; Just, Felix; Thatcher, Tom (eds.). John, Jesus, and History, Volume 1: Critical Appraisals of Critical Views. Society of Biblical Literature Symposium series. Vol. 44. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-293-0.
Ladd, George Eldon; Hagner, Donald Alfred (1993). A Theology of the New Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-0680-5.
Lamb, David A. (2014). Text, Context and the Johannine Community: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of the Johannine Writings. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-567-12966-6.
Lincoln, Andrew T. (2005). Gospel According to St John: Black's New Testament Commentaries. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-8822-9.
Lindars, Barnabas (1990). John. New Testament Guides. Vol. 4. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-85075-255-4.
Lindars, Barnabas; Edwards, Ruth; Court, John M. (2000). The Johannine Literature. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84127-081-4.
Llewelyn, Stephen Robert; Robinson, Alexandra; Wassell, Blake Edward (2018). "Does John 8:44 Imply That the Devil Has a Father?". Novum Testamentum. 60 (1): 14–23. doi:10.1163/15685365-12341587. ISSN 0048-1009. S2CID 166084766.
Martin, Dale B. (2012). New Testament History and Literature. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18219-4.
Menken, M.J.J. (1996). Old Testament Quotations in the Fourth Gospel: Studies in Textual Form. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-390-0181-3.
Metzger, Bruce M.; Ehrman, Bart D. (1985). The Text of New Testament. Рипол Классик. ISBN 978-5-88500-901-0.
Michaels, J. Ramsey (1971). "Verification of Jesus' Self-Revelation in His passion and Resurrection (18:1–21:25)". The Gospel of John. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4674-2330-4.
Moloney, Francis J. (1998). The Gospel of John. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5806-2.
Most, Glenn W. (2005). Doubting Thomas. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01914-0.
Moule, C. F. D. (July 1962). "The Individualism of the Fourth Gospel". Novum Testamentum. 5 (2/3): 171–90. doi:10.2307/1560025. JSTOR 1560025.
Neusner, Jacob (2003). Invitation to the Talmud: A Teaching Book. South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism. Vol. 169. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59244-155-6.
O'Day, Gail R. (1998). "John". In Newsom, Carol Ann; Ringe, Sharon H. (eds.). Women's Bible Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25781-1.
Olson, Roger E. (1999). The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-1505-0.
Ong, Hughson T. (2015). "The Gospel from a Specific Community but for All Christians: Understanding the Johannine Community as a "Community of Practice"". In Porter, Stanley E.; Ong, Hughson T. (eds.). The Origins of John's Gospel. Johannine Studies. Vol. 2. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 101–123. doi:10.1163/9789004303164_007. ISBN 978-90-04-30316-4. ISSN 2214-2800.
Pagels, Elaine (2003). Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50156-8.
Painter, John (2010). "Johannine Literature: The Gospel and Letters of John". In Aune, David E. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 344–372. doi:10.1002/9781444318937.ch20. ISBN 978-1-4443-1893-7.
Perkins, Pheme (1993). Gnosticism and the New Testament. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-1597-1.
Porter, Stanley E. (2015). John, His Gospel, and Jesus: In Pursuit of the Johannine Voice. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-7170-1.
Porter, Stanley E.; Fay, Ron C. (2018). "Introduction". In Porter, Stanley E.; Fay, Ron C. (eds.). The Gospel of John in Modern Interpretation. Kregel Academic. ISBN 978-0-8254-4510-1.
Reddish, Mitchell G. (2011). An Introduction to The Gospels. Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-1-4267-5008-3.
Reinhartz, Adele (2013). "Forging a New Identity: Johannine Rhetoric and the Audience of the Fourth Gospel". In Krans, Jan; Lietaert Peerbolte, L. J.; Smit, Peter-Ben; Zwiep, Arie W. (eds.). Paul, John, and Apocalyptic Eschatology: Studies in Honour of Martinus C. de Boer. Novum Testamentum: Supplements. Vol. 149. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 123–134. doi:10.1163/9789004250369_009. ISBN 978-90-04-25026-0. ISSN 0167-9732. S2CID 171267332.
Reinhartz, Adele (2017). "The Gospel According to John". In Levine, Amy-Jill; Brettler, Marc Z. (eds.). The Jewish Annotated New Testament (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-046185-0.
Ronning, John L. (2010). The Jewish Targums and John's Logos Theology. Hendrickson. ISBN 978-1-59856-306-1.
Sanders, E. P. (1995). The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-14-192822-7.
Senior, Donald (1991). The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of John. Passion of Jesus Series. Vol. 4. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5462-0.
Skarsaune, Oskar (2008). In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-2670-4.
Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998) . The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-0863-8.
Thompson, Marianne Maye (2006). "The Gospel According to John". In Barton, Stephen C. (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels. Cambridge Companions to Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80766-1.
Tuckett, Christopher M. (2003). "Introduction to the Gospels". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0.
Valantasis, Richard; Bleyle, Douglas K.; Haugh, Dennis C. (2009). The Gospels and Christian Life in History and Practice. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-7069-6.
Van den Broek, Roelof; Vermaseren, Maarten Jozef (1981). Studies in Gnosticism and Hellenistic Religions. Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain. Vol. 91. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-06376-1.
Van der Watt, Jan (2008). An Introduction to the Johannine Gospel and Letters. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-567-52174-3.
Watson, Duane (2014). "Christology". In Evans, Craig (ed.). The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-72224-3.
Williamson, Lamar Jr. (2004). Preaching the Gospel of John: Proclaiming the Living Word. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22533-9.
Witherington, Ben (2004). The New Testament Story. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2765-4.
Yu Chui Siang Lau, Theresa (2010). "The Gospels and the Old Testament". In Harding, Mark; Nobbs, Alanna (eds.). The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3318-1.
Zanzig, Thomas (1999). Jesus of History, Christ of Faith. Saint Mary's Press. ISBN 978-0-88489-530-5.
Zimmermann, Ruben (2015). Puzzling the Parables of Jesus: Methods and Interpretation. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-6532-7.
External links
Online translations of the Gospel of John:
Over 200 versions in over 70 languages at Bible Gateway
David Robert Palmer, Translation from the Greek
Text of the Gospel with textual variants
The Egerton Gospel text; compare with Gospel of John
Online version of Book of John, KJV
Gospel of John Gospel
Preceded byGospel of Luke
New TestamentBooks of the Bible
Succeeded byActsof the Apostles
vteJesus
Outline
List of topics
Chronologyof Jesus's life
Annunciation
Nativity
Virgin birth
Date of birth
Flight into Egypt
Infancy (apocryphal)
Unknown years
Baptism
Temptation
Apostles
Selecting
Great Commission
Ministry
Disciples
Sermon on the Mount/Plain
Beatitudes
Prayers
Lord's Prayer
Parables
Miracles
Transfiguration
Homelessness
Great Commandment
Olivet Discourse
Anointing
Passion
Entry into Jerusalem
Last Supper
Farewell Discourse
Agony in the garden
Betrayal
Arrest
Trial
Crucifixion
Sayings on the cross
Burial
Tomb
Resurrection
Ascension
New Testament
Gospels
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Five Discourses of Matthew
Gospel harmony
Oral gospel traditions
Historical background of the New Testament
New Testament places associated with Jesus
Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament
Historicity
Historical Jesus
Quest for the historical Jesus
Sources
Josephus
Tacitus
Mara bar Serapion
Gospels
Christ myth theory
Depictions
Bibliography
Christ Child
Life of Christ in art
Life of Christ Museum
Statues
Transfiguration
Christianity
Christ
Christianity
1st century
Christology
Incarnation
Person of Christ
Pre-existence
Relics
Second Coming
Session of Christ
Son of God
Cosmic Christ
In other faiths
Jesuism
In comparative mythology
Judaism
In the Talmud
Islam
Ahmadiyya
Baháʼí Faith
Manichaeism
Jesus the Splendour
Mandaeism
Master Jesus
Family
Genealogies
Mary (mother)
Joseph (legal father)
Holy Family
Panthera (alleged father)
Brothers of Jesus
Holy Kinship
Anne (traditional maternal grandmother)
Joachim (traditional maternal grandfather)
Heli (paternal grandfather per Luke)
Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)
Descendants
Clopas (traditional uncle)
Related
Language of Jesus
Interactions with women
Mary Magdalene
Mary, sister of Martha
Christmas
Easter
Rejection of Jesus
Criticism
Mental health
Race and appearance
Sexuality
Category
vteBooks of the BibleHebrew Bible /Old Testament(protocanon)
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1–2 Samuel
1–2 Kings
1–2 Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Job
Psalms
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Song of Songs
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Ezekiel
Daniel
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Deuterocanonand apocryphaCatholicEastern OrthodoxOthers
Tobit
Judith
Additions to Esther
1 Maccabees
2 Maccabees
Wisdom
Sirach
Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah
Additions to Daniel
Susanna
Song of the Three Children
Bel and the Dragon
Eastern OrthodoxOthers
1 Esdras
2 Esdras
Prayer of Manasseh
Psalm 151
3 Maccabees
4 Maccabees
Odes
Orthodox Tewahedo
Enoch
Jubilees
1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
Paralipomena of Baruch
Broader canon
Syriac Peshitta
Psalms 152–155
2 Baruch
Psalms of Solomon
Beta Israel
Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
Testament of Abraham
Testament of Isaac
Testament of Jacob
Classification
Pseudepigrapha
list
New Testament
Jewish
New Testament
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Romans
1 Corinthians
2 Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
Laodiceans
1 Thessalonians
2 Thessalonians
1 Timothy
2 Timothy
Titus
Philemon
Hebrews
James
1 Peter
2 Peter
1 John
2 John
3 John
Jude
Revelation
Subdivisions
Chapters and verses
Pentateuch
Historical books
Wisdom books (Poetic Books)
Prophetic books
Major prophets
Minor prophets
Gospels
List
Synoptic
Epistles
Pauline
Johannine
Pastoral
Catholic
Apocalyptic literature
Development
Intertestamental period
Old Testament canon
New Testament canon
Antilegomena
Jewish canon
Christian canon
Dating the Bible
Manuscripts
Dead Sea Scrolls
Samaritan Pentateuch
Septuagint
Targum
Diatessaron
Muratorian fragment
Peshitta
Vetus Latina
Vulgate
Masoretic Text
New Testament manuscript categories
New Testament papyri
New Testament uncials
Related
Authorship
Bible version debate
English Bible translations
Other books referenced in the Bible
Additional Scriptures
Studies
Biblical and Quranic narratives
Synod of Hippo
Textual criticism
Category
Portal
WikiProject
vteGospel of JohnBible(New Testament)Chapters
John 1
Book of Signs
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Book of Glory
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Epilogue: 21
Verses
John 1:1–20; 23; 25–33; 35–42
3:16
14:6
18:38
20:1–31
Events(chronological)
Wedding at Cana
Bread of Life Discourse
Feeding the 5000
Healing a blind man
Healing a paralytic
Healing a sick son
Jesus and the woman taken in adultery
Walking on water
Raising of Lazarus
Anointing
Foot washing
Passion of Jesus
Last Supper
Farewell Discourse
Crucifixion
Burial
Empty tomb
Resurrection of Jesus
Restoration of Peter
Phrases
In the beginning
Logos
Disciple whom Jesus loved
Doubting Thomas
Ecce homo
Feast of Dedication
"Love one another"
Jesus wept
Noli me tangere
Quod scripsi, scripsi
That they all may be one
Via et veritas et vita
The truth will set you free
People
Andrew
Annas
Caiaphas
Herod Antipas
Jesus Christ
John the Baptist
Joseph of Arimathea
Judas Iscariot
Mother of Jesus
Lazarus
Malchus
Martha
Mary Magdalene
Mary, sister of Martha
Nathanael
Nicodemus
Philip
Pontius Pilate
Simon Peter
Thomas
Zebedee
Groups
Angels
Pharisees
Sadducees
Samaritans
Sanhedrin
Places
Ænon
Bethabara
Bethany
Bethsaida
Cana
Capernaum
Galilee
Jacob's Well
Jerusalem
Jordan River
Judea
Kidron
Samaria
Sea of Galilee
Solomon's Porch
Sychar
"I AM" sayings
I am (biblical term)
Bread of Life
Light of the World
Gate for the Sheep
Good Shepherd
Resurrectio et Vita
Via et veritas et vita
True Vine
Related
Authorship
Johannine community
John the Apostle
John the Evangelist
Johannine literature
Holy Spirit
Textual variants
Apocryphon of John
Second Apocalypse of John
Pillar New Testament Commentary
Adaptations
St John Passion (J. S. Bach, 1724)
Structure
Discography
Passio (Pärt, 1982)
The Gospel of John (2003 film)
The Gospel of John (2014 film)
Manuscripts
Papyrus 2
5
6
22
28
36
39
44
45
52
55
59
60
63
66
75
76
80
84
90
93
95
106
107
108
109
119
120
121
122
128
Ohrid Glagolitic fragments
Sources
Greek Text
Latin Vulgate
Wycliffe Version
King James Version
American Standard Version
World English Version
← Gospel of Luke (chapter 24)
Bible portal Christianity portal
Acts of the Apostles (chapter 1) →
Portals: Religion Christianity BibleGospel of John at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from Wikiversity
Authority control databases National
Norway
France
BnF data
Argentina
Germany
Israel
United States
Sweden
Czech Republic
Croatia
Poland
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Gospel of John (2003 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"The Gospel of John (2014 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"John (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Book of John (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_John_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Johannine epistles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannine_epistles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P52_recto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Papyrus 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rylands_Library_Papyrus_P52"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"canonical gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_gospels"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"ministry of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"raising of Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_of_Lazarus"},{"link_name":"resurrection of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"church–synagogue debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindars199053-4"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington200483-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2015171-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002215-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln200518-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendricks2007147-9"},{"link_name":"disciple whom Jesus loved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201113-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002214-11"},{"link_name":"Johannine community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannine_community"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201141-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBynum201215-13"},{"link_name":"Johannine epistles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannine_epistles"},{"link_name":"Book of Revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Revelation"},{"link_name":"Johannine literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannine_literature"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006479-14"}],"text":"Book of the New TestamentThis article is about the book in the New Testament. For the films, see The Gospel of John (2003 film) and The Gospel of John (2014 film).\"John (book)\" redirects here. For other uses, see John (disambiguation).\"Book of John\" redirects here. For other uses, see Book of John (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Johannine epistles.John 18:31–33 on Papyrus 52 (recto; c. AD 150).The Gospel of John[a] (Ancient Greek: Εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Ἰωάννην, romanized: Euangélion katà Iōánnēn) is the fourth of the four canonical gospels in the New Testament. It contains a highly schematic account of the ministry of Jesus, with seven \"signs\" culminating in the raising of Lazarus (foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus) and seven \"I am\" discourses (concerned with issues of the church–synagogue debate at the time of composition)[3] culminating in Thomas' proclamation of the risen Jesus as \"my Lord and my God\".[4] The gospel's concluding verses set out its purpose, \"that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in his name.\"[5][6]John reached its final form around AD 90–110,[7] although it contains signs of origins dating back to AD 70 and possibly even earlier.[8] Like the three other gospels, it is anonymous, although it identifies an unnamed \"disciple whom Jesus loved\" as the source of its traditions.[9][10] It most likely arose within a \"Johannine community\",[11][12] and – as it is closely related in style and content to the three Johannine epistles – most scholars treat the four books, along with the Book of Revelation, as a single corpus of Johannine literature, albeit not from the same author.[13]","title":"Gospel of John"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Authorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Day1998381-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"disciple whom Jesus loved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201141-12"},{"link_name":"Irenaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus"},{"link_name":"John the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindarsEdwardsCourt200041-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2012115-19"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201141-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln200518-8"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish2011187%E2%80%93188-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln200529%E2%80%9330-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2008unpaginated-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2008unpaginated-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh200914-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu_Chui_Siang_Lau2010159-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenken199611%E2%80%9313-25"},{"link_name":"Richard Bauckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bauckham"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEve2016135-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorterFay201841-27"}],"sub_title":"Composition","text":"The Gospel of John, like all the gospels, is anonymous.[14] John 21:22[15] references a disciple whom Jesus loved and John 21:24–25[16] says: \"This is the disciple who is testifying to these things and has written them, and we know that his testimony is true...\"[11] Early Christian tradition, first found in Irenaeus (c. 130 – c. 202 AD), identified this disciple with John the Apostle, but most scholars have abandoned this hypothesis or hold it only tenuously;[17] there are multiple reasons for this conclusion, including, for example, the fact that the gospel is written in good Greek and displays sophisticated theology, and is therefore unlikely to have been the work of a simple fisherman.[18] These verses imply, rather, that the core of the gospel relies on the testimony (perhaps written) of the \"disciple who is testifying\", as collected, preserved and reshaped by a community of followers (the \"we\" of the passage), and that a single follower (the \"I\") rearranged this material and perhaps added the final chapter and other passages to produce the final gospel.[11] Most scholars estimate the final form of the text to be around AD 90–110.[7] Given its complex history there may have been more than one place of composition, and while the author was familiar with Jewish customs and traditions, their frequent clarification of these implies that they wrote for a mixed Jewish/Gentile or Jewish context outside Palestine.[citation needed]The author may have drawn on a \"signs source\" (a collection of miracles) for chapters 1–12, a \"passion source\" for the story of Jesus's arrest and crucifixion, and a \"sayings source\" for the discourses, but these hypotheses are much debated.[19] The author seems to have known some version of Mark and Luke, as the Gospel of John shares with them some items of vocabulary and clusters of incidents arranged in the same order,[20][21] but key terms from those gospels are absent or nearly so, implying that if the author did know them they felt free to write independently.[21] The Hebrew scriptures were an important source,[22] with 14 direct quotations (versus 27 in Mark, 54 in Matthew, 24 in Luke), and their influence is vastly increased when allusions and echoes are included,[23] but the majority of John's direct quotations do not agree exactly with any known version of the Jewish scriptures.[24] Recent arguments by Richard Bauckham and others that the Gospel of John preserves eyewitness testimony have not won general acceptance.[25][26]","title":"Authorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johannine community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannine_community"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb20142-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200570-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenberger200672-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb20142-3-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBynum20127,12-32"},{"link_name":"Paraclete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraclete"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttridge2008125-33"}],"sub_title":"Setting: the Johannine community debate","text":"For much of the 20th century, scholars interpreted the Gospel of John within the paradigm of a hypothetical \"Johannine community\",[27] meaning that the gospel was held to have sprung from a late-1st-century Christian community excommunicated from the Jewish synagogue (probably meaning the Jewish community)[28] on account of its belief in Jesus as the promised Jewish messiah.[29] This interpretation, which saw the community as essentially sectarian and standing outside the mainstream of early Christianity, has been increasingly challenged in the first decades of the 21st century,[30] and there is currently considerable debate over the social, religious and historical context of the gospel.[31] Nevertheless, the Johannine literature as a whole (made up of the gospel, the three Johannine epistles, and Revelation), points to a community holding itself distinct from the Jewish culture from which it arose while cultivating an intense devotion to Jesus as the definitive revelation of a God with whom they were in close contact through the Paraclete.[32]","title":"Authorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christ_Taking_Leave_of_the_Apostles.jpg"},{"link_name":"Farewell Discourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Discourse"},{"link_name":"Maestà of Duccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maest%C3%A0_of_Duccio"},{"link_name":"Prologue to John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prologue_to_John"},{"link_name":"Book of Signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Signs"},{"link_name":"John 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_21"},{"link_name":"prologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prologue_to_John"},{"link_name":"Book of Signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Signs"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoloney199823-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenberger2015168-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoloney199823-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham2008126-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune2003245-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune2003246-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Watt200810-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Watt200810-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKruse200417-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKruse200417-40"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2015171-6"},{"link_name":"miraculous catch of fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraculous_catch_of_fish"},{"link_name":"crucifixion of Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Beloved Disciple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloved_Disciple"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2015171-6"},{"link_name":"raising of Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_of_Lazarus"},{"link_name":"resurrection of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Domitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington200483-5"}],"text":"Jesus giving the Farewell Discourse to his 11 remaining disciples, from the Maestà of Duccio, 1308–1311Further information: Prologue to John, Book of Signs, and John 21The majority of scholars see four sections in the Gospel of John: a prologue (1:1–18); an account of the ministry, often called the \"Book of Signs\" (1:19–12:50); the account of Jesus' final night with his disciples and the passion and resurrection, sometimes called the Book of Glory[33] or Book of Exaltation (13:1–20:31);[34] and a conclusion (20:30–31); to these is added an epilogue which most scholars believe did not form part of the original text (Chapter 21).[33] Disagreement does exist; some scholars such as Richard Bauckham argue that John 21 was part of the original work, for example.[35]The prologue informs readers of the true identity of Jesus, the Word of God through whom the world was created and who took on human form;[36] he came to the Jews and the Jews rejected him, but \"to all who received him (the circle of Christian believers), who believed in his name, he gave power to become children of God.\"[37]\nBook of Signs (ministry of Jesus): Jesus calls his disciples and begins his earthly ministry.[38] He travels from place to place informing his hearers about God the Father in long discourses, offering eternal life to all who will believe, and performing miracles which are signs of the authenticity of his teachings, but this creates tensions with the religious authorities (manifested as early as 5:17–18), who decide that he must be eliminated.[38][39]\nThe Book of Glory tells of Jesus's return to his heavenly father: it tells how he prepares his disciples for their coming lives without his physical presence and his prayer for himself and for them, followed by his betrayal, arrest, trial, crucifixion and post-resurrection appearances.[39]\nThe conclusion sets out the purpose of the gospel, which is \"that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in his name.\"[5]\nChapter 21, the addendum, tells of Jesus' post-resurrection appearances in Galilee, the miraculous catch of fish, the prophecy of the crucifixion of Peter, and the fate of the Beloved Disciple.[5]The structure is highly schematic: there are seven \"signs\" culminating in the raising of Lazarus (foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus), and seven \"I am\" sayings and discourses, culminating in Thomas's proclamation of the risen Jesus as \"my Lord and my God\" (the same title, dominus et deus, claimed by the Emperor Domitian, an indication of the date of composition).[4]","title":"Structure and content"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P52_recto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rylands Papyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rylands_Library_Papyrus_P52"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"The Rylands Papyrus is the oldest known New Testament fragment, dated to about 125–175 AD.[40]","title":"Theology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200553-42"},{"link_name":"James Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunn-43"},{"link_name":"Andrew Loke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Loke"},{"link_name":"incarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loke-44"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillar2012132-45"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"triadic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_(religion)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado201099%E2%80%93110-46"},{"link_name":"Trinitarian formulas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarian_formula"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanuariy201399-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200551-50"},{"link_name":"Yahweh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh"},{"link_name":"I Am that I Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am"},{"link_name":"I Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_am_(biblical_term)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006302%E2%80%9310-51"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullmann196511-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Christology","text":"Further information: ChristologyScholars agree that while the Gospel of John clearly regards Jesus as divine, it just as clearly subordinates him to the one God.[41] According to James Dunn, this Christology view in John, does not describe a subordinationist relation, but rather the authority and validity of the Son's \"revelation\" of the Father, the continuity between the Father and the Son. Dunn sees this view as intended to serve the Logos Christology,[42] while others (e.g., Andrew Loke) see it as connected to the incarnation theme in John.[43] The idea of the Trinity developed only slowly through the merger of Hebrew monotheism and the idea of the messiah, Greek ideas of the relationship between God, the world, and the mediating Saviour, and the Egyptian concept of the three-part divinity.[44] However, while the developed doctrine of the Trinity is not explicit in the books that constitute the New Testament, the New Testament possesses a triadic understanding of God[45] and contains a number of Trinitarian formulas.[46][47] John's \"high Christology\" depicts Jesus as divine and pre-existent, defends him against Jewish claims that he was \"making himself equal to God\",[48][49] and talks openly about his divine role and echoing Yahweh's \"I Am that I Am\" with seven \"I Am\" declarations of his own.[50][b] At the same time there is a similar stress as in Luke on the physical continuity on Jesus' resurrected body, as Jesus asks Thomas to \"Put your finger here; see my hands. Reach out your hand and put it into my side. Stop doubting and believe.\"[58][59]","title":"Theology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John 1:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_1:1"},{"link_name":"In the beginning (phrase)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_beginning_(phrase)"},{"link_name":"Logos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy"},{"link_name":"logos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2004p37--62"},{"link_name":"Wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2015350-351-63"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Philo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo"},{"link_name":"Stephen Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_L._Harris"},{"link_name":"incarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006302%E2%80%93310-64"},{"link_name":"Targums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERonning2010-65"}],"sub_title":"Logos","text":"See also: John 1:1 and In the beginning (phrase)In the prologue, the gospel identifies Jesus as the Logos or Word. In Ancient Greek philosophy, the term logos meant the principle of cosmic reason.[60] In this sense, it was similar to the Hebrew concept of Wisdom, God's companion and intimate helper in creation.[61] The Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo merged these two themes when he described the Logos as God's creator of and mediator with the material world. According to Stephen Harris, the gospel adapted Philo's description of the Logos, applying it to Jesus, the incarnation of the Logos.[62]Another possibility is that the title logos is based on the concept of the divine Word found in the Targums (Aramaic translation/interpretations recited in the synagogue after the reading of the Hebrew Scriptures). In the Targums (which all post-date the first century but which give evidence of preserving early material), the concept of the divine Word was used in a manner similar to Philo, namely, for God's interaction with the world (starting from creation) and especially with his people, e.g. Israel, was saved from Egypt by action of \"the Word of the LORD,\" both Philo and the Targums envision the Word as being manifested between the cherubim and the Holy of Holies, etc.[63]","title":"Theology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"double entendre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_entendre"},{"link_name":"crucifixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKysar2007a49%E2%80%9354-69"}],"sub_title":"Cross","text":"The portrayal of Jesus' death in John is unique among the four gospels. It does not appear to rely on the kinds of atonement theology indicative of vicarious sacrifice[64] but rather presents the death of Jesus as his glorification and return to the Father. Likewise, the three \"passion predictions\" of the Synoptic Gospels[65] are replaced instead in John with three instances of Jesus explaining how he will be exalted or \"lifted up\".[66] The verb for \"lifted up\" (Ancient Greek: ὑψωθῆναι, hypsōthēnai) reflects the double entendre at work in John's theology of the cross, for Jesus is both physically elevated from the earth at the crucifixion but also, at the same time, exalted and glorified.[67]","title":"Theology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sacrament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament"},{"link_name":"sacraments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament"},{"link_name":"baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham2015b83%E2%80%9384-70"},{"link_name":"Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham2015b89,94-71"}],"sub_title":"Sacraments","text":"Further information: SacramentScholars disagree both on whether and how frequently John refers to sacraments, but current scholarly opinion is that there are very few such possible references, and that if they exist they are limited to baptism and the Eucharist.[68] In fact, there is no institution of the Eucharist in John's account of the Last Supper (it is replaced with Jesus washing the feet of his disciples), and no New Testament text that unambiguously links baptism with rebirth.[69]","title":"Theology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham2015a-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoule1962172-73"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham2015a-72"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham2015a-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoule1962172-73"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham2015a-72"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"realized eschatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realized_eschatology"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoule1962174-76"}],"sub_title":"Individualism","text":"In comparison to the synoptic gospels, the fourth gospel is markedly individualistic, in the sense that it places emphasis more on the individual's relation to Jesus than on the corporate nature of the Church.[70][71] This is largely accomplished through the consistently singular grammatical structure of various aphoristic sayings of Jesus throughout the gospel.[70][c] Emphasis on believers coming into a new group upon their conversion is conspicuously absent from John,[70] and there is a theme of \"personal coinherence\", that is, the intimate personal relationship between the believer and Jesus in which the believer \"abides\" in Jesus and Jesus in the believer.[71][70][d] The individualistic tendencies of John could potentially give rise to a realized eschatology achieved on the level of the individual believer; this realized eschatology is not, however, to replace \"orthodox\", futurist eschatological expectations, but is to be \"only [their] correlative.\"[72]","title":"Theology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005-77"},{"link_name":"that of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"baptism of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005-77"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett197816-78"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006-79"},{"link_name":"Herod Antipas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Antipas"},{"link_name":"Jesus Seminar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Seminar"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunk1998365%E2%80%93440-80"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunk1998268-81"}],"sub_title":"John the Baptist","text":"Further information: John the BaptistJohn's account of John the Baptist is different from that of the synoptic gospels. In this gospel, John is not called \"the Baptist.\"[73] John the Baptist's ministry overlaps with that of Jesus; his baptism of Jesus is not explicitly mentioned, but his witness to Jesus is unambiguous.[73] The evangelist almost certainly knew the story of John's baptism of Jesus and he makes a vital theological use of it.[74] He subordinates John to Jesus, perhaps in response to members of John's sect who regarded the Jesus movement as an offshoot of their movement.[75]In the Gospel of John, Jesus and his disciples go to Judea early in Jesus' ministry before John the Baptist was imprisoned and executed by Herod Antipas. He leads a ministry of baptism larger than John's own. The Jesus Seminar rated this account as black, containing no historically accurate information.[76] According to the biblical historians at the Jesus Seminar, John likely had a larger presence in the public mind than Jesus.[77]","title":"Theology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Gnosticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Gnosticism"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Bultmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Bultmann"},{"link_name":"Gnosticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006-79"},{"link_name":"Proto-Orthodox Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson199936-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKysar200588ff-83"},{"link_name":"Raymond E. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown"},{"link_name":"Book of Proverbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs"},{"link_name":"Philo Judaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_Judaeus"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997-84"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea Scrolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls"},{"link_name":"Qumran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumran"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth201042-85"},{"link_name":"April DeConick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_DeConick"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeConick201613--86"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlewelynRobinsonWassell201814%E2%80%9323-87"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost2005121ff-88"},{"link_name":"gnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkarsaune2008247ff-89"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindars199062-90"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997375-91"},{"link_name":"Apocalyptic literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovacs1995-92"}],"sub_title":"Gnosticism","text":"Further information: Christian GnosticismIn the first half of the 20th century, many scholars, primarily including Rudolph Bultmann, forcefully argued that the Gospel of John has elements in common with Gnosticism.[75] Christian Gnosticism did not fully develop until the mid-2nd century, and so 2nd-century Proto-Orthodox Christians concentrated much effort in examining and refuting it.[78] To say the Gospel of John contained elements of Gnosticism is to assume that Gnosticism had developed to a level that required the author to respond to it.[79] Bultmann, for example, argued that the opening theme of the Gospel of John, the pre-existing Logos, along with John's duality of light versus darkness in the gospel were originally Gnostic themes that John adopted. Other scholars (e.g., Raymond E. Brown) have argued that the pre-existing Logos theme arises from the more ancient Jewish writings in the eighth chapter of the Book of Proverbs, and was fully developed as a theme in Hellenistic Judaism by Philo Judaeus.[80] The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumran verified the Jewish nature of these concepts.[81] April DeConick has suggested reading John 8:56 in support of a Gnostic theology;[82] however, recent scholarship has cast doubt on her reading.[83]Gnostics read John but interpreted it differently from the way non-Gnostics did.[84] Gnosticism taught that salvation came from gnosis, secret knowledge, and Gnostics did not see Jesus as a savior but a revealer of knowledge.[85] The gospel teaches that salvation can only be achieved through revealed wisdom, specifically belief in (literally belief into) Jesus.[86] John's picture of a supernatural savior who promised to return to take those who believed in him to a heavenly dwelling could be fitted into Gnostic views.[87] It has been suggested that similarities between the Gospel of John and Gnosticism may spring from common roots in Jewish Apocalyptic literature.[88]","title":"Theology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._John_the_Evangelist_(Rabbula_Gospels).png"},{"link_name":"Syriac Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Rabbula Gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbula_Gospels"}],"text":"A Syriac Christian rendition of St. John the Evangelist, from the Rabbula Gospels.","title":"Comparison with other writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synoptic gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge2014236%E2%80%93237-93"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenberger2013unpaginated-94"},{"link_name":"cleansing of the Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge2014236%E2%80%9337-95"},{"link_name":"raising of Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_of_Lazarus"},{"link_name":"signs gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_gospel"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhartz2017168-96"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2008unpaginated-22"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins1993109-97"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhartz2017168-96"},{"link_name":"the exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_exodus"},{"link_name":"Samaritan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhartz2017171-98"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHoover19931%E2%80%9330-99"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge2014236%E2%80%9337-95"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2004265-100"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels1971733-101"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph"},{"link_name":"6:42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_6:42"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"God the Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2008-103"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHoover19931%E2%80%9330-99"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge2014236%E2%80%9337-95"},{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanzig1999118-104"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown198825%E2%80%9327-105"},{"link_name":"Sermon on the Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount"},{"link_name":"Olivet Discourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivet_Discourse"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels2003-106"},{"link_name":"exorcisms of demons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHoover19931%E2%80%9330-99"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2006184-107"},{"link_name":"Twelve Disciples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Disciples"},{"link_name":"Nathanael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Doubting Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubting_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost200580-108"},{"link_name":"Logos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005-109"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson1991117-110"},{"link_name":"Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge2014236%E2%80%9337-95"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2006184-107"},{"link_name":"parousia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parousia"},{"link_name":"realized eschatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realized_eschatology"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoule1962172%E2%80%9374-111"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge2014236%E2%80%9337-95"},{"link_name":"parables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable"},{"link_name":"metaphorical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"},{"link_name":"allegories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegories"},{"link_name":"Good Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"True Vine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Vine"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge2014236%E2%80%9337-95"},{"link_name":"Pharisees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharisees"},{"link_name":"debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate"},{"link_name":"Nicodemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicodemus"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeusner20038-117"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham2015a-72"}],"sub_title":"Synoptic gospels and Pauline literature","text":"The Gospel of John is significantly different from the synoptic gospels in the selection of its material, its theological emphasis, its chronology, and literary style, with some of its discrepancies amounting to contradictions.[89] The following are some examples of their differences in just one area, that of the material they include in their narratives:[90]In the Synoptics, the ministry of Jesus takes a single year, but in John it takes three, as evidenced by references to three Passovers. Events are not all in the same order: the date of the crucifixion is different, as is the time of Jesus' anointing in Bethany and the cleansing of the Temple, which occurs in the beginning of Jesus' ministry rather than near its end.[91]Many incidents from John, such as the wedding in Cana, the encounter of Jesus with the Samaritan woman at the well, and the raising of Lazarus, are not paralleled in the synoptics, and most scholars believe the author drew these from an independent source called the \"signs gospel\", the speeches of Jesus from a second \"discourse\" source,[92][21] and the prologue from an early hymn.[93] The gospel makes extensive use of the Jewish scriptures:[92] John quotes from them directly, references important figures from them, and uses narratives from them as the basis for several of the discourses. The author was also familiar with non-Jewish sources: the Logos of the prologue (the Word that is with God from the beginning of creation), for example, was derived from both the Jewish concept of Lady Wisdom and from the Greek philosophers, John 6 alludes not only to the exodus but also to Greco-Roman mystery cults, and John 4 alludes to Samaritan messianic beliefs.[94]John lacks scenes from the Synoptics such as Jesus' baptism,[95] the calling of the Twelve, exorcisms, parables, and the Transfiguration. Conversely, it includes scenes not found in the Synoptics, including Jesus turning water into wine at the wedding at Cana, the resurrection of Lazarus, Jesus washing the feet of his disciples, and multiple visits to Jerusalem.[91]In the fourth gospel, Jesus' mother Mary is mentioned in three passages, but not named.[96][97] John does assert that Jesus was known as the \"son of Joseph\" in 6:42.[98] For John, Jesus' town of origin is irrelevant, for he comes from beyond this world, from God the Father.[99]While John makes no direct mention of Jesus' baptism,[95][91] he does quote John the Baptist's description of the descent of the Holy Spirit as a dove, as happens at Jesus' baptism in the Synoptics.[100][101] Major synoptic speeches of Jesus are absent, including the Sermon on the Mount and the Olivet Discourse,[102] and the exorcisms of demons are never mentioned as in the Synoptics.[95][103] John never lists all of the Twelve Disciples and names at least one disciple, Nathanael, whose name is not found in the Synoptics. Thomas is given a personality beyond a mere name, described as \"Doubting Thomas\".[104]Jesus is identified with the Word (\"Logos\"), and the Word is identified with theos (\"god\" in Greek);[105] no such identification is made in the Synoptics.[106] In Mark, Jesus urges his disciples to keep his divinity secret, but in John he is very open in discussing it, even referring to himself as \"I AM\", the title God gives himself in Exodus at his self-revelation to Moses. In the Synoptics, the chief theme is the Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of Heaven (the latter specifically in Matthew), while John's theme is Jesus as the source of eternal life and the Kingdom is only mentioned twice.[91][103] In contrast to the synoptic expectation of the Kingdom (using the term parousia, meaning \"coming\"), John presents a more individualistic, realized eschatology.[107][e]In the Synoptics, quotations from Jesus are usually in the form of short, pithy sayings; in John, longer quotations are often given. The vocabulary is also different, and filled with theological import: in John, Jesus does not work \"miracles\", but \"signs\" which unveil his divine identity.[91] Most scholars consider John not to contain any parables. Rather it contains metaphorical stories or allegories, such as those of the Good Shepherd and of the True Vine, in which each individual element corresponds to a specific person, group, or thing. Other scholars consider stories like the childbearing woman[109] or the dying grain[110] to be parables.[f]According to the Synoptics, the arrest of Jesus was a reaction to the cleansing of the temple, while according to John it was triggered by the raising of Lazarus.[91] The Pharisees, portrayed as more uniformly legalistic and opposed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels, are instead portrayed as sharply divided; they debate frequently in John's accounts. Some, such as Nicodemus, even go so far as to be at least partially sympathetic to Jesus. This is believed to be a more accurate historical depiction of the Pharisees, who made debate one of the tenets of their system of belief.[111]In place of the communal emphasis of the Pauline literature, John stresses the personal relationship of the individual to God.[70]","title":"Comparison with other writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johannine epistles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannine_epistles"},{"link_name":"Book of Revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Revelation"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Watt20081-118"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoloney19984-119"},{"link_name":"Christology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2014112-120"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2014112-120"}],"sub_title":"Johannine literature","text":"The Gospel of John and the three Johannine epistles exhibit strong resemblances in theology and style; the Book of Revelation has also been traditionally linked with these, but differs from the gospel and letters in style and even theology.[112] The letters were written later than the gospel, and while the gospel reflects the break between the Johannine Christians and the Jewish synagogue, in the letters the Johannine community itself is disintegrating (\"They went out from us, but they were not of us; for if they had been of us, they would have continued with us; but they went out...\" - 1 John 2:19).[113] This secession was over Christology, the \"knowledge of Christ\", or more accurately the understanding of Christ's nature, for the ones who \"went out\" hesitated to identify Jesus with Christ, minimising the significance of the earthly ministry and denying the salvific importance of Jesus's death on the cross.[114] The epistles argue against this view, stressing the eternal existence of the Son of God, the salvific nature of his life and death, and the other elements of the gospel's \"high\" Christology.[114]","title":"Comparison with other writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Historicity of the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199557,_70%E2%80%9371-121"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Judea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gethsemane"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199836%E2%80%9337-122"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownFitzmyerMurphy1999815,_1274-123"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1994-124"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworthPruszinski20191%E2%80%933-125"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2023179ff-126"}],"sub_title":"Historical reliability","text":"Further information: Historicity of the BibleJesus' teachings in the Synoptics greatly differ from those in the fourth gospel. Since the 19th century, scholars have almost unanimously accepted that the Johannine discourses are less likely to be historical than the synoptic parables, and were likely written for theological purposes.[115] Nevertheless, scholars generally agree that the fourth gospel is not without historical value. Some potential points of value include early provenance for some Johannine material, topographical references for Jerusalem and Judea, Jesus' crucifixion occurring prior to the Feast of Unleavened Bread, and Jesus' arrest in the garden occurring after the accompanying deliberation of Jewish authorities.[116][117][118]Recent scholarship has argued for a more favourable reappraisal of the historical value of the Gospel of John and its importance for the reconstruction of the historical Jesus, based on recent archaeological and literary studies.[119][120]","title":"Comparison with other writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_last_chapter_by_J._Doyle_Penrose_(1902).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede"},{"link_name":"James Doyle Penrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Doyle_Penrose"},{"link_name":"skits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketch_comedy"},{"link_name":"plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Passion Plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_Play"},{"link_name":"David Harewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Harewood"},{"link_name":"Brian Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cox_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Selva Rasalingam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selva_Rasalingam"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"The Gospel of John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John_(film)"},{"link_name":"Philip Saville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Saville"},{"link_name":"Christopher Plummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Plummer"},{"link_name":"Henry Ian Cusick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ian_Cusick"},{"link_name":"Steve Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wariner"},{"link_name":"Book of Signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Signs"},{"link_name":"Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"St John Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_Passion"},{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew"}],"text":"Bede translating the Gospel of John on his deathbed, by James Doyle Penrose, 1902The gospel has been depicted in live narrations and dramatized in productions, skits, plays, and Passion Plays, as well as in film. The most recent such portrayal is the 2014 film The Gospel of John, directed by David Batty and narrated by David Harewood and Brian Cox, with Selva Rasalingam as Jesus.[needs update] The 2003 film The Gospel of John was directed by Philip Saville and narrated by Christopher Plummer, with Henry Ian Cusick as Jesus.Parts of the gospel have been set to music. One such setting is Steve Warner's power anthem \"Come and See\", written for the 20th anniversary of the Alliance for Catholic Education and including lyrical fragments taken from the Book of Signs. Additionally, some composers have made settings of the Passion as portrayed in the gospel, most notably St John Passion composed by Johann Sebastian Bach, although some verses are borrowed from Matthew.","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"bread of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Discourse"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"light of the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_of_the_world"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"good shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_shepherd"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"the way and the truth and the life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_way,_the_truth,_and_the_life"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"true vine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_vine"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"},{"link_name":"Bauckham 2015a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBauckham2015a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-75"},{"link_name":"John 6:56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+6:56&version=dra"},{"link_name":"10:14–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+10:14%E2%80%9315&version=dra"},{"link_name":"10:38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+10:38&version=dra"},{"link_name":"14:10, 17, 20, and 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+14:10&version=dra"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-113"},{"link_name":"Christian eschatological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_eschatology"},{"link_name":"C. H. Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._H._Dodd"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"ministry of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaddHagner199356-112"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-116"},{"link_name":"Zimmermann 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZimmermann2015"}],"text":"^ The book is sometimes called the Gospel according to John, or simply John[1] (which is also its most common form of abbreviation).[2]\n\n^ The declarations are: \n\"I am the bread of life\"[51]\n\"I am the light of the world\"[52]\n\"I am the gate for the sheep\"[53]\n\"I am the good shepherd\"[54]\n\"I am the resurrection and the life\"[55]\n\"I am the way and the truth and the life\"[56]\n\"I am the true vine\".[57]\n\n^ Bauckham 2015a contrasts John's consistent use of the third person singular (\"The one who...\"; \"If anyone...\"; \"Everyone who...\"; \"Whoever...\"; \"No one...\") with the alternative third person plural constructions the author could have used instead (\"Those who...\"; \"All those who...\"; etc.). He also notes that the sole exception occurs in the prologue, serving a narrative purpose, whereas the later aphorisms serve a \"paraenetic function\".\n\n^ See John 6:56, 10:14–15, 10:38, and 14:10, 17, 20, and 23.\n\n^ Realized eschatology is a Christian eschatological theory popularized by C. H. Dodd (1884–1973). It holds that the eschatological passages in the New Testament do not refer to future events, but instead to the ministry of Jesus and his lasting legacy.[108] In other words, it holds that Christian eschatological expectations have already been realized or fulfilled.\n\n^ See Zimmermann 2015, pp. 333–60.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"John 18:31–33 on Papyrus 52 (recto; c. AD 150).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/P52_recto.jpg/220px-P52_recto.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jesus giving the Farewell Discourse to his 11 remaining disciples, from the Maestà of Duccio, 1308–1311","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Christ_Taking_Leave_of_the_Apostles.jpg/220px-Christ_Taking_Leave_of_the_Apostles.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Rylands Papyrus is the oldest known New Testament fragment, dated to about 125–175 AD.[40]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/P52_recto.jpg/220px-P52_recto.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Syriac Christian rendition of St. John the Evangelist, from the Rabbula Gospels.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/St._John_the_Evangelist_%28Rabbula_Gospels%29.png/160px-St._John_the_Evangelist_%28Rabbula_Gospels%29.png"},{"image_text":"Bede translating the Gospel of John on his deathbed, by James Doyle Penrose, 1902","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_last_chapter_by_J._Doyle_Penrose_%281902%29.jpg/220px-The_last_chapter_by_J._Doyle_Penrose_%281902%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Authorship of the Johannine works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works"},{"title":"Chronology of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus"},{"title":"Egerton Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egerton_Gospel"},{"title":"Farewell Discourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Discourse"},{"title":"Free Grace theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Grace_theology"},{"title":"Gospel harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_harmony"},{"title":"Last Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Gospel"},{"title":"List of Bible verses not included in modern translations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bible_verses_not_included_in_modern_translations"},{"title":"List of Gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gospels"},{"title":"Reformed Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Christianity"},{"title":"Textual variants in the Gospel of John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_New_Testament#Gospel_of_John"}]
|
[{"reference":"ESV Pew Bible. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2018. p. 886. ISBN 978-1-4335-6343-0. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HiPouAEACAAJ","url_text":"ESV Pew Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-6343-0","url_text":"978-1-4335-6343-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210603093159/https://www.google.com/books/edition/ESV_Pew_Bible_Black/HiPouAEACAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bible Book Abbreviations\". Logos Bible Software. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.logos.com/bible-book-abbreviations","url_text":"\"Bible Book Abbreviations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220421100743/https://www.logos.com/bible-book-abbreviations","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, James D. G. (2015). Neither Jew nor Greek: A Contested Identity (Christianity in the Making, Volume 3) (in Arabic). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 353. ISBN 978-1-4674-4385-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dVZeCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Neither Jew nor Greek: A Contested Identity (Christianity in the Making, Volume 3)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-4385-2","url_text":"978-1-4674-4385-2"}]},{"reference":"Januariy, Archimandrite (9 March 2013) [2003]. \"The Elements of Triadology in the New Testament\". In Stewart, Melville Y. (ed.). The Trinity: East/West Dialogue. Volume 24 of Studies in Philosophy and Religion. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media (published 2013). p. 100. ISBN 978-94-017-0393-2. Retrieved 21 December 2021. Trinitarian formulas are found in New Testament books such as 1 Peter 1:2; and 2 Cor 13:13. But the formula used by John the mystery-seer is unique. Perhaps it shows John's original adaptation of Paul's dual formula.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Y._Stewart","url_text":"Stewart, Melville Y."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xJzdBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Trinity: East/West Dialogue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-0393-2","url_text":"978-94-017-0393-2"}]},{"reference":"Attridge, Harold W. (2008). \"Part II: The Jesus Movements – Johannine Christianity\". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 1: Origins to Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–143. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521812399.008. ISBN 978-1-139-05483-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_W._Attridge","url_text":"Attridge, Harold W."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6UTfmw_zStsC&pg=PA125","url_text":"\"Part II: The Jesus Movements – Johannine Christianity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_M._Mitchell","url_text":"Mitchell, Margaret M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Young","url_text":"Young, Frances M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge","url_text":"Cambridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521812399.008","url_text":"10.1017/CHOL9780521812399.008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05483-6","url_text":"978-1-139-05483-6"}]},{"reference":"Aune, David E. (2003). \"John, Gospel of\". The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature and Rhetoric. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-21917-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Aune","url_text":"Aune, David E."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nhhdJ-fkywYC","url_text":"The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature and Rhetoric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21917-8","url_text":"978-0-664-21917-8"}]},{"reference":"Barrett, C. K. (1978). The Gospel According to St. John: An Introduction with Commentary and Notes on the Greek Text (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22180-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._K._Barrett","url_text":"Barrett, C. K."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tWR8DJ6C8KsC","url_text":"The Gospel According to St. John: An Introduction with Commentary and Notes on the Greek Text"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox_Press","url_text":"Westminster John Knox Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22180-5","url_text":"978-0-664-22180-5"}]},{"reference":"Barton, Stephen C. (2008). Bauckham, Richard; Mosser, Carl (eds.). The Gospel of John and Christian Theology. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2717-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bauckham","url_text":"Bauckham, Richard"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3b2I8v2Gh8oC","url_text":"The Gospel of John and Christian Theology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2717-3","url_text":"978-0-8028-2717-3"}]},{"reference":"Bauckham, Richard (2008). \"The Fourth Gospel as the Testimony of the Beloved Disciple\". In Bauckham, Richard; Mosser, Carl (eds.). The Gospel of John and Christian Theology. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2717-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3b2I8v2Gh8oC&pg=PA126","url_text":"\"The Fourth Gospel as the Testimony of the Beloved Disciple\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2717-3","url_text":"978-0-8028-2717-3"}]},{"reference":"Bauckham, Richard (2007). The Testimony of the Beloved Disciple: Narrative, History, and Theology in the Gospel of John. Baker. ISBN 978-0-8010-3485-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QQzjDM_L7-oC","url_text":"The Testimony of the Beloved Disciple: Narrative, History, and Theology in the Gospel of John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3485-5","url_text":"978-0-8010-3485-5"}]},{"reference":"Bauckham, Richard (2015a). Gospel of Glory: Major Themes in Johannine Theology. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. ISBN 978-1-4412-2708-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xpIQBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Gospel of Glory: Major Themes in Johannine Theology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-2708-9","url_text":"978-1-4412-2708-9"}]},{"reference":"Bauckham, Richard (2015b). \"Sacraments and the Gospel of John\". In Boersma, Hans; Levering, Matthew (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Sacramental Theology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-163418-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rgkWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83","url_text":"\"Sacraments and the Gospel of John\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-163418-5","url_text":"978-0-19-163418-5"}]},{"reference":"Black, C. Clifton; Smith, D. Moody; Spivey, Robert A., eds. (2019) [1969]. \"John: The Gospel of Jesus' Glory\". Anatomy of the New Testament (8th ed.). Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. 129–156. doi:10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.15. ISBN 978-1-5064-5711-6. OCLC 1082543536. S2CID 242455133.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3MSHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129","url_text":"\"John: The Gospel of Jesus' Glory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis","url_text":"Minneapolis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_Press","url_text":"Fortress Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvcb5b9q.15","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-5711-6","url_text":"978-1-5064-5711-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1082543536","url_text":"1082543536"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242455133","url_text":"242455133"}]},{"reference":"Blomberg, Craig (2011). The Historical Reliability of John's Gospel. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-3871-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Blomberg","url_text":"Blomberg, Craig"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yvcktkwnjxEC","url_text":"The Historical Reliability of John's Gospel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3871-4","url_text":"978-0-8308-3871-4"}]},{"reference":"Blomberg, Craig L. (2023). Jesus the Purifier: John's Gospel and the Fourth Quest for the Historical Jesus. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-1-4934-3996-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UcB8EAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Jesus the Purifier: John's Gospel and the Fourth Quest for the Historical Jesus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-3996-6","url_text":"978-1-4934-3996-6"}]},{"reference":"Bourgel, Jonathan (2018). \"John 4: 4–42: Defining A Modus Vivendi Between Jews and the Samaritans\". Journal of Theological Studies. 69 (1): 39–65. doi:10.1093/jts/flx215.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/37029909","url_text":"\"John 4: 4–42: Defining A Modus Vivendi Between Jews and the Samaritans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2Fflx215","url_text":"10.1093/jts/flx215"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Raymond E. (1966). The Gospel According to John, Volume 1. Anchor Bible series. Vol. 29. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-01517-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown","url_text":"Brown, Raymond E."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=olDuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Gospel According to John, Volume 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-01517-2","url_text":"978-0-385-01517-2"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Raymond E. (1988). The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-1283-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JIM0Q0bjgYkC&pg=PA25","url_text":"The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-1283-5","url_text":"978-0-8146-1283-5"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Raymond E. (1994). The Death of the Messiah: From Gethsemane to the Grave: a Commentary on the Passion Narratives in the Four Gospels. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14009-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3-oNIgAACAAJ","url_text":"The Death of the Messiah: From Gethsemane to the Grave: a Commentary on the Passion Narratives in the Four Gospels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14009-5","url_text":"978-0-300-14009-5"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Raymond E. (1997). An Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Anchor Bible. ISBN 0-385-24767-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MqpJCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"An Introduction to the New Testament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2","url_text":"0-385-24767-2"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Raymond E.; Fitzmyer, Joseph A.; Murphy, Roland Edmund (1999). The New Jerome Biblical Commentary. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-859836-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown","url_text":"Brown, Raymond E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer","url_text":"Fitzmyer, Joseph A."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0mwUAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The New Jerome Biblical Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-859836-5","url_text":"978-0-13-859836-5"}]},{"reference":"Burge, Gary M. (2014). \"Gospel of John\". In Evans, Craig A. (ed.). The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-72224-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA236","url_text":"\"Gospel of John\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-72224-3","url_text":"978-1-317-72224-3"}]},{"reference":"Burkett, Delbert (2002). An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00720-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC&pg=PA215","url_text":"An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00720-7","url_text":"978-0-521-00720-7"}]},{"reference":"Bynum, Wm. Randolph (2012). The Fourth Gospel and the Scriptures: Illuminating the Form and Meaning of Scriptural Citation in John 19:37. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-22843-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=opHZRjy-8zMC","url_text":"The Fourth Gospel and the Scriptures: Illuminating the Form and Meaning of Scriptural Citation in John 19:37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22843-6","url_text":"978-90-04-22843-6"}]},{"reference":"Carson, D. A. (1991). The Pillar New Testament Commentary: The Gospel According to John. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eardmans.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carson, D. A.; Moo, Douglas J. (2009). An Introduction to the New Testament. HarperCollins Christian Publishing. ISBN 978-0-310-53955-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AV5FXRZo5c4C","url_text":"An Introduction to the New Testament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53955-1","url_text":"978-0-310-53955-1"}]},{"reference":"Charlesworth, James H. (2010). \"The Historical Jesus in the Fourth Gospel: A Paradigm Shift?\" (PDF). Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 8 (1): 3–46. doi:10.1163/174551909X12607965419559. ISSN 1476-8690. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Charlesworth","url_text":"Charlesworth, James H."},{"url":"https://jpcatholic.edu/NCUpdf/courses/BIBL526-Charlesworth_The_Historical_Jesus.pdf","url_text":"\"The Historical Jesus in the Fourth Gospel: A Paradigm Shift?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F174551909X12607965419559","url_text":"10.1163/174551909X12607965419559"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-8690","url_text":"1476-8690"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200926074030/https://jpcatholic.edu/NCUpdf/courses/BIBL526-Charlesworth_The_Historical_Jesus.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Charlesworth, James H.; Pruszinski, Jolyon G. R., eds. (2019). Jesus Research: The Gospel of John in Historical Inquiry. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-567-68135-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=szqEDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Jesus Research: The Gospel of John in Historical Inquiry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-68135-5","url_text":"978-0-567-68135-5"}]},{"reference":"Chilton, Bruce; Neusner, Jacob (2006). Judaism in the New Testament: Practices and Beliefs. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-81497-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Neusner","url_text":"Neusner, Jacob"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=izKMqNP2hygC","url_text":"Judaism in the New Testament: Practices and Beliefs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-81497-8","url_text":"978-1-134-81497-8"}]},{"reference":"Combs, William W. (1987). \"Nag Hammadi, Gnosticism and New Testament Interpretation\". Grace Theological Journal. 8 (2): 195–212. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161021094821/https://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/NTeSources/NTArticles/GTJ-NT/Combs-NagHammadi-GTJ.htm","url_text":"\"Nag Hammadi, Gnosticism and New Testament Interpretation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Theological_Journal","url_text":"Grace Theological Journal"},{"url":"https://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/NTeSources/NTArticles/GTJ-NT/Combs-NagHammadi-GTJ.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Culpepper, R. Alan (2011). The Gospel and Letters of John. Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-1-4267-5005-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5RXBD3meBAoC","url_text":"The Gospel and Letters of John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-5005-2","url_text":"978-1-4267-5005-2"}]},{"reference":"Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005). \"John, Gospel of St.\". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._L._Cross","url_text":"Cross, F. L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Livingstone","url_text":"Livingstone, Elizabeth A."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA887","url_text":"\"John, Gospel of St.\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3","url_text":"978-0-19-280290-3"}]},{"reference":"Cullmann, Oscar (1965). \"Immortality of the Soul or Resurrection of the Dead\". In Stendahl, Krister (ed.). Immortality and Resurrection. Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 9–53. ISBN 978-0020895206.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature","url_text":"Society of Biblical Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0020895206","url_text":"978-0020895206"}]},{"reference":"DeConick, April D (2016). \"Who is Hiding in the Gospel of John? Reconceptualizing Johannine Theology and the Roots of Gnosticism\". In DeConick, April D; Adamson, Grant (eds.). Histories of the Hidden God: Concealment and Revelation in Western Gnostic, Esoteric, and Mystical Traditions. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-93599-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LrTsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13","url_text":"\"Who is Hiding in the Gospel of John? Reconceptualizing Johannine Theology and the Roots of Gnosticism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-93599-4","url_text":"978-1-134-93599-4"}]},{"reference":"Denaux, Adelbert (1992). \"The Q-Logion Mt 11, 27 / Lk 10, 22 and the Gospel of John\". In Denaux, Adelbert (ed.). John and the Synoptics. Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium. Vol. 101. Leuven University Press. pp. 113–47. ISBN 978-90-6186-498-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/5371617","url_text":"\"The Q-Logion Mt 11, 27 / Lk 10, 22 and the Gospel of John\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V5OwDM1Tu6MC","url_text":"John and the Synoptics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6186-498-1","url_text":"978-90-6186-498-1"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, James D. G. (1992). The Question of Anti-Semitism in the New Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-4498-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)","url_text":"Dunn, James D. G."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9zCh9SBb6Y8C&pg=PA177","url_text":"The Question of Anti-Semitism in the New Testament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4498-9","url_text":"978-0-8028-4498-9"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Ruth B. (2015). Discovering John: Content, Interpretation, Reception. Discovering Biblical Texts. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-7240-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq-vCAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Discovering John: Content, Interpretation, Reception"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7240-1","url_text":"978-0-8028-7240-1"}]},{"reference":"Ehrman, Bart D. (1996). The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974628-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman","url_text":"Ehrman, Bart D."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xwkUt2kCIbEC","url_text":"The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974628-6","url_text":"978-0-19-974628-6"}]},{"reference":"Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-073817-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xmJjSUiJtuQC","url_text":"Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-073817-4","url_text":"978-0-06-073817-4"}]},{"reference":"Ehrman, Bart D. (2009). Jesus, Interrupted. HarperOne. ISBN 978-0-06-117393-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jesusinterrupted00ehrm_0","url_text":"Jesus, Interrupted"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117393-6","url_text":"978-0-06-117393-6"}]},{"reference":"Eve, Eric (2016). Writing the Gospels: Composition and Memory. SPCK. ISBN 978-0-281-07341-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tDaNDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Bauckham%27s+work+has+not+won+general+acceptance%22&pg=PT85","url_text":"Writing the Gospels: Composition and Memory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-281-07341-2","url_text":"978-0-281-07341-2"}]},{"reference":"Fredriksen, Paula (2008). From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16410-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Fredriksen","url_text":"Fredriksen, Paula"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tDFlfjZ4Ho4C","url_text":"From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16410-7","url_text":"978-0-300-16410-7"}]},{"reference":"Funk, Robert Walter; Hoover, Roy W. (1993). The Five Gospels: The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus: New Translation and Commentary. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-541949-0 – via Jesus Seminar.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7h2ykq-JZK8C","url_text":"The Five Gospels: The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus: New Translation and Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-541949-0","url_text":"978-0-02-541949-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Seminar","url_text":"Jesus Seminar"}]},{"reference":"Funk, Robert Walter (1998). The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 978-0-06-062978-6 – via Jesus Seminar.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fg1CAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-062978-6","url_text":"978-0-06-062978-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Seminar","url_text":"Jesus Seminar"}]},{"reference":"Greene, Colin J. D. (2004). Christology in Culture Perspective: Marking Out the Horizons. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-2792-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iEY5Oy5eo1EC&pg=PA37","url_text":"Christology in Culture Perspective: Marking Out the Horizons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2792-0","url_text":"978-0-8028-2792-0"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Stephen L. (2006). Understanding the Bible (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-296548-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nAsoAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Understanding the Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-296548-3","url_text":"978-0-07-296548-3"}]},{"reference":"Hendricks, Obrey M. Jr. (2007). \"The Gospel According to John\". In Coogan, Michael D.; Brettler, Marc Z.; Newsom, Carol A.; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible (3rd ed.). Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59856-032-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GyNiyGluEqEC&pg=RA2-PA146","url_text":"\"The Gospel According to John\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Coogan","url_text":"Coogan, Michael D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Zvi_Brettler","url_text":"Brettler, Marc Z."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_A._Newsom","url_text":"Newsom, Carol A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheme_Perkins","url_text":"Perkins, Pheme"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GyNiyGluEqEC","url_text":"The New Oxford Annotated Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody,_Massachusetts","url_text":"Peabody, Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-032-9","url_text":"978-1-59856-032-9"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Charles E. (2005). \"Part III: The Evidence for a Johannine Corpus\". The Johannine Corpus in the Early Church. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 447–464. doi:10.1093/0199264589.003.0009. ISBN 978-0-19-926458-2. OCLC 475098055.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford","url_text":"Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0199264589.003.0009","url_text":"10.1093/0199264589.003.0009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926458-2","url_text":"978-0-19-926458-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/475098055","url_text":"475098055"}]},{"reference":"Hillar, Marian (2012). From Logos to Trinity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-50514-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DMQgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132","url_text":"From Logos to Trinity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50514-7","url_text":"978-1-139-50514-7"}]},{"reference":"Hurtado, Larry W. (2005). \"How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Approaches to Jesus-Devotion in Earliest Christianity\". How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus. Grand Rapids, Michigan and Cambridge, UK: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 13–55. ISBN 978-0-8028-2861-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Hurtado","url_text":"Hurtado, Larry W."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi5xIxgnNgcC&pg=PA13","url_text":"\"How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Approaches to Jesus-Devotion in Earliest Christianity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan","url_text":"Grand Rapids, Michigan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge","url_text":"Cambridge, UK"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans","url_text":"Wm. B. Eerdmans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2861-3","url_text":"978-0-8028-2861-3"}]},{"reference":"Hurtado, Larry (2010). God in New Testament Theology. Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-1-4267-1954-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0aCaqJGgJvAC","url_text":"God in New Testament Theology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-1954-7","url_text":"978-1-4267-1954-7"}]},{"reference":"Keener, Craig S. (2019). Christobiography: Memory, History, and the Reliability of the Gospels. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-1-4674-5676-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AnitDwAAQBAJ&q=%22most+scholars+today+doubt+that+any+eyewitnesses+directly+composed+the+gospels%22&pg=PT368","url_text":"Christobiography: Memory, History, and the Reliability of the Gospels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-5676-0","url_text":"978-1-4674-5676-0"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Joseph F. (2012). History and Heresy: How Historical Forces Can Create Doctrinal Conflicts. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5999-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=923-w0Knq-AC","url_text":"History and Heresy: How Historical Forces Can Create Doctrinal Conflicts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5999-1","url_text":"978-0-8146-5999-1"}]},{"reference":"Köstenberger, Andreas (2006). \"Destruction of the Temple and the Composition of the Fourth Gospel\". In Lierman, John (ed.). Challenging Perspectives on the Gospel of John. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-149113-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fWXC2krd_6IC&pg=PA69","url_text":"\"Destruction of the Temple and the Composition of the Fourth Gospel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149113-9","url_text":"978-3-16-149113-9"}]},{"reference":"Köstenberger, Andreas (2013). Encountering John. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-1-4412-4485-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mRe-AgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Encountering John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4485-7","url_text":"978-1-4412-4485-7"}]},{"reference":"Köstenberger, Andreas J. (2015). A Theology of John's Gospel and Letters: The Word, the Christ, the Son of God. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-52326-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nvcQBwAAQBAJ","url_text":"A Theology of John's Gospel and Letters: The Word, the Christ, the Son of God"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-52326-0","url_text":"978-0-310-52326-0"}]},{"reference":"Kovacs, Judith L. (1995). \"Now Shall the Ruler of This World Be Driven Out: Jesus' Death as Cosmic Battle in John 12:20–36\". Journal of Biblical Literature. 114 (2): 227–47. doi:10.2307/3266937. JSTOR 3266937.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3266937","url_text":"10.2307/3266937"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3266937","url_text":"3266937"}]},{"reference":"Kruse, Colin G. (2004). The Gospel According to John: An Introduction and Commentary. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2771-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6JYgc2iH_skC","url_text":"The Gospel According to John: An Introduction and Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2771-5","url_text":"978-0-8028-2771-5"}]},{"reference":"Kysar, Robert (2005). Voyages with John: Charting the Fourth Gospel. Baylor University Press. ISBN 978-1-932792-43-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ev5bp8lY04UC","url_text":"Voyages with John: Charting the Fourth Gospel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932792-43-0","url_text":"978-1-932792-43-0"}]},{"reference":"Kysar, Robert (2007a). John, the Maverick Gospel. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. ISBN 978-0-664-23056-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=br3ybb1X_KsC","url_text":"John, the Maverick Gospel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23056-2","url_text":"978-0-664-23056-2"}]},{"reference":"Kysar, Robert (2007b). \"The Dehistoricizing of the Gospel of John\". In Anderson, Paul N.; Just, Felix; Thatcher, Tom (eds.). John, Jesus, and History, Volume 1: Critical Appraisals of Critical Views. Society of Biblical Literature Symposium series. Vol. 44. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-293-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC&pg=PA80","url_text":"\"The Dehistoricizing of the Gospel of John\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC","url_text":"John, Jesus, and History, Volume 1: Critical Appraisals of Critical Views"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature","url_text":"Society of Biblical Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-293-0","url_text":"978-1-58983-293-0"}]},{"reference":"Ladd, George Eldon; Hagner, Donald Alfred (1993). A Theology of the New Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-0680-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eldon_Ladd","url_text":"Ladd, George Eldon"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdkM00EdlAC","url_text":"A Theology of the New Testament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0680-5","url_text":"0-8028-0680-5"}]},{"reference":"Lamb, David A. (2014). Text, Context and the Johannine Community: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of the Johannine Writings. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-567-12966-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w_MPAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Text, Context and the Johannine Community: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of the Johannine Writings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-12966-6","url_text":"978-0-567-12966-6"}]},{"reference":"Lincoln, Andrew T. (2005). Gospel According to St John: Black's New Testament Commentaries. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-8822-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_T._Lincoln","url_text":"Lincoln, Andrew T."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eYmxAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Gospel According to St John: Black's New Testament Commentaries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8822-9","url_text":"978-1-4411-8822-9"}]},{"reference":"Lindars, Barnabas (1990). John. New Testament Guides. Vol. 4. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-85075-255-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BtjUAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-255-4","url_text":"978-1-85075-255-4"}]},{"reference":"Lindars, Barnabas; Edwards, Ruth; Court, John M. (2000). The Johannine Literature. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84127-081-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qVOD0PhayhsC","url_text":"The Johannine Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-081-4","url_text":"978-1-84127-081-4"}]},{"reference":"Llewelyn, Stephen Robert; Robinson, Alexandra; Wassell, Blake Edward (2018). \"Does John 8:44 Imply That the Devil Has a Father?\". Novum Testamentum. 60 (1): 14–23. doi:10.1163/15685365-12341587. ISSN 0048-1009. S2CID 166084766.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685365-12341587","url_text":"10.1163/15685365-12341587"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-1009","url_text":"0048-1009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166084766","url_text":"166084766"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Dale B. (2012). New Testament History and Literature. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18219-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jUWUOwHHiiMC&pg=PT164","url_text":"New Testament History and Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18219-4","url_text":"978-0-300-18219-4"}]},{"reference":"Menken, M.J.J. (1996). Old Testament Quotations in the Fourth Gospel: Studies in Textual Form. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-390-0181-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=drPgSxi20ZwC","url_text":"Old Testament Quotations in the Fourth Gospel: Studies in Textual Form"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-390-0181-3","url_text":"978-90-390-0181-3"}]},{"reference":"Metzger, Bruce M.; Ehrman, Bart D. (1985). The Text of New Testament. Рипол Классик. ISBN 978-5-88500-901-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger","url_text":"Metzger, Bruce M."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lA4WAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Text of New Testament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-88500-901-0","url_text":"978-5-88500-901-0"}]},{"reference":"Michaels, J. Ramsey (1971). \"Verification of Jesus' Self-Revelation in His passion and Resurrection (18:1–21:25)\". The Gospel of John. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4674-2330-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HWVyCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Gospel of John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-2330-4","url_text":"978-1-4674-2330-4"}]},{"reference":"Moloney, Francis J. (1998). The Gospel of John. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5806-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2xDRFYKldboC","url_text":"The Gospel of John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5806-2","url_text":"978-0-8146-5806-2"}]},{"reference":"Most, Glenn W. (2005). Doubting Thomas. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01914-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/doubtingthomas00glen","url_text":"Doubting Thomas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01914-0","url_text":"978-0-674-01914-0"}]},{"reference":"Moule, C. F. D. (July 1962). \"The Individualism of the Fourth Gospel\". Novum Testamentum. 5 (2/3): 171–90. doi:10.2307/1560025. JSTOR 1560025.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._D._Moule","url_text":"Moule, C. F. D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1560025","url_text":"10.2307/1560025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1560025","url_text":"1560025"}]},{"reference":"Neusner, Jacob (2003). Invitation to the Talmud: A Teaching Book. South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism. Vol. 169. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59244-155-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WOBKAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Invitation to the Talmud: A Teaching Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59244-155-6","url_text":"978-1-59244-155-6"}]},{"reference":"O'Day, Gail R. (1998). \"John\". In Newsom, Carol Ann; Ringe, Sharon H. (eds.). Women's Bible Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25781-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ymp4S2qZJ4cC","url_text":"Women's Bible Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25781-1","url_text":"978-0-664-25781-1"}]},{"reference":"Olson, Roger E. (1999). The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-1505-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3QHRJNkbKJgC&q=The+story+of+Christian+theology+%3A+twenty+centuries+of+tradition+%26+reform","url_text":"The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1505-0","url_text":"978-0-8308-1505-0"}]},{"reference":"Ong, Hughson T. (2015). \"The Gospel from a Specific Community but for All Christians: Understanding the Johannine Community as a \"Community of Practice\"\". In Porter, Stanley E.; Ong, Hughson T. (eds.). The Origins of John's Gospel. Johannine Studies. Vol. 2. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 101–123. doi:10.1163/9789004303164_007. ISBN 978-90-04-30316-4. ISSN 2214-2800.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_E._Porter","url_text":"Porter, Stanley E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden","url_text":"Leiden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston","url_text":"Boston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004303164_007","url_text":"10.1163/9789004303164_007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30316-4","url_text":"978-90-04-30316-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2214-2800","url_text":"2214-2800"}]},{"reference":"Pagels, Elaine (2003). Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50156-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Pagels","url_text":"Pagels, Elaine"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/beyondbeliefsecr00page","url_text":"Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50156-8","url_text":"0-375-50156-8"}]},{"reference":"Painter, John (2010). \"Johannine Literature: The Gospel and Letters of John\". In Aune, David E. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 344–372. doi:10.1002/9781444318937.ch20. ISBN 978-1-4443-1893-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Painter_(theologian)","url_text":"Painter, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Aune","url_text":"Aune, David E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester,_West_Sussex","url_text":"Chichester, West Sussex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell","url_text":"Wiley-Blackwell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444318937.ch20","url_text":"10.1002/9781444318937.ch20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1893-7","url_text":"978-1-4443-1893-7"}]},{"reference":"Perkins, Pheme (1993). Gnosticism and the New Testament. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-1597-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gnosticismnewte00perk","url_text":"Gnosticism and the New Testament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1597-1","url_text":"978-1-4514-1597-1"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Stanley E. (2015). John, His Gospel, and Jesus: In Pursuit of the Johannine Voice. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-7170-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_E._Porter","url_text":"Porter, Stanley E."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2llZCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"John, His Gospel, and Jesus: In Pursuit of the Johannine Voice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7170-1","url_text":"978-0-8028-7170-1"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Stanley E.; Fay, Ron C. (2018). \"Introduction\". In Porter, Stanley E.; Fay, Ron C. (eds.). The Gospel of John in Modern Interpretation. Kregel Academic. ISBN 978-0-8254-4510-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MOZoDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Gospel of John in Modern Interpretation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-4510-1","url_text":"978-0-8254-4510-1"}]},{"reference":"Reddish, Mitchell G. (2011). An Introduction to The Gospels. Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-1-4267-5008-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hliGUOv18cQC","url_text":"An Introduction to The Gospels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-5008-3","url_text":"978-1-4267-5008-3"}]},{"reference":"Reinhartz, Adele (2013). \"Forging a New Identity: Johannine Rhetoric and the Audience of the Fourth Gospel\". In Krans, Jan; Lietaert Peerbolte, L. J.; Smit, Peter-Ben; Zwiep, Arie W. (eds.). Paul, John, and Apocalyptic Eschatology: Studies in Honour of Martinus C. de Boer. Novum Testamentum: Supplements. Vol. 149. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 123–134. doi:10.1163/9789004250369_009. ISBN 978-90-04-25026-0. ISSN 0167-9732. S2CID 171267332.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Reinhartz","url_text":"Reinhartz, Adele"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MoKxIeOTkqYC&pg=PA123","url_text":"\"Forging a New Identity: Johannine Rhetoric and the Audience of the Fourth Gospel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Testamentum","url_text":"Novum Testamentum: Supplements"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden","url_text":"Leiden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004250369_009","url_text":"10.1163/9789004250369_009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25026-0","url_text":"978-90-04-25026-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0167-9732","url_text":"0167-9732"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171267332","url_text":"171267332"}]},{"reference":"Reinhartz, Adele (2017). \"The Gospel According to John\". In Levine, Amy-Jill; Brettler, Marc Z. (eds.). The Jewish Annotated New Testament (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-046185-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I4stDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA","url_text":"\"The Gospel According to John\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-046185-0","url_text":"978-0-19-046185-0"}]},{"reference":"Ronning, John L. (2010). The Jewish Targums and John's Logos Theology. Hendrickson. ISBN 978-1-59856-306-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B0rmwAEACAAJ","url_text":"The Jewish Targums and John's Logos Theology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-306-1","url_text":"978-1-59856-306-1"}]},{"reference":"Sanders, E. P. (1995). The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-14-192822-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._P._Sanders","url_text":"Sanders, E. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192822-7","url_text":"978-0-14-192822-7"}]},{"reference":"Senior, Donald (1991). The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of John. Passion of Jesus Series. Vol. 4. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5462-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=31BDFECBGF8C","url_text":"The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5462-0","url_text":"978-0-8146-5462-0"}]},{"reference":"Skarsaune, Oskar (2008). In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-2670-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IAlQTo4H4F4C","url_text":"In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2670-4","url_text":"978-0-8308-2670-4"}]},{"reference":"Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998) [1996]. The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-0863-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Theissen","url_text":"Theissen, Gerd"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC","url_text":"The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0863-8","url_text":"978-1-4514-0863-8"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Marianne Maye (2006). \"The Gospel According to John\". In Barton, Stephen C. (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels. Cambridge Companions to Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80766-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lX16qfiZkOoC&pg=PA182","url_text":"\"The Gospel According to John\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lX16qfiZkOoC","url_text":"The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80766-1","url_text":"978-0-521-80766-1"}]},{"reference":"Tuckett, Christopher M. (2003). \"Introduction to the Gospels\". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC","url_text":"Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0","url_text":"978-0-8028-3711-0"}]},{"reference":"Valantasis, Richard; Bleyle, Douglas K.; Haugh, Dennis C. (2009). The Gospels and Christian Life in History and Practice. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-7069-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_rFr9bGY5s4C","url_text":"The Gospels and Christian Life in History and Practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-7069-6","url_text":"978-0-7425-7069-6"}]},{"reference":"Van den Broek, Roelof; Vermaseren, Maarten Jozef (1981). Studies in Gnosticism and Hellenistic Religions. Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain. Vol. 91. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-06376-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roel_van_den_Broek","url_text":"Van den Broek, Roelof"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ONQUAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Studies in Gnosticism and Hellenistic Religions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06376-1","url_text":"978-90-04-06376-1"}]},{"reference":"Van der Watt, Jan (2008). An Introduction to the Johannine Gospel and Letters. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-567-52174-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8nRJDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"An Introduction to the Johannine Gospel and Letters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-52174-3","url_text":"978-0-567-52174-3"}]},{"reference":"Watson, Duane (2014). \"Christology\". In Evans, Craig (ed.). The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-72224-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111","url_text":"\"Christology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-72224-3","url_text":"978-1-317-72224-3"}]},{"reference":"Williamson, Lamar Jr. (2004). Preaching the Gospel of John: Proclaiming the Living Word. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22533-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rKl0EivRoEkC","url_text":"Preaching the Gospel of John: Proclaiming the Living Word"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22533-9","url_text":"978-0-664-22533-9"}]},{"reference":"Witherington, Ben (2004). The New Testament Story. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2765-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CFZSyZi2vUQC","url_text":"The New Testament Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2765-4","url_text":"978-0-8028-2765-4"}]},{"reference":"Yu Chui Siang Lau, Theresa (2010). \"The Gospels and the Old Testament\". In Harding, Mark; Nobbs, Alanna (eds.). The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3318-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UNIelnuGATgC","url_text":"The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3318-1","url_text":"978-0-8028-3318-1"}]},{"reference":"Zanzig, Thomas (1999). Jesus of History, Christ of Faith. Saint Mary's Press. ISBN 978-0-88489-530-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QMyiWpV-dx8C&pg=PA118","url_text":"Jesus of History, Christ of Faith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-530-5","url_text":"978-0-88489-530-5"}]},{"reference":"Zimmermann, Ruben (2015). Puzzling the Parables of Jesus: Methods and Interpretation. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-6532-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben_Zimmermann","url_text":"Zimmermann, Ruben"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ6qCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Puzzling the Parables of Jesus: Methods and Interpretation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-6532-7","url_text":"978-1-4514-6532-7"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+6:56&version=dra","external_links_name":"John 6:56"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+10:14%E2%80%9315&version=dra","external_links_name":"10:14–15"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+10:38&version=dra","external_links_name":"10:38"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+14:10&version=dra","external_links_name":"14:10, 17, 20, and 23"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HiPouAEACAAJ","external_links_name":"ESV Pew Bible"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210603093159/https://www.google.com/books/edition/ESV_Pew_Bible_Black/HiPouAEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.logos.com/bible-book-abbreviations","external_links_name":"\"Bible Book Abbreviations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220421100743/https://www.logos.com/bible-book-abbreviations","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2021:22&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"John 21:22"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2021:24%E2%80%9325&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"John 21:24–25"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290628533","external_links_name":"\"Early New Testament Manuscripts and Their Dates: A Critique of Theological Palaeography\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dVZeCwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Neither Jew nor Greek: A Contested Identity (Christianity in the Making, Volume 3)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xJzdBgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Trinity: East/West Dialogue"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%205:18&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"John 5:18"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+6:35&version=dra","external_links_name":"6:35"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+8:12&version=dra","external_links_name":"8:12"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+10:7&version=dra","external_links_name":"10:7"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+10:11&version=dra","external_links_name":"10:11"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+11:25&version=dra","external_links_name":"11:25"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+14:6&version=dra","external_links_name":"14:6"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+15:1&version=dra","external_links_name":"15:1"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2020:27&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"John 20:27"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2010:45&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Mark 10:45"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%203:25&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Romans 3:25"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%208:31&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Mark 8:31"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%209:31&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Mark 9:31"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2010:33%E2%80%9334&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Mark 10:33–34"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%203:14&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"John 3:14"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%208:28&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"John 8:28"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2012:32&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"John 12:32"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+6:42&version=dra","external_links_name":"John 6:42"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+16:21&version=dra","external_links_name":"John 16:21"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+12:24&version=dra","external_links_name":"John 12:24"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6UTfmw_zStsC&pg=PA125","external_links_name":"\"Part II: The Jesus Movements – Johannine Christianity\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521812399.008","external_links_name":"10.1017/CHOL9780521812399.008"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nhhdJ-fkywYC","external_links_name":"The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature and Rhetoric"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tWR8DJ6C8KsC","external_links_name":"The Gospel According to St. John: An Introduction with Commentary and Notes on the Greek Text"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3b2I8v2Gh8oC","external_links_name":"The Gospel of John and Christian Theology"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3b2I8v2Gh8oC&pg=PA126","external_links_name":"\"The Fourth Gospel as the Testimony of the Beloved Disciple\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QQzjDM_L7-oC","external_links_name":"The Testimony of the Beloved Disciple: Narrative, History, and Theology in the Gospel of John"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xpIQBgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Gospel of Glory: Major Themes in Johannine Theology"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rgkWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83","external_links_name":"\"Sacraments and the Gospel of John\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3MSHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129","external_links_name":"\"John: The Gospel of Jesus' Glory\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvcb5b9q.15","external_links_name":"10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.15"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1082543536","external_links_name":"1082543536"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242455133","external_links_name":"242455133"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yvcktkwnjxEC","external_links_name":"The Historical Reliability of John's Gospel"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UcB8EAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Jesus the Purifier: John's Gospel and the Fourth Quest for the Historical Jesus"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/37029909","external_links_name":"\"John 4: 4–42: Defining A Modus Vivendi Between Jews and the Samaritans\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2Fflx215","external_links_name":"10.1093/jts/flx215"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=olDuAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Gospel According to John, Volume 1"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JIM0Q0bjgYkC&pg=PA25","external_links_name":"The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3-oNIgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Death of the Messiah: From Gethsemane to the Grave: a Commentary on the Passion Narratives in the Four Gospels"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MqpJCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"An Introduction to the New Testament"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0mwUAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The New Jerome Biblical Commentary"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA236","external_links_name":"\"Gospel of John\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC&pg=PA215","external_links_name":"An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=opHZRjy-8zMC","external_links_name":"The Fourth Gospel and the Scriptures: Illuminating the Form and Meaning of Scriptural Citation in John 19:37"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AV5FXRZo5c4C","external_links_name":"An Introduction to the New Testament"},{"Link":"https://jpcatholic.edu/NCUpdf/courses/BIBL526-Charlesworth_The_Historical_Jesus.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Historical Jesus in the Fourth Gospel: A Paradigm Shift?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F174551909X12607965419559","external_links_name":"10.1163/174551909X12607965419559"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-8690","external_links_name":"1476-8690"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200926074030/https://jpcatholic.edu/NCUpdf/courses/BIBL526-Charlesworth_The_Historical_Jesus.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=szqEDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Jesus Research: The Gospel of John in Historical Inquiry"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=izKMqNP2hygC","external_links_name":"Judaism in the New Testament: Practices and Beliefs"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161021094821/https://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/NTeSources/NTArticles/GTJ-NT/Combs-NagHammadi-GTJ.htm","external_links_name":"\"Nag Hammadi, Gnosticism and New Testament Interpretation\""},{"Link":"https://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/NTeSources/NTArticles/GTJ-NT/Combs-NagHammadi-GTJ.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5RXBD3meBAoC","external_links_name":"The Gospel and Letters of John"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA887","external_links_name":"\"John, Gospel of St.\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LrTsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13","external_links_name":"\"Who is Hiding in the Gospel of John? Reconceptualizing Johannine Theology and the Roots of Gnosticism\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/5371617","external_links_name":"\"The Q-Logion Mt 11, 27 / Lk 10, 22 and the Gospel of John\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V5OwDM1Tu6MC","external_links_name":"John and the Synoptics"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9zCh9SBb6Y8C&pg=PA177","external_links_name":"The Question of Anti-Semitism in the New Testament"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq-vCAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Discovering John: Content, Interpretation, Reception"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xwkUt2kCIbEC","external_links_name":"The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xmJjSUiJtuQC","external_links_name":"Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/jesusinterrupted00ehrm_0","external_links_name":"Jesus, Interrupted"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tDaNDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Bauckham%27s+work+has+not+won+general+acceptance%22&pg=PT85","external_links_name":"Writing the Gospels: Composition and Memory"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tDFlfjZ4Ho4C","external_links_name":"From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7h2ykq-JZK8C","external_links_name":"The Five Gospels: The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus: New Translation and Commentary"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fg1CAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iEY5Oy5eo1EC&pg=PA37","external_links_name":"Christology in Culture Perspective: Marking Out the Horizons"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nAsoAAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Understanding the Bible"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GyNiyGluEqEC&pg=RA2-PA146","external_links_name":"\"The Gospel According to John\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GyNiyGluEqEC","external_links_name":"The New Oxford Annotated Bible"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0199264589.003.0009","external_links_name":"10.1093/0199264589.003.0009"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/475098055","external_links_name":"475098055"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DMQgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132","external_links_name":"From Logos to Trinity"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi5xIxgnNgcC&pg=PA13","external_links_name":"\"How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Approaches to Jesus-Devotion in Earliest Christianity\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0aCaqJGgJvAC","external_links_name":"God in New Testament Theology"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AnitDwAAQBAJ&q=%22most+scholars+today+doubt+that+any+eyewitnesses+directly+composed+the+gospels%22&pg=PT368","external_links_name":"Christobiography: Memory, History, and the Reliability of the Gospels"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=923-w0Knq-AC","external_links_name":"History and Heresy: How Historical Forces Can Create Doctrinal Conflicts"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fWXC2krd_6IC&pg=PA69","external_links_name":"\"Destruction of the Temple and the Composition of the Fourth Gospel\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mRe-AgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Encountering John"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nvcQBwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"A Theology of John's Gospel and Letters: The Word, the Christ, the Son of God"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3266937","external_links_name":"10.2307/3266937"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3266937","external_links_name":"3266937"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6JYgc2iH_skC","external_links_name":"The Gospel According to John: An Introduction and Commentary"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ev5bp8lY04UC","external_links_name":"Voyages with John: Charting the Fourth Gospel"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=br3ybb1X_KsC","external_links_name":"John, the Maverick Gospel"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC&pg=PA80","external_links_name":"\"The Dehistoricizing of the Gospel of John\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC","external_links_name":"John, Jesus, and History, Volume 1: Critical Appraisals of Critical Views"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdkM00EdlAC","external_links_name":"A Theology of the New Testament"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w_MPAwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Text, Context and the Johannine Community: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of the Johannine Writings"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eYmxAwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Gospel According to St John: Black's New Testament Commentaries"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BtjUAwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"John"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qVOD0PhayhsC","external_links_name":"The Johannine Literature"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685365-12341587","external_links_name":"10.1163/15685365-12341587"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-1009","external_links_name":"0048-1009"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166084766","external_links_name":"166084766"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jUWUOwHHiiMC&pg=PT164","external_links_name":"New Testament History and Literature"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=drPgSxi20ZwC","external_links_name":"Old Testament Quotations in the Fourth Gospel: Studies in Textual Form"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lA4WAwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Text of New Testament"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HWVyCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Gospel of John"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2xDRFYKldboC","external_links_name":"The Gospel of John"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/doubtingthomas00glen","external_links_name":"Doubting Thomas"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1560025","external_links_name":"10.2307/1560025"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1560025","external_links_name":"1560025"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WOBKAwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Invitation to the Talmud: A Teaching Book"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ymp4S2qZJ4cC","external_links_name":"Women's Bible Commentary"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3QHRJNkbKJgC&q=The+story+of+Christian+theology+%3A+twenty+centuries+of+tradition+%26+reform","external_links_name":"The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004303164_007","external_links_name":"10.1163/9789004303164_007"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2214-2800","external_links_name":"2214-2800"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/beyondbeliefsecr00page","external_links_name":"Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444318937.ch20","external_links_name":"10.1002/9781444318937.ch20"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gnosticismnewte00perk","external_links_name":"Gnosticism and the New Testament"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2llZCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"John, His Gospel, and Jesus: In Pursuit of the Johannine Voice"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MOZoDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Gospel of John in Modern Interpretation"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hliGUOv18cQC","external_links_name":"An Introduction to The Gospels"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MoKxIeOTkqYC&pg=PA123","external_links_name":"\"Forging a New Identity: Johannine Rhetoric and the Audience of the Fourth Gospel\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004250369_009","external_links_name":"10.1163/9789004250369_009"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0167-9732","external_links_name":"0167-9732"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171267332","external_links_name":"171267332"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I4stDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA","external_links_name":"\"The Gospel According to John\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B0rmwAEACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Jewish Targums and John's Logos Theology"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=31BDFECBGF8C","external_links_name":"The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of John"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IAlQTo4H4F4C","external_links_name":"In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC","external_links_name":"The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lX16qfiZkOoC&pg=PA182","external_links_name":"\"The Gospel According to John\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lX16qfiZkOoC","external_links_name":"The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC","external_links_name":"Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_rFr9bGY5s4C","external_links_name":"The Gospels and Christian Life in History and Practice"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ONQUAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Studies in Gnosticism and Hellenistic Religions"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8nRJDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"An Introduction to the Johannine Gospel and Letters"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111","external_links_name":"\"Christology\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rKl0EivRoEkC","external_links_name":"Preaching the Gospel of John: Proclaiming the Living Word"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CFZSyZi2vUQC","external_links_name":"The New Testament Story"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UNIelnuGATgC","external_links_name":"The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QMyiWpV-dx8C&pg=PA118","external_links_name":"Jesus of History, Christ of Faith"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ6qCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Puzzling the Parables of Jesus: Methods and Interpretation"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/New-American-Bible-Revised-Edition-NABRE-Bible/#booklist","external_links_name":"Bible Gateway"},{"Link":"http://www.bibletranslation.ws/trans/johnwgrk.pdf","external_links_name":"Translation from the Greek"},{"Link":"http://www.bibletranslation.ws/trans/john.pdf","external_links_name":"Text of the Gospel with textual variants"},{"Link":"http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/egerton.html","external_links_name":"The Egerton Gospel"},{"Link":"https://holy-bible.online/kjv.php?book=1%20John","external_links_name":"Online version of Book of John, KJV"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90659947","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008265h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008265h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000058955","external_links_name":"Argentina"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4028700-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265940705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79060414","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/wt79ddnf3hznw3h","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn2006374689&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000082465&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810684840205606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028198875","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Malaysia_Plan
|
First Malaysia Plan
|
["1 Implementation","2 Results and legacy","3 Notes and references"]
|
Malaysian economic development plan
The First Malaysia Plan (1966–1970) was an economic development plan implemented by the government of Malaysia. It was the first economic plan for the whole of Malaysia—Sabah and Sarawak included—as opposed to just Malaya, which previous economic plans (such as the Second Malayan Five Year Plan) had confined themselves to. The plan's objectives were to promote the welfare of all citizens, and improve the living conditions in rural areas, particularly among low-income groups.
Implementation
The plan attempted to increase access to medical facilities in rural areas through the formation of the Rural Health Service. District hospital facilities were upgraded to handle referrals from the clinics the Service operated. Medical subcentres were also founded in urban areas, and by the end of the Plan, the gap between rural and urban areas in terms of quality of healthcare had been narrowed, but not entirely eliminated. East Malaysian (Sabah and Sarawak) medical facilities in particular were less-well equipped and staffed than those in West Malaysia (formerly Malaya).
Over M$470.8 million was allocated for education under the plan. However, less than 70% of this allocation was spent; in particular, the cost of training teachers and technical education had been overestimated. Between 1957 and 1970, the national literacy rate improved from 51% to 59%.
Shortly before the implementation of the plan, the former colonial masters of Malaysia, the British, announced they would withdraw their defence and economic commitments to Malaysia. As a result, the government sought financial aid from the United States (US) to avoid having the plan crippled by a lack of funding, going as far as to express support for the Vietnam War, which was unpopular among certain segments of the Malaysian populace. However, Malaysia never directly provided military support for the United States, in accordance with its policy of neutrality, and as a result, failed to receive substantial economic assistance from the US.
The First Malaysia Plan also had to address the problem of unemployment, which reared its head for the first time in the 1960s; despite encouraging growth in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment rates had not grown at a commensurate pace. In addition, there was also the problem of ethnic specialisation in certain professions, with the Chinese dominating the marketplace, the Malays dominating the civil service, and the Indians largely participating in specialist professions such as law. The income disparity between rural and urban areas that the Second Malayan Five Year Plan had sought to resolve was also not satisfactorily eliminated.
The government replanted hundreds of thousands of rubber trees to increase rubber yields.
In the rural, agricultural-centred areas, the government sought to continue the development that had been first brought about by the First Malayan Five Year Plan. During the tenure of the First Malaysia Plan, over 40,000 acres (160 km2) of rice and other crops in East Malaysia were irrigated. The government also replanted hundreds of thousands of rubber trees to increase rubber yields; in West Malaysia alone, 304,000 acres (1,230 km2) of small holdings were replanted. The government also attempted to rehabilitate inefficient coconut holdings, modernise fishing methods, and provide assistance to poultry and livestock farmers. However, the government also tried to reduce the Malaysian economy's age-old dependence on rubber, developing oil palm cultivation in West Malaysia, and developing the timber industry in Sabah.
The government also offered incentives to industrialise the Malaysian economy by promoting Malay entrepreneurship and upgrading Malay management skills for manufacturing ventures. The Federal Industrial Development Authority (FIDA), established in 1965 but only commencing operations in 1967, sought to accelerate industrial development further and co-ordinate such development. In 1968, new regulations were established that set quotas for Malay ownership of certain enterprises, and the employment of Malays in manufacturing ventures. (Such affirmative action policies were held to be in line with Article 153 of the Constitution.) New industries producing goods for the Malaysian market were required to have at least 51% of their equity in the hands of Malaysian citizens, but industries that would only export goods were permitted to remain entirely in foreign hands.
Results and legacy
The government's ambitious plans to increase the standard of living in rural areas fell short of their objectives. Limited investment in social capital, despite the various land development schemes, had failed to either stem the tide of rural-urban migration or raise the incomes of rural families. In West Malaysia, 90% of all households earning less than M$100 a month were located in rural areas. The vast majority of these were Malay households.
However, the government's programmes to improve rubber output were largely successful. By 1970, the uniform-quality Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR) comprised 20% of all rubber exports. The government also succeeded in reducing dependence on rubber at the same time by developing other fledgling industries.
Nevertheless, the First Malaysia Plan had visibly failed to reduce the inequity in the distribution of income. Discontent over this issue grew among the Malay populace, while the Chinese electorate, concerned by what they saw as more aggressive Malay "discrimination" against them, likewise became unhappy. In the 1969 general election, opposition parties advocating the reduction or elimination of Malay affirmative action policies made large gains in Parliament, nearly depriving the government of the 2/3 Parliamentary majority required to amend the Constitution—a majority the Alliance had always held since the first national elections in 1955. A victory march held by the opposition Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Gerakan), both of which opposed the Malay-based economic policies of the government, turned ugly, with some participants shouting racial epithets at Malay bystanders. The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the leading party of the Alliance, in turn held its own march to "teach the Chinese a lesson". The march turned into a full-scale riot, later euphemistically labelled as the 13 May Incident. At least 200 people were killed, although unofficial estimates give a figure five times that, with the rioting lasting for two days.
The riot, whose participants had been largely from the lower-income classes, greatly concerned the government. A state of emergency was declared, and Parliament was suspended, to be restored in 1971. In the meantime, a National Operations Council (NOC) was established to govern the country provisionally. The NOC drew up the Second Malaysia Plan, the Outline Perspective Plan, and most controversially, the New Economic Policy (NEP) to address what it saw as an imbalanced distribution of income between the Chinese and Malays, and to reduce foreign control of the economy. Although the NEP's stated goal was to "eradicate poverty" and "eliminate the identification of race with economic function" through a "rapidly expanding economy", many non-Malays considered it to be "an open and blatant form of racial discrimination". The NEP expired in 1991, and was replaced by the National Development Plan (NDP). Despite the NEP's criticisms, it was also praised for having created a Malay middle class and creating a "greater ethnic balance in the professions".
Notes and references
^ Henderson, John William, Vreeland, Nena, Dana, Glenn B., Hurwitz, Geoffrey B., Just, Peter, Moeller, Philip W. & Shinn, R.S. (1977). Area Handbook for Malaysia, p. 147. American University, Washington D.C., Foreign Area Studies. LCCN 77-1294.
^ a b Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 293.
^ Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 160, 161.
^ Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 175, 176.
^ Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 268.
^ Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 310, 311.
^ Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 319, 320.
^ Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 147–149.
^ Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 310.
^ Means, Gordon P. (1991). Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation, pp. 7–9. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-588988-6.
^ Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 294.
^ Means, pp. 24, 311, 313.
vte Malaysian Plans
1MP
2MP
3MP
4MP
5MP
6MP
7MP
8MP
9MP
10MP
11MP
12MP
See also
NEP
NEM
Bumiputera
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak"},{"link_name":"Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Second Malayan Five Year Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Malayan_Five_Year_Plan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook_147-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook_293-2"}],"text":"The First Malaysia Plan (1966–1970) was an economic development plan implemented by the government of Malaysia. It was the first economic plan for the whole of Malaysia—Sabah and Sarawak included—as opposed to just Malaya, which previous economic plans (such as the Second Malayan Five Year Plan) had confined themselves to. The plan's objectives were to promote the welfare of all citizens, and improve the living conditions in rural areas, particularly among low-income groups.[1][2]","title":"First Malaysia Plan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"West Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"M$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_dollar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gross Domestic Product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"Second Malayan Five Year Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Malayan_Five_Year_Plan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook_293-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latex_dripping.JPG"},{"link_name":"rubber trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_tree"},{"link_name":"First Malayan Five Year Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Malayan_Five_Year_Plan"},{"link_name":"irrigated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"rubber trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_tree"},{"link_name":"poultry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry"},{"link_name":"livestock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock"},{"link_name":"oil palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palm"},{"link_name":"timber industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_industry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"entrepreneurship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurship"},{"link_name":"quotas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quota_share"},{"link_name":"affirmative action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action"},{"link_name":"Article 153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_153_of_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Malaysian citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_citizen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The plan attempted to increase access to medical facilities in rural areas through the formation of the Rural Health Service. District hospital facilities were upgraded to handle referrals from the clinics the Service operated. Medical subcentres were also founded in urban areas, and by the end of the Plan, the gap between rural and urban areas in terms of quality of healthcare had been narrowed, but not entirely eliminated. East Malaysian (Sabah and Sarawak) medical facilities in particular were less-well equipped and staffed than those in West Malaysia (formerly Malaya).[3]Over M$470.8 million was allocated for education under the plan. However, less than 70% of this allocation was spent; in particular, the cost of training teachers and technical education had been overestimated. Between 1957 and 1970, the national literacy rate improved from 51% to 59%.[4]Shortly before the implementation of the plan, the former colonial masters of Malaysia, the British, announced they would withdraw their defence and economic commitments to Malaysia. As a result, the government sought financial aid from the United States (US) to avoid having the plan crippled by a lack of funding, going as far as to express support for the Vietnam War, which was unpopular among certain segments of the Malaysian populace. However, Malaysia never directly provided military support for the United States, in accordance with its policy of neutrality, and as a result, failed to receive substantial economic assistance from the US.[5]The First Malaysia Plan also had to address the problem of unemployment, which reared its head for the first time in the 1960s; despite encouraging growth in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment rates had not grown at a commensurate pace. In addition, there was also the problem of ethnic specialisation in certain professions, with the Chinese dominating the marketplace, the Malays dominating the civil service, and the Indians largely participating in specialist professions such as law. The income disparity between rural and urban areas that the Second Malayan Five Year Plan had sought to resolve was also not satisfactorily eliminated.[2]The government replanted hundreds of thousands of rubber trees to increase rubber yields.In the rural, agricultural-centred areas, the government sought to continue the development that had been first brought about by the First Malayan Five Year Plan. During the tenure of the First Malaysia Plan, over 40,000 acres (160 km2) of rice and other crops in East Malaysia were irrigated. The government also replanted hundreds of thousands of rubber trees to increase rubber yields; in West Malaysia alone, 304,000 acres (1,230 km2) of small holdings were replanted. The government also attempted to rehabilitate inefficient coconut holdings, modernise fishing methods, and provide assistance to poultry and livestock farmers. However, the government also tried to reduce the Malaysian economy's age-old dependence on rubber, developing oil palm cultivation in West Malaysia, and developing the timber industry in Sabah.[6]The government also offered incentives to industrialise the Malaysian economy by promoting Malay entrepreneurship and upgrading Malay management skills for manufacturing ventures. The Federal Industrial Development Authority (FIDA), established in 1965 but only commencing operations in 1967, sought to accelerate industrial development further and co-ordinate such development. In 1968, new regulations were established that set quotas for Malay ownership of certain enterprises, and the employment of Malays in manufacturing ventures. (Such affirmative action policies were held to be in line with Article 153 of the Constitution.) New industries producing goods for the Malaysian market were required to have at least 51% of their equity in the hands of Malaysian citizens, but industries that would only export goods were permitted to remain entirely in foreign hands.[7]","title":"Implementation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringgit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Democratic Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"United Malays National Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation"},{"link_name":"13 May Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_May_Incident"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"National Operations Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Operations_Council"},{"link_name":"Second Malaysia Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Malaysia_Plan"},{"link_name":"Outline Perspective Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_Perspective_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Economic Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_New_Economic_Policy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The government's ambitious plans to increase the standard of living in rural areas fell short of their objectives. Limited investment in social capital, despite the various land development schemes, had failed to either stem the tide of rural-urban migration or raise the incomes of rural families. In West Malaysia, 90% of all households earning less than M$100 a month were located in rural areas. The vast majority of these were Malay households.[8]However, the government's programmes to improve rubber output were largely successful. By 1970, the uniform-quality Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR) comprised 20% of all rubber exports. The government also succeeded in reducing dependence on rubber at the same time by developing other fledgling industries.[9]Nevertheless, the First Malaysia Plan had visibly failed to reduce the inequity in the distribution of income. Discontent over this issue grew among the Malay populace, while the Chinese electorate, concerned by what they saw as more aggressive Malay \"discrimination\" against them, likewise became unhappy. In the 1969 general election, opposition parties advocating the reduction or elimination of Malay affirmative action policies made large gains in Parliament, nearly depriving the government of the 2/3 Parliamentary majority required to amend the Constitution—a majority the Alliance had always held since the first national elections in 1955. A victory march held by the opposition Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Gerakan), both of which opposed the Malay-based economic policies of the government, turned ugly, with some participants shouting racial epithets at Malay bystanders. The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the leading party of the Alliance, in turn held its own march to \"teach the Chinese a lesson\". The march turned into a full-scale riot, later euphemistically labelled as the 13 May Incident. At least 200 people were killed, although unofficial estimates give a figure five times that, with the rioting lasting for two days.[10]The riot, whose participants had been largely from the lower-income classes, greatly concerned the government. A state of emergency was declared, and Parliament was suspended, to be restored in 1971. In the meantime, a National Operations Council (NOC) was established to govern the country provisionally. The NOC drew up the Second Malaysia Plan, the Outline Perspective Plan, and most controversially, the New Economic Policy (NEP) to address what it saw as an imbalanced distribution of income between the Chinese and Malays, and to reduce foreign control of the economy.[11] Although the NEP's stated goal was to \"eradicate poverty\" and \"eliminate the identification of race with economic function\" through a \"rapidly expanding economy\", many non-Malays considered it to be \"an open and blatant form of racial discrimination\". The NEP expired in 1991, and was replaced by the National Development Plan (NDP). Despite the NEP's criticisms, it was also praised for having created a Malay middle class and creating a \"greater ethnic balance in the professions\".[12]","title":"Results and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-handbook_147_1-0"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"77-1294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/item/77001294"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-handbook_293_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-handbook_293_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-588988-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-588988-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Malaysia_Plan"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Malaysia_Plan"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysia_Plan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"1MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Malaysia_Plan"},{"link_name":"3MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Malaysia_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"4MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Malaysia_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"5MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Malaysia_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"6MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Malaysia_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"7MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Malaysia_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"8MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eight_Malaysia_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"9MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Malaysia_Plan"},{"link_name":"10MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Malaysia_Plan"},{"link_name":"11MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Malaysia_Plan"},{"link_name":"12MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Malaysia_Plan"},{"link_name":"NEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_New_Economic_Policy"},{"link_name":"NEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Economic_Model"},{"link_name":"Bumiputera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)"}],"text":"^ Henderson, John William, Vreeland, Nena, Dana, Glenn B., Hurwitz, Geoffrey B., Just, Peter, Moeller, Philip W. & Shinn, R.S. (1977). Area Handbook for Malaysia, p. 147. American University, Washington D.C., Foreign Area Studies. LCCN 77-1294.\n\n^ a b Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 293.\n\n^ Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 160, 161.\n\n^ Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 175, 176.\n\n^ Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 268.\n\n^ Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 310, 311.\n\n^ Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 319, 320.\n\n^ Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 147–149.\n\n^ Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 310.\n\n^ Means, Gordon P. (1991). Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation, pp. 7–9. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-588988-6.\n\n^ Henderson, Vreeland, Dana, Hurwitz, Just, Moeller & Shinn, p. 294.\n\n^ Means, pp. 24, 311, 313.vte Malaysian Plans\n1MP\n2MP\n3MP\n4MP\n5MP\n6MP\n7MP\n8MP\n9MP\n10MP\n11MP\n12MP\n\nSee also\nNEP\nNEM\nBumiputera","title":"Notes and references"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The government replanted hundreds of thousands of rubber trees to increase rubber yields.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Latex_dripping.JPG/220px-Latex_dripping.JPG"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/item/77001294","external_links_name":"77-1294"}]
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.